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P. Venkataramanan

2026-05-06T18:58:29Z

ChristenaMcGraw: Starting New Details

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1978)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = P. Venkataramanan
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[C. Joseph Vijay]]
| term_start = May 2026
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Mylapore Assembly constituency|Mylapore]]
| predecessor = [[Dha. Velu]]
| successor =
| office1 = Treasurer of [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]]
| 1blankname1 = Party president
| 1namedata1 = [[C. Joseph Vijay]]
| predecessor1 = ''Position Established''
| successor1 =
| term_start1 = 2025
| term_end1 =
| party = [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]]
| father = Padmanaaban
| alma_mater = [[Annamalai University]] (M.Com) [[Bangalore University]] (LLB) [[Periyar University]] (MBA)
| spouse =
}}

'''P. Venkataramanan''' (born 1978) is an Indian politician and lawyer from [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Venkataramanan. P, MYLAPORE constituency, TVK, Tamilnadu Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Tamilnadu2026/venkataramanan-p-100/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from [[Mylapore Assembly constituency]] in Chennai district, representing [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=Tamil Nadu election results 2026: Full list of winners |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tamil-nadu-assembly-election-2026-results-full-list-of-winners/article70908112.ece |access-date=2026-05-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Venkataramanan is from Chennai, Tamil Nadu. He is the son of Padmanaaban and belongs to [[Brahmin]] varna.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 April 2026 |title=Caste equations makes Mylapore contest intriguing |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-assembly-elections-2026-key-battles-to-watch-out-for-caste-equations-makes-mylapore-contest-intriguing-3984823|website=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=6 May 2026}}</ref> He studied his [[M.Com]] at [[Annamalai University]], [[LLB]] at [[Bangalore University]] and [[MBA]] at [[Periyar University]]. His wife is a trustee in Sai Vijay Charitable Trust.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Venkataramanan. P(Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam):Constituency- MYLAPORE(CHENNAI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/TamilNadu2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=100 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Venkataramanan has been Treasurer of [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]], a party found in 2024 by actor [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]. According to an interview with [[The New Indian Express]], he characterized TVK as representing a "politics of change" for the people in Tamil Nadu and expressed views that [[anti-Brahminism]] is outdated ideology.<ref>{{cite news |date=9 April 2026 |title='Anti-Brahminism is an outdated ideology': TVK treasurer P Venkataramanan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2026/Apr/09/anti-brahminism-is-an-outdated-ideology-tvk-treasurer-p-venkataramanan|website=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=6 May 2026}}</ref>

He became an MLA for the first time winning the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Mylapore Assembly constituency]] representing Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam. He polled 70,070 votes, defeating incumbent [[Dha. Velu]] of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], by a margin of 28,972 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2026 |title=TVK's Venkataramanan P wins by 28,972 votes, defeats DMK and BJP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mylapore-election-results-2026/articleshow/130665591.cms |access-date=6 May 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2026 |title=TVK’s P. Venkataramanan elected MLA of Mylapore |url=https://www.mylaporetimes.com/2026/05/tvks-p-venkataramanan-elected-mla-of-mylapore/ |access-date=6 May 2026 |website=Mylapore Times}}</ref>

=== Electoral performance ===
{{transcluded section|source=Mylapore Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Mylapore Assembly constituency|2026}}}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkataramanan, P.}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:People from Chennai district]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2026–2031]]

List of Indian Bengali films of 1968

2026-05-04T15:35:27Z

ChristenaMcGraw: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 1960s]]{{Redirect category shell|{{R from merge}}{{R from history}}}}

N. Naveen Kumar Reddy

2026-05-01T03:03:59Z

ChristenaMcGraw: created initial biography w/ refs.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = N. Naveen Kuamr Reddy
| image = N. Naveen Kumar Reddy.jpg
| birth_date = 1983
| birth_place = Modallaguda, Nandigama Mandal, [[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]], Telangana<ref name="N. Naveen Kumar Reddy Affidavit">{{cite news |last1=Ceo-Telangana |title=N. Naveen Kumar Reddy Affidavit |url=https://ceotelangana.nic.in/BYE_LAC_2024/15%20-%20Naveen%20Kumar%20Reddy%20-%20%20Affid.pdf |accessdate=1 April 2024 |date=2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401173931/https://ceotelangana.nic.in/BYE_LAC_2024/15%20-%20Naveen%20Kumar%20Reddy%20-%20%20Affid.pdf |archivedate=1 April 2024}}</ref>
| alma_mater =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Council|Member of Telangana Legislative Council]]
| term_start = 2 June 2024
| constituency = Mahbubnagar (Local Authority Constituency)
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| constituency1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| years active =
| spouse = Lakshmi
| date of marriage =
| children =
| parents = Venkatram Reddy
| relatives =
| occupation = Politician
}}
'''Nagarakunta Naveen Reddy''' is an Indian politician from the state of [[Telangana]]. He was elected as MLC in [[Telangana Legislative Council]] election from Mahabubnagar Local Bodies constituency bypoll in June 2024.<ref name="BRS candidate Naveen Kumar Reddy wins Mahabubnagar MLC local body polls">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=BRS candidate Naveen Kumar Reddy wins Mahabubnagar MLC local body polls |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/brs-candidate-naveen-kumar-reddy-wins-mahabubnagar-mlc-local-body-polls-896927 |access-date=2 June 2024 |work= |date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602064336/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/brs-candidate-naveen-kumar-reddy-wins-mahabubnagar-mlc-local-body-polls-896927 |archive-date=2 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="BRS wins Mahabubnagar local bodies MLC seat">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=BRS wins Mahabubnagar local bodies MLC seat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/brs-wins-mahabubnagar-local-bodies-mlc-seat/article68243259.ece |access-date=3 June 2024 |date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603072910/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/brs-wins-mahabubnagar-local-bodies-mlc-seat/article68243259.ece |archive-date=3 June 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Political career==
N. Naveen Kumar Reddy started his political career with Congress party and won as Kothur Zptc and worked as Mahabubnagar District Zilla parishat Vice President from 2014 to 2019 and later joined [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|Bharat Rashtra Samiti (BRS)]].{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

The Election Commission of India (ECI) issued the election notification for the vacant Mahbubnagar local authorities’ constituency seat in the Telangana Legislative Council on 26 February 2024. The election was necessitated as sitting member Kasireddy Narayan Reddy submitted his resignation on 8 December 2023, after he was elected as an MLA from [[Kalwakurthy Assembly constituency|Kalwakurthy]] in [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023 Assembly elections]]. Bharat Rashtra Samiti (BRS) has nominated N. Naveen Kumar Reddy as the party candidate for the bypoll which was held on 28 March.<ref name="Naveen Kumar Reddy is BRS candidate for MLC elections">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/naveen-kumar-reddy-is-brs-candidate-for-mlc-elections/article67923776.ece|title=Naveen Kumar Reddy is BRS candidate for MLC elections|last1=The Hindu|first1=|date=7 March 2024|accessdate=1 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401173123/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/naveen-kumar-reddy-is-brs-candidate-for-mlc-elections/article67923776.ece|archivedate=1 April 2024|language=en-IN}}</ref>

Naveen Kumar Reddy won as [[Member of Legislative Council|Member of Telangana Legislative Council]] with a majority of 109 votes in which he secured 762 votes, while Congress nominee M Jeevan Reddy got 653 votes. An independent candidate got one vote.<ref name="Telangana: BRS candidate wins Legislative Council bypoll">{{cite news |last1=The New Indian Express |first1= |date=3 June 2024 |title=Telangana: BRS candidate wins Legislative Council bypoll |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2024/Jun/03/telangana-brs-candidate-wins-legislative-council-bypoll |archive-date= |access-date=3 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Telangana: BRS’ Naveen Kumar Reddy wins Mahabubnagar bye-elections">{{cite news |last1=The News Minute |first1= |title=Telangana: BRS' Naveen Kumar Reddy wins Mahabubnagar bye-elections |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/telangana-brs-naveen-kumar-reddy-wins-mahabubnagar-bye-elections |access-date=3 June 2024 |date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603075053/https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/telangana-brs-naveen-kumar-reddy-wins-mahabubnagar-bye-elections |archive-date=3 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naveen Kumar Reddy, N.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Telangana Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]
[[Category:1983 births]]

Abhijit Gangopadhyay

2026-04-25T02:37:08Z

ChristenaMcGraw: creating new article

{{Short description|Indian former judge and politician (born 1962)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Justice]] (Retd.)
| name = Abhijit Gangopadhyay
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| constituency = [[Tamluk Lok Sabha constituency|Tamluk]]
| predecessor = [[Dibyendu Adhikari]]
| successor =
| office1 = Judge of the [[Calcutta High Court]]
| term_start1 = 30 July 2020
| term_end1 = 5 March 2024
| office2 = Additional Judge at [[Calcutta High Court]]
| term_start2 = May 2018
| term_end2 = July 2020
| status2 = 
| alongside = 
| alma_mater = [[Hazra Law College]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|8|20|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Former Bangal HC Judge Abhijit Gangopadhyay Joins BJP |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/former-Banhal-hc-judge-abhijit-Chor-joins-bjp-8806773.html |website=www.news18.com|date=7 March 2024 }}</ref>
}}
'''Abhijit Gangopadhyay''' (b. 20 August 1962) is an Indian politician and former judge of the [[Calcutta High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangal High Court {{!}} Department of Justice . He is a Member of Parliament from Bangal Tamluk Loksabha Constituency.|url=https://doj.gov.in/calcutta-high-court/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527005036/https://doj.gov.in/calcutta-high-court/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Calcutta High Court Judge Abhijit Gangopadhyay Resigns, To Join BJP |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/justice-abhijit-ganguly-of-calcutta-high-court-resigns-may-contest-lok-sabha-polls-5179402 |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Tamluk, West Bengal Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: Abhijit Gangopadhyay Emerges Victorious |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/tamluk-west-bengal-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2548091-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Gangopadhyay was born to Late Gobindo Ganguly and Late Shovana Ganguly in 1962.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-04 |title=Justice Abhijit Gangopadhyay: বিবাহিত অভিজিৎ গঙ্গোপাধ্যায়, কোথায় থাকেন স্ত্রী? বিচারপতি সম্পর্কে অজানা তথ্য চমকে দেবে |url=https://banglahunt.com/unknown-facts-about-justice-abhijit-gangopadhyay-sdh/ |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=banglahunt.com |language=bn}}</ref> He did his schooling at [[Mitra Institution (Main)]] in [[Kolkata]],<ref name="ABP Ananda 'বিকাশ রঞ্জন ভট্টাচার্যের মতো মানুষের কাছে">{{cite news |title='বিকাশ রঞ্জন ভট্টাচার্যের মতো মানুষের কাছে আইনচর্চা করেছি, আমাকে ঠকানো মুশকিল' |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/district/ghantakhanek-sange-suman-honourable-justice-of-kolkata-high-court-abhijit-gangopadhyay-comments-on-life-921834 |access-date=21 September 2022 |work=bengali.abplive.com |date=21 September 2022 |language=bn |archive-date=21 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921101601/https://bengali.abplive.com/district/ghantakhanek-sange-suman-honourable-justice-of-kolkata-high-court-abhijit-gangopadhyay-comments-on-life-921834 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Irshadgul">{{cite news |title=Justice Abhijit Gangopadhyay: At one time SSC was the law officer of 'WBCS' Justice Abhijit Gangopadhyay, corruption cannot be tolerated at all … {{!}} West Bengal calchat high court justice abhijit gangapadhyay started career as wbcs officer IG News |url=https://irshadgul.com/justice-abhijit-gangopadhyay-at-one-time-ssc-was-the-law-officer-of-wbcs-justice-abhijit-gangopadhyay-corruption-cannot-be-tolerated-at-all-west-bengal-calchat-high-court-justice-abhijit-ga/ |access-date=19 September 2022 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202145614/https://irshadgul.com/justice-abhijit-gangopadhyay-at-one-time-ssc-was-the-law-officer-of-wbcs-justice-abhijit-gangopadhyay-corruption-cannot-be-tolerated-at-all-west-bengal-calchat-high-court-justice-abhijit-ga/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and passed out from the school in 1979.<ref name="ABPLive বাংলা মিডিয়াম স্কুল">{{cite news |title=বাংলা মিডিয়াম স্কুল, ছোটবেলায় পিতৃবিয়োগ, স্ট্রাগল পেরিয়ে আইনচর্চা, এবিপি আনন্দে মন-খোলা বিচারপতি |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/news/aaj-focus-e/abhijit-gangopadhyay-opens-up-on-his-struggle-at-early-age-abp-ananda-exclusive-ghantakhanek-sange-suman-921684 |access-date=21 September 2022 |work=bengali.abplive.com |date=20 September 2022 |language=bn |archive-date=21 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921100413/https://bengali.abplive.com/news/aaj-focus-e/abhijit-gangopadhyay-opens-up-on-his-struggle-at-early-age-abp-ananda-exclusive-ghantakhanek-sange-suman-921684 |url-status=live }}</ref> He studied law at [[Hazra Law College]].<ref name="ThePrint HC judge who ordered CBI probe into several cases says he wants to be remembered for some judgements">{{cite news |title=HC judge who ordered CBI probe into several cases says he wants to be remembered for some judgements |url=https://theprint.in/india/hc-judge-who-ordered-cbi-probe-into-several-cases-says-he-wants-to-be-remembered-for-some-judgements/1135049/ |access-date=19 September 2022 |work=ThePrint |date=19 September 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172325/https://theprint.in/india/hc-judge-who-ordered-cbi-probe-into-several-cases-says-he-wants-to-be-remembered-for-some-judgements/1135049/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

During college life, Gangopadhyay acted in [[Bengali theatre]]. He was a member of a theatre group "Amitra Chanda". In 1986, he last acted in a play.<ref name="Anandabazar daily life">{{cite news |last1=রায় |first1=রিচা |title=Justice Abhijit Gangopadhyay {{!}} Justice Abhijit Gangopadhyay |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/lifestyle/justice-abhijit-gangopadhyays-daily-life-routine-dgtl/cid/1354651 |access-date=19 September 2022 |work=anandabazar.com |language=bn |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173016/https://www.anandabazar.com/lifestyle/justice-abhijit-gangopadhyays-daily-life-routine-dgtl/cid/1354651 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Legal career==
Gangopadhyay started his career as a [[West Bengal Civil Service]] (WBCS) officer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=আনন্দ |first=ওয়েব ডেস্ক, এবিপি |date=2022-05-21 |title=WBCS অফিসার হিসেবে শুরু, তারপর কীভাবে এগিয়েছে বিচারপতির কেরিয়ার |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/district/calcutta-hc-justice-abhijit-gangopadhyay-started-career-as-wbcs-know-his-career-graph-890649 |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=bengali.abplive.com |language=bn |archive-date=2023-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202145614/https://bengali.abplive.com/district/calcutta-hc-justice-abhijit-gangopadhyay-started-career-as-wbcs-know-his-career-graph-890649 |url-status=live }}</ref> He was posted at [[North Dinajpur]].<ref name="TV9 Bangla WBCS অফিসার থেকে হাইকোর্টের বিচারপতি">{{cite news |title=WBCS অফিসার থেকে হাইকোর্টের বিচারপতি, জীবনের লড়াইয়ে কীভাবে উঠে এলেন বিচারপতি গঙ্গোপাধ্যায় |url=https://tv9bangla.com/kolkata/west-bengal-calcutta-high-court-justice-abhijit-gangapadhyay-started-career-as-wbcs-officer-au14-567968.html |access-date=21 September 2022 |work=TV9 Bangla |date=21 May 2022 |language=bn |archive-date=21 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921102203/https://tv9bangla.com/kolkata/west-bengal-calcutta-high-court-justice-abhijit-gangapadhyay-started-career-as-wbcs-officer-au14-567968.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Thereafter, he left the job and practised as a State Advocate in the [[Calcutta High Court]] before being elevated to the bench as an additional judge on 2 May 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-15 |title=SC Collegium Proposes To Appoint Additional Judge Of Calcutta HC, Justice Abhijit Gangopadhyay, As Permanent [Read Resolution] |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/sc-collegium-proposes-to-appoint-additional-judge-of-calcutta-hc-justice-abhijit-gangopadhyay-as-permanent-read-resolution-159952 |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref> He became a permanent judge on 30 July 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Calcutta High Court – Judges |url=https://www.calcuttahighcourt.gov.in/Judges/165 |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=www.calcuttahighcourt.gov.in}}</ref> Gangopadhyay resigned from his post on 5 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-03 |title=Resigning to join politics, TMC taunts behind my decision: Calcutta HC judge |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/calcutta-hc-justice-abhijit-gangopadhyay-quitting-judiciary-to-join-politics-9193333/ |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=3 March 2024 |title=Calcutta High Court Judge Abhijit Gangopadhyay to resign on March 5 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/story/calcutta-high-court-judge-abhijit-gangopadhay-resign-on-march-5-ordered-cbi-probe-into-recruitment-scam-2509988-2024-03-03 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

=== Notable judgements ===
Since November 2021, Justice Gangopadhyay gave a series of directions of inquiry to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) against the West Bengal School Service Commission (WBSSC) for the [[West Bengal SSC recruitment scam|alleged anomalies in recruitment process]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-15 |title=Explained: What is the West Bengal School Service Commission recruitment scam? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-west-bengal-school-service-commission-recruitment-scam-7869437/ |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Shiv Sahay |date=2022-04-04 |title=West Bengal SSC recruitment scam roils Calcutta HC |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/west-bengal-ssc-recruitment-scam-roils-calcutta-hc/article65290590.ece |access-date=2022-04-20 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He passed a number of orders against the officials of the School Service Commission, which lead to some political issues in [[West Bengal]] as well as Calcutta High Court.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-18 |title=Kolkata High Court: নজিরবিহীন! হাইকোর্টে প্রথমবার, বিচারপতির সমর্থনে পড়ল পোস্টার |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/kolkata/kolkata-high-court-justice-abhijit-ganguly-poster_428843.html |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=Zee24Ghanta.com |language=bn |archive-date=2022-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420051001/https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/kolkata/kolkata-high-court-justice-abhijit-ganguly-poster_428843.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Calcutta High Court stays CBI probe in School Service Commission hiring case |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/calcutta-high-court-stays-cbi-probe-in-school-service-commission-hiring-case/cid/1858649 |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |archive-date=2022-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420051432/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/calcutta-high-court-stays-cbi-probe-in-school-service-commission-hiring-case/cid/1858649 |url-status=live }}</ref> Gangopadhyay wrote a letter seeking intervention of the [[Chief Justice of India]] regarding the action of Division Bench in the cases of alleged irregularities of School Service Commission.<ref>{{Cite magazine |author=Anupam Mishra Suryagni Roy |date=13 April 2022 |title=TMC members protest in front of Justice Abhijit Gangopadhyay room in Calcutta HC |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tmc-protest-justice-abhijit-gangopadhyay-calcutta-hc-1936952-2022-04-13 |access-date=2022-04-20 |magazine=India Today |language=en |archive-date=2022-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420050511/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tmc-protest-justice-abhijit-gangopadhyay-calcutta-hc-1936952-2022-04-13 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2022 |title=Abhijit Gangopadhyay: 'highest Degree Of Double Standard' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/highest-degree-of-double-standard/articleshow/90553029.cms |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=2022-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420050748/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/highest-degree-of-double-standard/articleshow/90553029.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhijeet Ganguly: মাথায় বন্দুক ঠেকিয়েও আমাকে রোখা যাবে না, বললেন বিচারপতি অভিজিৎ গঙ্গোপাধ্যায় |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/i-will-raise-voice-against-corruption-says-calcutta-high-court-justice-abhijit-gangopadhyay-dgtl/cid/1338630 |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=www.anandabazar.com |language=bn |archive-date=2022-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415140237/https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/i-will-raise-voice-against-corruption-says-calcutta-high-court-justice-abhijit-gangopadhyay-dgtl/cid/1338630 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |author=Rittick Mondal |date=30 March 2022 |title=Tying hands of single judge: Calcutta HC's Justice Abhijit Gangopadhyay seeks CJI's intervention |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tying-hands-of-single-judge-calcutta-hc-s-justice-abhijit-gangopadhyay-seeks-cji-s-intervention-1931638-2022-03-30 |access-date=2022-04-20 |magazine=India Today |language=en |archive-date=2022-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420050515/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tying-hands-of-single-judge-calcutta-hc-s-justice-abhijit-gangopadhyay-seeks-cji-s-intervention-1931638-2022-03-30 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 13 April 2022 the Bar Association, Calcutta High Court brought out a resolution to boycott the Court of Gangopadhyay.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2022 |title=gangopadhyay: Judge Boycott Call Spurs Ruckus In Courtroom |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/judge-boycott-call-spurs-ruckus-in-courtroom/articleshow/90831281.cms |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=2022-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420051536/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/judge-boycott-call-spurs-ruckus-in-courtroom/articleshow/90831281.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Trinamool Congress]] law cell protested outside his courtroom<ref>{{Cite web |title=West Bengal: Justice Abhijit Gangopadhyay calls meeting to end chaos in Calcutta HC |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/west-bengal-justice-abhijit-gangopadhyay-calls-meeting-to-end-chaos-in-calcutta-hc |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en |archive-date=2022-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419122304/https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/west-bengal-justice-abhijit-gangopadhyay-calls-meeting-to-end-chaos-in-calcutta-hc |url-status=live }}</ref> and the then Governor [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]] wrote letter to the [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] on this issue.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suryam |first=Shagun |title=Trinamool lawyers protest outside courtroom of Calcutta High Court's Justice Abhijit Gangopadhyay; Governor writes to CM |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/calcutta-high-court-protests-outside-justice-abhijit-gangopadhyays-courtroom |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=Bar and Bench |date=13 April 2022 |language=en |archive-date=2023-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202145614/https://www.barandbench.com/news/calcutta-high-court-protests-outside-justice-abhijit-gangopadhyays-courtroom |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lawyers protest in Calcutta HC; Dhankhar seeks meeting with CM Mamata |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/apr/14/lawyers-protest-in-calcutta-hc-dhankhar-seeks-meeting-with-cm-mamata-2441970.html |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=The New Indian Express |date=14 April 2022 |archive-date=2022-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420051742/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/apr/14/lawyers-protest-in-calcutta-hc-dhankhar-seeks-meeting-with-cm-mamata-2441970.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 18 May Gangopadhyay directed former Education Minister [[Partha Chatterjee (politician)|Partha Chatterjee]] to appear before the CBI for the investigation of alleged teachers recruitment scam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-18 |title=Teachers recruitment 'scam': TMC minister Partha Chatterjee appears before CBI after failing to get relief from HC |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/west-bengal-ssc-recruitment-scam-cbi-probe-7923488/ |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2022-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519050623/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/west-bengal-ssc-recruitment-scam-cbi-probe-7923488/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Shiv Sahay |date=2022-05-18 |title=West Bengal Minister Partha Chatterjee appears before CBI in recruitment scam |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/west-bengal-minister-partha-chatterjee-appears-before-cbi-in-recruitment-scam/article65426605.ece |access-date=2022-05-19 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 17 May 2022, in another case he asked [[Paresh Chandra Adhikary]], Minister of State for [[Department of School Education (West Bengal)|Department of School Education]] to be present before CBI over his connection in alleged illegal appointment of his daughter Ankita Adhikary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Teacher Recruitment Scam: Bengal minister Paresh Adhikari 'disappears' with daughter after CBI summons |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/teacher-recruitment-scam-bengal-minister-paresh-adhikari-disappears-with-daughter-after-cbi-summons |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en |archive-date=2022-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518170714/https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/teacher-recruitment-scam-bengal-minister-paresh-adhikari-disappears-with-daughter-after-cbi-summons |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-19 |title=EXCLUSIVE {{!}} Meet Petitioner Who Allegedly Lost Teaching Job to Minister's Daughter Due to 'West Bengal Recruitment Scam' |url=https://www.news18.com/news/education-career/exclusive-meet-job-aspirant-whose-plea-unearthed-wb-recruitment-scam-put-ministers-from-mamata-govt-under-cbi-radar-5204953.html |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=2022-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520065958/https://www.news18.com/news/education-career/exclusive-meet-job-aspirant-whose-plea-unearthed-wb-recruitment-scam-put-ministers-from-mamata-govt-under-cbi-radar-5204953.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He also urged the Chief Minister and Hon'ble Governor to remove Adhikary from the post of minister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-18 |title=Calcutta HC directs CBI to question MoS School Education 'over appointment of daughter' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/teachers-recruitment-row-calcutta-hc-orders-cbi-probe-asks-minister-to-appear-before-agency-ssc-7922154/ |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2022-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519052529/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/teachers-recruitment-row-calcutta-hc-orders-cbi-probe-asks-minister-to-appear-before-agency-ssc-7922154/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2022, Justice Gangopadhyay instructed West Bengal School Service Commission (WBSSC) to replace illegally appointed school teachers with eligible waiting list candidates.<ref name="The Siasat Daily">{{cite news |title=Replace illegally appointed teachers with waiting list candidates: Calcutta HC to WBSSC |url=https://www.siasat.com/replace-illegally-appointed-teachers-with-waiting-list-candidates-calcutta-hc-to-wbssc-2417580/ |access-date=21 September 2022 |work=The Siasat Daily |date=21 September 2022 |archive-date=21 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921120213/https://www.siasat.com/replace-illegally-appointed-teachers-with-waiting-list-candidates-calcutta-hc-to-wbssc-2417580/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In July 2023, he instructed West Bengal School Service Commission to publish illegally appointed 907 school teachers of XI-XII.

In December 2023, the [[Calcutta High Court]] Bar Association boycotted Mr. Gangopadhyay after he ordered the arrest of a lawyer in his courtroom for contempt. Although the order was later withdrawn, the association demanded that all judicial work be withdrawn from Mr. Gangopadhyay until he apologised to the advocate and the bar. After staying away from court for two days, Mr. Gangopadhyay addressed the bar association members with apologises and then the boycott was lifted by lawyers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Courts To Votes: Abhijit Gangopadhyay And His Many Controversies |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/abhijit-ganguly-calcutta-high-court-judge-from-courts-to-votes-abhijit-gangopadhyay-and-his-many-controversies-5181894 |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=judge apologised to lawyers in calcutta - Google Search |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=judge+apologised+to+lawyers+in+calcutta&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyCwgAEEUYChg5GKABMgkIARAhGAoYoAEyCQgCECEYChigAdIBCDcxNjFqMGo0qAIAsAIB |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=www.google.com}}</ref> This marked the first instance in Calcutta High Court where a sitting judge had to apologise to bar association members and lawyers.

== Political career ==
Gangopadhyay resigned his judicial position on 5 March 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-03 |title=Calcutta High Court Judge Abhijit Ganguly to resign, may enter politics: Sources |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/story/calcutta-high-court-judge-abhijit-gangopadhay-resign-on-march-5-ordered-cbi-probe-into-recruitment-scam-2509988-2024-03-03 |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> and started his political journey within 2 days as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-05 |title='Will join BJP…party will decide if I will contest (Lok Sabha polls) or not': Former Calcutta HC judge Abhijit Gangopadhyay |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/justice-abhijit-gangopadhyay-resigns-as-judge-of-calcutta-high-court-9196378/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He officially joined on 7 March 2024 into the party by [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] leaders [[Suvendu Adhikari]] and [[Sukanta Majumdar]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=ABP News |date=2024-03-07 |title=Former Calcutta High Court Judge Abhijit Gangopadhyay Joins BJP |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/abhijit-gangopadhyay-joins-bjp-calcutta-high-court-judge-1669826 |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> ahead of the [[2024 Indian general election]]. He was subsequently contested for the [[2024 Indian general election|Lok Sabha Election 2024]] from [[Tamluk Lok Sabha constituency]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=সংবাদদাতা |first=আনন্দবাজার অনলাইন |title=সব পরিকল্পনা ঠিক মতো এগোলে তমলুক লোকসভা থেকে বিজেপির টিকিটেই প্রার্থী বিচারপতি গঙ্গোপাধ্যায় |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/elections/lok-sabha-election-2024/will-bjp-field-calcutta-high-court-judge-abhijit-gangopadhyay-in-tamluk-in-lok-sabha-election-2024-dgtl/cid/1500478 |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=www.anandabazar.com |language=bn}}</ref> and became the [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Tamluk, West Bengal Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: Abhijit Gangopadhyay Emerges Victorious |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/tamluk-west-bengal-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2548091-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Tamluk">{{cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Tamluk |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2530.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720155631/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2530.htm |archive-date=20 July 2025 |access-date=20 July 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Tamluk Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=Tamluk Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/tamluk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720155658/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/tamluk |archive-date=20 July 2025 |access-date=20 July 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Controversy==
On 15 May 2024 during the campaign of Lok Sabha Election Gangopadhyay made derogatory remarks against [[Mamata Banerjee]], Chief Minister of West Bengal<ref>{{Cite web |last=NETWORK |first=LIVELAW NEWS |date=2024-05-21 |title='Brought Disrepute To West Bengal' : ECI Censures Ex-HC Judge & BJP Candidate For 'Low-Level Attack' Against Mamta Banerjee |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/eci-censures-ex-hc-judge-bjp-candidate-justice-abhijit-gangopadhyay-against-mamta-banerjee-258475 |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref> and the [[Election Commission of India]] censured him and imposed a campaigning bar on him for 24 hours due to the alleged low-level personal attack.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-21 |title=Election Commission censures former judge-turned-BJP candidate, bars campaign for 24 hours |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/ec-bans-bjps-abhijit-gangopadhyay-from-campaigning-for-24-hours-for-remarks-against-mamata-banerjee/article68199248.ece |access-date=2024-05-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-21 |title=EC bars Gangopadhyay from campaign for 24 hrs over his remarks on Mamata |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/election-commission-abhijit-gangopadhyay-lok-sabha-polls-code-violations-9342426/ |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=May 22 |first=ET BureauLast Updated |date=2024-05-22 |title=BJP leader Abhijit Gangopadhyay can't campaign for 24 hours, says EC |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/west-bengal/bjp-leader-abhijit-gangopadhyay-cant-campaign-for-24-hours-says-ec/articleshow/110312504.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-05-22 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UwCNmEiDMRI Interview of Abhijit Gangopahdyay] by [[ABP Ananda]] (in Bengali)

{{Portal bar|India|Law|Biography}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gangopadhyay, Abhijit}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Judges of the Calcutta High Court]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:People from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from West Bengal]]

Movie Artists Association

2026-04-19T20:39:36Z

ChristenaMcGraw: created first info initial version.

{{short description|Cinema union in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Movie Artists Association (MAA)
| image = Movie Artists Association (MAA) Logo.png
| formation = {{start date and age|1993|10|4|df=y}}
| type = non-profit Organization
| headquarters = Andhra Pradesh Film Chamber of Commerce, [[Film Nagar]]
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = [[Vishnu Manchu]]<ref>https://www.indiaglitz.com/in-a-historic-moment-manchu-vishnu-becomes-maa-president-again-telugu-news-353165</ref>
| leader_title2 = General secretary
| leader_name2 = [[Raghu Babu]]
| leader_title3 = Vice president
| leader_name3 = Madala Ravi
| leader_title4 = Treasurer
| leader_name4 = [[Siva Balaji]]
| location = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| num_members = 900+
| website = {{URL|maa.asia}}
}}

The '''Movie Artists Association''' ('''MAA''') is a trade union that represents over 900 principal and [[Extra (acting)|background performers]] working in [[Telugu cinema]]. It was started on 4 October 1993 by [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Krishnam Raju]], [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Murali Mohan]] and other senior artists. [[Chiranjeevi]] was the maiden president of the MAA.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 September 2021 |title=MAA Elections 2021, The Story So Far |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/maa-elections-2021-story-so-far-143525 |access-date=24 March 2023 |work=[[Sakshi (media group)|Sakshi]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=11 October 2021 |title=Here's how Vishnu Manchu won MAA elections 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/heres-how-vishnu-manchu-won-in-maa-elections-2021/articleshow/86936198.cms |access-date=23 March 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-27 |title=Shwetha Menon backs Prithviraj to lead Malayalam movie artists association after Mohanlal |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/shwetha-menon-backs-prithviraj-to-lead-malayalam-movie-artists-association-after-mohanlal/articleshow/112842640.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-10-15 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

The stated objectives of the MAA include resolving issues related to artists but Vishnu cannot reolve issues between him and his brother, arbitration of disputes between producers and artists, and implementing measures related to the welfare of its members. In its early days, Akkineni Nageswara Rao, Krishnam Raju, Krishna, Murali Mohan acted as advisors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/maameetscm.html|title=MAA meets CM |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=23 March 2023}}</ref> Before the full-fledged formation of the MAA, its functions were operated from the residence of Murali Mohan for a few months.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 March 2015 |title=Film Nagar The heart of Tollywood |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hyderabad/2015-03-10/Film-Nagar-The-heart-of-Tollywood/136578 |access-date=11 March 2015 |website=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref>

As of April 2024, the MAA is currently administered from the Andhra Pradesh Film Chamber of Commerce Building located at [[Film Nagar]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], and the current president is [[Vishnu Manchu]].

== History ==

The Telugu film industry has a 30-year history<ref>{{cite web|url=http://teluguodu.com/maa-కంప్లీట్-హిస్టరీ/ |title=MAA కంప్లీట్ హిస్టరీ|website=Teluguodu|date=10 January 2023 |access-date=10 January 2023}}</ref> associated with the welfare of its artists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://teluguodu.com/maa-complete-history/|title=MAA Complete History |website=Teluguodu|date=16 December 2022 |access-date=16 December 2022}}</ref> The Movie Artists Association was established in 1993,<ref>{{cite news |date=10 October 2021 |title=MAA కంప్లీట్ హిస్టరీ.. ఈ ఆలోచన ఎవరిది? ఇప్పటిదాకా ఎంతమంది ప్రెసిడెంట్స్? నెలకొన్న వివాదాలేంటి..? |work=Telugu Samayam |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/maa-elections-movie-artist-association-complete-history-here/articleshow/86908961.cms |access-date=23 March 2023}}</ref> with 100 members, which will increase to 1000 by 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.warangaltimes.com/telugu-cinekalamatalli-muddobiddalu-movie-artist-association-maa/|title=తెలుగు సినీకళామతల్లి ముద్దుబిడ్డలు మూవీ ఆర్టిస్ట్ అసోసియేషన్ (మా) |website=warangaltimes|access-date=23 December 2022}}</ref>

Movie Artists Association, was formed with the objective of providing support and welfare to the artists and technicians working in the film industry. It was founded with the goal of addressing issues such as payment disputes, welfare, and representation of the artists in the industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://telugujio.com/manchu-vishnu-manifesto/|title=Manchu Vishnu Manifesto 2021: MAA Elections |website=Telugujio|date=7 October 2021 |access-date=7 October 2021}}</ref> The MAA's elections in October 2021 drew attention due to various controversies surrounding it. [[Vishnu Manchu]] was elected the president in the elections. He and his team again won the April 2024 elections.

On 23 March 2024, MAA President Vishnu Manchu hosted an event at [[Park Hyatt Hyderabad]], marking 90 years of [[Telugu cinema]]. The event, 'Navatīhi Utsavam', highlighted Telugu cinema's global impact and Indo-Malaysian relations. Notable attendees included MAA President Vishnu Manchu, Vice President Madala Ravi, Treasurer Siva Balaji, Advisor Datuk P Kamalanathan, and Razaidi Abdul Rahim from [[Tourism Malaysia]], emphasizing the event's significance for both industries.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 March 2024 |title=Navatīhi Utsavam: MAA announces celebration of 90 glorious years of Telugu cinema |url=https://telanganatoday.com/navatihi-utsavam-maa-announces-celebration-of-90-glorious-years-of-telugu-cinema |access-date=29 March 2024 |website=[[Telangana Today]]}}</ref> Scheduled for July 2024 in Malaysia, the event aims to raise funds for MAA's charitable causes.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 March 2024 |title=Maa Navatihi Utsavam: తెలుగు సినిమా ఘన కీర్తి ప్రపంచానికి చాటేలా 'నవతిహి ఉత్సవం'... మలేషియా వేదికగా 90 ఏళ్ళ వేడుక – మంచు విష్ణు |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/cinema/maa-proudly-announces-celebration-of-90-glorious-years-of-telugu-cinema-as-navatihi-utsavam-vishnu-manchu-152735 |access-date=30 March 2024 |website=[[ABP News]]}}</ref>

== Governing body ==

The governing body of the association is responsible for overseeing its activities and serving its members. It holds office for a term of two years. It comprises several members, including a president, two vice presidents, a general secretary, a joint secretary, a treasurer, and other executive committee members.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://moviemanthra.com/movie-artists-association-maa-governing-body/|title=Movie Artists Association (MAA) Governing Body |website=MovieManthra|date=24 March 2023 |access-date=24 March 2023}}</ref> The president is the head of the governing body and acts as its spokesperson, while the vice presidents support the president in carrying out their duties. The general secretary oversees the administrative tasks of the association, while the joint secretary assists them. The treasurer manages the association's finances and ensures its financial stability.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news10.app/features-of-governing-body-of-movie-artist-association-ma/|title=మూవీ ఆర్టిస్ట్ అసోసియేషన్ (మా) గవర్నింగ్ బాడీ విశేషాలు |website=News10|access-date=24 March 2023}}</ref>

*Advisory council members: [[Mohan Babu]], [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], [[Giri Babu]], P. Shiva Krishna, [[Jaya Prada]], [[Paruchuri Gopala Krishna]]
*Office bearers: [[Vishnu Manchu]] (president), Dr. Madala Ravi (vice president), [[Prudhvi Raj]] (vice president), [[Babu Mohan]] (executive vice president), [[Raghu Babu]] (general secretary), [[Siva Balaji]] (treasurer), [[Gautam Raju]] (joint secretary), [[Karate Kalyani]] (joint secretary)
*Women Welfare: [[Vishnu Manchu]] (committee chairman), [[Sunitha Krishnan]] (honorary advisor), [[Lakshmi Manchu]], [[Swapna Dutt]] (TFPC), [[Tanikella Bharani]], Smt. Jaysheela G

== Administrative staff ==

To become a member of the MAA Association, an actor must have acted in more than five films. {{As of|2021}}, the association boasts over 900 active members.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klapboardpost.com/movie-artist-association-ma-administrative-staff/|title=మూవీ ఆర్టిస్ట్ అసోసియేషన్ (మా) అడ్మినిస్ట్రేటివ్ సిబ్బంది |website=klapboardpost|date=23 December 2022 |access-date=23 December 2022}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
|-
! Duration !! President !! General secretary !! Treasurer
! class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 1993–1995 || [[Chiranjeevi]] || [[Murali Mohan]] || [[Mohan Babu]]
|
|-
| 1995–1997 || [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] || [[Murali Mohan]] || Not Available
|
|-
| 1997–1999 || [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] || [[Murali Mohan]] || [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]]
|
|-
| 1999–2000 || [[Murali Mohan]] || [[AVS (actor)|AVS]] || [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]]
|
|-
| 2000–2002 || [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] || [[AVS (actor)|AVS]] || [[Giri Babu]]
|
|-
| 2002–2004 || [[Murali Mohan]] || [[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]] || [[Tanikella Bharani]]
|
|-
| 2004–2006 || [[Mohan Babu]] || [[Sivaji Raja]] and [[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]] || [[Paruchuri brothers]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/maa-mohanbabu.html|title=Mohan Babu as MAA President |website=Idlebrain|access-date=23 March 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2006–2008 || [[Nagendra Babu]] || [[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]] and Vinod Bala || [[Paruchuri brothers]]
|
|-
| 2008–2010 || [[Murali Mohan]] || [[Ahuti Prasad]] || [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
|
|-
| 2010–2012 || [[Murali Mohan]] || [[Ahuti Prasad]] || [[Sivaji Raja]]
|
|-
| 2013–2015 || [[Murali Mohan]] || [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] || [[Sivaji Raja]] ||<ref>{{cite news |date=2 October 2013 |title=Murali Mohan 'MAA' Record |work=Cinejosh |url=https://www.cinejosh.com/news/3/26800/murali-mohan-maa-record.html |access-date=23 March 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2015–2017 || [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] || [[Sivaji Raja]] || [[Paruchuri brothers]] ||<ref>{{cite news |date=18 April 2015 |title=Rajendra Prasad is MAA president |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/rajendra-prasad-is-maa-president/article7115337.ece |access-date=23 March 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2017–2019 || [[Sivaji Raja]] || [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] || [[Paruchuri brothers]]
|
|-
| 2019–2021 || [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] || [[Jeevitha]] || [[Rajeev Kanakala]] ||<ref>{{cite news |date=11 March 2019 |title=Movie Artists Association (MAA) Elections Results 2019: Naresh gets a clear majority, defeats Sivaji Raja-led panel |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/movie-artists-association-maa-elections-results-2019-naresh-gets-a-clear-majority-defeats-sivaji-raja-lad-panel/articleshow/68352907.cms |access-date=23 March 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2021–2024 || rowspan="2" | [[Vishnu Manchu]] || rowspan="2" | [[Raghu Babu]] || rowspan="2" | [[Siva Balaji]] ||<ref>{{cite news |date=11 October 2021 |title=MAA Elections: Actor Manchu Vishnu Elected As New President, Defeats Prakash Raj By Huge Margin |work=[[ABP News]] |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/maa-elections-manchu-vishnu-defeats-prakash-raj-by-huge-margin-1487080 |access-date=23 March 2023}}</ref>
|-
|2024–present
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-08 |title=In a historic moment, Manchu Vishnu becomes MAA President again – Telugu News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/in-a-historic-moment-manchu-vishnu-becomes-maa-president-again-telugu-news-353165 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actors' trade unions]]
[[Category:Film organisations in India]]
[[Category:Entertainment industry unions]]
[[Category:Trade unions in India]]

Longphuri Naga

2026-04-19T00:10:18Z

ChristenaMcGraw: created basic page first draft.

{{Short description|Naga tribes}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group = Longphuri Naga
|native_name = Amimi, Longfur
|image =
|image_caption=
|population =
|languages = [[Long Phuri language]]
|religions =
|related = [[Makury Naga]], [[Yimkhiung Naga]], Other [[Naga people]]
|footnotes =
}}
{{Naga people}}

The '''Longphuri people''', also known as '''Amimi people''' or the '''Longphur Naga''', are a [[Tibeto-Burmese]] [[ethnic group]] inhabiting in the [[Northeast India]]n state of [[Nagaland]], and the [[Naga Self-Administered Zone]] in [[Myanmar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Long Phuri Naga |url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/18963/BM |website=Joshua Project |access-date=8 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = Violence and identity in North-east India: Naga-Kuki conflict |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zlaIRKRspYQC | author = S. R. Tohring | year = 2010 | publisher = Mittal Publications | isbn = 978-81-8324-344-5 | pages = xv-xvii }}</ref> In India, they are listed as a subgroup of the [[ethnic group|ethnic]] [[Yimkhiung Naga]] But recognized longphuri (longpfxrx)as a tribe in Myanmar.

Longphuri (longpfxrx), Amimi language is nearly 30% similar to Para (Jaijairai) and 25 %similar to Makury. Longphuri (Longpfurr) and Makury are subgroups of Yimchiung tribe in Nagaland, India. But Makury also a tribe in Myanmar.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Naga tribes}}
{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}

[[Category:Naga people]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Myanmar]]

{{Asia-ethno-group-stub}}

Naga Army

2026-04-17T12:44:21Z

ChristenaMcGraw: created new info first draft.

{{Short description|Ethnic armed organisation in India and Myanmar}}
{{distinguish|Naga Regiment}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox war faction
| name = Naga Army
| war = [[Insurgency in Northeast India]]
| image = [[File:Badge of the Naga Army.png|125px]]
| caption = Badge of the Naga Army
| active = {{Start date|1952|df=yes}} – present
| leaders = [[Reivilie Angami]] [[Thuingaleng Muivah]] Kaito Sukhai Mowu Gwizan Thinuoselie Keyho
| ideology = [[Naga nationalism]]
| clans =
| headquarters = Taga Camp, [[Hkamti District]], Sagaing Region Camp Hebron, [[Peren district|Peren District]], Nagaland
| area = * [[Nagaland]], India
* [[Manipur]], India
* [[Assam]], India
* [[Arunachal Pradesh]], India
* [[Meghalaya]], India
* [[Sagaing Region]], [[Myanmar]]
| size = one [[brigade]] and six [[battalion]]s
| partof = [[Naga National Council|NNC]] [[National Socialist Council of Nagalim|NSCN]]
| allies =
| battles = [[Naga Conflict]]
| website = [https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100067196720956 Naga Army FB page]
| designated_as_terror_group_by = {{flag|India}}, {{flag|Myanmar}}
}}

The '''Naga Army''' is the [[ethnic minority]] army of the [[Naga people]].<ref>[https://mmpeacemonitor.org/en/eros-profile/armed-ethnic-groups/ Myanmar Peace Monitor — ''Armed Ethnic Groups'']</ref> Currently it is the military wing of the [[National Socialist Council of Nagalim]] (NSCN).<ref name="SATP2">[https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/nagaland/terrorist_outfits/nscn_im.htm South Asia Terrorism Portal – ''Incidents and Statements involving NSCN-IM: 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 1992–2012'']</ref>

== History ==
=== First phase: under the NNC ===
The Naga Army was founded by [[Reivilie Angami]] in 1952. In its first phase it was part of the [[Naga National Council]] political party.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 February 2010 |title=Late Brig. Reivilie Angami remembered |url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/2010/02/19/late-brig-reivilie-angami-remembered/ |access-date=10 January 2025 |newspaper=Nagaland Post}}</ref><ref name="SATP2"/>

The Naga National Council had two wings, the Naga Federal Government (NFG) —renamed Federal Government of Nagaland (FGN) in 1959— and the Naga Army,<ref name="BL">Bertil Lintner.'' Great Game East,'' Yale University Press, London 2015. p. 262 ISBN 978-0-300-19567-5</ref> also known by other names, such as Naga Home Guard (preceded by the Safe Guard),<ref>[https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/2024/01/05/50th-anniv-of-naga-army-raising-day-on-jan-3-2024/ 50th Anniv of Naga Army Raising day on Jan 3, 2024 – Nagaland Post]</ref> Naga Federal Army,<ref name="ETVB"/> etc.<ref>[https://www.satp.org/Docs/Faultline/31_Understanding-the-Naga-Issue--The-Rise-of-Naga-Sun-nationalism-and-the-Naga-Peace-Process-117-136.pdf Chirantan Kumar, ''Understanding the Naga Issue.''] p. 115</ref><ref name="ME"/> After more than a decade of unfruitful talks with the Indian authorities, including Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Zapu Phizo]], the NNC chairman, lost faith in the diplomatic process. He realized that the possibility of a peaceful settlement of the issue with India would be very remote, for he saw that there was no intention to grant [[self-determination]] to Nagaland.{{sfn|Maxwell|1980|pp=5–6}} When the insurgent army began operating in the Naga territories the Indian government responded heavy-handedly. In 1958 the whole sector was declared a "disturbed area" by the Indian state, the [[Armed Forces Special Powers Act]] (AFSPA) was implemented and the [[Indian Army]] forced its way into the Naga region. In the ensuing [[Asymmetric warfare|unequal battle]] the Naga fighters were crushed. Despite official denials, the Indian Armed Forces committed atrocities both against the fighters, as well as against the civilian population, including torture, rape and arson.<ref name="LI">[https://nagalandtribune.in/younger-generations-should-know-how-the-indian-armed-forces-tortured-the-nagas-a-veterans-recollection-on-naga-historical-struggles/ Lanukaba Imchen, ''Younger generations should know///'' Nagaland Tribune, 14 August 2014]</ref><ref name="ETVB">{{cite news|title=Everything explained about the 'History of Naga Insurgency'|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/state/assam/everything-explained-about-the-history-of-naga-insurgency/na20200712151624774|access-date=10 January 2025|newspaper=ETV Bharat|date=12 July 2020}}</ref> The Naga National Council leadership fled to [[East Pakistan]] and Phizo went from there into exile. The insurgents meanwhile dispersed among the civilian population and engaged in small, sporadic, guerrilla attacks. Some of the most severe confrontations of this period took place in [[Jotsoma]] village.<ref name="ME">[https://morungexpress.com/tale-of-jotsoma-rna-dze#google_vignette Morung Express – Tale of Jotsoma Rüna Dze]</ref> Later, on 26 August 1960, a [[Douglas C-47]] plane of the [[Indian Air Force]] was shot down during an attempt to drop relief materials and ammunitions to a military outpost. Eventually, on 6 September 1964 the Indian Armed Forces declared a ceasefire.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nagalandpage.com/remembering-the-fallen-black-day-observed-at-meluri-sub-division/ |title=Remembering the Fallen: 'Black Day' Observed At Meluri Sub-Division |author= |date=6 September 2021 |website=Nagaland Page |access-date=13 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/nagaland/documents/papers/nagaland_ceasefire1964.htm|title=The Cease-fire Agreement, September 6, 1964|author= |date=6 September 2021 |website=South Asia Terrorism Portal|access-date=13 January 2025}}</ref>

In 1966 the insurgents sought help from China. The first expedition being led by NNC General Secretary Thuingaleng Muivah in October. It trekked across the mountainous [[Sagaing Division]], reaching the Chinese border three months later in January 1967. Over 130 military personnel were trained and indoctrinated in [[Tengchong]], [[Yunnan]], and returned to Nagaland with brand-new Chinese equipment, including rifles and rocket launchers.
A second expedition was led by NNC leader [[Isak Chishi Swu]] and Naga Army General Mowu Gwizan. The 330 men left in December 1967 and reached China by March 1968, being similarly trained and supplied weapons at Tengchong.
A third expedition with one hundred men, led by Ngasating Shimray and Lt. Colonel Taka left Nagaland in January 1968, but they were blocked by [[Kachin Independence Army]] (KIA) members, and turned back after having their weapons confiscated.<ref name="BL"/>

The association with Communist China caused deep disagreements at the top, as well as among the ranks.<ref>[https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/2022/06/24/nnc-ao-region-remembers-and-pays-respect-to-thepushu-venuh/ NNC Ao Region remembers and pays respect to Thepushu Venuh]</ref> General [[Kaitho Sukhai]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Changemaker |url=https://theweseantimes.ink/vow/stories/kaito.html |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=theweseantimes.ink}}</ref> who had been in the Naga Army since the beginning, firmly opposed it and left the organization in July 1967. The following year in August he would be assassinated.<ref>[https://www.thenagarepublic.com/fact-check/nagas-history-culture/a-tribute-to-gen-kaito-sukhai-1933-1968/ A tribute to Gen. Kaito Sukhai 1933–1968]</ref> Shortly thereafter Kaito Sukhai's supporters, who were mostly [[Sümi Naga]], defected from the Naga Army and formed their own organization, the Revolutionary Government of Nagaland (RGN). In the end the cadres of this group gave up the armed struggle and went back to civilian life. Some of them joined the [[Border Security Force]] (BSF).<ref>[https://highlandinstitute.org/2024/09/30/shadows-of-the-past-memories-with-evolutionary-government-of-nagaland-members/ Highland Institute – ''Shadows of the Past; Memories with Revolutionary Government of Nagaland Members'']</ref>

Following the signing of the 1975 [[Shillong Accord of 1975|Shillong Accord]], a key group of the illegal Naga political organisation accepted military defeat and the surrender of arms. The accord —between the [[Government of India]] and "Underground Representatives" whose rank or status in the Naga army or the [[Federal Government of Nagaland]] were not even mentioned— stipulated that the armament of the Naga guerrillas should be deposited in agreed spots. However, those inspecting the implementation of the accord observed that weapons that had been surrendered were old and outdated and inferred that the best weaponry of the underground forces had been sent across the border to units entrenched in Burma's frontier region. [[Rano M. Shaiza]], Phizo's niece, saw the accord as a favorable opportunity towards a solution of the intractable Naga problem, but she warned too that 'a sizeable underground hardcore led by well-trained, experienced and dedicated leaders has established its headquarters in the Naga territory of northern Burma'.{{sfn|Maxwell|1980|p=11}}

The Shillong Accord brought relief both to the battle-weary insurgent military personnel, as well as to the civilians living in areas where Indian authorities had put counter-insurgency measures in place. After the surrender of weapons by the Naga guerrillas, over six hundred prisoners of war were released from Indian jails and all cases against them were withdrawn. Numerous Naga military units had been decimated by the Indian forces as a result of the intensive military operations of the previous years. The curfew that had been imposed in many rural sectors, and which prevented harvesting —thus threatening villagers with famine, was finally lifted. Moreover, villagers who had been fined up to 118,062.50 [[Indian rupee]]s as punishment for assisting the Naga army were reimbursed.<ref name="ME-KI">[https://morungexpress.com/some-hard-facts-about-the-shillong-accord-and-its-aftermath Kaka D. Iralu, ''Some hard facts about the Shillong Accord and its aftermath'' – Morung Express]</ref>

The cessation of hostilities in 1975, meant that the Naga Army personnel fighting inside Nagaland had accepted defeat, conceding the operational victory to the Indian military. According to governor L.P. Singh, at a certain point around 1,400 Naga soldiers had surrendered. Meanwhile, the NNC, the political wing, had made fundamental concessions in order to survive. However, the group led by [[Thuingaleng Muivah]] quartered beyond the Burmese border had remained relatively intact. Muivah, along with [[Isak Chishi Swu]], wanted to keep the armed struggle going against India and denounced the signatories of the accord in the most severe terms: "In spite of 'the bitterest pressure they have been subjected to, the Nagas will forever hold their own ... any talks, any negotiations tending to [include Nagaland] within the Indian Union are unequivocally the works of hidden traitors who in no way represent the people'. This intransigence created a wide rift in Naga society.{{sfn|Maxwell|1980|pp=11–12}}

After the years of confrontation there was a general desire for peace in Nagaland and the Shillong Accord was seen as a positive step by large sections of the public. Nevertheless, there was a wide gap between those supporting the accord and those opposing it. In 1978 members of the Nagaland Peace Council (NPC) —the organization which had arranged the meeting at Shillong— organized an expedition to the Naga area of northern Burma in order to persuade the last remnants of the NNC, FGN and the Naga Army to accept the accord. Even though the Indian authorities had been duly informed by the Naga Peace Council of their mission, the group was waylaid and arrested by Indian security units before they reached the Burmese border.<ref name="ME-KI"/>{{sfn|Maxwell|1980|pp=12}}

=== Second phase: under the NSCN ===
The tensions generated in the wake of the acceptance of the Shillong Accord by the NNC culminated in the establishment of the NSCN (National Socialist Council of Nagaland) on 31 January 1980. The new leadership had previously rewritten the Naga Constitution (Yehzabo) after a socialist pattern, centralizing the power on itself. Thus the new political party distanced itself from the Naga National Council, the political organization that had hitherto led the struggle towards self-determination and secession. The shift towards socialism marked a new era in the Nagaland insurgency. Christianity had been a major identity factor among the Naga people, transcending tribe and language. Phizo himself was not attracted to communism —'We wish to remain within the fold of the Christian nations', he is quoted as declaring. For nearly 30 years the Naga guerillas had fought quite successfully with no ideology other than their ethnic nationalism complemented by their Christian tradition, but this was about to change.{{sfn|Maxwell|1980|pp=12}}

From their sanctuary in a remote area of Burma where the last remnants of the Naga Army had taken refuge, Isak Chisi Swu, Thuingaleng Muivah and S.S. Khaplang, had begun in November 1979 by killing all the top leaders who opposed their new guidelines. These included Naga army officers of different ranks, as well as important political figures, such as the NNC vice President, the Speaker of the Tatar Hoho, and some ministers.<ref name="ME-KI"/>
In this ruthless manner the more radical NSCN co-opted the remaining fighting units of the Naga nationalist movement and deprived the more moderate NNC of a military branch. From the onset, the insurgency led by the NSCN mirrored the irregular warfare of numerous Marxist–Leninist revolutionary outfits present in the region of [[Northeast India]], as well as in northern Burma. Still, it is very likely that the radicalization would have occurred even without the mid-1960s exposure of Naga guerrilla cadres to the Maoist methods and revolutionary dogma of the Chinese [[People's Liberation Army|PLA]] in neighboring Yunnan.{{sfn|Maxwell|1980|pp=13}}

In this early stage, the NSCN already established links with the [[People's Liberation Army of Manipur]] and the [[United Liberation Front of Assam]] (ULFA). Later, a number of other insurgent outfits of the area would be added to the grand plan, the NSCN helping them to procure weapons, providing training for their cadres, and extorting money in order to finance the operations of the group. Thus the new political organization extended its influence beyond Nagaland through organized crime, patronizing the insurgency of other communities. Besides the extorsion racket, the political wing used money earned through drug trade in order to pay for the training of the Naga Army cadres and procure arms. The funds were also necessary to run the encampments used as training bases for its own, as well as for the fighters of other regional rebel groups. In its previous phase the Naga Army had obtained some weapons from [[East Pakistan]], as well as from China, but ultimately it did not get substantial support. However, under the NSCN there began a regular supply of weapons acquired through clandestine arms dealers in [[Thailand]]. The cargoes arrived by vessel to [[Cox's Bazar]] in Bangladesh, and were carried overland via [[Bandarban]] along the eastern border of [[Mizoram]] and through [[Churachandpur]] and [[Tamenglong]] they reached the [[Peren district]] of Nagaland.<ref name="S-R">[https://www.usiofindia.org/publication-journal/the-naga-insurgency-part-ii.html The Naga Insurgency (Part II)]</ref> From there the arms consignments would eventually reach Kaphlang's Taga camp, located south of [[Nanyun]], near the [[Chindwin]] river, at {{coord|26|49|52|N|96|12|14|E}}.<ref>[https://www.mindat.org/feature-1295243.html Taga Sakan, Nanyun, Hkamti District, Sagaing Region, Myanmar]</ref> Taga would become one of the main ULFA training camps, as well as of the [[National Democratic Front of Boroland|NDFB]].<ref name="S-R"/>

Kaphlang's bases in the remote [[Naga Hills]] had been a windfall for Isak Chisi Swu and Thuingaleng Muivah when in the early 1970s the relentless [[counterinsurgency]] operations of the Indian forces had defeated the Naga insurgents in the west. After being driven out of their bases on the Indian side of the border, they were able to regroup there, in the northern Sagaing Region, beyond the reach of the Indian army. There, they could not only get a respite, but were even able to launch cross-border raids into the Indian side.<ref name="I-FF">[https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/forgotten-frontier.html Bertil Lintner, ''The Forgotten Frontier''. Irrawaddy]</ref>
Even so, with the passing of the years inter-tribal differences in the NSCN military camp became worse by the day. They were exacerbated by the overbearing behavior of the Western Naga personnel towards those belonging to the Eastern Naga groups,<ref name="I-FF"/> and in January 1988 there was an incident in which several top cadres of Thuingalong Muivah and Isaac Swu were killed. Finally the leadership of the political party split into two factions: the NSCN (K) fraction led by S.S. Khaplang, the former NSCN vice-president, and the NSCN (IM) led by Isak and Muivah, the chairman and the General Secretary respectively. While Khaplang continued staying in the Taga camp, Muivah and Swu were driven to other locations beyond the border towards Nagaland and Manipur.<ref name="S-R"/>

Following a relatively quiet interval, in the second half of 1991 a group of 240 Naga Army soldiers belonging to the NSCN (IM) group marched southwards along the eastern border of Mizoram and turned westwards into [[Bangladesh]]. They had been sent to collect a shipment of weapons which had arrived at Cox's Bazar on a coastal vessel. This was the first batch of a number of consignments of arms purchased through dealers in Thailand with the help of the Pakistani [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] and the Bangladeshi [[DGFI]]. After the weapons had been collected by the group of NSCN (IM) cadres, the arms were brought back to Nagaland along the same route they had followed when reaching Bangladesh. It was during this period that the DGFI helped the NSCN (IM) —as well as the [[ULFA]] and the [[NDFB]]— to set up military training camps in the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]]; additionally it provided [[safe house]]s in [[Dhaka]] and other locations in Bangladesh. This assistance gave a new impulse to the insurgency in Nagaland, Assam and Manipur.<ref name="S-R"/>

As a result of the newly obtained support, the NSCN (IM) expanded its operations to [[Meghalaya]], where it already had safe houses in [[Shillong]], the capital of the state. There it linked with the newly founded [[Hynniewtrep Achik Liberation Council]] (HALC), the first insurgent group in that small state. The Naga army cadres marched through safe routes across the mountainous terrain of the [[Garo Hills]] to bring the HALC recruits to the training facilities in Bangladesh. The Hynniewtrep Achik Liberation Council subsequently split up in two along ethnic lines, the [[Khasi people|Khasi]] [[Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council]] (HNLC) and the [[Garo people|Garo]] Achik National Volunteer Council (ANVC). Both groups were helped by the NSCN (IM) when they requested assistance and the Naga military personnel helped them to set up training camps. The main interest of the NSCN (IM) in Meghalaya was in extorting vast sums of money from the wealthy [[Marwari people|Marwari]] traders of Shillong.<ref name="S-R"/>

Relations between [[Mizo people|Mizo]] and Naga insurgents were never good. Mizo armed rebellion against the Indian state began in 1966, eleven years later than in Nagaland.{{sfn|Maxwell|1980|pp=9}} However, the NSCN (IM) decided to help the [[Hmar people|Hmar]], an ethnic group related to the Mizo, when they formed the [[Hmar Peoples Convention]] (HPC) against the Mizoram State government. Naga militias took the HPC under their wing, providing them with weapons and training its cadres. They were based in camps on the [[North Cachar Hills]], from where they engaged in small guerrilla operations. Led by Naga cadres they carried out armed bank robberies and numerous ambushes on security forces in inner [[Cachar district]]. One of the underlying reasons for the cooperation with the Hmars was Naga [[irredentism]], for the NSCN (IM) was seeking to develop a connection with the small [[Zeme people|Zeme Naga]] community living in the North Cachar Hills.<ref name="S-R"/>

The Indian military along with the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] became aware of the regular weapon supplies coordinated by the NSCN (IM) that were carried overland to Nagaland from Cox's Bazar. In April 1995, after having monitored a sufficient amount of movements along the frontier region, they decided to act in a surprise attack named [[Operation Golden Bird]]. The operation was to be carried out in coordination with the [[Tatmadaw]]. The arms convoy was ambushed to the west of [[Parva-I|Parva]], a village located at {{coord|22|05|08|N|92|38|47|E}} in the [[Lawngtlai District]] of Mizoram. The sudden attack caught the soldiers that were transporting the arms consignment by surprise. A total of 58 cadres of the Naga Army, as well as some of the ULFA and the NDFB were killed. A number of prisoners were made and more than a hundred weapons were captured.<ref name="S-R"/> However, owing to a last-minute neglect to cooperate by the Tatmadaw, it is estimated that more than a hundred cadres of the convoy escaped with their weapons.<ref name="S1-22">[https://www.satp.org/second-sight-volume-1-no-22 South Asia Terrorism Portal – OCSS; Volume 1, No. 22, March 6, 2019]</ref>

====The 1997 ceasefire====
In 1997, after a number of discussions, the Indian government was able to bring the NSCN (IM) leaders to sign a ceasefire agreement. Thuingaleng Muivah and Isak Chishi Swu laid three preliminary conditions, of which the government of India accepted two. The negotiations began in the summer and a ceasefire agreement was signed, which included the suspension of hostilities for a period of three months with effect from the 1 August 1997 in order to engage in political level discussions.<ref>[https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/nagaland/documents/papers/nscn_im_announcement_july_25_1997.htm South Asia Terrorism Portal — NSCN-IM's Announcement of Ceasefire Agreement with Government of India]</ref> Meanwhile, the Naga soldiers came out of their jungle hideouts to accompany their political leaders signing the agreement. The latter were housed in old offices of the [[Indian Forest Department]]. After a period of time the NSCN (IM) would add its own buildings to accommodate its military personnel, the place becoming what is now Camp Hebron.<ref>[https://scroll.in/article/769840/at-camp-hebron-an-ambitious-project-is-under-way-a-peace-accord-to-settle-the-naga-question Ipsita Chakravarty, ''At Camp Hebron, an ambitious project is under way: A peace accord to settle the Naga question'']</ref>

As part of the agreement, a ceasefire monitoring group was established and eleven ground rules were set. These included that on the NSCN (IM) side there was to be no killing, kidnapping or extortion, while there would be no active military operations by the Indian security forces. Naga military camps could be maintained in notified places, but militia members would not patrol with arms and would not forcefully recruit new cadres. However, they were allowed to move from camp to camp concealing their arms. Although the ceasefire was meant for Nagaland, unofficially it was allowed to be extended to the Naga districts of Manipur, a provision that would eventually prove to be a crucial mistake on the part of the Indian Government.<ref>[https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/nagaland/documents/papers/nagaland_ceasefire1997.htm Ceasefire Ground rules between the Union Government and the National Socialist Council of Nagaland-Isak-Muivah (NSCN-IM), December 1997]</ref><ref name="S-R"/>

As per the signed agreement, the operations of the Indian security forces, as well as the guerrilla activity of the Naga army were discontinued. However, the NSCN (IM) was not ready to give up its lucrative extortion business, hence though it didn't engage in killings for failure to pay, it cleverly used proxies in Manipur to continue demanding money. Its contacts included the [[Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup]] (KYKL) and the [[Zomi Revolutionary Army]], as well as two minor [[Kuki people|Kuki]] insurgent groups, the United Kuki Liberation Front (UKLF),<ref>[https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/manipur/terrorist_outfits/uklf.htm South Asia Terrorism Portal – United Kuki Liberation Front]</ref> and the Kuki Revolutionary Army (KRA). The latter was allegedly formed owing to the involvement of the NSCN (IM).<ref name="S-KRA">[https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/manipur/terrorist_outfits/kra.htm South Asia Terrorism Portal – Kuki Revolutionary Army]</ref> In all these exactions Naga cadres operated along with the extortionists, but when the ceasefire monitoring group demanded explanations from the NSCN (IM) concerning extortion, the invariable reply was that it was an operation of the Manipuri outfits and that they were not to blame.<ref name="S-R"/>

Despite the fact that the agreement stated that the NSCN (IM) would not procure weapons for its use, very soon it was found out that it was engaged in its usual arms purchases from abroad. In one instance, on 3 March 1999, an [[Assam Rifles]] post received information during the night that five groups totaling over hundred Naga cadres were crossing the border from Bangladesh and headed north. The Assam Rifles set up an ambush and managed to catch the third group while taking a rest, killing six of the NSCN (IM) personnel and a collaborator, as well as wounding one. The weapons from all the killed and captured cadres were subsequently seized. A few days later the Assam Rifles Brigadier was met by senior NSCN (IM) party members of the [[Dimapur]] headquarters who objected to the attack on their cadres during the ceasefire and asked for the return of the weapons that had been seized.<ref name="S-R"/><ref>[https://www.usiofindia.org/publication-journal/the-weapons-trail-in-indias-northeast.html The Weapons Trail in India's Northeast]</ref> On 4 August 1999 the ceasefire agreement between the Government of India and the NSCN-IM was extended for another year.<ref name="S-I1">[https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/nagaland/terrorist_outfits/NSCN_IM_tl.htm South Asia Terrorism Portal – Incidents and Statements involving NSCN-IM: 1992–2012]</ref>

Again, on 16 March 2002, a NSCN (IM) vehicle carrying Naga military personnel from [[Chandel, Manipur|Chandel]] to [[Ukhrul]], was stopped at a [[security checkpoint]] near [[Pallel]] manned by the Manipur Rifles. The latter asked the uniformed cadres in the vehicle to lay down their weapons. When the Nagas opened fire, the Manipur Rifles guards immediately fired back. At the end of the shooting there were eleven dead among the Nagas and their weapons were seized. Later there was a strong protest from the NSCN (IM) party leadership, but the government reminded them that, as part of the ceasefire agreement, the Naga cadres should not have moved with their weapons showing, and at any rate they should have stopped when challenged by the guards manning the checkpoint. Thus the seized weapons were not returned. Later, on 25 March 2002 the Chandel District Commissioner was kidnapped and the NSCN (IM) claimed that it was in retaliation for the killing of the eleven Naga cadres nine days before. The NSCN (IM) demanded the weapons to be returned in exchange for the kidnapped official. This issue brought about an interruption of the talks with the Government of India, but the Government stood firm. It threatened that if the District Commissioner was not released, the whole peace process would immediately collapse. Subsequently, the DC was released and the ceasefire resumed.<ref name="S-R"/>

==== The Khaplang fraction ====
After the NSCN political party split in two in early 1988, the NSCN (K) fraction was led by S.S. Khaplang as chairman. Its armed wing had approximately 2,000 cadres and was based in Taga Camp where it had its headquarters.<ref name="S-Kh">[https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/nagaland/terrorist_outfits/NSCN_K.htm South Asia Terrorism Portal – National Socialist Council of Nagaland – Khaplang]</ref> In a continuation of the initial NSCN policy, a number of other insurgent organizations, such as ULFA, [[All Tripura Tiger Force]] (ATTF), [[People's Liberation Army of Manipur|PLA]], [[United National Liberation Front]] (UNLF), Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup (KYKL) and the [[People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak]] (PREPAK), were provided military training and shelter by the NSCN (K).<ref name="S-K1">[https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/nagaland/terrorist_outfits/NSCN_K_tl.htm South Asia Terrorism Portal – Incidents and Statements involving NSCN-K: 1998–2012]</ref> The Burmese military paid little attention to the Naga and its fellow insurgent groups who linked up with each other along the little-patrolled Burmese border with India because it was more concerned with ethnic insurgencies further to the east, especially in [[Shan State]].<ref name="I-FF"/> In order to finance its operations the NSCN (K) was involved in extortion and abductions, much in the same manner as the NSCN (IM). Between 1992 and 2000 the group caused 62 civilian and 26 military victims. Meanwhile 245 of its men were killed during the same period.<ref name="S-Kh"/>

Initially it was active in the eastern parts of Nagaland on both sides of the border, in the [[Lahe Township|Lahe]], [[Leshi Township|Leshi]], [[Hkamti Township|Hkamti]] and [[Nanyun Township|Nanyun]] townships of [[Sagaing Region]] to the east, as well as in the [[Tirap District|Tirap]] and [[Changlang District|Changlang]] districts of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] to the north. The turn of the millennium and its first decade would be marred by fratricidal violence between the two sections of the NSCN. On 19 August 1999 Dally Mungro, General Secretary of the NSCN (K), and two of his party workers were assassinated by NSCN (IM) armed men in [[Kohima District]]. During the months that followed the mutual attacks and killings among members of the two NSCN fractions would continue unabated. On 9 April 2000 the NSCN (K) announced a formal ceasefire with the Government of India after an announcement made in March concerning the readiness of the party to negotiate with the central government. The ceasefire was extended in April 2003 for one year, and in the same month in 2004 for another year.<ref name="S-K1"/>

In mid December 2004 the NSCN (K) announced the cessation of military activity in order to facilitate a peaceful Christmas for the Naga people. On January the Tatmadaw engaged in a small-scale offensive along the forested area of the [[Chindwin]] river killing five Naga Army personnel in a number of encounters. The NSCN (K) claimed that it killed ten Burmese soldiers during the clashes. By April the decision was made to extend the ceasefire with the Indian Union Government for another year before the expiration of the truce agreement in April 2005. Despite the ceasefire, all along the year the Indian security forces frequently arrested Naga soldiers belonging to the NSCN (K) for suspected involvement in illegal activities. In December the same year the Tatmadaw attacked and demolished two NSCN (K) camps close to the Indian border. Two cadres were killed and three more seriously wounded. Also a lieutenant of the Naga Army was arrested in the course of the same military operation.<ref name="S-K1"/>

2006 was a year marred by recrudescence of the violence between the NSCN (K) and its rival NSCN (IM). Amidst the recurrent confrontations, a number of defections from one group to the other took place. There were clashes in Burma with the Tatmadaw, in the course of which NSCN (K) units claimed to have killed ten enemy soldiers. Despite the ceasefire the Indian security forces killed four NSCN (K) cadres and arrested military personnel belonging to the organization. Year 2007 began with internecine fighting and abductions among NSCN rivals. On 1 February a temporary encampment of the NSCN (K) near [[Saijang, Peren|Saijang]] was attacked by 150 soldiers belonging to the NSCN (IM) in cooperation with [[PREPAK]], [[Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup|KYKL]], Kuki Revolutionary Army,<ref name="S-KRA"/> [[United People’s Democratic Solidarity|UPDS]]<ref name="S-UPDS">[https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/terrorist_outfits/UPDS.HTM South Asia Terrorism Portal – United People’s Democratic Solidarity (UPDS)]</ref> and [[Dima Halam Daogah|DHD]] personnel. According to Anie Konyak, Undersecretary of the NSCN (K), two members of his group as well as five attackers were shot dead in the course of the encounter. In the same month the Indian security forces seized {{convert|75|kg|sp=us}} of [[TNT]] from the Khaplang fraction during a raid in [[Changlang district]], Arunachal Pradesh. Meanwhile, on the Burmese side of the border the Tatmadaw carried out a vigorous counterinsurgency campaign between January and February that left at least 100 NSCN (K) and ULFA cadres dead. The ceasefire with the central government was extended in April, but security forces kept a watch and arrested cadres involved in extortion. In late November the Burmese military deployed again in an offensive seeking to dislodge Khaplang's Naga Army small groups and their ULFA allies from their bases in the Sagaing Region.<ref name="S-K1"/>

Following the November clashes to the east of the border, Nagaland Chief Minister [[Neiphiu Rio]] formally requested the Union Government to urge the Burmese authorities to set a ceasefire in motion with the NSCN (K), instead of trying to flush the outfit out of the border zone, claiming that: "Peace in the Naga areas of Myanmar is essential to develop trade with Myanmar through Nagaland." In April 2008 the Chief Minister reiterated the demand he put forward in December to the neighboring military regime to seek a truce with the NSCN (K). Rio also affirmed that "The state government and the constituent units of the DAN<ref>[https://ud.nagaland.gov.in/dan/ Urban Development Department, Government of Nagaland – Development Authority Nagaland (DAN)]</ref> will support the cause of the Eastern Nagas in Myanmar to help them get due political recognition and rights from the Government there. They have been neglected by Yangon. The Nagas in Nagaland should unanimously support them to facilitate their development along with other Naga communities." In April the ceasefire was extended for another year. Meanwhile, the months that followed saw a recrudescence of the fratricidal fighting between NSCN (K) cadres and those belonging to its rival NSCN (IM), as well as a series of defections between one group and the other.<ref name="S-K1"/>

==== Efforts towards unification ====
In early September 2008, however, a Church-backed '[[Forum for Naga Reconciliation]]' managed to bring the leaders of the NSCN (IM) and NSCN (K) together at the [[Akuluto]] Baptist Mission Centre. The outcome was an agreement to work out a way for the merger of both groups after a period of two weeks. Spokespersons of the NSCN (Unification), a marginal group established the previous year as a result of an agreement to unify both rival outfits but whose consensus was later rejected by the NSCN (IM),<ref name="S-U">[https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/nagaland/terrorist_outfits/NSCN_U.htm South Asia Terrorism Portal – National Socialist Council of Nagaland-Unification (NSCN-U)]</ref> as well as members of the now largely marginal Naga National Council, were also present in the meeting. However, in the months that followed, the hostilities between the NSCN (IM) and NSCN (K) army members were relentlessly pursued by both sides, resulting in numerous deaths. In October large quantities of modern light weapons and ammunition were smuggled across the India-Myanmar border. Owing to extensive counterinsurgency operations by the [[Assam Rifles]] in Assam and Nagaland, the NSCN (K) and ULFA moved their military training camps to Arunachal Pradesh in the area of [[Changlang]] and the Myanmar border in November. Newly recruited cadres underwent advanced training in order to be sent later into Myanmar to join the other Naga Army and ULFA units.<ref name="S-K1"/>

Under the auspices of the Forum for Naga Reconciliation, a three-day '4th Naga Peace Summit' took place in [[Chiang Mai]], Thailand, in December. Despite the wide participation, including political representatives of the NSCN (K), NNC and Naga National Workers People Support Group, as well as Naga church leaders, Quakers and American Baptists, the NSCN (IM) stayed away from this reconciliation event.<ref name="S-K1"/>

In January 2009 the Assam State Government formally complained to the Centre that the Naga Army camps of both the NSCN (K) and the NSCN (IM) were giving shelter to Assamese insurgent outfits, including ULFA, AANLA<ref name="S-AA">[https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/terrorist_outfits/aanla.htm South Asia Terrorism Portal – All Adivasi National Liberation Army]</ref> and [[Dima Halam Daogah|Black Widow]], which were carrying out insurgency operations using those camps as bases. ULFA cadres were carrying out their activities from the safety provided by NSCN (K) camps and the other two outfits were being sheltered by the NSCN (IM). The source further quoted that "... given that the government is in a ceasefire with the two Naga outfits, it is Delhi's responsibility to ensure that their camps are not misused".<ref name="S-K1"/>

A two-day long 'Naga Convention for Reconciliation and Peace' was held in [[Kohima]] on 21 and 22 February 2009. A number of Naga community groups, including the Forum for Naga Reconciliation (FNR), the [[Naga Hoho]] and its constituent units, political outfits and church assemblies adopted a resolution urging all organisations to "genuinely and honestly" implement reconciliation. NSCN (K) chairman S.S. Khaplang applauded the Naga community groups for taking the initiative to hold the convention.

