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Jadavpur Assembly constituency

2026-05-08T09:53:00Z

ChristenHii: adding data!

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jadavpur
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Jadavpur.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Jadavpur Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Sarbori Mukherjee]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance| NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| preceded_by =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[South 24 Parganas district|South 24 Parganas]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
| constituency_no = 150
| established = 1967
| electors = 299,710
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| abolished =
}}

'''Jadavpur Assembly constituency''' is a [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] constituency of [[South 24 Parganas district]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[West Bengal]].

[[File:Jadavpur Vidhan Sabha constituency in Kolkata district.svg|thumb]]The constituency is considered to be a bastion of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], but the party lost it in [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]. As the electoral constituency of former [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal|Chief minister]] [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]], it is one of the most prestigious seat in the state.

{{Pie chart
| value1 = 86.67
| value2 = 13.33
| value3 =
| value4 =
| label1 = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist) |'' Communist Party of India (Marxist) '' (13 times)]]
| label2 = [[Trinamool Congress |'' Trinamool Congress '' (2 times)]]
| label3 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'' Bharatiya Janata Party '' (1 time)]]
| label4 =
| label5 =
| color1 = Red
| color2 = Light green
| color3 = Orange
| color4 =
| color5 =
| caption = Most Successful parties from Jadavpur Vidhansabha
}}

==Overview==
As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[Delimitation of constituencies]] in the [[West Bengal]], Jadavpur Assembly constituency is composed of the following:
* Ward Nos. [[Ward No. 96, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|96]], [[Ward No. 99, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|99]], [[Ward No. 101, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|101]], [[Ward No. 102, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|102]], [[Ward No. 103, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|103]], [[Ward No. 104, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|104]], [[Ward No. 105, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|105]], [[Ward No. 106, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|106]], [[Ward No. 109, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|109]] and [[Ward No. 110, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|110]] of [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 25 October 2010|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Borough
! Ward No.
! [[2021 Kolkata Municipal Corporation election|Councillor]]
! colspan="2" |2021 Winner
|-
|rowspan=2|X
|[[Ward No. 96, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|96]]
|Vasundhara Goswami
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[Ward No. 99, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|99]]
|Mitali Banerjee
|-
|rowspan=2|XII
|[[Ward No. 101, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|101]]
|Bappaditya Dasgupta
|-
|[[Ward No. 102, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|102]]
|Sima Ghosh
|-
|rowspan=2|XI
|[[Ward No. 103, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|103]]
|Nandita Roy
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[Ward No. 104, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|104]]
|Tarakeswar Chakraborty
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|rowspan=3|XII
|[[Ward No. 105, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|105]]
|Sushila Mondal
|-
|[[Ward No. 106, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|106]]
|Arijit Das Thakur
|-
|[[Ward No. 109, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|109]]
|Ananya Banerjee
|-
|XI
|[[Ward No. 110, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|110]]
|Swaraj Kumar Mondal
|}

Jadavpur Assembly constituency is part of No. 22 [[Jadavpur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation/>
Earlier, before 2011, Jadavpur assembly constituency was consist of Ward Nos. [[Ward No. 101, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|101]], [[Ward No. 102, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|102]], [[Ward No. 103, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|103]], [[Ward No. 104, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|104]], [[Ward No. 105, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|105]], [[Ward No. 106, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|106]] [[Ward No. 107, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|107]], [[Ward No. 108, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|108]], [[Ward No. 109, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|109]], [[Ward No. 110, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|110]], [[Ward No. 111, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|111]] [[Ward No. 112, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|112]], [[Ward No. 113, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|113]], [[Ward No. 114, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|114]] of [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan="2"|Bikash Chandra Guha
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=12|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Dinesh Majumdar]]
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|[[Sankar Gupta|Shankar Gupta]]
|-
|1983^
|[[Ashok Mitra]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|rowspan="5"|[[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|[[Manish Gupta (politician)|Manish Gupta]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|[[Sujan Chakraborty]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Debabrata Majumdar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|[[Sarbori Mukherjee]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

*^ denotes by-election

==Election results==

===2026===
In the 2026 elections, [[Sarbori Mukherjee]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] defeated his nearest rival [[Debabrata Majumdar]] of the [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]].

{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Jadavpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Sarbori Mukherjee]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:}}1,06,199|percentage=45.96|change={{increase}}21.29}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Debabrata Majumdar| Debabrata Majumder]]|party=Trinamool Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}78,483|percentage=33.96|change={{decrease}}11.58}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya]]|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes={{formatnum:}}41,148|percentage=17.81|change={{decrease}}9.69}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Shyamoli Mondal|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}1,502|percentage=0.65|change={{decrease}}0.41}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the above|party=None of the above|votes={{formatnum:}}1,976|percentage=0.86|change={{decrease}}0.41}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:}}27,716|percentage=12.00|change={{decrease}}6.04}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}2,31,075|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = BJP
|loser = Trinamool Congress
|swing = 32.87
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
In the 2021 elections, Debabrata Majumder of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] defeated his nearest rival [[Sujan Chakraborty|Dr. Sujan Chakraborty]] of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].

{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]|Jadavpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Debabrata Majumdar| Debabrata Majumder]]|party=Trinamool Congress|votes=98,100|percentage=45.54|change=+4.39}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Sujan Chakraborty|Dr. Sujan Chakraborty]]|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=59,231|percentage=27.50|change=-22.00}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rinku Naskar|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=53,139|percentage=24.67|change=+17.85}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the above|party=NOTA|votes=2730|percentage=1.27|change=-0.73}}
{{Election box majority|votes=38,869|percentage=18.04|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=215,419|percentage=75.49|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = 13.20
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016 ===
In the 2016 elections, [[Sujan Chakraborty|Dr. Sujan Chakraborty]] of the CPI(M) defeated his nearest rival [[Manish Gupta (politician)|Manish Gupta]] of the Trinamool Congress.
{{Election box begin
|title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Jadavpur]]}} <ref name="eciresults.nic.in">{{cite web |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25150.htm?ac=150 |title=Constituencywise-All Candidates |website=eciresults.nic.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522164932/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25150.htm?ac=150 |archive-date=2016-05-22}}</ref>
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Sujan Chakraborty|Dr. Sujan Chakraborty]]
|votes = 98,977
|percentage = 49.50
|change = +4.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Manish Gupta (politician)|Manish Gupta]]|votes=84,035|percentage=41.15|change=-12.16}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Dr. Mohit Kumar Ray|votes=13,922|percentage=6.82|change=+5.41}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None of the above|party=None of the Above|votes=4,093|percentage=2.00|change=+2.00}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Subhas Chandra Naskar|votes=803|percentage=0.39|change=}}

{{Election box majority|votes=14,942|percentage=8.35|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=2,04,210|percentage=74.58|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = 15.87
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 elections, [[Manish Gupta (politician)|Manish Gupta]] of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]] of CPI(M).
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Jadavpur]]<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=150|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011|work = Jadavpur|publisher = Empowering India|access-date = 30 April 2011|archive-date = 13 May 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120513171213/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=150|url-status = usurped}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Manish Gupta (politician)|Manish Gupta]]
|votes = 1,03,972
|percentage = 53.31
|change = +16.08#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]]
|votes = 87,288
|percentage = 44.76
|change = -16.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dhononjoy Mukherjee
|votes = 2,749
|percentage = 1.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rabindra Nath Choudhury
|votes = 693
|percentage = 0.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = Siddartha Bhattacharya
|votes = 678
|percentage = 0.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 16,684
|percentage = 8.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,99,096
|percentage = 78.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = 33.57#
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===2006===
In the 2006 elections, [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] defeated his nearest rival Dipak Kumar Ghosh of [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
{{Election box begin | title=[[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2006]]: Jadavpur constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=150|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2006|work = Jadavpur|publisher = Empowering India|access-date = 30 April 2011|archive-date = 13 May 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120513171213/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=150|url-status = usurped}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]]
|votes = 127,837
|percentage = 61.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Dipak Kumar Ghosh
|votes = 69,709
|percentage = 33.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Prof. Omprakash Mishra
|votes = 7,986
|percentage = 2.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Sukumar Howalder
|votes = 3,189
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 58,128
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 207,85
|percentage = 69.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Trinamool Congress+BJP vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===2001===
In the 2001 elections, [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] defeated his nearest rival [[Madhabi Mukherjee]] of [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
{{Election box begin | title=[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2001]]: Jadavpur constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=150|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2001|work = Jadavpur|publisher = Empowering India|access-date = 30 April 2011|archive-date = 13 May 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120513171213/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=150|url-status = usurped}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]]
|votes = 110,011
|percentage = 54.60
|change = +16.08#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Madhabi Mukherjee]]
|votes = 80,730
|percentage = 40.06
|change = -16.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Radhesyham Brahmachari
|votes = 5,166
|percentage = 2.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Party of Democratic Socialism (India)
|candidate = [[Samir Putatundu]]
|votes = 1,798
|percentage = 0.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Asim Datta
|votes = 1,438
|percentage = 0.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Maya Saha
|votes = 1,083
|percentage = 0.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Bhusan Mondal
|votes = 753
|percentage = 0.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Babua Dutta
|votes = 520
|percentage = 0.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 207,85
|percentage = 69.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2001.

===1996===
In the 1996 elections, [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] defeated his nearest rival [[Kakoli Ghosh Dastidar]] of [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
{{Election box begin | title=[[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 1996]]: Jadavpur constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=150|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2001|work = Jadavpur|publisher = Empowering India|access-date = 30 April 2011|archive-date = 13 May 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120513171213/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=150|url-status = usurped}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]]
|votes = 108,549
|percentage = 55.58
|change = +16.08#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kakoli Ghosh Dastidar]]
|votes = 72,364
|percentage = 37.05
|change = -16.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rajat Roy
|votes = 11,531
|percentage = 5.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sandhya Mandal
|votes = 1,130
|percentage = 0.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Dhiresh Goswami
|votes = 740
|percentage = 0.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Bhusan Mondal
|votes = 440
|percentage = 0.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Deboshmita Dey
|votes = 344
|percentage = 0.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Haradhan Sarkar
|votes = 221
|percentage = 0.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 207,85
|percentage = 80.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977-2006===
In the 2006, 2001, 1996, 1991 and 1987 state assembly elections [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Jadavpur assembly seat, defeating Dipak Kumar Ghosh of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] in 2006,<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref>[[Madhabi Mukherjee]] of Trinamool Congress in 2001,<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> [[Kakoli Ghosh Dastidar]] of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996,<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Jyoti Prasanna Das Thakur of Congress in 1991,<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> and Probhat Chatterjee of Congress in 1987.<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref>[[Sankar Gupta]] of CPI(M) defeated Sachin Mukherjee of Congress in 1982.<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Dinesh Chandra Majumder of CPI(M) defeated Santimoy Chatterjee of [[Janata Party]] in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp108.htm |title =108 - Jadavpur Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 October 2010}}</ref>

===1967-1972===
Dinesh Chandra Majumder of CPI(M) won in 1972<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> and 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> Bikash Chandra Guha of CPI(M) won in 1969<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> and 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 1 November 2014}}</ref> The Jadavpur seat did not exist prior to that.