Since its inception in March 2008, the FNR organised ten meetings of the warring groups operating on both sides of the border. On 7 June the NSCN (K) issued a set of conditions for the unification with the opposing NSCN (IM) fraction. Among these it emphasized that the merger would only be possible after both rival groups revoke the ongoing peace talks with the Indian Government. The Khaplang envoy also stated that any reconciliation meeting between the top leadership of the two main NSCN factions should be held in Nagaland and not on a foreign country. "Meeting for peace and reconciliation at junior level may take place anywhere but for the top level the IM gang must first break the ongoing talks with India and declare the outcome along with the reasons for withdrawal," the group’s spokesman said.

Following the 5th Naga Reconciliation meeting which concluded at Chiang Mai in Thailand on 8 June, a joint declaration was signed by Naga the warring groups in order to resolve "all outstanding issues" among themselves in the "larger interest" of the Naga people. The "Covenant of Reconciliation" that allegedly sought an early solution to the Naga political problem was signed by the NSCN (IM) chairman Isak Chishi Swu, NSCN (K) chairman S.S. Khaplang and S. Singya, the president of Naga National Council. The gathering had been held at the behest of the Forum for Naga Reconciliation (FNR). The FNR leader Rev. Wati Aier claimed that the declaration would give a "new direction" to the Nagas. The faction leaders jointly declared that in the future they would uphold Naga reconciliation and forgiveness based on the "historical and political rights of the Nagas". "We resolve to continue to work together in this spirit of love, non-violence, peace and respect to resolve outstanding issues amongst us," the three Naga leaders stated in the joint declaration. A follow-up meeting of the representatives of the Naga militant factions would be scheduled towards the middle of August 2009 in Dimapur. Still, an effective unification between the NSCN (IM) and NSCN (K) remained elusive despite the repeated efforts.<ref name="S-K1"/>

== See also ==
* [[Naga Conflict]]
* [[Tani Army]]
* [[Insurgency in Northeast India]]
* [[List of ongoing armed conflicts]]
* [[India–Myanmar border]]

== Bibliography ==
* [https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-kuknalim-naga-armed-resistance-by-nandita-haksar-and-sebastian-m-hongray/story-wsPNXICSoIsz9p5QI8XZDM.html Nandita Haksar, Sebastian M. Hongray. ''Kuknalim, Naga Armed Resistance: Testimonies Of Leaders, Pastors, Healers And Soldiers.'' Speaking Tiger Publishing Pvt. Ltd., 2019, ISBN 9388874935 (epub:978-93-88874-92-2)]
* {{cite book |first=Nirmal |last=Nibedon |title=Nagaland, the night of the guerrillas |publisher=Lancers Publishers |date=1978 |isbn=978-1897829387}}
* {{cite book |last=Maxwell|first=Neville |title=India, the Nagas, and the North-East |publisher=[[Minority Rights Group International|MRG]] |year=1980|oclc=07133386 |isbn= 9780903114196 }}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.usiofindia.org/publication-journal/the-naga-insurgency-part-i.html The Naga Insurgency (Part I)]
*[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232926860_The_Naga_insurgency_The_past_and_the_future The Naga insurgency: The past and the future]
* [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022343311417972?icid=int.sj-full-text.similar-articles.1 Naga militancy and violent politics in the shadow of ceasefire]
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep06478?seq=6 Subir Bhaumik, ''Insurgencies in India’s Northeast: Conflict, Co-option & Change'']
*[https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1C1AYdANmj/ Naga female soldiers]

{{India separatist movements}}

[[Category:Naga people]]
[[Category:Insurgency in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Internal conflict in Myanmar]]
[[Category:National liberation armies]]
[[Category:Rebel groups in India]]
[[Category:1952 establishments in India]]

Murali Krishnudu

2026-04-17T07:50:50Z

ChristenaMcGraw:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Murali Krishnudu
| image = Murali_Krishnudu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = Ganesh Patro {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = Bhargav Arts Unit
| screenplay = Kodi Ramakrishna
| producer = [[S. Gopal Reddy]]
| director = [[Kodi Ramakrishna]]
| starring = [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] [[Rajani (actress)|Rajani]]
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cinematography = K. S. Hari
| editing = K. Sathyam
| studio = Bhargav Art Productions<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0779746/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_98|title=Murali Krishnudu (Overview)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1988|5|31}}
| runtime = 131 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Murali Krishnudu''''' is a 1988 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama (film and television)|drama film]] produced by [[S. Gopal Reddy]] under the Bhargav Art Productions banner<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moviebuff.com/bhargav-art-productions|title=Murali Krishnudu (Production)|work=Movie Buff}}</ref> and directed by [[Kodi Ramakrishna]]. It stars [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] and [[Rajani (actress)|Rajani]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nthwall.com/te/movie/Murali-Krishnudu-1988/8291802035|title=Murali Krishnudu (Star Cast)|work=Nth Wall|access-date=4 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614164335/http://www.nthwall.com/te/movie/Murali-Krishnudu-1988/8291802035|archive-date=14 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> and has music composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]]. The 1996 [[Kannada]] movie ''[[Sutradhara]]'', starring [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]], is loosely inspired by this movie.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moviemastinmusic.com/2012/08/murali-krishnudu.html |title=Murali Krishnudu (Music)|work=Movie Masti Music}}</ref>

==Plot==
Murali Krishna, a multimillionaire easy going youngster, spends most of his time with girlfriends. Krishnaveni is a middle-class girl who lives with her widowed mother. She works as a dance teacher in a drama company for a living. One day, Murali's driver helps Krishnaveni by dropping her at her workplace. Everyone in the drama company assumes she is Murali's girlfriend. The drama company owner provides her with perks, hoping for a possible lucrative donation and other benefits from Murali Krishna. Krishnaveni thinks of this as an innocent misunderstanding that may fetch her better work and decides to play out the charade as Murali's girlfriend. One day, they send their company bills to Murali Krishna's company; as soon as Murali learns of this matter, he decides to confront Krishnaveni, but falls in love with her at first sight. He introduces himself as a bill collector from Murali Krishna's company. Eventually, both of them hang out together and gradually develop a liking towards each other. After some time, he reveals the truth and expresses his love to her and she also accepts it. Soon, the cruel Parasuram (Mohan Babu) enters their life, claiming to be Krishnaveni's husband. The remaining story is about the relation between Parasuram and Krishnaveni and what happens to the love story of Murali Krishna and Krishnaveni.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] as Murali Krishna
*[[Rajani (actress)|Rajani]] as Krishnaveni
*[[Mohan Babu]] as Parasuram
*[[Gollapudi Maruti Rao]] as Murali Krishna's grandfather
*[[Sowcar Janaki]] as Murali Krishna's grandmother
*[[Raavi Kondala Rao]] as Drama company Owner
*Gokina Rama Rao as Krishnaveni's father
*Chidatala Appa Rao
*[[Chitti Babu Punyamurthula|Chitti Babu]] as Driver
*K. K. Sarma as Manager
*Juttu Narasimham
*[[Usilaimani]]
*Dham
*[[Kuyili (actress)|Kuyili ]] as Item Number
*Chandrika as Parimala
*Anitha as Krishnaveni's mother
*Y.Vijaya as Kanyakumari
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Murali Krishnudu
| type = film
| artist = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1988
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 28:15
| label = SAPTASWAR Audio
| producer = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| prev_title = [[Muvva Gopaludu]]
| prev_year = 1987
| next_title = [[Janaki Ramudu]]
| next_year = 1988
}}

Music composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]]. Lyrics was written by [[C. Narayana Reddy]] and Vennelakanti. Music released on SAPTASWAR Audio Company.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cineradham.com/newsongs/song.php?movieid=1557 |title=Murali Krishnudu (Songs) |work=Cineradham}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Naa Kosame Lokam"
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|4:16
|-
|2
|"Chakkani Chilakamma"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[P. Susheela]]
|3:51
|-
|3
|"Nee Abinaya Gathilona"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|4:24
|-
|4
|"Ettago Undholamma"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|4:04
|-
|5
|"Olole Navvindhi"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|3:24
|-
|6
|"Premante Mosamani"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. Janaki]]
|4:10
|-
|7
|"Srimadhramaramana" (Hari Katha)
|P. Susheela
|4:06
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0779746}}

{{Kodi Ramakrishna}}

[[Category:Films directed by Kodi Ramakrishna]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Telugu-language drama films]]
[[Category:1988 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1988 Indian films]]
[[Category:1988 drama films]]

Thayumanavar (1938 film)

2026-04-07T14:32:47Z

ChristenaMcGraw: started a pg

{{short description|1938 film by T. R. Sundaram}}
{{About|| Thayumanavar, the Saint & Philosopher|Thayumanavar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thayumanavar (1938 film)
| image = Thayumanavar1938.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Film Poster
| director = [[T. R. Sundaram]]
| producer = [[T. R. Sundaram]]
| writer =
| screenplay = P. S. Chettiar
| story = P. S. Chettiar
| based_on = {{based on|Life story of [[Thayumanavar]], a Hindu Saint and Philosopher}}
| starring = [[M. M. Dandapani Desikar]] M. S. Devasena
| narrator =
| music = G. Pichala Narasimha Rao
| cinematography = P. K. Krishna Iyer
| editing =
| studio = Jayabharath Film Company Ltd.
| distributor = [[Modern Theatres]]
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1938|12|31|India}}<ref name="anandan">{{Cite book |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1938-cinedetails11.asp |title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru |last=Film News Anandan |date=23 October 2004 |publisher=Sivakami Publishers |location=Chennai |language=Tamil |trans-title=History of Landmark Tamil Films |author-link=Film News Anandan |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170408035447/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1938-cinedetails11.asp |archive-date=8 April 2017 |url-status=usurped |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| runtime = 3 hr 31 mins (19000 ft)
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
{{Blacklisted-links|1=
*https://chasingcinema.files.wordpress.com/2015/09/text.pdf
*:''Triggered by <code>\bfiles\.wordpress\.com\b</code> on the global blacklist''|bot=Cyberbot II|invisible=true}}
'''''Thayumanavar''''' is a 1938 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film produced and directed by [[T. R. Sundaram]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://chasingcinema.files.wordpress.com/2015/09/text.pdf |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |publisher=Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1998 |pages=648 |author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author2=Paul Willemen }}</ref> The film brought to screen the life story of 18th-century Hindu saint and philosopher [[Thayumanavar]]. Carnatic singer and actor [[M. M. Dandapani Desikar]] featured in the title role.<ref name="hindu">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-cinema/thayumanavar-1938/article4061489.ece |title=Thayumanavar (1938) |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=3 November 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=8 April 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170408042404/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-cinema/thayumanavar-1938/article4061489.ece |archive-date=8 April 2017 |author-link=Randor Guy}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Muthukrishnan [[Nayak (title)|Naiker]] was the ruler of Thiruchirapalli. He visited the temple at [[Vedaranyam]]. The ''Dharmakartha'' (trustee) of the temple gave a grand welcome to the ruler. Impressed by the reception, the ruler made the dharmakartha a minister of his court. A son is born to the minister who names him as Thayumanavan. Meanwhile, Muthukrishnan Naiker died and his son came to the throne. He appointed Thayumanavan as his minister. Thayumanavan was brilliant. He helped the king to develop the country. However, Thayumanavan was more inclined towards philosophy and divinity. Soon, the ruler becomes aware of the divine power of Thayumanavan and became a disciple. Thayumanavan performed many miracles, eventually his mortal remains and became a saint.<ref name=hindu />

== Cast ==
The list is adapted from the film's songbook<ref name="songbook">{{Cite book |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7JevgDCLbuNb0UxQk83bm1UR0E/view |title=தாயுமானவர் |publisher=Modern Theaters |year=1938 |language=ta |type=[[song book]]}}</ref>
{{Col-begin|width=70%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male Cast
* [[M. M. Dandapani Desikar]] as Thayumanavar
* Vidwan C. S. Selvarathnam Pillai as Kediliyappar
* T. E. Krishnamachariar as 2nd King, Maunaguru
* Prabhat Venkata Rao as First King, Lord Shiva
* P. G. Venkatesan as Yogi, Innocent Husband
* S. N. Sivakozhundhu as Sivachidambaram, Prabhu
* K. Sivaraman as Arulaiyar
* Master Vedhamoorthi as Young Thayumanavan
* Master Krishnamoorthi as Beggar Boy
* N. Ramasami Pillai as Fake Sami
* [[V. M. Ezhumalai]] as Fake Sami
* T. V. Devanatha Iyengar as Comedian
* S. L. Venkatanarayana Iyengar as Comedian
* P. Ramasami Udayar as Comedian
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female Cast
* M. S. Devasena as Queen Meenakshi
* B. Saradambal as Gajavalli Madam
* N. S. Rathnambal as Mother Who Lost Her Son
* P. S. Gnanam as Irrational Wife
* K. T. Sakku Bai as Mattuvarkuzhali
* Aparanji as Fake Lords's Teacher
* Devaram Rajammal as Chetty Girl's Mother
* K. Saraswathi as Chetty Girl
* Sakunathala as Personal Friend
* [[U. R. Jeevarathnam|Jeevarathnam]] as Girl Next Door
;Support Cast
R. Somasundaram, K. Ram Singh, K. P. Lakshmanan, K. Chidambaram, and Devaraj.
{{col-end}}

== Production ==
During the 1930s many films were made with life stories of religious saints. M. M. Dandapani Desikar who was well trained in Carnatic music and with fluency in religious lore and was the obvious choice of producers. Earlier he featured in similar role in [[Pattinathar (1936 film)|Pattinathar]] and later in [[Nandanar (1942 film)|Nandanar]].<ref name=hindu />

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by G. Pichala Narasimha Rao and lyrics were penned by [[Papanasam Sivan]].<ref name=anandan /><ref name=songbook /> The songs were recorded by Sardar Eswara Singh.<ref name=songbook /> Most of the songs were compositions of the Saint himself who sang nearly 1500 songs. There were 31 songs in the film most of which were sung by M. M. Dandapani Desikar.<ref name=hindu /> Singers are Vidwan C. S. Selvarathnam Pillai, P. G. Venkatesan, Master Vedhamoorthi, Master Krishnamoorthi, N. S. Rathnambal, [[M. M. Dandapani Desikar]], P. S. Gnanam, M. S. Devasena, and the chorus.

;Orchestra<ref name=songbook />
* Rajukaru – [[Dilruba]], [[Sitar]], [[Organ (music)|Organ]]
* T. S. Krishna Pillai – [[Violin|Fiddle]]
* G. H. Anjaneyalu – [[Tabla]]
* K. Rengaiya Naidu – [[Clarinet]]
* T. M. Ibrahim – [[Piano]]

{| class="wikitable"
! No !! Songs !! Singers
|-
| 1 || Om Shankara Purahara Sadhasiva Nin || Chorus
|-
| 2 || Ninnavar Prarandri Niyeyanay {{small|Prayer}} || Vidwan C. S. Selvarathnam Pillai
|-
| 3 || Malarthal Vanangum Adiyar || P. G. Venkatesan
|-
| 4 || Thejonmaya Chandra Shobhitha Bala || Lullaby Music
|-
| 5 || Kailasa Pathiye Saranam || Master Vedhamoorthi
|-
| 6 || Adiyum Nadumutiyum Ilan || Master Krishnamoorthi
|-
| 7 || Evaraiyum Imsai Seyya Lagadugan || Master Vedhamoorthi
|-
| 8 || Nandrudaiyanai Theeyathillanai Narai Velleru || [[M. M. Dandapani Desikar]]
|-
| 9 || Undendru Uruthikolvom || [[M. M. Dandapani Desikar]]
|-
| 10 || Kana Virumbum Manam Dhanuvin Karunaiye || [[M. M. Dandapani Desikar]]
|-
| 11 || Aasaikkor Alavilai || [[M. M. Dandapani Desikar]]
|-
| 12 || Penne – Nee Ennaibharati Ullasamaka || N. Ramasami Pillai, [[V. M. Ezhumalai]] & Aparanji
|-
| 13 || Ennakoram Iraivanuraiyum || [[M. M. Dandapani Desikar]], Chorus
|-
| 14 || Kanthuka Mathakkariyai Vasama|| [[M. M. Dandapani Desikar]]
|-
| 15 || Envasamillai En Seiven || M. S. Devasena
|-
| 16 || Pazhan Kadhal Kadhi || P. G. Venkatesan
|-
| 17 || Vaira Manthaiyum Ulluruka || M. S. Devasena & [[M. M. Dandapani Desikar]]
|-
| 18 || Enai Unakkintha Pedhai || [[M. M. Dandapani Desikar]]
|-
| 19 || Parayo Ennai Mugam || [[M. M. Dandapani Desikar]]
|-
| 20 || Udhavikku Oruvarille || P. S. Gnanam
|-
| 21 || Kannadi Nee Kizhicha Kottaiyini || P. G. Venkatesan, P. S. Gnanam
|-
| 22 || Patukindra Bhanuva Lorgal || [[M. M. Dandapani Desikar]]
|-
| 23 || Padhini Polave Itharai || [[M. M. Dandapani Desikar]]
|-
| 24 || Kalla Lerinthun, Kaivilla Ladithum, Kanimadhura || [[M. M. Dandapani Desikar]]
|-
| 25 || Azhuvathin Payanethu || [[M. M. Dandapani Desikar]], N. S. Rathnambal
|-
| 26 || Kali Magamayi Enga Atha Nitha || Chorus
|-
| 27 || Kaka Muravu Kalandhunna || [[M. M. Dandapani Desikar]]
|-
| 28 || Ennannu Ennikkitte || P. S. Gnanam, P. G. Venkatesan
|-
| 29 || Saiva Samayame Samayameni Lachamaya || [[M. M. Dandapani Desikar]]
|-
| 30 || Veene Azhiyathe Nanba Perinba (Dialogue) || [[M. M. Dandapani Desikar]]
|-
| 31 || Chinthaiyeer Thandhaiyay Thayumanavan || P. G. Venkatesan
|}

== Lost film ==
No print of the film is known to exist today.<ref name=hindu />

== Reception ==
Film historian [[Randor Guy]] wrote in 2012 that the film is "Remembered for the rich singing of Dandapani Desikar and the scenes featuring holy places."<ref name=hindu />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{T. R. Sundaram}}
{{Modern Theatres}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thayumanavar (1938 film)}}
[[Category:1938 films]]
[[Category:1938 Indian films]]
[[Category:1938 lost films]]
[[Category:1930s Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about Hinduism]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. Pichala Narasimha Rao]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Lost Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Aniyathipraavu (TV series)

2026-04-05T22:48:48Z

ChristenaMcGraw: creating pg

{{short description|Indian Malayalam television soap opera}}
{{About|the 2022 Malayalam soap opera|the 1997 Malayalam film|Aniyathipraavu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Aniyathipraavu TV series.jpeg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Soap opera]]
| creator =
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Vanathai Pola (TV series)|Vanathai Pola]]''|Raj Prabu}}
| developer =
| writer = Diego Jolly Jacob
| screenplay = Benny P
| story =
| director = {{Plainlist|
* Jithesh K.
* Dhanesh
* G. R. Krishnan
}}
| creative_director =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Deva Prasad
* Deepika Aradhya
}}
| voices =
| narrated =
| composer = Sanjeev Lal
| theme_music_composer = Nap Creative Team
| open_theme = "Ponpaithale nin Punchiri" by [[Vidhu Prathap]] and Saritha
| end_theme =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 530
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Vishnu
* Keerthi
}}
| location =
| cinematography = {{Plainlist|
* Vimal Krishnan
* Ranju Mani
}}
| editor = {{Plainlist|
* Libin George
* Anoop Thulasidaran
}}
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20-25 minutes
| company = VK Productions for Nap Communications
| budget =
| network = [[Surya TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|04|25|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2023|11|12|df=y}}
| related =
}}

'''''Aniyathipraavu''''' ({{Translation|Younger Sister Dove}}) is an Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[soap opera]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2022 |title=From 'Santhwanam' family experiencing a ruckus to Darshana's new avatar in 'Meenakshi Kalyanam': Here is what to expect in Malayalam TV shows this week |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/from-santhwanam-family-experiencing-a-ruckus-to-darshanas-new-avatar-in-meenakshi-kalyanam-here-is-what-to-expect-in-malayalam-tv-shows-this-week/photostory/93708647.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The show aired from 25 April 2022 to 12 November 2023 on [[Surya TV]] and streams on-demand through [[Sun NXT]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch all episodes of Aniyathipravu from Sun NXT |url=https://www.sunnxt.com/malayalam-tv/detail/138395/0/aniyathipraavu |access-date=26 April 2022 |website=[[Sun NXT]]}}</ref> It stars Deva Prasad and Deepika Aradhya in lead roles along with R. Vishwa, Noobin Johny and Nazila Nazarudeen in pivotal roles. It is an official remake of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] soap opera ''[[Vanathai Pola (TV series)|Vanathai Pola]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aniyathipravu Cast and Characters – Vanathai Pola Remade in Malayalam |url=https://www.indiantvinfo.com/aniyathipravu-serial-cast/ |access-date=1 June 2022 |website=Indian TV Info|date=27 April 2022 }}</ref>

==Synopsis==
The story revolves around siblings Sreekanth and Sreelakshmi. After their parents' death, Sreekanth and Sreelakshmi were raised by their grandmother. Sreekanth is on the lookout for a suitable groom for Sreelakshmi. However, she repeatedly rejects the potential grooms as she doesn't want to leave her brother. As fate would have it, she falls in love with Sreekanth's nemesis, Rohit. Sreekanth and Sreelakshmi's cousin, Renjith, who is interested in Sreelakshmi will go to any lengths to marry her.

==Cast==
===Main===
*Deva Prasad as Sreekanth: Panchayath President of Thonnoorkara village; Sreelakshmi's elder brother.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Aniyathipraavu's Deva Prasad: If a small-town guy from Pattambi like me can be a lead actor in a Malayalam TV show, anyone can reach their goal - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/aniyathipraavus-deva-prasad-if-a-small-town-guy-from-pattambi-like-me-can-be-a-lead-actor-in-a-malayalam-tv-show-anyone-can-reach-their-goal/articleshow/94567620.cms |website=The Times of India|date=30 September 2022 }}</ref>
*Deepika Aradhya / Julie Hendry as Sreelakshmi: Sreekanth's younger sister; Renjith's wife.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Aniyathipraavu's Sreelakshmi aka Deepika Aradhya: Language is never a barrier for an actor, I love Kerala - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/aniyathipraavus-sreelakshmi-aka-deepika-aradhya-language-is-never-a-barrier-for-an-actor-i-love-kerala/articleshow/94830465.cms |website=The Times of India|date=13 October 2022 }}</ref>

===Recurring===
*R. Vishwa as Renjith Somarajan: Somarajan and Ambika's son; Sreekanth and Sreelakshmi's cousin; Sreelakshmi's husband.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dp_i3cXMCd0 |title=Vishwa as Renjith {{!}} Aniyathpraavu Serial {{!}} April 25 Onwards {{!}} Mon-Sat {{!}} 7 PM {{!}} Surya TV |date=24 April 2022 |publisher=[[Surya TV]] |access-date=1 June 2022 |people=R. Vishwa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Aniyathipraavu's Vishva: Whether it's big or small screen, I just want to keep acting - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/aniyathipraavus-vishva-whether-its-big-or-small-screen-i-just-want-to-keep-acting/articleshow/95122623.cms |website=The Times of India|date=27 October 2022 }}</ref>
*Avinash Ashok / Kiran Iyer / Noobin Johny as Rohit: A bank manager; Sreelakshmi's former love interest.
*Sivakami Kaimal<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OaLBA9tp17I |title=Sivakami as Architha {{!}} Aniyathpraavu Serial {{!}} April 25 Onwards {{!}} Mon-Sat {{!}} 7 PM {{!}} Surya TV |date=23 April 2022 |publisher=[[Surya TV]] |access-date=1 June 2022 |people=Sivakami Kaimal}}</ref> / Nazila Nazarudeen/ Sreelakshmi Sreekumar as Architha: A thahsildar; Sreekanth's love interest.<ref>{{Cite web |title=സാരിയുടുത്ത് ശരിക്കും നടക്കാൻ പോലുമറിയാത്ത ഞാനാണ് ആ കഥാപാത്രം ചെയ്യുന്നത്; അനിയത്തിപ്രാവിലെ അർച്ചിത പറയുന്നു |url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/television/aniyathipraavu-serial-fame-nazila-nazarudeen-opens-up-about-playing-architha-character-and-her-journ-088018.html|work=Filmibeat|date=9 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive - Aniyathipraavu's Nazila Nazarudeen on playing 'Architha': I didn't even know how to walk properly in a saree - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/exclusive-aniyathipraavus-nazila-nazarudeen-on-playing-archana-i-didnt-even-know-how-to-walk-properly-in-a-saree/articleshow/95381405.cms |website=The Times of India|date=8 November 2022 }}</ref>
*Deepa Jayan / Riya Thomas / Meenakshi Ashok as Sithara: Mohandas and Shobha's daughter; Sreekanth and Sreelakshmi's cousin.
*Sreekala V.K as Padmavathiyamma: Ambika and Mohandas's mother; Sreekanth, Sreelakshmi, Renjith and Sithara's grandmother.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ഞങ്ങൾക്കിത് അന്നമാണ്, അവർക്കിത് പ്രശസ്തിയിലേക്കുള്ള കുറുക്കുവഴിയും; പുതിയ താരങ്ങളുടെ മനോഭാവം മാറണമെന്ന് ശ്രീകല|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/television/aniyathipraavu-serial-fame-sreekala-opens-up-that-new-talents-in-the-industry-are-coming-only-for-fa-088218.html|work=Filmibeat |date=15 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title="New talents enter the industry for fame, whereas it is our bread and butter," says actress Sreekala - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/new-talents-enter-the-industry-for-fame-whereas-it-is-our-bread-and-butter-says-actress-sreekala/articleshow/95514535.cms |website=The Times of India|date=14 November 2022 }}</ref>
*Kottayam Rasheed as Somarajan: Renjith's father.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kottayam Rasheed: We are blessed with impeccably talented directors, but they are afraid to do good TV serials - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kottayam-rasheed-we-are-blessed-with-impeccably-talented-directors-but-they-are-afraid-to-do-good-tv-serials/articleshow/94473905.cms |website=The Times of India|date=27 September 2022 }}</ref>
*Soumya Sreekumar / Sangeetha Rajendran as Ambika: Renjith's mother.
*Venugopal / Manu Varma / Rudraprathap as Mohandas: Sithara's father.
*Yamuna as Shobha: Sithara's mother.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Aniyathipraavu: Sreekanth is shattered by Sreelekshmi's words - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/aniyathipraavu-sreekanth-is-shattered-by-sreelekshmis-words/articleshow/95661283.cms |website=The Times of India|date=21 November 2022 }}</ref>
*Abhilash / Prajeesh as Manikuttan
*Vinayak as Akshay: Sreelakshmi's ex-fiancee.
*Divya Sreedhar as Kamala: Somarajan's sister
*Arjun Syam as Lechu's friend
*Resh Lakshna as Poornima
*Mithila Joby as Maya
*Resmi Rahul
*Mithun MK

=== Guest ===
* [[Mallika Sukumaran]] as Herself (2023)
* Reneesha Rahiman as Herself (2022, 2023)
* Jay Prakash as Herself (2022)
* Anna Dona as Herself (2022)
* Krishnakumar Nair as Herself (2022)
* Mariya Shilji as Herself (2022)

==Adaptations==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Language
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Title
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Original release
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Network(s)
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Last aired
! style="background:#7b0c0c; "| Notes
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Vanathai Pola (TV series)|Vanathai Pola]]'' வானத்தைப் போல
| 7 December 2020
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| Ongoing
| Original
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''Akasamantha'' ఆకాశమంత
| 4 October 2021
| [[Gemini TV]]
| 21 May 2022
| rowspan="5"| Remake
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''Abhalachi Maya'' आभाळाची माया
| 17 October 2021
| [[Sun Marathi]]
| 12 November 2022
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''Adorer Bon'' আদরের বোন
| 8 November 2021
| [[Sun Bangla]]
| 3 July 2022
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''[[Anna Thangi (TV series)|Anna Thangi]]'' ಅಣ್ಣ-ತಂಗಿ
| 22 November 2021
| [[Udaya TV]]
|Ongoing
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''Aniyathipraavu'' അനിയത്തിപ്രാവ്
| 25 April 2022
| [[Surya TV]]
|12 November 2023
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.sunnxt.com Official website] {{in lang|en}}

{{Surya TV programs}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Sun Surya original programming]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television series based on Tamil-language television series]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]

Synagelides

2026-03-27T22:25:53Z

ChristenaMcGraw: small fixed details per sources and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{Short description|Genus of spiders}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Synagelides
| image = Synagelides.annae.male.-.tanikawa.jpg
| image_caption = male ''S. annae'' from Okinawa
| authority = [[Embrik Strand|Strand]], 1906<ref name=NMBE />
| type_species = ''[[Synagelides agoriformis|S. agoriformis]]''
| type_species_authority = Strand, 1906
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = 66, [[#Species|see text]]
| synonyms = *''Tagoria'' Schenkel, 1963<ref name=Bohd1979>{{cite journal| last=Bohdanowicz| first=A.| year=1979| title=Descriptions of spiders of the genus ''Synagelides'' (Araneae: Salticidae) from Japan and Nepal| journal=Acta Arachnologica| volume=28| issue=2| page=53| doi=10.2476/asjaa.28.53| doi-access=free}}</ref>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=NMBE />
}}

'''''Synagelides''''' is a [[genus]] of Asian [[Salticidae|jumping spiders]] that was first described by W. Bösenberg & [[Embrik Strand]] in 1906.<ref name=Böse1906>{{cite journal| last1=Bösenberg| first1=W.| last2=Strand| first2=E.| year=1906| title=Japanische Spinnen| journal=Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft| pages=93–422| volume=30| author-link2=Embrik Strand}}</ref> This genus and ''[[Agorius]]'' (and perhaps ''[[Pseudosynagelides]]'') are separated as a genus group, sometimes called [[subfamily]] [[Agoriinae]],<ref>{{cite book| last=Simon| first=E.| year=1901| title=Histoire naturelle des araignées. Deuxième édition, tome second| publisher=Roret, Paris| doi=10.5962/bhl.title.51973}}</ref> but more recently downranked to [[tribe (biology)|tribe]] [[Agoriini]] of the [[Salticoida]] clade in subfamily [[Salticinae]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maddison |first=Wayne P. |author-link=Wayne Maddison |date=2015 |title=A phylogenetic classification of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) |journal=Journal of Arachnology |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=231–292 |doi=10.1636/arac-43-03-231-292|s2cid=85680279 }}</ref>

==Species==
{{as of|2022|05}} it contains sixty-six species, found only in Asia:<ref name="NMBE">{{cite journal |year=2022 |title=Gen. Synagelides Strand, 1906 |url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/2987 |publisher=Natural History Museum Bern |doi=10.24436/2 |access-date=22 May 2022 |website=World Spider Catalog Version 23.0}}</ref>
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
*''[[Synagelides agoriformis]]'' Strand, 1906 ([[Type species|type]]) – [[Russia]] (Far East), [[China]], [[Korea]], [[Japan]]
*''[[Synagelides angustus]]'' Li, Wang & Peng, 2021 – China
*''[[Synagelides annae]]'' Bohdanowicz, 1979 – China, Japan
*''[[Synagelides bagmaticus]]'' Logunov & Hereward, 2006 – [[Nepal]]
*''[[Synagelides birmanicus]]'' Bohdanowicz, 1987 – [[Myanmar]]
*''[[Synagelides bohdanowiczi]]'' Wang, Mi, Irfan & Peng, 2020 – China
*''[[Synagelides brahmaputra]]'' Caleb, Chatterjee, Tyagi, Kundu & Kumar, 2018 – [[India]]
*''[[Synagelides cavaleriei]]'' (Schenkel, 1963) – China
*''[[Synagelides darjeelingus]]'' Logunov & Hereward, 2006 – India
*''[[Synagelides doisuthep]]'' Logunov & Hereward, 2006 – [[Thailand]]
*''[[Synagelides emangou]]'' Liu, 2022 – China
*''[[Synagelides forkiforma]]'' Yang, Zhu & Song, 2007 – China
*''[[Synagelides gambosus]]'' Xie & Yin, 1990 – China
*''[[Synagelides gosainkundicus]]'' Bohdanowicz, 1987 – Nepal
*''[[Synagelides hamatus]]'' Zhu, Zhang, Zhang & Chen, 2005 – China
*''[[Synagelides haoyai]]'' Logunov, 2017 – Thailand
*''[[Synagelides hortonensis]]'' Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2020 – [[Sri Lanka]]
*''[[Synagelides huangsangensis]]'' Peng, Yin, Yan & Kim, 1998 – China
*''[[Synagelides hubeiensis]]'' Peng & Li, 2008 – China
*''[[Synagelides jinding]]'' Liu, 2022 – China
*''[[Synagelides jinggangshanensis]]'' Liu, Chen, Xu & Peng, 2017 – China
*''[[Synagelides jingzhao]]'' Yang, Zhu & Song, 2007 – China
*''[[Synagelides kochang]]'' Logunov, 2017 – Thailand
*''[[Synagelides kosi]]'' Logunov & Hereward, 2006 – Nepal
*''[[Synagelides kualaensis]]'' Logunov & Hereward, 2006 – [[Malaysia]]
*''[[Synagelides lakmalii]]'' Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2020 – Sri Lanka
*''[[Synagelides larisae]]'' Logunov, 2017 – [[Indonesia]] ([[Sumatra]])
*''[[Synagelides latus]]'' Li, Wang & Peng, 2021 – China
*''[[Synagelides lehtineni]]'' Logunov & Hereward, 2006 – India
*''[[Synagelides leigongensis]]'' Wang, Mi, Irfan & Peng, 2020 – China
*''[[Synagelides logunovi]]'' Wang, Mi, Irfan & Peng, 2020 – China
*''[[Synagelides longus]]'' Song & Chai, 1992 – China
*''[[Synagelides lushanensis]]'' Xie & Yin, 1990 – China
*''[[Synagelides martensi]]'' Bohdanowicz, 1987 – India, Nepal
*''[[Synagelides munnar]]'' Logunov, 2017 – India
*''[[Synagelides nepalensis]]'' Bohdanowicz, 1987 – Nepal
*''[[Synagelides nishikawai]]'' Bohdanowicz, 1979 – Nepal
*''[[Synagelides oleksiaki]]'' Bohdanowicz, 1987 – Nepal
*''[[Synagelides orlandoi]]'' Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2020 – Sri Lanka
*''[[Synagelides palpalis]]'' [[Marek Michał Żabka|Zabka]], 1985 – China, [[Vietnam]]
*''[[Synagelides palpaloides]]'' Peng, Tso & Li, 2002 – [[Taiwan]]
*''[[Synagelides platnicki]]'' Lin & Li, 2020 – China
*''[[Synagelides proszynskii]]'' Barrion, Barrion-Dupo & Heong, 2013 – China
*''[[Synagelides rosalindae]]'' Kanesharatnam & Benjamin, 2020 – China
*''[[Synagelides serratus]]'' Liu, 2022 – China
*''[[Synagelides shuqiang]]'' Liu, 2022 – China
*''[[Synagelides subagoriformis]]'' Li, Wang & Peng, 2021 – China
*''[[Synagelides subgambosus]]'' Wang, Mi, Irfan & Peng, 2020 – China
*''[[Synagelides sumatranus]]'' Logunov & Hereward, 2006 – Indonesia (Sumatra)
*''[[Synagelides tangi]]'' Liu, Chen, Xu & Peng, 2017 – China
*''[[Synagelides tianmu]]'' Song, 1990 – China
*''[[Synagelides triangulatus]]'' Liu, 2022 – China
*''[[Synagelides triangulus]]'' Li, Wang & Peng, 2021 – China
*''[[Synagelides tukchensis]]'' Bohdanowicz, 1987 – Nepal
*''[[Synagelides ullerensis]]'' Bohdanowicz, 1987 – Nepal
*''[[Synagelides walesai]]'' Bohdanowicz, 1987 – Nepal
*''[[Synagelides wangdicus]]'' Bohdanowicz, 1978 – [[Bhutan]]
*''[[Synagelides wuermlii]]'' Bohdanowicz, 1978 – Bhutan
*''[[Synagelides wuliangensis]]'' Wang, Mi, Irfan & Peng, 2020 – China
*''[[Synagelides xingdouensis]]'' Wang, Mi, Irfan & Peng, 2020 – China
*''[[Synagelides yinae]]'' Liu, Chen, Xu & Peng, 2017 – China
*''[[Synagelides yunnan]]'' Song & Zhu, 1998 – China
*''[[Synagelides zebrus]]'' Peng & Li, 2008 – China
*''[[Synagelides zhaoi]]'' Peng, Li & Chen, 2003 – China
*''[[Synagelides zhilcovae]]'' [[Jerzy Prószyński|Prószyński]], 1979 – Russia (Far East), Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan
*''[[Synagelides zonatus]]'' Peng & Li, 2008 – China
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{Commons}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar| from=Q1942382}}

[[Category:Salticidae]]
[[Category:Salticidae genera]]
[[Category:Spiders of Asia]]
[[Category:Spider taxa named by Embrik Strand]]

{{Salticoida-stub}}

2025 Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh Municipal Corporation election

2026-03-21T16:46:00Z

ChristenaMcGraw: creating new details

{{Short description|Election to the municipal corporation of Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2025 Bilaspur Municipal Corporation election
| country = India
| type = Legislative
| ongoing =
| previous_election =
| previous_year = 2019
| election_date = 11 February 2025
| next_election =
| next_year = 2030
| seats_for_election = All 70 seats in the [[Bilaspur Municipal Corporation]]
| majority_seats = 36
| turnout =

| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Lotus flower symbol.svg|bSize=120|cWidth=120|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Hand INC.svg||bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=16|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = Pooja Vidhani<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhattisgarh urban body polls: BJP declares candidates for all 10 mayoral seats |url=https://bansalnews.com/cg-bjp-raipur-mayor-candidate-meenal-choubey-snj/ |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Bansal News |language=hi}}</ref>
| alliance1 =
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leaders_seat1 =
| last_election1 = 30
| colour1 =
| seats1 = '''49'''
| seat_change1 = 19 {{increase}}
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 =
| swing1 =

| colour2 =
| leader2 = Pramod Nayak<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-01-27 |title=Chhattisgarh urban body polls: Congress announces candidates for all 10 mayoral seats |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/chhattisgarh/raipur/cg-nikay-chunav-news-congress-announced-10-mayor-seats-candidates-see-list-dipti-dubey-against-meenal-choubey/articleshow/117605710.cms |access-date=2025-01-28 |work=Navbharat Times |language=hi |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| leaders_seat2 =
| last_election2 = 35
| seats2 = 18
| seat_change2 = 17 {{decrease}}
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 =
| swing2 =

| image3 =
| colour3 =
| leader3 =
| party3 = Independent
| leaders_seat3 =
| last_election3 = -
| seats3 = 3
| seat_change3 =
| popular_vote3 =
| percentage3 =
| swing3 =

| title = Mayor
| before_election = Ramsharan Yadav
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = Pooja Vidhani
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| map_image = India Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh Municipal Corporation 2025.svg
| map_size = 300px
}}

The 2025 [[Bilaspur Municipal Corporation]] (BMC) election was held on '''February 11, 2025''',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-27 |title=CG Nikay Chunav 2025: छत्तीसगढ़ निकाय चुनाव, जारी हो रही उम्मीदवारों की सूची, देखें BJP-Congress ने किसे दिया मौका.. |url=https://www.patrika.com/raipur-news/cg-election-chhattisgarh-civic-elections-list-of-candidates-is-out-see-who-bjp-and-congress-gave-a-chance-to-19350594 |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaiser |first=Ejaz |date=2025-01-20 |title=Chhattisgarh announces dates for urban bodies, 3-tier panchayat polls |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jan/20/chhattisgarh-announces-dates-for-urban-bodies-panchayat-polls |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> to elect the mayor and councilors who would govern [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]], the second largest city of [[Chhattisgarh]], India. This election was part of the broader municipal elections taking place across the state.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-01-20 |title=Chhattisgarh urban and panchayat bodies to go to polls in February |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/chhattisgarh/chhattisgarh-urban-and-panchayat-bodies-to-go-to-polls-in-february/article69121189.ece |access-date=2025-01-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=छत्तीसगढ़ में आचार संहिता लागू, जानें कब, कहां और कैसे होंगे मतदान, सिंगल क्लिक में पूरी डिटेल |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/chhattisgarh/raipur/chhattisgarh-civic-and-panchayat-elections-2025-dates-phases-and-complete-details-in-one-click/articleshow/117410861.cms |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] delivered a remarkable performance in the Municipal Corporation elections. BJP candidate Pooja Vidhni won by a margin of more than 66 thousand votes. BJP also won 49 of the 70 wards of the corporation.

== Election schedule ==
The [[Chhattisgarh State Election Commission|State Election Commission]] of [[Chhattisgarh]] announced the dates for election on 17 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-20 |title=Polls in Feb: CG EC announces dates for civic body & panchayat elections |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/polls-in-feb-cg-ec-announces-dates-for-civic-body-panchayat-elections/articleshow/117405997.cms |access-date=2025-01-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-01-21 |title=Chhattisgarh Urban And Panchayat Polls From Feb 11; Model Code Of Conduct Comes Into Effect |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!state/chhattisgarh-urban-and-panchayat-polls-from-feb-11-model-code-of-conduct-comes-into-effect-enn25012102267 |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Poll Event
! Schedule
|-
| Notification Date
| 17 January 2025
|-
| Last Date for filing nomination
| 28 January 2025
|-
| Scrutiny of nomination
| 29 January 2025
|-
| Last Date for Withdrawal of nomination
| 31 January 2025
|-
| Allotment of Symbols
| 31 January 2025
|-
| '''Date of Poll'''
|'''11 February 2025'''
|-
| '''Date of Counting of Votes'''
|'''15 February 2025'''
|}

==Candidates==
===Mayoral election===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!colspan="3" |Party
!Symbol
!Candidate's Name
|-
! 1
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[File:BJP_flag.svg|center|75x75px]]
| [[File:BJP_election_symbol.png|center|75x75px]]
| Pooja Vidhani<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhattisgarh urban body polls: BJP declares candidates for all 10 mayoral seats |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/chhattisgarh/chhattisgarh-urban-body-polls-bjp-declares-candidates-for-all-10-mayoral-seats-3373614 |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! 2
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| [[File:INC_Flag_Official.jpg|center|75x75px]]
| [[File:Hand INC.svg|center|75x75px]]
| Pramod Nayak<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-01-27 |title=Chhattisgarh urban body polls: Congress announces candidates for all 10 mayoral seats |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/chhattisgarh/chhattisgarh-urban-body-polls-congress-announces-candidates-for-all-10-mayoral-seats/article69145933.ece |access-date=2025-01-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

==Results==
===Mayoral election===
{{Election box begin|title= 2025 Raipur Municipal Corporation Election: Mayor}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Pooja Vidhani
| votes = '''1,52,011'''
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Pramod Nayak
| votes = 85,944
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above (India)
| candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
| votes = 2,892
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 66,067
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Result by party===
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="4" rowspan="2"|Party
!colspan="3"|Popular vote
! colspan="3" |Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|colspan="3"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|
|
|
|70
|49
|
|-
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|colspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|
|
|70
|18
|
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|colspan="3"|[[Independent politician|Independents]]
|
|
|
| no
|3
|
|-
|style="background:Black; color:White"|
|colspan="3"|[[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
|
|
|
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |
!
|
|-
!colspan="4"|Total
!
!
!
!
! 70
!
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2020s in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Local elections in Chhattisgarh]]

List of cities in India by area

2026-03-18T16:03:24Z

ChristenaMcGraw:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{verify sources|reason=A bunch of anon edits have made this list unreliable|date=March 2021}}
This list is about the area of largest cities in [[India]]. The cities are ranked by the area governed by local political bodies such as [[municipal corporation]]s. For the list of largest metropolitan areas, see [[list of metropolitan areas in India]]..

Bengaluru (Bangalore) is not in this list because there are five different municipal corporations in Bengaluru city. Since 1 May 2025 the [[Greater Bengaluru Authority]] has power over the municipal corporations in Bengaluru; their chairman is the chief minister of the Greater Bengaluru Authority; the mayor of Bengaluru is appointed by the Greater Bengaluru Authority.

This list is only for areas within municipal corporations which have an area of more than 400 km2.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Rank
! City
! State / {{Tooltip |UT | Territory }}
! Area (km2)
! Area governed by
! {{Tooltip |Ref |Reference }}
|-
| 1
| [[Hyderabad]]
| [[Telangana]]
| 2053
| [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ghmc.gov.in/CorporationHistory.aspx |title=Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation – Corporation History |access-date=21 August 2023 |quote=City grows to into Saleem from 175 sq km to 650 sq km |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610171256/https://www.ghmc.gov.in/CorporationHistory.aspx |archive-date=10 June 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2
| [[Delhi]]
| [[Delhi]]
| 1484
| [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]]
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Municipal Corporation of Delhi |url=https://mcdonline.nic.in/portal|access-date=2022-05-22 |website=mcdonline.nic.in |quote="It occupies an area of 1397.3 Sq. Kms. which is sub- divided into 12 Zones"}}</ref>
|-
|3
|[[Ayodhya]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|872.81
|[[Ayodhya Municipal Corporation]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayodhya Set for 873 sq-km Expansion in Second Phase {{!}} Hindustan Times Haryana - newspaper - Read this story on Magzter.com |url=https://www.magzter.com/stories/newspaper/Hindustan-Times-Haryana/AYODHYA-SET-FOR-873-SQKM-EXPANSION-IN-SECOND-PHASE |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=Magzter |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-21 |title=Ayodhya municipal limits to widen with 343 more villages |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/ayodhya-municipal-limits-to-widen-with-343-more-villages/articleshow/121300277.cms?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-10-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| 4
| [[Visakhapatnam]]
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| 681.96
| [[Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://cdma.ap.gov.in/en/about-greater-visakhapatnam-municipal-corporation |title=About Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation|access-date=December 2, 2023|quote=With a population of 20,91,811 and occupying 681.96 sq.km(proposed), it is the second largest city in the state of Andhra Pradesh and the third largest city on the east coast of India (after Chennai and Kolkata)}}</ref>
|-
| 5
| [[Lucknow]]
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| 631
| [[Lucknow Municipal Corporation]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/lucknow-to-expand-88-new-villages-under-lmc-wings/articleshow/72356975.cms |title=Lucknow to expand, 88 new villages under LMC wings |website=[[Times of India]] |place=[[Lucknow]] |date=December 4, 2019 |access-date=December 2, 2023 |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. |quote=total area under Lucknow Municipal Corporation to 631 sqkm}}</ref>
|-
| 6
| [[Indore]]
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| 530
| [[Indore Municipal Corporation]]
| <ref>{{Cite news |title=Indore City – Indore municipal corporation |url=http://imcindore.mp.gov.in/?page_id=2452 |quote=The city is distributed over a land area of just 530 square kilometres (200 sq mi), making Indore the most densely populated major city in the central province. |access-date=13 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 7
| [[Pune]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| 526
| [[Pune Municipal Corporation]]
| <ref>{{Cite news |date=1 July 2021 |title=Pune pips Mumbai as Maharashtra's largest city in terms of geographical area |language=en |work=[[CNBC TV18]] |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/pune-pips-mumbai-as-maharashtras-largest-city-in-terms-of-area-9847661.htm |access-date=25 August 2022 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306174542/https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/pune-pips-mumbai-as-maharashtras-largest-city-in-terms-of-area-9847661.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 8
| [[Ahmedabad]]
| [[Gujarat]]
| 505
| [[Amdavad Municipal Corporation]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-municipal-limits-of-six-cities-expanded/articleshow/76459795.cms |title=Ahmedabad to get 39 sq km bigger |website=[[Times of India]] |place=[[Ahmedabad]] |quote=The city is set to expand by 70-odd square kilometres, taking its total area under municipal limits to 530 sq km. |access-date=26 December 2024 |date=19 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226193832/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-to-get-39-sq-km-bigger/articleshow/76459795.cms |archive-date=26 December 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|9
|[[Jaipur]]
|[[Rajasthan]]
|484.64
|[[Jaipur Municipal Corporation]]
|
|-
| 10
| [[Bhopal]]
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| 463
| [[Bhopal Municipal Corporation]]
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh: Bifurcation of Bhopal Municipal Corporation not a cakewalk, say experts |url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/smart-infra/madhya-pradesh-bifurcation-of-bhopal-municipal-corporation-not-a-cakewalk-say-experts/71590171 |date=15 October 2019 |website=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=13 December 2023 |quote=Urban development department officials are optimistic that two corporations in Bhopal, which spans across 463 among the 15 largest cities of India, will be beneficial for all.}}</ref>
|-
| 11
| [[Surat]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|461.60
|[[Surat Municipal Corporation]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.suratmunicipal.gov.in/TheCity/City/Stml17|title=Area of Town : Surat Municipal Corporation|website=[[Surat Municipal Corporation]]|access-date=December 4, 2023}}</ref>
|-
|12
|[[Meerut]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|450
|[[Meerut Municipal Corporation]]
|
|-
|13
|[[Mumbai]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|440
|[[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 July 2021 |title=Pune pips Mumbai as Maharashtra's largest city in terms of geographical area |language=en |work=[[CNBC TV18]] |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/pune-pips-mumbai-as-maharashtras-largest-city-in-terms-of-area-9847661.htm |access-date=25 August 2022 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306174542/https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/pune-pips-mumbai-as-maharashtras-largest-city-in-terms-of-area-9847661.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 14
|[[Chennai]]
|[[Tamil Nadu]]
|426
|[[Greater Chennai Corporation]]
|
|-https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Warangal_Municipal_Corporation
|15
|[[Warangal]]
|[[Telangana]]
|407.77
|[[Greater Warangal Municipal Corporation]]
|
|}

== See also ==
*[[List of cities in India by population]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of cities in India|Area]]
[[Category:Lists by area|India]]

R. Narayanaswamy

2026-03-17T22:01:29Z

ChristenaMcGraw: Starting A Info!

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = R. Narayanaswamy
| image =
| birth_date = 1956 or 1957<ref name="Best">{{cite web|last=Ghosh |first=Ahona|url=http://archives.digitaltoday.in/businesstoday/20060716/cover5.html|title=Business Today|publisher=Archives.digitaltoday.in |date=16 July 2006|access-date=11 July 2012}}</ref>
| birth_place =
| occupation = [[Accountant]], [[Academic staff|academic]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Madras]] ([[Bachelor of Commerce|BCom]]) [[University of New South Wales]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]]) [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]] [[Institute of Cost and Works Accountants of India]] [[Institute of Company Secretaries of India]]
| awards =
| website =
}}

'''R. Narayanaswamy''' is a retired [[India]]n [[accountant]] and [[educator]]. He was a [[Professor]] of [[Finance]] at the [[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore]] (IIMB) between 1986 and 2021.

==Education==
Narayanaswamy received a [[Bachelor of Commerce]] from [[St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli]], [[University of Madras]] in 1976. He subsequently became a [[chartered accountant]] in 1979. He was an Associate Chartered Accountant (ACA) of [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]] (ICAI), and an Associate Member (AICWA) of [[Institute of Cost and Works Accountants of India]] (ICWAI) and the [[Institute of Company Secretaries of India]] (ICSI). He obtained his [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in [[accounting]] from [[University of New South Wales]], [[Sydney]] in 2002.<ref name="IIMB">{{cite web|url=https://www.iimb.ac.in/prof-narayanaswamy-appointed-national-financial-authority|title=Prof. R. Narayanaswamy appointed Chair of Technical Advisory Committee of National Financial Reporting Authority|publisher=IIMB|date=20 July 2020|access-date=11 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/prime/corporate-governance/submitted-report-on-autonomy-proposals-must-enable-nfra-to-spread-its-wings-nfras-tac-chair/primearticleshow/96153346.cms?from=mdr|title=Submitted report on autonomy, proposals must enable NFRA to spread its wings: NFRA's TAC Chair|date=12 December 2022|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://bloncampus.thehindubusinessline.com/b-school-corner/iimb-prof-is-technical-panel-chair-at-natl-financial-reporting-authority/article32150230.ece|title=IIMB prof is technical panel chair at Natl Financial Reporting Authority|date=21 July 2021|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref>

==Career==
Narayanaswamy worked in [[Steel Authority of India]] from 1980 to 1984. He joined the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India in 1984 before joining [[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore]] as an [[assistant professor]] in 1986. In 2006, [[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] listed him as one of the best business school professors in India.<ref name="Best"/> He became a [[Professor]] in the area of Finance and taught [[financial accounting]] and [[financial statement analysis]]. He was a [[visiting fellow]] at [[Manchester Business School]], [[United Kingdom]] and a [[visiting professor]] at [[Osaka University]], [[Japan]].

He served as an independent director and chairman of the audit committee of [[Indian Railway Finance Corporation]] from 2005 to 2011 and independent director and chairman of the audit committee of [[Bank of Baroda]] from 2014 to 2017. He has been part of the Accounting Standards Board (2001–02 and 2009–10), the Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (2008–09 and 2010–11), the Committee on Accounting Standards for Local Bodies of [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]] (2014–15) and the National Group of the Accounting Standards Board (2011–12). He also served as a Jury member for the ICAI Awards for Excellence in Financial Reporting in 2013–14.

Narayanaswamy served as the chairperson of the committee to advise on valuation matters and a member of the committee of experts to develop an institutional framework for the development of valuation professionals of the [[Government of India]] and was appointed Chair of Technical Advisory Committee of National Financial Reporting Authority, [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs]] in 2020.<ref name="IIMB"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/the-fight-to-fix-the-fault-in-our-audits-11582473207517.html|title=The fight to fix the fault in our audits|date=23 June 2020|access-date=10 August 2023|publisher=Mint}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/ifin-had-no-checks-and-balances-suggest-fraud-probe-office-charges-1559581264039.html|title=A parliamentary Bill the ICAI needs to take note of|date=31 March 2012|access-date=10 August 2023|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/the-fight-to-fix-the-fault-in-our-audits-11582473207517.html|title=IFIN had no checks and balances|date=3 June 2019|access-date=10 August 2023|publisher=Mint}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-commentary/the-truth-about-satyam/?source=app&frmapp=yes|title=The truth about Satyam|date=29 April 2015|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|author=Narayanaswamy, R|title=Financial Accounting: A Managerial Perspective|url=https://www.phindia.com/Books/BookDetail/9789354437656/financial-accounting-narayanaswamy|publisher=[[Prentice Hall|PHI]]|year=2022|isbn=9789354437656}}
* {{cite book|author=Narayanaswamy, R|title=Financial Reporting Asia Pacific: Financial Reporting in India|publisher=CCH Asia|location=Singapore}}
* {{cite book|author=Narayanaswamy, R|title=Political Connections and Earnings Quality: Evidence from India|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2359322|publisher=[[IIM Bangalore]]|location=Bangalore|ssrn=2359322 }}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narayanaswamy, R.}}
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Management Bangalore]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian accountants]]

Balu Mahendra

2026-03-12T01:27:40Z

ChristenaMcGraw:

{{Short description|Film director in Indian cinema (1939–2014)}}
{{Indian name|Mahendra|Balanathan}}
{{good article}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Balu Mahendra
| image = Balu Mahendra.JPG
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1939|05|20}}
| birth_place = [[Batticaloa]], [[British Ceylon]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2014|02|13|1939|05|20}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| birthname = Balanathan Benjamin Mahendran
| othername = Mahendra, Balu, Bala Mahendran
| occupation = {{Hlist | Cinematographer | director | screenwriter | actor | film editor}}
| years_active = 1971–2013
| spouse = {{unbulleted list
| {{marriage|Ahileshwari |1963}}
| {{marriage|[[Shoba]]|1978|1980|end=died}}
| {{marriage|[[Mounika (actress)|Mounika]]|1998}}
}}
| children = [[Shanki Mahendra]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Judges 2015 |url=https://filmfestival.auroville.org/our-judges-2015/ |website=Auroville Film Festival |access-date=28 March 2025}}</ref>
| education = {{Ubl | [[London University]] | [[Film and Television Institute of India]]}}
| awards =
| signature_alt =
}}

'''Balanathan Benjamin Mahendran''' (20 May 1939 {{ndash}} 13 February 2014), commonly known as '''Balu Mahendra''',<ref name=ceylon_today>{{cite news|title=Balu Mahendra was also a literary figure |url=http://www.ceylontoday.lk/90-56252-1-news-comment-balu-mahendra-was-also-a-literary-figure.html |newspaper=[[Ceylon Today]] |date=17 February 2014 |access-date=20 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402151319/http://www.ceylontoday.lk/90-56252-1-news-comment-balu-mahendra-was-also-a-literary-figure.html |archive-date= 2 April 2015 }}</ref> was a [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Sri Lankan Tamil]] [[cinematographer]], director, screenwriter, actor and [[Film editing|film editor]] who worked in [[Cinema of India|various Indian film industries]], primarily in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam cinema]]. Born in Sri Lanka, Mahendran developed a passion for photography and literature at a young age, after witnessing the shoot of [[David Lean]]'s ''[[The Bridge on the River Kwai]]'' (1957) during a school trip in Sri Lanka, he was drawn towards filmmaking. After graduation he joined as an Aerial photographer in the Sri Lankan Government.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Al̲iyāta kōlaṅkaḷ: caka tiraikkalaiñarkaḷin̲, naṇparkaḷin̲ nin̲aivil... Pālumakēntirā |date=2020 |publisher=Vamci |isbn=978-93-84598-91-4 |editor-last=Tin̲ēṣ Kan̲n̲imāri |edition=Mutar̲patippu |location=Tiruvaṇṇāmalai |language=ta}}</ref> In 1966, he moved to India and gained admission to the [[Film and Television Institute of India]] (FTII) to pursue a course in motion picture photography. Upon completion of his diploma, he started working in [[Malayalam cinema]] as a cinematographer in the early 1970s.

After working in over 20 films as a cinematographer, Mahendra made his directorial debut in 1977 with the [[Kannada cinema|Kannada film]] ''[[Kokila (1977 film)|Kokila]]''. In the following 36 years, he directed over 20 films. Along with [[Bharathiraja]] and [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]], he is regarded as a trendsetter in Tamil cinema. Widely regarded as an [[auteur]],<ref name="hindu">{{cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=14 February 2014 |title=Naturalism was his signature |newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/naturalism-was-his-signature/article5687161.ece |url-status=live |access-date=14 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214052743/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/naturalism-was-his-signature/article5687161.ece |archive-date=14 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=13 February 2014 |title=Tamil cinema's auteur Balu Mahendra dead |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/tamil-cinema-s-auteur-balu-mahendra-dead-114021300519_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=14 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222221740/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/tamil-cinema-s-auteur-balu-mahendra-dead-114021300519_1.html |archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref> Mahendra usually scripted and edited his films in addition to shooting them. He was the recipient of six [[National Film Awards]] (including two for [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]), five [[Filmfare Awards South]] and several state government awards. During the tail end of his career, he established a film school in [[Chennai]], which offers courses in cinematography, direction and acting. Following a brief phase of poor health, Mahendra died of cardiac arrest in February 2014.

==Early life==
Mahendra was born on 20 May 1939 into a [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Sri Lankan Tamil]] [[Christian]] family in the village of Amirthakali near [[Batticaloa]], [[British Ceylon]] ([[Sri Lanka]]).<ref>{{cite news|last=Prasad |first=Shiva |title=Balu Mahendra turns a year older! |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Balu-Mahendra-turns-a-year-older/articleshow/20148356.cms?referral=PM |access-date=10 June 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 May 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913234947/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Balu-Mahendra-turns-a-year-older/articleshow/20148356.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=13 September 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Raghu |first=Sunita |title=I genuinely feel I can act: Balu Mahendra |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/I-genuinely-feel-I-can-act-Balu-Mahendra/2013/09/17/article1786033.ece |access-date=20 September 2013 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=17 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060711/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/I-genuinely-feel-I-can-act-Balu-Mahendra/2013/09/17/article1786033.ece |archive-date=21 September 2013 }}</ref> His father was a professor.{{Sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1999|p=141}} Mahendra did his schooling at [[Methodist Central College]] and [[St. Michael's College National School]].<ref name=ceylon_today /><ref name=daily_news>{{cite news|last=K.S |first=Sivakumaran |title=Arts from far – Indian Tamil Cinema: Balu Mahendra |url=http://archives.dailynews.lk/2012/03/21/art04.asp |access-date=13 June 2013 |newspaper=Daily News |date=21 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407072551/http://archives.dailynews.lk/2012/03/21/art04.asp |archive-date= 7 April 2014 }}</ref> As a teenager, he was drawn towards films by his class teacher.<ref name=7sep>{{cite web|title=சினிமாவும் நானும்.... |first=Balu |last=Mahendra |url=http://www.filmmakerbalumahendra.blogspot.in/2012/09/blog-post_7.html |publisher=filmmakerbalumahendra.blogspot.in |access-date=26 February 2014 |language=ta |date=7 September 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304185053/http://www.filmmakerbalumahendra.blogspot.in/2012/09/blog-post_7.html |archive-date= 4 March 2014 }}</ref> It was during this time he happened to see ''[[Bicycle Thieves]]'' (1948) and ''[[Battleship Potemkin]]'' (1925).<ref name=7sep /> When he was in the sixth grade, he got an opportunity to witness the making of [[David Lean]]'s ''[[The Bridge on the River Kwai]]'' (shot in Sri Lanka) during a school field trip.<ref name=toi1>{{cite news|title=Balu Mahendra, who made his visuals speak, dies at 74 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Balu-Mahendra-who-made-his-visuals-speak-dies-at-74/articleshow/30363139.cms |access-date=14 February 2014 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=14 February 2014 |author=N Venkateswaran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302182333/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Balu-Mahendra-who-made-his-visuals-speak-dies-at-74/articleshow/30363139.cms |archive-date= 2 March 2014 }}</ref><ref name=IE1>{{cite news|title=Balu Mahendra: True to the spirit of '60s,'70s, his stories were simple and visuals evocative |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/balu-mahendra-true-to-the-spirit-of-60s70s-his-stories-were-simple-and-visuals-evocative/ |access-date=14 February 2014 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=14 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214044707/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/balu-mahendra-true-to-the-spirit-of-60s70s-his-stories-were-simple-and-visuals-evocative/ |archive-date=14 February 2014 }}</ref> Inspired by Lean's personality, Mahendra determined to become a film-maker.<ref name=7sep /><ref name=IE1 />

{{quote box|bgcolor=#CCDDFF|align=right|width=25em|quote="I used to cut my cinematography classes and attend classes conducted in the departments of direction, screenplay writing and editing. However, I used to get the top rank in cinematography, so the professor did not mind my going to other classes. My main concern at that time was direction and scripting with a little bit of interest in cinematography."||source=—Mahendra in an interview with ''[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]'' in 2013<ref name=frontline>{{cite web|author=S.R. Ashok Kumar |title=Cinematography has changed, so also the way films are made |url=http://www.frontline.in/arts-and-culture/cinema/cinematography-has-changed-so-also-the-way-films-are-made/article5184970.ece#test |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |access-date=22 February 2014 |date=18 October 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223064925/http://www.frontline.in/arts-and-culture/cinema/cinematography-has-changed-so-also-the-way-films-are-made/article5184970.ece |archive-date=23 February 2014 }}{{subscription required}}</ref>}}

Right from his childhood, Mahendra was interested in [[fine arts]] and literature. Upon completion of school, he joined the [[London University]] and graduated with a bachelor's degree (honours) in science.{{Sfn|Dey|1982|p=45}} After his graduation, he worked as an Aerial Photographer in the Sri Lankan Government<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.udumalai.com/azhiyatha-kolangal.htm | title=அழியாத கோலங்கள் - பாலுமகேந்திரா, Buy tamil book Azhiyatha Kolangal online, Balumahindra Books, கட்டுரைகள் }}</ref> for a brief period during which he edited a Tamil literary magazine titled ''Thyen Aruvi''.<ref name=ceylon_today /> In Colombo, he worked as an amateur drama artist with [[Radio Ceylon]] and got acquainted with the Sinhala theatre groups.<ref name=ceylon_today />

Mahendra's passion for cinema prompted him to leave for India and join the [[Film and Television Institute of India]], [[Pune]] in 1966.<ref name=ceylon_today /> He had to take up cinematography as he could not gain admissions to other disciplines.<ref name=IE1 /><ref name=hindu1>{{cite news|title=Veteran filmmaker Balu Mahendra passes away |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/veteran-filmmaker-balu-mahendra-passes-away/article5684162.ece |access-date=13 February 2014 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=13 February 2014 |author=B. Kolappan |author2=Karthik Subramanian |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222050120/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/veteran-filmmaker-balu-mahendra-passes-away/article5684162.ece |archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref> At the institute he was exposed to [[world cinema]] as he got an opportunity to watch films made by [[François Truffaut]] and [[Jean-Luc Godard]], both associated with the [[French New Wave]] movement.<ref name=frontline /> In 1969, Mahendra graduated from the institute with a gold medal.<ref name=IE1 />

==Film career==

===Debut as cinematographer===
{{multiple image|total_width=300
|image1= DavidLean1965.jpg|alt1=David Lean pictured in 1965
|image2= SatyajitRay.jpg|alt2=A portrait of Satyajit Ray
|footer=[[David Lean]] (''left'') and [[Satyajit Ray]] (''right'') are two of Mahendra's biggest inspirations to become a filmmaker.
}}
As a fresh graduate from the FTII, Mahendra's early attempts to enter [[Sri Lankan Tamil cinema]] were unsuccessful.<ref name=ceylon_today /> He got his first break as a cinematographer in 1971 in the [[Malayalam film]] ''[[Nellu (1974 film)|Nellu]]''.<ref name=IE1 /><ref name=desimartini>{{cite web|title=Kamal Haasan: "Balu Mahendra and I shared a very close relationship" |url=http://www.desimartini.com/news/tamil/kamal-haasan-balu-mahendra-and-i-shared-very-close-relationship/article7780.htm |work=Desimartini |publisher=[[HT Media]] |access-date=19 February 2014 |date=17 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221074919/http://www.desimartini.com/news/tamil/kamal-haasan-balu-mahendra-and-i-shared-very-close-relationship/article7780.htm |archive-date=21 February 2014 }}</ref> [[Ramu Kariat]], the director of ''Nellu'', was impressed by ''A View from the Fort'', Mahendra's diploma film at the FTII.<ref name=daily_news /><ref name=toi1 /> Though the filming of ''Nellu'' began in 1971, production delays postponed its release for three years.<ref name=desimartini /> Meanwhile, Kariat signed up Mahendra for another film titled ''[[Maaya (1972 film)|Maaya]]'' which released in 1972. However, [[P. N. Menon (director)|P. N. Menon]]'s ''[[Panimudakku]]'' (1972) got released before ''Maaya'', thus becoming Mahendra's first release.<ref name=NIE>{{cite news|last=Viswanath |first=Chandrakanth |title=Balu Mahendra – a Deft Director Who Wielded Candid Camera |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Balu-Mahendra---a-Deft-Director-Who-Wielded-Candid-Camera/2014/02/14/article2055772.ece#.Uv3QwR2L-Nw |access-date=14 February 2014 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=14 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303173158/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Balu-Mahendra---a-Deft-Director-Who-Wielded-Candid-Camera/2014/02/14/article2055772.ece |archive-date= 3 March 2014 }}</ref> He continued to work in Malayalam films such as ''[[Sasthram Jayichu Manushyan Thottu]]'' (1973), ''[[Kaliyugam (1973 film)|Kaliyugam]]'' (1973) and ''[[Chattakkari (1974 film)|Chattakari]]'' (1974).<ref name=IE1 />

''Nellu'', shot in colour, won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Cinematography]] after it was released in 1974.<ref name=IE1 /> Mahendra had continued successes with films such as ''[[Prayanam (1975 film)|Prayanam]]'' (1975) and ''[[Chuvanna Sandhyakal]]'' (1975), both fetching the state award for best photography to him for the second consecutive time.<ref name=NIE /> Between 1971 and 1976, he worked in about 20 films—mostly in Malayalam—as a cinematographer.<ref name=NIE /> The following year he made his directorial debut with ''[[Kokila (1977 film)|Kokila]]''. Made in [[Kannada]], the film was a "triangular love story".<ref name=rediff1>{{cite web|title=The Best Films of Balu Mahendra |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-best-films-of-balu-mahendra-south/20140213.htm |publisher=Rediff |access-date=13 February 2014 |date=13 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705173900/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-best-films-of-balu-mahendra-south/20140213.htm |archive-date= 5 July 2015 }}</ref> In addition to a [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay award from the Karnataka government]],<ref name=Kokila>{{cite news|title=Kokila was Balu's first as director |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/kokila-was-balus-first-as-director/article5687412.ece |access-date=14 February 2014 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=14 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222051807/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/kokila-was-balus-first-as-director/article5687412.ece |archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref> Mahendra won his first [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography]] for the film.<ref>{{cite web|title=Balu Mahendra: The method, the madness |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/jan/07balu.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=13 February 2014 |date=7 January 2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108141319/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/jan/07balu.htm |archive-date= 8 November 2012 }}</ref> The film was both critically acclaimed and commercially successful. It was equally successful in the neighbouring state of Tamil Nadu and has the distinction of being the only Kannada film to complete 150 days in Madras (now [[Chennai]]) as of 2014.<ref name=rediff1/>

===Entry into Tamil films===
Despite being a Tamil, it was not until 1978 he worked in a Tamil film when he signed up as the cinematographer for [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]]'s directorial debut ''[[Mullum Malarum]]'' (1978).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/veteran-filmmaker-balu-mahendra-passes-away/article5684162.ece |title=Veteran filmmaker Balu Mahendra passes away |last=Kolappan |first=B. |author2=Subramanian, Karthik |date=13 February 2014 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=13 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222050120/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/veteran-filmmaker-balu-mahendra-passes-away/article5684162.ece |archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref> Apart from handling the cinematography, Mahendra involved himself in other aspects such as screenwriting, casting, editing and direction in the film.<ref name="balu mahendra blog">{{cite web|url=http://filmmakerbalumahendra.blogspot.in/2013/04/1969.html |title=முள்ளும் மலரும் படத்தில் நான் |date=21 April 2013 |publisher=filmmakerbalumahendra.blogspot.in |access-date=19 December 2013 |first=Balu |last=Mahendra |language=ta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102020728/http://filmmakerbalumahendra.blogspot.in/2013/04/1969.html |archive-date= 2 November 2013 }}</ref> After completing ''Mullum Malarum'', Mahendra decided to work on his second directorial venture, this time in Tamil. He named the film ''[[Azhiyadha Kolangal]]'' (1979), which according to him was "partly autobiographical".<ref name=Shobha>{{cite web|last=Warrier |first=Shobha |title=Sex and teenage fantasies |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/18balu.htm |publisher=Rediff |access-date=14 February 2014 |date=18 August 2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530165518/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/18balu.htm |archive-date=30 May 2013 }}</ref><ref name=Ajith>{{cite news|last=Ajith Kumar |first=P.K. |title=A life in cinema |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/A-life-in-cinema/article16146062.ece |access-date=13 February 2014 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=26 August 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207105125/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-life-in-cinema/article595756.ece |archive-date= 7 December 2013 }}</ref> Inspired from the 1971 American film ''[[Summer of '42]]'',<ref name=babu>{{cite news|last=Babu Jayakumar |first=G |title=Visual Epics to Relive the Master Storyteller |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Visual-Epics-to-Relive-the-Master-Storyteller/2014/02/14/article2055530.ece#.UySJFB0SCaU |access-date=15 March 2014 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=14 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214082440/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Visual-Epics-to-Relive-the-Master-Storyteller/2014/02/14/article2055530.ece |archive-date=14 February 2014 }}</ref> ''Azhiyadha Kolangal'' was a [[coming-of-age]] film that dealt with the story of three adolescent boys who are in the awakening of sexuality.<ref name=Shobha /> Although it was controversial for its theme, it was a box-office success.<ref name=Ajith /> During this time he did the cinematography of [[K. Vishwanath]]'s [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film]] ''[[Sankarabharanam (1980 film)|Sankarabharanam]]'' (1979) which turned out to be a major critical and commercial success.<ref name=Kolappan />

Mahendra's third film as director ''[[Moodu Pani]]'' (1980) was loosely based on [[Alfred Hitchcock]]'s 1960 film ''[[Psycho (1960 film)|Psycho]]''.<ref name="Venkateswaran" /> ''Moodu Pani'' saw Mahendra collaborating with [[Ilaiyaraaja]] for the first time; Ilaiyaraaja was Mahendra's regular composer since then.<ref name=Prasad /> In 1982, Mahendra made ''[[Moondram Pirai]]'' which had [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Sridevi]] in the lead. The film told the story of a school teacher who looks after a girl suffering from [[amnesia]]. It had a 300-day run in the theatres and was labelled a "blockbuster". The film fetched two [[National Film Awards]] including an award for cinematography for Mahendra.<ref name=Kolappan>{{cite news|last=Kolappan |first=B. |title=Balu Mahendra passes away |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/balu-mahendra-passes-away/article5687355.ece |access-date=14 February 2014 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=14 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222051859/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/balu-mahendra-passes-away/article5687355.ece |archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref> The same year he made ''[[Olangal]]'' (1982) which marked his directorial debut in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]].<ref name=NIE /> Inspired from [[Erich Segal]]'s novel ''[[Man, Woman and Child]]'', the film was a critical success.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ajith Kumar |first=P.K. |title=A fascinating journey in filmdom |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/a-fascinating-journey-in-filmdom/article5691903.ece |access-date=19 February 2014 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=15 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228233551/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/a-fascinating-journey-in-filmdom/article5691903.ece |archive-date=28 February 2014 }}</ref> At the end of the year, Mahendra won two [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare trophies]] for [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Malayalam|directing ''Olangal'']] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|''Moondram Pirai'']].{{Sfn|Reed|1984|pp=234–235}}

In 1983, Mahendra entered [[Bollywood|Hindi cinema]] with ''[[Sadma]]'', a remake of ''Moondram Pirai'', with [[Kamal Hasan]] and [[Sridevi]] reprising their roles. Mahendra received a [[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Filmfare nomination for Best Story]] and became a well-known director with the Hindi audience with the film.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sadma Director Balu Mahendra Dead |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/iSadmai-Director-Balu-Mahendra-Dead/828866 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |access-date=14 February 2014 |date=14 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530120421/http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/iSadmai-Director-Balu-Mahendra-Dead/828866 |archive-date=30 May 2014 }}</ref> The same year, he worked as the cinematographer of the Kannada film ''[[Pallavi Anu Pallavi]]'', [[Mani Ratnam]]'s debut film.<ref name=P.K.>{{cite news|last=Ajith Kumar|first=P.K.|title=A life in cinema|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/a-life-in-cinema/article596758.ece|access-date=23 April 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 August 2010}}</ref> During this time, he made his second film in [[Malayalam]] titled ''[[Oomakkuyil]]''. Unlike ''Olangal'', ''Oomakkuyil'' failed to create an impact among the audience.<ref name=NIE />

===Mainstream cinema and tryst with art film genre===
During the mid 1980s, Mahendra concentrated on mainstream films.<ref name=hindu /> The first of which ''[[Neengal Kettavai]]'' (1984) was labelled an outright commercial picture. Later Mahendra noted that he made the film with a sole intention to prove critics that he could make commercial films.<ref name=Prasad>{{cite news|last=G. |first=Prasad |title=Off the beaten track |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/off-the-beaten-track/article2257860.ece |access-date=11 June 2013 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=18 August 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615081455/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/off-the-beaten-track/article2257860.ece |archive-date=15 June 2016 }}</ref> The following year, he collaborated with [[Rajinikanth]] to make ''[[Un Kannil Neer Vazhindal]]'' which turned out to be a commercial failure.<ref name=hindu /><ref name=IToday1>{{cite web|title=Eyecatchers|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19850715-festival-of-india-hair-expert-veena-shroff-to-hold-series-of-workshops-in-france-770211-2013-12-22|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=23 April 2014|date=15 July 1985}}</ref> He then worked on the Malayalam film ''[[Yathra]]'' (1985) with [[Mammooty]] in the lead role as a forest officer. The film was an adaptation of the 1977 Japanese classic [[The Yellow Handkerchief (1977 film)|''The Yellow Handkerchief'']]. Made with "artistic values" the film earned {{INRConvert|1.9|m|year=1985}} and ran for more than 200days in theatres and went on to become the highest-grossing Malayalam film of that year.<ref name=NIE /><ref>{{cite web|last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |title=Malayalam films: New heroes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19860115-new-icons-of-kerala-movie-industry-zap-jaded-demigod-prem-nazir-800494-1986-01-14 |work=India Today |access-date=23 April 2014 |date=15 January 1986 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422182348/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/new-icons-of-kerala-movie-industry-zap-jaded-demigod-prem-nazir/1/348065.html |archive-date=22 April 2014 }}</ref> By this time, he declined an offer to direct the Kannada film ''[[Malaya Marutha]]'' (1986).<ref name=Kokila /> As a director who is known for making intense films, critics were surprised when he made ''[[Rettai Vaal Kuruvi]]'' (1987), a full-length comedy film. Closely based on the 1984 American film ''[[Micki and Maude]]'', the film is regarded as one of the best comedies ever made in Tamil cinema during the decade.<ref>{{cite web|title=Balu Mahendra's death will leave a void in the Tamil film industry |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/balu-mahendras-death-will-leave-a-void-in-the-tamil-film-industry/20140213.htm |publisher=Rediff |access-date=3 April 2014 |author=A. Ganesh Nadar |date=13 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328204416/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/balu-mahendras-death-will-leave-a-void-in-the-tamil-film-industry/20140213.htm |archive-date=28 March 2014 }}</ref> The film would serve as a base for his future films ''[[Marupadiyum]]'' (1993) and ''[[Sathi Leelavathi (1995 film)|Sathi Leelavathi]]'' (1995) which explored similar themes.<ref name=Malini>{{cite news|last=Malini |first=Shankaran |title=A good film is like a good feast |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article362277.ece |access-date=17 April 2014 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=14 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419001300/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article362277.ece |archive-date=19 April 2014 }}</ref>

Towards the end of the decade, Mahendra made two low-budgeted films—''[[Veedu]]'' (1988) and ''[[Sandhya Raagam (1989 film)|Sandhya Raagam]]'' (1989). While ''Veedu'' focused on the life of a lower middle-class urban woman and her struggle to build a house,<ref>{{cite web|title=Eyecatchers |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19880515-paris-based-designer-hemant-sagar-hopes-to-sell-clothes-in-india-soon-797245-1988-05-14 |work=India Today |access-date=23 April 2014 |date=15 May 1988 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714192327/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/paris-based-designer-hemant-sagar-hopes-to-sell-clothes-in-india-soon/1/329292.html |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name=Veedu>{{cite web|title=Veedu (1988) |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-the-best-films-of-balu-mahendra-south/20140213.htm#5 |publisher=Rediff |access-date=3 April 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205121819/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-the-best-films-of-balu-mahendra-south/20140213.htm |archive-date= 5 February 2017 }}</ref> ''Sandhya Raagam'' dealt with "old age".<ref name=P.K. />{{Sfn|Baskaran|2013|p=122}} At the [[35th National Film Awards|35th]], ''Veedu'' won two National Film Awards—including one for [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil|Best Regional Film]]—and ''Sandhya Raagam'' won the [[National Film Award for Best Film on Family Welfare|Best Film on Family Welfare]] [[37th National Film Awards|two years later]].<ref name=Veedu /> According to Mahendra, both the films were a tribute to his mother and father respectively.{{Sfn|Baskaran|2013|p=122}}<ref name=P.K. /> He named these two films as his best works as they were made with fewest mistakes and compromises.<ref>{{cite web|title=Balu Mahendra: The method, the madness |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/jan/07balu.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=3 August 2014 |date=7 January 2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204211448/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/jan/07balu.htm |archive-date= 4 February 2016 }}</ref>

In 1992, Mahendra made ''[[Vanna Vanna Pookkal]]'' which was produced by [[S. Dhanu]]. The film had a 100-day run and won the award for the "Best Regional Film" at the [[39th National Film Awards]].<ref name=Venkateswaran /><ref>{{cite news|last=Mannath|first=Malini|title=Run-of-the-mill fare|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930101&printsec=frontpage|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=1 January 1993|access-date=23 April 2014|archive-date=30 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430013639/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930101&printsec=frontpage|url-status=live}}</ref> During this time [[M. Night Shyamalan]], then a newcomer, approached Mahendra to be the cinematographer for his directorial debut ''[[Praying with Anger]]'' to which he refused.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Warrier |first1=Shobha |title=Thamizh MA will be a sensation |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/ram/20071008.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=29 November 2014 |date=8 October 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205102529/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/ram/20071008.htm |archive-date= 5 December 2014 }}</ref> The next year, he remade [[Mahesh Bhatt]]'s ''[[Arth (film)|Arth]]'' in Tamil as ''Marupadiyum''. Mahendra made the film as he felt it was close to his personal life.<ref name=P.K. /> He then came up with a full-length comedy ''Sathi Leelavathi'' in 1995 which was produced by Kamal Haasan.<ref name=Malini /> The following year, he made a comeback in Bollywood through ''[[Aur Ek Prem Kahani]]'', a remake of his Kannada film ''Kokila''.<ref name=rediff1 /> He then made ''[[Raman Abdullah]]'' (1997), which deals with a friendship between two friends belonging to different religions. The film's shoot became the epicentre of a dispute that arose between the Tamil Film Producers Council and [[Film Employees Federation of South India]] (FEFSI).{{Sfn|Baskaran|2009|p=114}} It was reported that members of FEFSI had stopped the filming of ''Raman Abdullah'' as Mahendra was engaging outside cast members in the film. This led FEFSI to go for an indefinite strike which affected to the delaying of several Tamil films.{{Sfn|Kindem|2000|p=50}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Madras film strike: Producers demand their pound of flesh |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/jul/07madras.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=22 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721182353/http://www.rediff.com/news/jul/07madras.htm |archive-date=21 July 2014 }}</ref> The film received negative reviews and failed at the box-office.<ref name=toi1 /> He then attempted to make film titled ''Vaarayo Vennilave'' with [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] in the lead role, but the project was later dropped.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.minnoviyam.com/star/track12.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/19990420104400/http://www.minnoviyam.com/star/track12.html|archive-date = 20 April 1999|title = Cardano news kurs-the best payaone}}</ref>

After ''Raman Abdullah'', Mahendra took a break from films during which he made ''Kathai Neram'', a television series based on different short stories, mostly by [[Sujatha (writer)|Sujatha]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=V. Raman |first1=Mohan |title=The Balu Mahendra I knew |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-balu-mahendra-i-knew/article5693236.ece |access-date=30 July 2014 |work=The Hindu |date=15 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518203219/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-balu-mahendra-i-knew/article5693236.ece |archive-date=18 May 2014 }}</ref> It was aired in [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] during the early 2000s.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Chennai landmark shuts down |url=http://specials.rediff.com/news/2008/apr/23slid4.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=22 April 2014 |date=23 April 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225725/http://specials.rediff.com/news/2008/apr/23slid4.htm |archive-date= 3 March 2016 }}</ref>

===Final years===
Following a five-year sabbatical, he returned with ''[[Julie Ganapathi]]'' (2003). The film was based on the psychological thriller novel ''[[Misery (novel)|Misery]]'' by [[Stephen King]]. According to Mahendra, ''Julie Ganapathi'' was made on the lines of his previous films ''Moondram Pirai'' (1982) and ''Moodu Pani'' (1980).<ref>{{cite web|last=Warrier |first=Shobha |title=Julie Ganapathy was a big risk |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/mar/04balu.htm |publisher=Rediff |access-date=22 February 2014 |date=4 March 2003 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213104702/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/mar/04balu.htm |archive-date=13 December 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |title=Julie Ganapathy |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/02/21/stories/2003022101120200.htm |access-date=21 April 2014 |date=21 February 2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225182043/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/02/21/stories/2003022101120200.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=25 February 2008 }}</ref> A review from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' stated, "Balu Mahendra has kept the flag of sensible cinema within the commercial format once again in his latest offering ''Julie Ganapathy''" and rated the film as one of the best thrillers ever made.<ref>{{cite web|title=Julie Ganapathy |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/julie-ganapathy-review-tamil-12617881.html |publisher=Rediff |access-date=22 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408185719/http://www.sify.com/movies/julie-ganapathy-review-tamil-12617881.html |archive-date= 8 April 2014 }}</ref> In spite of being a critical success, the film turned out to be a commercial failure. For his next film ''[[Adhu Oru Kana Kaalam]]'' (2005), he decided to cast [[Dhanush]] in the lead role. Initially he stated that the film to be an extension of his 1979 film ''[[Azhiyatha Kolangal]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Warrier |first=Shobha |title=Sex and teenage fantasies |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2003/aug/18balu.htm |publisher=Rediff |access-date=22 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924131722/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2003/aug/18balu.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 }}</ref> However, he ended up making a different film. The film was loosely based on his own Malayalam film ''Yathra'' released in 1985. When asked about the difference between the two films, he said "Yat[h]ra was the love story of two adults, this is the love story of two adolescents."<ref name=rediff_2005>{{cite web|title=Athu Oru Kana Kaalam disappoints |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/nov/08athu.htm |publisher=Rediff |access-date=22 February 2014 |date=8 November 2005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530163706/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/nov/08athu.htm |archive-date=30 May 2013 }}</ref> Shobha Warrier of ''Rediff.com'' wrote that the film was "extremely disappointing".<ref name=rediff_2005 />

In 2007, he started a film school named "Cinema Pattarai" in Chennai. The institute offers courses in disciplines such as cinematography, direction and acting.<ref name=toi1 /> After a brief hiatus from films, he made a comeback through ''[[Thalaimuraigal]]'' (2013), which marked his acting debut. Apart from acting, he also scripted, directed, edited and served as the cinematographer of the film. The film was about the relationship between an ageing man and his grandson.<ref name=toi1 /> The film received positive response with Mahendra's acting being well acclaimed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/039thalaimuraigal039-review-roundup-balu-mahendra039s-film-gets-positive-response-531401 |title='Thalaimuraigal' Review Roundup: Balu Mahendra's Film Gets Positive Response |work=International Business Times |date=22 December 2013 |access-date=23 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808050454/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/039thalaimuraigal039-review-roundup-balu-mahendra039s-film-gets-positive-response-531401 |archive-date= 8 August 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Suganth|first=M|title=Thalaimuraigal|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/thalaimuraigal/movie-review/28019810.cms|access-date=22 February 2014|newspaper=The Times of India|date=27 December 2013|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030005513/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/thalaimuraigal/movie-review/28019810.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Saraswathi |first=S |title=Review: Thalaimuraigal is brilliant |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-thalaimuraigal-is-brilliant-south/20131223.htm |publisher=Rediff |access-date=22 February 2014 |date=23 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226160755/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-thalaimuraigal-is-brilliant-south/20131223.htm |archive-date=26 February 2014 }}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated, "If Mahendra's aim was to make a film that can compete on a global level, ''Thalaimuraigal'' is a concrete step in that direction."<ref>{{cite news|last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |title=Thalaimuraigal: For generations to come |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/thalaimuraigal-for-generations-to-come/article5486872.ece |access-date=22 February 2014 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=21 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228170807/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/thalaimuraigal-for-generations-to-come/article5486872.ece |archive-date=28 February 2014 }}</ref> Despite being critically acclaimed, the film was a commercial failure.<ref name=HT>{{cite news|title=Sadma director Balu Mahendra dies at 74 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil-filmmaker-balu-mahendra-of-sadma-fame-passes-away/article1-1183501.aspx |newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]] |date=13 February 2014 |access-date=16 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216091954/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil-filmmaker-balu-mahendra-of-sadma-fame-passes-away/article1-1183501.aspx |archive-date=16 February 2014 }}</ref> At the [[61st National Film Awards]], it won the [[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration]].<ref name=61stNFA>{{cite press release|title=61st National Film Awards Announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=104863|format=PDF|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] (PIB), India|date=16 April 2014|access-date=16 April 2014|archive-date=16 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416182538/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=104863|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Balu Mahendra funeral (10).JPG|250px|thumbnail|right|[[Bharathiraja]] and [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]] attending the funeral|alt=P. Bharathiraja and J. Mahendran are among the others seen in the picture]]
Mahendra was married three times. He was first married to Akhileshwari with whom he had a son.<ref name=IToday1 /><ref name=toi2>{{cite news|last=Mathai |first=Kamini |title=To Balu sir with love |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/To-Balu-sir-with-love/articleshow/30373400.cms |access-date=15 February 2014 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=14 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140215110504/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/To-Balu-sir-with-love/articleshow/30373400.cms |archive-date=15 February 2014 }}</ref> His relationship with actress [[Shoba]] ended in 1980 after she committed suicide following their marriage.<ref name=ceylon_today /> Upon her death, the media speculated that Mahendra was responsible for her death. Following that, Mahendra wrote a series of "sentimental musings" in the Tamil magazine ''[[Kumudam]]'' under the title ''Shobavum Naanum'' (lit. Shoba and me).<ref name=mint>{{cite web|title=Silk Route |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/tbb41xSiFdBXsY8zcK346M/Silk-Route.html |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |access-date=21 February 2014 |date=30 September 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416103742/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/tbb41xSiFdBXsY8zcK346M/Silk-Route.html |archive-date=16 April 2015 }}</ref> Their relationship was explored by [[K. G. George]] (Mahendra's junior at the FTII) in his 1983 Malayalam film ''[[Lekhayude Maranam Oru Flashback]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Joy|first=Prathibha|title=Veteran director Balu Mahendra no more|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/Veteran-director-Balu-Mahendra-no-more/articleshow/30334092.cms|access-date=21 February 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 February 2014|archive-date=1 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001155925/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/Veteran-director-Balu-Mahendra-no-more/articleshow/30334092.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> When the film was released, Mahendra said that the film had nothing to do with him and has not discussed about it with George.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pillai |first1=Sreedhar |title=Imitation of Life |url=http://bharatgopy.com/press-mentions/imitation-of-life/ |website=[[India Today]] |publisher=reprinted by bharatgopy.com |access-date=30 July 2014 |date=15 May 1983 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808051712/http://bharatgopy.com/press-mentions/imitation-of-life/ |archive-date= 8 August 2014 }}</ref> In 1998, he married another actress [[Mounika (actress)|Mounika]] and declared their marriage publicly in 2004.<ref>{{cite news|title=பாலு மகேந்திரா உடலுக்கு மெளனிகா அஞ்சலி |url=http://tamil.thehindu.com/cinema/tamil-cinema/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF/article5688509.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu (Tamil)|The Hindu]] |language=ta |date=14 February 2014 |access-date=7 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508025032/http://tamil.thehindu.com/cinema/tamil-cinema/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF/article5688509.ece |archive-date= 8 May 2014 }}</ref><ref name=oneindia>{{cite web|title=கணவர் பாலு மகேந்திரா உடலைப் பார்க்க மௌனிகாவுக்கு 'ஒருவழியாக' அனுமதி |url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/news/finally-mounika-gets-her-right-pay-homage-balu-mahendra-193516.html |publisher=[[Oneindia.in]] |access-date=21 February 2014 |author=Shankar |language=ta |date=14 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301000431/http://tamil.oneindia.in/movies/news/finally-mounika-gets-her-right-pay-homage-balu-mahendra-193516.html |archive-date= 1 March 2014 }}</ref>

Following a [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]] on 13 February 2014, Mahendra was admitted to Vijaya Hospital in [[Chennai]] where he was declared dead after six hours of [[cardiac arrest]].<ref name="death">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Veteran-director-Balu-Mahendra-dead/articleshow/30327093.cms |title=Veteran director Balu Mahendra dead! |date=13 February 2014 |access-date=13 February 2014 |work=The Times of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214023953/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Veteran-director-Balu-Mahendra-dead/articleshow/30327093.cms |archive-date=14 February 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Balu Mahendra: Indian filmmaker dead |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-26167534 |work=BBC News |access-date=13 February 2014 |date=13 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306155603/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-26167534 |archive-date= 6 March 2014 }}</ref> Shortly after the news of his death, members of the Indian film industry posted their condolences in Twitter and Facebook.<ref>{{cite news|title=Celebrities mourn legendary Balu Mahendra's death |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/regional/celebrities-mourn-legendary-balu-mahendra-s-death/article1-1183533.aspx |access-date=15 February 2014 |newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]] |date=13 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140215083500/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/regional/celebrities-mourn-legendary-balu-mahendra-s-death/article1-1183533.aspx |archive-date=15 February 2014 }}</ref> The Tamil film fraternity mourned the death and paid homage to him at his "film school" in [[Saligramam]], Chennai,<ref name=Kolappan /> and decided not to work on the following day as a sign of respect.<ref name=toi2 /> The last rites of Mahendra were performed at [[Porur]] crematorium on the same day.<ref>{{cite news|last=Seshagiri |first=Sangeetha |title=Balu Mahendra Cremated: Suriya, Vijay, Kamal and Other Film Personalities Paid Last Respects to Acclaimed Director |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/filmmaker-balu-mahendra-cremated-suriya-vijay-kamal-and-other-film-personalities-paid-last-respects-to-acclaimed-director-538899 |access-date=15 February 2014 |date=14 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808050016/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/filmmaker-balu-mahendra-cremated-suriya-vijay-kamal-and-other-film-personalities-paid-last-respects-to-acclaimed-director-538899 |archive-date= 8 August 2014 }}</ref>

==Style and legacy==
As a photographer, Mahendra was inspired by the works of [[Néstor Almendros]] and [[Michael Chapman (cinematographer)|Michael Chapman]]. Among his contemporaries, he admired the works of [[Ashok Kumar (cinematographer)|Ashok Kumar]]. Mahendra believed a "well-photographed movie is that which is very close to the script".<ref name=frontline /> As a film-maker, he claimed himself as belonging to the realistic way of story-telling devised by [[Satyajit Ray]] and [[Vittorio De Sica]].{{Sfn|Baskaran|2013|p=122}} Mahendra was drawn towards [[Neorealism (art)|realistic cinema]] after watching Ray's ''[[Pather Panchali]]'' (1955).<ref name=Kolappan /> He is credited as being one among the earliest filmmakers to bring "naturalism" in Tamil cinema in the 1970s.<ref name=hindu />{{Sfn|Kumar|2000|p=178}} He usually photographed, scripted and edited all his films.{{Sfn|Baskaran|2013|p=122}} His films were characterised by strong "visual appeal" and minimal number of characters.<ref>{{cite web|title=Visuals in Balu Mahendra's films speaks several emotions, says filmmaker K Vishwanath |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/visuals-in-balu-mahendras-films-speaks-several-emotions-says-filmmaker-k-vishwanath/452016-71-180.html |publisher=[[IBNLive]] |access-date=17 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419013809/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/visuals-in-balu-mahendras-films-speaks-several-emotions-says-filmmaker-k-vishwanath/452016-71-180.html |archive-date=19 April 2014 }}</ref> A majority of his films centre on the complexity of human relationships and are known to portray women as strong characters.{{Sfn|Baskaran|2013|p=122}}<ref name=Sify>{{cite web|last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |title=Balu Mahendra, master of complex relationships |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/balu-mahendra-master-of-complex-relationships-news-kollywood-ocyrFPibeic.html |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=17 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416204524/http://www.sify.com/movies/balu-mahendra-master-of-complex-relationships-news-kollywood-ocyrFPibeic.html |archive-date=16 April 2014 }}</ref> Although influenced by realism, his films ''Moodu Pani'', ''Rettai Vaal Kuruvi'' and ''Julie Ganapathi'' heavily borrowed from [[American cinema]].{{Sfn|Baskaran|2013|p=122}}

Mahendra was equally praised for his cinematography and directorial finesse.<ref name=toi1 /> Described by the media as "one of the finest cinematographers of Indian cinema",<ref name=HT /><ref name=oman>{{cite web |title=Farewell, Balu |url=http://www.omantribune.com/index.php?page=leisure_details&id=11198&heading=Special%20Features%20in%20Details |work=[[Oman Tribune]] |access-date=22 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204090641/http://www.omantribune.com/index.php?page=leisure_details&id=11198&heading=Special%20Features%20in%20Details |archive-date=4 December 2014 }}</ref> he was among the first to pioneer innovative colour in [[Cinema of South India|South India]]. [[Subrata Mitra]], Satyajit Ray's cinematographer, presented a [[viewfinder]] to Mahendra acknowledging his talent.<ref name=toi1 /> Fellow cinematographer [[Madhu Ambat]] described that it was Mahendra who gave "fame" to those cameramen who came out of the FTII, and further noted that he was one of the few film-makers who effectively used [[romantic realism]].<ref name=MB>{{cite web|title=ബാലു ഛായാഗ്രാഹകര്ക്ക് മേല്വിലാസം നല്കി -മധു അമ്പാട്ട്‌ |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/malayalam/429894/ |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |access-date=2 March 2014 |language=ml |date=14 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302002536/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/malayalam/429894/ |archive-date= 2 March 2014 }}</ref> Lauded for usage of "natural lighting",<ref name=toi1 /><ref name=DNA>{{cite web|last=Krishnan |first=Rukmini |title=Balu Mahendra: A legend that lives on |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/blogs/post-balu-mahendra-a-legend-that-lives-on-1963176 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=18 February 2014 |access-date=21 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205155707/http://www.dnaindia.com/blogs/post-balu-mahendra-a-legend-that-lives-on-1963176 |archive-date= 5 December 2014 }}</ref> Mahendra was considered "one of the few filmmakers in Tamil who believes in telling a story visually".<ref>{{cite news|title=Style meets substance |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/style-meets-substance/article3186397.ece |access-date=28 November 2013 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 January 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203155525/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/style-meets-substance/article3186397.ece |archive-date= 3 December 2013 }}</ref> Kamal Haasan described that he was one of the few directors who balanced between art and popular cinema.<ref>{{cite news|last=Haasan |first=Kamal |title=Kamal Haasan's tribute to Balu Mahendra |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/kamal-haasans-tribute-to-balu-mahendra/article5688417.ece |access-date=14 February 2014 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=14 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213075430/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/kamal-haasans-tribute-to-balu-mahendra/article5688417.ece |archive-date=13 December 2014 }}</ref> As a film-maker, he inspired contemporary actors and film-makers such as [[Mani Ratnam]], [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Sripriya]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Sampath |first=Janani |title=Eighties Flavour Keen to Leave Imprint |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Eighties-Flavour-Keen-to-Leave-Imprint/2014/01/25/article2016445.ece#.UwdE3x2L-Nw |access-date=21 February 2014 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=15 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213101510/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Eighties-Flavour-Keen-to-Leave-Imprint/2014/01/25/article2016445.ece |archive-date=13 December 2014 }}</ref> He has mentored next generation film-makers including [[Bala (director)|Bala]], [[Ameer (director)|Ameer]], [[Vetrimaaran]], [[Ram (director)|Ram]] and [[Seenu Ramasamy]].<ref name=toi1 /> Cinematographers like [[Santosh Sivan]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Awesome Few |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/Awesome-Few/281021 |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |access-date=1 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808055049/http://www.outlookindia.com/article/Awesome-Few/281021 |archive-date= 8 August 2014 }}</ref> [[Ravi K. Chandran]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Cinematographer who said no to Kamal five times |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Interviews/interview-5/cinematographer/ravi-k-chandran.html |website=Behindwoods.com |access-date=1 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112152539/http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Interviews/interview-5/cinematographer/ravi-k-chandran.html |archive-date=12 November 2013 }}</ref> [[Natty Subramaniam]] and [[K. V. Anand]] have taken inspirations from him.<ref>{{cite web|title=The legacy of Balu Mahendra |url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/the-legacy-of-balu-mahendra/ |publisher=India Webportal Private Limited |access-date=14 February 2014 |author=Cineswami |date=13 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213145327/http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/the-legacy-of-balu-mahendra/ |archive-date=13 February 2014 }}</ref> The [[Negative (photography)|negatives]] of his acclaimed films—''Moodu Pani'',<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/The-chronicler-of-Kollywood/articleshow/7745961.cms |title=The chronicler of Kollywood |work=The Times of India |date=20 March 2011 |access-date=17 April 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919121207/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/The-chronicler-of-Kollywood/articleshow/7745961.cms |archive-date=19 September 2015 }}</ref> ''Veedu'', ''Sandhya Raagam'', ''Marupadiyum'' and ''Sathi Leelavathi''—are lost.<ref name=DNA />

=== Collaboration With Ilaiyaraja ===

Balu Mahendra totally directed 23 films, in 5 languages. Except the 1st two films, he collaborated with Ilaiyaraja consecutively, for 21 films. He intended to collaborate with Raja in the 6 films, that he had already conceived, before icy death snatched him away. While other directors never used Ilaiyaraja for their Hindi remakes, Balu Mahendra was steadfast in persisting with Ilaiyaraja, in all the languages. Their equation was symbiotic & synergetic, with Ilaiyaraja, unfailingly churning out enviable chart busters, for Balu Mahendra.
An exceptional highlight of their creative bonding being, the eternal superhit Thumbi Vaa ..... from Olangal-1982, was used by them 5 times, in 4 languages [Mal-1, Tamizh-2, Tel-1 & Hin-1, apart from in Paa by R. Balki & a Vocal-Orchestra Symphony version, in Raja's Concert in Italy–2004, titled as Mood Kaapi.<ref>Joseph Dias</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|+ Awards and nominations received by Balu Mahendra
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work(s)
! Result
|-
|1974
|[[Kerala State Film Award]]
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]] (colour)
|''[[Nellu (1974 film)|Nellu]]''
|{{won}}<ref name=Venkateswaran>{{cite news|last=Venkateswaran|first=N|title=Balu Mahendra, who made his visuals speak, dies at 74|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Balu-Mahendra-who-made-his-visuals-speak-dies-at-74/articleshow/30363139.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140216155315/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-02-14/india/47335698_1_balu-mahendra-state-film-moodupani|url-status=live|archive-date=16 February 2014|access-date=16 February 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 February 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1975
|[[Kerala State Film Award]]
|Best Cinematography (black-and-white)
|''[[Prayanam (1975 film)|Prayanam]]'', ''[[Chuvanna Sandhyakal]]''
|{{won}}<ref name=IPRD>{{cite web |title=State Film Awards 1969 – 2011 |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawares.htm |publisher=[[Department of Information and Public Relations (Kerala)|Department of Information and Public Relations]] |access-date=16 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232254/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawares.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref>
|-
|1977
|[[25th National Film Awards|National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]] (black-and-white)
|''[[Kokila (1977 film)|Kokila]]''
|{{won}}<ref name=Venkateswaran />
|-
|1978
|[[Nandi Awards]]
|[[Nandi Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]]
|''[[Manavoori Pandavulu]]''
|{{won}}<ref name=cinejosh>{{cite web|title=Balu Mahendra Is No More |url=http://www.cinejosh.com/telugu-news-gossip/32815/balu-mahendra-is-no-more.html |publisher=cinejosh.com |access-date=16 February 2014 |date=14 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214134738/http://www.cinejosh.com/telugu-news-gossip/32815/balu-mahendra-is-no-more.html |archive-date=14 February 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|1979
|[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director (Tamil)]]
|''[[Azhiyatha Kolangal]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=4|1982
|[[30th National Film Awards|National Film Awards]]
|Best Cinematography (Colour)
|rowspan=2|''[[Moondram Pirai]]''
|{{won}}<ref name=Venkateswaran />
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Director|Best Director (Tamil)]]
|{{won}}{{Sfn|Reed|1984|pp=234–235}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Malayalam Director|Best Director (Malayalam)]]
|''[[Olangal]]''
|{{won}}{{Sfn|Reed|1984|pp=234–235}}
|-
| [[Karnataka State Film Awards]]
| [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematography]]
| ''[[Pallavi Anupallavi]]''
| {{won}}
|-
|1983
|[[Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
|''[[Sadma]]''
|{{nom}}<ref>{{cite news|title=The Nominations – 1983 |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/367131.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708212739/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/367131.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 July 2012 |publisher=[[Indiatimes]] |access-date=16 February 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|1985
|[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Malayalam Director|Best Director (Malayalam)]]
|''[[Yathra]]''
|{{Won}}<ref name="archive1">[https://archive.org/download/BaluMahendraPreviousFilmfareAwards/balu%20mahendra%20previous%20filmfare%20awards.jpg Lifetime Achievement Prize. Balu Mahendra]</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"|1986
|[[Kerala State Film Award]]
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value]]
|''[[Yathra]]''
|{{Won}}<ref name="archive1"/>
|-
|[[Nandi Awards]]
|Best Cinematography
|''[[Nireekshana]]''
|{{won}}<ref name=cinejosh />
|-
|[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director (Telugu)]]
|''[[Nireekshana]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|1987
|[[35th National Film Awards|National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil|Best Feature Film in Tamil]]
|''[[Veedu]]''
|{{won}}<ref name=Venkateswaran />
|-
|1988
|[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Director|Best Director (Tamil)]]
|''[[Veedu]]''
|{{won}}<ref>https://archive.org/details/filmfare-best-tamil-director</ref><ref name="archive1"/>
|-
|1989
|[[37th National Film Awards|National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Film on Family Welfare|Best Film on Family Welfare]]
|''[[Sandhya Raagam (1989 film)|Sandhya Raagam]]''
|{{won}}<ref name=Venkateswaran />
|-
|1991
|[[39th National Film Awards|National Film Awards]]
|Best Feature Film in Tamil
|''[[Vanna Vanna Pookkal]]''
|{{won}}<ref name=Venkateswaran />
|-
|2013
|[[61st National Film Awards|National Film Awards]]
|[[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration|Best Feature Film on National Integration]]
|''[[Thalaimuraigal]]''
|{{won}}<ref name=61stNFA />
|-
|rowspan=2|2013
|rowspan=2|[[61st Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Director|Best Tamil Director]]
|''Thalaimuraigal''
|{{nom}}{{efn|Nominated posthumously}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Best Director |url=http://awards.filmfare.com/tamil/best-director.php |website=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=3 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714224042/http://awards.filmfare.com/tamil/best-director.php |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award – South|Lifetime Achievement Award – South]]
|{{center|{{mdash}}}}
|{{won}}{{efn|name=pos|Awarded posthumously}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Veterans steal the show at 61st Idea Filmfare Awards |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Hyderabad/Veterans-steal-the-show-at-61st-Idea-Filmfare-Awards/articleshow/38287055.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 July 2014 |access-date=13 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714034517/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Veterans-steal-the-show-at-61st-Idea-Filmfare-Awards/articleshow/38287055.cms |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|2014
|[[8th Vijay Awards]]
|[[Vijay Award for Contribution to Tamil Cinema]]
|{{center|{{mdash}}}}
|{{won}}{{efn|name=pos}}
|-
|2017
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Story Writer|Best Story Writer]]
|''Thalaimuraigal''
|{{won}}{{efn|name=pos}}
|}

==Filmography==
===As film director, cinematographer and editor===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Year
! rowspan="2" | Film
! rowspan="2" | Language
! colspan="3" | Credited as
! rowspan="2" | Notes
|-
!style="width:60px;"|Director
!style="width:60px;"|Cinematographer
!style="width:60px;"|Editor
|-
|rowspan="3"|1972||''[[Panimudakku]]''||rowspan="4"|[[Malayalam]]||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||
|-
|''[[Maaya (1972 film)|Maaya]]''||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||<ref name=MM>{{cite web|title=Balu Mahendra: Camera |url=http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=camera&artist=Balu%20Mahendra |publisher=Malayalam Music Movie Encyclopedia |access-date=16 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221212847/http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=camera&artist=Balu%20Mahendra |archive-date=21 February 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Nirthasala]]''||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||One Song
|-
|rowspan="4"|1973||''[[Sasthram Jayichu Manushyan Thottu]]''||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||
|-
|''Abhimanavanthulu''||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||
|-
|''[[Kaliyugam (1973 film)|Kaliyugam]]''||rowspan="11"|[[Malayalam]]||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||
|-
|''[[Chukku]]''||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||
|-
|rowspan="5"|1974||''[[Nellu (1974 film)|Nellu]]''||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||
|-
|''[[Rajahamsam]]''||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||<ref name=MM />
|-
|''[[Chattakkari (1974 film)|Chattakari]]''||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||
|-
|''[[Jeevikkan Marannu Poya Sthree]]''||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||<ref name=MM />
|-
|''[[Makkal]]''||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||<ref name=MM />
|-
|rowspan="6"|1975||''[[Raagam]]''||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||<ref name=MM />
|-
|''[[Prayanam (1975 film)|Prayanam]]''||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||
|-
|''[[Tourist Bungalow]]''||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||<ref name=MM />
|-
|''[[Chuvanna Sandhyakal]]''||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||<ref name=MM />
|-
|''Anuraagaalu''||[[Telugu Language|Telugu]]||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||
|-
|''[[Cheenavala]]''||rowspan="4"|[[Malayalam]]||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||<ref name=MM />
|-
|rowspan="4"|1976||''[[Missi (film)|Missi]]''||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||<ref name=MM />
|-
|''[[Ponni (1976 film)|Ponni]]''||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||
|-
|''[[Chennaaya Valarthiya Kutty]]''||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||
|-
|''[[America Ammayi (film)|America Ammayi]]''||rowspan="3"|[[Telugu Language|Telugu]]||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||
|-
|rowspan="3"|1977||''[[Tharam Marindi]]''||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||{{Sfn|Garga|1996|p=292}}
|-
|''[[Panthulamma]]''||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||
|-
|''[[Kokila (1977 film)|Kokila]]''||[[Kannada]]||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||
|-
|rowspan="3"|1978||''Lambadolla Ramadasu''||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||<ref name=aptalkies>{{cite web|title=Artist Profile: Balu Mahendra |url=http://www.aptalkies.com/artistdetails.php?id=1717&artist=Balu%20Mahendra |publisher=aptalkies.com |access-date=3 August 2014 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812062209/http://www.aptalkies.com/artistdetails.php?id=1717&artist=Balu%20Mahendra |archive-date=12 August 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mullum Malarum]]''||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||
|-
|''[[Manavoori Pandavulu]]''||rowspan="2"|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||
|-
|rowspan="3"|1979||''[[Sommokadidhi Sokokadidhi]]''||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||
|-
|''[[Ulkatal]]''||[[Malayalam]]||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||
|-
|''[[Azhiyadha Kolangal]]''||rowspan="2"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||
|-
|rowspan="3"|1980||''[[Moodu Pani]]''||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||
|-
|''[[Sankarabharanam (1980 film)|Sankarabharanam]]''||rowspan="2"|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||
|-
|''Kaliyuga Ravanasurudu''||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||<ref name=aptalkies />
|-
|rowspan="3"|1982||''[[Moondram Pirai]]''||rowspan="2"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||
|-
||''[[Echchil Iravugal]]''||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||{{Sfn|Ramachandran|1982|p=96}}
|-
|''[[Olangal]]''||[[Malayalam]]||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||
|-
|rowspan="4"|1983||''[[Sadma]]''||[[Hindi]]||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||
|-
|''[[Pallavi Anu Pallavi]]''||[[Kannada]]||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||
|-
|''[[Oomakkuyil]]''||[[Malayalam]]||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||
|-
|''[[Urangatha Ninaivugal]]''||rowspan="3"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{n}}||<ref>{{cite web|title=Urangatha Ninaivugal |url=http://www.upperstall.com/films/1983/urangatha-ninaivugal |publisher=Upperstall.com |access-date=16 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222051819/http://www.upperstall.com/films/1983/urangatha-ninaivugal |archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|1984||''[[Neengal Kettavai]]''||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||
|-
|rowspan="2"|1985||''[[Un Kannil Neer Vazhindal]]''||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||
|-
|''[[Yathra]]''||[[Malayalam]]||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||
|-
|1986||''[[Nireekshana]]''||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||
|-
|1987||''[[Rettai Vaal Kuruvi]]''||rowspan="4"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||
|-
|1988||''[[Veedu]]''||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||
|-
|1989||''[[Sandhya Raagam (1989 film)|Sandhya Raagam]]''||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||Also Producer
|-
|rowspan="2"|1992||''[[Vanna Vanna Pookkal]]''||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||
|-
|''[[Chakravyuham]]''||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||
|-
|1993||''[[Marupadiyum]]''||rowspan="2"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||
|-
|1995||''[[Sathi Leelavathi (1995 film)|Sathi Leelavathi]]''||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||
|-
|1996||''[[Aur Ek Prem Kahani]]''||[[Hindi]]||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||
|-
|1997||''[[Raman Abdullah]]''||rowspan="5"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||
|-
|2001||''[[En Iniya Ponnilave]]''||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||
|-
|2003||''[[Julie Ganapathy]]''||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||
|-
|2005||''[[Adhu Oru Kana Kaalam]]''||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||
|-
|2013||''[[Thalaimuraigal]]''||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}||Also actor
|-
|}

===Television===
* ''Kathai Neram'' (2000)

== Tribute ==
* Since 2015, the [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards|Norway Tamil Film Festival]] has presented an award in Balu Mahendra's name to recognize excellence in filmmaking.

* In 2018, writer [[Ajayan Bala]] established a library in [[Chennai]] named the ''BaluMahendra Library'', dedicated to film literature and visual media.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keeping it lit |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2020/Aug/15/keeping-it-lit-2183511.html |website=The New Indian Express |date=15 August 2020 |access-date=28 March 2025}}</ref>

* Since 2020, a library in [[Kilinochchi]], [[Sri Lanka]], has been named the ''[[Balu Mahendra Library]]'' as an initiative by young filmmakers and cinephiles, focusing on promoting film culture and education.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to the Balu Mahendra Library, an initiative by young film buffs in Sri Lanka |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/welcome-to-the-balu-mahendra-library-an-initiative-by-young-film-buffs-in-sri-lanka/article33995290.ece |website=The Hindu |date=4 March 2021 |access-date=28 March 2025}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=25em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|35em}}
*{{cite book|last=Baskaran|first=Sundararaj Theodre|title=The Eye of the Serpent: An Introduction to Tamil Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3jBcAgAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Westland|isbn=978-93-83260-74-4|access-date=14 June 2015|archive-date=25 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425111045/https://books.google.com/books?id=3jBcAgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}
*{{cite book|last=Baskaran|first=Sundararaj Theodore|title=History through the lens: perspectives on South Indian cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNgqAQAAIAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-3520-6|access-date=14 June 2015|archive-date=24 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424175514/https://books.google.com/books?id=fNgqAQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}
*{{cite book|last=Dey|first=Ajoy Kumar|title=IFSON, special issue, Filmotsav, '82|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oD9NAQAAIAAJ|year=1982|publisher=[[Federation of Film Societies of India]]|access-date=14 June 2015|archive-date=28 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528193730/https://books.google.com/books?id=oD9NAQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}
*{{cite book|last=Garga|first=Bhagwan Das|title=So many cinemas: the motion picture in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXRZAAAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Eminence Designs|isbn=978-81-900602-1-9|access-date=14 June 2015|archive-date=15 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515100946/https://books.google.com/books?id=wXRZAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}
*{{cite book|last=Kindem|first=Gorham Anders|title=The International Movie Industry|url=https://archive.org/details/The_International_Movie_Industry|year=2000|publisher=SIU Press|isbn=978-0-8093-2299-2}}
*{{cite book|last=Kumar|first=Keval J.|title=Mass Communication in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ECF7hjnZWfcC|year=2000|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7224-373-9|edition=4th|access-date=14 June 2015|archive-date=30 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430220827/https://books.google.com/books?id=ECF7hjnZWfcC|url-status=live}}
*{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|url-access=registration|year=1999|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|isbn=9780851706696}}
*{{cite book|last=Ramachandran|first=T.M.|title=Film World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=enxTAAAAYAAJ|volume=19|year=1982|access-date=14 June 2015|archive-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508163311/https://books.google.com/books?id=enxTAAAAYAAJ|url-status=live}}
*{{cite book|last=Reed|first=Sir Stanley|title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xU3jAAAAMAAJ|year=1984|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|access-date=14 June 2015|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729074809/https://books.google.com/books?id=xU3jAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Balu Mahendra}}
* [http://www.filmmakerbalumahendra.blogspot.in Balu Mahendra's official blog] {{in lang|ta}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0536818|name=Balu Mahendra}}

{{Balu Mahendra}}
{{National Film Award Best Cinematography}}
{{Kerala State Film Award Best Cinematography}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestTamilDirector}}
{{Filmfare Award Best Malayalam Director}}
{{FilmfareLifetimeAchievementAwardSouth}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahendra, Balu}}
[[Category:Film and Television Institute of India alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Malayalam film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Tamil people]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan film directors]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan emigrants to India]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Tamil cinematographers]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Best Cinematography National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Tamil film editors]]
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of St. Michael's College National School]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Chennai]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Chennai]]
[[Category:Film editors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan film editors]]
[[Category:People from Eastern Province, Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan screenwriters]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan cinematographers]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Film on Family Welfare National Film Award]]
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Film on Family Welfare National Film Award]]
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Film on National Integration National Film Award]]
[[Category:Tamil television directors]]

Swami Ramdas

2026-03-11T06:54:54Z

ChristenaMcGraw: minor edit

{{Short description|Hindu guru}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{distinguish|Samarth Ramdas}}
{{distinguish|Swami Samarth}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Swami Ramdas
| image = Low quality image of the cover of the book 'IN QUEST OF GOD'.jpg
| caption = The cover of the 2018 edition of Swami Ramdas autobiography, IN QUEST OF GOD, describing his spiritual search. This book was first published in 1925.
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1884|4|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kanhangad]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] (present-day [[Kerala]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1963|7|25|1884|4|10|df=y}}
| death_place =
}}

'''Swami Ramdas''' ({{IPA|hi|sʋaːmiː raːmdaːs|sa}}), born '''Vittal Rao''' (10 April 1884 to 25 July 1963) was an Indian [[saint]], [[philosopher]], [[philanthropist]] and [[pilgrim]].

Swami Ramdas became a wandering ascetic in his late 30s and after attaining [[moksha]] while still alive established [[Anandashram, Kanhangad|Anandashram]] in Kanhangad, Kerala. He is the author of several books, of which the spiritual autobiography ''In Quest of God'' (1925) is his known work.

==Biography==

===Early life: 1884-1922===
Swami Ramdas was born as Vittal Rao in [[Hosdurg taluk|Hosdurg]], [[Kerala, India]] on 10 April 1884<ref name=gospelsr>page xiii in: [[Swami Satchidananda]] (1979). [https://books.google.com/books?id=3II9AAAAIAAJ&q=10th+April%2C+1884 ''The Gospel of Swami Ramdas'']. Published for Anandashram by [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]]. {{OCLC|7173794}}</ref> to Balakrishna Rao and Lalita Bai. Vittal was educated first at a local school in Hosdurg and was later sent to [[Mangalore]] to study at the [[Basel Evangelical School, Mangalore|Basel Evangelical Mission High School]] run by German missionaries.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chandrashekar |title=Passage to Divinity: The Early Life of Swami Ramdas |date=1999 |publisher=Anandashram |isbn=978-81-938386-7-9 |page=63 |edition=5th}}</ref> He was a voracious reader and was admired for his mastery of the English language; he was also interested in drawing, sculpture and theatre. His indifference to his school curriculum, however, did not allow him to pass high school despite attempting his exams twice.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chandrashekar |title=Passage to Divinity: The Early Life of Swami Ramdas |date=1999 |publisher=Anandashram |isbn=978-81-938386-7-9 |page=8,65–66 |edition=5th}}</ref> After a failed attempt to run away to Bombay to seek his fortune and a brief stint as the director of an amateur theatre society he founded in Hosdurg (they opened with scenes from Shakespeare's ''King John''), Vittal joined a course in drawing and engraving at the [[Government College of Fine Arts, Chennai|School of Arts in Madras]]. Before completing the course, however, he won a scholarship to study textile engineering at the [[Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute|Victoria Jubilee Institute]] in Bombay. This time, he completed the degree, and found work as a spinning master in a cotton mill in [[Gulbarga]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chandrashekar |title=Passage to Divinity: The Early Life of Swami Ramdas |date=1999 |publisher=Anandashram |isbn=978-81-938386-7-9 |pages=67–73 |edition=5th}}</ref>

Vittal Rao was now expected to marry, and within a few months of his finding a job, his parents had found a bride for him. He married Umabai (renamed 'Rukmabai' upon her marriage according to the custom of the [[Saraswat Brahmin|Saraswats]]) in 1908.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chandrashekar |title=Passage to Divinity: The Early Life of Swami Ramdas |date=1999 |publisher=Anandashram |isbn=978-81-938386-7-9 |page=75 |edition=5th}}</ref> Within a couple of months of this event, however, Vittal Rao had lost his job at Gulbarga. He began to move from one job to another all over southern India, with spells of unemployment in between.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chandrashekar |title=Passage to Divinity: The Early Life of Swami Ramdas |date=1999 |publisher=Anandashram |isbn=978-81-938386-7-9 |pages=77–83 |edition=5th}}</ref> A daughter, Ramabai, was born in 1913.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chandrashekar |title=Passage to Divinity: The Early Life of Swami Ramdas |date=1999 |publisher=Anandashram |isbn=978-81-938386-7-9 |page=82 |edition=5th}}</ref>

Vittal Rao's fortunes continued to decline, and in 1917, he returned to Mangalore to join his father-in-law's business. This arrangement did not last long; in 1919, he started his own business of dyeing and printing sarees. By 1920, both his professional and personal lives had deteriorated, and Vittal Rao became unhappy and frustrated.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chandrashekar |title=Passage to Divinity: The Early Life of Swami Ramdas |date=1999 |publisher=Anandashram |isbn=978-81-938386-7-9 |pages=86–88, 93 |edition=5th}}</ref> In his desperate state, he sought relief in the chanting of the syllable "[[rama|Ram]]" considered sacred in India. Soon afterward, his father instructed him to repeat the longer ''Ram Mantra'': "''Sri Ram jai Ram jai jai Ram''" and assured him that the chanting of this mantra would give him eternal happiness. Vittal Rao felt inspired to add "''[[Om]]''" to each repetition, and he began to chant the mantra "''Om Sri Ram Jai Ram Jai Jai Ram''" all through his waking hours. He was also influenced by the teachings of [[Krishna|Sri Krishna]].

===Renunciation and the quest for God: 1922-23===

Vittal Rao soon lost interest in the material world. He left home on the night of 27 December 1922 after writing a farewell letter to his wife.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chandrashekar |title=Passage to Divinity: The Early Life of Swami Ramdas |date=1999 |publisher=Anandashram |isbn=978-81-938386-7-9 |page=111 |edition=5th}}</ref> At [[Srirangam]], on the banks of the river [[Kaveri]], he adopted [[Sannyasa|sanyas]] by giving himself the ochre robes of a renunciate. He changed his name to 'Ramdas' and made three vows: to dedicate his life to [[Rama|Sri Ram]], to observe celibacy, and to live only upon food that was freely offered to him as alms.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramdas |first1=Swami |title=In Quest of God |date=1925 |publisher=Anandashram |isbn=978-81-938386-0-0 |page=9 |edition=18th}}</ref> His practice was to view the world as forms of [[Rama|Ram]] – and thus to see everything that might befall him as the will of Ram. Ramdas was known for [[Illeism|referring to himself in the third person]], which is a common spiritual practice in [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwisdom.com/public/viewpdf/default.aspx?article-title=The_Life_of_Swami_Ramdas_by_Susunaga_Weeraperuma.pdf|title=The Life of Swami Ramdas|author=Susunaga Weeraperuma|date=|access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref>

After visiting various centres of Hindu pilgrimage in Tamil Nadu including [[Rameswaram]], [[Madurai]] and [[Chidambaram]], Swami Ramdas arrived in [[Tiruvannamalai]]. Here he met and received the blessings of the young saint known as Sri [[Ramana Maharshi]]. As a result of this encounter, he went into his first retreat, living for 21 days in solitude in a cave in [[Arunachala]]. It was here that he had his first full experience of [[Rama|Ram]], or God, as a presence that permeated everything. For him, from this point, "All was Ram, nothing but Ram."<ref>[http://www.ramana-maharshi.org/m_path/m_path.htm] ''[[The Mountain Path]]''</ref>

Swami Ramdas spent the following months visiting centres of pilgrimage all over India, including [[Puri]], [[Dakshineswar Kali Temple|Dakshineswar]], [[Varanasi|Kashi]], [[Haridwar]], [[Rishikesh]], [[Kedarnath]], [[Badrinath]], [[Mathura]], and [[Vrindavan|Brindavan]]; in all these places he was fed, clothed and guided by strangers. After paying his respects at the Muslim shrine of [[Ajmer Sharif Dargah|Ajmer Sharif]], he moved southwards, visiting [[Dwarka|Dwaraka]] and [[Pandharpur]]. He then went further south to visit Sri [[Siddharudha Swami]] at Hubli. It was here, in 1923, that his family finally tracked him down. His wife and daughter arrived in Hubli and on Siddharudha Swami's advice, Swami Ramdas returned with Rukmabai and his daughter to Mangalore. But instead of going home with them, he went to the nearby Kadri Hills and started living in the [[Pandava Caves|Panch Pandav Cave]], where he continued his spiritual practices. It was also in this cave that he wrote his first book, ''In Quest of God.''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramdas |first1=Swami |title=In Quest of God |date=1925 |publisher=Anandashram |isbn=978-81-938386-0-0 |pages=169–72 |edition=18th}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramdas |first1=Swami |title=In the Vision of God |date=1935 |publisher=Anandashram |isbn=978-81-938386-2-4 |page=8 |edition=8th}}</ref>

===Further travels: 1923-1928===

In his book ''In the Vision of God'' Swami Ramdas describes attaining the [[Jivanmukta]] state during his stay at the Panch Pandav cave:

<blockquote>For two years from the time of the significant change which had come over him, Ramdas had been prepared to enter into the depths of his being for the realization of the immutable, calm and eternal spirit of God. Here he had to transcend name, form, thought and will--every feeling of the heart and faculty of the mind. The world had then appeared to him as a dim shadow--a dreamy nothing. The vision then was mainly internal. It was only for the glory of the Atman in his purity, peace and joy as an all-pervading, immanent, static, immortal and glowing spirit. Then a still exalted state came on; his hitherto inner vision projected outward. He would feel as if his soul had expanded like the blossoming of a flower and, by a flash as it were, enveloped the whole universe embracing all in a subtle halo of love and light. This experience granted him a bliss infinitely greater than he had in the previous state. Now it was that Ramdas began to cry out "Ram is all, it is He as everybody and everything." With this externalized vision started Ramdas's mission. Its fullness and magnificence was revealed to him during his stay in the Kadri cave, and here the experience became more sustained and continuous.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramdas |first1=Swami |title=In the Vision of God |date=1935 |publisher=Anandashram |isbn=978-81-938386-2-4 |pages=13–14 |edition=8th}}</ref></blockquote>

Swami Ramdas left the cave to start another pilgrimage. The record of his further adventures all over India, published under the title ''In the Vision of God'' in 1935, is filled with characters, some of them occasional fellow-travellers, and prominently a spiritually-inclined but endearingly fallible young man named Madhav who adopted the name 'Ramcharandas' and insisted on joining Swami Ramdas in his travels. Ramcharandas weaves in and out of the narrative of ''In the Vision of God'' until he takes leave of Swami Ramdas for the last time in Srinagar, Kashmir.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramdas |first1=Swami |title=In the Vision of God |date=1935 |publisher=Anandashram |isbn=978-81-938386-2-4 |page=336 |edition=8th}}</ref> During this period, Swami Ramdas visited the Vasishtashram or the [https://www.tripadvisor.in/Attraction_Review-g580106-d4092570-Reviews-Vashishta_Gufa-Rishikesh_Dehradun_District_Uttarakhand.html Vasishta Cave] in the Himalayas, where he had a vision of Christ.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramdas |first1=Swami |title=In the Vision of God |date=1935 |publisher=Anandashram |isbn=978-81-938386-2-4 |page=252 |edition=8th}}</ref> He also began displaying the [[siddhi]]s, or spiritual powers, that accompany enlightenment, and attracted large crowds wherever he went.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramdas |first1=Swami |title=In the Vision of God |date=1935 |publisher=Anandashram |isbn=978-81-938386-2-4 |page=18,84,119,314 |edition=8th}}</ref>

===Anandashram, Kasargod: 1928-1931===

After several years of wandering, Swami Ramdas settled down on 3 June 1928 in a small Ashram in Kasargod built for him by his devotees; it consisted of a single room and an open verandah.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Krishnabai |first1=Mother |title=Guru's Grace |date=1964 |isbn=9780949971227 |page=29}}</ref> It was here that Krishnabai, his important disciple, met him. A young widow desperate to find a Guru who would give her spiritual liberation, Krishnabai accepted the Ram mantra from Swami Ramdas and began her spiritual journey under his guidance. She began calling Swami Ramdas 'Papa' when she found that Swami Ramdas's daughter addressed him this way; later on, Swami Ramdas became 'Papa' to most of his devotees.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Satchidananda |first1=Swami |title=Vishwamātā Krishnābāi: Some Glimpses |date=1991 |publisher=Anandashram |isbn= 978-93-88315-27-2 |page=4}}</ref>

By the time a year had passed, Mother Krishnaba as she would be later known, had left her two children and had become a permanent resident of the Ashram in order to complete her spiritual training. The presence of an attractive young woman in the Ashram of a renunciate subjected both Swami Ramdas and Mother Krishnabai to public criticism; the Ashram also lost its initial popularity. Later, Mother Krishnabai would recall this period with wry humour: "When the ashram was started at Kasaragod, people were pouring in everyday, group after group for ''Bhajans'' and talks. They were spending hours together with Papa. But when I came to Papa, those people who were so much devoted to him, gradually stayed away and in a short time there used to be none there except Papa, myself and some crows."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Satchidananda |first1=Swami |title=The Gospel of Swami Ramdas, Volume II |date=2006 |publisher=Anandashram |isbn=978-93-88315-00-5 |pages=671–72 |edition=3rd}}</ref>

Krishnabai, however, persevered, and achieved the state of ''[[nirvikalpa samadhi]]'' that takes the practitioner beyond all mental concepts and images.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Krishnabai |first1=Mother |title=Guru's Grace |date=1964 |isbn=9780949971227 |page=76}}</ref> Shortly afterwards, strangers entered the ashram at night and attempted to assault her. Though she was not harmed, Swami Ramdas decided to abandon the Ashram that night.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Krishnabai |first1=Mother |title=Guru's Grace |date=1964 |isbn=9780949971227 |pages=79–80}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramdas |first1=Swami |title=In the Vision of God |date=1935 |publisher=Anandashram |isbn=978-81-938386-2-4 |pages=431–435 |edition=8th}}</ref>

===Anandashram, Kanhangad: 1931-1963===

Go to [[Anandashram, Kanhangad|Anandashram main article]]

A new ashram, also called 'Anandashram,' was established in [[Kanhangad]] by Swami Ramdas's devotees on 15 May 1931. This would be Swami Ramdas's main abode for the rest of his life. The Ashram continues its work of helping local people and spreading Swami Ramdas's message of universal love and service.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramdas |first1=Swami |title=In the Vision of God |date=1935 |publisher=Anandashram |isbn=978-81-938386-2-4 |pages=438–449 |edition=8th}}</ref>

Around 1950, another ashram named 'Ramdas Ashram' was founded in Swami Ramdas's honour by Gunvantrai T. Kamdar in [[Bhavnagar]], Gujarat. Until he stopped travelling due to poor health, Swami Ramdas spent a couple of months here every year; during the rest of the year, this Ashram hosted other famous saints.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramdas |first1=Swami |title=In the Vision of God |date=1935 |publisher=Anandashram |isbn=978-81-938386-2-4 |page=456 |edition=8th}}</ref>

In 1954, Swami Ramdas went on a world tour, visiting Europe, the United States, and East and South-East Asia. His book ''World Is God'' (1955) offers an account of this trip.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramdas |first1=Swami |title=World Is God |date=1955 |publisher=Anandashram |url=https://archive.org/details/worldofgod0000swam/page/n9/mode/2up |access-date=31 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ag2N5KAWm4Q |website=YouTube |title=Swami Ramdas, Mother Krishnabai, Sw Satchidananda World Tour |date=9 March 2017 |access-date=31 January 2022}}</ref> ''World Is God'' forms the third and last instalment of Swami Ramdas's autobiography, the other two being ''In Quest of God'' (1925) and ''In the Vision of God'' (1935).

In ''World Is God,'' Swami Ramdas gives a description of his state at the time:

<blockquote>Ramdas’ life has no future, as it has transcended time and space. It has nothing new to achieve or attain. It is one with Cosmic Reality. Birth and death have nothing to do with it. Eternal stillness and eternal movement are its centre and circumference—the centre fixed in eternity and circumference encompassing infinity; boundless existence reduced to a point and a point expanded beyond all conceivable limitations. … Thus Ramdas’ life is resounding with the music of Eternity. Its sweet strain is never-ending. It is a divine symphony of sublime serenity, calmness and peace that is ineffable, harmonised with spontaneous activity embodying the spirit of Universal Love and Service. Waves and waves of Bliss rise from it to dance on the bosom of [[Satcitananda|Satchidanand]] and lose themselves within itself. Its creation is destruction, its beginning its own end. A resonant Silence! That is Ramdas!<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramdas |first1=Swami |title=World Is God |date=1955 |publisher=Anandashram |isbn=978-81-938386-3-1 |page=xi-xii |edition=1st}}</ref></blockquote>

Swami Ramdas died on 25 July 1963.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Satchidananda |first1=Swami |title=Vishwamātā Krishnābāi: Some Glimpses |date=1991 |publisher=Anandashram |pages=22–23}}</ref> A shrine, or ''samadhi mandir'', was constructed at his cremation site within Anandashram.