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jadavpur Assembly constituency}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]]

Dr. Aarambhi

2026-05-07T05:48:07Z

ChristenHii:

{{Short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Dr. Aarambhi Poster.png
| creator = Mukta Dhond
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* [[Romance film|Romance]]
* [[Medical drama|Medical]]
* [[Melodrama]]
}}
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| director =
| creative_director =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Aishwarya Khare]]
* [[Aditya Redij]]
* [[Arjit Taneja]]
}}
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| open_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 73
| executive_producer =
| producer = Mukta Dhond
| editor =
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20 minutes
| company = Malhar Content Creations
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2026|1|27|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
}}
'''''Dr. Aarambhi''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language television drama series that premiered on [[Colors TV]] on 27 January 2026 and streams digitally on [[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=27 January 2026|title=COLORS’ ‘Dr. Aarambhi’ charts powerful journey from self-sacrifice to self-worth|url=https://www.indianbroadcastingworld.com/colors-dr-aarambhi-charts-powerful/|access-date=27 January 2026|work=Indian Broadcasting World|language=en}}</ref> Produced by Mukta Dhond under Malhar Content Creations, starring [[Aishwarya Khare]] and [[Aditya Redij]].

==Plot==
Dr. Aarambhi Balbir Chaudhary, a brilliant gold medallist and AIPMT topper, stands at the threshold of a promising medical career when she chooses to set it aside after marriage. Devoting herself entirely to her new family, she embraces the roles of dutiful daughter-in-law, supportive wife, and caring mother, quietly shelving her own ambitions to nurture her household.

As the years pass, her husband, Dr. Vishwas Tandon, rises to prominence as the celebrated face of their medical legacy, while Aarambhi's sacrifices remain unseen. The fragile balance of her life shatters when she discovers his affair with Dr. Avantika Mehta. Confronted by betrayal and emotional manipulation, Aarambhi is forced to reevaluate the choices that defined her identity. Refusing to remain in the shadows any longer, she resolves to reclaim her independence, return to medicine, and rebuild her life on her own terms.

==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Aishwarya Khare]] as Dr. Aarambhi Chaudhary Tandon: Balbir and Manju's daughter; Arun's sister; Vishwas's estranged wife; Vihaan's mother (2026–present)
*[[Aditya Redij]] as Dr. Vishwas Tandon: Sunil and Dimple's son; Raj's estranged brother; Aarambhi's estranged husband; Avantika's boyfriend; Sania and Vihaan's father (2026–present)
*[[Arjit Taneja]]

===Recurring===
*[[Anjum Fakih]] as Dr. Avantika Mehta: Vishwas's girlfriend; Sania's mother (2026–present)
*Israil Ghanchi as Vihaan Tandon: Vishwas and Aarambhi's son (2026–present)
*Aria Sakaria as Sania Tandon: Vishwas and Avantika's daughter (2026–present)
*Jayati Narula as Radhika: Aarambhi's friend (2026–present)
*Sumit Singh / Deepa Rao as Dr. Manmeet Arora: Aarambhi's colleague, donor and well-wisher (2026) / (2026–present)
* Abhishek Verma as Dr. Raj Tandon: Sunil and Dimple's estranged son; Vishwas's estranged younger brother; Manmeet's love interest; Aarambhi's brother-in-law and well-wisher (2026–present)
*Meera Sarang as Nandita Tandon: Harry's wife (2026–present)
*[[Mehul Nisar]] as Dr. Harish "Harry" Tandon: Sunil's brother; Nandita's husband (2026–present)
*[[Shailesh Datar]] as Dr. Sunil Tandon: Harish's brother; Dimple's husband; Vishwas and Raj's father; Aarambhi's estranged father-in-law (2026–present)
*[[Lubna Salim]] as Dimple Tandon: Sunil's wife; Vishwas and Raj's mother; Aarambhi's estranged mother-in-law (2026–present)
*Jyoti Joshi as Manju Chaudhary: Balbir's wife; Aarambhi and Arun's mother (2026–present)
*Preetish Manas as Arun Chaudhary: Balbir and Manju's son; Aarambhi's elder brother (2026–present)
*[[Neena Cheema]] as Kunika Chawla aka Dadi: Aarambhi's employer and well-wisher, Dhruv Chawla's grandmother (2026–present)

===Special appearances===
*[[Ayesha Singh]] as Mannat Khanna
*[[Adnan Khan]] as Vikrant Saluja
*[[Mona Vasu]] as Aishwarya Khanna Raisingh
*Sharain Khanduja as Mallika Raisingh

==Production==
===Casting===
In December 2025, Anjum Fakih was announced enter the series as Dr. Avantika.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Maheshwari|first=Neha|date=1 December 2025|title=Anjuum Faakih returns to fiction after two and a half years, to play the antagonist in Arambhi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/anjuum-faakih-returns-to-fiction-after-two-and-a-half-years-to-play-the-antagonist-in-arambhi/articleshow/125690027.cms|access-date=27 January 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

===Release===
The series was confirmed release on 27 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Deep|first=Johar|date=14 January 2026|title=Colors confirms launch date of ‘Dr Aarambhi’|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/colors-confirms-launch-date-of-dr-aarambhi/|access-date=27 January 2025|work=Biz Asia|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2026 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian medical television series]]
[[id:Dr. Aarambhi]]

In re: Assent, Withholding or Reservation of Bills by the Governor and the President of India

2026-05-02T07:53:36Z

ChristenHii:

{{Short description|2025 case of the Supreme Court of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}

{{Infobox court case
| name = In re: Presidential Reference on Powers of the Governor and President
| court = [[Supreme Court of India]]
| start date = {{start date|2025|08|19|df=y}}
| image = Emblem of the Supreme Court of India 2025.svg
| SubmitDate = {{start date|2025|07|22|df=y}}
| date_decided = {{start date|2025|11|20|df=y}}
| citations = 2025 INSC 1333
| prior_actions = [[State of Tamil Nadu v. Governor of Tamil Nadu]]
| opinions = Advisory opinion sought under [[Article 143 of the Constitution of India]]
| judges = {{Abbr|CJI|Chief Justice of India}} [[B. R. Gavai]], {{Abbr|J.|Justice}} [[Surya Kant]], {{Abbr|J.|Justice}} [[Vikram Nath]], {{Abbr|J.|Justice}} [[P. S. Narasimha]] {{Abbr|&|and}} {{Abbr|J.|Justice}} [[A. S. Chandurkar]] of the [[Constitution bench (India)|Constitution Bench]]
| laws_applied = [[Constitution of India]] — Articles 143, 200, 201
| keywords = Presidential reference, Governor's assent, timelines for assent, Articles 200 and 201
| docket = Special Reference No. 1 of 2025
}}

'''In re: Assent, Withholding or Reservation of Bills by the Governor and the President of India,''' [[Neutral citation|2025 INSC 1333]], is a [[presidential reference]] heard by the [[Supreme Court of India]] regarding the Court's authority to impose deadlines for the [[Governor (India)|Governor]] and President under Articles 200 and 201 of the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]].

The matter arose out of the powers of the [[President of India]], under [[Article 143 of the Constitution of India|Article 143 of the Constitution]], to seek Supreme Court’s advisory jurisdiction on questions of law or fact. The president referred a total of 14 questions,<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-08-20 |title=Presidential Reference: 14 questions raised by Droupadi Murmu on the Governor’s and President’s powers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/14-questions-president-murmu-supreme-court-reference/article69954747.ece |access-date=2025-09-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> challenging the Court's earlier verdict in [[State of Tamil Nadu v. Governor of Tamil Nadu|''State of Tamil Nadu v. Governor of Tamil Nadu'']]'','' which ruled that the [[Governor (India)|Governor of a state]] cannot exercise an [[Veto|absolute veto]] or a [[pocket veto]] over legislation duly passed by the [[State legislative assemblies of India|State Legislatures]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Does the Presidential reference raise questions which the Supreme Court did not answer earlier? |url=https://www.scobserver.in/journal/does-the-president-reference-raise-questions-which-the-supreme-court-did-not-answer-earlier-tamil-nadu-governor/ |access-date=11 September 2025 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>

The case was heard by a five-judge constitution bench of the Court led by Chief Justice of India [[B. R. Gavai]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 July 2025 |title=Presidential reference case: SC issues notice to Centre, states; timeline for governor assent to bills under review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/presidential-reference-case-sc-issues-notice-to-centre-states-timeline-for-governor-assent-on-bills-under-review/articleshow/122828777.cms |access-date=11 September 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The court heard the matter for ten days and reserved its judgement on 11 September 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohanty |first=Suchitra Kalyan |date=11 September 2025 |title=SC reserves verdict on presidential reference over timelines for Governors, President on state bills |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Sep/11/sc-reserves-verdict-on-presidential-reference-over-timelines-for-governors-president-on-state-bills |access-date=11 September 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== List of questions ==
{{Blockquote|text=1. What are the constitutional options before a Governor when a Bill is presented to him under Article 200 of the Constitution of India?

2. Is the Governor bound by the aid & advice tendered by the Council of Ministers while exercising all the options available with him when a Bill is presented before him under Article 200 of the Constitution of India?

3. Is the exercise of constitutional discretion by the Governor under Article 200 of the Constitution of India justiciable?