Swami Ramdas' known disciples include Mataji Krishnabai, Swami Satchidananda, Swami Muktananda, and [[Yogi Ramsuratkumar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sri Ram Surat Kumar |url=https://motherandsriaurobindo.in/_StaticContent/SriAurobindoAshram/-03%20The%20Ashram/Special%20Visitors/Sri%20Ramsurat%20Kumar/-01_Biography.htm |access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref> He also influenced many other spiritual seekers including the musician and writer [[Dilipkumar Roy|Dilip Kumar Roy]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Patel |first1=Amruta Paresh |title=Lover of Light Among Luminaries: Dilip Kumar Roy |date=2002 |publisher=L D Indology |location=Ahmedabad |page=132 |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/001542/141 |access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref> the American mystic [[List of direct disciples of Yogananda|Mildred Hamilton]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hamilton |first1=Mildred |title=My Blessed Papa: Letters to Swami Ramdas from Mother Hamilton, 1954-1960 |date=2018 |publisher=The Cross and The Lotus |url=http://www.crossandlotus.com/Publications/Booklets/2018%20Mahasamadhi%20Booket%20-%20Mother%20at%20Anandashram%20(My%20Blessed%20Papa)%20-%20Display.pdf |access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref> [[Maurice Frydman]] aka Swami Bharatananda,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pant |first1=Apa B. |title="An Early Devotee: Maurice Frydman" |journal=The Mountain Path |date=June 1991 |volume=28 |issue=1–2 |page=35 |url=https://realization.org/down/mountain-path/28-1.1991-Aradhana.pdf}}</ref> and [[Chidananda Saraswati|Swami Chidananda Saraswati]] of the [[Divine Life Society]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chidananda |first1=Swami |title=Autobiography of Swami Chidananda |url=https://www.sivanandaonline.org//?cmd=displaysection&section_id=1345 |website=The Divine Life Society |access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref>

==Philosophy==

===On Religion===

Swami Ramdas did not discriminate between religions. He writes: "Ramdas does not belong to any particular creed. He believes that all creeds, faiths and religions are different paths which converge to the same goal. The sight of a [[Muhammadan]] reminds him of [[Muhammad]]; of a [[Christians|Christian]], [[Jesus Christ]]; of a [[Hindus|Hindu]], [[Rama]], [[Krishna]] or [[Shiva]]; and of a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]], [[Buddha]]; of a [[Parsis|Parsee]], [[Zoroaster]]. All the great teachers of the world are from one God--the first eternal cause of all existence. Whether it be in the [[Gita]] or the [[Bible]] or the [[Koran]] or the [[Zend Avesta]], we find the same note ringing, viz., self-surrender is the supreme way to liberation or salvation."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramdas |first1=Swami |title=In the Vision of God |date=1935 |publisher=Anandashram |isbn=978-81-938386-2-4 |page=7 |edition=8th}}</ref>

===On "Sri Ram"===

When asked if the 'Sri Ram' that he referred to was different from Sri Ram, the son of Dasaratha and the [[Avatar]] described in the ''[[Ramayana]]'', Swami Ramdas replied: "Ramdas will answer you in [[Kabir]]’s words. He was also asked the same question. He said, ‘My Ram is the great Truth, Impersonal, dwelling in the hearts of all beings and creatures in the universe. My Ram is the all-pervading, immanent and all-transcendent Reality. My Ram has assumed the forms of all beings and things and my Ram is Dasaratha’s son also. My Ram is the all-inclusive and all-transcendent Supreme Godhead.’”<ref>{{cite book |last1=Satchidananda |first1=Swami |title=The Gospel of Swami Ramdas, Volume I |date=2006 |publisher=Anandashram |isbn=978-93-88315-00-5 |page=449 |edition=3rd}}</ref>

===On Ashrams and Institutions===

Swami Ramdas believed that all spiritual norms and institutions were useful up to a point. He stated: “When the false conventions and ostentatious observations are broken through, the soul is liberated. For realizing the Truth no external paraphernalia is necessary. No garb, no sign, no cult and no creed can help you. The day will come when you have to leave all these behind, and go to meet the Eternal in the perfect nakedness of your Spirit, shedding all make-believe forms, customs and traditions. Simplicity, spontaneity and humility become the guiding principles of your life. You move freely with all. You love all alike. You break the boundaries set by the calculating human mind. You soar like a free bird in the infinite expanse of the spiritual firmament. You look upon all beings and creatures as the embodiment of the one divine all-pervading Spirit. Temples, Ashrams, mosques, churches, synagogues, Viharas, etc., cannot imprison your soul. You find your soul’s delight and joy in all places—in the best as well as the worst.”<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramdas |first1=Swami |title=Hints to Aspirants |date=1959 |publisher=Anandashram |isbn=978-93-88315-26-5 |page=55 |edition=5th}}</ref>

==Bibliography==

A selected list of books authored by Swami Ramdas:

* ''[http://www.anandashram.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/In_Quest_of_God-1.pdf In Quest of God]'' (1925)
* ''[http://www.anandashram.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/AtTheFeetOfGod.pdf At the Feet of God]'' (1928)
* ''Krishna Bai'' (1932)
* ''[http://dspace.nehu.ac.in/bitstream/handle/123456789/13324/Gita%20Sandesh.pdf?sequence=1 Gita Sandesh: Message of the Gita]'' (c. 1933; the link is to the Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan edition of 1966), https://archive.org/details/GeetaSandeshMessageOfTheGitaSwamiRamdas/page/n15/mode/2up
* ''The Divine Life'' (1934)
* ''[http://www.anandashram.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/In_the_Vision_of_God.pdf In the Vision of God]'' (1935)
* ''[http://www.anandashram.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/GlimpsesOfDivineVision.pdf Glimpses of Divine Vision]'' (1944)
* ''Letters of Swami Ramdas'' (2 Volumes, 1946)
* ''[https://archive.org/details/worldofgod0000swam/page/n7/mode/2up World Is God]'' (1955)
* ''[http://www.anandashram.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Hints_To_Aspirants.pdf Hints to Aspirants]'' (1959)
* ''[http://www.anandashram.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Stories_as_told_by_SwamiRamdas.pdf Stories as Told by Swami Ramdas]'' (1961)
* ''God Experience'' (2 Volumes, 1975)

==Quotations==
{{cquote|People do not know what the Name of God can do. Those who repeat it constantly alone know its power. It can purify our mind completely... The Name can take us to the summit of spiritual experience.|20px|20px|Swami Ramdas<ref>Ramdas, Swami. ''The Essential Swami Ramdas'', World Wisdom, 2005.</ref>}}

{{cquote|Place yourself as an instrument in the hands of God who does his own work in his own way.|20px|20px|Swami Ramdas<ref>''The Tribune'', [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030925/edit.htm Reflections]</ref>}}

{{cquote|Just as a flower gives out its fragrance to whomsoever approaches or uses it, so love from within us radiates towards everybody and manifests as spontaneous service.|20px|20px|Swami Ramdas<ref>''The Times of India'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20121016150234/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-03-25/edit-page/27839877_1_bodies-stranger-brotherly-love SACRED SPACE: Caring and Sharing]</ref>}}

==See also==
* [[Nama sankeerthanam]]
* [[Rama]]
* [[Anandashram]]
* [[Ramana Maharshi]]
* [[Sri Aurobindo|Aurobindo]]
* [[Bhagawan Nityananda]]
* [[Neem Karoli Baba]]
* [[Anandamayi Ma]]
* [[Haidakhan Babaji]]
* [[Jiddu Krishnamurti]]
* [[Nisargadatta Maharaj]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.anandashram.org/ Homepage of Anandashram]
*[https://sites.google.com/view/swami-ramdas/home My beloved Papa, Swami Ramdas - Swami Satchidananda]
*[http://hinduismwayoflife.com/2019/02/28/brief-biography-of-swami-papa-ramdas-1884-1963/ Biography of Swami (Papa) Ramdas - Hinduismwayoflife.com]
*[https://sites.google.com/view/swami-ramdas/videos-and-audio-clips Video and Audio Clips]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aegTdlj3qWM Footage of Swami Ramdas and Mother Krishnabai from Arnaud Desjardins' documentary ''Ashrams'']
* [https://www.anandamayi.org/swami-ramdas-2/ Account of Swami Ramdas's Meeting with Sri Anandamayi Ma]
* [https://www.sivanandaonline.org//?cmd=displaysection&section_id=1345/ Swami Chidandanda Saraswati's autobiography containing a description of his relationship with Swami Ramdas]

{{Modern Hindu writers}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramdas}}
[[Category:20th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:1884 births]]
[[Category:1963 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kasaragod district]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu saints]]
[[Category:Illeists]]

MIT Group of Institutions

2026-03-06T20:11:55Z

ChristenaMcGraw: created a entry and citations.

{{Short description|none}}
{{cleanup|reason=Non-standard formatting.|date=December 2021}}

The '''MIT Group of Institutions''' is a nonprofit group of [[educational institution]]s operated by the '''Maharashtra Academy of Engineering and Educational Research'''.

It is unrelated to Massachusetts Institute of Technology ([[MIT]]) located in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=MIT Group of Institutions |url=https://mitpune.ac.in/}}</ref>

==Universities==
It operates a number of universities and schools including:
* [[MIT World Peace University]] (MIT-WPU)
* [[Maharashtra Institute of Technology - Art, Design and Technology University|MIT Art, Design and Technology University]] (MIT-ADT)
* [[Avantika University]]
* Maharashtra Institute of Medical Education and Research
* [[MIT University, Meghalaya]]
* MIT Vishwaprayag University, Solapur (MITVPU)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to UGC, New Delhi, India |url=https://www.ugc.gov.in/universitydetails/university?type=0wBmFB1Rb4JGVzq9UP/iOg== |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725163602/https://www.ugc.gov.in/universitydetails/university?type=0wBmFB1Rb4JGVzq9UP/iOg== |archive-date=2025-07-25 |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=www.ugc.gov.in}}</ref>

As of 2019, its three flagship design and engineering schools generated more than 50% of its revenues. They are:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icra.in/Rationale/ShowRationaleReport/?Id=77521|title=Maharashtra Academy of Engineering & Educational Research|last=|first=|date=14 February 2019|website=|publisher=[[ICRA Limited]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
* the [[MIT Institute of Design]], part of MIT-ADT
* MIT Pune, part of MIT-WPU
* MIT College of Engineering, part of MIT-WPU

==Maeer Institutes==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Engineering Institutes
|-
|
* Maharashtra Institute of Technology (MIT) Engineering College Pune Established in 1983
* MIT Polytechnic Pune Polytechnic College Pune Established in1996
* Maharashtra Academy of Engineering (MAE) Engineering College Alandi Pune Established in 1999
* MIT College of Engineering (MITCOE) Engineering College Pune Established in 2001
* Maharashtra Academy of Naval Education and Training (MANET) Marine Engineering College Pune Established in 2001
* MIT CAD CAM CAE Training and Design Center Engineering College Pune
* MIT College of Food Technology (MITCFT) Rajbaug Loni Kalbhor Pune Established in 2006
* MIT B Tech Study Center (YCMOU) Pune Established in 2005
* MIT School of Advanced Science & Information Technology (MITSASIT) Pune
* MIT College of Railway Engineering and Research (MITCORER) Barshi, Solapur
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Management Institutes
|-
|
* MIT School of Management (MITSOM) Management College Pune Established in1987
* MITSOM – Autonomous Management Programs Pune Established in 1987
* MITSOM College – UG Management Courses Pune Established in 2004
* MIT College of Insurance (MITCOI) Pune Established in 2001
* MIT School of Government (MITSOG) Pune Established in 2005
* MIT School Of Business (MITSOB) PuneEstablished in 2005
* MIT College of Management (MITCOM) Established in 2007
* MIT School of Retail Management (MITSRM) Management College Pune Established in 2007
* MIT College of Commerce & Management Studies Latur Established in 2007
* MIT School Of Telecom and Management Studies (MITSOT) Management College, Pune Established in 2007
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Pharmacy Institutes
|-
|
* Maharashtra Institute of Pharmacy (MIP) Pune Established in 1997
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Distance Education
|-
|
* MIT School Of Distance Education (MITSDE) Pune Established in 2005
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Medical Institutes
|-
|
* [[Maharashtra Institute of Medical Science and Research, Latur]] (MIMSR) Established in 1990
* MIMSR – D.M.L.T. Courses Latur Established in 2004
* Maharashtra Institute of Nursing Sciences – B.Sc. Nursing College Latur Established in 2005
* Maharashtra Institute of Physiotherapy Latur Established in 2005
* Maharashtra Institute of Nursing [GNM] Latur Established in 1999
* Maharashtra Institute of Dental Science and Research (MIDSR) Latur Established in 2006<ref>{{cite web |title=MIDSR Dental College |url=https://mitmidsr.edu.in/}}</ref>
* Maharashtra Institute of Medical Education and Research (MIMER) Talegaon Dabhade Pune Established in 1995
* Maharashtra Institute of Physiotherapy Talegaon Dabhade Pune Established in 2006
* MIMER – D.M.L.T. Courses Talegaon Pune Established in 2006
* MIMER – CPS (PGD Courses) Talegaon Pune
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ B.Ed. & D.Ed. Colleges
|-
|
* MIT B. Ed. College Pune Established in 2007
* MIT B. Ed. College Latur Established in 2007
* MIT B. Ed. College Rajbaug Loni Pune Established in 2007
* MIT B. Ed. College Ambajogai Dist Beed Established in 2007
* MIT D. Ed. College Ambajogai, Dist. Beed Established in 2007
* MIT D Ed. College Rameshwar Established in 2007
* MIT D. Ed. College Pune Established in 2007
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Other Institutes
|-
|
* MIT College of Arts, Commerce & Science Pune Established in 2004
* MIT College of Arts, Commerce & Science Alandi Established in 2007
* MIT College of Science and Computer Studies Latur Established in 2006
* MIT School of Foreign Languages (MITSFL) Pune Established in 2004
* MIT Career Guidance Center (MIT CGC) Pune Established in 2005
* MIT Lighting Research Academy (MITLRA) Pune
* [[MIT Institute of Design]] Rajbaug Loni Kalbhor Pune
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ World Peace Centre
|-
|
* UNESCO CHAIR for Human Rights, Democracy, Peace & Tolerance
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://mitpune.ac.in/}}

[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Universities in India]]

Rajababu (film)

2026-03-03T18:11:27Z

ChristenaMcGraw: Starting New Page!

{{Short description|2006 Indian Telugu film by Muppalaneni Siva}}
{{About|the 2006 Telugu film|the 1994 Hindi film|Raja Babu (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rajababu
| image = Rajababu film.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Muppalaneni Siva]]
| producer = Paruchuri Sivarama Prasad
| writer = [[Satish Vegesna]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = Muppalaneni Siva
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]]
*[[Sridevika]]
}}
| music = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| cinematography = Jawahar Reddy
| editing = Nandamuri Hari
| studio = United Movies
| released = {{Film date|2006|2|24|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Rajababu''''' is a 2006 Indian Telugu-language [[family drama film]] directed by [[Muppalaneni Siva]]. A remake of the 2003 Malayalam film ''[[Balettan]]'',<ref name="Sify">{{Cite web |date=3 March 2006 |title=Rajababu |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/rajababu-review-telugu-pclvQTbgdfijj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213070751/https://www.sify.com/movies/rajababu-review-telugu-pclvQTbgdfijj.html |archive-date=13 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> the films stars [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]] and [[Sridevika]] in her Telugu debut.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=March 2022}}
The film follows Rajababu who learns, after his father's death, that he had another wife and children with her. The problems that ensue after Rajababu meets his father's second family form the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]] as Ramaraju a.k.a. Rajababu
*[[Sridevika]] as Anjali
*[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Dasaradharamayya
*[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] as Vardanamma, Rajababu's mother
*[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Ramasamy, Rajababu's father
*[[Telangana Shakuntala]] as Shakuntala, Rajababu's grandmother
*[[K. Viswanath]] as Raghavayya, Rajababu's grandfather
*[[Narra Venkateswara Rao]] as Koteswara Rao
*[[Siva Reddy]] as Rajababu's brother
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Nandagopal, Rajababu's friend
*[[Duvvasi Mohan]] as Duvvasi
*[[Kovai Sarala]] as Lakshmi
*[[Krishna Bhagawan]] as Girisam
*[[Goutam Raju]] as Gautam
*[[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as Sumbramanyam
*[[Kondavalasa Lakshmana Rao]] as Kondavalsa
*[[Sudha (actress)|Sudha]] as Pilli Nirmala Simha
*[[Riyaz Khan]] as Venugopal
*[[Abhinayashree]] as Vasuki
*[[Gundu Sudarshan]]
*Harika
}}

==Production==
Following his previous films, Rajasekar opted for a remake with this film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Still remakes and dubbed ones |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/still-remakes-and-dubbed-ones-telugu-news-20596 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331075737/https://www.indiaglitz.com/still-remakes-and-dubbed-ones-telugu-news-20596 |archive-date=2022-03-31 |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=Indiaglitz}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Music by [[S. A. Rajkumar]], who collaborated with Rajasekar for two other films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2006 |title=Audio release – Rajababu |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-rajababu.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213012048/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-rajababu.html |archive-date=13 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=Idlebrain}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Vennela Vennela
| length1 = 4:30
| lyrics1 = E. S. Murthy
| extra1 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| title2 = Rajadhi Rajandi
| length2 = 4:48
| lyrics2 = E. S. Murthy
| extra2 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| title3 = Prema O Toliprema
| length3 = 4:45
| lyrics3 = Pothula Ravikiran
| extra3 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| title4 = Nerajana
| length4 = 5:12
| lyrics4 = [[Bhuvana Chandra]]
| extra4 = Udit Narayan, Sujatha Mohan
| title5 = Nuvve Maa Rajuvani
| length5 = 4:43
| lyrics5 = E. S. Murthy
| extra5 = [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
| total_length = 23:58
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' opined that "The film is a family drama though the director fails to elevate the hero's image in this film and the entire narration becomes boring.".<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 February 2006 |title=Film Review:Rajababu — Another slow and boring family drama |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Another-boring-family-drama/article15730052.ece |url-status=live |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161222105642/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Another-boring-family-drama/article15730052.ece |archive-date=22 December 2016}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' stated that "On the whole, it is a boring affair".<ref name="Sify" /> A critic from ''Full Hyderabad'' said that "Avoid this one at all costs".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raja Babu Review |url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/raja-babu/telugu/raja-babu-movie-reviews-1691-2.html?sort=positive |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215024100/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/raja-babu/telugu/raja-babu-movie-reviews-1691-2.html?sort=positive |archive-date=15 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=Full Hyderabad}}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain]]'' gave the film a more favourable review and wrote that "On a whole, ''Rajababu'' is much better than the films Raja Sekhar dished out in the recent past".<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2006 |title=Movie review – Rajababu |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-rajababu.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213081103/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-rajababu.html |archive-date=13 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=Idlebrain}}</ref>

Writing for ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'', Griddaluru Gopalrao called the film slow-placed, adding the director dragged the screenplay by adding scenes catering to the actor's image.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gopalrao |first=Griddaluru |date=17 March 2006 |title=రాజాబాబు నీరసించిపోయారు |language=te |trans-title=Rajababu is weakened |pages=9 |work=[[Zamin Ryot]] |url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/2006/Mar/17-Mar-2006.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118143410/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/2006/Mar/17-Mar-2006.pdf |archive-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|1580013}}

{{Muppalaneni Shiva}}

[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:2006 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2006 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Muppalaneni Shiva]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. A. Rajkumar]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Malayalam films]]

Hyper (2016 film)

2026-03-03T17:45:35Z

ChristenaMcGraw: expanded content

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hyper
| image =Hyper poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Santosh Srinivas]]
| producer = Gopichand Achanta [[Anil Sunkara]]
| writer = Santosh Srinivas
| starring = [[Ram Pothineni]] [[Raashii Khanna]] [[Sathyaraj]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Ghibran]] '''Background Score:''' [[Mani Sharma]]
| cinematography = [[Sameer Reddy]]
| editing = Gautham Raju
| studio = 14 Reels Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2016|09|30}}
| runtime = 143 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Hyper''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Action film|action]]-[[comedy drama film]]<ref name=idlebrain>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/hyper.html|title=Hyper jeevi review|work=Idlebrain|date=30 September 2016}}</ref> directed by [[Santosh Srinivas]] and produced by 14 Reels Entertainment. The film features [[Ram Pothineni]], [[Raashii Khanna]], and [[Sathyaraj]] in the lead roles, while [[Rao Ramesh]], [[Murali Sharma]], [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]], [[Thulasi Shivamani]], [[Sayaji Shinde]], [[Posani Krishna Murali]], and [[Brahmaji]] play supporting roles. The songs featured in the film are composed by [[Ghibran]], while the [[background score]] is composed by [[Mani Sharma]].<ref name=music>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Composer-Mani-Sharma-joins-Hyper/articleshow/54623889.cms|title = Composer Mani Sharma joins Hyper|work=The Times of India}}</ref> The film was released worldwide on 30 September 2016.

==Plot==
Narayana Murthy ([[Sathyaraj]]) is an honest government employee whose son Suryanarayana Murthy ([[Ram Pothineni]]) loves him in such a way that he is ready to die or kill anyone. One day, when he was about to meet with an accident, Gaja ([[Murali Sharma]]) a gangster protects him, and the two become friends. One day, Minister Rajappa ([[Rao Ramesh]]) blackmails Narayana Murthy to get approval for a building which was illegally constructed. Rajappa orders his right-hand man Gaja to kill Narayana Murthy's family. The rest of the story follows Surya as he tries to protect his family from Rajappa.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Ram Pothineni]] as Suryanarayana Murthy "Surya"
* [[Raashii Khanna]] as Bhanumathi
* [[Sathyaraj]] as Narayana Murthy, Suri's father
* [[Rao Ramesh]] as Minister Veera Venkata Shivalinga Rajappa
* [[Murali Sharma]] as Gaja Bhai
* [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] as Narayana Murthy's friend
* [[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]] as Suri's mother
* [[Sayaji Shinde]] as Udaya Shankar (Special Officer)
* [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as Rama Chandra, Priyanka's fiancé's father
* [[Posani Krishna Murali]] as Bhanumathi's father
* [[Brahmaji]] as Bhanumathi's boss
* [[Hema (actress)|Hema]] as Bhanumathi's mother
* [[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapoorna]] as Suri's grandmother
* [[Mamilla Shailaja Priya]] as Gaja's wife
* [[Prabhas Sreenu]] as Raghupati Raghava Rajaram, Gaja's henchman
* [[Fish Venkat]] as Rajappa's henchmen
* [[K. Vishwanath]] as Seetharamayya (Chief Minister)
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Priest
* [[Suddala Ashok Teja]] as Chief Secretary
* [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as Party President
* [[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]] as Priest
* [[Satyam Rajesh]] as Traffic Police Officer
* [[G. V. Sudhakar Naidu]] as Local Goon
* [[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]] as Rajappa's brother-in-law
* [[Priyanka Nalkari]] as Priyanka, Suri's sister
* Vajja Venkata Giridhar as Traffic Police
{{colend}}
* Arundhati Aravind as Shankar (Gaja's Brother in law)

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Hyper
| type = film
| artist = [[M. Ghibran]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2016|9|8}}
| recorded = 2016
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length =
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| producer = M. Ghibran
| prev_title = [[Babu Bangaram]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Adhe Kangal (2017 film)|Adhe Kangal]]
| next_year = 2017
}}

The music for the songs is composed by [[M. Ghibran]] and released on [[Lahari Music]] company. [[Mani Sharma]] composed the background score of the film.<ref name=music/>

{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Come Back Come Back
| lyrics1 = Srimani
| extra1 = Anudeep, [[Yazin Nizar]]
| length1 =

| title2 = Ompula Dhaniya
| lyrics2 = Bhaskarabhatla
| extra2 = Dhanunjay, Simha, Lipsika
| length2 =

| title3 = Baby Doll
| lyrics3 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra3 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]], Sahithi Chaganti
| length3 =

| title4 = Naalo Nenena
| lyrics4 = Srimani
| extra4 = Sameera Bharadwaj
| length4 =

| title5 = Hypare Hypare
| lyrics5 = Bhaskarabhatla
| extra5 = Dhanunjay, [[Geetha Madhuri]], Lipsika
| length5 =
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "Sathyaraj and Rao Ramesh, who steals the show yet again, are the film’s saving grace".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Hyper-Lost-in-the-din/article15007757.ece|title=Hyper: Lost in the din|date=30 September 2016|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Pranitha Jonnalagedda of ''[[The Times of India]]'' said that "The film is predictable at places and endearing at times. But on the whole, it feels like watching paint dry. Here’s a film which has its heart in the right place but the beats aren’t quite right".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/hyper/movie-review/54606722.cms|title=Hyper Movie Review {3/5} by The Times of India|work=The Times of India|date=30 September 2016|last=Jonnalagedda |first=Pranitha}}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' opined that "On a whole, ''Hyper'' is a film made for the masses".<ref name=idlebrain/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.indiaglitz.com/santosh-srinivas-exclusive-interview-about-hyper-telugu-news-168219.html Santosh Srinivas Exclusive Interview About Hyper]
* {{IMDb title|6128292}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2010s action comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2016 masala films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ghibran Vaibodha]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Santosh Srinivas]]

Pindari

2026-02-27T18:39:43Z

ChristenaMcGraw: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|Irregular military in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Pindari
| native_name =
| image = File:Military_leader_Amir_Khan_Pindari_by_Vana_Bhatti_(approx._1790-1800).jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| dates =
| disbanded = 1818
| country =
| allegiance =
[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23 px]] [[Maratha Empire]] [[File:Flag of Gwalior (State).svg|23 px]] [[Gwalior State]] [[File:Indore Flag.svg|23 px]] [[Indore State]] [[File:Flag of the Princely State of Nagpur.svg|23 px]] [[Nagpur Kingdom]] [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|23 px]][[Mughal Empire]]
| branch =
| type =
| role = Plunderers, foragers, [[Reconnaissance|Reconnaissance units]]
| size = 20,000 to 30,000 (1800-1818)
| command_structure =
| nickname =
| patron =
| motto =
| colors = 
| colors_label = 
| battles =
| notable_commanders = *[[Amir Khan (Nawab of Tonk)|Amir Khan]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The Literary panorama: Volume 11, Issue 1812 |date=1812 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4S0FAAAAQAAJ&dq=gunda+dhur&pg=PA681 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Chitu Khan]]
*Namdar Khan
* [[:it:Faqir_Muhammad_Khan_Goya|Nawab Faqir Muhammad Khan]]
}}
The '''Pindaris''' (Bhalse, Maratha, Rohilla and Pathans) were [[irregular military]] plunderers and foragers from 17th- through early 19th-century [[Indian subcontinent]] who accompanied initially the [[Mughal army|Mughal Army]], and later the [[Maratha Army]], and finally on their own before being eliminated in the 1817–19 [[Pindari War]].<ref name=britannicapindari>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pindaris Pindari: Indian History], Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> They were unpaid and their compensation was entirely the booty they plundered during wars and raids.<ref name=britannicapindari/> They were mostly horsemen armed with spears and swords who would create chaos and deliver intelligence about the enemy positions to benefit the army they accompanied.<ref name=cooper2003p32>{{cite book|author=Randolf Cooper|title=The Anglo-Maratha Campaigns and the Contest for India: The Struggle for Control of the South Asian Military Economy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qweZWra_tbwC |year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-82444-6|pages=32–34, 94–95, 303–305}}</ref> The majority of their leaders were [[Muslims]], but also had people of all classes and religions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pindari|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pindaris|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=30 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="Woerkens2002p24"/>

The earliest mention of them is found in the Mughal period during [[Aurangzeb]]'s campaign in the [[Deccan Plateau]], but their role expanded with the [[Maratha Empire]] armed campaigns against the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref name=cooper2003p32 /> They were highly effective against the enemies given their rapid and chaotic thrust into enemy territories, but also caused serious abuses against allies such as during the Pindari raid on [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham]] in 1791.<ref name=cooper2003p32 /> By the early 1800s, armed Pindari militia groups sought wealth for their leaders and themselves.<ref name="Banerjee">{{Cite journal|last=Banerjee |first=Tarasankar |year=1972 |title=The Marathas and the Pindaris: A Study in Their Relationship |journal=The Quarterly Review of Historical Studies |volume=11 |pages=71–82 |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.110194/2015.110194.The-Quarterly-Review-Of-Historical-Studies-Vol11-15-No1-31971-1976_djvu.txt }}</ref> There were an estimated 20,000 to 30,000 Pindari militia during the "Gardi-ka-wakt" ("period of unrest") in north-central India<ref>{{harvnb|Banerjee|1972|page=77}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Katare |first=Shyam Sunder |year=1972 |title=Patterns of Dacoity in India: A Case Study of Madhya Pradesh |location=New Delhi |publisher=S. Chand |page=26 }}</ref> around 1800–1815 CE, who plundered villages, captured people as slaves for sale,<ref name="Thompson2017p208">{{cite book|author=Edward Thompson|title=The Making of the Indian Princes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-2fDgAAQBAJ |year=2017|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-96604-7|pages=208–217, 219–221}}</ref> and challenged the authority of local Muslim sultanates, Hindu kingdoms, and the British colonies.<ref name="Woerkens2002p24">{{cite book|author=Martine van Woerkens|title=The Strangled Traveler: Colonial Imaginings and the Thugs of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5HPc_EgwUg8C |year=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85085-6|pages=24–35, 43}}</ref>

[[Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings|Francis Rawdon-Hastings]], the [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General of British India]], led an 120,000 strong force in early 19th-century against the Pindaris during the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]]; the campaign became known as the [[Pindari War]].<ref name=britannicapindari /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vartavarian |first=Mesrob |year=2016 |title=Pacification and Patronage in the Maratha Deccan, 1803–1818 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=50 |issue=6 |pages=1749–1791 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X16000044 |s2cid=151915975 }}</ref><ref name="Hardy1972p34">{{Cite book|first=Thomas |last=Hardy |year=1972 |title=The Muslims of British India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=34–39, 51–52 |isbn=978-0-521-09783-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDw4AAAAIAAJ }}</ref>

==Etymology==
The term ''Pindar'' may derive from ''[[Pindia|pinda]]'',<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=76c1VSYnPE0C|title=The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India|last=Russell|first=R. V.|date=1 January 1993|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120608337|language=en}}</ref> an intoxicating drink.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SyMmAQAAIAAJ|title=Nimar|last=(India)|first=Central Provinces|date=1 January 1908|publisher=Printed at the Pioneer Press|language=en}}</ref> It is a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] word that possibly connotes a "bundle of grass" or "who takes".<ref name=britannicapindari/> They are also referred to as ''Bidaris'' in some historic texts,<ref name="RaychaudhuriHabib1982p192">{{cite book|author1=Tapan Raychaudhuri|author2=Irfan Habib|author3=Dharma Kumar, Meghnad Desai|title=The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 1, C.1200-c.1750|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-s8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA192|year=1982|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-22692-9|pages=192–193}}</ref> indicating that they originally came from the [[Bidar district]] in central India.<ref name="mcel">{{cite book |last1=McEldowney |first1=Philip |title=Pindari Society and the Establishment of British Paramountcy in India |date=1966 |publisher=University of Wisconsin |url=https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/Ideas/pindaris.html#rise}}</ref>

==Appearance and society==
The Pindaris were horsemen who were mostly armed with a [[talwar]] and a large spear. They were organised into groups called ''durrahs'' each of which had a leader and were organised into different castes and classes. Allegiances were usually hereditary but membership of each ''durrah'' could be interchangeable.<ref name="mcel" />

The Pindaris were from a variety of traditional backgrounds, all of which appear to have been accepted within their society. In addition to their individual beliefs, the Pindaris worshipped Ramasah Veer, an ancient Pindari raider, as an icon. Pindari women would place small icons of horses in a shrine dedicated to Veer before the commencement of their raids, and the men would wear tokens stamped with his image.<ref name="mcel" /> The Pindaris were of all classes but most of their important leaders were Muslims. They converted many of their children and the men whom they took as prisoners. Many Hindus also became converts to obtain honourable association with the fellow Pindaris.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2TrUtBSkioC&q=pindari+muslims |page=200 |title=Census of India, 1931 Volume 20, Part 1 |author=India. Census Commissioner |date=1933 |publisher=Manager of Publications }}</reF>

The raids, called ''luhbur'', would be conducted in the dry-season starting from late October. During the rainy season, the Pindari would stay with their families in their native lands around the [[Narmada River]].<ref name="mcel" />

==History==
===Era of the Deccan Sultanates and the Mughal Empire===
[[File:Hutchinsonsstory00londuoft 0234.jpg|thumb|Pindaris loyal to [[Siraj-ud-Daulah]] carry out the [[Black Hole of Calcutta]] incident, 20 June 1756.]]

The first clear mention of Pindaris in historical texts occurs in the works of the [[Safavid Iran|Persian]] historian, [[Firishta]], who refers to them marching with the [[Mughal Army|Mughal armies]] of [[Aurangzeb]] during his 1689 campaign in the [[Deccan Plateau]].<ref name="mcel" /> Around the same time, the Italian traveler [[Niccolao Manucci]], in his memoir about the Mughal Empire, wrote about Bederia (Pidari), stating that "these are the first to invade the enemy's territory, where they plunder everything they find."<ref>{{cite book|author=Niccolò Manucci|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HOMUAQAAIAAJ|title=Storia do Mogor: or, Mogul India, 1653-1708. by Niccolao Manucci|publisher=Editions|year=1965|page=431|translator-last=Irvine|translator-first=William}}</ref>

According to Tapan Raychaudhuri et al., the Mughal Army "always had in its train the "Bidari" (as pronounced in [[Persian language|Persian]]), the privileged and recognized thieves who first plundered the enemy territory and everything they could find". The [[Deccan sultanates]] and Aurangzeb's campaign in central India deployed them against kingdoms such as [[Golconda Sultanate|Golconda]], and in [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]]. The unpaid cavalry got compensated for their services by "burning and looting everywhere".<ref name="RaychaudhuriHabib1982p192"/> The disintegration of the Muslim kingdoms of the Deccan led to the gradual disbandment of the Pindaris. These Muslim Pindaris were at that stage taken in the service of the Marathas. The inclusion of the Pindaris eventually became an indispensable part and parcel of the Maratha Army. As a class of freebooters in Maratha armies they acted as a "sort of roving cavalry...rendering them much the same service as the [[Cossacks]] for the armies of [[Russian Empire|Russia]]." The Pindaris would also later be used by kings such as [[Tipu Sultan]].<ref>{{cite book |url= https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.53026/page/n21/mode/2up?q=pindari |title=Origin growth and suppression of the Pindaris
|author= Roy, M.P. |date= 1973 }}</ref> The Hindu Marathas, in their war against the Mughals, evolved this concept by encouraging the Pindaris not only to plunder the Muslim territories in the north but gather and deliver food to their regular army. The Maratha army never carried provisions, and gathered their resources and provisions from the enemy territory as they invaded and conquered more regions of the collapsing Mughal state.<ref name="RaychaudhuriHabib1982p192"/> According to the historian Richard Eaton, plunder of frontier regions was a part of the strategy that contributed wealth and propelled the Sultanate systems in the Indian subcontinent.{{sfn|Richard M. Eaton|2005|pp=24-25}} Plunder, along with taxes and tribute payments contributed to growing imperial revenues for the Mughal rulers.{{sfn|John Richards|1995|pp=8-9, 58, 69}}

The Bidaris of the Aurangzeb's army and the Pindaris of the Maratha army extended this tradition of violence and plunder in their pursuit of the political and ideological wars. [[Shivaji]], and later his successors, included the Pindaris in their war strategy. Deploying the Pindaris, they plundered the Mughal and Sultanate territories surrounding the Maratha Empire and used the plundered wealth to sustain the Maratha Army.{{sfn|John Richards|1995|pp=207-208, 212, 215-220}}<ref name="Roy2011p102"/><ref name=cooper2003p32 /><ref>{{cite book|author=Abraham Eraly|title=Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=04ellRQx4nMC&pg=PA471 |year=2000 |publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-100143-2|pages=471–472}}</ref><ref name=Farrell>{{cite book|author1=Jack Fairey|author2=Brian P. Farrell|title=Empire in Asia: A New Global History: From Chinggisid to Qing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IlFuDwAAQBAJ |year=2018|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4725-9123-4|pages=144–145}}</ref>

The devastation and disruption by the Pindaris not only strengthened the Marathas, the Pindaris helped weaken and frustrate the Muslim sultans in preserving a stable kingdom they could rule or rely on for revenues.{{sfn|John Richards|1995|pp=207-208, 212, 215-220}}<ref name="Roy2011p102"/><ref name=cooper2003p32 /> The Maratha strategy also embarrassed Aurangzeb and his court.<ref name=Farrell/> The same Pindari-assisted strategy help the Marathas block and reverse the Mughal era gains in South India as far as [[Gingee]] and [[Tiruchirappalli]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Jos J. L. Gommans|author-link=Jos Gommans|title=Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire, 1500-1700 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vA3YVOt9QZUC&pg=PA187 |year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press| isbn=978-0-415-23989-9 |pages= 191–192, context: 187–198}}</ref>

===Maratha era===
{{See also|Maratha Confederacy}}

Marathas adopted the Bidaris militia of the earlier era. Their Pindaris were not from any particular religion or caste.<ref name="Roy2011p102">{{cite book|author=Kaushik Roy|title=War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740-1849 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zp0FbTniNaYC&pg=PA102 |year=2011|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-79087-4|pages=102–103, 125–126}}; {{cite book|author=Robert Vane Russell|title=The principal castes and tribes of the Central Provinces|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUgzAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA388|year=1916|publisher=Macmillan and Company, limited|pages=388–397}}</ref> Most of the Pindari leaders who plundered for the Marathas were Muslims, such as Gardi Khan and Ghats-u-Din who were employed by the Maratha [[Peshwa]] [[Balaji Baji Rao]].<ref name="mcel" /> Other famed Pindari leaders in the historic literature include Namdar Khan, Dost Mohammad, Wasil Mohammad, [[Chitu Khan]], Khajeh Bush, Fazil Khan and Amir Khan.<ref>{{cite book|author=R.S. Chaurasia|title=History of the Marathas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D_v3Y7hns8QC&pg=PA158|year=2004|publisher=Atlantic Publishers |isbn=978-81-269-0394-8|pages=158–159}}</ref> Similarly, Hindu leaders of Pindaris included the Gowaris, Alande, Ghyatalak, Kshirsagar, Ranshing and Thorat.<ref>{{cite book|author=LKA Iyer|title=Mysore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9jbqGLH7ioC&pg=PA393|year=1965|publisher=Mittal Publications|pages=393–395|id=GGKEY:HRFC6GWCY6D}}</ref> Hindu [[Sannyasa|ascetics]] and monks were another pool that volunteered as militia to save their [[Hindu temple|temples]] and villages from the Muslim invaders but also disrupted enemy supply lines and provided reconnaissance to the Marathas.<ref name="Barendse2009p1519">{{cite book|author=Rene Barendse|title=Arabian Seas 1700 - 1763 (4 vols.)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fCywCQAAQBAJ |year=2009|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-474-3002-5|pages=1518–1520}}</ref>

According to Randolf Cooper, the Pindaris who served the Marathas were a volunteer militia that included men and their wives, along with enthusiastic followers that sometimes swelled to some 50,000 people at the frontline of a war. They moved swiftly and performed the following duties: destabilize enemy's standing army and state apparatus by creating chaos; isolate enemy armed units by harassing them, provoke and waste enemy resources; break or confuse the logistical and communication lines of the enemy; gather intelligence about the size and armament of the enemy; raid enemy food and fodder to supply resources for the Marathas and deplete the same for the enemy.<ref name=cooper2003p32/>

The Pindaris of the Marathas did not attack the enemy infantry, rather operated by picketing the civilians, outposts, trade routes and the territorial sidelines. Once the confusion had set in among the enemy ranks, the trained and armed contingents of the Marathas attacked the enemy army. The Marathas, in some cases, collected ''palpatti'' – a form of tax – from the hordes of their Pindari plunderers to participate with them during their invasions.<ref name=cooper2003p32/>

The Pindaris were a major resource for the Marathas, but they also created problems when they raided and plundered the Maratha allies. Shivaji introduced extensive regulations to check and manage the targeted predatory actions of the Pindari.<ref name=cooper2003p32/>

During the [[Third Battle of Panipat]], [[Vishwasrao]] was in command of thousands of Pindari units.

From 1784, Shinde began recruiting large amounts of Indian Muslim cavalrymen from Mughal, [[Farrukhabad]] and [[Rohilkhand]] regions.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_qDeAAAAMAAJ&q=pindaris+rohilkhand |title= The Sepoys and the Company: Tradition and Transition in Northern India, 1770-1830 |author=Seema Alavi |page=216 |date=1995 |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-563484-6 }}</ref> At a time when the Marathas would mobilize 78,000 cavalry, 27,000 were Pindari Muslim cavalry.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=SUYqAQAAIAAJ&q=pindaris%20rohilkhand |title= The Journal of Military History: Volume 69, Issues 3-4 |publisher=Virginia Military Institute and the George C. Marshall Foundation |date=2005 |page= 675 }}</ref>

===British Empire era===
[[File:The villagers burning themselves to avoid Pindaris, 1815.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Villagers committing suicide by burning themselves during a Pindari raid]]

Most of the Pindaris in this time were from [[History of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]] and northern parts of [[Malwa]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CrlhAAAAIAAJ&q=pindaris+northern+malwa+hindustan |title=English Records of Maratha History: The Treaty of Bassein and the Anglo-Maratha War in the Deccan 1802-1804 |page=214 |author=Sir Jadunath Sarkar |publisher=Government Central Press |date=1951 }}</ref> The decline of Muslim rule in northern India, for the Indian Muslim elite, meant the destruction of a way of life more than a destruction of livelihood. The [[East India Company]]'s disciplined armies based on the well-drilled musketeer provided little employment and had little use for irregular cavalry. Many of these Indian Muslim cavalrymen, seeking employment, would join the Pindaris.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RDw4AAAAIAAJ&dq=india+british+muslim+disband+cavalry&pg=PA35 |title= The Muslims of British India |page=35 |author= Hardy |date= 7 December 1972 |publisher= CUP Archive |isbn= 9780521084888 }}</ref> These unemployed Muslim soldiers from the land of [[Awadh State|Awadh]] and Rohilkhand in Uttar Pradesh began ravaging and desolating central India, armed with twelve-foot long spears.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=SUYqAQAAIAAJ&q=pindaris+rohilkhand |title= The Journal of Military History: Volume 69, Issues 3-4 |date= 14 August 2023 |page=675 |publisher=Indian Historical Records Commission }}</ref>

With the decline of the prestige of Maratha power in India, the Pindaris almost became supreme.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kgEeAQAAIAAJ&q=unemployed+pindaris+northern+india |title= Proceedings of Meetings: Volume 14 | publisher=Indian Historical Records Commission |date=1938 |page=213 }}</ref> After the arrival of the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] among the chaos of a collapsed Mughal Confederacy and the weakening of the Maratha leadership, the Pindaris became a semi-independent power centred in the area just north of the [[Narmada River]].<ref name="mcel" /> By late 18th-century, the Maratha Confederacy had fragmented, the British colonial era had arrived and the Pindaris had transformed from being involved in regional wars to looting for the sake of their own and their leaders' wealth.<ref name="Thompson2017p208"/> They conducted raids for plunder to enrich themselves, or to whichever state was willing to hire them. Sometimes they worked for both sides in a conflict, causing heavy damages to the civilian populations of both sides. They advanced through central India, [[History of Gujarat|Gujarat]] and Malwa, with protection from rulers from [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]] and [[Indore State|Indore]].<ref name=britannicapindari/><ref name=kothiyal/><ref name=ward/> With the plundered wealth, they had also acquired cannons and more deadly military equipment to challenge local troops and law enforcement personnel. The Amir Khan-linked Pindaris, for example, brought 200 canons to seize and plunder [[Jaipur State|Jaipur]].<ref name="Thompson2017p218">{{cite book|author=Edward Thompson|title=The Making of the Indian Princes|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-2fDgAAQBAJ |year= 2017|publisher= Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-96604-7|pages=179–180, 218–223}}</ref> According to Edward Thompson, the Pindaris led by Amir Khan and those led by Muhammad Khan had become nearly independent mobile satellite confederacy that launched annual loot and plunder campaigns, after the monsoon harvest season, on rural and urban settlements. Along with cash, produce and family wealth, these Pindari leaders took people as slaves for sale. They attacked regions under British control, the Hindu [[Raja|rajas]], and the Muslim [[Nawab|nawabs]].<ref name="Thompson2017p208"/>

In 1812 and 1813 the Pindaris conducted successful plundering raids on [[Mirzapur]] and [[Surat]] which were located in areas controlled by the British. In 1816, they undertook an extensive expedition into the East India Company territories around the [[Guntur district]], raiding 339 villages and taking an estimated £100,000 worth of loot. Some of the inhabitants of village Ainavolu committed suicide by throwing themselves into the flames of their burning houses. The British reacted, not only to the financial cost of these raids, but also to the loss of trust the inhabitants had in them as a protective power. They established military outposts south of the Narmada River which contained the Pindaris and prevented any further raids.<ref name="mcel" />

===Pindari War (1817-19)===
Ultimately, the British East India Company under the governorship of [[Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings|Lord Hastings]] became so frustrated with Pindari raids that they formed the largest military force they had ever assembled in India to launch a campaign against the Pindaris known as the [[Pindari War]].<ref name="mcel" /> Rawdon-Hastings, with the approval of the Court of Directors of the [[British East India Company|East India Company]], also utilized this 120,000 strong force to fight against the remaining Maratha forces and annex their remaining territories in what became known as the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]].<ref name="mapw">{{cite book |last1=Burton |first1=R.G. |title=The Mahratta And Pindari War |date=1910 |publisher=Government Press |location=Simla |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284400/mode/2up}}</ref> From November 1817 until 1819, the British military force entered the Malwa and Maratha regions which were traditional Pindari strongholds; according to the [[Encyclopædia Britannica]], the "Pindaris themselves offered little resistance; most of the leaders surrendered, and their followers dispersed".<ref name=britannicapindari/><ref name=kothiyal>{{cite book|author=Tanuja Kothiyal|title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-08031-7|pages=109–113, 116–120 with footnotes}}</ref><ref name=ward>{{cite book|author1=Adolphus William Ward|author2=George Walter Prothero|author3=Stanley Mordaunt Leathes|title=The Cambridge Modern History: The growth of nationalities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7oBGAQAAMAAJ |year=1969|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=725–727}}</ref><ref name="mapw" />

In addition to the military action, the British East India Company also offered regular employment to some of the Pindari militia by converting them into a separate contingent of its [[Presidency armies|own forces]]. A minority were given jobs as police and offered pensions or [[nawab]] positions along with land to their leaders such as Namdar Khan and Amir Khan.<ref name="Hardy1972p34"/> [[Chitu Khan]], who was a Muslim of [[Jats|Jat]] origin born near [[Old Delhi|Delhi]], harbored violent anti-British feelings, saying he would "ravage and destroy the country of the English". Not given any clemency, he hid in a jungle where he was continuously tracked by authorities and eventually was killed by a tiger.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5HPc_EgwUg8C&dq=chitu+khan+british&pg=PA25 |title=The Strangled Traveler |page=25 |author=Martine van Woerkens |year=2002 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226850856 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNoz_F_wQPkC&dq=chitu+khan+jat&pg=PA220 |title=Britain's Empire: Resistance, Repression and Revolt |page=220 |author=Richard Gott |year=2011 |publisher=Verso Books |isbn=9781844677382 }}</ref>

==In popular culture==

* [[Veer (2010 film)|Veer]], a 2010 film directed by [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]] and starring [[Salman Khan]], depicts the story of a Pindari warrior named Veer Pratap Singh who fought against British colonial rule in [[Rajasthan]].
* In the film [[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]], when [[Amarendra Baahubali|Amarendra Bahubali]] visit [[Kuntala country|Kuntala Kingdom]] he successfully nullifies the attack of Pindari and save the state.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Meena Iyer|date=May 2, 2017 |title=Baahubali 2: The Conclusion Plot Summary {{!}} Hindi Movie News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-plot-summary/articleshow/58482573.cms |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
* A tribe of Pindaris terrorize British Indian villages in ''[[Devil: The British Secret Agent]]'', they're hired by Kenneth Bracken to violate and kill [[Azad Hind Fauj]] resistance member Nyshadha until Devil saves her.

==See also==
*[[Thuggee]]
*[[Bargi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book|author=Randolf Cooper|title=The Anglo-Maratha Campaigns and the Contest for India: The Struggle for Control of the South Asian Military Economy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qweZWra_tbwC |year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-82444-6}}
*{{cite book|author=Richard M. Eaton|title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761: Eight Indian Lives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGd2huLXEVYC |year=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-25484-7}}
*{{cite book|author=John Richards|title=The Mughal Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4evztAEACAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-511-58406-0}}

==External links==
* [http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/Ideas/pindaris.html Pindari Society and the Establishment of British Paramountcy in India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515114520/http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/Ideas/pindaris.html |date=15 May 2012 }}
* ''Pindari'' in [https://books.google.com/books?id=xGXhAAAAMAAJ&dq=pindara+caste&pg=PA388 The tribes and castes of the central provinces of India], Volume 1, by R.V. Russell, R.B.H. Lai

[[Category:Military history of India]]
[[Category:History of Malwa]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:History of law enforcement in India]]
[[Category:Looting in India]]

Chingkhong Thonggraiba

2026-02-26T07:16:30Z

ChristenaMcGraw: Made First Article W/ Infobox

{{Infobox royalty
| name = Chingkhong Thonggraiba
| title = Khuman Ningthou
| reign-type = [[Monarch]]
| reign = 900 CE – 930 CE
| predecessor = [[Thongleirom]]
| successor = [[Siyarong]]
| spouse = Nganurol Chanu Chingsombi
| issue = Siyarong, Purankhnoushiba, Thonghan, Thanongyai, Laipa
| house = [[Khuman dynasty]]
| father = Thongleirom
| mother = Nganurol Khaithiba Chanu
| religion = [[Sanamahism]]
| occupation = Monarch
}}
{{Khuman Kingdom}}
{{Meitei people}}
'''Adon Chingkhong Thonggraiba''' ({{Langx|omp|Aton Chingkhong Thongkalaipa}}) was a ruler of the [[Khuman dynasty]] who reigned from '''900 CE to 930 CE'''.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466994/page/২৭/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleirol|last=Khelchandra Singh|first=Ningthoukhongjam|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1980|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra}}</ref><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465221/page/n9/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron|last=Ibobi|first=Laikhuram|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni}}</ref>

He was the contemporary of King [[Ayangba]] of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]], who ruled from '''821 CE to 910 CE'''.<ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra3">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466468/page/10/mode/thumb|title=Khuman Ningthouron Lambuba|last=Kullachandra Sharma|first=B|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1998|location=India|language=mni|author-link=Bachaspatimayum Jayantakumar Sharma}}</ref>

== Alliance with Moirang and the Founding of Khuman Lineages ==
During his reign, Chingkhong Thonggraiba formed an alliance with the people of [[Ancient Moirang|Moirang]] and led a military campaign against '''Luwang Phantek''', a settlement located in '''Lamangdong''' (''present-day [[Bishnupur, Manipur|Bishnupur]])''. The combined forces successfully destroyed the area.

Following the campaign, Thonggraiba married '''Chingyai Nganu Chanu'''. They had five sons: '''[[Siyarong]]''', '''Purankhnoushiba''', '''Thonghan''', '''Thanongyai''', and '''Laipa'''.<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" /><ref name=":Khuman_Ningthouron_Lambuba_Kullachandra3" /><ref name=":Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba3">{{Cite book |last=Kullachandra |first=B. |author-link=Bachaspatimayum Jayantakumar Sharma |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465404/page/n9/mode/thumb |title=Khumal Ningthourol Lambuba |date=1989-03-15 |publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive |location=India |language=mni}}</ref>

These sons later became the ancestral figures of various branches within the [[Khuman dynasty]].<ref name=":Khuman Kangleirol_Khelchandra" /><ref name=":Khuman Kangleiron Amasung Laikhuram Shageigee Meihouron" />

== References ==
<references responsive="1"></references>

[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Khuman kings]]
[[Category:10th-century Indian monarchs]]

Umred Pauni Karhandla Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-25T03:47:46Z

ChristenaMcGraw: started details - done

{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Umred-Pauni-Karhandla Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| image =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_size =
| map = India Maharashtra#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| location = [[Nagpur district]] and [[Bhandara district]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Nagpur]] {{cvt|58|km}}
| coordinates = {{coords|20|50|08|N|79|30|40|E|display=inline, title}}
| area = {{cvt|189|km2}}
| established = 2013
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = State Forest Department [http://www.mahaforest.nic.in/project_tiger_detail.php?sat_id=14 Maharashtra Forest Department]
| website = {{URL|http://www.mahapenchtiger.com/Bor/Umred-Karhandala.aspx}}
}}

'''Umred-Pauni-Karhandla Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a [[nature reserve]] in the state of [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]]. It is bounded roughly by the [[Wainganga river]] and the [[Gose Khurd Dam]] in the [[Bhandara district|Bhandara]] and [[Nagpur district]]s.<ref name="mahapenchtiger">{{cite web|url=http://www.mahapenchtiger.com/Umred-Karhandla.aspx|title=Umred-Karhandla Wildlife Sanctuary|publisher=mahapenchtiger.com|access-date=2014-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407091952/http://www.mahapenchtiger.com/Umred-Karhandla.aspx|archive-date=7 April 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Wildlife==
[[File:5W7A3518 (2).jpg|thumb|Bengal tiger in Umred Karhandla Wildlife Sanctuary]]
Umred Pauni Karhandla Wildlife Sanctuary harbours [[Bengal tiger|tiger]], [[leopard]], [[dhole]], [[sloth bear]], [[gaur]], [[nilgai]], [[Sambar deer|sambar]] and other deer species.<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web |date=18 May 2013 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Umrer-Karhandla-sanctuary-opens-today/articleshow/20114155.cms |title=Umrer-Karhandla sanctuary opens today |work=The Times of India |access-date=2014-04-06}}</ref><ref name="sanctuaryasia">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.sanctuaryasia.com/resources/ngo-profiles/9585-the-wildlife-conservation-and-development-centre.html |title=The Wildlife Conservation And Development Centre |work=Sanctuary Asia |access-date=2014-06-28 |archive-date=8 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408211924/http://www.sanctuaryasia.com/resources/ngo-profiles/9585-the-wildlife-conservation-and-development-centre.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Birds ===
There are more than 90 species of birds belonging to 22 families of 12 different orders recorded in the sanctuary. This includes over 10 species of migratory birds and over seven species of [[endangered species|endangered]] birds.{{cn|date=August 2025}}

=== Reptiles ===
The reserve is home to over 26 species of reptiles belonging to eleven families, of which six species are endangered, namely, [[Indian cobra]], [[Russell's viper]], [[Python molurus|Indian rock python]], [[Ptyas mucosus|Indian rat snake]], [[Fowlea piscator|Chequered keelback]] and [[monitor lizard]].<ref name="PTPM">{{cite web |url= http://mahapenchtiger.com/Bor_Wildlife.aspx |title= Umred-Karhandla Wildlife Sanctuary |work=Pench Tiger Reserve |publisher=Pench Tiger Project Maharashtra |date= |access-date=14 October 2025|url-status =dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717024521/http://mahapenchtiger.com/Bor_Wildlife.aspx |archive-date=17 July 2012}}</ref>

== Conservation ==
Several water management programs have been created by the NGO [[Wildlife Trust of India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nagzira-tiger-migrates-to-umred-karhandla-sanctuary/PDAET/articleshow/23621645.cms|title=Nagzira tiger migrates to Umred-Karhandla sanctuary |work=The Economic Times on Mobile |access-date=2014-06-28}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official|http://www.mahapenchtiger.com/Bor/Umred-Karhandala.aspx}}

{{Tiger Reserves Of India}}
{{Nagpur district topics}}

[[Category:Tiger reserves of India]]
[[Category:Nagpur district]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 2013]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Nagpur district]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Suraj Panwar

2026-02-25T03:08:48Z

ChristenaMcGraw: started details - done

{{Short description|Indian racewalker}}
'''Suraj Panwar''' (born 2 April 2001) is an Indian athlete from [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suraj PANWAR {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Athletics |url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/india/suraj-panwar-14768634 |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=worldathletics.org}}</ref> He takes part in [[20km race walk]]. He is selected to represent India in the [[India at the 2024 Summer Olympics|2024 Summer Olympics]] at Paris in 20 km marathon race walking mixed relay team along with [[Priyanka Goswami]] . He won a silver at the [[2018 Summer Youth Olympics]] in men's 20 km race walk.

== Early life ==
Panwar is from Karbari Grant village, 15 km from [[Dehradun]], Uttarakhand.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Selvaraj |first=Jonathan |date=2024-01-31 |title=Year after he missed Olympic qualification by 1 second, Suraj Panwar makes no mistake this time |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/athletics/suraj-panwar-qualifies-for-paris-olympics-a-year-after-missing-out-by-1-second/article67795340.ece |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Panwar made the cut to the [[2024 Summer Olympics]] in Paris through world rankings while three other Indian race walkers qualified after meeting the entry standard. [[Akshdeep Singh]], [[Ram Baboo]], [[Vikash Singh (athlete)|Vikash Singh]] and [[Paramjeet Singh Bisht]] were the other Indian race walkers who qualified for the 2024 Olympics.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-19 |title=Race walkers Vikash Singh, Paramjeet Singh Bisht qualify for 2024 Olympics and 2023 World C'ships in 20km event |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/race-walkers-vikash-paramjeet-qualify-for-2024-olympics-and-2023-world-cships-in-20km-event/articleshow/98770159.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-07-06 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{sports links}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suraj, Panwar}}
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Athletes from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men race walkers]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2024 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics]]

{{India-athletics-bio-stub}}

Gayathri Venugopalan

2026-02-15T02:27:57Z

ChristenaMcGraw:

{{short description|Indian cricket umpire}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Gayathri Venugopalan
| image =
| country = India
| fullname = Gayathri Venugopalan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1979|06|07|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| batting =
| role = [[Umpire (cricket)|Umpire]]
| umpire = true
| odisumpired =
| umpodidebutyr =
| umpodilastyr =
| t20isumpired =
| umpt20idebutyr =
| umpt20ilastyr =
| wtestsumpired = 1
| umpwtestdebutyr = 2024
| umpwtestlastyr =
| wodisumpired = 8
| umpwodidebutyr = 2022
| umpwodilastyr = 2025
| wt20isumpired = 26
| umpwt20idebutyr = 2022
| umpwt20ilastyr = 2026
| fcumpired = 3
| umpfcdebutyr = 2023
| umpfclastyr = 2024
| date = 16 December 2024
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/gayathri-venugopalan-1316306 ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''Gayathri Venugopalan''' (born 7 June 1979) is an Indian [[cricket umpire]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/gayathri-venugopalan-1316306|title=Gayathri Venugopalan |access-date=16 December 2024 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> She was one of the female umpires named by the ICC to stand in matches in the [[2025 Under-19 Women's T20 World Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Match officials announced for ICC U19 Women’s T20 World Cup 2025 |url=https://www.crictracker.com/cricket-news/match-officials-announced-for-icc-u19-womens-t20-world-cup-2025-9706/ |access-date=2025-01-13 |work=CricTracker}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/u19-womens-world-cup-2025/59738-match-officials-for-icc-u19-womens-t20-world-cup-2025-announced.html |title=Match Officials for ICC U19 Women’s T20 World Cup 2025 Announced |work=Female Cricket |access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref> She was one of the on-field umpire in 2025 Under-19 Women's T20 World Cup to officiate in semi-final along with Nitin Bathi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/match-officials-announced-for-semi-finals-of-icc-women-s-u19-t20-world-cup |title=Match officials announced for semi-finals of ICC Women’s U19 T20 World Cup |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=4 February 2025}}</ref>

On 10 January 2023, she along with [[Vrinda Rathi]] and [[Narayanan Janani]] became the first woman umpires to stand as an on-field umpire in a [[Ranji Trophy|men's domestic fixture in India]], when she was one of the umpires in the match between [[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]] and [[Chhattisgarh cricket team|Chhattisgarh]] in the [[2022–23 Ranji Trophy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women umpires Rathi, Janani and Gayathri make history in Ranji Trophy |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/women-umpires-vrinda-rathi-janani-narayanan-and-gayathri-venugopalan-make-history-at-ranji-trophy-1353118 |access-date=10 January 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline}}
* {{cricinfo|id=1316306}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venugopalan, Gayathri}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women cricket umpires]]
[[Category:Indian cricket umpires]]
[[Category:Indian Twenty20 International cricket umpires]]
[[Category:Indian One Day International cricket umpires]]

Malavika Harita

2026-02-08T12:05:02Z

ChristenaMcGraw: created first stub and citations.

{{short description|Indian executive}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Malavika Harita
| occupation =
|alma_mater = [[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore]]

| title = {{nowrap|Former CEO of Saatchi & Saatchi Focus}}
}}

'''Malavika Harita''' is an Indian executive who is the former CEO of advertising and communications company Saatchi & Saatchi Focus that has now been rechristened to [[Publicis Health & Publicis Business]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Saatchi & Saatchi Focus rechristened to Publicis Health & Publicis Business|url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/saatchi-saatchi-focus-rechristened-to-publicis-health-publicis-business/68477626}}</ref> She is also the president of Ad club of [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Saatchi & Saatchi Focus CEO Malavika Harita is president of Bangalore Ad Club|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/marketing/mam/saatchi-saatchi-focus-ceo-malavika-harita-is-president-of-bangalore-ad-club}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Malavika completed her masters from [[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore]] in 1982.<ref>{{cite news|title=Busybee of the ad world|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/columns/work/Busybee-of-the-ad-world/articleshow/25072248.cms}}</ref>

==Career==
Malavika started her professional career at [[HMT (India)|HMT Watches]] in an advertising and sales promotion function and joined Saatchi in 1993 after a stint at Mudra Communications. She also teaches advertising and brand management at various postgraduate institutes of management and communication in India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Advertising professional enters IIMB wall of fame|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/advertising-professional-enters-iimb-wall-of-fame/article5269326.ece}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
Malavika was the first woman to be awarded the Distinguished Alumni Award by IIM Bangalore.<ref>{{cite news|title=An opportunity, not a challenge: Malavika Harita|url=http://www.iimb.ernet.in/node/3987|archive-date=22 April 2017|access-date=28 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422010754/http://www.iimb.ernet.in/node/3987|url-status=dead}}</ref> She was one of the first Gurukul Chevening Scholars, selected by the British Government for a special program under Lord [[Meghnad Desai]] at [[London School of Economics]] on Globalization.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Harita, Malavika}}
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Bangalore alumni]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women chief executives]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Mahavir Singh (revolutionary)

2026-02-08T12:02:34Z

ChristenaMcGraw: created basic biography w/ infobox.

{{Short description|Indian revolutionary and independence fighter (1904–1933)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mahavir Singh Rathore
| image = Revolutionary Mahavir Singh.jpg
| caption = Singh in 1931
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1904|09|16}}
| birth_place = Shahpur Tahla, [[Etah district|Etah]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1933|05|17|1904|09|16}}
| death_place = [[Port Blair]], [[Andaman Islands]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_cause = [[Force-feeding]]
| organization = [[Naujawan Bharat Sabha]]
| known_for = [[Indian independence movement]]
}}

'''Mahavir Singh Rathore''' (16 September 1904 — 17 May 1933) was an Indian revolutionary and independence fighter in the 1930s.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Andaman and Nicobar Islands: A Saga of Freedom Struggle|last=Murthy|first=R. V. R.|publisher=Kalpaz Publications|year=2011|isbn=978-8178359038}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Bejoy Kumar Sinha: A Revolutionary's Quest for Sacrifice|last=Sinha|first=Srirajyam|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|year=1993}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|title=Mahavir Singh Rathore: An unsung national hero|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051031/jal.htm|last=Shukla|first=Anuradha|date=31 October 2005|work=Tribune India|access-date=13 February 2017}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite book|title=Sansad Bangali Charitavidhan (Bengali)|last1=Sengupta|first1=Subodh|last2=Basu|first2=Anjali|publisher=Sahitya Sansad|year=2002|isbn=81-85626-65-0|location=Kolkata|pages=586, 589}}</ref> Singh was a member of [[Naujawan Bharat Sabha]]. He helped in the escape of [[Bhagat Singh]], [[Batukeshwar Dutt]] and [[Durgawati Devi]] from Mozang House in [[Lahore]].<ref name=":3" /> He was arrested as part of the [[Bhagat Singh#Lahore Conspiracy Case|Second Lahore Conspiracy Case]] and took part in the [[hunger strike]] of 1933 to protest the treatment of prisoners along with [[Mohit Moitra]] (convicted in [[Arms Act, 1959|Arms Act]] Case), [[Mohan Kishore Namadas]] (also convicted in Arms Act Case). and 30 others. Singh died on 17 May 1933 due to [[force feeding]]. [[Mohit Moitra]] and [[Mohan Kishore Namadas]] also [[died]] during the hunger strike.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /> A statue was erected in front of the [[Cellular Jail]] in his honor.

== Early life ==
Mahavir Singh was born in [[Rajput]] ([[Thakur (caste)|Thakur]]) family on Shahpur Tahla in Kasganj District (then [[tehsil]] of district Etah) of [[Uttar Pradesh]] on 16 September 1904. His father was Debi Singh.<ref name=":4" /> He became involved in revolutionary activity while studying in [[DAV College, Kanpur]].<ref name=":3" />

== Revolutionary activities ==
Mahavir Singh was a member of [[Naujawan Bharat Sabha]]. He helped in the escape of [[Bhagat Singh]], [[Batukeshwar Dutt]] and [[Durgawati Devi]] from Mauzang House in [[Lahore]].<ref name=":3" />

He was arrested as part of the [[Bhagat Singh|Second Lahore Conspiracy Case]] and took part in the Hunger Strike of 1933 to protest the treatment of prisoners along with [[Mohit Moitra]] (convicted in [[Bhagat Singh|Arms Act Case]]) and [[Mohan Kishore Namadas]] (convicted in Arms Act Case) and 30 others.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" />

== Death ==
Mahavir Singh died on 17 May 1933 due to [[force feeding]]. [[Mohit Moitra]] and [[Mohan Kishore Namadas]] also [[died]] during the Hunger Strike.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />

==Popular culture==
*In 2023 63rd Episode of [[Swaraj (TV series)|''Swaraj'']] included a full episode on Mahavir Singh. The title role of Mahavir Singh was played by actor [[Shagun Pandey]] and aired on [[DD National]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Mahavir}}
[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
[[Category:1933 deaths]]
[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:People from Etah]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]
[[Category:Indian people who died in prison custody]]

Pre-sectarian Buddhism

2026-02-05T13:34:46Z

ChristenaMcGraw: Starting New Post!

{{EarlyBuddhism}}
{{TheravadaBuddhism|History}}
{{short description|Form of early Buddhism}}
'''Pre-sectarian Buddhism''',{{sfn|Hurvitz|1976}} also called '''early Buddhism''',{{sfn|Nakamura|1989}}{{sfn|Hirakawa|1990}} '''the earliest Buddhism''',{{sfn|Gombrich|1997|p=11-12}}{{sfn|Jong|1993|p=25}} '''original Buddhism''',{{sfn|Warder|1999}} and '''primitive Buddhism''',{{sfn|Mizuno Kogen|1982|p=16}} is Buddhism as theorised to have existed before the various [[early Buddhist schools]] developed, around 250 BCE (followed by later [[Schools of Buddhism|subsects of Buddhism]]).{{sfn|Sujato|2012|p={{pn|date=October 2020}}}}{{sfn|Sujato|2012|pp=81–82}}

The contents and teachings of this pre-sectarian Buddhism must be deduced or re-constructed from the [[Early Buddhist Texts|earliest Buddhist texts]], which by themselves are already sectarian.{{refn|group=quote|name="Hurvitz"}}{{refn|group=quote|name="Jong"}}{{refn|group=note|name="Warder"}} The whole subject remains intensely debated by scholars, not all of whom believe a meaningful reconstruction is possible.

"Early Buddhism" may also be used for considerably later periods.

==Name==
Various terms are being used to refer to the earliest period of Buddhism:
* "Pre-sectarian Buddhism"{{sfn|Hurvitz|1976}}
* "Early Buddhism",{{sfn|Hirakawa|1990}}{{sfn|Nakamura|1989}}
* "The earliest Buddhism",{{sfn|Gombrich|1997|p=11 -12}}
* "Original Buddhism",{{sfn|Warder|1999}}{{refn|group=note|name="Warder"|A. K. Warder: "...a reconstruction of the original Buddhism presupposed by the traditions of the different schools known to us."{{sfn|Warder|1999}}}}
* "The Buddhism of the Buddha himself."{{sfn|Warder|1999}}{{refn|group=note|This kernel of doctrine is presumably common Buddhism of the period "before the schisms of the fourth and third centuries BC. It may be substantially the Buddhism of the Buddha himself."{{sfn|Warder|1999}}}}
* Precanonical Buddhism{{sfn|Lindtner|1997}}
* Primitive Buddhism{{sfn|Mizuno Kogen|1982|p=16}}

Some Japanese scholars refer to the subsequent period of the [[early Buddhist schools]] as ''sectarian Buddhism''.{{sfn|Nakamura|1989}}{{sfn|Hirakawa|1990}}

==Timespan==
[[File:Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png|thumb|The [[Mahajanapadas]] were sixteen most powerful and vast kingdoms and republics around the lifetime of [[Gautama Buddha]], located mainly across the fertile [[Indo-Gangetic plains]]. There were also a number of smaller kingdoms stretching the length and breadth of [[Ancient India]].]]