4. Is Article 361 of the Constitution of India an absolute bar to the judicial review in relation to the actions of a Governor under Article 200 of the Constitution of India?

5. In the absence of a constitutionally prescribed time limit, and the manner of exercise of powers by the Governor, can timelines be imposed and the manner of exercise be prescribed through judicial orders for the exercise of all powers under Article 200 of the Constitution of India by the Governor?

6. Is the exercise of constitutional discretion by the President under Article 201 of the Constitution of India justiciable?

7. In the absence of a constitutionally prescribed timeline and the manner of exercise of powers by the President, can time lines be imposed and the manner of exercise be prescribed through judicial orders for the exercise of discretion by the President under Article 201 of the Constitution of India?

8. In light of the constitutional scheme governing the powers of the President, is the President required to seek advice of the Supreme Court by way of a reference under Article 143 of the Constitution of India and take the opinion of the Supreme Court when the Governor reserves a Bill for the President’s assent or otherwise?

9. Are the decisions of the Governor and the President under Article 200 and Article 201 of the Constitution of India, respectively, justiciable at a stage anterior into the law coming into force? Is it permissible for the Courts to undertake judicial adjudication over the contents of a Bill, in any manner, before it becomes law?

10. Can the exercise of constitutional powers and the orders of/by the President/Governor be substituted in any manner under Article 142 of the Constitution of India?

11. Is a law made by the State legislature a law in force without the assent of the Governor granted under Article 200 of the Constitution of India?

12. In view of the proviso to Article 145 (3) of the Constitution of India, is it not mandatory for any bench of this Hon’ble Court to first decide as to whether the question involved in the proceedings before it is of such a nature which involves substantial questions of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution and to refer it to a bench of minimum five Judges?

13. Do the powers of the Supreme Court under Article 142 of the Constitution of India limited to matters of procedural law or [[Article 142 of the Constitution of India]] extends to issuing directions /passing orders which are contrary to or inconsistent with existing substantive or procedural provisions of the Constitution or law in force?

14. Does the Constitution bar any other jurisdiction of the Supreme Court to resolve disputes between the Union Government and the State Governments except by way of a suit under Article 131 of the Constitution of India?}}

== Proceedings ==
The Presidential Reference was opposed by several opposition parties arguing that it was a "an appeal, or review in disguise [...] and attempt to disturb the findings, and nullify the effect of the judgment already rendered" by the Court in [[State of Tamil Nadu v. Governor of Tamil Nadu|''State of Tamil Nadu v. Governor of Tamil Nadu'']].

== Judgment ==
On 20 November 2025, the Court provided its opinion for the 14 referred questions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohanty |first=Suchitra Kalyan |date=2025-11-20 |title=Explainer: How SC answered President's posers on timelines for assent to bills |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/web-only/2025/Nov/20/explainer-how-supreme-court-answered-presidents-posers-on-timelines-for-assent-to-bills |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Critically, the judges opined that courts cannot prescribe or impose a timeline for the grant of assent ("deemed assent") by the Government or the President, but at the same time, governors do not have the power to indefinitely delay bills passed by state assemblies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohanty |first=Suchitra Kalyan |date=2025-11-20 |title=SC says Governors cannot delay state bills indefinitely, but rejects fixed timelines for assent |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Nov/20/sc-says-governors-cannot-delay-state-bills-indefinitely-but-rejects-fixed-timelines-for-assent |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=11 September 2025 |title=Presidential Reference hearing highlights: Governor has power to examine constitutionality of the Bill, says AG |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/presidential-reference-hearing-supreme-court-live-updates-september-11-2025/article70036346.ece |access-date=11 September 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

In the opinion, [[Chief Justice of India]] [[B. R. Gavai]] noted "Articles 200 and 201 of the [Indian] Constitution are framed to allow elasticity. The imposition of a timeline is strictly contrary to the Constitution... The concept of deemed assent is against the spirit of the Constitution and the doctrine of [[separation of powers]]."<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-11-20 |title=Presidential Reference updates: SC states it cannot impose timelines on President and Governors, opines concept of ‘deemed assent’ is alien to the Constitution |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-presidential-reference-verdict-president-governor-timeline-bills-hearing-live-updates-november-20-2025/article70301552.ece |access-date=2025-12-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

The 111-page opinion, which is not binding,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-20 |title=Here’s why Supreme Court decided to answer Presidential reference |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/legal-news/10-reasons-why-supreme-court-decided-to-answer-presidential-reference-10376405/ |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> did not have a sole author and was rendered as an "Opinion of the Court."<ref name=":0" /> Questions 12 and 14 were returned unaswered.{{Sfn|2025 INSC 1333|}}

== See also ==

* [[State of Tamil Nadu v. Governor of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[List of presidential references]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==

* {{citation | title = 2025 INSC 1333 "Opinion of the Court" in Special Reference No. 1 of 2025 IN RE: Assent, Withholding or Reservation of Bills by the Governor and the President of India | url = https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2025/39157/39157_2025_1_1501_66169_Judgement_20-Nov-2025.pdf | author = Supreme Court of India | ref = {{SfnRef|2025 INSC 1333}} }}

{{SCI-cases}}

[[Category:Supreme Court of India cases in 2025]]
[[Category:Constitutional case law]]
[[Category:Presidential references in India]]

2024–25 BDFA Super Division

2026-05-01T05:03:00Z

ChristenHii: Put Up Some Details W/ Infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[BDFA Super Division]]
| season = 2024–25
| dates = 7 October 2024 — 20 February 2025
| winners = FC Agniputhra<ref>{{Cite web |title=FC Agniputhra win BDFA Super Division League Championship|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/football/fc-agniputhra-win-bdfa-super-division-league-championship-3415000|access-date=2025-02-21|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=21 February 2025|language=en-UK}}</ref>
| promoted = FC Agniputhra
| relegated = Bangalore United FC (BUFC) Real Chikkamagaluru
| matches =
| total goals =
| league topscorer =
| biggest home win =
| biggest away win =
| highest scoring =
| longest wins =
| longest unbeaten =
| longest winless =
| longest losses =
| prevseason = [[2023–24 BDFA Super Division|2023–24]]
| nextseason = [[2025–26 BDFA Super Division|2025–26]]
| updated =
}}

The '''2024–25 BDFA Super Division''' was the 22nd season of the [[BDFA Super Division]], the fifth-tier league in the Indian football system, and [[Karnataka]]'s top-tier football league. [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru FC 'B']] were the current defending champions, having won the 2023-24 BDFA Super Division without losing a game.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 November 2023 |title=Champions and unbeaten! The Bengaluru FC Reserves are champions of the 2023–24 BDFA Super Division League, and they've done it without losing a single game. |url=https://twitter.com/bengalurufc/status/1725488618180145230}}</ref> Eighteen teams competed in the league in the 2024-25 season, one less than the previous season.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangalore/BDFA Super Division League Table |url=https://theawayend.co/bdfa-super-division-league/}}</ref>

==Changes from previous season==

===Relegated to A Division===

* FC Deccan
* Bangalore Dream United
* Young Challengers<ref>{{Cite web |last=BDFA Bangalore |date=23 November 2023 |title=Here is the revised & updated table of the BDFA Super Division 2023! ✅This is how the 19 teams finished, with BFC winning a historic invincible title, whilst FC Deccan, Dream United & Young Challengers go down! ⬇️ |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Cz-5kZ3vjki/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== |website=Instagram}}</ref>

===Promoted from A Division===
* Parikrma FC<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2024 |title=BDFA A Division 2023-24 - Results & Table |url=https://www.gcsstars.com/2024/01/bdfa-division-2023-24-results-table.html}}</ref>

===Direct entrants===
* Real Bengaluru FC<ref>{{Cite web |last=FC Real Bengaluru |date=28 August 2024 |title=Kick off!! ⚽ |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C_M_srIyYnL/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== |website=Instagram}}</ref>

==Teams==
*[[Indian Army Service Corps|ASC & C FC]]
*FC Agniputhra
*Bangalore Independents
*[[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru B]]
*Bangalore United FC (BUFC)
*Real Chikkamagaluru
*[[FC Bengaluru United]]
*FC Real Bengaluru
*[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited SC|HAL SC]]
*[[Kickstart FC|Kickstart]]
*Kodagu FC
*[[Madras Engineer Group|MEG & C FC]]
*Parikrma FC
*Rebels FC
*Roots FC
*[[Sporting Club Bengaluru|SC Bengaluru]]
*[[South United FC|South United]]
*Students Union

== Regular season ==
=== League table ===
<onlyinclude>
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=football
|update= complete
|source=[https://theawayend.co/bdfa-super-division-league/ The Away End]


|team3=FCBU
|team2=KFC
|team1=AGN
|team5=BFC
|team4=KOD
|team7=MEG
|team9=SCB
|team6=SOU
|team8=HAL
|team10=STU
|team11=FCRB
|team16=BI
|team13=ASC
|team12=ROO
|team17=BUFC
|team15=REB
|team14=PRK
|team18=CHI


|result1=C
|result16=W
|result17=R
|result18=R



|win_AGN = 14| draw_AGN = 0| loss_AGN = 3| gf_AGN = 38| ga_AGN = 19 | status_AGN = CP 
|win_KFC = 12| draw_KFC = 4| loss_KFC = 1| gf_KFC = 52| ga_KFC = 12 
|win_FCBU = 11| draw_FCBU = 5| loss_FCBU = 1| gf_FCBU = 45| ga_FCBU = 13 
|win_KOD = 11| draw_KOD = 2| loss_KOD = 4| gf_KOD = 40| ga_KOD = 14 
|win_BFC = 10| draw_BFC = 4| loss_BFC = 3| gf_BFC = 48| ga_BFC = 18 
|win_SOU = 9| draw_SOU = 3| loss_SOU = 5| gf_SOU = 31| ga_SOU = 19 
|win_MEG = 8| draw_MEG = 2| loss_MEG = 7| gf_MEG = 22| ga_MEG = 27 
|win_HAL = 8| draw_HAL = 2| loss_HAL = 7| gf_HAL = 16| ga_HAL = 21 
|win_SCB = 7| draw_SCB = 4| loss_SCB = 6| gf_SCB = 26| ga_SCB = 17 
|win_STU = 6| draw_STU = 4| loss_STU = 7| gf_STU = 22| ga_STU = 26 
|win_FCRB = 4| draw_FCRB = 6| loss_FCRB = 7| gf_FCRB = 19| ga_FCRB = 24 
|win_ROO = 4| draw_ROO = 5| loss_ROO = 8| gf_ROO = 20| ga_ROO = 24 
|win_ASC = 4| draw_ASC = 4| loss_ASC = 9| gf_ASC = 18| ga_ASC = 42 
|win_PRK = 4| draw_PRK = 2| loss_PRK = 11| gf_PRK = 24| ga_PRK = 37 
|win_REB = 4| draw_REB = 2| loss_REB = 11| gf_REB = 22| ga_REB = 36 
|win_BI = 3| draw_BI = 5| loss_BI = 9| gf_BI = 17| ga_BI = 48 | status_BI = 
|win_BUFC = 3| draw_BUFC = 2| loss_BUFC = 12| gf_BUFC = 13| ga_BUFC = 38 | status_BUFC = R 
|win_CHI = 1| draw_CHI = 4| loss_CHI = 12| gf_CHI = 11| ga_CHI = 49 | status_CHI = R 