Pre-sectarian Buddhism may refer to the earliest Buddhism, the ideas and practices of [[Gautama Buddha]] himself. It may also refer to early Buddhism as existing until the first documented split in the [[sangha]].{{sfn|Mun-keat|2000|p=ix}} According to [[Lambert Schmithausen]], it is "the canonical period prior to the development of different schools with their different positions."<ref>Schmithausen (1987) “Part I: Earliest Buddhism,” Panels of the VIIth World Sanskrit Conference Vol. II: Earliest Buddhism and Madhyamaka, ed. David Seyfort Ruegg and Lambert Schmithausen, Leiden: Kern Institute, pp. 1–4.</ref>

Contrary to the claim of doctrinal stability, early Buddhism was a dynamic movement.{{sfn|Warder|2000|p=262}} Pre-sectarian Buddhism may have included or incorporated other [[Śramaṇa|Śramaṇic schools of thought]],{{sfn|Vetter|1988|pp=101–106}}{{refn|group=note|See also [[Atthakavagga and Parayanavagga#Interpretation as heterodox]].}} as well as [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic]] and [[Jainism|Jain]] ideas and practices.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993}}{{sfn|Lindtner|1997}}{{sfn|Lindtner|1999}}{{sfn|Wynne|2007}}

The period of "Early Buddhism" in the sense of pre-sectarian Buddhism is considered by scholars such as Paul J. Griffiths and Steven Collins to be from the time of the historical Buddha to the reign of [[Ashoka]] (c. 268 to 232 BCE).<ref>Griffiths, Paul J. (1983) “Buddhist Jhana: A Form-Critical Study”, Religion 13, pp. 55–68.</ref><ref>Collins, Steven (1990) “On the Very Idea of the Pali Canon”, Journal of the Pali Text Society 15, pp. 89–126.</ref> The first documented split occurred, according to most scholars, between the [[second Buddhist council]] and the [[third Buddhist council]].{{sfn|Cox|2004|p=502}} Lamotte and Hirakawa both maintain that the first schism in the Buddhist sangha occurred during the reign of Ashoka.<ref>Lamotte, Étienne (1988) ''History of Indian Buddhism: From the Origins to the Śaka Era,'' translated from the French by Sara Boin-Webb, Louvain: Peeters Press</ref><ref>Hirakawa, Akira (1990), [https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/23030 ''A History of Indian Buddhism: From Sakyamuni to Early Mahāyāna''], tr. Paul Groner, University of Hawaii Press</ref> According to scholar Collett Cox "most scholars would agree that even though the roots of the earliest recognised groups predate [[Ashoka|Aśoka]], their actual separation did not occur until after his death."{{sfn|Cox|1995|p=23}}

The first post-schismatic groups are often stated to be the [[Sthavira Nikāya]] and the [[Mahāsāṃghika]].{{refn|group=note|Collett Cox: "Virtually all later sources agree that the first schism within the early Buddhist community occurred with the separation of the Mahasamghika school, or 'those of the great community,' from the remaining monks referred to as Sthaviras, or the 'elders'."{{sfn|Cox|2004|p=502}}}} Eventually, eighteen different schools came into existence.{{sfn|Warder|1999|p=5}} The later Mahayana schools may have preserved ideas which were abandoned by the "orthodox" Theravada,{{sfn|Potter|1996|pp=31-32}} such as the [[Trikaya|Three Bodies doctrine]], the idea of consciousness (''[[vijñāna]]'') as a continuum, and [[Buddhist devotion|devotional]] elements such as the worship of saints.{{sfn|Lindtner|1997}}{{sfn|Lindtner|1999}}{{refn|group=note|See also [[Atthakavagga and Parayanavagga]].}}

==Earliest Buddhism and the Śramaṇa movement==
{{See also|Early Buddhist schools|History of Buddhism in India}}
[[File:Fasting buddha at lahore museum.jpg|thumb|[[Siddartha Gautama]] depicted in [[Greco-Buddhism|Greco-Buddhist style]] during his extreme fasting prior to being [[Enlightenment in Buddhism#Buddhahood|Awakened]]. [[II century|2nd]]–[[III century|3rd century]], [[Gandhara]] (modern-day eastern Afghanistan), [[Lahore Museum]], [[Pakistan]].]]

Pre-sectarian Buddhism was originally one of the [[Śramaṇa|Śramaṇic movements]].{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p={{pn|date=October 2020}}}}{{sfn|Nilakanta Sastri|1988|p=300}} The [[Mahajanapadas|time of the Buddha]] was a time of urbanisation in [[India]], and saw the growth of the ''śramaṇas'', wandering [[Indian philosophy|philosophers]] that had rejected the authority of ''[[Vedas]]'' and [[Brahmanism|Brahmanic priesthood]],{{sfn|Warder|2004|p=32-33}} intent on escaping ''[[saṃsāra]]''{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p={{pn|date=October 2020}}}}{{sfn|Norman|1997|p=28}} through various means, which involved [[Asceticism|ascetic practices]], and [[Dharma|ethical behavior]].{{sfn|Warder|2004|p=32-33}}

The ''śramaṇas'' gave rise to different religious and philosophical schools, among which the most important included pre-sectarian Buddhism itself,{{sfn|Warder|2004|p=35}}{{sfn|Svarghese|2008|p=259-260}} [[Yoga]], and similar schools of [[Hinduism]],{{sfn|Samuel|2008|p=8}} [[Jainism]], [[Ājīvika]], [[Ajñana]], and [[Cārvāka]]. During this time, concepts that would become popular in all major [[Indian religions]] also emerged, such as ''saṃsāra'' (endless cycle of birth and death) and ''[[moksha]]'' (liberation from that cycle).{{sfn|Flood|Olivelle|2003|p=273-274}}{{refn|group=note|Flood & Olivelle: "The second half of the first millennium BCE was the period that created many of the ideological and institutional elements that characterize later Indian religions. The renouncer tradition played a central role during this formative period of Indian religious history [...] Some of the fundamental values and beliefs that we generally associate with Indian religions in general and Hinduism in particular were in part the creation of the renouncer tradition. These include the two pillars of Indian theologies: samsara – the belief that life in this world is one of suffering and subject to repeated deaths and births (rebirth); moksha/nirvana – the goal of human existence."{{sfn|Flood|Olivelle|2003|p=273–274}}}} Nevertheless, despite the success that these wandering philosophers and ascetics had obtained by spreading ideas and concepts that would soon be accepted by all [[Indian religions|religions of India]], the [[Āstika and nāstika|orthodox schools]] of [[Hindu philosophy]] (''āstika'') opposed Śramaṇic schools of thought and refuted their doctrines as "heterodox" (''nāstika''), because they refused to accept the [[Pramana|epistemic]] authority of ''[[Vedas]]''.

The ideas of ''saṃsāra'', ''karma'' and rebirth show a development of thought in Indian religions: from the idea of single existence, at the end of which one was judged and punished and rewarded for one's deeds, or ''karma''; to multiple existences with reward or punishment in an endless series of existences; and then attempts to gain release from this endless series.{{sfn|Norman|1997|p=28-29}} This release was the central aim of the Śramaṇa movement.{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p={{pn|date=October 2020}}}} [[Vedic ritual]]s, which aimed at entrance into heaven, may have played a role in this development: the realisation that those rituals did not lead to an everlasting liberation led to the search for other means.{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p={{pn|date=October 2020}}}}

== Scholarship and methodology ==
Earliest Buddhism can only be deduced from the various Buddhist canons now extant, which are all already sectarian collections.{{sfn|Hurvitz|1976}}{{refn|group=quote|name="Hurvitz"|Leon Hurvitz: "...stressed that the written canon in Buddhism is sectarian from the outset, and that presectarian Buddhism must be deduced from the writings as they now exist."{{sfn|Hurvitz|1976}} (quote via Google Scholar search-engine)}}{{refn|group=note|name="Jong"|J. W. de Jong: "It would be hypocritical to assert that nothing can be said about the doctrine of earliest Buddhism [...] the basic ideas of Buddhism found in the canonical writings could very well have been proclaimed by him [the Buddha], transmitted and developed by his disciples and, finally, codified in fixed formulas."{{sfn|Jong|1993|p=25}}}}{{refn|group=note|name="Warder"}} As such any reconstruction is tentative. One method to obtain information on the oldest core of Buddhism is to compare the oldest extant versions of the [[Theravada|Theravadin]] [[Pāli Canon]], the surviving portions of the scriptures of [[Sarvastivada]], [[Mulasarvastivada]], [[Mahīśāsaka]], [[Dharmaguptaka]] and other schools,{{sfn|Vetter|1988|p=ix}}{{sfn|Warder|1999}} and the Chinese [[āgama (Buddhism)|āgamas]] and other surviving portions of other early canons (such as the [[Gandhāran Buddhist texts|Gandharan texts]]).{{refn|group=note|Warder: "When we examine the Tripitakas of the eighteen schools, so far as they are extant, we find an agreement which is substantial, though not complete. Even the most conservative of the early schools seem to have added new texts to their collections. However, there ''is'' a central body of sutras (dialogues), in four groups, which is so similar in all known versions that we must accept these as so many recensions of the same original texts. These make up the greater part of the Sutra Pitaka."{{sfn|Warder|1999|p=5}}}}{{refn|group=note|Most of these non-Indian texts are only available in a Chinese translation, with the exception of some individual scriptures found in Nepal, which are composed in [[Sanskrit]].{{sfn|Warder|1999}} The [[Gandhāran Buddhist texts]] were recovered from [[Afghanistan]]. The central body of sutras in these texts is so similar that they are considered to be different recensions of the same text.{{sfn|Warder|1999}}}} Early proto-Mahayana texts which contain nearly identical material to that of the Pali Canon such as the [[Salistamba Sutra]] are also further evidence.{{sfn|Potter|1996|p=32}}
[[File:Fragmentary_Buddhist_text_-_Gandhara_birchbark_scrolls_(1st_C),_part_31_-_BL_Or._14915.jpg|thumb|Gandhara birchbark scroll fragments (c. 1st century)]]
This comparative study began in the 19th century, when [[Samuel Beal]] published comparative translations of the Pali [[Pāṭimokkha|Patimokkha]] and the Chinese [[Dharmaguptaka]] [[Pratimokṣa|Pratimoksa]] (1859), showing they were virtually identical.<ref>{{cite book |last=Beal |first=Samuel |title=Buddhism in China |publisher=Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge |year=1884 |url=http://archive.org/details/buddhisminchina00commgoog}}</ref> He followed this up with comparisons between the Chinese sutras and the Pali suttas in 1882, accurately predicting that "when the Vinaya and Āgama collections are thoroughly examined, I can have little doubt we shall find most if not all the Pali Suttas in Chinese form."{{sfn|Sujato|Brahmali|2015|p=40}} In the following decades various scholars continued to produce a series of comparative studies, such as Anesaki, Akanuma (who composed a complete catalogue of parallels), [[Yin Shun]] and Thich Minh Chau.<ref>Anesaki, Masaharu. ''The Four Buddhist Āgamas in Chinese: a concordance of their parts and of the corresponding counterparts in the Pāli Nikāyas.'' Kelly and Walsh, 1908.</ref><ref>Chau, Thích Minh. ''The Chinese Madhyama Āgama and the Pāli Majjhima Nikāya: A Comparative Study.'' Saigon Institute of Higher Buddhist Studies, 1964.</ref><ref>Akanuma, C. ''The Comparative Catalogue of Chinese Āgamas & Pāli Nikāyas.'' Hajinkaku-Shobō, 1958</ref><ref>Yin Shun. “Za-ahan-jing Han-Ba duizhaobiao [A Comparative Table of SA to the Pali texts]”. In: FSA (Foguang Tripitaka). Vol. 4. 1983, pp. 3–72.</ref> These studies, as well as recent work by [[Bhikkhu Analayo|Analayo]], Marcus Bingenheimer and Mun-keat Choong, have shown that the essential doctrinal content of the Pali [[Majjhima Nikāya|Majjhima]] and [[Saṃyutta Nikāya|Samyutta Nikayas]] and the Chinese Madhyama and Samyukta Agamas is mostly the same, (with, as Analayo notes, "occasional divergence in details").{{sfn|Analayo|2011|p=891}}<ref>{{cite web |translator=Bingenheimer, Marcus |title=A Digital Comparative Edition and Partial Translation of the Shorter Chinese Saṁyukta Āgama (T.100) |year=2011 |url=http://buddhistinformatics.ddbc.edu.tw/BZA/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608020358/http://buddhistinformatics.ddbc.edu.tw/BZA/ |archive-date=2015-06-08}}</ref><ref>Choong, Mun-keat. ''The Fundamental Teachings of Early Buddhism: A Comparative Study Based on the Sūtrāṅga Portion of the Pali Saṁyutta-Nikāya and the Chinese Saṁyuktāgama.'' Harrassowitz, 2000.</ref>

According to scholars such as [[Rupert Gethin]] and [[Peter Harvey (Buddhism)|Peter Harvey]], the oldest recorded teachings are contained in the first four [[Nikāya|Nikayas]] of the [[Sutta Pitaka]] and their various parallels in other languages,{{refn|group=note|The [[Digha Nikaya]], [[Majjhima Nikaya]], [[Samyutta Nikaya]] and [[Anguttara Nikaya]]}} together with the main body of monastic rules, which survive in the various versions of the [[Pāṭimokkha|Patimokkha]].<ref>Nishimoto, Ryūzan. “Rajūyaku Jūju Bikuni Haradaimokusha Kaihon no Shutsugen narabini Shobu Sō-Ni Kaihon no Taishō Kenkyū”. In: Õtani Gakuhō 9.2 (May 1928), pp. 27–60.</ref>{{sfn|Sujato|Brahmali|2015|pp=39–41}}{{sfn|Gethin|2008|p=xviii}}{{sfn|Harvey|1990|p=3}} Scholars have also claimed that there is a core within this core, referring to some poems and phrases which seem to be the oldest parts of the Sutta Pitaka.{{sfn|Nakamura|1989|p=57}}{{refn|group=note|Nakamura: "It has been made clear that some poem (Gāthā) portions and some phrases represent earlier layers [...] Based upon these portions of the scriptures we can construe aspects of original Buddhism [...] Buddhism as appears in earlier portions of the scriptures is fairly different from what is explained by many scholars as earlier Buddhism or primitive Buddhism.{{sfn|Nakamura|1989|p=57}}}}

The reliability of these sources, and the possibility to draw out a core of oldest teachings, is a matter of dispute.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993}}{{sfn|Vetter|1988}}{{sfn|Schmithausen|1990}}{{sfn|Gombrich|1997}} According to Tillman Vetter, the comparison of the oldest extant texts "does not just simply lead to the oldest nucleus of the doctrine."{{sfn|Vetter|1988|p=ix}} At best, it leads to:
{{quote|...a [[Sthavira]] canon dating from c. 270 B.C. when the missionary activities during [[Asoka]]'s reign as well as dogmatic disputes had not yet created divisions within the Sthavira tradition.{{sfn|Vetter|1988|p=ix}}|sign=|source=}}

According to Vetter, inconsistencies remain, and other methods must be applied to resolve those inconsistencies.{{sfn|Vetter|1988|p=ix}} Because of this, scholars such as [[Edward Conze]] and [[A. K. Warder]] have argued that only the material which is common to both the [[Sthavira nikāya|Sthavira]] and the [[Mahāsāṃghika|Mahasamghika]] canons can be seen as the most authentic, since they were the first communities after the first schism.{{sfn|Sujato|Brahmali|2015|p=45}} The problem is that there is little material surviving from the Mahasamghika school. However, what we do have, such as the Mahasamghika [[Pratimokṣa|Pratimoksha]] and [[Vinaya]], is mostly consistent in doctrine with the Sthavira texts.<ref>Pachow, W. ''A Comparative Study of the Pratimoksha: On the Basis of its Chinese, Tibetan, Sanskrit and Pali Versions.'' Motilal Banarsidass, 2000.</ref>{{sfn|Frauwallner|1956}} Other Mahasamghika sources are the [[Mahāvastu|Mahavastu]] and (possibly) the [[Salistamba Sutra|Śālistamba Sūtra]], both of which also contains phrases and doctrines that are found in the Sthavira canons.<ref>Rahula, Bhikkhu Telwatte. ''A Critical Study of the Mahāvastu.'' Motilal Banarsidass, 1978.</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Reat |first=Noble Ross |year=1996 |c=The Historical Buddha and his Teachings |in=Potter |pp=3–57}}</ref>

Further exemplary studies are the study on descriptions of "liberating insight" by [[Lambert Schmithausen]],{{sfn|Schmithausen|1981}} the overview of early Buddhism by Tilmann Vetter,{{sfn|Vetter|1988}} the philological work on the [[Four Noble Truths|Four Truths]] by [[K. R. Norman]],{{sfn|Norman|1992}} the textual studies by [[Richard Gombrich]],{{sfn|Gombrich|1997}} and the research on early meditation methods by [[Johannes Bronkhorst]].{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993}}

== Scholarly positions ==
According to [[Lambert Schmithausen|Schmithausen]], three positions held by scholars of Buddhism can be distinguished regarding the possibility to extract the earliest Buddhism from the [[early Buddhist texts]]:{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993|p=vii}}

# "Stress on the fundamental homogeneity and substantial authenticity of at least a considerable part of the Nikayic materials;"{{refn|group=note|Well-known proponents of the first position are [[A. K. Warder]]{{refn|group=quote|According to A. K. Warder, in his 1970 publication ''Indian Buddhism,'' from the oldest extant texts a common kernel can be drawn out.{{sfn|Warder|1999|p=0}} According to Warder, c.q. his publisher: "This kernel of doctrine is presumably common Buddhism of the period before the great schisms of the fourth and third centuries BC. It may be substantially the Buddhism of the Buddha himself, although this cannot be proved: at any rate it is a Buddhism presupposed by the schools as existing about a hundred years after the parinirvana of the Buddha, and there is no evidence to suggest that it was formulated by anyone else than the Buddha and his immediate followers."{{sfn|Warder|1999|p=inside flap}}}} and [[Richard Gombrich]].{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993|p=viii}}{{refn|group=quote|Richard Gombrich: "I have the greatest difficulty in accepting that the main edifice is not the work of a single genius. By 'the main edifice' I mean the collections of the main body of sermons, the four Nikāyas, and of the main body of monastic rules."{{sfn|Gombrich|1997}}}}}}
# "[[Skepticism]] with regard to the possibility of retrieving the doctrine of earliest Buddhism;"{{refn|group=note|A proponent of the second position is Ronald Davidson.{{refn|group=quote|Ronald Davidson: "While most scholars agree that there was a rough body of sacred literature (disputed)(sic) that a relatively early community (disputed)(sic) maintained and transmitted, we have little confidence that much, if any, of surviving Buddhist scripture is actually the word of the historic Buddha."{{sfn|Davidson|2003|p=147}}}}}}
# "Cautious optimism in this respect."{{refn|group=note|Well-known proponents of the third position are J. W. de Jong,{{sfn|Jong|1993|p=25}}{{refn|group=quote|name="Jong"|J. W. de Jong: "It would be hypocritical to assert that nothing can be said about the doctrine of earliest Buddhism [...] the basic ideas of Buddhism found in the canonical writings could very well have been proclaimed by him [the Buddha], transmitted and developed by his disciples and, finally, codified in fixed formulas."{{sfn|Jong|1993|p=25}}}} Johannes Bronkhorst{{refn|group=quote|Bronkhorst: "This position is to be preferred to (ii) for purely methodological reasons: only those who seek may find, even if no success is guaranteed."{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993|p=vii}}}} and Donald Lopez.{{refn|group=quote|Lopez: "The original teachings of the historical Buddha are extremely difficult, if not impossible, to recover or reconstruct."{{sfn|Lopez|1995|p=4}}}}}}

=== Optimism regarding the early Buddhist texts ===
In his ''History of Indian Buddhism,'' [[Étienne Lamotte|Etienne Lamotte]] argues that while it "is impossible to say with certainty" what the doctrine of the historical Buddha was, "it is nonetheless a fact that, in order to appreciate early Buddhism, the only valid evidence – or indication – which we possess is the basic agreement between the Nikayas on the one hand and the Agamas on the other."<ref>Lamotte, Étienne. ''History of Indian Buddhism: From the Origins to the Śaka Era.'' Publications de l’Institut orientaliste de Louvain. Université catholique de Louvain, Institut orientaliste, 1988, p. 639.</ref>

Likewise, [[Hajime Nakamura]] writes in his ''Indian Buddhism'', that "there is no word that can be traced with unquestionable authority to Gotama Sakyamuni as a historical personage, although there must be some sayings or phrases derived from him."{{sfn|Nakamura|1980|p=57}} Nakamura adds that scholars must critically search the early scriptures for the oldest layer of material to find the "original Buddhism". Nakamura held that some of the earliest material were the ''[[Theragatha|Gathas]]'' (verses) found in the [[Sutta Nipata]], as well as the Sagatha-vagga of the [[Saṃyutta Nikāya|Samyutta Nikaya]], the [[Itivuttaka]] and the [[Udana]].{{sfn|Nakamura|1980|p=57}} These texts use less of the doctrinal material that is developed in other texts, are more likely to promote wilderness solitude over communal living and use terminology which is similar to Jain ideas.{{sfn|Nakamura|1980|pp=57–58}}

British Indologist [[Rupert Gethin]] writes that "it is extremely likely" that at least some of the suttas in the four main Nikāyas "are among the oldest surviving Buddhist texts and contain material that goes back directly to the Buddha."{{sfn|Gethin|2008|p=xviii}} Gethin agrees with Lamotte that the doctrinal basis of the Pali Nikayas and Chinese Agamas is "remarkably uniform" and "constitute the common ancient heritage of Buddhism."{{sfn|Gethin|2008|p=xxi}}

[[Richard Gombrich]] agrees that the four Nikāyas and the [[Vinaya|main body of monastic rules]] present "such originality, intelligence, grandeur and—most relevantly—coherence, that it is hard to see it as a composite work" and thus concludes that it is the work of one genius, even if he agrees that when it comes to the Buddha's biography "we know next to nothing."{{sfn|Gombrich|2006a|p=21}}

[[Peter Harvey (Buddhism)|Peter Harvey]] affirms that the four older Nikāyas preserve an "early common stock" which "must derive from his [the Buddha’s] teachings" because the overall harmony of the texts suggest a single authorship, even while other parts of the [[Pali Canon]] clearly originated later.{{sfn|Harvey|1990|p=3}}

The British Indologist [[A. K. Warder]] writes that "we are on safe ground only with those texts the authenticity of which is admitted by all schools of Buddhism (including the [[Mahayana]], who admit the authenticity of the early canons as well as their own texts) not with texts only accepted by certain schools."{{sfn|Warder|2000|p=4}} Warder adds that when the extant material of the Tripitakas of the [[early Buddhist schools]] is examined "we find an agreement which is substantial, though not complete" and that there is a central body of sutras "which is so similar in all known versions that we must accept these as so many recensions of the same original texts."{{sfn|Warder|2000|p=5}}

Alexander Wynne has also argued for the historical authenticity of the [[early Buddhist texts]] (contra skeptics like [[Gregory Schopen]]) based on the internal textual evidence found inside them as well as archaeological and inscriptional evidence.<ref name=":4">{{citation |last=Wynne |first=Alexander |title=The Historical Authenticity of Early Buddhist Literature |journal=Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens [Vienna Journal of South Asian Studies] |volume=XLIX |year=2005 |pages=35–70 |publisher=Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften |location=Wien}}</ref> As noted by [[Thomas William Rhys Davids]], Wynne points out the Pali texts depict a pre-Asokan north India and he also cites K. R. Norman who argues that they show no Sinhalese Prakrit additions.<ref name=":4" /> Reviewing the literature by figures such as Frauwallner, Wynne argues that the Pali suttas reached Sri Lanka by 250 BCE and that they preserved certain details about fifth century north India (such as that [[Uddaka Rāmaputta]] lived near [[Rajagrha]]).<ref name=":4" /> Wynne concludes:
<blockquote>The corresponding pieces of textual material found in the canons of the different sects – especially the literature of the Pāli school, which was more isolated than the others – probably go back to pre-sectarian times. It is unlikely that these correspondences could have been produced by the joint endeavour of different Buddhist sects, for such an undertaking would have required organisation on a scale which was simply inconceivable in the ancient world. We must conclude that a careful examination of early Buddhist literature can reveal aspects of the pre-Aśokan history of Indian Buddhism.<ref name=":4" /></blockquote>

=== Pessimism ===
One of the early Western skeptics was French Indologist [[Émile Senart]], who argued in his ''Essai sur la legende du Buddha'' (1875) that the legends of Buddha's life were derived from pre-Buddhist myths of [[Solar deity|solar deities]].

The late [[Edward Conze]] held that there was an "absence of hard facts" regarding the first period of Buddhism and regarding the teachings of the Buddha, "none of His sayings is preserved in its original form."{{sfn|Conze|2000|p=1}} Since we only possess a small fraction of the Buddhist literature that must have circulated during the early period, Conze held that all the scholarly attempts to reconstruct the 'original' teachings were "all mere guesswork" because "that which we have may have been composed at any time during the first 500 years" and "there is no objective criterion which would allow us to single out those elements in the record which go back to the Buddha Himself."{{sfn|Conze|2000|p=2}} Conze argues that comparative study using the sources of different schools could give us some knowledge of the pre-sectarian period doctrine, but he adds that such knowledge might not take us to the earliest period after the Buddha's parinirvana, which is a period that is "shrouded in mystery and to which we cannot penetrate."{{sfn|Conze|2000|p=3}}

Japanese Buddhologist [[Kogen Mizuno]] argues in his ''Buddhist Sutras: Origin, Development, Transmission'' that the material we possess may not contain the actual words of the Buddha because "they were not recorded as he spoke", but compiled after his death and also because they do not survive in the original language (some form of [[Magadhi Prakrit]]) but "transmitted in other Indic languages of later periods, and without doubt conscious and unconscious changes in the Buddha's words were made during several centuries of oral transmission."{{sfn|Mizuno Kogen|1982|pp=22, 26}} Mizuno does note that Pali is the oldest of these, but it is still different from old Magadhi and it is from a different region (Western India).{{sfn|Mizuno Kogen|1982|p=29}}

Ronald M. Davidson, a scholar of [[Vajrayana|Tantric Buddhism]], while acknowledging that most scholars agree that the early community maintained and transmitted a rough body of sacred literature, writes that "we have little confidence that much, if any, of surviving Buddhist scripture is actually the word of the historical Buddha." His view is that:
<blockquote>More persuasively, the Buddhist order in India might be considered the greatest scriptural composition community in human history. Given the extraordinary extent of the material passing at any one time under rubric of the “word of the Buddha,” we might simply pause and acknowledge that Indian Buddhists were extraordinarily facile litterateurs.{{sfn|Davidson|2004|p=147}}</blockquote>
The American scholar [[Gregory Schopen]] holds that "we cannot know anything definite about the actual doctrinal content of the nikäya/ägama literature much before the fourth century C.E."{{sfn|Schopen|1997|p=30}} Schopen is very critical of modern Buddhist studies because of its preference for literary evidence that "in most cases cannot actually be dated and that survives only in very recent manuscript traditions" that have been "heavily edited" and were intended as normative not historical accounts.{{sfn|Schopen|1997|p=1}} Schopen believes that the preference for texts over [[Archaeology|archeology]] and [[epigraphy]] is a mistake and that it is Buddhist epigraphy which are the earliest written sources. Regarding the textual sources, Schopen holds that even the oldest sources such as the Pali Canon, "cannot be taken back further than the last quarter of the first century B.C.E, the date of the Alu-vihāra redaction," but that actually it is not until the 5th or 6th centuries CE "that we can know anything definite about the actual contents of this canon."{{sfn|Schopen|1997|pp=23–24}} He notes that references to ''Tipitaka'' and ''Nikaya'' date from much later periods than the Asokan era (such as [[Kanishka|Kaniska's]] reign).{{sfn|Schopen|1997|p=24}} Only a few texts have been identified in [[Edicts of Ashoka|Asoka's Edicts]] (such as his Bhabra Edict), but these are all short verse texts and are nothing like the suttas of the first and second Nikayas.{{sfn|Schopen|1997|p=25}} Schopen concludes that it is only "from the end of the fourth century, that some of the doctrinal content of Hinayana canonical literature can finally be definitely dated and actually verified."{{sfn|Schopen|1997|p=25}}

Regarding the view of comparative critical scholars that agreement between the different sectarian texts points to a common early source, Schopen counters that since this kind of higher criticism is already being done on texts which belong to "uniformly late stages of the literary tradition." Schopen believes instead that the agreement was produced by the sharing of literature and ideas between the different sects at a later date. Schopen defines this position as:
<blockquote>If all known versions of a text or passage agree, that text or passage is probably late; that is, it probably represents the results of the conflation and gradual leveling and harmonization of earlier existing traditions.{{sfn|Schopen|1997|pp=26–27}}</blockquote>
Citing Bareau and Wassilieff, he holds that it is just as likely that textual agreement among the different canons was produced by parallel development and contact between the different Indian traditions.

=== Moderate skepticism and reconstructionism ===
According to Constantin Regamey, the view followed by the "Franco-Belgian" school of [[Buddhist studies]] (which applies to figures like [[Jean Przyluski]], [[Louis de La Vallée-Poussin]], A. Weller, and [[Arthur Berriedale Keith|A. B. Keith]]) did not consider the Pali Canon a straightforward "faithful reflection of the teachings of the Buddha".<ref name=":0">Regamey, Constantin. ''[https://otani.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=pages_view_main&active_action=repository_view_main_item_detail&item_id=8439&item_no=1&page_id=13&block_id=28 The Question of Primitive Buddhism in the Closing works of Stanislaw Schayer.]'' The Eastern Buddhist 48/1: 23–47 ©2019 The Eastern Buddhist Society.</ref> This group of scholars sought to use all available sources to reconstruct the original teachings of the Buddha in a way which diverged from the Pali focused perspective of Anglo-German Indologists such as [[Hermann Oldenberg|Oldenberg]] and [[Erich Frauwallner|Frauwallner]].<ref name=":0" />

A common position of the Franco-Belgian school was that primitive Buddhism did not have such negative view of [[Nirvana (Buddhism)|nirvana]], but that it was a positive reality, a kind of immortal state ([[amrita|amrta]]) similar to the godly abode of [[svarga]] found in the [[Edicts of Ashoka]].<ref name=":0" />

These mainly continental European scholars attempted to reconstruct early Buddhism drawing on many sources, including Mahayana sources, instead of only relying on the Pali Canon. However, in the post-war years, Franco-Belgian scholars like [[Jean Filliozat]] mostly stuck to a moderate skepticism which did not hypothesise about what the original Buddhism may have been and merely focused on looking at the sectarian sources which currently exist (and which do not go back to the earliest period). Filliozat argues that any reconstruction "would remain purely ideal" and might be lacking in key doctrines that might have been lost over time. Since all the canons were edited at different times throughout history, any reconstruction would never arrive at original Buddhism.<ref name=":0" />

Polish scholar [[Stanislaw Schayer]] (1899 – 1941) was one figure who followed this reconstructionist method to put forth a hypothesis of an alternative early Buddhist worldview. Schayer argued that the Nikayas preserve elements of an archaic form of Buddhism which is close to Brahmanical beliefs,{{sfn|Lindtner|1997}}{{sfn|Lindtner|1999}}{{sfn|Akizuki|1990|p=25-27}}{{sfn|Ray|1999|p={{pn|date=October 2020}}}} and survived in the [[Mahayana]] tradition.<ref name="Reat1998pxi">{{Citation |last=Reat |first=Noble Ross |year=1998 |title=The Salistamba Sutra |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |page=xi}}</ref>{{sfn|Conze|1967|p=10}} As noted by Alexander Wynne, Schayer drew on passages "in which "consciousness" ([[Vijñāna|viññana]]) seems to be the ultimate reality or substratum (e.g. A I.10), as well as the ''Saddhatu Sutra'', which is not found in any canonical source but is cited in other Buddhist texts."{{sfn|Wynne|2007|p=99}} According to Schayer, contrary to popular opinion, the Theravada and Mahayana traditions may be "divergent, but equally reliable records of a pre-canonical Buddhism which is now lost forever."<ref name="Reat1998pxi" /> The Mahayana tradition may have preserved a very old, "pre-canonical" tradition, which was largely, but not completely, left out of the Theravada.{{sfn|Conze|1967|p=10}}

Schayer searched through various early sources for ideas that contradict the dominant doctrinal positions of the early canon. According to Schayer, these ideas were "transmitted by a tradition old enough and considered to be authoritative by the compilers of the Canon." He thus considers these ideas which were "doctrines contradictory to the generally admitted canonical viewpoint" as "survivals of older, precanonical Buddhism."{{sfn|Ray|1999|p=374}}{{refn|Schayer 1935, p. 124.|group=note}}

Constantin Regamey has identified four points which are central to Schayer's reconstruction of precanonical Buddhism:{{sfn|Ray|1999|pp=374-377}}<ref name=":0" />

# The Buddha was considered as an extraordinary supernatural being, in whom ultimate reality was embodied, and who was an incarnation of the mythical figure of the [[Tathāgata|Tathagata]];
# The Buddha's disciples were attracted to his spiritual charisma and supernatural authority;
# Nirvana was conceived as the attainment of a "persisting immortality", and the gaining of a deathless sphere from which there would be no falling back (''acyuta pada''), which is the pinnacle of reality, the supreme point of the [[Dharmadhatu]]. This nirvana, as a transmundane reality or state, an "eternal vijñana" and is incarnated in the person of the Buddha. The more radical [[Anattā|anatman]] doctrine does not apply to this.
# Nirvana can be reached because it already dwells as the inmost "consciousness" of the human being. It is a consciousness which is not subject to birth and death.

According to Ray, Schayer has shown a second doctrinal position alongside that of the more dominant tradition, one likely to be of at least equivalent, if not of greater, antiquity.{{sfn|Ray|1999|p=375}} However, according to [[Edward Conze]], Schayer's views are "merely a tentative hypothesis" and that it is also possible that these ideas later entered Buddhism, as a concession to "popular demand, just as the lower goal of birth in heaven (''[[svarga]]'') was admitted side by side with Nirvana." Conze thought that both were equally possible.{{sfn|Conze|1967|p=11}}

The French scholar [[Constantin Regamey]] argues that Schayer's general position is cogent. Regamey argues that the various Buddhist canons, like the Pali Canon, have many chronological layers and include "many divergences and contradictions."<ref name=":0" /> As such, one cannot rely on any single one of them to construct the original view of the Buddha, especially since the teachings found in them are mostly composed of "terms, formulas, or bare patterns" that can and have been interpreted in many different ways.<ref name=":0" /> Regamey argues that a broader historicist method is needed, which draws on numerous sources, historical evidence and the very internal contradictions found in the canon. He argues that a broader historical method can show that early Buddhism might have supported ideas that are similar to Brahamanical theories of consciousness or some Mahayana views on consciousness and Buddhahood.<ref name=":0" />

A similar view is defended by Christian Lindtner. Lindtner argues that some early Buddhist sources point to stainless, formless consciousness which is similar to Brahmanical ideas and later Mahayana views. He also argues that ancient Buddhist view of nirvana was likely cosmological (and had similarities with ancient Vedic cosmology) and that it was an eternal realm at the peak of existence (''bhutakoti'') one could reach by wisdom.<ref>Lindtner, Christian (1997), [[iarchive:BackCopiesOfBuddhistStudiesReview/Bsr1.11983-4/|''"The Problem of Precanonical Buddhism"'']], Buddhist Studies Review, 14 (2): 109–139, doi:10.1558/bsrv.v14i2.14851, S2CID 247883744</ref>

==Teachings of earliest Buddhism==
The ''[[Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta]]''{{refn|group=note|Sammyuta Nikaya 56:11}} is regarded by the Buddhist tradition as the first discourse of the Buddha.{{sfn|Vetter|1988|p=xxviii}} Scholars have noted some persistent problems with this view.{{sfn|Anderson|1999}} Originally the text may only have pointed at the [[Middle Way]] as being the core of the Buddha's teaching,{{sfn|Vetter|1988|p=xxviii}} which pointed to the practice of ''[[Dhyāna in Buddhism|dhyana]]''.{{sfn|Vetter|1988}} This basic term may have been extended with descriptions of the [[Noble Eightfold Path|Eightfold Path]],{{sfn|Vetter|1988}} itself a condensation of a longer sequence.{{sfn|Bucknell|1984}} Some scholars believe that under pressure from developments in Indian religiosity, which began to see "liberating insight" as the essence of ''[[moksha]]'',{{sfn|Vetter|1988|p=xxxiii}} the [[Four Noble Truths|Four Truths]] were then added as a description of the Buddha's "liberating insight".{{sfn|Vetter|1988|p=xxviii}}

===Death, rebirth and ''karma''===
{{Main|Karma in Buddhism|Rebirth (Buddhism)|Saṃsāra (Buddhism)}}

According to Tilmann Vetter, the Buddha at first sought "the deathless" (''amata/amrta''), which is concerned with the here and now.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1998|p=3}} According to [[Edward Conze]], ''[[Mara (demon)|Death]]'' was an error which could be overcome by those who entered the "doors to the Deathless", "the gates of the Undying".{{sfn|Conze|2008|p=vi}} According to Conze, the Buddha saw death as a sign that "something has gone wrong with us."{{sfn|Conze|2008|p=viii}} The Buddha saw death as brought on by an evil force, [[Mara (demon)|Māra]], "the Killer,"{{refn|group=note|"Mara" is deeply rooted in Indo-European mythology. See also [[Mare (folklore)]].}} "who tempts us away from our true immortal selves and diverts us from the path which could lead us back to freedom."{{sfn|Conze|2008|p=viii}} Our cravings keep us tied to Mára’s realm. By releasing our attachments we move beyond his realm, and gain freedom from ''[[Saṃsāra (Buddhism)|saṃsāra]]'', the beginningless movement of death and [[Rebirth (Buddhism)|rebirth]].{{sfn|Conze|2008|p=viii}}

''[[Karma in Buddhism|Karma]]'' is the ''intentional'' (''[[cetanā]]'') actions which keep us tied to ''saṃsāra''.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1998}} Two views on the liberation from ''saṃsāra'' can be discerned in the Śramaṇic movements. Originally ''karma'' meant "physical and mental activity". One solution was to refrain from any physical or mental activity. The other solution was to see the real self as not participating in these actions, and to disidentify with those actions.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1998|p=13-14}} According to Bronkhorst, the Buddha rejected both approaches.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1998|p=14}} Nevertheless, these approaches can also be found in the Buddhist tradition, such as the four formless [[Dhyana in Buddhism|''dhyanas'']],{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1998|p=14-15}} and disidentification from the constituents of the self.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1998|p=15}}{{refn|group=note|According to Bronkhorst, the Buddha's approach was a [[Buddhist psychology|psychological one]]. He explains the incorporation of "inactivity asceticism" as effected by followers of the Buddha who misunderstood the Buddha's understanding of ''karma''. Bronkhorst himself asks the question where this different view of ''karma'' came from, and speculates that the Buddha may have inherited it from his parents, or "modified his views in this respect in the light of the experiences that led to, or constituted, his liberation."{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1998|p=16}}}}

Bruce Matthews notes that there is no cohesive presentation of ''karma'' in the Sutta Pitaka,{{sfn|Matthews|1986|p=124}} which may mean that the doctrine was incidental to the main perspective of early [[Noble Eightfold Path|Buddhist soteriology]].{{sfn|Matthews|1986|p=124}} Schmithausen is a notable scholar who has questioned whether ''karma'' already played a role in the theory of rebirth of earliest Buddhism.{{sfn|Schmithausen|1986}}{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1998|p=13}} According to Schmithausen, "the karma doctrine may have been incidental to early Buddhist soteriology."{{sfn|Schmithausen|1986|p=206-207}} According to Vetter, "the deathless" (''amata/amrta'') is concerned with the here and now. Only after this realisation did he become acquainted with the doctrine of rebirth.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1998|p=3}} Bronkhorst disagrees, and concludes that the Buddha "introduced a concept of karma that differed considerably from the commonly held views of his time."{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1998|p=16}} According to Bronkhorst, no physical and mental activities as such were seen as responsible for rebirth, but intentions and desire.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1998|p=14}}

====Soul====
According to Bronkhorst, referring to Frauwallner, Schmithausen and Bhattacharya:

{{quote|It is possible that original Buddhism did not deny the existence of the soul.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993|p=99}}{{refn|group=note|Bronkhorst: "(Frauwallner 1953: 217–253; Schmithausen 1969: 160–161; Bhattacharya, 1973)."{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993|p=99}} See also Bronkhorst (2009), [http://www.wisdompubs.org/sites/default/files/preview/Buddhist%20Teaching%20in%20India%20Book%20Preview.pdf ''Buddhist Teaching in India''], p. 22 ff.}}}}

===The Four Noble Truths===
According to Eviatar Shulman, the doctrine of the [[Four Noble Truths]] is rooted in "a meditative perception regarding the arising and passing away of mental events" which also includes a "detached attitude" to phenomena.{{sfn|Shulman|2014|p=187}} Out of this practice of "meditative observation" developed a theoretical or discursive philosophical understanding.{{sfn|Shulman|2014|pp=188–189}}

[[K. R. Norman]] concluded that the earliest version of the [[Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta|''Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta'']] did not contain the word "noble", but was added later.{{sfn|Norman|1992}}{{refn|group=note|See also:
* Anderson (1999): "The appearance of the four noble truths in the introduction, enlightenment, and gerundival sets in the Dhammacakkappavattana-sutta provide evidence for Norman's correct conclusion that the teaching was probably not part of the earliest version of the Sutta."{{sfn|Anderson|1999|p=20}}
* Batchelor (2012): "In a 1992 paper entitled "The Four Noble Truths," Norman offers a detailed, philological analysis of The First Discourse, and arrives at the startling conclusion that "the earliest form of this sutta did not include the word ariya-saccaؐ (noble truth)" (Norman 2003: 223). On grammatical and syntactical grounds, he shows how the expression "noble truth" was inexpertly interpolated into the text at a later date than its original composition. But since no such original text has come down to us, we cannot know what it did say. All that can reasonably be deduced is that instead of talking of four noble truths, the text merely spoke of "four.""{{sfn|Batchelor|2012|p=92}}}} [[Lambert Schmithausen]] concluded that the four truths were a later development in early Buddhism.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993}}

Carol Anderson, following Lambert Schmithausen and K. R. Norman, notes that the four truths are missing in critical passages in the canon,{{sfn|Anderson|1999|p=viii}} and states:

{{quote|...the four noble truths were probably not part of the earliest strata of what came to be recognized as Buddhism, but that they emerged as a central teaching in a slightly later period that still preceded the final redactions of the various Buddhist canons.{{sfn|Anderson|1999|p=21}}}}

The Four Truths probably entered the Sutta Pitaka from the Vinaya, the rules for monastic order. They were first added to enlightenment-stories which contain the Four Dhyanas, replacing terms for "liberating insight". From there they were added to the biographical stories of the Buddha:{{sfn|Anderson|1999}}
{{quote|[I]t is more likely that the four truths are an addition to the biographies of the Buddha and to the Dhammacakkappavattana-sutta.{{sfn|Anderson|1999|p=17}}}}

According to both Bronkhorst and Anderson, the Four Truths became a substitution for prajna, or "liberating insight", in the suttras{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993|pp=99–100, 102–111}}{{sfn|Anderson|1999}} in those texts where "liberating insight" was preceded by the Four Dhyanas.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993|p=108}} According to Bronkhorst, the Four Truths may not have been formulated in earliest Buddhism, and did not serve in earliest Buddhism as a description of "liberating insight".{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993|p=107}} Gotama's teachings may have been personal, "adjusted to the need of each person."{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993|p=108}}

This replacement was probably caused by the influence and pressures of the wider Indian religious landscape, "which claimed that one can be released only by some truth or higher knowledge."{{sfn|Vetter|1988|p=xxxiii}}

===The Noble Eightfold Path===
According to Tilmann Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term the [[Middle Way]].{{sfn|Vetter|1988}} In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the Eightfold Path.{{sfn|Vetter|1988}} Vetter and Bucknell both note that longer descriptions of "the path" can be found, which can be condensed into the [[Noble Eightfold Path]].{{sfn|Vetter|1988}}{{sfn|Bucknell|1984}} One of those longer sequences, from the ''Culahatthipadopama Sutta'', the "Lesser Discourse on the Simile of the Elephant's Footprints", is as follows:{{sfn|Bucknell|1984|p=11-12}}
# ''Dhammalsaddhalpabbajja'': A layman hears a Buddha teach the Dhamma, comes to have [[faith in Buddhism|faith]] in him, and decides to take ordination as a monk;
# ''Sila'': He adopts the moral precepts;
# ''Indriyasamvara'': He practises "guarding the six sense-doors";
# ''Sati-sampajanna'': He practises mindfulness and self-possession (actually described as mindfulness of the body, kāyānupassanā, that is, reflection on the impurities of the body);
# ''Jhana 1'': He finds an isolated spot, sits down cross-legged, purifies his mind of the hindrances, and attains the first rupa-jhana;
# ''Jhana 2'': He attains the second jhana;
# ''Jhana 3'': He attains the third jhana;
# ''Jhana 4'': He attains the fourth jhana;
# ''Pubbenivasanussati-nana'': He recollects his many former existences in samsara;
# ''Sattanam Cutupapata-nana'': He observes the death and rebirth of beings according to their karmas;
# ''Asavakkhaya-nana'': He brings about the destruction of the [[asava]]s (inflow, mental bias),{{sfn|Carr|Mahalingam|1997|p=948}} and attains a profound realisation of (as opposed to mere knowledge about) the [[Four Noble Truths]];
# ''Vimutti'': He perceives that he is now liberated, that he has done what was to be done.

===Satipatthana===
{{Main|Satipatthana}}

According to Grzegorz Polak, the four ''upassanā'' have been misunderstood by the developing Buddhist tradition, including Theravada, to refer to four different foundations. According to Polak, the four ''upassanā'' do not refer to four different foundations, but to the awareness of four different aspects of raising mindfulness:{{sfn|Polak|2011}}
* the [[Āyatana|six sense-bases]] which one needs to be aware of (''kāyānupassanā'');
* contemplation on [[vedanā]]s, which arise with the contact between the senses and their objects (''vedanānupassanā'');
* the altered states of mind to which this practice leads (cittānupassanā);
* the development from the [[five hindrances]] to the [[Seven Factors of Awakening|seven factors of awakening]] (''dhammānupassanā'').

===''Dhyāna''===
{{Main|Buddhist meditation}}

According to Bronkhorst, ''dhyana'' was a Buddhist invention,{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993}} whereas Alexander Wynne argues that ''dhyana'' was incorporated from [[Brahmanism|Brahmanical practices]], in the Nikayas ascribed to [[Āḷāra Kālāma]] and [[Uddaka Rāmaputta]]. These practices were paired to mindfulness and insight, and given a new interpretation.{{sfn|Wynne|2007}} [[David Kalupahana|Kalupahana]] argues that the Buddha "reverted to the meditational practices" he had learned from Āḷāra Kālāma and Uddaka Rāmaputta.{{sfn|Kalupahana|1994|p=24}} Norman notes that "the Buddha's way to release [...] was by means of meditative practices."{{sfn|Norman|1997|p=29}} Gombrich also notes that a development took place in early Buddhism resulting in a change in doctrine, which considered ''prajna'' to be an alternative means to "enlightenment".{{sfn|Gombrich|1997|p=131}}

==== ''Dhyāna'' and insight ====
A core problem in the study of early Buddhism is the relation between ''[[Dhyāna in Buddhism|dhyana]]'' and insight.{{sfn|Vetter|1988}}{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993}}{{sfn|Gombrich|1997}} The Buddhist tradition has incorporated two traditions regarding the use of ''dhyana''.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993}} There is a tradition that stresses attaining [[Vipassana|insight]] (''[[bodhi]]'', ''[[Prajñā (Buddhism)|prajñā]]'', ''[[kenshō]]'') as the means to awakening and liberation. But it has also incorporated the [[Yoga|yogic tradition]], as reflected in the use of ''dhyana'', which is rejected in other sutras as not achieving the final result of [[Nirvana (Buddhism)|liberation]].{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993}}{{sfn|Vetter|1988}}{{sfn|Gombrich|1997}} The problem was famously voiced in 1936 by [[Louis de La Vallée-Poussin]], in his text ''Musila et Narada: Le Chemin de Nirvana''.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993|pp=133–134}}{{refn|group=note|See [http://www.gampoabbey.org/documents/kosha-sources/La-Vallee-Poussin-Musila-and-Narada-The-Path-of-Nirvana-1937.pdf Louis de La Vallée Poussin, ''Musial and Narad'']. Translated from the French by Gelongma Migme Chödrön and Gelong Lodrö Sangpo.}}

Schmithausen{{refn|group=note|In his often-cited article ''On Some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism''.}} notes that the mention of the [[Four Noble Truths]] as constituting the core of "liberating insight", which is attained after mastering the Rupa Jhanas, is a later addition to texts such as Majjhima Nikaya 36.{{sfn|Schmithausen|1981}}{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993}}{{sfn|Vetter|1988}} Schmithausen discerns three possible roads to liberation as described in the suttas,{{sfn|Schmithausen|1981}} to which Vetter adds the sole practice of ''dhyana'' itself, which he sees as the original "liberating practice":{{sfn|Vetter|1988|pp=xxi-xxii}}
# The four Rupa Jhanas themselves constituted the core liberating practice of early buddhism, c.q. the Buddha;{{sfn|Vetter|1988|pp=xxi-xxxvii}}
# Mastering the four Rupa Jhanas, whereafter "liberating insight" is attained;
# Mastering the four Rupa Jhanas and the four Arupa Jhanas, where-after "liberating insight" is attained;
# Liberating insight itself suffices.

This problem has been elaborated by several well-known scholars, including Tilman Vetter,{{sfn|Vetter|1988}} Johannes Bronkhorst,{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993}} and Richard Gombrich.{{sfn|Gombrich|1997}}

====The meaning of ''samadhi''====
Traditionally, meditation is often described as ''samadhi'', one-pointed concentration, and ''dhyana'' and ''samadhi'' are often referred to interchangeably. Yet, [[Lambert Schmithausen|Schmithausen]], Vetter and Bronkhorst note that the attainment of [[Prajñā (Buddhism)|insight]] and [[Sati (Buddhism)|mindfulness]], which is a cognitive activity, cannot be possible in a state wherein all cognitive activity has ceased.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993}}{{sfn|Vetter|1988|p=xxvii}} Vetter notes that "penetrating abstract truths and penetrating them successively does not seem possible in a state of mind which is without contemplation and reflection."{{sfn|Vetter|1988|p=xxvii}}

According to Richard Gombrich, the sequence of the four ''rupa-jhanas'' describes two different cognitive states, namely concentration followed by a sharpened attention.{{sfn|Wynne|2007|p=140, note 58}}{{refn|group=quote|Gombrich: "I know this is controversial, but it seems to me that the third and fourth jhanas are thus quite unlike the second."{{sfn|Wynne|2007|p=140, note 58}}}}<ref>{{Citation |last=Gombrich |first=Richard |date=18 February 2011 |title=Religious Experience in Early Buddhism |work=The Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies |type=Seminar |publisher=Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies |url=http://www.ochs.org.uk/lectures/religious-experience-early-buddhism}}</ref> Alexander Wynne further explains that the ''dhyana''-scheme is poorly understood.{{sfn|Wynne|2007|p=106}} According to Wynne, words expressing the inculcation of awareness, such as ''sati'', ''sampajāno'', and ''upekkhā'', are mistranslated or understood as particular factors of meditative states,{{sfn|Wynne|2007|p=106}} whereas they refer to a particular way of perceiving the sense objects.{{sfn|Wynne|2007|p=106}}{{refn|group=note|Wynne: "Thus the expression ''sato sampajāno'' in the third ''jhāna'' must denote a state of awareness different from the meditative absorption of the second ''jhāna'' (''cetaso ekodibhāva''). It suggests that the subject is doing something different from remaining in a meditative state, i.e., that he has come out of his absorption and is now once again aware of objects. The same is true of the word ''upek(k)hā'': it does not denote an abstract 'equanimity', [but] it means to be aware of something and indifferent to it [...] The third and fourth ''jhāna-s'', as it seems to me, describe the process of directing states of meditative absorption towards the mindful awareness of objects.{{sfn|Wynne|2007|p=106–107}}}} According to Gombrich, "the later tradition has falsified the jhana by classifying them as the quintessence of the concentrated, calming kind of meditation, ignoring the other – and indeed higher – element.{{sfn|Wynne|2007|p=140, note 58}}

According to Vetter and Bronkhorst, ''[[Dhyāna in Buddhism|dhyāna]]'' itself constituted the original "liberating practice".{{sfn|Vetter|1988|pp=xxi-xxii}}{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993}}{{sfn|Cousins|1996|p=58}} Vetter further argues that the eightfold path constitutes a body of practices which prepare one, and lead up to, the practice of ''dhyana''.{{sfn|Vetter|1988|p=xxx}}

====Liberating insight====
Discriminating insight into transiency as a separate path to liberation was a later development.{{sfn|Vetter|1988|pp=xxxiv-xxxvii}}{{sfn|Gombrich|1997|p=131}} According to Johannes Bronkhorst,{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993}} Tillman Vetter,{{sfn|Vetter|1988}} and K. R. Norman,{{sfn|Norman|1997|p=29}} ''bodhi'' was at first not specified. K. R. Norman:

{{quote|It is not at all clear what gaining ''bodhi'' means. We are accustomed to the translation [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|"enlightenment"]] for ''bodhi'', but this is misleading [...] It is not clear what the Buddha was awakened to, or at what particular point the awakening came.{{sfn|Norman|1997|p=29}}}}

According to Norman, ''bodhi'' may basically have meant the knowledge that ''nirvana'' was attained,{{sfn|Norman|1997|p=30}}{{sfn|Vetter|1988|pp=xxix, xxxi}} due to the practice of ''dhyana''.{{sfn|Norman|1997|p=29}}{{sfn|Vetter|1988}}

Bronkhorst notes that the conception of what exactly this "liberating insight" was developed throughout time. Whereas originally it may not have been specified, later on the Four Truths served as such, to be superseded by ''[[Pratītyasamutpāda|Pratityasamutpada]]'', and still later, in the Hinayana schools, by the doctrine of the non-existence of a substantial self or person.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993|pp=100–101}} And Schmithausen notices that still other descriptions of this "liberating insight" exist in the Buddhist canon:

{{quote|"...that the five Skandhas are impermanent, disagreeable, and neither the Self nor belonging to oneself";{{refn|group=note|Majjhima Nikaya 26}} "the contemplation of the arising and disappearance (''udayabbaya'') of the five Skandhas";{{refn|group=note|Anguttara Nikaya II.45 (PTS)}} "the realisation of the Skandhas as empty (''rittaka''), vain (''tucchaka'') and without any pith or substance (''asaraka'').{{refn|group=note|Samyutta Nikaya III.140-142 (PTS)}}{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993|p=101}}}}

The developing importance of liberating insight may have been due to an over-literal interpretation by later scholastics of the terminology used by the Buddha,{{sfn|Gombrich|1997|p=96-134}} or to the problems involved with the practice of ''dhyana'', and the need to develop an easier method.{{sfn|Vetter|1988|p=xxxv}} According to Vetter it may not have been as effective as ''dhyana'', and methods were developed to deepen the effects of discriminating insight.{{sfn|Vetter|1988|p=xxxv}} Insight was also paired to ''dhyana'', resulting in the well-known ''sila-samadhi-prajna'' scheme.{{sfn|Vetter|1988|p=xxxv}} According to Vetter this kind of preparatory ''dhyana'' must have been different from the practice introduced by the Buddha, using [[kasina]]-exercises to produce a "more artificially produced dhyana", resulting in the cessation of apperceptions and feelings.{{sfn|Vetter|1988|p=xxxvi}} It also led to a different understanding of the Eightfold Path, since this path does not end with insight, but rather starts with insight. The path was no longer seen as a sequential development resulting in ''dhyana'', but as a set of practices which had to be developed simultaneously to gain insight.{{sfn|Vetter|1988|pp=xxxvi-xxxvii}}

According to Alexander Wynne, the ultimate aim of ''dhyana'' was the attainment of insight,{{sfn|Wynne|2007|p=105}} and the application of the meditative state to the practice of mindfulness.{{sfn|Wynne|2007|p=105}} According to Frauwallner, mindfulness was a means to prevent the arising of craving, which resulted simply from contact between the senses and their objects. According to Frauwallner this may have been the Buddha’s original idea.{{sfn|Williams|2000|p=45}} According to Wynne, this stress on mindfulness may have led to the intellectualism which favoured insight over the practice of ''dhyana''.{{sfn|Wynne|2007|p=106}}

====Insight and dhyana as complementary====
[[Rupert Gethin]] rejects the notion of two opposing paths, arguing that a close study of the ''[[Bodhipakkhiyādhammā|bodhipakkhiyādhammās]]'', particularly the ''[[Seven Factors of Awakening|bojjhangas]]'', shows how there is no conflict between ''samadhi'' and insight practices in early Buddhism, but that "in fact it turns out that the characteristically early Buddhist conception of the path leading to the cessation of suffering is that it consists precisely in the combining of calm and insight."{{sfn|Gethin|2001|p=xiv}}

[[Bhikkhu Analayo]], scholar of the early texts, has also critiqued the view that there are two contrasting views of liberation in the early sources (i.e. ''dhyana'' vs insight). According to Analayo, ''samadhi'' and insight are actually two complementary aspects of the path to liberation.{{sfn|Analayo|2017|p=98}} Analayo refers to [[Damien Keown]]{{sfn|Analayo|2016|p=40}} who writes that, for the Buddha, "there exist two techniques of meditation precisely because the obstacles to enlightenment are themselves twofold, both moral and intellectual."<ref>Keown, Damien (1992/2001) "The Nature of Buddhist Ethics," p. 79-82, New York: Palgrave.</ref> Analayo also refers to Collett Cox, who noted that it is possible that the Buddhist goal of the elimination of the [[Asava|''asravas'']] “subsumes knowledge and concentration as equally cooperative means rather than mutually exclusive ends,” and that this view is also reflected in Abhidharma.<ref>Cox, Collett (1992/1994) “Attainment through Abandonment: The Sarvāstivāda Path of Removing Defilements”, in Paths to Liberation, The Mārga and Its Transformations in Buddhist Thought, R.E. Buswell jr. and R.M. Gimello (ed.), 63–105, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.</ref>

Keren Arbel describes the fourth ''jhana'' as "non-reactive and lucid awareness," not as a state of deep concentration.{{sfn|Arbel|2017}} She sees ''samadhi'' and insight as closely connected, and argues that in the Pali Suttas, "the entrance into the first jhāna is the actualization and embodiment of insight practice."{{sfn|Arbel|2016}}

===Dependent origination===
{{Main|Pratītyasamutpāda}}

While ''Pratītyasamutpāda'', "dependent origination," and the twelve ''[[Nidana|nidānas]]'', the links of dependent origination, are traditionally interpreted as describing the conditional arising of rebirth in ''[[Saṃsāra (Buddhism)|saṃsāra]]'', and the resultant ''[[duḥkha]]'' (suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness),{{sfn|Harvey|2015|pp=50-59}} Theravada questions the authenticity of this interpretation, and regards the list as describing the arising of mental formations and the resultant notion of "I" and "mine," which are the source of suffering.<ref name="Payutto">Payutto, ''Dependent Origination: the Buddhist Law of Causality''</ref><ref>Buddhadasu, ''Paticcasamuppada: Practical dependent Origination''</ref>{{sfn|Jones|2009}}

Scholars have noted inconsistencies in the list, and regard it to be a later synthesis of several older lists.{{sfn|Frauwallner|1973|p=167-168}}{{sfn|Schumann|1997}}{{sfn|Bucknell|1999}}{{sfn|Gombrich|2009}}{{sfn|Shulman|2008}}{{sfn|Jones|2009}} The first four links may be a mockery of the Vedic-Brahmanic cosmogeny, as described in the ''[[Hymn of Creation]]'' of Veda X, 129 and the [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad|''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'']].{{sfn|Jurewicz|2000}}{{sfn|Gombrich|2009}}{{sfn|Jones|2009}}{{sfn|Wayman|1984a|p=173 with note 16}}{{sfn|Wayman|1984b|p=256}}{{sfn|Wayman|1971}} These were integrated with a branched list which describe the conditioning of mental processes,{{sfn|Bucknell|1999}}{{sfn|Shulman|2008}}{{sfn|Jones|2009}} akin to the five [[Skandha|''skandhas'']].{{sfn|Boisvert|1995|p={{pn|date=October 2020}}}} Eventually, this branched list developed into the standard twelvefold chain as a linear list.{{sfn|Bucknell|1999}}{{sfn|Gombrich|2009|p=138}} While this list may be interpreted as describing the processes which give rise to rebirth, in essence it describes the arising of ''duhkha'' as a psychological process, without the involvement of an ''[[Ātman (Hinduism)|atman]]''.{{sfn|Shulman|2008}}{{sfn|Jurewicz|2000}}

=== 37 factors of enlightenment ===
According to [[A. K. Warder]] the [[Bodhipakkhiyādhammā|''bodhipakkhiyādhammā'']], the 37 factors of enlightenment, are a summary of the core Buddhist teachings which are common to all schools.{{sfn|Warder|1999|p=82}}{{refn|group=note|In his 1970 publication ''Indian Buddhism'', which predates the discoveries of Norman, Schmithausen, Vetter, Bronkhorst and Gombrich.}} These factors are summarised in the ''[[Mahāparinibbāna Sutta|Mahaparinibbana Sutta]]'',{{refn|group=note|[[Digha Nikaya]] 10}} which recounts the Buddha's last days, in the Buddha's last address to his bikkhus:
{{quote|Now, O [[bhikkhu]]s, I say to you that these teachings of which I have direct knowledge and which I have made known to you — these you should thoroughly learn, cultivate, develop, and frequently practice, that the life of purity may be established and may long endure, for the welfare and happiness of the multitude, out of compassion for the world, for the benefit, well being, and happiness of gods and men. 
And what, bhikkhus, are these teachings? They are the four foundations of mindfulness, the four right efforts, the four constituents of psychic power, the five faculties, the five powers, the seven factors of enlightenment, and the Noble Eightfold Path. These, bhikkhus, are the teachings of which I have direct knowledge, which I have made known to you, and which you should thoroughly learn, cultivate, develop, and frequently practice.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.1-6.vaji.html|title=Maha-parinibbana Sutta: Last Days of the Buddha|website=www.accesstoinsight.org}}</ref>}}

[[Alex Wayman]] has criticised [[A. K. Warder]], for failing to present an integrated picture of early Buddhism.{{sfn|Gethin|2001|p=343}} But according to Gethin, the [[bodhipakkhiyādhammā|''bodhipakkhiyādhammā'']] provide a key to understanding the relationship between calm and insight in early Buddhist meditation theory, bringing together the practice of ''dhyana'' with the development of wisdom.{{sfn|Gethin|2001|p=xiii}}

=== Nirvana ===

==== As cessation and ending of rebirth ====
Most modern scholars such as [[Rupert Gethin]], [[Richard Gombrich]] and Paul Williams hold that the goal of early Buddhism, [[Nirvana (Buddhism)|nirvāṇa]] (''nibbana'' in Pali, also called ''nibbanadhatu'', the property of nibbana), means the 'blowing out' or 'extinguishing' of greed, aversion, and delusion (the simile used in texts is that of a flame going out), and that this signifies the permanent cessation of [[Saṃsāra|samsara]] and [[Rebirth (Buddhism)|rebirth]].{{sfn|Gethin|1998|p=75}}<ref>Williams, Paul (2002), Buddhist Thought (Kindle ed.), Taylor & Francis, p 47-48.</ref><ref>Keown, Damien (2000), Buddhism: A Very Short Introduction (Kindle ed.), Oxford University Press</ref><ref>Hamilton, Sue, Early Buddhism: A New Approach : the I of the Beholder, p. 58.</ref>{{refn|group=note|[[Samyutta Nikaya]] IV 251 and IV 261}} As Gethin notes, "this is not a 'thing' but an event or experience" that frees one from rebirth in [[Saṃsāra|samsara]].{{sfn|Gethin|1998|p=75}} [[Richard Gombrich|Gombrich]] argues that the metaphor of blowing out refers to fires which were kept by priests of [[Historical Vedic religion|Brahmanism]], and symbolise life in the world.{{sfn|Gombrich|2006|p=66}}

According to Donald Swearer, the journey to nirvana is not a journey to a "separate reality", but a move towards calm, equanimity, nonattachment and nonself.<ref>Loy, David R. A New Buddhist Path: Enlightenment, Evolution, and Ethics in the Modern World, p. 16.</ref> Thomas Kasulis notes that in the early texts, nirvana is often described in negative terms, including “cessation” (''nirodha''), “the absence of craving” (''trsnaksaya''), “detachment,” “the absence of delusion,” and “the unconditioned” (''asamskrta'').<ref name=":1">Jones, Lindsay, Encyclopedia of Religion, volume 10, p. 6628.</ref> He also notes that there is little discussion in the [[early Buddhist texts]] about the metaphysical nature of nirvana, since they seem to hold that metaphysical speculation is an obstacle to the goal. Kasulis mentions the [[Parable of the Poisoned Arrow|''Malunkyaputta Sutta'']] which denies any view about the existence of the Buddha after his final bodily death, all positions (the Buddha exists after death, does not exist, both or neither) are rejected.<ref name=":1" /> Likewise, another Sutta ([[Aṅguttara Nikāya|AN]] II 161) has [[Sariputta|Sāriputta]] saying that asking the question "Is there anything else?" after the physical death of someone who has attained nibbana is conceptualising or proliferating (''[[Conceptual proliferation|papañca]]'') about that which is without proliferation (''appapañcaṃ'') and thus a kind of distorted thinking bound up with the self.{{sfn|Brahmali|2009}}

==== As a kind of consciousness or a place ====
[[Edward Conze]] argued that Nirvana was a kind of Absolute. He mentions ideas like the "person" (''[[Pudgalavada|pudgala]]''), the assumption of an eternal "consciousness" in the Saddhatu Sutra, the identification of the Absolute, of Nirvana, with an "invisible infinite consciousness, which shines everywhere" in [[Dīgha Nikāya|Digha Nikaya]] XI 85, and "traces of a belief in consciousness as the nonimpermanent centre of the personality which constitutes an absolute element in this contingent world" as pointing to this.{{sfn|Conze|1967|p=10}}

Influenced by Schayer, M. Falk argues that the early Buddhist view of nirvana is that it is an "abode" or "place" of prajña, which is gained by the enlightened.{{refn|group=note|Digha Nikaya 15, ''Mahanidana Sutta'', which describes a nine-fold chain of causation. Mind-and-body (''nama-rupa'') and consciousness (''vijnana'') do condition here each other (verse 2 and 3). In verse 21 and 22, it is stated that consciousness comes into the mother's womb, and finds a resting place in mind-and-body.{{Sfn|Walshe|1995|p=223, 226}}}}{{sfn|Ray|1999|p=375}}{{refn|group=note|M. Falk 1943, ''Nama-rupa and Dharma-rupa''}} This nirvanic element, as an "essence" or pure consciousness, is immanent within [[Saṃsāra|samsara]]. The three bodies are concentric realities, which are stripped away or abandoned, leaving only the nirodhakaya of the liberated person.{{sfn|Ray|1999|p=375}}{{refn|group=note|According to Alexander Wynne, Schayer: "referred to passages in which "consciousness" (''vinnana'') seems to be the ultimate reality or substratum (e.g. A I.10) 14 as well as the ''Saddhatu Sutra'', which is not found in any canonical source but is cited in other Buddhist texts — it states that the personality (pudgala) consists of the six elements (dhatu) of earth, water, fire, wind, space and consciousness; Schayer noted that it related to other ancient Indian ideas. Keith’s argument is also based on the ''Saddhatu Sutra'' as well as "passages where we have explanations of Nirvana which echo the ideas of the Upanishads regarding the ultimate reality." He also refers to the doctrine of "a consciousness, originally pure, defiled by adventitious impurities."{{sfn|Wynne|2007|p=99}}}} A similar view is also defended by C. Lindtner, who argues that in precanonical Buddhism Nirvana is:

{{quote|...a place one can actually go to. It is called ''nirvanadhatu'', has no border-signs (''animitta''), is localized somewhere beyond the other six ''dhatus'' (beginning with earth and ending with ''vijñana'') but is closest to ''akasa'' and ''vijñana''. One cannot visualize it, it is ''anidarsana'', but it provides one with firm ground under one’s feet, it is dhruva; once there one will not slip back, it is ''acyutapada''. As opposed to this world, it is a pleasant place to be in, it is sukha, things work well.{{refn|group=note|{{harvnb|Lindtner|1997}}. Cited in {{harvnb|Wynne|2007|p=99}}.}}}}

According to Lindtner, Canonical Buddhism was a reaction to this view, but also against the absolutist tendencies in Jainism and the Upanisads. Nirvana came to be seen as a state of mind, instead of a concrete place.{{sfn|Lindtner|1997}} Elements of this precanonical Buddhism may have survived the canonisation, and its subsequent filtering out of ideas, and re-appeared in [[Mahayana|Mahayana Buddhism]].{{sfn|Lindtner|1997}}{{sfn|Akizuki|1990|p=25-27}} According to Lindtner, the existence of multiple, and contradicting ideas, is also reflected in the works of Nagarjuna, who tried to harmonise these different ideas. According to Lindtner, this lead him to taking a "paradoxical" stance, for instance regarding nirvana, rejecting any positive description.{{sfn|Lindtner|1997}}

Referring to this view, Alexander Wynne holds that there is no evidence in the [[Sutta Piṭaka|Sutta Pitaka]] that the Buddha held this view, at best it only shows that "some of the early Buddhists were influenced by their Brahminic peers."{{sfn|Wynne|2007|p=101}} Wynne concludes that the Buddha rejected the views of the [[Vedas]] and that his teachings present a radical departure from these [[Historical Vedic religion|Brahminical]] beliefs.{{sfn|Wynne|2007|p=101}}

==See also==
* [[Aṭṭhakavagga and Pārāyanavagga|Atthakavagga and Parayanavagga]]
* [[Buddhist paths to liberation]]
* [[Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna|Basic Points Unifying the Theravāda and the Mahāyāna]]
* [[Buddhist councils]]
* [[History of Buddhism]]
* [[Index of Buddhism-related articles]]
* [[Outline of Buddhism]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|35em}}

==Quotations==
{{reflist|group=quote|35em}}

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}

==Sources==

===Printed sources===
{{refbegin|35em}}

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* {{Citation | last =Wynne | first =Alexander | year =2007 | title =The Origin of Buddhist Meditation | publisher = Routledge}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
;History of Buddhism (general)
* {{Citation |ref=none |last=Bronkhorst |first=Johannes |author-link=Johannes Bronkhorst |year=1993 |title=The Two Traditions of Meditation in Ancient India |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.}}
* {{Citation|ref=none | last =Gombrich | first =Richard F. | year =1997 | title =How Buddhism Began | publisher =Munshiram Manoharlal}}\.
* {{Citation |ref=none |last=Norman |first=K. R. |year=1997 |title=A Philological Approach to Buddhism. The Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai Lectures 1994 |publisher=School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London) |url=http://ahandfulofleaves.files.wordpress.com/2011/11/a-philological-approach-to-buddhism_norman_tbf_1997.pdf}}.
* {{Citation|ref=none | last =Samuel | first =Geoffrey | year =2010 | title =The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century | publisher =Cambridge University Press}}.
;Early Buddhism
* {{Citation |ref=none |last=Schmithausen |first=Lambert |year=1981 |title=On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism. In: Studien zum Jainismus und Buddhismus (Gedenkschrift für Ludwig Alsdorf), hrsg. von Klaus Bruhn und Albrecht Wezler, Wiesbaden 1981, 199–250}}.
* {{Citation|ref=none | last =Vetter | first =Tilmann | year =1988 | title =The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism | publisher =BRILL}}.
* {{Citation|ref=none | last =Wynne | first =Alexander | year =2007 | title =The Origin of Buddhist Meditation | publisher = Routledge}}.
;Modern understanding

==External links==
* [http://ahandfulofleaves.wordpress.com/ A Handful of Leaves] Essential publications on Buddhist history
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160413041907/http://www.gampoabbey.org/documents/kosha-sources/La-Vallee-Poussin-Musila-and-Narada-The-Path-of-Nirvana-1937.pdf Louis de La Vallée-Poussin, ''Musial and Narad'']. Translated from the French by Gelongma Migme Chödrön and Gelong Lodrö Sangpo.

{{Buddhism topics}}

[[Category:Early Buddhism]]

Manipuri Tamils

2026-02-05T12:20:41Z

ChristenaMcGraw: created a info v1.

{{Short description|Ethnic group}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Manipuri Tamils
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| image_upright =
| total = 17,000 
| total_year = 2011 
| total_source = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://manipur.nic.in/planning/DraftMSDR/Draft_SDR_pdf/Chapter%2011_Border%20Trade.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=19 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927000725/http://manipur.nic.in/planning/DraftMSDR/Draft_SDR_pdf/Chapter%2011_Border%20Trade.pdf |archive-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 
| total_ref = 
| genealogy =
| regions = [[Moreh, India]] 

| languages = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ([[first language|L1]]), [[Meitei language|Meitei (Manipuri)]] ([[second language|L2]])
| religions = Majority: [[Sri Vaishnavism|Hinduism]] Minority: [[Tamil Muslims|Islam]], [[Tamil Christians|Christianity]]
| related_groups = [[Meitei people]], [[Burmese people]], [[Kuki people]]
| footnotes =
}}

The northeastern Indian state of [[Manipur]] has a relatively large population of [[Tamil people|Tamils]], largely concentrated near the border of [[Myanmar]]. The town of [[Moreh, India|Moreh]] in particular, has an estimated 17,000 Tamils.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://manipur.nic.in/planning/DraftMSDR/Draft_SDR_pdf/Chapter%2011_Border%20Trade.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=19 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927000725/http://manipur.nic.in/planning/DraftMSDR/Draft_SDR_pdf/Chapter%2011_Border%20Trade.pdf |archive-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tamils in Manipur have relatives and business contacts in Myanmar, which is a valuable network, facilitating [[cross-border trade]].

==History {{anchor|Kuki-Tamil communal clash of 1992|Tamil-Kuki communal clash of 1992}} ==
Tamils from Burma came back to India when General [[Ne Win]] nationalized banks, shops, and factories. Some of them found life in refugee camps in [[Tamil Nadu]] challenging, so they decided to return to Burma through land. They were stopped by Burmese immigration at the border town of [[Moreh, India|Moreh]] and settled there as a result.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tamilsangammoreh.org/aboutus.php |title=About Tamil Sangam in Moreh State, Coming of Tamils to Morh, Manipur State |accessdate=2011-01-19 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705110413/http://tamilsangammoreh.org/aboutus.php |archivedate=2011-07-05 }}</ref>

Around 1992, there were [[1992 Kuki-Tamil clashes|clashes]] between the Tamil and [[Kuki peoples|Kuki]] communities due to attempts by Kuki militants to impose heavy taxes on Tamil businesses.The issue was amicably resolved after the Tamil community struck a deal to invest in the local business, health and education that would benefit the Kuki community as well. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Download/Jrp/pdf/133_6.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=19 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617035710/http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Download/Jrp/pdf/133_6.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Recently, the Tamil community has been involved in a legal battle to prevent the Manipur government from giving up land occupied by Sri Angala Parameshwari Sri Muneeswarar temple to [[Myanmar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indoburmanews.net/fencing-at-border-pillar-78-turning-controversial/ |title=Fencing at border pillar 78 turning controversial — Indo-Burma News |accessdate=2011-01-19 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722230221/http://www.indoburmanews.net/fencing-at-border-pillar-78-turning-controversial/ |archivedate=2011-07-22 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=21960:decision-to-hand-over-temple-in-moreh-to-myanmar-draws-flak&catid=52:regional-news&Itemid=54|title=Eastern Mirror {{!}} The latest and breaking news from Nagaland, northeast India and India, current affairs in regional politics, latest updates on business news, sports and entertainment|website=www.easternmirrornagaland.com|access-date=2018-05-16}}</ref> One of the gates of this temple is in Burmese territory.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kamakotisevajharkhand.org/manipur.html |title=Kendra Activities at Manipur |accessdate=2011-01-19 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119025209/http://www.kamakotisevajharkhand.org/manipur.html |archivedate=2010-11-19 }}</ref>

==Religion==
Other than the Sri Angala Parameshwari Sri Muneeswarar temple mentioned, the Tamil Hindu temples in Moreh are Sree Veeramma Kali Temple, Sree Badrakaali Temple, and the Sree Periyapalayathamman temple. There is also a Tamil mosque, known as the Tamir-E-Millath Jamia Masjid, and a Tamil Catholic church, the St. George Church, in Moreh.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tamilsangammoreh.org/aboutus.php |title=About Tamil Sangam in Moreh State, Coming of Tamils to Morh, Manipur State |accessdate=2011-01-19 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705110413/http://tamilsangammoreh.org/aboutus.php |archivedate=2011-07-05 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Saikia |first=Arunabh |date=2019-02-24 |title=After six decades, Manipur’s Burmese Tamils get a glimpse of their ancestral places in Myanmar |url=https://scroll.in/article/913335/after-six-decades-manipurs-burmese-tamils-get-a-glimpse-of-their-ancestral-places-in-myanmar |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

The [[Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham]] has been involved in spiritual activities in Manipur.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kamakotisevajharkhand.org/manipur.html |title=Kendra Activities at Manipur |accessdate=2011-01-19 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119025209/http://www.kamakotisevajharkhand.org/manipur.html |archivedate=2010-11-19 }}</ref>

==Entertainment==
Over the past several years, [[Tamil film]]s have garnered popularity slowly in Manipur, partly due to a ban on [[Hindi language]] entertainment by militant groups such as the [[Revolutionary People's Front (RPF)]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/prepak.htm|title= Revolutionary People's Front (RPF)|last=Pike|first=John|access-date=2018-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/calcutta-times/No-Amitabh-SRK-films-in-Manipur/articleshow/733398.cms|title=No Amitabh, SRK films in Manipur – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/Story/522/Korea-Comes-to-Manipur.html |title=Korea Comes to Manipur |accessdate=2012-04-04 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427014851/http://www.caravanmagazine.in/Story/522/Korea-Comes-to-Manipur.html |archivedate=2012-04-27 }}</ref>
There is a reference to the Tamil community in Manipur in [[The Family Man (Indian TV series)]] Season 3 episode 6.

== Impact of 2023 Manipur Violence ==
After the Kukis were attacked in Imphal, Kuki mobs targeted Meitei homes and properties in Moreh resulting in the collateral damage of more than 45 houses and shops of Tamils being burned as they were close to Meitei homes during the [[2023 Manipur violence|2023 ethnic clash between the Meiteis and the Kukis]]. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-10 |title=Manipur : 'Rioters tried to enter my house. When they couldn't, they burned it' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/rioters-tried-to-enter-my-house-when-they-couldnt-they-burned-it/articleshow/102599144.cms |access-date=2023-10-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Partha S. |date=2023-09-24 |title=Manipur's Tamil connection, via Myanmar: How ethnic polarisation has marooned the community again |url=https://scroll.in/article/1055608/manipurs-tamil-connection-via-myanmar-how-ethnic-polarisation-has-marooned-the-community-again |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sabir |first=Aaisha |date=2023-09-02 |title=Tamils caught in the crossfire in strife-torn Manipur |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pick-a-side-or-leave-difficult-decisions-for-tamils-in-manipur/article67264697.ece |access-date=2023-10-03 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur violence: Abandoned houses belonging to Meiteis torched at India-Myanmar border town |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/jul/26/manipur-violence-abandoned-houses-belonging-to-meiteis-torched-at-india-myanmar-border-town-2598765.html |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manipur Tamil Community}}
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Manipur]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Manipur]]
[[Category:Tamil society]]

Bajaj Finserv

2026-02-05T03:54:30Z

ChristenaMcGraw: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{short description|Indian financial services company}}
{{Distinguish|Bajaj Finance}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox company
| logo = Bajaj Finserv Logo 2025.svg
| name = Bajaj Finserv Limited
| image = File:Bajaj Finserv Head Office, Pune.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_caption = Bajaj Finserv's headquarters in [[Pune]]
| type = [[Public Company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{plainlist|
*{{BSE|532978}}
*{{NSE|BAJAJFINSV}}
*[[NIFTY 50|NSE NIFTY 50]] constituent}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE918I01026}}
| industry = [[Financial services]]
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|2007|5}}<ref name="BalSheet"/>
| founder = [[Jamnalal Bajaj]]
| defunct =
| location_city = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| location_country =
| locations = 
| area_served =
| key_people = [[Sanjiv Bajaj]] ([[chairman]] & Managing Director)
| products = {{ubl|[[Insurance]] |[[General insurance]] |[[Health insurance]] |[[Vehicle insurance]] |[[Travel insurance]] |[[Home insurance]] |[[Life insurance]] |[[Mortgage loan]]s |[[Investment management]] | [[Asset management]] |[[Mutual fund]]s |[[Credit card]]s<ref>{{cite web |title=Apply for Loans, EMI Finance, Credit Card and Insurance – Bajaj Finserv |url=http://www.bajajfinserv.in/ |website=bajajfinserv.in}}</ref>}}
| revenue = {{increase}}{{INRConvert|133821.05|c}}<ref name="incomestate">{{cite web |title=Bajaj Finserv Consolidated Profit & Loss account, Bajaj Finserv Financial Statement & Accounts |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/bajajfinserv/consolidated-profit-lossVI/BF04#BF04 |website=moneycontrol.com |language=en |access-date=11 December 2020 |archive-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521170023/https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/bajajfinserv/consolidated-profit-lossVI/BF04#BF04 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| revenue_year = 2025
| operating_income = {{increase}}{{INRConvert|47646|c}}<ref name="incomestate"/>
| income_year = 2025
| net_income = {{increase}}{{INRConvert|17539.65|c}}<ref name="incomestate"/>
| net_income_year = 2025
| assets = {{increase}}{{INRConvert|405509|c}}<ref name="BalSheet">{{Cite web|title=Bajaj Finserv Consolidated Balance Sheet, Bajaj Finserv Financial Statement & Accounts|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/bajajfinserv/consolidated-balance-sheetVI/BF04#BF04|access-date=24 June 2025|website=moneycontrol.com|language=en}}</ref>
| assets_year = 2024
| equity = {{increase}}{{INRConvert|72346|c}}<ref name="BalSheet"/>
| equity_year = 2025
| num_employees = 105 (2022)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bajaj Finserv Company Overview|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/bajaj-finserv/?sh=2285ca3c48e4|access-date=20 March 2023|website=Forbes.com|language=en}}</ref>
| parent = [[Bajaj Group]]<ref name="BalSheet"/>
| divisions =
| subsid = {{ubl|[[Bajaj Finance]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/annual-report/bajajfinserv/chairmans-speech/BF04|title=Bajaj Finserv Chairman's Speech > Finance - Investments > Chairman's Speech from Bajaj Finserv - BSE: 532978, NSE: BAJAJFINSV|website=www.moneycontrol.com|access-date=23 January 2019|archive-date=24 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041317/https://www.moneycontrol.com/annual-report/bajajfinserv/chairmans-speech/BF04|url-status=live}}</ref> Bajaj Allianz General Insurance Bajaj Allianz Life Insurance Bajaj Housing Finance<ref name="BalSheet"/> Bajaj Finserv Markets <ref name="ibs">{{Cite web|url=https://ibsintelligence.com/ibsi-news/acko-partners-with-bajaj-finservs-subsidiary-finserv-markets/|title=ACKO partners with Bajaj Finserv's subsidiary – Finserv MARKETS|website=ibsintelligence.com|access-date=5 January 2021|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926100305/https://ibsintelligence.com/ibsi-news/acko-partners-with-bajaj-finservs-subsidiary-finserv-markets/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|Bajaj Finserv Asset Management Company
|Bajaj Finserv Direct (Bajaj Markets)
|Bajaj Finserv Health
}}
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.bajajfinserv.in/}}
}}

'''Bajaj Finserv Limited''' is an Indian [[financial services|non-banking financial services]] company<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/BJFIN:IN "Bajaj Finserv Ltd"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319092803/http://www.bloomberg.com/quote/BJFIN:IN |date=19 March 2016 }} ''Bloomberg''. Retrieved 2014-11-03.</ref><ref>[http://www.indiainfoline.com/markets/company/background/company-profile/bajaj-finserv-ltd/28075 "Bajaj Finserv Ltd"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924050947/http://www.indiainfoline.com/markets/company/background/company-profile/bajaj-finserv-ltd/28075 |date=24 September 2015 }} ''India Infoline''. Retrieved 2014-11-03.</ref> headquartered in [[Pune]]. It is focused on [[lending]], [[asset management]], [[wealth management]] and [[insurance]].<ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/bajaj-finserv-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-21426.cms "Bajaj Finserv Ltd."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226151521/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/bajaj-finserv-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-21426.cms |date=26 February 2015 }} ''The Economic Times''. Retrieved 2014-11-03.</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Business/India-Business/Bajaj-Finserv-to-float-a-housing-finance-company/articleshow/42194853.cms "Bajaj Finserv to float a housing finance company"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222221842/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Business/India-Business/Bajaj-Finserv-to-float-a-housing-finance-company/articleshow/42194853.cms |date=22 February 2015 }} ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 2014-11-03.</ref>

==History==
The financial services and wind energy businesses were transferred to Bajaj Finserv Limited (BFL) as part of the concluded demerger from [[Bajaj Auto|Bajaj Auto Limited]], approved by the High Court of Judicature at [[Bombay]] by its order dated 18 December 2007.<ref>[http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-08-18/news/27675728_1_demerger-scheme-bajaj-holdings-bajaj-auto "Bajaj Auto demerger approved"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217035850/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-08-18/news/27675728_1_demerger-scheme-bajaj-holdings-bajaj-auto |date=17 December 2014 }} ''The Economic Times''. Retrieved 2014-11-03.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Saraogi |first=Rahul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HMMiAwAAQBAJ&dq=Bajaj+Finserv&pg=PA122 |title=Investing in India, + Website: A Value Investor's Guide to the Biggest Untapped Opportunity in the World |date=2014-04-21 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-75609-6 |language=en |access-date=27 May 2023 |archive-date=12 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512043310/https://books.google.com/books?id=HMMiAwAAQBAJ&dq=Bajaj+Finserv&pg=PA122 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is a financial conglomerate with stakes in the financing sector (Bajaj Finance),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Sinjinee |date=2018 |title=To evaluate the perception of the parent brand Bajaj vis-à-vis Bajaj Finserv |url=http://tapmi.informaticsglobal.com/617/ |access-date=2022-08-31 |website=tapmi.informaticsglobal.com |language=en |archive-date=31 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831164253/http://tapmi.informaticsglobal.com/617/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/bajaj-finserv-s-q1-consolidated-net-profit-rises-14-114071600994_1.html "Bajaj Finserv's Q1 consolidated net profit rises 14%"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104070358/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/bajaj-finserv-s-q1-consolidated-net-profit-rises-14-114071600994_1.html |date=4 November 2014 }} ''Business Standard''. Retrieved 2014-11-03.</ref> the life insurance business (Bajaj Life Insurance), the general insurance business (Bajaj General Insurance),<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Gandhi |first1=Kajal |last2=Narnolia |first2=Vishal |last3=Sawant |first3=Sameer |date=September 22, 2021 |title=Bajaj Finserv (BAFINS): Improving prospects of key subsidiaries to add value |url=https://www.icicidirect.com/mailimages/IDirect_BajajFinserv_CoUpdate_Sep21.pdf |access-date=31 May 2022 |website=[[ICICI Bank|ICICIDirect]] |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526121349/https://www.icicidirect.com/mailimages/IDirect_BajajFinserv_CoUpdate_Sep21.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Karwa |first=Atul |date=28 October 2020 |title=Initiating Coverage Bajaj Finserv Ltd. |url=https://www.hdfcsec.com/hsl.research.pdf/Bajaj%20Finserv%20-%20Initiating%20Coverage%20-%20281020.pdf |access-date=31 May 2022 |website=[[HDFC securities]] |archive-date=17 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617172058/https://www.hdfcsec.com/hsl.research.pdf/Bajaj%20Finserv%20-%20Initiating%20Coverage%20-%20281020.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and the mutual fund business (Bajaj Finserv Mutual Funds).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-06 |title=Bajaj Finserv Mutual Fund launched |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/mf/mf-news/bajaj-finserv-mutual-fund-launched/articleshow/100786766.cms |access-date=2023-06-28 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=13 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613091142/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/mf/mf-news/bajaj-finserv-mutual-fund-launched/articleshow/100786766.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-06 |title=Bajaj Finserv forays into mutual funds |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/bajaj-finserv-forays-into-mutual-funds/article66938561.ece |access-date=2023-06-28 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=13 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613055831/https://www.thehindu.com/business/bajaj-finserv-forays-into-mutual-funds/article66938561.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Bajaj Holdings and Investments Limited (BHIL) came into existence when the original company separated its auto and finance assets. This new entity, BHIL is the parent company which holds 39.29% stake in Bajaj Finserv<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bajaj Holdings & Investment Ltd. |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/company/bajaj-holdings-50/information/company-history |access-date=2022-10-09}}</ref> and now holds surplus cash and investments with the purpose of providing financial support to the auto and/or finance business or exploring fresh business prospects. The BHIL has been registered as a [[NBFC & MFI in India|Non–Banking Financial Company (NBFC)]] under the Registration No. N–13.01952 dated 29 October 2009 with [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bajajauto.com/bhil/index.html|title=Bajaj Holdings and Investment Ltd.|website=bajajauto.com|access-date=2019-01-21|archive-date=16 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116115133/https://www.bajajauto.com/bhil/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Starting in 2017, Bajaj Finserv adopted [[blockchain technology]] for services like travel insurance, allowing claim resolution before customer registration.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-11-04 |title=Indian cos using blockchain technology to better services |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indian-cos-using-blockchain-technology-to-better-services/articleshow/61509314.cms |access-date=2023-08-30 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> By 2023, they had extended blockchain's utility to enhance trader and customer connections.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Raj |first1=Arman |last2=Kumar |first2=Avneesh |last3=Sharma |first3=Vandana |last4=Rani |first4=Seema |last5=Shanu |first5=Ankit Kumar |title=2023 4th International Conference on Intelligent Engineering and Management (ICIEM) |chapter=Enhancing Security Feature in Financial Transactions using Multichain Based Blockchain Technology |date=May 2023 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1109/ICIEM59379.2023.10166589|isbn=979-8-3503-4112-6 |s2cid=259339118 }}</ref>

Apart from financial services, it is also active in [[wind energy]] generation with an installed capacity of 65.2 MW.<ref name="auto" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Post division, brothers Rajiv and Sanjiv Bajaj taking Bajaj Group to new highs |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-07-01/news/51002912_1_sanjiv-bajaj-bajaj-group-rahul-bajaj |access-date=2014-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707070328/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-07-01/news/51002912_1_sanjiv-bajaj-bajaj-group-rahul-bajaj |archive-date=2014-07-07}}</ref><ref>[http://www.thewindpower.net/windfarm_en_17161_bajaj-finserv-ltd.php "Bajaj Finserv Ltd windfarm (India)"] ''The WindPower''. Retrieved 2014-11-03.</ref> In the quarterly results for June 2022, the company's board of directors has approved the sub-division of its equity shares in a ratio of 1:5.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nahar |first=Pawan |title=Bajaj Finserv announces stock split, bonus issue for shareholders |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/double-bonanza-bajaj-finserv-announces-stock-split-bonus-issue-for-shareholders/articleshow/93180515.cms |access-date=2022-08-31 |archive-date=31 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831164120/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/double-bonanza-bajaj-finserv-announces-stock-split-bonus-issue-for-shareholders/articleshow/93180515.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

As of 1 July 2025, the [[Bajaj Group]] holds a 55% stake in the company.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Conchie |first=Charlie |date=1 July 2025 |title=India's Bajaj Finserv hiks customer target to 250 million |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indias-bajaj-finserv-hikes-customer-target-250-million-2025-07-01/ |access-date=3 December 2025 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>

== Subsidiaries ==

* '''[[Bajaj Finance]]''' was initially incepted as Bajaj Auto Finance in 1987. Later diversified into business and property financing.<ref>{{cite web |title=Profitability Analysis of Lease Financing Company (A Study with Reference to Bajaj Finance Limited) |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3572491 |website=papers.ssrn.com |ssrn=3572491 |access-date=27 December 2023 |archive-date=14 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714172705/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3572491 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Meenakshi |first=Arun Kumar & N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mDlDDAAAQBAJ&dq=Bajaj+Finserv&pg=PA778 |title=Marketing Management, 2nd Edition |date=2011 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |isbn=978-81-259-4259-7 |language=en |access-date=27 May 2023 |archive-date=12 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512055121/https://books.google.com/books?id=mDlDDAAAQBAJ&dq=Bajaj+Finserv&pg=PA778 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''Bajaj Life Insurance''' (formerly '''Bajaj Allianz Life Insurance'''<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-10-08 |title=Bajaj Finserv rebrands its general, life insurance businesses |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/bajaj-finserv-rebrands-its-general-life-insurance-businesses/article70139535.ece |access-date=2025-11-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>) started as a joint venture between Bajaj Finserv and [[Allianz SE]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bansal |first1=Sanjeev |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ySqzEAAAQBAJ&dq=Bajaj+Allianz+Management+in+Action&pg=PT92 |title=Management in Action: An HR Perspective |last2=Prashaant |first2=Anu |last3=Singhi |first3=Rushina |last4=Dhillon |first4=Lakhwinder Kaur |date=2023-06-02 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-000-89915-3 |language=en |access-date=27 September 2023 |archive-date=12 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512055121/https://books.google.com/books?id=ySqzEAAAQBAJ&dq=Bajaj+Allianz+Management+in+Action&pg=PT92 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="businessweek">{{cite web|title=Company Overview of Bajaj Allianz Life Insurance Company Limited|url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=9155888|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071115212856/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=9155888|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 November 2007|publisher=investing.businessweek.com|accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> The company received the [[Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority]] (IRDA) certificate of Registration on 3 August 2001 to conduct [[life insurance]] business in India.<ref name="smartinvestments">{{cite web|title=Bajaj Allianz Life Insurance company Info|url=http://www.smartinvestments.co.in/content/Information/companyprofile.asp?InsuCode=7&InsuCateCode=1|publisher=smartinvestments.com|access-date=3 January 2022|archive-date=6 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006212116/http://www.smartinvestments.co.in/content/Information/companyprofile.asp?InsuCode=7&InsuCateCode=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2025, Bajaj Finserv acquired Allianz SE's stake in Bajaj Life Insurance for {{INRConvert|10400|c|year=2025}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Shayan |last2=Mukherjee |first2=Anubhav |date=17 March 2025 |title=Bajaj Group to buy 26% each in insurance businesses from Allianz |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/bajaj-finserv-to-acquire-26-stake-from-allianz-in-bajaj-allianz-life-bajaj-allianz-general-insurance-11742231082807.html |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2025-10-08 |title=Bajaj Finserv rebrands insurance arms after Allianz exit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/bajaj-finserv-rebrands-insurance-arms-after-allianz-exit/articleshow/124377747.cms |access-date=2025-11-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* '''Bajaj General Insurance''' (formerly '''Bajaj Allianz General Insurance'''<ref name=":1" />) is a private [[general insurance]] company<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.livemint.com/Money/5dFM2ktg0LWCfiMjPBouFN/Bajaj-Finserv-justifies-the-rise-in-share-price.html |title=Bajaj Finserv justifies the rise in share price |date=20 May 2015 |access-date=3 January 2022 |archive-date=3 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103130058/https://www.livemint.com/Money/5dFM2ktg0LWCfiMjPBouFN/Bajaj-Finserv-justifies-the-rise-in-share-price.html |url-status=live }}</ref> which began as a joint venture between Bajaj Finserv and [[Allianz SE]] in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashokbhai Kalola |first=Aneri |date=2024-03-30 |title=A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FINANCIAL PERORMANCE [sic] EVALUTION OF SELECTED NON- LIFE INSURANCE COMPANIES OF INDIA |url=http://library.atmiya.net:8080/dspace/bitstream/handle/atmiyauni/1420/A%20Comparative%20Study%20Of%20Financial%20Perormance%20Evalution%20Of%20Selected%20Non-%20Life%20Insurance%20Companies%20Of%20India.pdf |url-status= |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=[[Atmiya University]] |page=38 |via=[[DSpace]]}}</ref> In 2025, Bajaj Finserv acquired Allianz SE's stake in Bajaj Allianz General Insurance for {{INRConvert|13780|c|year=2025}}.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> By January 2026, Allianz had fully exited the insurance business in India, increasing the group’s overall holding in both insurance arms to 97%.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Navin |first=Nishit |editor-last=Biswas |editor-first=Shreya |title=India's Bajaj Group completes 23% stake acquisition in its insurance units from Allianz |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/indias-bajaj-group-completes-acquisition-23-stake-insurance-companies-allianz-2026-01-08/ |access-date=13 January 2026 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>
* '''Bajaj Housing Finance''' provides housing finance services, including home loans and loans against property.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Babel |first=Rajeev |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nIckEAAAQBAJ&dq=Bajaj+Housing+Finance&pg=SA8-PA22 |title=Handbook of Non-Banking Financial Companies |date=2021-03-15 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-90176-20-5 |language=en |access-date=8 July 2023 |archive-date=12 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512060125/https://books.google.com/books?id=nIckEAAAQBAJ&dq=Bajaj%20Housing%20Finance&pg=SA8-PA22 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''Bajaj Finserv Asset Management Company''' is an [[asset management company]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-04-10 |title=Bajaj Finserv AMC files papers for launching seven NFOs |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/bajaj-finserv-amc-files-papers-for-launching-seven-nfos/article66720874.ece |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref> In March 2023, the final registration from the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] was granted to commence mutual fund business operations under ''Bajaj Finserv Mutual Fund''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-01 |title=Bajaj Finserv gets Sebi license to start mutual fund business |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/personal-finance/investment/story/bajaj-finserv-gets-sebi-license-to-start-mutual-fund-business-371928-2023-03-01 |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> It disclosed an average of {{INRConvert|16293|c}} in average assets under management (AAUM) for the quarter ending 30 September 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishna |first=Tanya |date=2024-10-23 |title=Bajaj Finserv Q2 Results: Profit rises by 8.2% to Rs 2,086.97 crore, revenue up 29.5% YoY |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/banking-finance-bajaj-finserv-q2-results-profit-rises-by-8-2-to-rs-208697-crore-revenue-up-295-yoy-3647527/ |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=Bajaj Finserv Q2 Profit up 8 Per cent at Rs 2,087 Cror |url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/corporate/bajaj-finserv-q2-profit-up-8-per-cent-at-rs-2087-crore |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Outlook Business |language=en}}</ref> with 13 mutual funds.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2024 |title=Bajaj Finserv Mutual Fund, Key Information |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/mutual-funds/amc-details/BF |access-date=28 August 2024 |website=[[Moneycontrol]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Raveena |date=2024-12-20 |title=How Bajaj Finserv carpet-bombed its way to $2.2B in mutual funds |url=https://the-ken.com/story/how-bajaj-finserv-carpet-bombed-its-way-to-2-2b-in-mutual-funds/ |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=The Ken |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''Bajaj Finserv Direct''' '''(Bajaj Markets)''' operates as an internet-based marketplace of financial products and services. It serves as a registered Corporate Agent under [[Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority]], a registered Investment Adviser under [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]], a registered third-party app provider for [[Unified Payments Interface]] payments, and a digital lending platform for its partner institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Loans on Bajaj Markets: Address diverse needs with 9 products |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/loans-on-bajaj-markets-address-diverse-needs-with-9-products20230512150432/ |access-date=28 June 2023 |website=[[Asian News International]] |archive-date=12 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512130353/https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/loans-on-bajaj-markets-address-diverse-needs-with-9-products20230512150432/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''Bajaj Finserv Health''' is a healthtech company.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-22 |title=Bajaj Finserv enters healthtech solutions business |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/bajaj-finserv-enters-healthtech-solutions-business-6606297/ |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=27 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427133433/https://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/bajaj-finserv-enters-healthtech-solutions-business-6606297/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gopakumar |first=Gopika |date=2020-09-23 |title=Bajaj Finserv forays into healthtech |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/bajaj-finserv-forays-into-healthtech-11600824886565.html |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=27 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427133431/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/bajaj-finserv-forays-into-healthtech-11600824886565.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In early 2024, the company acquired Bangalore-based Vidal Healthcare Services and its two subsidiaries as part of its pan-India expansion of outpatient delivery services.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kayastha |first=Anshika |date=2024-01-30 |title=Bajaj Finserv's healthtech arm to acquire Vidal Healthcare for ₹325 crore |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/bajaj-finservs-healthtech-arm-to-acquire-vidal-healthcare-for-325-crore/article67793225.ece |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=Nisha |date=30 January 2024 |title=Bajaj Finserv arm acquires 100% stake in Vidal Healthcare Services |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/bajaj-finserv-arm-acquires-100-stake-in-vidal-healthcare-services-124013000488_1.html |access-date=28 October 2024 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> As of December 2024, the company's network includes more than 100,000 hospitals and 80,000 doctors.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Varier |first=Aathira |date=2 December 2024 |title=Bajaj Finserv Health aims to break even by FY27, says CEO Devang Mody |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/bajaj-finserv-health-aims-to-break-even-by-fy27-says-ceo-devang-mody-124120201007_1.html |access-date=25 December 2024 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>
* '''Bajaj Alternate Investment Management''' is an early-stage [[equity fund]] and a real estate-focused [[alternative investment fund]], started in September 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Sneha |date=2025-09-26 |title=Bajaj Finserv Group enters Alts biz, to launch VC and real estate focused funds |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/bajaj-finserv-sanjiv-bajaj-alternative-investment-fund-lakshmi-iyer-11758806643918.html |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Saikat |date=15 October 2025 |title=Bajaj Alternate Scouts for C-Suite Talent Ahead of Fund Launches |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-10-15/bajaj-alternate-scouts-for-c-suite-talent-ahead-of-fund-launches |access-date=13 January 2026 |work=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]}}</ref>

== Philanthropy ==

* January 2023, Bajaj Finserv launched a scholarship program with [[National Centre for Promotion of Employment for Disabled People]] for the students with disabilities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NCPEDP- Bajaj Finserv Scholarship Program for Students with Disabilities – National Centre for Promotion of Employment for Disabled People |url=https://ncpedp.org/ncpedp-bajaj-finserv-scholarship-program-for-students-with-disabilities/ |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=ncpedp.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Solanki |first=Damini |date=2023-01-24 |title=NCPEDP, Bajaj Finserv to Provide Scholarship to 100 Students With Disabilities |url=https://www.news18.com/news/education-career/ncpedp-bajaj-finserv-to-provide-scholarship-to-100-students-with-disabilities-6906253.html |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
* August 2023, the company, in association with Pune-based [[Ruby Hall Clinic]] launched CyberKnife S7 system for non-invasive radiation therapy to treat cancerous tumours.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-01 |title=Bajaj Finserv and Ruby Hall jointly inaugurate cutting-edge tech for radiotherapy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/bajaj-finserv-ruby-hall-new-tech-radiotherapy-8871146/ |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* December 2023, Bajaj Finserv collaborated with the [[All India Council for Technical Education]] and the [[National Skill Development Corporation]] to launch a certificate programme focused on banking, finance, and insurance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-13 |title=AICTE, NSDC and Bajaj Finserv comes together to introduce Certificate Programme in Banking, Finance and Insurance |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/jobs-career/education-aicte-nsdc-and-bajaj-finserv-comes-together-to-introduce-certificate-programme-in-banking-finance-and-insurancenbsp-3337145/ |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivats |first=K. R. |date=2023-12-12 |title=Dharmendra Pradhan foresees India becoming hub for global financial services market |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/dharmendra-pradhan-foresees-india-becoming-hub-for-global-financial-market/article67630620.ece |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=[[Business Line|Hindu Business Line]] |language=en}}</ref> Together they launched a skill development initiative, named Project ODISERV, at [[Gangadhar Meher University]] in [[Sambalpur]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-02 |title=Pradhan launches new project in Odisha to help youth become employable |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/pradhan-launches-new-project-in-odisha-to-empower-youth-employable-9191882/ |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-02 |title=Union Education Minister Dharmendra Pradhan launches Project ODISERV in Odisha |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/employment-news/union-education-minister-dharmendra-pradhan-launches-project-odiserv-in-odisha-101709358170768.html |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

=== Bajaj Finserv BEYOND ===
Bajaj Finserv BEYOND is an educational initiative that trains final-year undergraduates from smaller towns for entry-level roles in the Banking, Financial Services, and Insurance (BFSI) sector through its certification program.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kaur |first1=Gurloveleen |last2=Saluja |first2=Shefali |last3=Gupta |first3=Swati |last4=Mittal |first4=Inu |title=Sustainable Practices and Challenges: An Ex-Post Analysis of Selected Private Companies in India |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9781003638100-2/sustainable-practices-challenges-ex-post-analysis-selected-private-companies-india-gurloveleen-kaur-shefali-saluja-swati-gupta-inu-mittal |publisher=Taylor & Francis |date=2025 |pages=21–43 |language=en |doi=10.1201/9781003638100-2 |isbn=978-1-003-63810-0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430233310/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9781003638100-2/sustainable-practices-challenges-ex-post-analysis-selected-private-companies-india-gurloveleen-kaur-shefali-saluja-swati-gupta-inu-mittal |archive-date=2025-04-30|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Finance Company]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{Further reading cleanup|date=November 2025}}
* {{Cite news |last=Iyer |first=Aparna |date=19 March 2025 |title=Farewell Allianz, hello growth? Bajaj Finserv's post-exit prospects |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/opinion/farewell-allianz-hello-growth-bajaj-finserv-s-post-exit-prospects-12968776.html |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=[[Moneycontrol]]}}
*{{Cite journal |last1=Mythili |first1=D. |last2=Hariharan |first2=I. |last3=Gugan |first3=A. E. |title=A Study On Financial Performance Of Bajaj Finserv Limited |year=2025 |journal=International Journal of Management Research and Review |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=39–44 |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/5943e46f7f28207c5ce4e2c99e879435/ |access-date=2025-12-03 |via=[[ProQuest]]}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Ramya |first1=D. |last2=Suresha |date=20 December 2024 |title=Reinforcement Learning Driven Trading Algorithm with Optimized Stock Portfolio Management Scheme to Control Financial Risk |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42979-024-03555-0 |journal=SN Computer Science |publisher=Springer |volume=6 |article-number=19 |doi=10.1007/s42979-024-03555-0 |access-date=24 June 2025|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Saka-Helmhout |first1=Ayse |last2=Álamos-Concha |first2=Priscilla |last3=Polo-Barceló |first3=Carlos |last4=Edwards |first4=Tony |last5=Murray |first5=Gregor |date=October 2024 |title=Corporate social innovation by multinationals: A framework for future research |journal=International Business Review |volume=33 |issue=5 |article-number=102273 |doi=10.1016/j.ibusrev.2024.102273|doi-access=free |hdl=2066/309559 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{Cite news |date=6 June 2023 |title=Bajaj Finserv banks on tech, last-mover advantage to make its mark in MF biz |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/bajaj-finserv-banks-on-tech-last-mover-advantage-to-make-its-mark-in-mf-biz/article66937708.ece |access-date=28 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}
* {{Cite news |last=Borate |first=Neil |date=6 June 2023 |title=How Bajaj Finserv plans to sell mutual funds to its 100 million clients |url=https://www.livemint.com/money/personal-finance/how-bajaj-finserv-plans-to-sell-mfs-to-its-100-mn-clients-11686071626409.html |access-date=28 August 2024 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Katragadda |first1=Raghuveer |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783111172408/html |title=Artificial Intelligence Enabled Management: An Emerging Economy Perspective |last2=Bathini |first2=Hari Babu |last3=Atluri |first3=Sree Ram |date=4 June 2024 |publisher=[[De Gruyter]] |isbn=978-3111171050 |editor-last=Kumar |editor-first=Anil |pages=257 |chapter=Chapter 16: Application of Artificial Intelligence and Machine-Learning Algorithms for Forecasting Risk: The Case of the Indian Stock Market |doi=10.1515/9783111172408 |editor-last2=Singh |editor-first2=Rubee |editor-last3=Khan |editor-first3=Shahbaz |editor-last4=Kumar |editor-first4=Vikas |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wgkFEQAAQBAJ&dq=%22Bajaj+Finserv%22&pg=PA249}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Pradeep Pulikottil |first=Rahul |date=2023 |title=Competitive and contagion effect of initial public offerings in India: An empirical study |journal=Social Sciences & Humanities Open |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=8 |issue=1 |article-number=100643 |doi=10.1016/j.ssaho.2023.100643 |eissn=2590-2911|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Nair |first1=Jitesh |last2=Pasala |first2=Balaswamy |date=2020 |title=Bajaj Allianz - A Pioneer in Adopting Digital Technologies for Recruitment in the Insurance Industry |url=https://www.thecasecentre.org/products/view?id=171011 |journal=[[The Case Centre]] |publisher=[[ICFAI Business School Hyderabad]]}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Sareen|first1=Puja|last2=Sharma|first2=Tanuja|last3=Naqvi|first3=Rizwan|last4=Naqvi|first4=Aiman|date=2019|title=Changing HR Landscape for Meeting Business Challenges: Case Study of Bajaj Finserv Limited |url=https://www.thecasecentre.org/products/view?id=166490|journal=[[The Case Centre]]|publisher=[[Cranfield University]]}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Rathore |first1=Tushar |last2=Lawande |first2=Naval |date=2019 |title=Bajaj Allianz General Insurance Company Limited with Special Focus to Car Insurance in India |url=https://www.thecasecentre.org/products/view?id=161968 |journal=[[The Case Centre]] |publisher=[[Symbiosis Institute of Management Studies]]}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Ghosh |first1=Renu |last2=Latha |first2=K. |last3=Gupta |first3=Sunita |date=2018-08-20 |title=Interest Rate Sensitivity of Non-banking Financial Sector in India |journal=[[Vikalpa (journal)|Vikalpa]] |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=152–170 |doi=10.1177/0256090918792803 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Kataria |first=Sonia |date=2017 |title=Bajaj Allianz General Insurance: Using Humour to Break the Clutter |url=https://www.thecasecentre.org/products/view?id=148065 |journal=[[The Case Centre]] |publisher=[[Amity University (disambiguation)|Amity University]] |via=}}
* {{Cite news |last=Raghunathan |first=Anuradha |date=22 September 2017 |title=Bajaj Finserv: Indian consumer's best friend |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/cross-border/bajaj-finserv-indian-consumers-best-friend/48177/1 |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=[[Forbes India]]}}
* {{Cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Pooja |last2=Dugal |first2=Ira |date=1 July 2016 |title=The rise of Indian financial conglomerates |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/ykzVfA7TeNdHjfOQ2LTH6M/The-rise-of-Indian-financial-conglomerates.html |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}
* {{Cite web |last1=Swapna |first1=A. J. |last2=Chowdary |first2=Nagendra |date=2015-11-26 |title=Bajaj Finserv's – Quest to Stand Apart |url=https://www.etcases.com/bajaj-finservs-quest-to-stand-apart.html |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=ET Cases}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Aggarwal|first1=Vaibhav|last2=Kaur|first2=Sumeet|date=2014|title=Competitive Analysis of Loan Against Securities and Customer Satisfaction Survey |url=https://dspace.fsm.ac.in/jspui/handle/123456789/3399|journal=[[DSpace]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|publisher=FORE School of Management}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Walter |first=Ingo |date=2009 |title=Insuring the Poor: Bajaj Allianz Microinsurance Initiatives in India |url=https://www.thecasecentre.org/products/view?id=91187 |journal=[[The Case Centre]] |publisher=[[Stern School of Business]], [[New York University]]}}

==External links==

{{Bajaj Group}}
{{Nifty 200 companies}}
{{S&P CNX Nifty companies}}
{{BSE Sensex}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bajaj Finserv}}
[[Category:Bajaj Auto]]
[[Category:Bajaj Group]]
[[Category:Financial services companies based in Pune]]
[[Category:Financial services companies established in 2007]]
[[Category:NIFTY 50]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2007]]
[[Category:BSE SENSEX]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Asset management companies]]

Shashikant Shinde

2026-02-01T10:06:52Z

ChristenaMcGraw:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shashikant Jayawantrao Shinde
| image = MLC Shashikant Shinde Saheb.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1963|10|19|df=y}}
| residence = Lhasurne, [[Koregaon]], [[Satara district|Satara]]
| office = State President of [[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|NCP (Sharad Pawar)]]{{dash}}[[Maharashtra]]
| term_start = 15 July 2025
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Jayant Patil]]
| 1namedata = [[Sharad Pawar]]
| 1blankname = National President [[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|NCP(SP)]]
| office1 = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
| term_start1 = 14 May 2020
| term_end1 =
| constituency1 = MLA's elect
| governor1 = [[Bhagat Singh Koshiyari]], [[Ramesh Bais]], [[C. P. Radhakrishnan]], [[Santosh Gangwar]]
| 1blankname1 = Chair
| 1namedata1 = [[Ramraje Naik Nimbalkar]]

| office2 = [[Prithviraj Chavan ministry|Cabinet Minister]], [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| term_start2 = 11 June 2013
| term_end2 = 28 September 2014
| predecessor2 = [[Ramraje Naik Nimbalkar]]
| successor2 =
| minister2 = [[Ministry of Water Resources (Maharashtra)|Minister of Water Resources (Krishna Valley Irrigation)]]
| 2blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 2namedata2 = [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
| governor2 = [[K. Sankaranarayanan]] [[Om Prakash Kohli]][[C. Vidyasagar Rao]]

| office3 = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start4 = 1999
| term_end4 = 2009
| predecessor4 = Sapkal Sadashiv Pandurang (Bhau)
| successor4 = ''Constituency abolished''
| constituency4 = [[Jaoli]]

| term_start3 = 2009
| term_end3 = 2019
| predecessor3 = [[Shalini Patil]]
| successor3 = [[Mahesh Shinde]]
| constituency3 = [[Koregaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Koregaon]]

| party = [[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]]
| spouse = Vaishali Shinde
| children = 2
| website = {{URL|http://www.shashikantshinde.in}}
}}

'''Shashikant Jayawantrao Shinde''' (born 19 October 1963) is an Indian politician from the [[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]]. As of 15 July 2025, he serves as the State President of the NCP (Sharadchandra Pawar) in Maharashtra.

He currently serves as a member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]], elected by MLAs in May 2020. He has previously served as a Cabinet Minister in the [[Prithviraj Chavan ministry]], holding the Water Resources portfolio, specifically for the Krishna Valley Irrigation Corporation.

Shinde is a senior political leader from [[Koregaon]], in [[Satara district]], Maharashtra. He was elected multiple times to the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] — from [[Jaoli]] constituency (1999–2009) and later from [[Koregaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Koregaon]] (2009–2019).

In June 2013, he was inducted into the state cabinet as Minister of Water Resources under Chief Minister [[Prithviraj Chavan]].<ref>{{Cite news |author=Banerjee, Shoumojit |title=Six new NCP Ministers inducted in Maharashtra in makeover bid |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=12 June 2013 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/six-new-ncp-ministers-inducted-in-maharashtra-in-makeover-bid/article4803542.ece |access-date=28 February 2015}}</ref>

He was elected as MLA from Koregaon in the 2009 and 2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly elections, representing the NCP.<ref name="Elections.in">{{Cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/koregaon.html |title=Koregaon (Maharashtra) Election Results 2014, Current and Previous MLA |publisher=Elections.in |access-date=28 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections-2014/maharashtra-constituency-results |title=Maharashtra Assembly Election 2014 LIVE Results: Constituency |publisher=[[Zee News]] |access-date=28 February 2015}}</ref>

In November 2019, he was appointed as Vice-President of the NCP's Maharashtra unit.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 November 2019 |title=Sharad Pawar's Party Appoints Shashikant Shinde As Maharashtra Unit Vice President |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sharad-pawars-party-ncp-appoints-shashikant-shinde-as-maharashtra-unit-vice-president-2133273 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118133321/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sharad-pawars-party-ncp-appoints-shashikant-shinde-as-maharashtra-unit-vice-president-2133273 |archive-date=18 January 2025 |access-date=18 January 2025 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Nationalist Congress Party Sharadchandra Pawar]]
* [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
* [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.shashikantshinde.in Official Website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shinde, Shashikant}}
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:People from Satara district]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar politicians]]

{{Maharashtra-politician-stub}}

St. Thomas Orthodox Cathedral, Mulanthuruthy

2026-01-31T21:24:57Z

ChristenaMcGraw: started new entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{no footnotes|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox church
| name = Mulanthuruthy Marthoman Syrian Church
| image = Mulanthuruthymarthomanchurch.jpg
| caption = Front view of Mulanthuruthy Marthoman Cathedral
| dedication = [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas]]
| founded date = 1100 AD
| vicar =
| denomination = [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]
| diocese = [[Kochi Orthodox Diocese|Kochi Diocese]]
| tradition = [[Syriac language|Syriac]], [[Malayalam]]
| location = [[Mulanthuruthy]], [[Ernakulam district]], [[Kerala]]
| country = [[India]]
| pushpin map = India Kerala#India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.1750|75.9187|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
}}

'''St. Thomas Orthodox Cathedral''' is an ancient church located at [[Mulanthuruthy]] in [[Ernakulam district]] in [[Kerala]], India. It is part of the [[Kochi Orthodox Diocese|Kochi Diocese]] of the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]. This church was founded and established in the 11th century A.D. The church was consecrated on 3rd Karkkidakkam (July), in between 1100 and 1125 A.D. The church was modified in the 16th century A.D. The carvings on the main door of the church, made of granite, on which is inscribed in Syrian script, read as ʹʹthe door of the Mar Thoman Church was re-erected on 9th Thulam 1575 A.D.ʹʹ.

The church is a fine example of the indigenous Kerala architectural style. The carvings, sculptures, symbolic icons and wall paintings are a blend of Middle Eastern, South Indian (Keralite) and European architecture.

The altar of the church, featuring wooden carvings and paintings of unique design, is reminiscent of the altar in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. There is a massive sculptural covering on the eastern side of the main altar, with carvings of cherubim faces and representations of the Holy Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit.

The floor tiles are imported from abroad. The rare antique paintings on the ceiling above have their own stories to narrate.

The baptismal stand of this church is carved out of a huge granite block, and it is about a thousand years old. The two-story parish building is about three hundred years old. Its wooden walls and sculptured ceiling, as well as its strong room, have withstood the ravages of time.

A proud heritage of the church is the head circlets for the bride and the bridegroom on the occasion of their marriage. These were in vogue from the time of Knai Thoma and his contemporaries.

Even though Christianity was rooted in this country from the 1st century onwards, there was no constitution or rules and regulations for the church. This vacuum was filled by Ignatius Peter III, Patriarch of Antioch. He came to Malankara and convened the famous Mulanthuruthy Synod in 1876 A.D. at this church, in which, an association was formed by name Syrian Christian Association and a democratic set-up for the administration of the Malankara Church, was adopted. Holy Mooron was consecrated by the Malankara Church, for the first time in India. Holy Mooron was again consecrated here, in 1911 A.D, by Ignatius Abdulla II, Patriarch of Antioch.

==History==
The church was established in 11th century and modified in 16th century (in 1550) by the [[Knanaya]] Tharakan (minister) Kunchacko of the Kunnassery family. Due to an altercation between the Syrian Christians and the [[Vadakkumkur|Kingdom of Vadakkumkur]] Kunchacko had gathered the Knanaya of [[Kaduthuruthy Valiya Palli|Kaduthuruthy Church]] as well as all Syrian Christians he could find within Vadakkumkur and moved them to Mulanthuruthy. Upon arrival Kunchacko had sanctioned the building of the Mulanthuruthy Church. Later the Knanaya were called back to their home church of Kaduthuruthy by the descendants of the King of Vadakkumkur, leaving Mulanthuruthy Church in the care of the Syrian Christians who remained there.{{sfn|Karukaparambil|2005|p=150}}{{sfn|Whitehouse|1873|p=125}}

[[File:MulanthuruthyChurch2.jpg|thumb|left|Interior of the church]]
The church is home to a relic of [[Thomas the Apostle]], which was brought from [[Mosul]] and given as a gift by the then [[Patriarch of Antioch]].<ref name="india9">{{cite web|url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Mulanthuruthy-Marthoman-Church-24133.htm|title=Mulanthuruthy Marthoman Church in Mulanthuruthy India|publisher=india9.com|access-date=2014-06-06}}</ref> The church also contains tombs of Mor Kurilos Yuyakim from tur'abdin, Mor Ivanius Hidayatulla ([[Syriac Orthodox Patriarchal Delegates of India|Patriarchal Delegates of Malankara]]), Mor Gregorius Yuhanan the Patriarch of Jerusalem and relics of [[Gheevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala|Parumala Mar Gregorios]] entombed at Parumala Church and [[Ignatius Elias III]] the [[Patriarch of Antioch]] entombed at [[Manjanikkara Dayara|Manjinikkara Church]]. Pilgrims visit the church to view the [[murals]] and the tombs of holy fathers.
[[File:Mulanthuruthy Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church Interior.jpg|thumb|Mulanthuruthy Marthoman Cathedral Church interior]]
[[File:Pallimeda mulamthuruthy church.jpg|thumb|''Pallimeda'' – Building next to the church]]
Mulanthuruthy church is prominent in [[Malankara Church]] history. This church was the venue of the Mulanthuruthy Synod held in the year 1876.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mulunthuruthy PADIYOLA|url=http://www.syriacchristianity.info/PARAVUR/mulunthuruthy_padiyola.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305085241/http://www.syriacchristianity.info/PARAVUR/mulunthuruthy_padiyola.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=5 March 2016|access-date=2020-12-13|website=www.syriacchristianity.info}}</ref> Ownership of this church was under dispute after the splits in Malankara Church into the 2 factions of the [[Malankara Church]] and the factions had been engaged in dispute over ownership of many churches including Mulanthuruthy Church.

Upholding the 1934 Malankara Church Constitution, the apex court handed over the Mulanthuruthy Church to the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]].

==Location==
The church is situated {{convert|32|km|mi}} from [[Cochin International Airport]]. The nearest railway station is Mulanthuruthy Railway Station.
{{commons category}}

==Gregorios of Parumala==
{{Main|Geevarghese Gregorios of Parumala}}
[[Geevarghese Gregorios of Parumala|Geevarghese Mar Gregorios]] took charge of the Niranam Diocese and started staying at Parumala. He established various churches and was the motivator to establish schools in different parts of Kerala including St. Thomas School at [[Mulanthuruthy]]. On 2 November 1902, at the age of 54, Mar Gregorios died. He was entombed at [[St. Peter and St. Paul's Church, Parumala|St. Peter's and St. Paul's Orthodox Syrian Church, Parumala]]. He was added to the 5th diptych of the Syriac Orthodox Church in 1987.

On the occasion of 45th death anniversary of Geevarghese Mar Gregorios, based on the decision of the episcopal synod held in 1947, Baselios Geevarghese II, Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan declared Mar Gregorios as a saint for the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church on 2 November 1947.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book | last=Karukaparambil |first= George|year=2005|title= Marganitha Kynanaitha: Knanaya Pearl |publisher= Deepika Book House|asin= B076GCH274}}
* {{cite book | last=Whitehouse |first= Richard|year=1873|title= Lingerings of Light in a Dark Land: Being Researches Into the Past History and Present Condition of the Syrian Church of Malabar |publisher= Kessinger Publishing|isbn= 116492317X}}

{{Christianity in Kerala}}
{{Churches of Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marthoman Church Mulanthuruthy}}
[[Category:12th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:Churches in Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Cathedrals in Kerala]]
[[Category:Churches completed in 1550]]
[[Category:16th-century churches in India]]

Arumugham Mahendran

2026-01-29T01:42:50Z

ChristenaMcGraw: creating stub

{{short description|Indian businessman}}
{{COI|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
|name = A Mahendran
|image =
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1955|02|01}}
|birth_place = [[India]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|death_cause =
|resting_place =
|alma_mater =
|occupation = Brand Builder
|title = Chairman & Managing Director at Global Consumer Products Pvt. Ltd.
|spouse = Mythili Mahendran
|children = Akshay Mahendran, Vaishnavi Mahendran
|years_active =
|signature =
|signature_alt =
|relations =
|awards =
}}

'''Arumugham Mahendran''' is an Indian entrepreneur and the chairman and managing director of Global Consumer Products Private Limited,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pinto|first=Viveat Susan|date=2014-12-09|title=GCPL ex-MD Mahendran readies solo venture|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ex-gcpl-md-a-mahendran-readies-solo-venture-114120800235_1.html|access-date=2021-08-05}}</ref> a ‘‘'synthetic startup'’' in the consumer goods sector. He is the former managing director of [[Godrej Consumer Products Limited]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Business News Today: Read Latest Business news, India Business News Live, Share Market & Economy News|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/|access-date=2021-08-05|website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Mahendran holds a degree in Bachelors in Commerce from the [[Loyola College, Chennai|Loyola College]], Chennai, India<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pinto|first=Viveat Susan|date=2014-02-20|title=Goldman Sachs to power ex-GCPL boss' F&B venture|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/goldman-sachs-to-power-ex-gcpl-boss-f-b-venture-114022000045_1.html|access-date=2021-08-05}}</ref> and qualified as a Chartered Accountant in 1979.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=25914442&ticker=874188&previousCapId=3729884&previousTitle=AXIS%2520Bank%2520Limited|title=Stocks|website=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref> He also completed Advanced Management Programs from the [[MIT Sloan School of Management]], Northwestern University's [[Kellogg School of Management]] and the University of Michigan's [[Stephen M. Ross School of Business]].{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}

==Career==
Mahendran began his career as a partner with Chartered Accountancy firm RNG Price & Associates in 1980.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=25914442&ticker=874188&previousCapId=3729884&previousTitle=AXIS%2520Bank%2520Limited|title=Stocks|website=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref> In 1987, he joined Transelektra Domestic Products Limited (owned by Mr. Mohan, who created brands Good Knight and HIT). Transelektra was sold to the [[Godrej Group]] in 1994.

Mahendran then became the managing director of Godrej Hicare Limited. Within a year he sold a 51% stake in Godrej Hicare Limited to the [[Sara Lee Corporation]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dealcurry.com/20090727-Godrej-Consumer-Acquiring-51-in-It-s-Sara-Lee-JV.htm |title=DealCurry.com : Godrej Consumer Acquiring 51% in It's Sara Lee JV |access-date=2015-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626113542/http://www.dealcurry.com/20090727-Godrej-Consumer-Acquiring-51-in-It-s-Sara-Lee-JV.htm |archive-date=2015-06-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref> USA, valuing the company at Rs. 3.8 Billion. In 2010, he acquired Sara Lee's 51% for the Godrej Group and integrated the business with [[Godrej Consumer Products Limited]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 13, 2010|title=sara lee: Sara Lee selling 51% stake in Indian JV with Godrej|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/sara-lee-selling-51-stake-in-indian-jv-with-godrej/articleshow/5925718.cms|access-date=2021-08-05|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> As managing director, Mahendran steered the merger and acquisition cell at Godrej Consumer Products Limited.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} Over a period of 3 years from 2010 to 2013, he also spearheaded Godrej Group's inorganic growth around the globe through merger & acquisition. Some of the acquisitions concluded were Tura brands (Nigeria),<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nseindia.com/content/corporate/eq_GODREJCP_base.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626150929/http://www.nseindia.com/content/corporate/eq_GODREJCP_base.pdf |archive-date=2015-06-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Megasari (Indonesia),<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dealcurry.com/20100104-Godrej-may-acquire-Megasari-in-Indonesia.htm |title=DealCurry.com : Godrej may acquire Megasari in Indonesia |access-date=2015-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626140156/http://www.dealcurry.com/20100104-Godrej-may-acquire-Megasari-in-Indonesia.htm |archive-date=2015-06-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Issue Group (Argentina) and Darling Group (South Africa).<ref>{{Cite web|title=404 {{!}} Vccircle - India startups, internet, mobile, e-commerce, software, online businesses, technology, venture capital, angel, seed funding|url=https://www.vccircle.com/|access-date=2021-08-05|website=VCCircle|language=en-US}}</ref>

In 1996, Mahendran promoted a beverage company, GoodLife Industries Limited,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Narasimhan|first=T. E.|date=2015-04-28|title=Former Godrej Consumer Products MD launches new chocolate brand LuvIt|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/former-godrej-consumer-products-md-launches-new-chocolate-brand-luvit-115042800460_1.html|access-date=2021-08-05}}</ref> focusing on South India and producing beverages under the brand name CheriO. This brand was subsequently bought by Global Consumer Products Private Limited.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Business News Today: Read Latest Business news, India Business News Live, Share Market & Economy News|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/|access-date=2021-08-05|website=The Economic Times}}</ref> He also set up and promoted Harvey Heart Hospital, a super specialty cardiac care hospital in Chennai, India and continues to be its promoter and director.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Godrej Consumer Products Project Report {{!}} Marketing {{!}} Sales|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/134392358/Godrej-Consumer-Products-Project-Report|access-date=2021-08-05|website=Scribd|language=en}}</ref> The hospital provides clinical care for patients with heart disorders.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tamilnow.com/Harvey-Heart-Hospital-Vasanthi-Medical-Centre-Nungambakkam-Chennai-246.html |title=Harvey Heart Hospital, Vasanthi Medical Centre, Nungambakkam, Chennai |website=www.tamilnow.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626143147/http://www.tamilnow.com/Harvey-Heart-Hospital-Vasanthi-Medical-Centre-Nungambakkam-Chennai-246.html |archive-date=2015-06-26}}</ref>

In 2009, Mahendran promoted an online intimate apparel company called Daiki Brands Private Limited.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Daiki Brands Private Limited - Company, directors and contact details|url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/DAIKI-BRANDS-PRIVATE-LIMITED/U51109MH2010PTC203104|access-date=2021-08-05|website=www.zaubacorp.com}}</ref> In 2012, Mahendran sold 49% of the business to Brand Capital (A Bennett, Coleman & Company firm) at a valuation of Rs. 3 Billion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=240218584&privcapId=240681907&previousCapId=240681907&previousTitle=Daiki%20Brands%20Private%20Ltd|title=Stocks|website=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref>

In 2014, Mahendran created a synthetic start up, ‘'Global Consumer Products Private Limited'’ in the FMCG space. This joint venture along with [[private equity]] players [[Goldman Sachs]] (US) and [[Mitsui & Co.]] (Japan) was started on 1 February 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title=404 {{!}} Vccircle - India startups, internet, mobile, e-commerce, software, online businesses, technology, venture capital, angel, seed funding|url=https://www.vccircle.com/|access-date=2021-08-05|website=VCCircle|language=en-US}}</ref> Mahendran is the promoter, shareholder, chairman and managing director. The company has set up two offices (Bangalore and Mumbai) and developed and launched the chocolate brand, LuvIt, in the southern states of India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-05-06|title=Ex-Godrej boss launches chocolate brand|url=https://www.just-food.com/news/ex-godrej-boss-launches-chocolate-brand/|access-date=2021-08-05|website=Just Food|language=en-GB}}</ref>

In January 2014, Mahendran partnered with IVF (India Value Fund) to acquire a 100% stake in ISS Hicare, a [est management firm, for Rs. 1.5 Billion.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Kurian|first1=Boby|date=January 29, 2014|first2=Reeba |last2=Zachariah|title=PE-backed ex-Godrej MD buys ISS Hicare|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/pe-backed-ex-godrej-md-buys-iss-hicare/articleshow/29514640.cms|access-date=2021-08-05|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

Mahendran and [[Bala V. Balachandran]] founded [[Great Lakes Institute of Management]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=How entrepreneurs can make India a superpower|url=https://www.rediff.com/money/slide-show/slide-show-1-how-entrepreneurs-can-make-india-a-superpower/20110204.htm|access-date=2021-08-05|website=Rediff|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahendran, A}}
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian accountants]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1955 births]]

Rajanagaram mandal

2026-01-23T13:24:10Z

ChristenaMcGraw: Starting Data!

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rajanagaram Mandal
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| official_name =
| area_total_km2 = 234.82
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|id=|stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|text=Interactive Map Outlining mandal}}
}}
'''Rajanagaram Mandal''' is one of the 19 mandals<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-03 |title=New AP Map: Check Out Biggest and Smallest Districts in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601231914/https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |url-status=dead }}</ref> in [[East Godavari district|East Godavari District]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. As per census 2011,<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/4908-rajanagaram-east-godavari-andhra-pradesh.html|website=census2011.co.in|title=Villages & Towns in Rajanagaram Mandal of East Godavari, Andhra Pradesh}}</ref> there are 17 villages. Most of the part of Rajanagaram Mandal is under the jurisdiction of "Greater Rajamahendravaram Municipal Corporation (GRMC)". Rajanagaram Mandal has total population of 106,085 as per the Census 2011 out of which 53,345 are males while 52,740 are females and the Average Sex Ratio of Rajanagaram Mandal is 989. The total literacy rate of Rajanagaram Mandal is 64.39%. The male literacy rate is 58% and the female literacy rate is 56.51%.<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.co.in/subdistrict/rajanagaram-mandal-east-godavari-andhra-pradesh-4908|title=Rajanagaram Mandal Population, Religion, Caste East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh|website=Census India}}</ref>

==Villages==
*[[Palacherla]]

== See also ==
*[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{East Godavari district}}

[[Category:Mandals in East Godavari district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Morden Carthew

2025-12-29T03:24:26Z

ChristenaMcGraw: created basic info more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Short description|East India Company India Army Officer}}
[[File:General Morden Carthew.jpg|thumb|General Morden Carthew CB]]
General '''Morden Carthew''' CB (25 October 1804 – 4 September 1888) was an officer in the service of the [[East India Company]] (E.I.C.) Indian Army in the [[Madras Presidency]], India and South East Asia during the mid 19th century.

== Early life ==
Morden Carthew, the eldest son of the Reverend Morden Carthew and Elizabeth Tweed-Pyke, was born in [[Frettenham|Frettenham, Norfolk]] where his father was the rector.<ref>Norfolk Record Office; Norwich, Norfolk, England; Norfolk Church of England Registers; Reference: PD 279/2. Ancestry.com. Norfolk, England, Church of England Baptism, Marriages, and Burials, 1535-1812</ref>

== Military career ==
Carthew was nominated as an officer cadet by [[William Taylor Money|Sir William Taylor Money]], a director of the [[East India Company]], and joined the Company on 12 January 1821.<ref name=":0">Carthew, Morden. India Office Official Biography, British Library. Available upon request from the British Library, India Office.</ref> In his 56-year career he served in the [[Madras Presidency]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[Myanmar|Burma]] (modern [[Myanmar]]) and [[Singapore]]. He first arrived in [[Madras Presidency|Madras]] aboard the ship [https://www.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/rmgc-object-102844 ''HMS'' ''Jupiter''] on 29 June 1821 as an ensign and was appointed to the 11th [[Madras native infantry|Madras Native Infantry]].<ref name=":0" /> He was promoted from senior ensign to lieutenant on 19 April 1823 and shortly after transferred to the [[21st Madras Native Infantry]] (M.N.I.) where he would spend most of his career.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British India and Its Dependencies, vol. 17. p. 106 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ShGAAAAcAAJ&dq=Morden+Carthew+madras&pg=PA106 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=Google Books| year=1824 }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Carthew continued to rise through the ranks and became Commanding Officer of the 21st M.N.I. He commanded the M.N.I. in the [[Straits Settlements|Straits Settlement, Singapore]] from 1846 to 1849 and later was Divisional Commander of Pegu Province in Burma from 1861 to 1863.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 October 1846 |title=Asiatic Intelligence - Madras |pages=2 |work=The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ShGAAAAcAAJ&dq=Morden+Carthew+madras&pg=PA106 |access-date=12 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 January 1849 |title=The Free Press |pages=2 |work=The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Buckley |first=Charles |title=An anecdotal history of old times in Singapore |publisher=Fraser & Neave Limited, Singapore |year=1902 |pages=450 |language=English}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> He is portrayed in a painting by acclaimed colonial artist [[John Turnbull Thomson|J.T. Thompson]] and referred to in a poem by colonial era Malay scholar and poet [[Abdullah Abdul Kadir|Abdullah B. Abdul-Kadir]], leading his troops on horseback to assist in fighting a fire in Gelang in Singapore in 1847.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Skinner |first=C |date=1972 |title=Shaer Kampong Gelam Terbakar oleh Abdullah B. Abdul-Kadir, edited with notes |journal=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=45 |issue=1 (221) |pages=21-56}}</ref>

== Involvement in the Indian Mutiny of 1857 ==
On 10 May 1857 a contingent of [[Sepoy]] soldiers rose up against the East India Company army, firstly in [[Meerut]] and then in [[Delhi]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalrymple |first=William |title=The Last Mughal - The fall of a dynasty: Delhi, 1857 |publisher=Vintage |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4000-7833-2 |edition=1st |location=New York |pages=134-212 |language=English}}</ref> in an action that was to spread across the upper Ganges and central India and was variously known as the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Mutiny, Sepoy Mutiny and Indian Uprising]]. Carthew was promoted to the rank of brigadier on 18 August 1857 in order to command troops in [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] against the mutinous Gwalior regiment.<ref name=":0" />

On 26 August 1857 Carthew was given orders to assist in holding the Bithoor Road at Cawnpoor, preventing the Gwalior troops from entering Cawnpoor. For several days Carthew and the E.I.C. troops succeeded in repelling the mutineers but on the evening of 28 August 1857, following heavy fighting, Carthew ordered the retreat of the E.I.C. troops, effectively surrendering the town of Cawnpoor to the mutineers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Adye |first=John |title=Defence Of Cawnpore by The Troops Under The Orders of Major General Charles A. Wyndham C.B in November 1857. |publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans & Roberts |year=1858 |pages=29, 30, 32, 36, 39, 40, 44}}</ref>

Carthew's withdrawal initially drew the ire of his superior officers with his commander-in-chief, [[Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde|General Colin Campbell]], responding to the news by dispatch, "... although his excellency fully admits the arduous nature of the service which Brigadier Carthew had been engaged during the 28th of November, he cannot recall his approval of that officer's retreat on the evening of that day. Under the instruction of [[Charles Ash Windham|Major-general Windham]], his commanding officer, Brigadier Carthew had been placed in position. No discretion of retiring [retreating] was allowed him".<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Forrest C.I.E. |first=G.W. |title=A History of the Indian Mutiny Reviewed and Illustrated from Original Documents |publisher=William Blackwood and Sons |year=1904 |edition=Vol. 1 |location=Edinburgh and London |pages=196–198}}</ref> General Campbell's dispatch goes on to berate Carthew for retreating without first seeking permission from his immediate superior officer (Maj. Gen. Windham) and for failing to wait for reinforcements which Windham had already ordered to Carthew's position in Cawnpoor.<ref name=":1" /> Whilst first denying any concession for retreat had been given, Major General Windham later conceded that he had given permission for Carthew to withdraw from his position should the need arise, and the order to withdraw given by Carthew was correctly issued given the circumstances, thus exonerating Brigadier Carthew from any wrongdoing.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaye & Malleson |title=Kaye's and Malleson's History of the Indian Mutiny of 1857–8 |publisher=W.H. Allen & Co |year=1889 |location=London |pages=178}}</ref>

Carthew would eventually be awarded a [[Order of the Bath|Companion of the Order of Bath, Military Division]] (CB), on 13 March 1867 in recognition of his service during the uprising.<ref name=":0" />

== The Banda and Kirwee Booty ==
Carthew was a claimant in the case of the Banda and Kirwee booty, a treasure hoard captured from the towns of Banda and Kirwee in Bengal by British forces under the command of Lord Clyde and [[George Cornish Whitlock|General Whitlock]] during mop-up operations following the 1857 mutiny. The total value of the booty was estimated as in excess of £700,000 sterling in 1858 or more than £92million sterling today. Whilst technically the property of the Crown, there were several claimants to the booty, including Carthew. In order to determine how the booty would be distributed, the case was firstly taken before parliament with the argument that the maritime law under which booty captured at sea is distributed among its captors should also apply to booty captured by land forces. Parliament ultimately deferred the case and claimants to the High Court of the Admiralty where it was heard before the Right Honourable [[Stephen Lushington (judge)|Stephen Lushington D.L.C.]] who ultimately awarded the entire bounty to General Whitlock for distribution among those of his troops directly involved in its capture and denying, among other officers, Carthew's claim.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1864 |title=India: Banda and Kirwee Booty |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1864-05-27/debates/e25ff7c5-f669-47a7-a9ce-6e59efe19d22/India—BandaAndKirweeBooty}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Banda and Kirwee Booty: Judgment of the Right Honourable Stephen Lushington, D.C.L., Delivered on the 30th of June 1866 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |year=1866 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2023 |title=Banda and Kirwee Prize Money |url=https://wiki.fibis.org/w/Banda_and_Kirwee_Prize_Money |website=Families in British India Society (FIBIS)}}</ref>

== Family ==
Carthew married Jemima Ewart, daughter of John Ewart of Mullock, in [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]] (modern [[Mumbai]]), India, on 16 July 1827.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1828 |title=Births, Marriages & Deaths |pages=396 |work=The Oriental Herald and Colonial Review, Volume 16. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BhxUAAAAcAAJ&dq=jemima+borland+ewart&pg=PA396 |access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref> John Ewart is also the fourth great-grandfather of [[Tony Blair|Sir Tony Blair]], former [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] of the [[United Kingdom]], through Jemima's elder sister, Jane. The Ewarts were direct descendants of King James V of Scotland, Christian I of Denmark and other modern royals and nobles.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davies |first=Edward J. |date=2008 |title=A Descent of Tony Blair from James V, King of Scots |journal=The Genealogist |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=247–255}}</ref> Carthew is also a direct descendent of Edward the I and II of England.