|name_ASC = [[Indian Army Service Corps|ASC & C FC]]
|name_AGN = FC Agniputhra
|name_BI = Bangalore Independents
|name_BFC = [[Bengaluru FC Reserves and Academy|Bengaluru B]]
|name_BUFC = Bangalore United FC
|name_CHI = Real Chikkamagaluru
|name_FCBU = [[FC Bengaluru United]]
|name_FCRB = FC Real Bengaluru
|name_HAL = [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited SC|HAL SC]]
|name_KFC = [[Kickstart FC|Kickstart]]
|name_KOD = Kodagu FC
|name_MEG = [[Madras Engineer Group|MEG & C FC]]
|name_PRK = Parikrma FC
|name_REB = Rebels FC
|name_ROO = Roots FC
|name_SCB = [[Sporting Club Bengaluru|SC Bengaluru]]
|name_SOU = [[South United FC|South United]]
|name_STU = Students Union


|show_limit=5
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored
|res_col_header=QR
|col_C=green1 |text_C=Champions and qualification for [[2025–26 I-League 3]]
|col_R=red1 |text_R=Relegation to 2025-26 [[BDFA A Division]]
|col_W=silver |text_W = Withdrew

}}</onlyinclude>

== See also ==
* '''Men'''
** [[2024–25 Indian Super League]] (Tier I)
** [[2024–25 I-League]] (Tier II)
** [[2024–25 I-League 2]] (Tier III)
** [[2024–25 I-League 3]] (Tier IV)
** [[2024–25 Indian State Leagues]] (Tier V)
** [[Super Cup (India)|2025 Super Cup]]
** [[2024 Durand Cup]]

* '''Women'''
**[[2024–25 Indian Women's League]]
**[[2024–25 Indian Women's League 2]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{2024–25 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2024-25 I-League 3}}
[[Category:BDFA Super Division seasons]]
[[Category:2024–25 in Indian football leagues]]
[[Category:2024–25 in Indian football]]

Karbi script

2026-04-27T03:46:09Z

ChristenHii: adding new entry!

{{Essay|date=August 2016}}

'''[[Karbi language]]''' is officially written in Roman script in [[Karbi Anglong district|Karbi Anglong]] and Dima Hasao districts of [[Assam]], [[Meghalaya]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. However, in Kamrup district of Assam prefer mostly the Assamese script.

==History==
The written form of the Karbi language has been in development since the time of [[British raj|British rule]] in India when missionaries published the first Karbi newspaper '''Birta''' in 1903,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://allaboutassam.in/2018/12/karbi-language/ |title=Karbi Language [The Rich] » ALL ABOUT ASSAM |access-date=2019-08-19 |archive-date=2019-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414194516/https://allaboutassam.in/2018/12/karbi-language/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> in English (Roman Script). Since then Karbi language is being written in both Purvi Nagari script and Roman script. The Karbi Lammet Amei (Apex body of [[Karbi language]]) earlier adopted the Assamese (Purvi Nagari) script to write the Karbi language, but later changed to [[Latin script|Roman script]].

==Research on Karbi script and language==
Since old days [[Karbi people]] has no written form. Karbis has passed their tradition orally from generation to generation. The new generations are trying to preserve them in written form, as well coining new words to compensate for missing word they have come across in new age. i.e.- bus, train, etc. Media houses has been at the forefront of the event.

In recent trend, a section of [[Karbi people]] think that [[Karbi language]] should have its own script. In one case, Sarthe Teron Milik, Writer, introduced a new series of Karbi alphabets and numerals in his book, Arleng [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arleng.pdf].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://arlengalam.wordpress.com|title=arlengalam|website=arlengalam.wordpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= Sarthe Teron Milik| url=https://pothi.com/pothi/book/sarthe-teron-milik-arleng|title=Review of ARLENG|website=pothi.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://thekararnivang.com/2011/12/20/karbi-alam-ketok-kejoi-pen-kapangcho-aphan-amek-script-kangvai-pen-kapithir-kenangsotlo/|title=Karbi alam ketok kejoi pen kapangcho aphan amek (Script) kangvai pen kapithir kenangsotlo - Thekar|website=thekararnivang.com|access-date=2016-08-30|archive-date=2016-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911113238/http://thekararnivang.com/2011/12/20/karbi-alam-ketok-kejoi-pen-kapangcho-aphan-amek-script-kangvai-pen-kapithir-kenangsotlo/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Culture of Assam]]
[[Category:Languages of Assam]]
[[Category:Sino-Tibetan languages]]
{{improve categories|date=July 2024}}

Association for Protection of Civil Rights

2026-04-25T20:00:12Z

ChristenHii: Put Up Initial Data W/ Refs.

{{Short description|Indian Non-profit Organisation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Association for Protection of Civil Rights
| formation = 2006
| full_name = Association for Protection of Civil Rights
| logo = APCR Logo.jpg
| abbreviation = APCR
| type = [[Nonprofit organization|Nonprofit]]
| purpose = Creating opportunities for Justice
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]]
| secretary_general = [[Malik Motasim Khan]]
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Yusuf Hatim Muchhala
| leader_title2 = National Secretary
| leader_name2 = [[Nadeem Khan (activist)|Nadeem Khan]]
| website = {{URL|https://apcrindia.in/}}
}}

'''Association for Protection of Civil Rights'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-02-20 |title=APCR to build all-India structure of para-legal workers |url=http://twocircles.net/2010feb20/apcr_build_all_india_structure_para_legal_workers.html |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=TwoCircles.net |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-22 |title=Jamiat Ulama, APCR to give legal aid to UP Muslim youth arrested over "al-Qaeda module" |url=https://maktoobmedia.com/2021/07/22/jamiat-ulama-apcr-to-give-legal-aid-to-up-muslim-youth-arrested-over-al-qaeda-module/ |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=Maktoob media |language=en-US}}</ref> is a civil rights [[advocacy group]] comprising advocates, retired judges, social activists, human rights defenders, journalists, researchers, academics, students, and [[paralegal]] volunteers united in their commitment to advancing civil and [[human rights in India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest Today Breaking in Association for Protection of Civil Rights (APCR) Urdu at The Hindustan Gazette Urdu |url=https://urdu.thehindustangazette.com/tag/association-for-protection-of-civil-rights-apcr/ |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=The Hindustan Gazette Urdu |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Iyer |first=Aishwarya |title='Choked by red tape': Muslims who moved court after Khargone demolitions allege official harassment |language=en-US |work=Scroll.in |url=https://scroll.in/article/1033096/choked-by-red-tape-muslims-who-moved-court-after-khargone-demolitions-allege-official-harassment |access-date=2023-01-16}}</ref> APCR has steadfastly pursued its mission for 18 years and now operates across 18 states.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-16 |title=APCR Legal Assistance Secured Quashing of 4 FIRs against Atir from Delhi High Court |url=https://radianceweekly.net/apcr-legal-assistance-secured-quashing-of-4-firs-against-atir-from-delhi-high-court/ |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=Radiance Viewsweekly |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest Today Breaking in Association for Protection of Civil Rights (APCR) Urdu at The Hindustan Gazette Urdu |url=https://urdu.thehindustangazette.com/tag/association-for-protection-of-civil-rights-apcr/ |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=The Hindustan Gazette Urdu |language=ur}}</ref> The association is currently working in seventeen states<ref>{{Cite web |title=Release of Fact-finding Report on Attack on Christians in India - 305 (...) - Mainstream Weekly |url=https://mainstreamweekly.net/article11695.html |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=mainstreamweekly.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-27 |title=Constitutionality of the UAPA with regard to the right to protest |url=https://blog.ipleaders.in/constitutionality-of-the-uapa-with-regard-to-the-right-to-protest/ |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=iPleaders |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2022 |title=June 10 Violence: Bail Plea Of 5 Denied |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/june-10-violence-bail-plea-of-5-denied/articleshow/95701108.cms |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Association for Protection of Civil Rights is Established in 2006 as a registered society, APCR focuses on promoting and protecting the rights of India’s underprivileged and marginalized communities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-26 |title=APCR Facilitates Legal Battles Against Illegal Detentions |url=https://clarionindia.net/apcr-facilitates-legal-battles-against-illegal-detentions/ |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=Clarion India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mehraj |first=Irfan |date=2023-02-09 |title=Noted SC lawyer Ehtesham Hashmi dies of heart attack in New Delhi |url=https://twocircles.net/2023feb09/448310.html |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=TwoCircles.net |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Object ==