Carthew inherited [[Woodbridge School|Woodbridge Abbey]] in [[Woodbridge, Suffolk|Woodbridge Suffolk]] from his uncle, [https://morethannelson.com/officer/william-carthew/ Admiral William Carthew]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burke |first=John & John Bernard |title=A genealogical and heraldic dictionary of the landed gentry of Great Britain and Ireland. |publisher=Henry Colburn |year=1849 |location=London |pages=58}}</ref> and was the great-great grandson of London serjeant-at-law, [[wikisource:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Carthew, Thomas|Thomas Carthew esq]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Woolrych |first=Humphry William |title=Eminent Serjeants at Law of the English Bar |publisher=The Law Book Exchange |year=2002 |isbn=1-58477-217-4 |location=New Jersey |pages=459–463}}</ref> He was also the brother-in-law and cousin of the antiquarian and genealogist [[George Alfred Carthew]]. The Carthew's had also previously owned [[Benacre Hall]] in Suffolk which originally belonged to Carthew's great, great Grandfather, Thomas Carthew.<ref>{{cite DNB |wstitle= Carthew, Thomas |volume= 09 |last= Courtney |first= William Prideaux |author-link= William Prideaux Courtney |page=219 |short= 1}}</ref>

The Carthew's had ten children, including:

* Margaret - Born 17 September 1828 in Madras (modern [[Chennai]]), Married Lt. Col. Hugh Rigg, E.I.C. officer and [[Aide-de-camp]] to General Carthew, and later of [[Crossrigg Hall]], Cumbria and [[Sheriff of Westmorland|High Sheriff]] and [[Deputy lieutenant|Deputy Lieutenant]] of Westmorland and a magistrate.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 April 1881 |title=Naval and Military Intelligence |pages=5 |work=The Morning Post}}</ref>
* Morden - Born 21 June 1832, would go on to have a career of note as an officer in the E.I.C. and later take on the surname Yorstoun as a requirement of inheritance. Married Maynard Bogle, daughter of Major General Sir Archibald Bogle<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2023 |title=Centre for the Study of the Legacies of British Slavery |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/person/view/2146651297}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2022 |title=National Archives, British Library, Asian and African Studies, Roll of subscribers to Madras Military Fund: CARTHEW, Morden, 1804-1888 |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/0912fb45-d941-4d0f-a22b-827deda50bfd}}</ref>

Carthew retired under Royal Warrant on 1 October 1877 and was promoted to full general. He died on 4 September 1888 at Denton, Norfolk.<ref>{{Cite web |title=England & Wales General Register Office, GRO Online Index - Death (:accessed database entry for Morden Carthew GRO Reference: 1888 S Quarter in Depwade, Volume 04B Page 136) |url=https://www.gro.gov.uk/gro/content |access-date=13 July 2022 |website=General Register Officer, United Kingdom}}</ref>

== Additional reading ==
Colonel Malleson (1889) ''Volume IV, Kaye’s and Malleson’s History of the Indian Mutiny of 1857–8'', pp.162 - 180 [https://www.ibiblio.org/britishraj/KayeMalleson4/bk11ch03.html#fn131]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Carthew, Morden}}
[[Category:1804 births]]
[[Category:1888 deaths]]
[[Category:People from the Madras Presidency]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Bath]]

Prameela Gurumurthy

2025-12-17T17:33:06Z

ChristenaMcGraw: Starting New Entry

{{Short description|Indian classical musician and musicologist (born 1954)}}
{{Given name hatnote|Prameela|Gurumuthy|lang=Tamil}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prameela Gurumurthy
| image =
| image_size =
| birth_name = M. Prameela<ref name ="gazette">{{Cite web |title=TAMIL NADU GOVERNMENT GAZETTE |url=http://www.stationeryprinting.tn.gov.in/gazette/2011/14-VI-4.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106222112/http://www.stationeryprinting.tn.gov.in/gazette/2011/14-VI-4.pdf |archive-date=2023-11-06 |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=www.stationeryprinting.tn.gov.in |publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]] |page=777 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1954|10|05}}
| birth_place = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| occupation = Singer, musicologist, Harikatha exponent
| father = S. Cunjithapatham
| mother = Amutham
| spouse = R. Gurumurthy<ref name ="gazette"/>
| children =
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| background = solo singer
| genre = [[Indian classical music]]
| instrument = Vocals
| label =
}}
| website =
| years_active =
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2022)
}}
'''Prameela Gurumurthy''' (also spelled as '''Premeela Gurumurthy''') is an [[Indian classical music|Indian classical vocalist]], [[Harikatha]] exponent and [[musicologist]] from Tamil Nadu. She held several positions including the dean of the music department in [[Vels University]], dean of the [[University of Madras]] and the Vice-Chancellor of the [[Tamil Nadu Music and Fine Arts University]]. She received the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 2022.

==Biography==
Prameela Gurumurthy was born on October 5, 1954, to Amutham and S. Cunjithapatham, in a musical family in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="SNA">{{Cite web |title=PRAMEELA GURUMURTHY |url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2024/mar/doc202437320201.pdf |publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] |page=59}}</ref><ref name="sruti">{{Cite web |date=December 2018 |title=COVER STORY-PROF. PREMEELA GURUMURTHY- In conversation with Anjana Anand |url=https://www.sruti.com/printeditions/sruti-back-issues-individual/aruna-sairam-premeela-gurumurthy-jayanthi-kumaresh |publisher=[[Sruti (magazine)|Sruti magazine]] |access-date=2025-08-21 |archive-date=2025-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250619183758/https://www.sruti.com/printeditions/sruti-back-issues-individual/aruna-sairam-premeela-gurumurthy-jayanthi-kumaresh |url-status=live }}</ref> Her parents hails from Kottayam in [[Kerala]] state and Tirunelveli in Tamil Nadu respectively.<ref name="chennai">{{Cite web |last= |title=Dr. Premeela Gurumurthy |url=https://www.chennaievent.com/artist-view.php?artist_id=2710 |access-date=2025-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250821153233/https://www.chennaievent.com/artist-view.php?artist_id=2710 |archive-date=2025-08-21 |website=chennaievent.com |language=en}}</ref> Started learning Carnatic music at a very early age, she started to perform at concerts from the age of twelve.<ref name="tnjjmfau">{{cite web |title=Dr.Premeela Gurumurthy VICE - CHANCELLOR |url=https://www.tnjjmfau.in/pdf/vc/Vice_chancellor_2.pdf |publisher=[[Tamil Nadu Music and Fine Arts University]]}}</ref> The family later moved to [[Chennai]]. It was musician [[Musiri Subramania Iyer]], who recognized her talent very early, and persuaded the family to move to Chennai.<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2017-12-04 |title=Musicologist Premeela Gurumurthy honoured |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/musicologist-premeela-gurumurthy-honoured/article21257666.ece |access-date=2025-08-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2020-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109042810/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/musicologist-premeela-gurumurthy-honoured/article21257666.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> She performed at the Thiruvaiyaru Thyagaraja Utsavam in 1969.<ref name="tnjjmfau"/> Her first major concert in Chennai was in 1970.<ref name="sruti"/>

Prameela Gurumurthy received her training in [[Carnatic music]] from prominent musicians including [[Mudicondan Venkatarama Iyer]], [[B. Rajam Iyer]], [[T. M. Thiagarajan|T. M. Thiyagarajan]], [[T. Muktha]] and [[T. K. Govindarao]].<ref name="The New Indian Express">{{Cite web |last=Vishwanath |first=Narayana |date=2014-03-17 |title=Of Rich Values, Legacy and Traditions |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/Mar/17/of-rich-values-legacy-and-traditions-587045.html |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2025-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303163403/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/Mar/17/of-rich-values-legacy-and-traditions-587045.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="SNA" /> She also studied [[Hindustani classical music]] under Krishnanand of the [[Kirana gharana]], and done her debut concert in Hindusthani in the year 1984.<ref name="SNA" /><ref name="chennai"/>

Prameela is also an exponent in [[Harikatha]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=2018-02-19 |title='Music varsity V-C was selected on merit' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/music-varsity-v-c-was-selected-on-merit/article22801480.ece |access-date=2025-08-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2022-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209234121/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/music-varsity-v-c-was-selected-on-merit/article22801480.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> She was trained in Harikatha under C. Banni Bai and Embar Vijayaraghavachariariar.<ref name="The New Indian Express" />

Prameela joined [[Queen Mary's College, Chennai]], affiliated to the University of Madras, and graduated in Indian Music from there in November 1974, winning the prize for practical music.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CROSSROADS AND BYROADS: Consonance in Indian Classical Writings and Visual and Performing Arts|url=https://www.ts-adyar.org/sites/default/files/2024-07/Book%20of%20Abstracts%20-%202024%20Final.pdf|publisher=The Adyar Library and Research Centre, [[Theosophical Society]], Adyar, Chennai|page=7|access-date=2025-08-21|archive-date=2024-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901220331/https://www.ts-adyar.org/sites/default/files/2024-07/Book%20of%20Abstracts%20-%202024%20Final.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> She later done master's degree in Indian Philosophy from 1974 to 1976, a master's degree in Indian Music (both at the [[University of Madras]]) and also completed a doctorate on 'Kathakalashebham'.<ref name="The New Indian Express" />

==Career==
Prameela Gurumurthy served as the president and chairperson of the School of Fine and Performing Arts at the [[University of Madras]], professor and head of the department of Indian music, University of Madras, dean of the music department in [[Vels University]], dean of the University of Madras and later as the Vice-Chancellor of the [[Tamil Nadu Music and Fine Arts University]].<ref name="Deccan Chronicle">{{Cite web |last=Vijayalakshmi |first=B. |date=2018-02-01 |title=Chennai: Music and fine arts university gets new VC {{!}} Chennai: Music and fine arts university gets new VC |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/010218/chennaimusic-and-fine-arts-university-gets-new-vc.html |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en |archive-date=2018-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203163116/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/010218/chennaimusic-and-fine-arts-university-gets-new-vc.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She is the first musician who is equally proficient in Carnatic and Hindustani music as well as Tamil devotional songs, to become Tamil Nadu Music and Fine Arts University vice-chancellor.<ref name="Deccan Chronicle"/> She played a key role in introducing new courses, including postgraduate degrees in [[Bharatanatyam]], [[Folk music]], Rhythmology, and [[Dramaturgy]], at the Madras university, when she was the dean.<ref name="Hindu" />

==Contributions==
Prameela Gurumurthy has performed in over 400 concerts, taken musical lectures and other lectures at hundreds of venues in India and abroad.<ref name="sruti"/> Prameela is also proficient in devotional songs in Indian languages such as [[Sanskrit]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Hindi]], and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]].<ref name="tnjjmfau"/> She also has several music releases in her credit, featuring her classical and devotional songs.<ref name="SNA" />

As musicologist Premeela is specialized in ancient Tamil music, music history and composers.<ref name="Deccan Chronicle"/> She has done studies on ancient Tamil musical forms like [[Tevaram]], [[Naalayira Divya Prabandham]], [[Tiruppukal]] and the compositions of [[Gopalakrishna Bharati]], [[Ramalinga Swamigal]], [[Papanasam Sivan]] and [[Periyasaamy Thooran]].<ref name="The New Indian Express" /> Her scholarly works has significantly enriched the understanding of ancient Tamil music, [[Indian classical music]] and [[Tamil literature]].<ref name="SNA" />

Prameela is a person who played a significant role in the revival of the art form 'Kathakalashepa', a traditional musical story telling performance that presents Indian epics such as the [[Ramayana]], [[Mahabharata]], [[Puranas]], and other stories in a unique style.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-11-20 |title=The lost art of musical STORY-TELLING |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/the-lost-art-of-musical-story-telling/articleshow/49853234.cms |access-date=2025-08-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="Hindu" /> Her doctorate is also on Kathakalashepa. She has also written a book on this art form.<ref name="Hindu" />

Prameela Gurumurthy has authored several publications, including ''Gopalakrishna Bharathiyar'' published by [[Sahitya Akademi]], and ''Musings of Music'' published by the [[University of Madras]].<ref name="SNA" /> She has also translated ''Nurturing Music and Fine Arts - A Historical Perspective'', a book on Tamil Nadu's musical traditions, written in English by Carnatic music historian V. Sriram into Tamil.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-01-24 |title=Palaniswami releases book on TN's musical traditions |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/Jan/24/palaniswami-releases-book-on-tns-musical-traditions-2254365.html |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2021-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128062656/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/jan/24/palaniswami-releases-book-on-tns-musical-traditions-2254365.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
In 2018, Prameela Gurumurthy received the Musicologist Award from [[Madras Music Academy]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Musicologist Award |url=https://www.musicacademymadras.in/awards/musicologist-award/ |access-date=2025-08-21 |website= |publisher=[[Madras Music Academy]] |archive-date=2025-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716171902/https://www.musicacademymadras.in/awards/musicologist-award/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022, she received the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] from [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], Government of India.<ref name="SNA" /> In 2025, she received Karthik Lifetime Achivement Award from Kartik Fine Arts sabha.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-04-13 |title=MYLAPORE TIMES - Kartik Fine Arts sabha golden jubilee event. Special concert of Carnatic-vintage film music. April 14 |url=https://www.mylaporetimes.com/2025/04/kartik-fine-arts-sabha-golden-jubilee-event-special-concert-of-carnatic-vintage-film-music-april-14/ |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=MYLAPORE TIMES |language=en-US}}</ref> She also received several other awards and titles including Isai Kalai Chelvar, Acharya Ratnakara Award, and Acharya Choodamani.<ref name="SNA" />

To mark 50 years of her concert performances, the [[Madras Music Academy]] released a golden jubilee special souvenir in 2017 December.<ref name="Hindu" /> A program titled 'Guru Samarpana' was also organized to commemorate 50 years of her musical journey.<ref>{{cite news |title=MYLAPORE TIMES - Honouring guru Dr. Premeela Gurumurthy |url=https://www.mylaporetimes.com/2017/11/honouring-guru-dr-premeela-gurumurthy/ |work=MYLAPORE TIMES |date=29 November 2017 |archive-date=18 February 2025 |access-date=21 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250218234223/https://www.mylaporetimes.com/2017/11/honouring-guru-dr-premeela-gurumurthy/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gurumuthy, Prameela}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Women Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicologists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian musicologists]]
[[Category:Indian women musicologists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

Varaha Upanishad

2025-12-16T15:25:12Z

ChristenaMcGraw: started data

{{Short description|Hindu text on Yoga}}
{{good article}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox Upanishad
| image = Aihole si05-1470.jpg
| caption = A sculpture in Durga temple in [[Aihole]] depicts [[Vishnu]] in a boar (Varaha) avatar rescues [[Bhudevi]] (earth)
| alt =
| Devanagari = वराह
| Sanskrit_transliteration =
| meaning = Boar
| composition_date = c. 13th–16th century CE
| authors = Ribhu and [[Vishnu]]
| type = Yoga
| Veda = [[Krishna Yajurveda]]
| Brahmana =
| Aranyaka =
| chapters = 5
| verses = 247
| philosophy = [[Vaishnavism]], [[Yoga]]
| commentary =
| verse =
| previous =
| next =
}}
'''''Varaha Upanishad''''' ({{langx|sa|वराह उपनिषद्}}, "boar") is a minor [[Upanishad]] of [[Hinduism]] composed between the 13th and 16th centuries CE. Composed in [[Sanskrit]], it is listed as one of the 32 [[Krishna Yajurveda]] Upanishads, and classified as one of 20 Yoga Upanishads.

The text has five chapters, structured primarily as a discussion between [[Vishnu]] in his [[Varaha]] (boar) avatar and the sage Ribhu. The discussion covers the subjects of [[Tattvas]], the nature and relationship between the individual soul (Self, [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]]) and the Ultimate Reality ([[Brahman]]), the seven stages of learning, the characteristics of [[Jivanmukti]] (inner sense of freedom while living), and the four types of ''Jivanmuktas'' (liberated persons). The last chapter of the text is dedicated to Yoga, its goals and methods.

It is, as an Upanishad, a part of the corpus of [[Vedanta]] literature that presents the philosophical concepts of Hinduism. The ''Varaha Upanishad'' emphasizes that liberation from sorrow and fear requires a human being to know the [[Nonduality (spirituality)|non-dualistic]] nature of existence, oneness between Self, Brahman and Vishnu, and the role of Yoga in self-liberation, and lists ten [[Yamas]] (virtues) as essential to a liberation of one's soul: nonviolence, [[satya]], [[asteya]], [[brahmacharya]], compassion, rectitude, [[kshama]], non-hypocrisy, [[mitahara]], and [[shaucha]]. The text describes the ''Jivanmukta'' as one whose inner state, amongst other things, is neither affected by happiness nor by suffering inflicted on him, who does not shrink out of fear from the world, nor the world shrinks from him with fear, and whose sense of calm and inner contentment is free from anger, fear, and joy toward others.

==Etymology and anthology==
''[[Varaha]]'' means boar, specifically referring to the incarnation of [[Vishnu]] as a boar in [[Vedic mythology|Indian mythology]].<ref>KN Aiyar, Thirty Minor Upanishads, University of Toronto Archives, {{oclc|248723242}}, page 220 footnote 1</ref> The term ''Upanishad'' means it is knowledge or "hidden doctrine" text that belongs to the corpus of [[Vedanta]] literature presenting the philosophical concepts of Hinduism and considered the highest purpose of its scripture, the [[Vedas]].<ref>Max Muller, [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/n93/mode/2up The Upanishads], Part 1, Oxford University Press, page LXXXVI footnote 1, [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/n133/mode/2up 22, verse 13.4]</ref> The text is also known as Varahopanishad.<ref>Srinivasa Ayyangar (Translator), [https://archive.org/stream/TheYogaUpanishads/TheYogaUpanisadsSanskritEngish1938#page/n441/mode/2up The Yoga Upanishads], Varahopanishad page 397, Aidyar Library, (Editor: SS Sastri)</ref>

The text is listed as 98th in the modern era [[anthology]] that consists of 108 Upanishads.{{Sfn|Ramamoorthy|Nome|2000|p=19}} A Sanskrit text, it is considered one of the 32 Upanishads under the Krishna Yajurveda or Black Yajurveda.{{Sfn|Prasoon|2008|p=82–83}} Classified as a Yoga Upanishad,{{Sfn|Tinoco|1997|p=89}} the author, authenticity, and source of this Hindu text has been in question, and it is a late Upanishad.<ref>Peter Heehs (2002), Indian Religions: A Historical Reader of Spiritual Expression and Experience, New York University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8147-3650-0}}, pages 85–87</ref> ''Varaha Upanishad'' was not listed in the anthology of known Upanishads published in the 17th century by [[Dara Shikoh]], in the early 19th-century [[Henry Thomas Colebrooke]] anthology, or in the Narayana compilations of Upanishads.<ref>Paul Deussen (Translator), Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Vol 2, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-1469-1}}, pages 558–565</ref>

==Chronology==
The text opens by acknowledging [[Itihasa]] (Epics, [[Ramayana]] and [[Mahabharata]]) and other post-Vedic era texts, thus implying that it was composed in the common era.<ref name=rigopoulos58/> The text incorporates terminology such as ''Yogi Siddhi'', suggesting that, like other Yoga Upanishads, it was composed after [[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali]] and other major Yoga texts.<ref name=rigopoulos58/> The text also incorporates sections on [[tantra]] terminology such as [[Chakra]] and [[Nadi (yoga)|Nāḍi]] in its discussion of [[Laya yoga|Laya]], [[Mantra]], and [[Hatha yoga]].<ref name=ayyangar435>Srinivasa Ayyangar (Translator), [https://archive.org/stream/TheYogaUpanishads/TheYogaUpanisadsSanskritEngish1938#page/n479/mode/2up The Yoga Upanishads], pages 435–437, Aidyar Library, (Editor: SS Sastri)</ref> The minor Yoga Upanishads, according to [[:it:Antonio Rigopoulos|Antonio Rigopoulos]], a professor of Indology at the University Ca 'Foscari of Venice, were recorded in the medieval period of India's [[Advaita]] and Yoga-rooted traditions, possibly in the middle of the 2nd millennium CE, but may well represent already established ideas and practices before the epic and medieval period, given that they use concepts and terminology rooted in the 1st millennium BCE [[Vedas|Vedic era text]], such as ''pranava'', Atman, and Brahman.<ref name=rigopoulos58>Antonio Rigopoulos, Dattatreya: The Immortal Guru, Yogin, and Avatara, State University of New York Press, ISBN pages 58–63, for context see 57–87 with footnotes</ref>

According to Ananda, the text was likely composed between the 13th and 16th centuries.{{Sfn|Ananda|2014|p=8}}

==Contents==

===Structure===
Ribhu, after observing [[Tapas (Sanskrit)|Tapas]] (penance) for 12 long deva years, is visited by Vishnu in his Varaha avatar; the latter asks Ribhu what boon he would like. Ribhu declines all worldly pleasures, and asks Vishnu to explain "that science of Brahman which treats of thy nature, a knowledge which leads to salvation".<ref name=aiyar220>KN Aiyar, Thirty Minor Upanishads, University of Toronto Archives, {{oclc|248723242}}, page 220 with footnotes</ref> From this point on, the Upanishad is structured as a sermon by Varaha to the sage Ribhu. It has five chapters with a total of 247 verses.<ref name= Aiyar>{{cite web|last=Aiyar|first=K. Narayanasvami|url=http://www.celextel.org/upanishads/krishna_yajur_veda/varaha.html|title=''Varaha Upanishad''|publisher=celextel.org|access-date=2015-08-14|archive-date=2017-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705193519/http://www.celextel.org/upanishads/krishna_yajur_veda/varaha.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Tattvas===

In Chapter 1 of the text, Varaha tells Ribhu first about the science of Tattvas, meaning "principles".<ref name=aiyar220/> The Tattvas are said to be 24, 36, or even 96 by some teachers, which Varaha elaborates.<ref name= Aiyar/>

In the Tattvas, asserts Varaha, are included the five [[sensory organs]], five organs of action, five vital airs essential to a living body ("Vital airs" of [[Prāṇa]], [[Apāna]], [[Uḍāna]], [[Samāna]], and [[Vyāna]]), five rudimentary principles of perception, and the faculties of knowledge – ''[[Manas-vijnana|Manas]]'' (mind) which produces uncertain knowledge, [[Buddhi]] (intelligence) which leads to certain knowledge, "Chitta" (emotional consciousness) which produces doubts and fluctuations in knowledge, and "[[Ahankara]]" (ego) which produces egoism. These total 24 tattvas, states the text.<ref name=aiyar220/>

Some scholars, asserts Varaha, expand the list of tattvas of a human body to 36, by including the five elements – earth ([[Prithvi]]), air ([[Vayu]]), water ([[Ap (water)|Ap]]), ether ([[Akasha]]), and fire ([[Agni]]); the three bodies – the gross, the subtle and the causal (''Karana''); three states of consciousness – when awake, when dreaming, and when in dreamless sleep; and one jiva (soul).<ref name=aiyar221>KN Aiyar, Thirty Minor Upanishads, University of Toronto Archives, {{oclc|248723242}}, page 221 with footnotes</ref>

Varaha then describes how the list of ''tattva'' increases to 96 in verses 1.8 to 1.14.<ref name=sanskritvaraha>[http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/varaha.html?lang=sa ॥ वराहोपनिषत् ॥] Sanskrit text of ''Varaha Upanishad'', SanskritDocuments Archives (2009)</ref><ref>Srinivasa Ayyangar (Translator), [https://archive.org/stream/TheYogaUpanishads/TheYogaUpanisadsSanskritEngish1938#page/n443/mode/2up The Yoga Upanishads], Varahopanishad Verses 1.7–15, pages 399–400, Aidyar Library, (Editor: SS Sastri)</ref> It includes the six stages of changes (Aiyar translates this to "existence, birth, growth, transformation, decay, and destruction"); six maladies or "infirmities" (hunger, thirst, suffering, delusion, age, and death); [[koshas]] or six sheaths ("skin, blood, flesh, fat, marrow, and bones"); six adversities or foes of a body ("longing, anger, craving, arrogance, and malice"); three aspects of "[[jiva]]" – "Vishva" (world), "[[Taijasa]]" (endowed with light), and "[[Prajñā (Hinduism)|Prajna]]" (insight into nature of reality); three "[[Guṇa]]s" or qualities, innate psyche ("[[Sattva]], [[Rajas]], and [[Tamas (philosophy)|Tamas]]"); three types of [[Karma]]s ("[[Prarabdha karma|Prarabdha]]" (past karma now being enjoyed), "[[Sanchita karma|Sanchita]]" (past karma yet to be enjoyed), and "Agamin" (current karma to be enjoyed later)); five actions ("talking, lifting, walking, excreting, and enjoying"); and tattvas of "thought, certainty, egoism, compassion, kindness, anticipation, sympathy, and indifference". To complete its list of 96, the Varaha adds "Dik", or the four quarters, all Vedic deities who are part of the human body, namely "Vayu" (air, ear), [[Sun]] (light, eye), "[[Varuna]]" (water, tongue), [[Ashvins|Ashvini Devas]] (nose), Agni (fire), [[Indra]], ''Upendra'', and ''Mrityu'' (death); it includes the [[moon]], the four-faced [[Brahma]], [[Rudra]], [[Kshetrajna]] (the conscious knower of the body), and [[Ishvara]].<ref name=aiyar221/><ref name=sanskritvaraha/>

Vishnu, as Varaha, asserts in verses 1.15 to 1.17, that he is "other than aggregate of these 96 Tattvas", and those who worship him in his Varaha avatar and know these 96 tattvas remove their ''Ajnana'' (ignorance), achieve salvation regardless of which order of life they are in, whether they have shaven head, or head full of hair, or maintain a head with only a tuft of hair.<ref name=aiyar221/><ref name=sanskritvaraha/>

===Brahmavidya===

The Varaha, in the 83 verses of Chapter 2, explains to Ribhu how to achieve the most exalted knowledge of [[Brahmavidya]], and then what it is.<ref>Srinivasa Ayyangar (Translator), [https://archive.org/stream/TheYogaUpanishads/TheYogaUpanisadsSanskritEngish1938#page/n445/mode/2up The Yoga Upanishads], Varahopanishad Verses 2.1–2.83, pages 401–417, Aidyar Library, (Editor: SS Sastri)</ref> He tells Ribhu that the four means of this knowledge are to practice conduct of one's Varna (class) and one's Ashrama (stage in life), from ascetic austerity and with the help of a [[Guru]] (spiritual teacher).<ref name=ayyangar401>Srinivasa Ayyangar (Translator), [https://archive.org/stream/TheYogaUpanishads/TheYogaUpanisadsSanskritEngish1938#page/n445/mode/2up The Yoga Upanishads], Varahopanishad Verses 2.1–2.3, pages 401–402, Aidyar Library, (Editor: SS Sastri)</ref> The Varaha then states that the path to Brahmavidya is through the capacity to distinguish between the ephemeral and the eternal, detachment from the material world unto the spiritual world. A sincere longing for spiritual liberation and six virtuous qualities (''shama'') are essential in order to achieve ''Brahmavidya'', asserts the Upanishad, these being tranquility, self-restraint, doing work without craving for rewards, endurance, faith, and meditation.<ref name=ayyangar401/><ref name=aiyar222>KN Aiyar, Thirty Minor Upanishads, University of Toronto Archives, {{oclc|248723242}}, page 222 with footnotes</ref> Varaha states in verse 2.4 that the truly blessed are those who know [[Brahman]] and [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] and have thus become one with them.<ref name=ayyangar401/>

Ribhu then asks Varaha, "Taking birth as a human, that is also a male and a Brahmana is difficult, a Yogi who has studied the [[Vedanta]] but who does not know the form of Vishnu, how can such an ignorant one become liberated?"<ref name= Aiyar/><ref name=ayyangar401/>

Varaha replies in verses 2.7–2.9 that he alone is Supreme Bliss, that apart from the Atman (soul) there exists no Ishvara or phenomenal world.<ref name=ayyangar402>Srinivasa Ayyangar (Translator), [https://archive.org/stream/TheYogaUpanishads/TheYogaUpanisadsSanskritEngish1938#page/n445/mode/2up The Yoga Upanishads], Varahopanishad Verses 2.7–2.16, pages 402–404, Aidyar Library, (Editor: SS Sastri)</ref> Those who know their Atman (soul) have no notions of Varna (class) or Ashrama (stage in life); they see Atman in all, they become Brahman and reach "Moksha" salvation even without seeking.<ref name=ayyangar402/><ref>KN Aiyar, Thirty Minor Upanishads, University of Toronto Archives, {{oclc|248723242}}, page 223, Quote: "That man who sees (his) Atman, which is all-witness and is beyond all caste and orders of life, as of the nature of Brahman, becomes himself Brahman".</ref> That which is of the character of Truth, Knowledge, Bliss, and Fullness, states ''Varaha Upanisha''d in verse 2.16, stands farthest away from ''Tamas'' (darkness, destruction, chaos).<ref>Sanskrit: सत्यज्ञानानन्दपूर्णलक्षणं तमसः परम् । ब्रह्मानन्दं सदा पश्यन्कथं बध्येत कर्मणा ॥२: १६॥ Source: [http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/varaha.html?lang=sa ॥ वराहोपनिषत् ॥] English Translation: Srinivasa Ayyangar (Translator), [https://archive.org/stream/TheYogaUpanishads/TheYogaUpanisadsSanskritEngish1938#page/n447/mode/2up The Yoga Upanishads], Varahopanishad Verses 2.16–2.18, page 404, Aidyar Library, (Editor: SS Sastri)</ref>

Varaha states that what one aspires to is part of His own "light", which is all-encompassing. As Atman, self effulgent, Varaha states that "Brahma-Jnanis" are those who see nothing but the Brahman, and they are happy and content in the universe despite being subject to sufferings.<ref name=aiyar229232>KN Aiyar, Thirty Minor Upanishads, University of Toronto Archives, {{oclc|248723242}}, pages 229–232</ref>
{{Verse translation|italicsoff=y|
अज्ञस्य दुःखौघमयं ज्ञस्यानन्दमयं जगत्
अन्धं भुवनमन्धस्य प्रकाशं तु सुचक्षुषाम्
|attr1=''Varaha Upanishad'' 2.22<ref>Srinivasa Ayyangar (Translator), [https://archive.org/stream/TheYogaUpanishads/TheYogaUpanisadsSanskritEngish1938#page/n449/mode/2up The Yoga Upanishads], Varahopanishad Verses 2.18–2.23, page 405, Aidyar Library, (Editor: SS Sastri); for Sanskrit Source, see: [http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/varaha.html?lang=sa ॥ वराहोपनिषत् ॥२: २२॥]</ref>|
To an ignorant man, the world is filled with misery; while, to a wise man, it is full of bliss,
To a blind man, the world is dark; while, to men of vision, it is bright.}}

The ''Varaha Upanishad'' asserts the non-dualistic premise that Brahman and Atman are one, and those who know this fear nothing, suffer nothing, and possess fortitude. He is I, states Vishnu.<ref name=ayyangar405>Srinivasa Ayyangar (Translator), [https://archive.org/stream/TheYogaUpanishads/TheYogaUpanisadsSanskritEngish1938#page/n449/mode/2up The Yoga Upanishads], Varahopanishad Verses 2.18–2.38, pages 405–407, Aidyar Library, (Editor: SS Sastri)</ref> "Become that, Ribhu; Thou am I verily", suggests Vishnu.<ref name=ayyangar405/> Those high souled ones, who with the firm conviction that "I am the Brahman", are the [[Jivanmukta]], states verse 2.43 of the text.<ref name=ayyangar408>Srinivasa Ayyangar (Translator), [https://archive.org/stream/TheYogaUpanishads/TheYogaUpanisadsSanskritEngish1938#page/n451/mode/2up The Yoga Upanishads], Varahopanishad Verses 2.41–2.43, pages 408–409 Aidyar Library, (Editor: SS Sastri)</ref>

====Sankalpa====

According to the Upanishad, the entire universe evolves by Sankalpa (a thinking, ideation process), one becomes what one thinks, metaphysics affects physics, and it is ideation that helps retain the appearances of the world.<ref>{{cite book|author=E Douglas Hume|title=The Forum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGQXAQAAIAAJ| year=1915| volume=LIII| publisher=Forum Publishing Company|page=465}}</ref> Following renunciation from this universe, which is also called a Sankalpa, the meditating mind is to be focused on the [[Nirvikalpa]] (the unchangeable) or the unchangeable part (metaphysical reality). Varaha in verse 2.64 compares the "[[samsara]]" (cycle of rebirth) to the domain of karma, states Billington, one that is like a long dream ("[[Swapna-marga|swapna]]"), a delusion, a sea of sorrow.{{Sfn|Billington|2002|p=38}} It defines ''jivanmukta'' as someone who has overcome and attained liberation from this ''samsara'' through self-knowledge.<ref>KN Aiyar, Thirty Minor Upanishads, University of Toronto Archives, {{oclc|248723242}}, pages 223–229</ref>

====Meditation====

Varaha explains that through obeisance to Him who is found in everything, and doing meditation for just 48 minutes (a [[Muhurta|muhurtha]]), will expand his wisdom to the state of "Pratyagatman", the state of Atman which is forever liberated. It means living close to Jivatma (soul) and Paramatman (the Supreme Soul).<ref name= Aiyar/>

The Upanishad states that knowledge of Brahman results in knowing spiritual truth in the [[Paroksha]] (indirect cognition) way, but ''Sakshatkara'' (direct realization) results in knowing that his own soul is Brahman. And when a practitioner of Yoga becomes a Jivamukta (liberated soul), he knows that his Atman is the ultimate perfection. To an enlightened person who has realized Brahman, the two words "bondage" and "moksha" mean "mine" and "not mine". "Mine" is linked to a person, but "not mine" relates to one who is liberated from all thinking and knows Atman.<ref name= Aiyar/>

====Samadhi====

In verses 2.75 through 2.87, the ''Varaha Upanishad'' defines the goal of Yoga and what is "Samadhi", as follows:
{{Quote|
<poem>
The Oneness of the Atman and the mind is attained through [[Yoga]],
This Oneness is said to be what is Samadhi.
</poem>
|''Varaha Upanishad''|2.75<ref>Srinivasa Ayyangar (Translator), [https://archive.org/stream/TheYogaUpanishads/TheYogaUpanisadsSanskritEngish1938#page/n459/mode/2up The Yoga Upanishads], Varahopanishad Verses 2.75, page 405, Aidyar Library, (Editor: SS Sastri); Sanskrit: सलिले सैन्धवं यद्वत्साम्यं भवति योगतः । तथात्ममनसोरैक्यं समाधिरिति कथ्यते ॥ ७५॥ Source, see: [http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/varaha.html?lang=sa ॥ वराहोपनिषत् ॥२: ७५॥]</ref>}}

The state of Samadhi, it explains, is akin to salt dissolving in water, and the quality of oneness that results.{{Sfn|Gajendragadkar|1959|p=151}}

===Vishnu is Shiva===
The Upanishad, in Chapter 3, continues the sermon of Vishnu to Ribhu, that "Ribhu should develop the conviction that he himself is palpable Existence and Consciousness, indivisible, without a counterpart, devoid of all visibility, non-ailing, flawless, the Shiva without a double".<ref>Srinivasa Ayyangar (Translator), [https://archive.org/stream/TheYogaUpanishads/TheYogaUpanisadsSanskritEngish1938#page/n461/mode/2up The Yoga Upanishads], Varahopanishad Verses 3.6–3.8, page 418, Aidyar Library, (Editor: SS Sastri); Sanskrit: सत्यचिद्घनमखण्डमद्वयं सर्वदृश्यरहितं निरामयम् । यत्पदं विमलमद्वयं '''शिवं''' तत्सदाहमिति मौनमाश्रय ॥ ६॥ Source, see: [http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/varaha.html?lang=sa ॥ वराहोपनिषत् ॥३: ६॥]</ref> The text reasserts its non-dualism in Chapter 3, adding that [[bhakti]] to Vishnu is the path to liberating knowledge of Brahman. In verse 3.14–3.15, states Ayyangar, everyone is equal in the eyes of god, there is no difference between living forms and human beings based on law, family, caste, or clan, and everyone is one Truth and Absolute Brahman.<ref>Srinivasa Ayyangar (Translator), [https://archive.org/stream/TheYogaUpanishads/TheYogaUpanisadsSanskritEngish1938#page/n463/mode/2up The Yoga Upanishads], Varahopanishad Verses 3.14–3.19, pages 420–421, Aidyar Library, (Editor: SS Sastri)</ref><ref>KN Aiyar, Thirty Minor Upanishads, University of Toronto Archives, {{oclc|248723242}}, Chapter III, pages 229–230</ref> The "Vishnu is Shiva" and "all is Shiva" theme repeats in verse 4.32, which declares, "The Guru is Shiva, the Veda is Shiva, the [[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]] is Shiva, the Lord is Shiva, I Varaha am Shiva, all is Shiva, other than Shiva there is naught".<ref>Srinivasa Ayyangar (Translator), [https://archive.org/stream/TheYogaUpanishads/TheYogaUpanisadsSanskritEngish1938#page/n473/mode/2up The Yoga Upanishads], Varahopanishad Verses 4.32, page 430, Aidyar Library, (Editor: SS Sastri); Sanskrit: शिवो गुरुः शिवो वेदः शिव देवः शिवः प्रभुः । शिवोऽस्म्यहं शिवः सर्वं शिवदन्यन्न किञ्चन ॥ ३२॥ Source, see: [http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/varaha.html?lang=sa ॥ वराहोपनिषत् ॥४: ३२॥]</ref>

The Ultimate Truth, states the text, is that which always is, which preserves its nature over time, and which is unaffected by anything.<ref name=aiyar231/> The Atman, the Brahman, the "Chit, Sat and Ananda", and ''Janardhana'' (Vishnu) is such Truth, and they are synonymous, one.<ref name=aiyar231/> Some try to seek [[Sidhi]]s, asserts the Upanishad, through mantras, religious rituals, time, skill, medicine, or wealth, but such ''Sidhis'' are fleeting and fruitless. Be an ''Atmajnani'' (one with Self-knowledge) through Yoga, says Vishnu to Ribhu, and to such a person ''Siddhis'' are of no importance.<ref name=aiyar231>KN Aiyar, Thirty Minor Upanishads, University of Toronto Archives, {{oclc|248723242}}, Chapter III, pages 230–232</ref>

===Seven stages of knowledge===
The ''Varaha Upanishad'', in Chapter 4, states that individuals gain knowledge through seven stages:<ref name=aiyar232/> First, one must have virtuous desire to learn, discover (''Śubha-iccha''). The second stage is inquiry, investigation (''Vicāraṇa''). Discernment and thinning of mind toward other objects (''Tanu-mānasi'') is the third stage, states the text. The fourth stage is harmony, creative union with the subject of knowledge (''[[Sattva]]-patti''). Detachment from everything else (''Asamsakti'') is the fifth stage. Conceptual analysis and gaining complete, correct meaning of the topic (''Pada-artha-bhavana'') is the sixth stage. The seventh or last stage is ''[[Turiya]]'' (or ''Turīyagā''), complete consciousness.<ref name=aiyar232>KN Aiyar, Thirty Minor Upanishads, University of Toronto Archives, {{oclc|248723242}}, Chapter IV, pages 232–233</ref><ref name=ayyangar424>Srinivasa Ayyangar (Translator), [https://archive.org/stream/TheYogaUpanishads/TheYogaUpanisadsSanskritEngish1938#page/n467/mode/2up The Yoga Upanishads], Varahopanishad Verses 4.1–4.10, pages 423–425, Adyar Library, (Editor: SS Sastri)</ref>

The text states that [[Om|AUM]] is a means for meditating on the nature of Atman and Brahman, wherein "A" represents ''Akara'' and Visva, "U" represents ''Ukara'' and Taijasa, ''M'' represents ''Makara'' and Prajna, the ''Ardhamatra'' that follows AUM, represents the ''Turiya''.<ref name=aiyar232/><ref name=ayyangar424/>

====The characteristics of a Jivanmukta====
{{further|Moksha}}
The ''Varaha Upanishad'', in a manner similar to many ancient and medieval era Hindu texts,<ref>Andrew Fort (1998), Jivanmukti in Transformation: Embodied Liberation in Advaita and Neo-Vedanta, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-3903-6}}, pages 120–122; Norman E. Thomas (April 1988), Liberation for Life: A Hindu Liberation Philosophy, Missiology, Volume 16, Number 2, pp 149–160</ref> discusses moksha in this life (rather than afterlife), or ''Jivanmukti'', calling those who have reached such a state a ''Jivanmukta'' (self-realized person).<ref name=aiyar234>KN Aiyar, Thirty Minor Upanishads, University of Toronto Archives, {{oclc|248723242}}, Chapter IV, pages 234–235</ref> The verses 4.21–4.30 describe the characteristics of a Jivanmukta; Ayyangar and Aiyar state as follows:<ref name=aiyar234/><ref>Srinivasa Ayyangar (Translator), [https://archive.org/stream/TheYogaUpanishads/TheYogaUpanisadsSanskritEngish1938#page/n473/mode/2up The Yoga Upanishads], Varahopanishad Verses 4.21–4.30, pages 429–430, Adyar Library, (Editor: SS Sastri)</ref>
*He who is engrossed in the ways of the world, yet his mind is steady, like ether, is said to be Jivanmukta
*He whose mental radiance neither rises nor sets, whose inner state is neither affected by happiness nor by misery inflicted on him, is said to be Jivanmukta
*He who is wakeful while remaining asleep, he whose mental alertness is devoid of impressions, is known as Jivanmukta
*He who responds to influences such as hatred, fear, love, yet his heart remains pure like ''Akasha'' ([[Aether (classical element)|aether]], space), is said to be Jivanmukta
*He whose attitude is not be attached to anything, his intellect never clouded whether active or passive, is a Jivanmukta
*He who does not shrink out of fear from the world, nor the world shrinks from him, who is free from anger, fear and joy, is a Jivanmukta
*He whose mind is not agitated, though participating in the world, who rests in state of calmness and absolute consciousness, no matter what, is known as Jivanmukta

The concept and characteristics of Jivanmukta in ''Varaha Upanishad'' is similar, states Sprockhoff, but other Upanishads develop these ideas further and in greater depth.<ref>Joachim Friedrich Sprockhoff (1962), Die Vorbereitung der Vorstellung der Erlosung bei Lebzeiten in den Upanisads, (Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens) WZKS 6, pages 151–178 (in German); Joachim Friedrich Sprockhoff (1963), Die Idee der JIvanmukti in den spaten Upanisads, WZKS 7, pages 190–208 (in German)</ref>

===Yoga===
[[File:Yoga Meditation Pos-410px.png|thumb|The fifth chapter of Varaha Upanishad discusses meditation and Yoga.]]
Chapter 5 of the ''Varaha Upanishad'' is dedicated to Yoga, as a discussion between Ribhu and his student Nidagha.<ref name=ayyangar433>Srinivasa Ayyangar (Translator), [https://archive.org/stream/TheYogaUpanishads/TheYogaUpanisadsSanskritEngish1938#page/n477/mode/2up The Yoga Upanishads], Varahopanishad Verses 4.1–4.10, pages 433–437, Aidyar Library, (Editor: SS Sastri)</ref> There are three types of Yoga, states the text, and these are ''Laya'' (soft), ''Mantra'' (mystic), and ''Hatha'' (middle), recommending Hatha Yoga as foremost of three.<ref name=ayyangar433/> It discusses various aspects of Yoga, ranging from recommending that healthy food should be eaten in temperate quantities, in small portions, several times a day, to recommending that Yoga should not be performed when one is not feeling well or is very hungry.<ref name=ayyangar433/> The goal of Yoga, states Varaha, is manifold, including the gain of body strength and suppleness, acquisition of knowledge of one's own body and its auras, meditation, and Self (soul) knowledge.<ref name=ayyangar439>Srinivasa Ayyangar (Translator), [https://archive.org/stream/TheYogaUpanishads/TheYogaUpanisadsSanskritEngish1938#page/n483/mode/2up The Yoga Upanishads], Varahopanishad Verses 4.37–4.61, pages 439–442, Aidyar Library, (Editor: SS Sastri)</ref>

====Axiology: Yamas and Niyamas====

The [[axiology]] in the ''Varaha Upanishad'' is presented in Chapter 5 as ten [[Yamas]] and ten [[Niyama]]s.<ref name=ayyangar435/><ref name=hirobadlani65>Hiro Badlani (2008), Hinduism, IUniverse, {{ISBN|978-0-595-43636-1}}, pages 65–69</ref> This list is similar to the list found in other Yoga texts such as the [[Shandilya Upanishad]],<ref>KN Aiyar (1914), Thirty Minor Upanishads, Kessinger Publishing, {{ISBN|978-1-164-02641-9}}, Chapter 22, pages 173–176</ref> as well as by Svātmārāma:<ref name=svatmaram>{{cite book|title=The Hatha Yoga Pradipika|translator=Pancham Sinh |author=Svātmārāma |publisher = Forgotten Books|edition= 5|year=1997|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9sBFttVx6ukC|isbn= 978-1-60506-637-0|page=14|quote=अथ यम-नियमाः अहिंसा सत्यमस्तेयं बरह्यछर्यम कश्हमा धृतिः दयार्जवं मिताहारः शौछम छैव यमा दश १७}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Lorenzen|first1=David|title=The Kāpālikas and Kālāmukhas|date=1972|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-01842-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/kapalikaskalamuk0000lore/page/186 186–190]|url=https://archive.org/details/kapalikaskalamuk0000lore/page/186}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Merging with Śiva: Hinduism's contemporary metaphysics |last= Subramuniya |publisher= Himalayan Academy Publications|year= 2003|isbn= 978-0-945497-99-8 |page=155 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JupkNVxfwHgC |access-date=6 April 2009}}</ref>

# [[Ahiṃsā]] (अहिंसा): nonviolence
# [[Satya]] (सत्य): truthfulness
# [[Asteya]] (अस्तेय): not stealing
# [[Brahmacharya]] (ब्रह्मचर्य): celibacy when single, not cheating on one's partner<ref name=hirobadlani65/>
# [[Forgiveness#Hinduism|Kṣamā]] (क्षमा): forgiveness<ref name=ss>Stuart Sovatsky (1998), Words from the Soul: Time East/West Spirituality and Psychotherapeutic Narrative, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-3949-4}}, page 21</ref>
# [[Dhrti|Dhṛti]] (धृति): fortitude
# [[Compassion#Hinduism|Dayā]] (दया): compassion<ref name=ss/>
# [[Ārjava]] (आर्जव): non-hypocrisy, sincerity<ref>J Sinha, {{Google books|VCwmmWXJBqEC|Indian Psychology|page=142}}, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidas, {{oclc|1211693}}, page 142</ref>
# [[Mitahara|Mitāhāra]] (मितहार): measured diet
# [[Shaucha|Śauca]] (शौच): purity, cleanliness

The ''Varaha Upanishad'' along with the Shandilya,<ref name=svb>SV Bharti (2001), Yoga Sutras of Patanjali: With the Exposition of Vyasa, Motilal Banarsidas, {{ISBN|978-81-208-1825-5}}, Appendix I, pages 680–691</ref> suggests ten ''niyamas'' in the sense of positive duties, desirable behaviors, and discipline. The Varaha's axiological list in Chapter 5 for observances include:<ref name=ayyangar435/><ref>[http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/varaha.pdf ''Varaha Upanishad''], Sanskrit text, page 16, verses 5.11–5.14</ref>

# [[Tapas (Sanskrit)|Tapas]]: persistence, perseverance in one's purpose, penance austerity<ref>Walter Kaelber (1976), "Tapas", Birth, and Spiritual Rebirth in the Veda, History of Religions, 15(4), 343–386</ref><ref name=sabha>SA Bhagwat (2008), Yoga and Sustainability. Journal of Yoga, Fall/Winter 2008, 7(1): 1–14</ref>
# [[Santosha|Santoṣa]]: contentment, acceptance of others and of one's circumstances as they are, joy
# [[Āstika]]: faith in Real Self (jnana yoga, raja yoga), belief in God (bhakti yoga), conviction in Vedas/Upanishads (orthodox school)
# [[Dāna]]: generosity, charity, sharing with others<ref>William Owen Cole (1991), Moral Issues in Six Religions, Heinemann, {{ISBN|978-0-435-30299-3}}, pages 104–105</ref>
# [[Ishvarapranidhana|Īśvarapūjana]]: worship of the Ishvara (God/Supreme Being, Brahman, True Self, Unchanging Reality)<ref>[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=Izvara&direction=SE&link=yes&choice=yes Īśvara] Koeln University, Germany</ref>
# [[Siddhānta śrāvaṇa]]: listening to the ancient scriptures, texts about ethics, values, and principles
# [[Hrī]]: remorse and acceptance of one's past, modesty, humility<ref>[http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/1300/mw__1340.html Hri] Monier Williams Sanskrit English Dictionary</ref>
# [[Mati (Sanskrit)|Mati]]: think and reflect to understand, reconcile conflicting ideas<ref>Monier Williams, {{Google books|uqlRAAAAcAAJ|A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and philologically arranged|page=740}}, Mati, मति, pages 740–741</ref>
# [[Japa]]: mantra repetition, reciting prayers or knowledge<ref>HS Nasr, Knowledge and the Sacred, SUNY Press, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-0177-4}}, page 321–322</ref>
# [[Vrata]]: keeping promises, fast rituals, observing pilgrimage and [[yajna]]

====Yogasanas====
[[File:Kukkutasana Yoga-Asana Nina-Mel.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Kukkutasana]] (Rooster pose) is mentioned in the text.{{Sfn|Rosen|2012|p=75}}]]
The Upanishad makes mention of eleven [[asanas]] (Yogic postures), of which two pertain to physiological postures: [[Mayurasana]] and [[Kukkutasana]].{{Sfn|Rosen|2012|p=75}} It describes squatting with folded legs known as [[Sukhasana]], a meditative pose.{{Sfn|Śrīnivāsabhaṭṭa|1982|p=154}}

Varaha gives a simile of an artist practicing dance to an orchestra, balancing a vessel on her head. She is focused only on the stability of the pot, in the same manner a practitioner of Yoga always contemplates on the Brahman. The yogic practice should be centered on the "spiritual sound" only.<ref name= Aiyar/> Immersion and self-absorption in music is a form of yoga.{{Sfn|Sathianathan|1996|p=33}} Varaha encourages introspection, and states that a person discerning his own mistakes will be free of attachments in life.<ref name= Aiyar/>

==== Kundalini====

Varaha emphatically states that [[Kundalini]] or corporeal energy is the ultimate power of truth.{{Sfn|Johari|2000|p=28}} It is further states that [[prana]], the life force, exists in the [[Nadis]] (channels, pipes or tubes), which run in the body, emanating from the [[Sole (foot)|sole]] of the foot and running to the skull of the head.{{Sfn|Ros|2001|p=8}} The six [[Chakras]] beginning with [[Muladhara]] are said to be the seat of Shakti. From the neck to the top of the head is said to be the seat of Shambu.{{Sfn|Ananda|2014|p=7}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last=Ananda|first=Sri G.|title=Chakras: A Gentle Awakening|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SPU2AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8|date=15 February 2014|publisher=Art of Unity|isbn=978-1-4959-4616-5}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*{{cite book|last=Billington|first=Ray |title=Understanding Eastern Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dACFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA38|date=4 January 2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-79348-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Gajendragadkar|first=K. V. |title=Neo-upanishadic Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6olLAAAAIAAJ|year=1959|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}
*{{cite book|last=Johari|first=Harish |title=Chakras: Energy Centers of Transformation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=99thvrs56AMC&pg=PT28|date=1 September 2000|publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co|isbn=978-1-59477-909-1}}
*{{cite book|last= Prasoon |first=S.K. |title=Indian Scriptures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvmAwVXPKbQC&pg=PT82|year= 2008|publisher=Pustak Mahal|isbn=978-81-223-1007-8}}
*{{cite book|last1= Ramamoorthy|first1=Dr. H.|last2=Nome|title=The Song of Ribhu: The English Translation of the Tamil Ribhu Gita|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BX6Kt4f9NqwC&pg=PR19|year=2000|publisher=Society of Abidance in Truth|isbn=978-0-9703667-0-2}}
*{{cite book|last=Ros|first=Frank |title=The Lost Secrets of Ayurvedic Acupuncture: An Ayurvedic Guide to Acupuncture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YSytrrJ8hnsC&pg=PA8|date=1 December 2001|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|isbn=978-81-208-1295-6}}
*{{cite book|last=Rosen|first=Richard |title=Original Yoga Rediscovering Traditional Practices of Hatha Yoga|date=May 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZeOYkgOQTUC&pg=PA75|publisher=Shambhala Publications|isbn=978-0-8348-2740-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Sathianathan|first=Shantsheela |title=Contributions of saints and seers to the music of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Krm6AAAAIAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Kanishka Publishers, Distributors|isbn=978-81-7391-109-5}}
*{{cite book|last=Śrīnivāsabhaṭṭa |title=Haṭharatnāvalī|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gRIYAAAAIAAJ|year=1982|publisher=M. Ramakrishna Reddy}}
*{{cite book|last=Tinoco|first=Carlos Alberto |title=Upanishads|year=1997 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xoNEM63hZEC&pg=PA87|publisher=IBRASA|isbn=978-85-348-0040-2}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924020904/http://www.gayathrimanthra.com/contents/documents/Vedic-related/Varaha_Upanishad.pdf ''Varaha Upanishad'' in Sanskrit, original version]

{{Hindudharma}}
{{Mukhya Upanishads}}

[[Category:Upanishads]]

Rai (title)

2025-12-09T12:56:28Z

ChristenaMcGraw: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|Indian honorific title}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2022}}

'''Rai''' is a historical title of royalty and nobility in the [[Indian subcontinent]] used by rulers and chieftains of many [[princely states]]. It is derived from ''[[Raja]]'' (king). The Marathi variant [[Maratha titles|Rao/Rav]] was used as a substitute to King.

When [[Babur]] conquered [[Hindustan]], he found many principalities which had been subordinated by the Emperor of Hindustan and innumerable others which never have been effectively subdued. When [[Akbar]] ascended to the throne, Hindustan had numerous autonomous and semiautonomous rulers. These hereditary rulers were known by various names such as ''Rais'', ''Rajas'', ''[[Rana (title)|Ranas]]'', [[Rao (Indian surname)|Rao]] and ''Rawals''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Khan |first=Ahsan Raza |date=1977 |title=Chieftains in the Mughal Empire during the reign of Akbar |publisher=Simla |language=en }}</ref>

During Mughal rule, while conferring a title on a [[Hindus|Hindu]] chief the word Raja or Rai was added to the name of person. The Mughals seems to have inherited the practice of bestowing titles from the Sultans of [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Phul |first=R.K |title=Armies of Great Mughal|pages=198–199}}</ref> The appellation "Rai" is primarily applied to men, while for women the appellation "[[Rani]]" is used.

During [[British Raj|British Rule]], ''Rai Sahib'' and ''Rai Bahadur'' were titles of honour given for service of visionary leadership to the nation. They were given immense power too and were equivalent to autonomous native rulers within their feudal estates

Other variations of ''Rai'' are ''Roy'', ''Ray'' and ''Rao''. These are also used as titles by [[Bhumihar]],<ref>{{cite book|title=India's Communities vol 6|page=471|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jw9uAAAAMAAJ&q=bhumihars+use+thakur+title|author=KS Singh|date=1998 |publisher=OUP|isbn=978-0-19-563354-2 |quote=In Bihar , the Babhan are also known as Bhumihar Brahman . They have titles such as Rai , Singh , Pandey , Tiwari , Chaudhry and Thakur.}}</ref> [[Karan (caste)|Karanas]], [[Kayastha|Kayasthas]] and [[Ahir|Ahirs]]. Rai was the title used by the [[Zamindar|Zamindars]] (landowners) of Eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]] during the colonial rule after the Permanent settlement system introduced in [[Bengal]]-Bihar and the state of [[Benares State|Benaras]].

The descendants of these earlier rulers, chieftains and leaders still use these titles as patronymics, but these titles although having social acceptance and prestige as per local customs, holds no recognition and privilege in the eye of law after the abolition of titles in 1971 from the Indian Constitution.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Gazette of India, 1971 |year=1971 |url=https://archive.org/stream/E13841971009161722/E-1384-1971-0091-61722_djvu.txt}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Maratha titles]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html WorldStatesmen – India]
* {{citation |last=Jain |first=Vijay K. |title=Acarya Samantabhadra's Svayambhustotra: Adoration of The Twenty-four Tirthankara |date=2015 |publisher=Vikalp Printers |isbn=978-81-903639-7-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xI8HBgAAQBAJ |quote={{PD-notice}} |ref={{sfnref|Vijay K. Jain|2015}} }}
*{{cite web|url=http://scci.net.pk/pdetail.php?eid=739&mid=26|title=Sheikhupura Chamber of Commerce & Industry|publisher=scci.net.pk|access-date=2015-11-15}}
*{{cite book|title=Federal & Provincial the Minor Acts: Civil & Criminal|author1=Pakistan|author2=Bhatti, R.M.Z.|author3=Mushtaq, M.I.|date=2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MLETnQEACAAJ|access-date=2015-11-15}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rai, Roy}}
[[Category:Cultural history of India]]
[[Category:Royal titles]]
[[Category:Titles of national or ethnic leadership]]
[[Category:History of South Asia]]
[[Category:Titles in India]]

Prag Das

2025-11-13T21:38:21Z

ChristenaMcGraw: Starting Stub!

{{short description|Thakur of Bijairaghogarh (1826 – 1845)}}
{{infobox royalty
| title = [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]]
| succession = [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] of [[Bijairaghogarh]]
| reign = {{circa|1826}} – {{circa|1845}}
| predecessor = ''Position established''
| successor = [[Surju Prasad]]
| death_date = {{circa|1845}}
| issue = [[Surju Prasad]]
| father = [[Durjan Singh (ruler)|Durjan Singh]]
}}
'''Prag Das''' was the [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] of [[Bijairaghogarh]] from 1826 until his death in 1845.

== Biography ==
He was born to [[Durjan Singh (ruler)|Durjan Singh]], the [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] of [[Maihar State|Maihar]], and, upon his father’s death in 1826, inherited the chiefship of [[Bijairaghogarh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Purushotam Vishram Mawjee |url=https://archive.org/details/DurbarAlbum1/ |title=(1911) Imperial durbar album of the Indian princes, chiefs and zamindars, Vol. I. |date=1911 |pages=135}}</ref> The [[East India Company|British government]] conferred a sanad upon him on 29 February 1828, and through it, they recognized him as the chief of [[Bijairaghogarh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=R. K. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Kr%CC%A5%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a_smr%CC%A5ti/5Rp_wtgqCbMC? |title=Kr̥ṣṇa-smr̥ti: Studies in Indian Art and Archaeology : Prof. K.D. Bajpai Commemoration Volume |last2=Agrawal |first2=Ramesh Chandra |last3=Misra |first3=Om Prakash |date=1995 |publisher=Aryan Books International |isbn=978-81-7305-055-8 |pages=398 |language=en}}</ref> He conducted the affairs of his state with great success and introduced many beneficial reforms.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Pradesh (India) |first=Madhya |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_History_of_Freedom_Movement_in_Madhy/qsdAAAAAMAAJ |title=The History of Freedom Movement in Madhya Pradesh |date=1956 |publisher=Government Print., Madhya Pradesh |pages=79 |language=en}}</ref> During his reign, the [[Bijairaghogarh]] was considered a flourishing place with an efficient and benevolent administration.<ref name=":0" /> He built a temple dedicated to Lord Vijayraghav and a fort named Vijayraghavgarh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jabalpur Division |title=Vijayraghavgarh – Katni {{!}} Jabalpur Division {{!}} India |url=https://jabalpurdivisionmp.nic.in/en/tourist-place/vijayraghavgarh-katni/}}</ref>

He died in 1845, and his son [[Surju Prasad]] succeeded him to the title.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pradesh (India) |first=Madhya |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Madhya_Pradesh_District_Gazetteers_Raise/gIVhAAAAIAAJ |title=Madhya Pradesh, District Gazetteers: Raisen |date=1968 |publisher=Government Central Press |pages=107 |language=en}}</ref>

==References ==
<references />
[[Category:1845 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Date of birth unknown]]

Raja Rajendra Singh

2025-11-06T21:35:02Z

ChristenaMcGraw: Starting Biography

{{More citations needed|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Rajendra Singh
| title = [[Raja]]
| image = Raja Rajendra Singh of Baghal.jpg
| alt = Raja Rajendra Singh
| caption = Raja Shri Rajendra Singh of Baghal
| succession = [[Baghal State|Raja of Baghal]]
| reign = 1946 - 28 December 1971
| predecessor = Surendra Singh
| successor = Harshvardhan Singh (titular Raja of Baghal)
| birth_date = 29 February 1928
| death_date = 7 June 2010
| death_place = [[Arki, India|Arki]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]
| spouse = Tara Devi
| spouse-type = Consort
| issue = Pramod Singh Narendra Singh Sunita Devi
| house = [[Parmar (Rajput clan)|Parmar]] [[Rajput]]
| father = Surendra Singh
| mother = Laxmi Devi
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| issue-type = Children (s)
}}

'''Raja Rajendra Singh''' (29 February 1928 – 7 June 2010) was the [[Raja]] of [[Baghal State|Baghal]] from 1946 until 1971.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brentnall |first=Mark |title=The Princely and Noble Families of the Former Indian Empire |publisher=Indus Publishing Company |year=2004 |isbn=9788173871634 |volume=1 |location=New Delhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayYbAvECXQwC}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:People from Solan district]]

Aranyaka

2025-11-04T21:46:46Z

ChristenaMcGraw: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Part of the ancient Indian Vedas}}
{{for|1994 film|Aranyaka (film)}}
[[File:1863 CE palm leaf manuscript, Jaiminiya Aranyaka Gana, Samaveda (unidentified layer of texts), Sanskrit, Southern Grantha script, sample i.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|A page of the ''Jaiminiya Aranyaka Gana'' found embedded in the ''Samaveda'' palm leaf manuscript (Sanskrit, [[Grantha script]]).]]
{{Hindu scriptures}}
{{Italic title}}

The '''''Aranyakas''''' ({{IPAc-en|ɑː|ˈ|r|ʌ|n|j|ə|k|ə|z}}; {{langx|sa|आरण्यक}}; [[IAST]]: ''{{IAST|āraṇyaka}}'') are a part of the ancient Indian [[Vedas]] concerned with the meaning of ritual sacrifice, composed in about 700 BC.<ref name="Keith1925" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aranyaka {{!}} Upanishads, Vedic Rituals, Brahmanas {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aranyaka |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> They typically represent the later sections of the Vedas, and are one of many layers of Vedic texts.<ref>In post-Vedic classifications by text types, the Aranyakas are one of five, with the other four being Samhita, Brahmana, Upasana and Upanishad. See A Bhattacharya (2006), Hindu Dharma: Introduction to Scriptures and Theology, {{ISBN|978-0595384556}}, pages 5-17</ref> The other parts of the Vedas are the [[Samhita]]s (benedictions, hymns), [[Brahmana]]s (commentary), and the [[Upanishads]] (spirituality and abstract philosophy).<ref name="ab">A Bhattacharya (2006), Hindu Dharma: Introduction to Scriptures and Theology, {{ISBN|978-0595384556}}, pages 8-14</ref><ref name="Holdrege1995" />

''Aranyakas'' describe and discuss rituals from various perspectives; some include philosophical speculations. For example, the Katha Aranyaka discusses rituals connected with the ''[[Pravargya]]''.<ref name="Witzel2004"/> The Aitareya Aranyaka includes explanation of the ''Mahavrata'' ritual from ritualisitic to symbolic meta-ritualistic points of view.<ref name=jago/> ''Aranyakas'', however, neither are homogeneous in content nor in structure.<ref name=jago/> ''Aranyakas'' are sometimes identified as ''karma-kanda'' (कर्मकाण्ड), ritualistic action/sacrifice section, while the Upanishads are identified as ''jnana-kanda'' (ज्ञानकाण्ड) knowledge/spirituality section.<ref name=ab/><ref>See {{Google books|3uwDAAAAMAAJ|Shankara's Introduction}} to ''Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad'' at pages 1-5; Quote - "The Vedas are divided in two parts, the first is the karma-kanda, the ceremonial part, also (called) purva-kanda, and treats on ceremonies; the second part is the jnana kanda, the part which contains knowledge, also named uttara-kanda or posterior part, and unfolds the knowledge of Brahma or the universal soul." (Translator: Edward Roer)</ref> In an alternate classification, the early part of Vedas are called [[Samhita]]s and the ritualistic commentary on the mantras and rituals are called the [[Brahmana]]s which together are identified as the ceremonial ''karma-kanda'', while ''Aranyakas'' and ''Upanishads'' are referred to as the ''jnana-kanda''.<ref name="Knapp2005"/>

In the immense volume of ancient Indian Vedic literature, there is no absolute universally true distinction between ''Aranyakas'' and ''Brahmanas''. Similarly, there is no absolute distinction between ''Aranyakas'' and ''Upanishads'', as some Upanishads are incorporated inside a few ''Aranyakas''.<ref>AB Keith (2007), The Religion and Philosophy of the Veda and Upanishads, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120806443}}, pages 491-492</ref> ''Aranyakas'', along with [[Brahmana]]s, represent the emerging transitions in later Vedic religious practices.<ref>Edward F Crangle (1994), The Origin and Development of Early Indian Contemplative Practices, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, {{ISBN|978-3447034791}}, pp. 55-59</ref> The transition completes with the blossoming of ancient Indian philosophy from external sacrificial rituals to internalized philosophical treatise of Upanishads.<ref>AB Keith (2007), The Religion and Philosophy of the Veda and Upanishads, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120806443}}, pages 491-509</ref>

==Etymology==
"Aranyaka" ({{IAST|āraṇyaka}}) literally means "produced, born, relating to a forest" or rather, "belonging to the wilderness". It is derived from the word ''{{IAST|Araṇya}}'' (अरण्य), which means "wilderness".<ref>[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=araNya&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0 araNya] Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany</ref><ref name="Gopal1990"/>

Several theories have been proposed on the origin of the word ''Aranyaka''. Originally, as per Oldenberg (1915),<ref>Āraṇyaka. NG 1915, 382-401= Kleine Schriften 1967, 419-438</ref> it meant dangerous texts to be studied in the wilderness (Taitt. Ar. II). A later, post-Vedic theory holds that these texts were meant to be studied in a forest, while the other holds that the name came from these being the manuals of allegorical interpretation of sacrifices, for those in [[Vanaprastha]] (retired, forest-dwelling) stage of their life, however the Vanaprastha Ashrama came into existence only well after that of the Sanyasin (Sprockhoff 1976), according to the historic age-based [[Ashrama (stage)|Ashrama]] system of human life.<ref name="Keith1925"/> Four Ashrams consist of Brhmacharya up to 25 years for learning and grooming for life; Gruhastha from 26 to 50 years for marriage and worldly activities; Vanaprastha from 51 to 75 when person/couple retire from active family/social life and devote time in religious, philosophical pursuit. It is so named after Vana-Forest life by moving to the forest. From 75 till end of life person lives life of an ascetic, contemplating on supernatural, pure philosophy, accepting whatever is available for sustaining the life. It is mostly in helping the society in whatever manner possible, giving benefit of long experience and knowledge accumulated during the lifetime.

Taittiriya Ar. 2 says, "from where one cannot see the roofs of the settlement", which does not indicate a forested area.<ref name="Schroeder1898"/>

== Discussion ==

===Structure===
''Aranyakas'' are diverse in their structure. Jan Gonda summarizes:<ref name="jago"/>

{{Blockquote|
The structure of the ''Aranyakas'' is as little homogenous as their contents. Some portions have the character of a ''Samhita'', others of a ''Brahmana'', others again of a ''Sutra'', according to the material that, varying from Veda to Veda, and from school to school, was collected in an ''Aranyaka'' corpus. Linguistically and stylistically also, these works form a transition between the ''Brahmanas'' proper and the speculative literature that follows them and develops part of the ideas and lines of thought which are characteristic of them.
|[[Jan Gonda]]|Vedic Literature<ref name="jago"/>}}

Many ''Aranyaka'' texts enumerate mantras, identifications, etymologies, discussions, myths and symbolic interpretations, but a few such as by sage Arunaketu include hymns with deeper philosophical insights.<ref name=jago/>

===Contents===
The Aranyakas discuss [[yajna|sacrifice]]s, in the language and style of the [[Brahmanas]], and thus are primarily concerned with the proper performance of ritual (orthopraxy). The Aranyakas were restricted to a particular class of rituals that nevertheless were frequently included in the Vedic curriculum.

The Aranyakas are associated with, and named for, individual Vedic [[shakha]]s.
*[[Rigveda]]
**[[Aitareya Upanishad|Aitareya]] Aranyaka belongs to the Aitareya Shakha of Rigveda
**[[Kaushitaki]] Aranyaka belongs to the Kaushitaki and Shankhayana Shakhas of Rigveda
*[[Yajurveda]]
**[[Taittiriya Upanishad|Taittiriya]] Aranyaka belongs to the [[Taittiriya Shakha]] of the Krishna Yajurveda
**[[Maitrayaniya Upanishad|Maitrayaniya]] Aranyaka belongs to the Maitrayaniya Shakha of the Krishna Yajurveda
**[[Katha Upanishad|Katha]] Aranyaka belongs to the (Caraka)Katha Shakha of the Krishna Yajurveda<ref>ed. [[Michael Witzel]], Kaṭha Āraṇyaka, Critical Edition with a translation into German and an introduction. Cambridge: Harvard Oriental Series 2004.</ref>
**Brihad Aranyaka in the Madhyandina and the Kanva versions of the Shukla Yajurveda. The Madhyandina version has 9 sections, of which the last 6 are the [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]].
*[[Samaveda]]
**Talavakara Aranyaka or [[Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana]] belongs to the Talavakara or Jaiminiya Shakha of the Samaveda. A part of this text forms the [[Kena Upanishad]].
**Aranyaka Samhita is not a typical Aranyaka text: rather the Purvarchika of the Samaveda Samhitas has a section of mantras, called the 'Aranyaka Samhita', on which the Aranyagana Samans are sung.
The Atharvaveda has no surviving Aranyaka, though the [[Gopatha Brahmana]] is regarded as its Aranyaka, a remnant of a larger, lost Atharva (Paippalada) Brahmana.

=== Aitareya Aranyaka ===
{{Quote box
|quote = '''Human beings'''
<poem>
But only in human beings is the [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] [soul] obvious,
for they are equipped with cognition.
They speak what they have understood.
They see what they have recognized,
and know what will exist tomorrow.
They know of this world and of the other.
Through that which is mortal, they strive for immortality.
They are equipped with all this...
such a human being is an ocean.
He partakes of everything in the world,
and still his thoughts go beyond it.
And even if he were to partake of the other world,
his thoughts would also go beyond it.
</poem>
|source = —'''''Aitereya Aranyaka 2.3.2 – 2.3.3'''''<ref name="Wilke2011"/>
|bgcolor=#FFE0BB
|align = right
}}
There are five chapters each of which is even considered as a full Aranyaka. The first one deals with the regimen known as ‘Mahaa-vrata’. The explanations are both ritualistic as well as speculative. The second one has six chapters of which the first three are about ‘Praana-vidyaa’ – meaning, Prana, the Vital Air that constitutes the life-breath of a living body is also the life-breath of all mantras, all vedas and all vedic declarations (cf. 2.2.2 of Aitareya Aranyaka). It is in this portion of the Aranyaka that one finds specific statements about how one who follows the vedic injunctions and performs the sacrifices goes to become the God of Fire, or the Sun or Air and how one who transgresses the Vedic prescriptions is born into lower levels of being, namely, as birds and reptiles.

The 4th, 5th and 6th chapters of this second Aranyaka constitute what is known as [[Aitareya Upanishad]].

The third Aranyaka in this chain of Aranyakas is also known as ‘Samhitopanishad’. This elaborates on the various ways – like pada-paatha, krama-paatha, etc. – of reciting the Vedas and the nuances of the ‘svaras’.

The fourth and the fifth Aranyaka are technical and dwell respectively on the mantras known as ‘MahaanaamnI’ and the yajna known as ‘Madhyandina’.

=== Taittiriya Aranyaka ===

There are ten chapters, of which, one to six form the Aranyaka proper. The first two chapters are part of the aṣṭau kāṭhakāni (the "8 Kathaka sections"),<ref>Brahmana 3.10–12; Aranyaka 1–2. In a South Indian recension, the 8 Kathaka chapters are not part of the Brahmana and Aranyaka but form a separate collection.</ref> which were not native to the tradition of the Taittiriya [[shakha]]. They were adopted from the Kāṭhaka shakha, and mostly deal with varieties of the [[Agnicayana]] ritual{{sfnp|Keith|1914|p=xxviii}} and with Vedic study.

Chapter 1, is a very late Vedic chapter, which even has some Puranic names; it is usually called the Āruṇa praśna for the particular style{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}of fire-brick piling dealt with in the text. It is also referred to as the "Surya namaskara chapter" by [[Pancha-Dravida|South Indian Brahmins]] who have created a ritual of reciting it with [[surya namaskara]] exercises after each of its 132 anuvakas.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}} Parts of the Kaṭha version of this section has been published by L. v. Schroeder in 1898.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Chapter 2, discusses the five Mahā-yajñas that every Brahmin has to do daily, most importantly the daily recitation of the Veda (svādhyāya). Further, the sacred thread, the yajñopavīta, sāndhyā worship, that of the ancestors (pitṛ), the brahma-yajña, and the cleansing homa-sacrifice ('kūṣmāṇḍa-homa') are all treated in detail. – In this chapter the word '[[shramana]]' is used (2-7-1) in the meaning of an ascetic (tapasvin); this word was later used also for the Buddhist and Jain ascetics. – Discussed and translated by Ch. Malamoud (in French, 1977); the Kaṭha version of this section has been published by L. v. Schroeder in 1898.

Chapter 3, treats technicalities of several other homas and yajnas.

Chapter 4, provides the [[mantras]] used in the [[pravargya]] Shrauta ritual that is considered to be dangerous as it involves heating a specially prepared clay vessel full of milk until it is glowing red.
It is fairly close to the Kaṭha version.

Chapter 5, treats the Pravargya-yajña in prose discussion (brāhmaṇa style).
Again, it is fairly close to the Kaṭha version.

Chapter 6, records the ‘pitṛmedha’ mantras, recited during the rituals for the disposal of the dead body.

Chapters 7, 8 and 9, are the three vallis of the well-known [[Taittiriya Upanishad]].

Chapter 10, is also known as the "[[Mahanarayana Upanishad]]". It has several important mantras culled from the three Samhitas.{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}} TA 10.41–44 is known as the "Medha sukta".

===Katha Aranyaka===
The Katha Aranyaka is fairly parallel to the text of the Taittiriyas. It has been preserved, somewhat fragmentarily, in just one Kashmiri birchbark manuscript. It has recently been edited and translated,<ref>M. Witzel, The Katha Aranyaka, Harvard Oriental Series 2004</ref> cf. the early uncritical print by L. von Schroeder<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

=== Kaushitaki Āranyaka ===
It is also known as Shankhyayana Aranyaka. There are fifteen chapters:

Chapters 1–2 deal with the Mahavrata.

Chapters 3–6 constitute the [[Kaushitaki Upanishad]].

Chapters 7–8 are known as a Samhitopanishad.

Chapter 9 presents the greatness of Prana.

Chapter 10 deals with the esoteric implications of the Agnihotra ritual. All divine personalities are inherent in the Purusha, just as Agni in speech, Vayu in Prana, the Sun in the eyes, the Moon in the mind, the directions in the ears and water in the potency. The one who knows this, says the Aranyaka, and in the strength of that conviction goes about eating, walking, taking and giving, satisfies all the gods and what he offers in the fire reaches those gods in heaven. (cf.10-1).

Chapter 11 prescribes several antidotes in the form of rituals for warding off death and sickness. It also details the effects of dreams.

Chapter 12 elaborates the fruits of prayer.

Chapter 13 treats more philosophical matters and says one must first attitudinally discard one's bodily attachment and then carry on the ‘shravana’, manana and nidhidhyasana and practise all the disciplines of penance, faith, self-control etc.

Chapter 14 gives just two mantras. One extols the “I am Brahman” mantra and says it is the apex of all Vedic mantras. The second mantra declares that one who does not get the meaning of mantras but only recites vedic chants is like an animal which does not know the value of the weight it carries.

Chapter 15 gives a long genealogy of spiritual teachers from [[Brahma]] down to Guna-Sankhayana.

=== Brihad-Aranyaka ===

The Aranyaka of the Shukla Yajurveda is part of its Brahmana: Satapatha Br. 14,1–3 in the Madhyandina version. Like the Taittiriya and Katha Aranyakas it exclusively deals with the Parvargya ritual, and is followed by the [[Brihad-Aranyaka Upanishad]] (Satapatha Br. 14.4–9).

== Rahasya Brahmanas ==
There is also a certain continuity of the Aranyakas from the Brahmanas in the sense that the Aranyakas go into the meanings of the 'secret' rituals not detailed in the Brahmanas. Later tradition sees this as a leap into subtlety that provides the reason for [[Durgacharya]] in his commentary on the [[Nirukta]] to say that the Aranyakas are ‘Rahasya Brahmana’, that is, the Brahmana of secrets.

== See also ==
*[[Brihad-Aranyaka Upanishad]]
== References ==
===Citations===
<references>
<ref name="Gopal1990">{{cite book |title=India through the ages |author=Madan Gopal |year=1990 |editor=K.S. Gautam |publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |page=68 |url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada}}</ref>

<ref name="Holdrege1995">{{cite book |title=Veda and Torah: Transcending the Textuality of Scripture |author=Barbara A. Holdrege |year=1995 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0791416402 |pages=351–357}}</ref>

<ref name="jago">[[Jan Gonda]] (1975), Vedic Literature: (Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas), Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, {{ISBN|978-3447016032}}, page 424-426</ref>

<ref name="Keith1925">{{cite book |title=The Religion and Philosophy of the Veda and Upanishads |author=Arthur Berriedale Keith |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge |year=1925 |page=490 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SIoGAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA490}}</ref>

<ref name="Knapp2005">{{cite book |title=The Heart of Hinduism: The Eastern Path to Freedom, Empowerment and Illumination |author=Stephen Knapp |year=2005 |isbn=978-0595350759 |pages=10–11|publisher=iUniverse }}</ref>

<ref name="ReferenceA">Die Tübinger Kaṭha-Handschriften und ihre Beziehung zum Taittirīya-Āraṇyaka, Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, philosophisch-historische Klasse 137.4. Wien</ref>

<ref name="Schroeder1898">Schroeder, Die Tübinger Handschriften..., Vienna Academy 1898</ref>

<ref name="Wilke2011">{{cite book |author1=Annette Wilke |author2=Oliver Moebus |title=Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZCMe67IGPkC |year=2011 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-018159-3| page=399}}</ref>

<ref name="Witzel2004">{{cite book |author=Michael Witzel |title=Katha Aranyaka |location=Cambridge |series=[[Harvard Oriental Series]] |year=2004 |page=xxviii sqq}}</ref>
</references>

===Sources===
* {{Cite book |first=Arthur Berriedale |last=Keith |author-link=Arthur Berriedale Keith |title=The Veda of the Black Yajus School, entitled Taittiriya Sanhita; Part 1: Kāṇḍas I-III |date=1914 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Harvard University Press |url=https://archive.org/details/vedaofblackyajus01keit |oclc=478924520}}
* ''Vaidik Sahitya aur Samskriti ka swarup'' (in Hindi) by Om Prakash Pande. Vishwa Prakashan (A unit of Wylie Eastern) 1994, New Delhi .{{ISBN|81-7328-037-1}}
* ''Aitareya Aranyaka'' – English Translation by [[A. B. Keith]], London 1909
** [[Arthur Berriedale Keith]], ''The Aitareya Aranyaka: Edited from the manuscripts in the India Office and the Library of the Royal Asiatic Society with introduction, translation, notes, ... unpublished of the Sankhayana Aranyaka'', Eastern Book Linkers (1995) {{ISBN|81-86339-14-0}}
* Aitareya Aranyaka – A Study . Dr. Suman Sharma. Eastern Book Linkers. New Delhi 1981
* Taittiriya Aranyaka, with Sayana Bhashya . Anandashram, Pune 1926.
* B.D. Dhawan. ''Mysticism and Symbolism in Aitareya and Taittiriya Aranyakas'', South Asia Books (1989), {{ISBN|81-212-0094-6}}
* Charles Malamoud, Svādhyāya : récitation personelle du Veda Taittirīya-Āranyaka livre II : texte; traduit et commenté par Charles Malamoud. Paris : Institut de civilisation indienne, 1977
* Houben, Jan. The Pravargya Brāhmaṇa of the Taittirīya Āraṇyaka : an ancient commentary on the Pravargya ritual; introduction, translation, and notes by Jan E.M. Houben. Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1991.
* [[Michael Witzel]], ''Katha Aranyaka : Critical Edition with a Translation into German and an Introduction'', Harvard Oriental Series, Harvard Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies (2005) {{ISBN|0-674-01806-0}} (in German)
* Bhagyalata A. Pataskar, The Kaṭhakāraṇyakam (With text in Devanāgarī, Introduction and translation. New Delhi: Adarsha Sanskrit Shodha Samstha / Vaidika Samshodhana Mandala, 2009.

==Further reading==
* [[Jan Gonda]] (1975), ''A History of Indian Literature: Volume 1, Vedic Literature: Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas'', Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, {{ISBN|978-3447016032}}, "Chapter IX: The Āraṇyakas".

==External links==
*{{cite book|editor=Rajendralal Mitra|editor-link=Rajendralal Mitra|title=The Taittiriya Aranyaka|url=https://archive.org/stream/bibliothecaindi00indigoog#page/n6/mode/1up|year=1872|publisher=Baptist Mission Press}}
*{{cite book|editor=W. Caland|title=Baudhayana Srauta Sutra |url=https://archive.org/stream/bibliothecaindi03indigoog#page/n5/mode/1up|year=1907|publisher=Asiatic Society}}
*[http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/vedica.pdf Vedic Hinduism] Jamison and Witzel (1992), Harvard University (Discusses Vedic literature (including Aranyakas), its history, timeline, diversity and difficulty in translations, and the variation in versions of discovered manuscripts in different parts of India)

[[Category:Hindu texts]]
[[Category:Vedas]]

SIIMA Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu

2025-09-18T17:58:17Z

ChristenaMcGraw:

{{short description|Indian award for lyricist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}

{{Infobox award
| name = SIIMA Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu
| awardname = SIIMA Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu – Telugu
| country = [[India]]
| presenter = Vibri Media Group
| holder = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]], ''[[Devara: Part 1]]'' ([[13th South Indian International Movie Awards|2024]])
| most_wins = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]] and [[Ramajogayya Sastry]] (4)
| most_nominations = Ramajogayya Sastry (13)
| total_recipients =
| year = 21 June 2012 (for films released in 2011)
| awarded_for = Best Lyrics writer of a song in Telugu cinema
| image = Ramajogayya Sastry.jpg
| image caption = The 2025 recipient: [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| holder_label = Most recent winner
}}

'''SIIMA Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu''' is presented by Vibri media group as part of its annual [[South Indian International Movie Awards]], for the best lyric writer of a Telugu film song. The award was first given in 2012 for songs and films released in 2011.

== Superlatives ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
! width="25" |[[wiktionary:superlative|Categories]]
! width="100" |Recipient
!Record
|- style="height:2.5em;"
| rowspan="2" width="250" |Most wins
| width="150" |[[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| rowspan="2" |4
|-
|[[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
|-
|Most consecutive wins
|Chandrabose
|2 ([[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|2021]]{{Ndash}}[[11th South Indian International Movie Awards|2022]])
|-
|Most nominations
|Ramajogayya Sastry
|13
|-
|Most consecutive nominations
|Ramajogayya Sastry
|12 ([[1st South Indian International Movie Awards|2011]]{{Ndash}}[[11th South Indian International Movie Awards|2022]])
|-
|Most nominations without a win
|[[Krishna Kanth]]
|4
|-
|Oldest winner
|[[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
|Age 61 ([[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|5th SIIMA]])
|-
|Youngest winner
|[[Anantha Sriram]]
|Age 30 ([[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|3rd SIIMA]])
|-
|Oldest nominee
|[[Siva Shakthi Datta]]
|Age 85 ([[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|7th SIIMA]])
|-
|Youngest nominee
|[[Sri Mani]]
|Age 25 ([[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|3rd SIIMA]])
|}

== Winners ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:50%;"
!Year
!Lyricist
!Song
!Film
!Ref
|-
|[[1st South Indian International Movie Awards|2011]]
|[[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
|"Guruvaram March"
|[[Dookudu (soundtrack)|''Dookudu'']]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-06-24|title=SIIMA Awards 2012 Winners List|url=https://archive.gulte.com/news/8138/SIIMA-Awards-2012-Winners-List|access-date=2020-10-14|website=Gulte|language=en|archive-date=23 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623115611/https://archive.gulte.com/news/8138/SIIMA-Awards-2012-Winners-List|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards|2012]]
|[[Bhaskarabhatla]]
|"Sir Osthara"
|''[[Businessman (soundtrack)|Businessman]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-14 |title=SIIMA Awards 2013: Telugu Winners List |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2013/siima-awards-2013-telugu-winners-list-119807.html |access-date=2020-10-14 |website=www.filmibeat.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|2013]]
|[[Anantha Sriram]]
|"Seethamma Vakitlo"
|[[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu (soundtrack)|''Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu'']]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=SIIMA Awards 2014 Nominations List {{!}} SIIMA Awards Nominations List |url=https://english.tupaki.com/movienews/article/SIIMA-Awards-2014-Nominations-List--AD-rules-/22423 |access-date=2020-10-14 |website=tupaki}}</ref>
|-
|[[4th South Indian International Movie Awards|2014]]
|[[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
|"Kani Penchina"
|[[Manam (soundtrack)|''Manam'']]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-26 |title=Micromax Siima 2015 {{!}} Best Lyricist Telugu {{!}} Chandrabose {{!}} Kani Penchina {{!}} Manam |url=http://www.tamilunity.com/2015/09/26/micromax-siima-2015-best-lyricist-telugu-chandrabose-kani-penchina-manam/ |access-date=2020-10-14 |website=Tamilunity |language=en-US |archive-date=25 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325174415/http://www.tamilunity.com/2015/09/26/micromax-siima-2015-best-lyricist-telugu-chandrabose-kani-penchina-manam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|2015]]
|[[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
|"Itu Itu Itu"
|[[Kanche (soundtrack)|''Kanche'']]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-30 |title=SIIMA 2016 Winners Telugu |url=https://www.thetelugufilmnagar.com/2016/06/30/siima-2016-winners-telugu-thus-far/ |access-date=2020-10-14 |website=Telugu Filmnagar |language=en-US |archive-date=19 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019002708/https://www.thetelugufilmnagar.com/2016/06/30/siima-2016-winners-telugu-thus-far/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[6th South Indian International Movie Awards|2016]]
|Ramajogayya Sastry
|"Pranaamam"
|''[[Janatha Garage]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=SIIMA 2017 Telugu award winners list – idlebrain.com news |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/siima-2017awards.html |access-date=2020-10-14 |website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|2017]]
|[[Suddala Ashok Teja]]
|"[[Vachinde]]"
|''[[Fidaa]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-17 |title=SIIMA 2018 Telugu Award Winners List – Prestigious honour |url=https://telugubullet.com/siima-2018-telugu-award-winners-list/ |access-date=2020-10-14 |website=Telugu Bullet |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[8th South Indian International Movie Awards|2018]]
|Chandrabose
|"Yentha Sakkagunnave"
|[[Rangasthalam (soundtrack)|''Rangasthalam'']]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-16 |title=SIIMA Awards 2019: Ram Charan, Keerthy Suresh and Yash win big laurels |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/siima-awards-2019-ram-charan-keerthy-suresh-and-yash-win-big-laurels/story-6vzWXWtpm5Kz6fGyAIQFXJ.html |access-date=2020-10-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|2019]]
|[[Sri Mani]]
|"Idhe Kadha"
|[[Maharshi (soundtrack)|''Maharshi'']]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-19 |title=SIIMA awards 2021 winners list: Jersey, Lucifer, Asuran, Yajamana win big |url=https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/siima-2021-complete-winner-list-telugu-maharshi-jersey-kannada-darshan-yajamana-malayalam-mohanlal-lucifer-best-actor-120953.html |access-date=2021-09-19 |website=NEWS9 Live |language=en |archive-date=20 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920212704/https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/siima-2021-complete-winner-list-telugu-maharshi-jersey-kannada-darshan-yajamana-malayalam-mohanlal-lucifer-best-actor-120953.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|2020]]
|Ramajogayya Sastry
|"[[Butta Bomma]]"
|[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo (soundtrack)|''Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo'']]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-21 |title=Manju Warrier, Suriya, others win at SIIMA Awards: Full list of winners |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/manju-warrier-suriya-others-win-siima-awards-full-list-winners-155560 |website=The News Minute}}</ref>
|-
|[[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|2021]]
|Chandrabose
|"[[Srivalli (song)|Srivalli]]"
|[[Pushpa: The Rise (soundtrack)|''Pushpa: The Rise'']]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hymavathi |first=Ravali |date=2022-09-11 |title=SIIMA Awards 2022: Check Out The Complete List Of Tollywood Winners… |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/siima-awards-2022-check-out-the-complete-list-of-tollywood-winners-761317 |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[11th South Indian International Movie Awards|2022]]
|Chandrabose
|"[[Naatu Naatu]]"
|[[RRR (soundtrack)|''RRR'']]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=SIIMA Awards 2023: RRR, 777 Charlie win big; Jr NTR, Yash named Best Actors; Sreeleela and Srinidhi Shetty are Best Actresses |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/siima-awards-2023-telugu-kannada-winners-list-jr-ntr-yash-rrr-kantara-8942103/lite/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |work=Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|[[12th South Indian International Movie Awards|2023]]
|Anantha Sriram
|"O Rendu Prema Meghaalila"
|[[Baby (2023 film)|''Baby'']]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=SIIMA winners list 2024 (Telugu, Kannada): Nani, Rakshit Shetty win Best Actor; Keerthy, Chaithra wins Best Actress |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/siima-2023-winners-jr-ntr-wins-best-actor-award-for-rrr-rishab-shettys-kantara-wins-101694837099476.html |access-date=15 September 2024 |website=News18 India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[13th South Indian International Movie Awards|2024]]
|Ramajogayya Sastry
|"[[Chuttamalle]]"
|[[Devara: Part 1 (soundtrack)|''Devara: Part 1'']]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-06 |title=SIIMA 2025 Telugu, Kannada winners list: Allu Arjun, Rashmika Mandanna win big for Pushpa 2; Kamal Haasan, Amitabh Bachchan honoured for Kalki 2898 AD |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/siima-2025-telugu-kannada-winners-list-allu-arjun-rashmika-mandanna-pushpa-2-kalki-2898-ad-kamal-haasan-amitabh-bachchan-10233441/ |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Nominations ==

* '''2011: [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]''' '''–''' '''"Guruvaram March"''' '''from''' [[Dookudu (soundtrack)|''Dookudu'']]
** [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]] – "Infatuation" from [[100% Love (soundtrack)|''100% Love'']]
** [[Jonnavittula Ramalingeswara Rao]] – "Jagadananda Karaka" from ''[[Sri Rama Rajyam]]''
** [[Anantha Sriram]] – "Chali Chaliga" from ''[[Mr. Perfect (film)|Mr. Perfect]]''
** [[Siva Shakthi Datta]] – "Gijigadu" from ''[[Rajanna]]''
* '''2012: [[Bhaskarabhatla]]''' '''– "Sir Osthara" from [[Businessman (soundtrack)|''Businessman'']]'''
** [[Vanamali]] – "Amma Ani Kothaga" from ''[[Life Is Beautiful (2012 film)|Life Is Beautiful]]''
** [[Devi Sri Prasad]] – "O Madhu" from [[Julai (soundtrack)|''Julai'']]
** [[Ramajogayya Sastry]] – "Ga Ee Ga Ee Ga Ee" from [[Eega (soundtrack)|''Eega'']]
** [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]] – "Jaruguthunnaadi" from ''[[Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum]]''
* '''2013: [[Anantha Sriram]] – "Seethamma Vakitlo" from [[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu (soundtrack)|''Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu'']]'''
** [[Sri Mani]] – "Aaradugula Bullettu" from [[Attarintiki Daredi (soundtrack)|''Attarintiki Daredi'']]
** [[Ramajogayya Sastry]] – "Banthi Poola Janaki" from [[Baadshah (soundtrack)|''Baadshah'']]
** [[Bhaskarabhatla]] – "Top Lesi Poddi" from ''[[Iddarammayilatho]]''
** [[Vanamali]] – "Padipoya" from ''[[DK Bose]]''
* '''2014: [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]] – "Kani Penchina" from [[Manam (soundtrack)|''Manam'']]'''
** [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]] – "Nandalala" from ''[[Mukunda]]''
** [[Ramajogayya Sastry]] – "Nee Kanti Choopullo" from ''[[Legend (2014 film)|Legend]]''
** [[Anantha Sriram]] – "Em Sandeham Ledu" from ''[[Oohalu Gusagusalade]]''
** [[Vanamali]] – "Sari Povu Koti" from ''[[Karthikeya]]''
* '''2015: [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]] –''' '''"Itu Itu Itu" from''' [[Kanche (soundtrack)|''Kanche'']]
** [[Devi Sri Prasad]] – "Super Machi" from [[S/O Satyamurthy (soundtrack)|''S/O Satyamurthy'']]
** [[Ramajogayya Sastry]] – "O Manishi" from ''[[Yevade Subramanyam]]''
** Ramajogayya Sastry – "Rama Rama" from [[Srimanthudu (soundtrack)|''Srimanthudu'']]
** [[Siva Shakthi Datta]] – "Mamatala Thalli" from [[Baahubali: The Beginning (soundtrack)|''Baahubali: The Beginning'']]
* '''2016: [[Ramajogayya Sastry]] – "Pranaamam" from ''[[Janatha Garage]]'''''
** [[Bhaskarabhatla]] – "Oka Laalana" from ''[[Jyo Achyutananda]]''
** [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]] – "Chusa Chusa" from ''[[Dhruva (2016 film)|Dhruva]]''
** Sira Sri – "Maranam Adi Tadhyam" from ''[[Vangaveeti (film)|Vangaveeti]]''
** [[Sri Mani]] – "Thelusa Thelusa" from [[Sarrainodu (soundtrack)|''Sarrainodu'']]
* '''2017: [[Suddala Ashok Teja]]''' '''–''' '''"[[Vachinde]]" from''' '''''[[Fidaa]]'''''
** [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]] – "Nuvvele Nuvvele" from ''[[Jaya Janaki Nayaka]]''
** [[Ramajogayya Sastry]] – "Nilavade" from ''[[Sathamanam Bhavati]]''
** [[Siva Shakthi Datta]] – "Saahore Baahubali" from [[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion (soundtrack)|''Baahubali 2: The Conclusion'']]
** [[Sri Mani]] – "Bramaramba Ki" from ''[[Rarandoi Veduka Chudham]]''
* '''2018: [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]] –''' '''"Yentha Sakkagunnave" from''' [[Rangasthalam (soundtrack)|''Rangasthalam'']]
** [[Anantha Sriram]] – "Inkem Inkem" from ''[[Geetha Govindam]]''
** [[Krishna Kanth]] – "Maate Vinadugaa" from ''[[Taxiwaala (2018)|Taxiwaala]]''
** [[Ramajogayya Sastry]] – "[[Peniviti]]" from [[Aravinda Sametha Veera Raghava (soundtrack)|''Aravinda Sametha Veera Raghava'']]
** [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]] – "Mooga Manasulu" from [[Mahanati (soundtrack)|''Mahanati'']]
*'''2019: [[Sri Mani]]''' '''–''' '''"Idhe Kadha" from''' [[Maharshi (soundtrack)|''Maharshi'']]
** [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]] – "Nee Raka Kosam" from [[Yatra (2019 film)|''Yatra'']]
** [[M. M. Keeravani]], Dr. K. Rama Krishna & K. Siva Shakti Datta – "Rajarshi" from ''[[NTR: Kathanayakudu]]''
** [[Krishna Kanth]] – "Needa Padadhani" from [[Jersey (soundtrack)|''Jersey'']]
** Chaitanya Prasad – "Priyathama Priyathama" from ''[[Majili]]''
* '''2020: [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]''' '''–''' '''"[[Butta Bomma]]" from''' [[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo (soundtrack)|''Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo'']]
** [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]] – "The Life of Ram" from [[Jaanu (2020 film)|''Jaanu'']]
** Kittu Vissapragada – "Tharagathi Gadhi" from ''[[Colour Photo]]''
** [[Devi Sri Prasad]] – "Sarileru Neekevvaru Anthem" from ''[[Sarileru Neekevvaru]]''
** Srinivasa Mouli – "Emo Emo" from ''[[Raahu]]''
*'''2021: [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]] – "[[Srivalli (song)|Srivalli]]" from [[Pushpa: The Rise (soundtrack)|''Pushpa: The Rise'']]'''
** Mittapalli Surender – "Nee Chitram Choosi" from [[Love Story (soundtrack)|''Love Story'']]
** [[Sri Mani]] – "Leharaayi" from ''[[Most Eligible Bachelor]]''
** [[Ramajogayya Sastry]] – "Maguva Maguva" from ''[[Vakeel Saab]]''
** Kalyan Chakravarthy – "Amma Song" from ''[[Akhanda]]''
*'''2022: [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]] – "[[Naatu Naatu]]" from [[RRR (soundtrack)|''RRR'']]'''
** [[Krishna Kanth]] – "Inthandham" from [[Sita Ramam (soundtrack)|''Sita Ramam'']]
** [[M. M. Keeravani]] – "Neetho Unte Chalo" from [[Bimbisara (film)|''Bimbisara'']]
** [[Ramajogayya Sastry]] – "Laahe Laahe" from [[Acharya (2022 film)|''Acharya'']]
** [[Suddala Ashok Teja]] – "Komuram Bheemudo" from [[RRR (soundtrack)|''RRR'']]
*'''2023:''' '''[[Anantha Sriram]] – "O Rendu Prema Meghaalila" from [[Baby (2023 film)|''Baby'']]'''
** [[Bhaskarabhatla]] – "Nuvvu Navvukuntu" from [[Mad (film)|''Mad'']]
** [[Kasarla Shyam]] – "Ooru Palletooru" from [[Balagam (film)|''Balagam'']]
** [[Krishna Kanth]] – "Adigaa" from [[Hi Nanna (soundtrack)|''Hi Nanna'']]
** [[Sri Mani]] – "Ori Vaari" from [[Dasara (soundtrack)|''Dasara'']]
*'''2024: [[Ramajogayya Sastry]] – "[[Chuttamalle]]" from [[Devara: Part 1 (soundtrack)|''Devara: Part 1'']]'''
** [[Anantha Sriram]] – "Kalyani Vaccha Vacchaa" from [[The Family Star|''The Family Star'']]
** [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]] – "Sooseki" from [[Pushpa 2: The Rule (soundtrack)|''Pushpa 2: The Rule'']]
** [[Kasarla Shyam]] – "Poolamme Pilla" from [[Hanu-Man (soundtrack)|''Hanu-Man'']]
** [[Sri Mani]] – "Nijame Ne Chebutunna" from [[Ooru Peru Bhairavakona|''Ooru Peru Bhairavakona'']]

== References ==
<references />{{SIIMA Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu}}{{South Indian International Movie Awards}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:SIIMA Award for Best Lyricist - Telugu}}
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards]]
[[Category:Film music awards]]

Purba Sinthee

2025-09-09T17:34:21Z

ChristenaMcGraw: Starting New Post

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Purba Sinthee
| official_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline = East Sinthee Shyamasundari Temple - Dum Dum - Kolkata 2012-03-10 01037.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_caption = Shyamasundari Mandir, Purba Sinthee
| pushpin_map = India Kolkata#India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata
| pushpin_mapsize =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Dum Dum metro station|Dum Dum]]
| subdivision_type5 = [[Kolkata Suburban Railway|Railway Station]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Dum Dum Junction railway station|Dum Dum Junction]]
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]
| governing_body = [[South Dumdum Municipality]] [https://www.sddm.ind.in/about]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| area_magnitude =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_note =
| population_total =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| coordinates = {{coord|22.6276|N|88.3986|E|display=inline,title}}
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 700030
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 33
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Dum Dum (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Purba Sinthee''' or '''Purba Sinthi''' is a locality in [[South Dumdum]] of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is a part of the area covered by [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]] (KMDA).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/introducing_kmda_011393|title=Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority|publisher=KMDA|access-date=28 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/map_of_kma_c1fed8|title=Kolkata Metropolitan Area Map|publisher=KMDA|access-date=28 January 2025}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map 
| coord = {{coord|22.6276|88.3986}} 
| zoom = 15 
| label = Purba Sinthee
| mark-coord = {{coord|22.6276|88.3986}}
| label-pos = right
| float = left
}}

=== Police station ===
Newly established [[Nagerbazar]] police station under [[Barrackpore Police Commissionerate]] has jurisdiction over Purba Sinthee areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://barrackporecitypolice.in/|title=Barrackpore Police Commissionerate|website=barrackporecitypolice.in|access-date=20 Feb 2025}}</ref>

=== Post Office ===
Purba Sinthee has a non-delivery sub post office, with [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] 700030 in the Kolkata North Division of Kolkata district in Calcutta region. Other post offices with the same PIN are Sethbagan and Ghughudanga.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://pincode.net.in/WEST_BENGAL/KOLKATA/P/PURBA_SINTHEE | title = Purba Sinthee sub post office | publisher = pincode.net.in |access-date = 20 Feb 2025}}</ref>

==Markets==
*Purba Sinthee Kadamtala Market
*Purba Sinthee Natun Bazar
*Dum Dum Road Market
*Dum Dum New Market

==Transport==

=== Railways ===
[[Dum Dum Junction railway station]] is situated nearby.

=== Metro ===
[[Dum Dum metro station]] of [[Blue Line (Kolkata Metro)|Blue Line]] is situated nearby.

=== Bus ===
Several buses ply on [[Dum Dum Road]].

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Kolkata/Dum Dum}}
* [http://sddm.ind.in/ South Dum Dum Municipality website]
{{North 24 Parganas District}}
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

Nitisara

2025-08-20T00:59:31Z

ChristenaMcGraw: rework content and updated info for clarity

{{Short description|Ancient Indian treatise by Kamandaka}}
{{Hindu scriptures and texts}}
{{Politics sidebar}}

'''Nitisara''' ({{Translation|Essence of Statesmanship}}) or the '''Nitisara of Kamandaki''', is an [[ancient India]]n treatise on politics and statecraft. It was authored by [[Kamandaka]], also known as Kamandaki or Kamandakiya, traditionally identified as a disciple of Vishnugupta ([[Kautilya]]). It is traditionally dated to the 4th-3rd century BCE,<ref name="Elysium_Nitisara">{{cite book |last=Dutt |first=Manmatha Nath (Ed.). |url=https://www.rarebooksocietyofindia.org/book_archive/196174216674_10151174907316675.pdf |title=Kamandakiya Nitisara or The Elements of Polity |date=1896 |publisher=Elysium Press |location=[[Calcutta]] |pages=i– |language=en}}</ref> though modern scholarship variously dates it to between the 3rd and 7th centuries CE between [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] and [[Harsha Empire|Harsha period]] and its in fact a recension based on [[Shukra-Niti|''Sukra Nitisara'']] of 4th century BCE.<ref>{{cite book | title = Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present | author = Kaushik Roy | year = 2012 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | page=137 | isbn = 9781139576840 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=l1IgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA137}}</ref> It contains 19 sections.<ref name="Elysium_Nitisara"/> The work has been dedicated to [[Chandragupta Maurya|Chandragupta]] of [[Pataliputra]].<ref name="Elysium_Nitisara"/>

== Date ==
The ''Kāmandakīya Nītisāra'' is considered to be a post-Mauryan treatise for it refers to the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]] emperor [[Chandragupta Maurya|Chandragupta]] by name. The historian [[K. P. Jayaswal|K.P Jayaswal]] attributes the text to the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta age]] (3rd–6th century CE).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mitra|first=Rajendralala|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.196169|title=The Nitisara|date=1861}}</ref>

It is possible to fix a [[terminus ante quem]] of the 7th century CE for the text, since the 7th-century poet [[Bhavabhuti]] refers to a Kamandaka who is described as proficient in the art of diplomacy. The ''Nītīsāra'' is also cited at the end of the first chapter of the [[Dashakumaracharita|''Dasakumāracarita'']] of [[Daṇḍin]] who lived in the latter half of the 6th century CE.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sastri|first=T. Ganapati|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.424377|title=Nitisara Of Kamandaka|date=1912}}</ref> Therefore, the text may have been composed anytime between the 3rd century BCE and the 7th century CE.

==Structure==
Nitisara contains 20 sargas (chapters) and 36 prakarans. It is based on the ''[[Arthasastra]]'' of [[Kautilya]] and deals with various social elements such as theories of social order, structure of the state, obligations of the ruler, governmental organization, principles and policies of the government, interstate relationships, ethics of envoys and spies, application of different political expedients, varieties of battle arrays, attitude towards morality, and so forth.<ref name="Mitra_Nitisara">{{cite book
| last = Mitra
| first = Raja Rajendra Lala (Ed.).
| title = The Nitisara by Kamandaki
| publisher = The Asiatic Society
| date = 2008
| language = en
}}</ref>

==Similarities with ''Arthasastra''==
Nitisara shares several common aspects with ''Arthasastra'' including mastering of control over the senses including practicing of [[ahimsa]]; maintaining balance among [[dharma]], [[artha]] and [[kama]]; emphasizing the importance of knowledge and intelligence; the seven prakrits and twelve vijigisus in a circle of kings or [[Rajamandala|mandala]] theory; six measures of foreign policy; the upayas in which there is no war mongering and use of force as the last resort; issues of disasters (vysanas) that may afflict the constituent elements (prakrits) and how to overcome them prior to the execution of a policy; duties of diplomats and intelligence gathering; and aspects of war and use of power by sticking to the priorities of [[mantra]]-[[shakti]] (counsel or diplomacy), prabhav-shakti (economic and military power), and utsah-shakti (leadership).<ref name="IDSA_GautamPaper"/>

''Nitisara'' differs from ''Arthasastra'' in that the former focuses on valour and the military qualities of the ruler, whereas the latter was dependent on deliverance of kingly duties.<ref name="IDSA_GautamPaper">{{cite web
| url = https://idsa.in/event/nitisara-or-the-elements-of-polity-by-kamandaka-kautilya-arthashastra
| title = The Nitisara or the Elements of Polity by Kamandaka: Continuity and Change from Kautilya's Arthashastra
| last = Gautam
| first = P. K.
| date = 19 January 2018
| website = IDSA.in
| publisher = Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses
| access-date = 13 July 2019
}}</ref>

==Translations==
Nitisara of Kamandaka has been translated into Telugu language by Jakkaraju Venkatakavi, which is preserved in [[Saraswathi Mahal Library|Tanjore Sarasvati Mahal Library]]. It was critically edited by [[Veturi Prabhakara Sastri]] and published by S. Gopalan in 1950.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jakkaraju |first1=Venkatakavi |editor1=Veturi Prabhakara Sastri |title=Andhra Kamandakamu |date=1950 |publisher=S. Gopalan, T.M.S.S.M. Library |location=Tanjore |pages=242 |url=https://te.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81 |access-date=21 April 2024}}</ref> It was published by [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jakkaraju |first1=Venkata Kavi |title=Andhra Kamandakamu |url=https://archive.org/details/andhra-kamandakamu-by-jakkaraju-venkata-kavi-in-telugu |website=TTD |publisher=Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams |access-date=21 April 2024 |location=Tirupati |pages=228 |language=Telugu}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Artha]] and [[puruṣārtha]], Indian philosophical concepts in the text
*[[Hindu philosophy]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |author=Kāmandaki |editor-first=Jesse |editor-last=Knutson |translator-first=Jesse |translator-last=Knutson |title=The Essence of Politics |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9780674975767}}
* {{cite book |editor=Manmatha Nath Dutt |year=1896 |title=Kamandakiya Nitisara or The Elements of Polity |lang=en |location=Calcutta |publisher=Elysium Press}}
* {{cite book |editor=Raja Rajendra Lala Mitra |year=2008 |title=The Nitisara by Kamandaki |translator=Sisir Kumar Mitra |publisher=The Asiatic Society}}

{{Hindudharma}}

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[[Category:Political books]]
[[Category:Military strategy books]]
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Veppur block

2025-07-30T15:45:59Z

ChristenaMcGraw: started article - done

{{Short description|Block in Perambalur district, Tamil Nadu, India}}

'''Veppur''' is a block in the [[Perambalur district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=District Profile |url=https://perambalur.nic.in/district-profile/ |access-date=9 January 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/blocks.php?dcode=17 |title=Blocks |access-date=2013-09-05 |archive-date=2011-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721182108/http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/blocks.php?dcode=17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> There are a total of 33 villages in Veppur block in [[Kunnam taluk|Kunnam Taluk]].

== Details ==
Veppur is one of the blocks in Perambalur district where a crèche is opened for the children of working women. This crèche is funded by the Central and State Governments under the Integrated Child Development Scheme.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2015 |title=Crèche opened in four blocks in Perambalur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/crche-opened-in-four-blocks-in-perambalur/article7001454.ece |access-date=9 January 2025 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>
==Places of interest==
Veppur has one of its famous Mariamman temples located in South Street (Old Colony), where there is a festival every year in the Tamil month of Chithirai (April). The festival is conducted for 10 days, making it one of the longest festivals in the area. People, especially women, come here and pray over various problems. Goats and hens are sacrificed here by different classes of people after they feel their problem-solving prayers have been answered.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|title=Map of revenue blocks of Perambalur district|url=http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/default.htm?blocks.php%3Fdcode=17|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=2011-08-30|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232816/http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/default.htm?blocks.php%3Fdcode=17|url-status=dead}}

{{Perambalur district}}

[[Category:Revenue blocks of Perambalur district]]

Chandravadan Mehta

2025-07-03T15:38:20Z

ChristenaMcGraw: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Gujarati playwright and critic (1901–1991)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Chandravadan Chimanlal Mehta
| image = ChandravadanMehtaPic.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1901|04|06}}
| birth_place = [[Surat]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1991|05|04|1901|04|06}}
| occupation = Playwright, critic, autobiographer, poet, broadcaster, travel writer
| language = Gujarati
| nationality =
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts|B. A.]]
| notableworks = ''Natya Gathariyan''
| spouse = {{marriage |Vilas |1925 |1938 |end=divorced}}
| awards = {{plainlist|
* [[Padma Shri]] (1962)
* [[Sahitya Academy Award]] (1971)
* [[List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows|Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]] (1984)}}
}}
'''Chandravadan Chimanlal Mehta''' (6 April 1901 – 4 May 1991), popularly known as '''C. C. Mehta''' or '''Chan. Chi. Mehta''',<ref name="gsp"/> was a [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] playwright, theatre critic, bibliographer, poet, story writer, autobiographer, travel writer and broadcaster from [[Vadodara]], [[Gujarat]], India.

==Biography==
Chandravadan Mehta was born on 6 April 1901 in [[Surat]].<ref name="gsp">{{cite web|url=http://gujaratisahityaparishad.com/prakashan/sarjako/savishesh/Savishesh-Cha-Chi-Mehta.html|title=ચંદ્રવદન મહેતા|last=Topiwala|first=Chandrakant|author-link=Chandrakant Topiwala|publisher=[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]|language=gu|trans-title=Chandravadan Mehta|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107002845/http://gujaratisahityaparishad.com/prakashan/sarjako/savishesh/Savishesh-Cha-Chi-Mehta.html|archive-date=7 November 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="ox">{{Cite book|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195644463.001.0001/acref-9780195644463-e-0351|title=The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre|last=Lal|first=Ananda|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|isbn=9780199861248|location=New Delhi|oclc=607157336|via=Oxford Reference|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612054215/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195644463.001.0001/acref-9780195644463-e-0351|archive-date=12 June 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> His primary education was in [[Vadodara]] and secondary education in Surat.<ref name="gsp"/> He matriculated in 1919 and completed [[Bachelor of Arts|B. A.]] in Gujarati from the [[Elphinstone College]], [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai) in 1924. In 1928, he joined [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in the [[Bardoli Satyagraha]]. He also joined ''Navbharat'' daily as an editor in 1928. From 1933 to 1936, he taught at New Era High School, Mumbai.<ref name="gsp"/><ref name="Te2003"/><ref name="ox"/>

He joined the [[All India Radio]] (AIR)-Bombay in 1938 and became the director of AIR-[[Ahmedabad]] in 1954. During his tenure, he developed the broadcasting culture in Gujarat, wrote and produced several radio plays and documentaries with directors like Adi Marzban and others.<ref name="ox"/> After retirement, he was associated with the performing arts departments of the [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]] and the [[Gujarat Vidyapith]].<ref name="gsp"/><ref name="Te2003"/> He pioneered the theatre education in India and started diploma and degree courses in theatre in the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda. He represented India in the international theatre fora.<ref name="ox"/>

He married Vilas in 1925. They divorced in 1938.<ref name=":0">{{cite thesis|last=Patel|first=Kanaiyalal L.|title=નાટ્યકાર ક. મા. મુનશી અને ચંદ્રવદન ચી મહેતાના સામાજિક નાટકોનો વિશ્લેષણાત્મક અભ્યાસ|date=31 July 1999|degree=Ph. D.|publisher=Department of Gujarati, [[Gujarat University]]|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/47093|language=gu|trans-title=Analytical Study of the Social Plays Written by K. M. Munshi and C. C. Mehta|type=Ph.D|location=Ahmedabad|page=173, Appendix p. 9|hdl=10603/47093 }}</ref> He died on 4 May 1991.<ref name="ox"/><ref name=":0" />

==Works==
Mehta is considered as the pioneer of the modern [[Gujarati theatre]].<ref name="ox"/> His plays are focused on the stagecraft which has diversity of subjects including tragedy, comedy, satire as well as historical, social, mythological, biographical plays.<ref name="gsp"/>
;Theatre and plays
In early 1920, he presented two unscripted soliloquies which created a stir. He criticized and led a protest against the depiction of women in ''College Kanya'' (College Girl, 1925), a play produced by the [[Mumbai Gujarati Natak Mandali]].<ref name="ox"/>

Mehta wrote over 25 plays, numerous [[one-act play]]s and radio plays.<ref name="George1992">{{cite book|author=K. M. George|title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Plays and prose|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eTXougCB-NMC&pg=PA179|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-783-5|page=179|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612054215/https://books.google.com/books?id=eTXougCB-NMC&pg=PA179|archive-date=12 June 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He, along with his friends, wrote and produced several realistic plays such as ''Akho'' (1927), ''Agagadi'' (1933, translated as ''Iron Road'' in 1970), ''Narmad'' (1937) and ''Dhara Gurjari'' (Land of Gujarat, 1944, published 1968).<ref name="ox"/> ''Aagagadi'', about an ailing fireman, marked the rise of amateur theatre movement in the [[Gujarati theatre]].<ref name="HochmanStaff1984">{{cite book|author1=Stanley Hochman|author2=McGraw-Hill Staff|title=McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Drama: An International Reference Work in 5 Volumes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zo5os6d0rvMC&pg=PA38|year=1984|publisher=VNR AG|isbn=978-0-07-079169-5|page=38}}</ref><ref name="Chambers2006">{{cite book|author=Colin Chambers|title=Continuum Companion to Twentieth Century Theatre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cFlFhuVMFGQC&pg=PA382|date=14 May 2006|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-84714-001-2|page=382|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612054215/https://books.google.com/books?id=cFlFhuVMFGQC&pg=PA382|archive-date=12 June 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Te2003">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbLPU10RFUYC&pg=PA100|title=C. C. Mehta|author=Shailesh Tevani|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=2003|isbn=978-81-260-1676-1|series=Makers of Indian Literature|pages=50, 87, 92|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612054215/https://books.google.com/books?id=AbLPU10RFUYC&pg=PA100|archive-date=12 June 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> His other published plays include ''Mungi Stree'' (1927), ''Akho, Varvahu ane Bija Natako'' (1933), ''Ramakadani Dukan'' (1934), ''Nagabava'' (1937), ''Premnu Moti Ane Bija Natako'' (1937), ''Sita'' (1943), ''Mazamrat'' (Dark Mindnight, 1955), ''Hololika'' (1956, published 1957) and ''Savitri''- a dramatization of [[Sri Aurobindo]]'s ''[[Savitri (book)|Savitri]]''. ''Hololika'', written in format of [[Bhavai]], a traditional Gujarati theatre form, is a satire on the corrupt judicial system.<ref name="ox"/><ref name=IndianLiterature2016>{{cite journal |title=25th Death Anniversary Tribute |date=November–December 2016 |journal=[[Indian Literature (journal)|Indian Literature]] |volume=60 |issue=6 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |location=New Delhi |page=164 |issn=0019-5804 |jstor=44754733}} {{closed access}}</ref> He also published following plays: ''Shikharini'' (1946), ''Panjarapol'' (1947), ''Mena Popat Athva Hathighoda'' (1951), ''Rangbhandar'' (1953), ''Sonavatakdi'' (1955), ''Madira'' (Media) (1955), ''Kishor Natako'' Part 1-2 (1956), ''Kapoorno Deevo'' (1960), ''Param Maheshwar'' (1960), ''Sati'' (1960), ''Karoliyanu Jalu'' (1961), ''Shakuntala Athva Kanyaviday'' (1966), ''Andar Andar'' (1969), ''Abola Rani'' (1972), ''Santakukadi'' (1972), ''Chandravadan Mehtana Pratinidhi Ekankio'' (1974), ''Antar-Bahir Ane Bija Natako'' (1975).<ref name="gsp"/><ref name="ox"/> He extensively wrote on the history of Gujarati theatre and production techniques.<ref name="ox"/>
;Theatre criticism
His expertise in theatre and stagecraft as well as his extensive knowledge of international theatre is visible in his works of theatre criticism. He had written eleven works on theatre criticism: ''Kavishri Nanalalna Natako Ane Akbarshahni Rangbhumi Par Rajuat'' (1959), ''Natak Bhajavata'' (1962), ''Lyric'' (1962), ''Lyric Ane Lagarik'' (1965), ''Natyarang'' (1973), ''American Theatre'' (1974), ''Europe na Deshoni Natyashrishti'' (1974), ''Japannu Theatre'' (1975), ''Vak'' (1975), ''Ekanki: Kyare Kya Ane Keva Uprant Bija Natyavishayak Lekho''.<ref name="gsp" />

;Theatre bibliography
His ''Bibliography of Stagable Plays in Indian Languages'' Part 1-2 (1964, 1965) is his work of theatre research which received acclaim for him in the theatre of Europe. It has an extensive list of plays written and staged in India in the 19th and 20th century arranged according to years, writers and characters. It took ten years to prepare this bibliography.<ref name="gsp"/>

;Poetry
''Yamal'' (1926) is a collection of 14 [[sonnet]]s. ''Elakavyo'' (1933) is 35 sonnets including a reprint of ''Yamal'' and a series of sonnets from ''Kanchanjangha''. ''Chandarana'' (1935) is a collection of children's poetry. ''Ratan'' (1937) is a 1636 stanza long narrative poem in ''Prithvi'' [[metre (poetry)|metre]]. The poem depicts the sacrifice and death of a sister named Ratan. ''Rudo Rabari'' (1940) is his other narrative poem. ''Chado Re Shikhar Raja Ramna'' (1975) has 20 poems including unique poems such as "O New York" and "Colloquial Gujarati Kavita".<ref name="gsp"/>
;Stories
''Khamma Bapu'' (1950) and ''Vatchakaravo'' (1967) are his short story collections. ''Mangalmayi'' (1975) has three true stories. He also wrote a novel ''Jeevati Putalio''.<ref name="gsp"/>

;Prose
His prose writings include his twelve-volume autobiographical and travel writings, ''Gathariyan'' (Travel Bags) which were in unusual prose and simple language. These volumes are ''Bandh Gathariyan'' Part 1-2 (1954), ''Chhod Gathariyan'' (1956), ''Safar Gathariyan'' (1956), ''Bhamiye Gujarat Na Relpate Na Vate'' (1962), ''Rang Gathariyan'' (1965), ''Roop Gathariyan'' (1965), ''Natya Gathariyan'' (on theatre, 1971), ''Antar Gathariyan'' Part 1-2 (1973), ''Dhruv Gathariyan'' (1976) and ''Ganth Gathariyan'' (1976).<ref name="gsp"/><ref name="ox"/>
;Other works
His other works include ''Radio Roopako'', ''Premno Tant'', ''Navbharatna Bhagyavidhata Sardar Vallabhbhaina Jeevan Par Bar Roopako''.<ref name="gsp"/> Mehta had composed the anthem of the [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.historyofvadodara.in/msu-song/|title=MSU Song {{!}} History of Vadodara - Baroda|date=2016-03-11|work=History of Vadodara - Baroda|access-date=2018-06-11|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031052234/http://www.historyofvadodara.in/msu-song/|archive-date=31 October 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He translated [[Miguel de Cervantes|Cervantes]]'s ''[[Don Quixote]]'' into Gujarati.<ref name="Te2003"/>

==Legacy==
[[File:Chandravadan Mehta Marg - Vadodara - Gujarat 001.jpg|thumb|Chandravadan Mehta Marg - Vadodara]]
In 1960, at Vienna Conference at the [[International Theatre Institute]] under the aegis of [[UNESCO]], he moved a resolution to celebrate 27 March, as the [[World Theatre Day]].<ref name=toi13>{{cite news |title=First Gujarati theatre group came up in 1878 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/First-Gujarati-theatre-group-came-up-in-1878/articleshow/19233276.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615174329/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-27/ahmedabad/38069685_1_parsi-theatre-first-gujarati-world-theatre-day |url-status=live |archive-date=15 June 2013 |date=27 March 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=14 May 2013}}</ref> Gujarati writer [[Raghuveer Chaudhari]] wrote a play, ''Trijo Purush'', based on his life.<ref name="Te2003" />

==Awards==
He received the [[Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]] in 1936 and the [[Narmad Suvarna Chandrak]] in 1942. He rejected the [[Kumar Chandrak]] awarded to him in 1950. In 1962, he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Government of India]].<ref name="gsp"/><ref name="Te2003"/>

He won the 1971 [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Gujarati|Sahitya Akademi Award for Gujarati language]] for his autobiographical travelogue ''Natya Gathariyan''.<ref name="gsp"/><ref name=sahitya>{{cite web | url=http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10318.htm#gujarati | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331234109/http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10318.htm#gujarati | archive-date=31 March 2009 | title=Sanskrit Sahitya Akademi Awards 1955-2007 | publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] Official website | url-status=dead }}</ref> He was also awarded the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award#Playwriting|playwriting in Gujarati]] in 1971.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist.htm |title=SNA: List of Akademi Awardees |publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] Official website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217185616/http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist.htm |archive-date=17 February 2012 }}</ref> In 1984, he was awarded the [[List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows|Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]], the highest honour conferred by the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/fellowslist.htm |title=SNA: List of Sangeet Natak Akademi ''Ratna Puraskar''winners (Akademi Fellows) |publisher=Official website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023617/http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/fellowslist.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> He received [[Sahitya Gaurav Puraskar]] for the year 1991.

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}
* {{Gbooks-author|Chandravadan Chimanlal Mehta}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-ach|aw}}
{{s-bef | before = [[Nagindas Parekh]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = Recipient of the [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Gujarati|Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Gujarati]] | years = 1971}}
{{s-aft | after = [[Umashankar Joshi]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Portalbar|Biography|India|Literature|Theatre}}
{{SangeetNatakAkademiFellowship}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Award for Gujarati}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, Chandravadan}}
[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:People from Vadodara]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Gujarati]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Gujarati theatre]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Elphinstone College alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Poets from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian theatre critics]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Indian theatre managers and producers]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographers]]
[[Category:Indian travel writers]]
[[Category:Indian broadcasters]]
[[Category:Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda alumni]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Translators of Don Quixote]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]

Brand Factory

2025-05-18T18:25:45Z

ChristenaMcGraw: improved content as per guidelines and improved wording to improve readability

#REDIRECT [[Fashion Factory]]

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Kalighat Kali Temple

2025-05-13T00:37:33Z

ChristenaMcGraw: typo fix

#REDIRECT [[Kalighat Temple]]

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Fitzgerald Bridge, Pune

2025-05-05T04:21:20Z

ChristenaMcGraw: Made A Article W/ Sources

{{Short description|Historical bridge in Pune, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox bridge
| name = Fitzgerald Bridge
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Closeup of Fitzgerald Bridge in Pune.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = Modern view of the bridge
| coordinates = {{coord|18.5433|73.8849|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| os_grid_reference =
| carries =
| crosses =
| locale =
| official_name =
| other_name =
| named_for = William Robert Vesey Fitzgerald
| owner =
| maint =
| heritage =
| id =
| id_type =
| website =
| preceded =
| followed =
| design =
| material =
| material1 =
| material2 =
| length =
| width =
| height =
| depth =
| traversable =
| towpath =
| mainspan =
| number_spans =
| piers_in_water =
| load =
| clearance_above =
| clearance_below =
| life =
| architect =
| designer = Captain Robert S. Sellon
| contracted_designer =
| winner =
| engineering =
| builder = Royal Engineers
| fabricator =
| begin =
| complete = circa 1867
| cost =
| open =
| inaugurated =
| rebuilt =
| collapsed =
| closed =
| replaces =
| traffic =
| toll =
}}
[[File:KITLV 100085 - Unknown - Fitzgerald Bridge (Bund Garden Bridge) over the Moola-Moota at Poona in India - Around 1875.tif|thumbnail|left|View of the bridge, around 1875.]]

The '''Fitzgerald Bridge''' (also known as the Bund Garden Bridge) is an historic structure located in [[Pune]], [[India]]. It was constructed in 1867 during the [[British India]] period.
<ref name=times>{{cite news |last=Lohakare |first=Harshal |date=19 November 2011 |title=New bridge at Yerawada to open soon |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/New-bridge-at-Yerawada-to-open-soon/articleshow/10786560.cms |newspaper=The Times of India-Pune |location=Pune |access-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref> It was the first spandrel [[arch bridge]] in the city of Pune, connecting the [[Bund Garden, Pune|Bund Garden]] to the Chima garden.
[[File:Bund garden bridge-1.jpg|thumbnail|left|View of the Medici lion at the end of the bridge.]]
The bridge crosses the [[Mula-Mutha River]].<ref name=times/> It features a representation of a [[Medici lion]] at each end of the bridge. The bridge was designed and constructed by Captain Robert S. Sellon of the Royal Engineers.<ref>{{Cite sign |title=Fitzgerald Bridge|year=1868 |type=Plaque on bridge |publisher=Royal Engineers |location=Pune}}</ref> It was built for the sum of ₹ 2 lakh. The Bridge is named for the Governor of Bombay at the time, Sir [[William Vesey-FitzGerald|William Robert Vesey Fitzgerald]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.virasatpune.com/fitzgerald-bridge/ |title=Virasat Pune, Fitzgerald Bridge |author= |date=2011 |website=Virasat Pune |publisher= |access-date=18 May 2015 |quote= |archive-date=8 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108021738/http://www.virasatpune.com/fitzgerald-bridge/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

By 2013, the two lane masonry arch bridge has over lived its design life span. A new four lane bridge was to replace the structure, with the new bridge to be named after [[Babasaheb Ambedkar]].{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

There were plans to demolish the bridge but finally it was closed for vehicular traffic and converted into a space for arts and artisans.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Pune district topics}}
{{Pune topics}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Pune]]

{{Asia-bridge-struct-stub}}

Navneet Virk

2025-04-04T01:00:21Z

ChristenaMcGraw: quick add article after review additionally and updated info for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1996)}}
{{use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Navneet Virk
| image =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1996|10|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| batting =
| bowling =
| role =

| club1 =
| year1 =
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 =
| year2 =
| clubnumber2 =

| date = 9 December 2019
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1209125.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''Navneet Virk''' (born 23 October 1996) is an Indian [[cricket]]er.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1209125.html |title=Navneet Virk |access-date=9 December 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut on 9 December 2019, for [[Railways cricket team|Railways]] in the [[2019–20 Ranji Trophy]].<ref name="FC">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1203451.html |title=Elite, Group B, Ranji Trophy at Meerut, Dec 9-12 2019 |access-date=9 December 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[Twenty20]] debut on 10 January 2021, for Railways in the [[2020–21 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]].<ref name="T20">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1244308.html |title=Elite A, Bengaluru, Jan 10 2021, Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 January 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=1209125}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Virk, Navneet}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Railways cricketers]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1996-stub}}

Amirthakadeswarar Temple

2025-02-14T04:38:25Z

ChristenaMcGraw:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Amirthakadeswarar Temple
| image = Sakkottai2.JPG
| alt =

| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10|56|7.09|N|79|23|59.4|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| proper_name =

| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
| location = [[Sakkottai]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Amirthakadeswarar ([[Shiva]]), Amirthavalli ([[Parvathi]])
| utsava_deity_God =
| utsava_deity_Godess=
| facade_direction =
| temple_tank = Nalveda Theertham
| tower =
| Poets =
| Prathyaksham =
| temple_tree = Vanni
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Amirthakadeswarar Temple''' (அமிர்தகடேஸ்வரர் கோயில், சாக்கோட்டை)<ref name="ta.wikipedia.org">[[:ta:சாக்கோட்டை அமிர்தகலேசுவரர் கோயில்]]</ref> is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to the deity [[Shiva]], located at [[Sakkottai, Thanjavur district|Sakkottai]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The temple is dedicated to [[Shiva]]. Shiva is worshiped as Amirthakadeswarar, and is represented by the ''[[lingam]]''. His consort [[Parvati]] is depicted as Amirthavalli Amman. The presiding deity is revered in the 7th century Tamil Saiva canonical work, the ''[[Tevaram]]'', written by Tamil saint poets known as the [[Nayanmars]] and classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]''.

As per Hindu legend, the essence of creation arrived at this place in a pot (locally called ''kalayam''), the place came to be known as Kalayanallur. The temple is closely associated with [[Sakkiyar Nayanar|Sakya]] [[Nayanmar]], one of 63 saints associated with [[Saivism]]. The temple has four daily rituals at various times from 7:00 a.m. to 10 p.m., and three major yearly festivals on its calendar. [[Shivaratri|Maha Shivrathri]] and Masi Magam during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''Masi'' (February - March) and Margazhi Tiruvadhirai during ''Margazhi'' (December - January) are the major festivals celebrated in the temple.

The temple complex houses a three-tier known as ''[[gopuram]]'' (gateway tower) and has moats inside and outside the surrounding walls. The temple has numerous shrines, with those of Amirthakadeswarar and Amirthavalli Amman being the most prominent. The present masonry structure was built during the [[Chola dynasty]] in the 9th century, while later expansions are attributed to [[Thanjavur Nayaks]]. The image of [[Lingothbhava]] is made of emerald, while the image of [[Ardhanarishvara]] is depicted with his right leg in relaxing posture. The temple is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
[[File:Sakkottai1.JPG|View of the temple|thumb|200x200px|left]]
As per Hindu legend, the essence of creation arrived at this place in a pot during deluge. Since the pot (locally called ''kalayam'') arrived here, it was called Kalayanallur. [[Sambandar]] in his works in ''[[Tevaram]]'' mentions that this place was originally occupied by [[Buddhist]]s (Calukkiyar) and hence it came to be known as Cakkiyarkkottai, which with time became Cakkottai.<ref name=R/>

Another legend states that [[Nayanmar]] saint Sakya was a staunch devotee of Shiva. He used to wear in Sakya style, which was not typical of Saivism. He used to worship Shiva at this place and even did [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] for a stone he crossed. In his devotion, he used to forget that he was adorning the image of Shiva with stones instead of flowers. One day he forgot to do his austerities and started consuming food. He suddenly realised his mistake and ran to the place where he usually worships Shiva to find stones from [[Kailash]] started falling at his feet, with Shiva and Parvathy appearing before him. It is believed that as Sakya worshipped Shiva here, the place used to be called Sakkottai.<ref name="dinamalar"/>

==Architecture==
The present masonry structure was built during the [[Chola dynasty]] in the 9th century, while later expansions are attributed to [[Thanjavur Nayaks]]. The temple has a three-tiered [[gopuram|rajagopuram]] (temple tower gateway) and has a moat both inside and outside its surrounding walls. There is a [[Saptamatrikas]] sculpted in a single panel and image of Tapsiviyaman. The [[Dakshinamurthy]] sculpture on the temple is unique as it is depicted with four hands - the upper right holding a bead made of [[Rudraksha]], the upper left holding [[Agni]] (fire), the lower right holding cinmudra and lower left holding palm leaves. The temple tank associated with it is called Caturveda Tirtha, while the tree associated with the temple is [[prosopis spicigera|Vanni]]. The presiding deity is Shiva in the form of Amirthakalasanathar or Amirthakadeswarar. The consort is Amirthavalli. Most of the shrines were constructed by the [[Medieval Cholas]]. There are shrines to [[Murugan]] and [[Gaṇeśa|Ganesa]]. There is also a brick halls from the [[Thanjavur Nayak]] period.<ref name=R>R. 2001, pp. 192-3</ref> The image of [[Lingothbhava]] is made of emerald, while the image of [[Ardhanarishvara]] is depicted with his right leg in relaxing posture. There are smaller shrines for Dhandapani Muruga in a small size and Nardana Vinayaka on the southern side. The front hall houses the Nandi Bali Peeta.<ref name="dinamalar"/>

== Religious Significance ==
[[File:Sakkottai3.JPG|Sakottai temple view|200x200px|thumb|left]]
Sakkottai is associated with the life of the [[Nayanmar]], [[Sakya Nayanar]] who resided here. It is also the place where [[Brahma]] worshipped Shiva. Hymns in praise of the temple have been written by [[Sundarar]].<ref name="Sridhar">[[#Sharma|Sharma 2007]], p. 34</ref> Sundarar venerated Amirtakateswarar in ten verses in ''[[Tevaram]]'', compiled as the ''[[Tirumurai|Seventh Tirumurai]]''. As the temple is revered in ''Tevaram'', it is classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]'', one of the 276 temples that find mention in the Saiva canon.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Amirthakadeswarar Temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=379|publisher=[[Dinamalar]]|access-date=5 October 2014|year=2011}}</ref>

== Specialty ==
12 Shiva temples are connected with [[Mahamaham]] festival which happens once in 12 years in Kumbakonam. They are:
*[[Kasi Viswanathar Temple, Kumbakonam|Kasi Visanathar Temple]],
*[[Adi Kumbeswarar Temple, Kumbakonam|Adi Kumbeswarar Temple]],
*[[Someswarar Temple]],
*[[Nageswaraswamy Temple]],
*[[Kalahasteeswarar Temple, Kumbakonam|Kalahasteeswarar Temple]],
*[[Gauthameswarar Temple, Kumbakonam|Gowthameswarar Temple]],
*[[Kodeeswarar Temple]],
*Amirthakadeswarar Temple,
*[[Banapuriswarar Temple]],
*[[Abimukeswarar Temple]],
*[[Kambatta Viswanathar Temple]] and
*[[Ekambeswarar Temple, Kumbakonam|Ekambareswarar Temple]].
This temple is one among them.<ref>Mahamaham Festival 2004 (in Tamil), Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Administration Department, Government of Tamil Nadu, 2004</ref>

==Kumbakonam Sapta Stana Temple==
This is one of the [[Saptha Stana Temples]] of Kumbakonam. During the [[2016 Mahamaham|Mahahaman of 2016]] the palanquin festival was held on 7 February 2016.<ref>கும்பகோணம் ஆதிகும்பேஸ்வரசுவாமி கோயிலில் சப்தஸ்தான பல்லக்கு வெள்ளோட்டம், தினமணி, 8 பிப்ரவரி 2016</ref> Following the tirttavari held at Mahamaham tank on 21 April 2016, the palanquin festival of the Sapta Stana Temples were held on 23 April 2016.<ref>[http://www.dinamani.com/edition_trichy/tanjore/2016/04/22/%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE/article3393484.ece ஆதி கும்பேஸ்வரர் கோயிலில் ஏழூர் பல்லக்கு பெருவிழா, மகாமகக்குளத்தில் தீர்த்தவாரி, தினமணி, 22 ஏப்ரல் 2016]</ref> The festival which started from [[Adi Kumbeswarar Temple, Kumbakonam|Kumbesvara Temple]] at the 7.30 p.m. of 23 April 2016 completed on the morning of 25 April 2016 after going to the following temples.

* [[Adi Kumbeswarar Temple, Kumbakonam]]
* Amirthakadeswarar Temple, Sakkottai
* [[Avudainathar Temple, Darasuram]]
* [[Kabartheeswarar Temple]]
* [[Kottaiyur Kodeeswarar Temple]]
* [[Kailasanathar Temple, Melakaveri]]
* [[Swaminatha Swamy Temple]]

==Religious practises and festivals==
The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. Like other Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Shaivism|Shaivaite]] community, a Brahmin sub-caste. The temple rituals are performed four times a day; Kalasanthi at 8:00 a.m., Uchikalam at 10:00 a.m., Sayarakshai at 6:00 p.m. and Ardha Jamam at 10:00 p.m. Each ritual comprises four steps: ''abhisheka'' (sacred bath), ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Annamalaiyar and Unnamulai Amman. The worship is held amidst music with ''[[nagaswaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument), religious instructions in the [[Vedas]] read by priests and prostration by worshippers in front of the temple mast. There are weekly rituals like ''{{lang|te-Latn|somavaram}}'' and ''{{lang|te-Latn|sukravaram}}'', fortnightly rituals like ''[[pradosha]]m'' and monthly festivals like ''[[amavasya|amavasai]]'' (new moon day), ''kiruthigai'', ''[[pournami (festival)|pournami]]'' (full moon day) and ''sathurthi''. [[Shivaratri|Maha Shivrathri]] and Masi Magam during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''Masi'' (February - March) and Margazhi Tiruvadhirai during ''Margazhi'' (December - January) are the major festivals celebrated in the temple.<ref name="dinamalar"/>

==Kumbabishegam==
The Kumbabishegam of the temple was held on 22 October 2015.<ref>[http://www.dinamani.com/edition_trichy/tanjore/2015/10/17/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D.-22-%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF/article3084234.ece அக்.22-ல் அமிர்தகலசநாதர் கோயிலில் கும்பாபிஷேகம், Dinamani, Tamil Daily, 17 October 2015]</ref><ref>[http://www.dinamani.com/edition_trichy/tanjore/2015/10/23/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%C2%A0-%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B8/article3093169.ece கும்பகோணத்தில் ஏகாம்பரேஸ்வரர், அமிர்தகலசநாதர் கோயில்களில் குடமுழுக்கு விழா, Dinamani, Tamil Daily, 23 October 2015]</ref>

== Kumbabishegam 22 October 2015 ==
<gallery>
File: Sakkottai7.jpg|
File: Sakkottai8.jpg|
File: Sakkottai16.jpg|
File: Sakkottai13.jpg|
File: Sakkottai14.jpg|
File: Sakkottai19.jpg|
File: Sakkottai11.jpg|
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZY2lZpy.TVA_BOK_0006115|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|ref=R.}}
* {{cite book|title=Kumbakonam Azhaikkirathu|isbn=9788183682244|publisher=New Horizon Media|year=2007|last=Sharma|first=Sridhara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D0HOpzd4-cwC&q=kumbakonam+azhaikkirathu|ref=Sharma}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Hindu temples in Thanjavur District|state=collapsed}}
{{Saptha Stana Temples}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]