* A plan to educate and inform the public about their civil rights.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-23 |title=Muslims treated as second-class citizens in Uttar Pradesh in 2019 -APCR |url=https://www.theworldsikhnews.com/muslims-treated-as-second-class-citizens-in-uttar-pradesh-in-2019-apcr/ |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=The World Sikh News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pathak |first=Avanish |date=2023-01-04 |title=दिल्ली की अदालत ने यूएपीए मामले में कश्मीरी फोटो पत्रकार मनन डार को जमानत दी, कहा-'आरोप ठोस और सत्य प्रतीत नहीं होते' |url=https://hindi.livelaw.in/category/top-stories/accusation-not-cogent-and-true-delhi-court-grants-bail-to-kashmiri-photojournalist-manan-dar-in-uapa-case-218050 |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=hindi.livelaw.in |language=hi}}</ref>
* A help line to counsel and advise the deprived and the downtrodden.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-07 |title=UAPA-1967: Prohibiting Illegal Actions |url=https://getlegalindia.com/uapa/ |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=Getlegal India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-06 |title=APCR Secures Quashing Of Four FIRs Filed For Same Alleged Offence In Delhi Riots Case |url=https://thecognate.com/apcr-secures-quashing-of-four-firs-filed-for-same-alleged-offence-in-delhi-riots-case/ |access-date=2023-01-10 |website=The Cognate |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* A training programme for social activities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-09 |title=APCR organizes workshop on protection of civil rights |url=https://avenuemail.in/apcr-organizes-workshop-protection-civil-rights/ |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=The Avenue Mail |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=APCR conducts Legal awareness program in Patna |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/4-national/33804-apcr-conducts-legal-awareness-program-patna/ |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=The Milli Gazette — Indian Muslims Leading News Source |language=en}}</ref>
* An effort to protest and safeguard the legal rights of oppressed.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-01-18 |title=Govt, police complicit in recent communal violence in MP: APCR |url=https://www.siasat.com/govt-police-complicit-in-recent-communal-violence-in-mp-apcr-2070413/ |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nizamuddin |first=Md |date=2020-03-10 |title=Hyderabad: APCR to expand free services beyond the city |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/hyderabad-apcr-to-expand-free-services-beyond-the-city-610811 |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
* A scheme to provide legal defense to the victims of injustice.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-01-27 |title=India witnessing systematic hate campaign against minorities: APCR |url=https://pakobserver.net/india-witnessing-systematic-hate-campaign-against-minorities-apcr/ |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=Pakistan Observer |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fatima |first=Nikhat |date=2021-10-28 |title=16 mosques vandalized, 3 set ablaze by violent Hindutva mobs in Tripura: APCR |url=http://twocircles.net/2021oct28/443974.html |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=TwoCircles.net |language=en-US}}</ref>
* A programme to eradicate oppression and injustice from the Indian scene.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-16 |title=مدھیہ پردیش:حالیہ فسادات کےمقدموں میں مسلمانوں کی پیروی کیلئےقانونی ٹیم کی تشکیل |url=https://www.inquilab.com/news/articles/madhya-pradesh-formation-of-legal-team-to-follow-muslims-in-recent-riots-cases-36305 |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=Inquilab.com |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-17 |title=ایسوسی ایشن فار پروٹیکشن آف سول رائٹس (APCR) اور دیگر پارٹیوں نے مقتولہ خاتون کے اہل خانہ سے کی ملاقات - مشرقی آواز جدید |url=https://mashreqiawazjadeed.com/7082/ |access-date=2023-01-16 |language=ur}}</ref>

== Fact-finding & documentation ==
APCR's lawyers, Researchers, social activists, and paralegal volunteers visits different parts of India to investigate the cases of human rights violations in association with other human rights organizations and present reports to flag the issue pertinent to the case.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fact-finding team paints a grim picture of Assam government |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/assam-ugly-backdrop-to-police-firing/cid/1833422 |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kashmiri Students in Agra Jail for Over Two Months, Bail Plea Goes Unheard |url=https://thewire.in/rights/kashmiri-students-in-agra-jail-for-over-two-months-bail-plea-goes-unheard |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=thewire.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-02 |title=NIA court grants bail to Kashmiri photojournalist in Delhi |url=https://thekashmirwalla.com/nia-court-grants-bail-to-kashmiri-photojournalist-in-delhi/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102170058/https://thekashmirwalla.com/nia-court-grants-bail-to-kashmiri-photojournalist-in-delhi/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=2 January 2023 |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=The Kashmir Walla |language=en-US}}</ref> Some of these fact-findings and reports have led to directly impactful legal interventions, the Udaipur fact-finding report and the victim mentioned herein filed an intervention in an ongoing case in SC which became instrumental in the bench’s decision on drafting guidelines on punitive bulldozer demolitions.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-08-16 |title=APCR Rajasthan Conducts Fact-Finding Mission in Bhilwara and Udaipur to Address Communal Tensions |url=https://radiancenews.com/apcr-rajasthan-conducts-fact-finding-mission-in-bhilwara-and-udaipur-to-address-communal-tensions/ |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=Radiance News |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Human rights organisations based in India]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]
[[Category:Civil liberties advocacy groups]]

{{India-org-stub}}

Mudumal Megalithic Menhirs

2026-04-21T08:44:29Z

ChristenHii: Created First Bio W/ Sources

{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Mudumal Megalithic Menhirs
| native_name = Mudumal Niluvu Raallu ముదుమల్ నిలువు రాళ్ళు
| alternate_name = Thimmappa of the Standing Stones
| image =Mudumal Megalithic Menhris Narayanpet Telangana India 12.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = view of the menhirs in 2025
| map =
| map_type = India Telangana#India
| map_caption = Location in Telangana
| map_size = 160px
| coordinates = {{coord|16.37927860801854|77.4109210361849|format=dms|type:landmark_region:PT|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Narayanpet district]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| type = [[Menhir]]
| part_of = 
| altitude_m =
| length =
| width =
| area = {{convert|89|acre|abbr=on}}
| volume =
| diameter =
| height =
| builder =
| material = [[Stone]]
| built =
| abandoned =
| epochs = 
| cultures =
| dependency_of =
| occupants =
| event =
| discovered =
| excavations =
| condition =
| ownership = Government of Telangana
| management =
| public_access =
| website =
| notes = 
| other_designation =
}}
'''Mudumal Megalithic Menhirs''' are located at [[Narayanpet district]] of Telangana State in India.The [[Menhir|menhirs]] date back 3500–4000 years and supposedly align with celestial events. They reflect the ancient cultures' understanding of celestial phenomena and is reported to have influenced local religious beliefs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mudumal Megalithic Menhirs |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6802/ |access-date=2026-01-03 |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref>

The site occupies 89 acres, and there are 80 stone structures. These structures are about 3 m (10 ft)-5  m (15 ft) tall and arranged in various formations such as circles, straight lines etc. Most of these formations were destroyed and boulders removed to facilitate irrigation of nearby agricultural lands.<ref>{{Cite news |title=India adds Telangana's megalithic menhirs to tentative UNESCO list |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/india-adds-telanganas-megalithic-menhirs-to-tentative-unesco-list-1866912 |access-date=2026-01-03 |publisher=The Deccan Chronicle|first=Saalini|last=Parachuri|date=2025-03-14}}</ref>

The menhirs are also called as ''Niluralla Thimmappa'' i.e. ''Thimmappa of the Standing Stones'' by the locals according to whom these menhirs are sacred. One particular menhir is worshipped as Goddess Yellamma. Mudumal Megalithic Menhirs have been added to a tentative list of [[List of World Heritage Sites in India|UNESCO World Heritage Sites from India]]. Other than this site, currently Telangana has only one UNESCO World Heritage Site at [[Ramappa Temple|Ramappa temple]]. <ref>{{Cite news |title=Telangana’s Mudumal Megalithic Menhirs make it to tentative Unesco heritage list from India |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/telangana-mudumal-megalithic-menhirs-tentative-unesco-heritage-list-india-9887184/ |access-date=2026-01-03 |publisher=The Indian Express|first=Rahul V|last=Pisharody|date=2025-03-15}}</ref>

==Reference==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category inline|Mudumal Megalithic Menhirs}}

[[Category:World Heritage Tentative List for India]]
[[Category:Megalithic monuments in India]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Telangana]]

Dahisar East metro station

2026-04-21T07:22:36Z

ChristenHii: new new entry

{{Short description|Mumbai Metro interchange station serving Lines 2A, 7 and 9}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Dahisar (East)
| style = Mumbai Metro
| style2 = Yellow, Red
| image = Dahisar (E) metro nameplate.png
| image_upright = 1.3
| caption = 
| address = Ghartan Pada, Dahisar East Mumbai, Maharashtra 400068
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.2511|N|72.8670|E|format=dms|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[File:MMRDA_logo_cropped.svg-removebg-preview.png|22px]] [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]]
| operator = {{rint|Mumbai|m}} Maha Mumbai Metro Operation Corporation Ltd.
| line = {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|Line 2A|croute}} {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|Line 7|croute}} {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|Line 9|croute}}
| connections = {{rint|Mumbai|s}} {{rcb|Mumbai Suburban Railway|Western|croute}} [[Dahisar railway station|Dahisar]] 
{{rint|bus}} [[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport|BEST]] bus services
| platforms = 4 [[side platforms]]
| tracks = 5
| structure = [[Elevated]]
| parking = No
| accessible = Yes
| code = '''201'''; '''901'''
| opened = {{plainlist|
* {{start date and age|df=yes|2022|04|02}} (Line 2A, Line 7)
* {{start date and age|df=yes|2026|04|07}} (Line 9)
}}
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_rank = 
| services = {{Adjstn|system=Mumbai Metro
|line1=2A|right1=Anand Nagar
|line2=7|left2=Ovaripada|right2=Pandurang Wadi
|line3=9|left3=Pandurang Wadi|right3=Ovaripada
}}
| services_collapsible = yes
| route_map = {{Routemap|inline=1|legend=track|map=
uhSTR(r)!~MFADEg\uhSTR(l)!~MFADEg ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Ovaripada metro station|Ovaripada]]
uSTRg!~lhSTR(r)\uSTRf!~lhSTR(l)
uPSTR(R)!~c*2\uPSTR(L)
uPSTR(R)\uPSTR(L)
uPSTR(R)\cd!~uPSTR(L)\c!~c*1
uSTRg!~lhSTR(r)\uSTRf!~lhSTR(l)
uSTR!~MFADEf!~lhSTR(r)\uhSTR(l)!~MFADEf ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Anand Nagar (Mumbai) metro station|Anand Nagar]]
}}
| map_state = expanded
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Mumbai Metro}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Dahisar (East)''' is an elevated metro station on the [[Mumbai Metro]] in [[Mumbai]], India, located on the [[Western Express Highway]] in northern Mumbai. It serves as the northern terminus of both the [[Yellow Line (Mumbai Metro)|Yellow Line 2A]] and the [[Red Line (Mumbai Metro)|Red Line 7]], and as the southern terminus of [[Red Line (Mumbai Metro)|Line 9]], which extends the Red Line northward into [[Mira-Bhayandar]]. The station is owned by the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA) and was opened to the public on 2 April 2022, alongside the first phases of Lines 2A and 7. On 7 April 2026, Line 9 Phase 1 ([[Dahisar East metro station]] to [[Kashigaon metro station]]) was inaugurated,<ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai Metro Gets Major Boost As Two New Lines Launched |url=https://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-metro-gets-major-boost-as-two-new-lines-line-2b-line-9-launched-11328022 |website=NDTV |date=8 April 2026 |access-date=9 April 2026}}</ref> making Dahisar East a three-line interchange. Passengers can transfer between all three lines at concourse level without exiting the paid area or passing through additional security checks.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai Metro Expansion: Dahisar East Station Emerges As Key Interchange For Lines 7, 9 & 2A; Step-By-Step Guide For Commuters |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-metro-expansion-dahisar-east-station-emerges-as-key-interchange-for-lines-7-9-2a-step-by-step-guide-for-commuters |website=Free Press Journal |first=Prathamesh |last=Kharade |date=7 April 2026 |access-date=9 April 2026}}</ref>

== History ==
J Kumar Infraprojects was awarded the contract to construct the station in June 2016.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 August 2016 |title=Tainted J Kumar Infraporjects bags Dahisar-DN Nagar Metro 2A project |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-tainted-j-kumar-infraporjects-bags-dahisar-dn-nagar-metro-2a-project-2242773 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161015125202/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-tainted-j-kumar-infraporjects-bags-dahisar-dn-nagar-metro-2a-project-2242773 |archive-date=15 October 2016 |access-date=14 October 2016 |website=dna}}</ref> The MMRDA announced that electrification of the line had been completed on 26 May 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2021 |title=MMRDA to conduct test run for two elevated Metro lines next week |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/mmrda-to-conduct-test-run-for-two-elevated-metro-lines-next-week/articleshow/82979298.cms |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en |agency=IANS}}</ref>

Dahisar East was opened to the public on 2 April 2022, along with the first phases of [[Yellow Line (Mumbai Metro)|Line 2A]] and [[Red Line (Mumbai Metro)|Line 7]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-03 |title=Mumbai: Phase 1 of Metro Line 2A and 7 opened for public |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-8-pm-today-phase-1-of-metro-line-2a-7-to-be-thrown-open-to-public-7850274/ |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Both lines were extended to their full lengths on 19 January 2023, with Line 2A reaching [[Andheri|Andheri West]] and Line 7 reaching Gundavali in [[Andheri|Andheri East]]. The inauguration was performed by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-19 |title=PM Modi inaugurates two new Mumbai Metro Lines, projects in Maharashtra |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/pm-modi-flagged-off-mumbai-metro-new-line-inaugurates-projects-worth-rs38800-cr-554122 |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=WION}}</ref>

On 7 April 2026, the [[Red Line (Mumbai Metro)|Red Line]] was extended northward from Dahisar East to Kashigaon in [[Mira-Bhayandar]], with the inauguration of Phase 1 of [[Red Line (Mumbai Metro)|Line 9]] by Chief Minister [[Devendra Fadnavis]] along with Deputy Chief Ministers [[Eknath Shinde]] and [[Sunetra Pawar]]. Commercial services began the following day.<ref name="news9">{{cite web |title=Mumbai metro expands with launch of lines 2B and 9: Check new routes and timings from April 8 |url=https://www.news9live.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-metro-expands-with-launch-of-lines-2b-and-9-check-new-routes-and-timings-from-april-8-2953147 |website=News9live |date=7 April 2026 |access-date=9 April 2026}}</ref> This made Dahisar East an interchange station, as passengers could now transfer between the [[Red Line (Mumbai Metro)|Red Line]] and [[Yellow Line (Mumbai Metro)|Yellow Line]] at concourse level without exiting the paid area.<ref name="fpj-interchange" />

== Station layout ==
{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;vertical-align:top;border-top:solid 1px gray;" rowspan=5;|'''2nd Floor'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 height=45|'''Platform #'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=390| {{0|→}} towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|line 7|right}} ({{stl|Mumbai Metro|Ovaripada}}) →
|-
|height=45|'''Platform #'''
| ← towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|line 9|left}} ({{stl|Mumbai Metro|Pandurang Wadi}})
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"| '''Platform #'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"| ← Pocket track
|-
|'''1st Floor'''
| Concourse
| Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover to {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|2A|croute}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;vertical-align:top;border-top:dashed 1px gray;" rowspan=4;|'''2nd Floor'''
|style="border-top:dashed 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 height=45|'''Platform 1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=390| {{0|→}} Alighting only →
|-
| height=45|'''Platform 2'''
| ← towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|line 2A|Left}} {{small|([[Anand Nagar metro station (Mumbai)|Anand Nagar]])}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|{{small|[[Side platform]] {{access icon}}}}
|-
|style="vertical-align:top"|'''1st Floor'''
|style="vertical-align:top"|Concourse
|style="vertical-align:top"|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover to {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|9|croute}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=50 |'''Ground'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=100 |Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top" width=420 |Exit/Entrance
|}

=== Power and signaling system ===
Like all other stations and railways of the [[Mumbai Metro|Mumbai metro]], Dahisar East station also uses a 25,000 volt AC power system by "[[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]" to operate the trains.

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Mumbai Metro navbox|line 2=yes|line 9=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2022]]
[[Category:Mumbai Metro stations]]

Liromoba Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:41:44Z

ChristenHii: Created A Article From Scratch!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Arunachal Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Liromoba
|state = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|type= SLA
| constituency_no = 27
| map_image = Liromoba Assembly constituency map.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|district = [[West Siang district|West Siang]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Arunachal West Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal West]]
|established = 1990
|reservation = ST
|mla = Pesi Jilen
| party = {{Party index link|People's Party of Arunachal}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|electors = 14,004
}}
'''Liromoba''' is one of the 60 assembly constituencies of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], a northeastern state of [[India]]. It is part of the [[Arunachal West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal West Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S02/Old/partycomp24.htm Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>[http://www.arunachalassembly.gov.in/ Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan=3 | [[Lijum Ronya]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=7}}
|-
| [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || rowspan=3 | [[Jarbom Gamlin]]
|-
| [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2015 elections in India#Arunachal Pradesh|2015 By-election]] ||rowspan=2 | [[Nyamar Karbak]]
|-
| [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Pesi Jilen]] || {{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Liromoba<ref name="Liromoba (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Liromoba (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/liromoba |access-date=24 May 2025 |issue= |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250524104411/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/liromoba |archive-date=24 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Liromoba">{{cite news |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Liromoba |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0227.htm |access-date=24 May 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250524104358/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0227.htm |archive-date=24 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="Liromoba Assembly Election Result 2024: NPP's Pesi Jilen wins">{{cite news |title=Liromoba Assembly Election Result 2024: NPP's Pesi Jilen wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/liromoba-assembly-election-results-2024-liromoba-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110635174.cms |access-date=24 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250524104421/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/liromoba-assembly-election-results-2024-liromoba-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110635174.cms |archive-date=24 May 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pesi Jilen]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=7,206 |percentage=56.55% |change={{increase}}11.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nyamar Karbak]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,508 |percentage=43.22% |change={{decrease}}8.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=29 |percentage=0.23% |change={{decrease}}0.12 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,698 |percentage=13.32% |change= {{increase}}6.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,743 |percentage=91.00% |change= {{increase}}3.91 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,004 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.35 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=National People's Party (India) |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}4.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Liromoba<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11675-arunachal-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2019 - Arunachal Pradesh - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= 24 January 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nyamar Karbak]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,616 |percentage=52.20% |change={{increase}}17.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jarpum Gamlin]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=4,870 |percentage=45.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Marjum Karbak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=130 |percentage=1.21% |change={{decrease}}35.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yaba Gadi |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=106 |percentage=0.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=37 |percentage=0.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=746 |percentage=6.93% |change= {{increase}}5.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,759 |percentage=87.08% |change= {{decrease}}2.75 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,355 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.90 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}15.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly By-election 2015 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2015 elections in India#Arunachal Pradesh|2015 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Liromoba}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nyamar Karbak]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,808 |percentage=36.33% |change={{decrease}}19.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bai Gadi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,689 |percentage=35.20% |change={{decrease}}7.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lijum Ronya]] |party=Independent politician |votes=2,589 |percentage=24.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raksap Yomcha |party=Independent politician |votes=355 |percentage=3.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=119 |percentage=1.14% |change= {{decrease}}12.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,481 |percentage=89.91% |change= {{increase}}5.32 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,667 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.26 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}19.42 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Liromoba<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813080618/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2021|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jarbom Gamlin]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,483 |percentage=55.75% |change={{decrease}}14.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bai Gaoi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,179 |percentage=42.49% |change={{increase}}13.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Johny Tali |party=Naga People's Front |votes=135 |percentage=1.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=38 |percentage=0.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,304 |percentage=13.26% |change= {{decrease}}28.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,835 |percentage=84.51% |change= {{increase}}5.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,637 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.77 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}14.98 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Liromoba<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404184244/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jarbom Gamlin]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,640 |percentage=70.73% |change={{increase}}19.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bai Gadi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,748 |percentage=29.27% |change={{increase}}27.52 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,892 |percentage=41.46% |change= {{increase}}36.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,388 |percentage=79.24% |change= {{decrease}}3.52 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,847 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.11 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Liromoba<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324145008/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jarbom Gamlin]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,404 |percentage=51.70% |change={{decrease}}8.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lijum Ronya]] |party=Independent politician |votes=3,965 |percentage=46.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. James Mitum Boje |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=149 |percentage=1.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=439 |percentage=5.15% |change= {{decrease}}15.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,518 |percentage=79.80% |change= {{increase}}1.88 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,292 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.49 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Liromoba<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lijum Ronya]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,316 |percentage=60.40% |change={{decrease}}2.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gegong Apang |party=Arunachal Congress |votes=2,830 |percentage=39.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,486 |percentage=20.79% |change= {{decrease}}7.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,146 |percentage=81.78% |change= {{decrease}}2.68 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,835 |ref = |change= {{increase}}31.22 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Liromoba<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144239/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lijum Ronya]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,566 |percentage=63.38% |change={{increase}}10.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Libi Yomgam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,995 |percentage=35.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tumto Kamgo |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=65 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,571 |percentage=27.92% |change= {{increase}}23.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,626 |percentage=84.42% |change= {{increase}}6.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,733 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}14.39 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Liromoba<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lijum Ronya]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,194 |percentage=52.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jarbom Gamlin]] |party=Janata Dal |votes=2,895 |percentage=47.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=299 |percentage=4.91% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,089 |percentage=78.74% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,865 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Liromoba]]
* [[West Siang district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{coord|28.074|94.497|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:West Siang district]]
[[Category:Politics of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1990]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]

Asarwa Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:32:46Z

ChristenHii: Put Up Some Data Initial Version.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{expand list|date=June 2025}}{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Asarwa
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ahmedabad West Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmedabad West]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = SC
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 56
| mla = [[Darshna Vaghela]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:218193}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
}}
'''Asarwa''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]].

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref>

# Ahmedabad City Taluka (Part) – [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]] (Part) Ward No. – 17, 18, 19, 20, Asarva (OG) Ward No. – 44. With Dudheshwar Ward including Shahibaug up to Delhi Chakla.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| rowspan=2| [[Pradipsinh Jadeja]] ||rowspan=2|
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Rajnikant M Patel]]||
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Pradip Parmar]]<ref name=election2017/> ||
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Darshna Vaghela]] ||

|}

==Election results==
===2022===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2022]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Darshna Vaghela]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 80,155
|percentage = 64.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Vipul Mukundray Parmar|party=Indian National Congress|votes=25,982|percentage=20.79|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=J. J. Mevada|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=15,465|percentage=12.37|change=''New''}}

{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=43.34|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=124990|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser =
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2017===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Asarwa<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Pradip Parmar]]
|votes = 87,238
|percentage = 65.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kanubhai Vaghela
|votes = 37,974
|percentage = 28.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Karsanbhai Parmar
|votes = 2,790
|percentage = 2.10
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,067
|percentage = 1.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 49,264
|percentage = 37.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,32,571
|percentage = 65.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:202566}}
|ref= <ref name=election2017/>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Asarwa}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Rajnikant M Patel]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 76,829
|percentage = 61.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mangal Surajkar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 41,784
|percentage = 33.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 35,045
|percentage = 27.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,25,263
|percentage = 67.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}{{Election box end}}

===2007===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Asarwa}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Pradipsinh Jadeja]]
|votes = 66,201
|percentage = 53.35
|change = -1.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dr. Madhuben Pattani
|votes = 48,498
|percentage = 39.09
|change = +5.94
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ghanshyam Babaldas Patel
|votes = 2,922
|percentage = 2.35
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage = 14.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,24,083
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2002===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Asarwa}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Pradipsinh Jadeja]]
|votes = 61,877
|percentage = 55.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Chetan Prabodhbhai Raval
|votes = 37,174
|percentage = 33.15
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ghanshyam Babaldas Patel
|votes = 6,089
|percentage = 5.43
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage = 22.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,12,145
|percentage = 53.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Ahmedabad district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}
{{coord|23.05|72.61|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Ahmedabad district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Gujarat]]

Yelahanka Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:07:42Z

ChristenHii: Added entry - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Karnataka legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Yelahanka
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 150
| map_image = 150-Yelahanka constituency.svg
| map_caption = Map of Assembly constituency
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore Urban]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chikballapur Lok Sabha constituency|Chikkaballapur]]
| established = 1961
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:439087}} (2023)<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| mla = [[S. R. Vishwanath]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[B. Prasanna Kumar]]
}}
[[File:Yelahanka Assembly Constituency.jpg|thumb|Yelahanka Assembly Constituency]]
'''Yelahanka Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 constituencies in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] of [[Karnataka]], a southern state of [[India]]. [[Yelahanka]] is also part of [[Chikballapur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Yelahanka Assembly constituency |url=http://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/yelahanka.html |work=Elections.in |access-date= October 9, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=List of elected members of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly |url=http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/14assemblymemberslist.htm |work=kar.nic|access-date=October 9, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= October 9, 2017 }}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || [[Y. Ramakrishna]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || B. Narayanaswamappa || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || A. M. Suryanarayana Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || B. Basavalingappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || V. Sreenivasan || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan="2" | B. Basavalingappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1993 elections in India#Karnataka|1993 By-election]] {{efn|Due to death of B. Basavalingappa}} || [[B. Prasanna Kumar]]
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || [[M. H. Jayaprakashanarayan]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1996 elections in India#Karnataka|1996 By-election]] {{efn|Due to death of [[M. H. Jayaprakashanarayan]]}} || rowspan="3" | [[B. Prasanna Kumar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan="4" | [[S. R. Vishwanath]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}
{{notelist}}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Yelahanka <ref name=election2023/><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Yelahanka">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Yelahanka |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10150.htm?ac=150 |access-date=11 April 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411085205/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10150.htm?ac=150 |archive-date=11 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. R. Vishwanath]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 141,538 |percentage = 51.50% |change = {{increase}}2.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Keshava Rajanna. B |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 77,428 |percentage = 28.18% |change = {{increase}}11.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Munegowda. M |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 44,491 |percentage = 16.19% |change = {{decrease}}15.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashwath. M. M |party = Uttama Prajaakeeya Party |votes = 2,944 |percentage = 1.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,238 |percentage = 0.81% |change = {{decrease}}0.03 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 64,110 |percentage = 23.33% |change = {{increase}}5.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 274,963 |percentage = 62.62% |change = {{decrease}}0.64 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 274,807}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 439,087 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.27 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}2.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Yelahanka }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. R. Vishwanath]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 120,110 |percentage = 49.00% |change = {{increase}}11.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. M. Hanumanthegowda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 77,607 |percentage = 31.66% |change = {{increase}}3.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. N. Gopalakrishna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 41,449 |percentage = 16.91% |change = {{decrease}}9.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,051 |percentage = 0.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 42,503 |percentage = 17.34% |change = {{increase}}8.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 245,228 |percentage = 63.26% |change = {{decrease}}3.67 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 245,135}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 387,663 |ref = |change = {{increase}}32.19 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}11.28 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Yelahanka <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. R. Vishwanath]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 75,507 |percentage = 37.72% |change = {{decrease}}3.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Chandrappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 57,110 |percentage = 28.53% |change = {{increase}}3.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. N. Gopalakrishna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 52,372 |percentage = 26.16% |change = {{decrease}}4.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Venugopal Rao |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 3,736 |percentage = 1.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Eranna. G |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,538 |percentage = 0.77% |change = {{decrease}}0.41 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,397 |percentage = 9.19% |change = {{decrease}}1.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 196,282 |percentage = 66.93% |change = {{increase}}5.86 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 200,184}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 293,264 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.47 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}3.64 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Yelahanka <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[S. R. Vishwanath]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 60,975 |percentage = 41.36% |change = {{increase}}0.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Chandrappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 44,953 |percentage = 30.49% |change = {{decrease}}14.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = E. Krishnappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 37,070 |percentage = 25.14% |change = {{increase}}13.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sunitha. A. H |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,740 |percentage = 1.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. V. Vishwanath |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,218 |percentage = 0.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,022 |percentage = 10.87% |change = {{increase}}6.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 147,435 |percentage = 61.07% |change = {{increase}}10.72 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 147,435}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 241,439 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}62.00 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}3.91 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Yelahanka <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. Prasanna Kumar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 144,806 |percentage = 45.27% |change = {{decrease}}5.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Munikrishna. C |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 130,494 |percentage = 40.79% |change = {{increase}}6.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivaraj. V |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 36,033 |percentage = 11.26% |change = {{increase}}8.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajendra. S. V |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 2,003 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,312 |percentage = 4.47% |change = {{decrease}}11.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 319,903 |percentage = 50.35% |change = {{increase}}1.26 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 319,893}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 635,308 |ref = |change = {{increase}}26.65 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}5.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Yelahanka <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. Prasanna Kumar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 124,593 |percentage = 50.63% |change = {{decrease}}17.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Muniyappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 85,108 |percentage = 34.58% |change = {{increase}}2.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivaraj. V |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 19,604 |percentage = 7.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramakrishna. M |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 7,325 |percentage = 2.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Eazilan |party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes = 2,738 |percentage = 1.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Saravanan |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,536 |percentage = 1.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 39,485 |percentage = 16.04% |change = {{decrease}}20.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 246,256 |percentage = 49.09% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 246,093}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 501,637 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}17.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1996 elections in India#Karnataka|1996 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Yelahanka <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeNov1996/index.htm |title=Bye Elections - 1996 - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. Prasanna Kumar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 93,125 |percentage = 68.33% |change = {{increase}}36.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Muniyappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 43,158 |percentage = 31.67% |change = {{increase}}2.36 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 49,967 |percentage = 36.66% |change = {{increase}}35.61 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 136,283}}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}35.34 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Yelahanka <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. H. Jayaprakashanarayan]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 63,776 |percentage = 32.99% |change = {{decrease}}16.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. Prasanna Kumar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 61,755 |percentage = 31.94% |change = {{decrease}}18.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Muniyappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 56,666 |percentage = 29.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Saravanan |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,387 |percentage = 1.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Narayanaswamy |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 2,381 |percentage = 1.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Muniyappa |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,865 |percentage = 0.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mallanna. M. Nayak Wadi |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,310 |percentage = 0.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,021 |percentage = 1.05% |change = {{increase}}0.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 196,787 |percentage = 54.89% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 193,324}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,463 |percentage = 1.76% |change = }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 358,498 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}17.22 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1993 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1993 elections in India#Karnataka|1993 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Yelahanka <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. Prasanna Kumar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 61,357 |percentage = 50.21% |change = {{increase}}0.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. H. Jayaprakashanarayan]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 60,845 |percentage = 49.79% |change = {{increase}}16.31 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 512 |percentage = 0.42% |change = {{decrease}}16.04 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 122,202}}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}0.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Yelahanka <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Basavalingappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 70,882 |percentage = 49.94% |change = {{decrease}}2.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivaraj. V |party = Janata Dal |votes = 47,520 |percentage = 33.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Thyagaraju |party = Janata Party |votes = 10,883 |percentage = 7.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Muniswamy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,978 |percentage = 3.51% |change = {{increase}}2.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Muniyappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,865 |percentage = 2.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vemala Roshaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,025 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,362 |percentage = 16.46% |change = {{increase}}9.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 150,416 |percentage = 52.60% |change = {{decrease}}3.06 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 141,932}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 8,484 |percentage = 5.64% |change = {{increase}}4.06 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 285,968 |ref = |change = {{increase}}72.01 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}2.00 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Yelahanka <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Basavalingappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 47,302 |percentage = 51.94% |change = {{increase}}11.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivaraj. V |party = Janata Party |votes = 40,960 |percentage = 44.98% |change = {{decrease}}11.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. M. Raju |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,072 |percentage = 1.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Muddaiah |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 547 |percentage = 0.60% |change = {{decrease}}2.84 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,342 |percentage = 6.96% |change = {{decrease}}8.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 92,527 |percentage = 55.66% |change = {{decrease}}5.78 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 91,066}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,461 |percentage = 1.58% |change = {{decrease}}0.80 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 166,246 |ref = |change = {{increase}}27.30 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}4.04 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Yelahanka <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = V. Sreenivasan |party = Janata Party |votes = 43,851 |percentage = 55.98% |change = {{increase}}10.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Basavalingappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,783 |percentage = 40.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Shivachandra Naik |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,695 |percentage = 3.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,068 |percentage = 15.41% |change = {{increase}}7.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 80,236 |percentage = 61.44% |change = {{decrease}}7.83 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 78,329}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,907 |percentage = 2.38% |change = {{increase}}0.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 130,591 |ref = |change = {{increase}}40.74 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}2.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Yelahanka <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Basavalingappa |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 33,662 |percentage = 53.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Munichinnappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 28,587 |percentage = 45.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chikkabaliappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 593 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,075 |percentage = 8.08% |change = {{decrease}}22.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 64,274 |percentage = 69.27% |change = {{increase}}19.18 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 62,842}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,432 |percentage = 2.23% |change = {{increase}}2.23 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,790 |ref = |change = {{increase}}39.32 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.55 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Yelahanka <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = A. M. Suryanarayana Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,751 |percentage = 58.12% |change = {{increase}}12.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. V. Ramachandra Reddy |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 8,793 |percentage = 27.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Balasundaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,086 |percentage = 9.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Jayadeva |party = Independent politician |votes = 983 |percentage = 3.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. R. Rame Gowda |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 651 |percentage = 2.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,958 |percentage = 30.86% |change = {{increase}}27.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 33,364 |percentage = 50.09% |change = {{decrease}}13.50 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 32,264}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,603 |ref = |change = {{increase}}22.47 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}8.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Yelahanka <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Narayanaswamappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 16,307 |percentage = 49.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. V. B. Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,046 |percentage = 45.97% |change = {{decrease}}16.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Ramappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 864 |percentage = 2.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. M. Munivenatappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 515 |percentage = 1.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,261 |percentage = 3.85% |change = {{decrease}}39.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 34,583 |percentage = 63.59% |change = {{increase}}2.85 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 32,732}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,384 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.17 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}12.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Yelahanka <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Y. Ramakrishna]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,217 |percentage = 62.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Balasundaram |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 5,403 |percentage = 19.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Hanumaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,661 |percentage = 9.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Munishamappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,088 |percentage = 3.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narayanamma |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 707 |percentage = 2.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. G. Chickkathimmaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 220 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,814 |percentage = 43.09% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,191 |percentage = 60.74% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 27,419}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,057 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Yelahanka]]
* [[Bangalore Urban district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|13.118|77.599|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bengaluru Urban district]]
[[Category:Politics of Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Mysore State]]

Amrita Devi

2026-04-14T09:49:29Z

ChristenHii:

{{Short description|18th-century Indian environmentalist and martyr}}{{Infobox person
| name = Amrita Devi
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1700-1702
| birth_place =
| death_date = 11 September 1730 (Aged 28-30)
| known_for = environmental martyr [[Khejarli massacre]]
}}

'''Amrita Devi''' known as''' Amrita Devi Bishnoi'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-11 |title=9 Reasons To Know Amrita Devi Bishnoi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/visualstories/information/9-reasons-to-know-amrita-devi-bishnoi-62195-11-09-2023 |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=www.indiatoday.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sahapedia |date=2020-09-10 |title=When Amrita Devi and 362 Bishnois sacrificed their lives for the Khejri tree |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2020/09/11/when-amrita-devi-and-362-bishnois-sacrificed-their-lives-for-the-khejri-tree/ |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=Feminism in India |language=en-GB}}</ref>was an environmentalist from the [[ Bishnoi|Bishnoi community]] who sacrificed her life in 1730 to protect [[Khejri]] trees.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-04 |title=Khejri, the tree that inspired Chipko movement, is dying a slow death |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/khejri-the-tree-that-inspired-chipko-movement-is-dying-a-slow-death-4409701/ |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=AR |first=Reshmi |date=2026-03-07 |title=The Forgotten Roots of India’s Eco Feminism |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/amrita-devi-and-the-women-who-refused-to-let-trees-fall-1942073 |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> Her bravery in the [[Khejarli massacre]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=LPsvytmN3mUC&pg=PA114&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province |date=1997 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-85297-68-2 |language=en}}</ref> became the ultimate symbol of nature conservation and inspired modern movements like the [[Chipko Movement]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-28 |title=The Bishnois, India's original environmentalists, who inspired the Chipko movement |url=https://ecologise.in/2017/05/28/the-bishnois-indias-original-environmentalists-who-inspired-the-chipko-movement/ |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=Ecologise |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bishnoi villagers sacrifice lives to save trees, 1730 {{!}} Global Nonviolent Action Database |url=https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/bishnoi-villagers-sacrifice-lives-save-trees-1730 |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Bishnoi: India’s First Environmentalists |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/08/the-bishnoi-indias-first-environmentalists/ |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Khejarli massacre==
{{Main|Khejarli massacre}}
The Khejarli massacre was an event in 1730 in Rajasthan where 363 Bishnoi people were killed while peacefully protecting Khejri trees.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chipko Movement |url=https://www.tottenhamtrees.org/chipko-movement.html |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=Tottenham Trees |language=en}}</ref> Led by Amrita Devi Bishnoi, the villagers hugged the trees to prevent them from being felled by the soldiers of Maharaja Abhai Singh of Marwar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukul |first=Sushim |date=2024-10-18 |title=When 300 Bishnois sacrificed their lives to save trees from a maharaja |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bishnoi-community-khejarli-massacre-maharaja-jodhpur-khejri-tree-hugging-rajasthan-chipko-movement-salman-khan-blackbucks-2619054-2024-10-18 |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:363_Bishnoi_Sacrifice_Memorial.jpg|thumb|A memorial Commemorating 363 Bishnois died for saving Green Trees.]]

==Legacy and honours==
{{main|Amrita Devi Bishnoi National Award}}
The [[Amrita Devi Bishnoi National Award]] was established by the Government of India. The award honours individuals or communities for significant contributions to wildlife protection.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/Jairam-Ramesh-announces-Amrita-Devi-and-Gaura-Devi-awards-for-environment-protection/article14683079.ece |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=www.thehindu.com|title=Jairam Ramesh announces Amrita Devi and Gaura Devi awards for environment protection}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering Amrita’s sacrifice |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/remembering-amrita-s-sacrifice-830178/ |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amrita Devi Bishnoi and the Khejri |url=https://azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in/amrita-devi-bishnoi-and-the-khejri |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=Azim Premji University |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=National Forest Martyrs Day 2020: Why we observe this day on Sept 11 every year and how it started |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/lifestyle/nation-forest-martyrs-day-2020-why-we-observe-this-day-on-sept-11-every-year-and-how-it-started-10016542 |access-date=2026-04-11 |website=The Daily Jagran |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{Veganism}}
[[Category:1700s births]]
[[Category:1730 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian women environmentalists]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]

{{India-activist-stub}}
{{environmentalist-stub}}

G. D. Agrawal

2026-04-13T14:14:33Z

ChristenHii:

{{Short description|Indian environmentalist (1932–2018)}}
{{tone|date =March 2010}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = G. D. Agrawal
| image = G. D. Agrawal.jpg
| alt =
| caption = G. D. Agrawal
| birth_name = Guru Das Agrawal
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1932|07|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kandhla]], [[Muzaffarnagar district]], [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], [[British Raj]] (present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|2018|10|11|1932|7|20|df=y}}
| death_place = [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]
| body_discovered =
| death_cause = [[Starvation|Fast-unto-death]]
| resting_place = [[Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh|Chitrakoot]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| citizenship =Bhartiya (Indian)
| other_names = Sant Swami Sanand, Swami Gyan Swaroop Sanand
| known_for = Stopping construction of dams on the [[Bhagirathi River]] in 2009
| education = Civil engineering [[Environmental engineering]]
| alma_mater = [[Benaras Hindu University]] [[IIT Roorkee]] [[University of California at Berkeley]]
| employer = Government of India [[Environmental impact assessment#India|Central Pollution Control Board]], civil and environmental engineering at [[IIT Kanpur]]
| notable works =
| occupation = [[Environmental engineer]]
| years_active =
| height =
| title = First Member-Secretary (CPCB), former Head of the Department (IIT)
| term = 17 years at [[IIT Kanpur]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party =
| opponents =
| boards =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relations =
| callsign =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Guru das Agrawal''', also known as Sant Swami Sanand, Professor G. D. Agrawal or Sant Swami Gyan Swaroop Sanand (20 July 1932 – 11 October 2018), was an Indian environmentalist, engineer, religious leader, monk, and professor. He was the Patron of [[Ganga Mahasabha]], founded by [[Madan Mohan Malviya]] in 1905.

He is notable for several fasts undertaken to stop many projects on the [[Ganges|River Ganga]]. His [[Fasting#Political fasting|fast]] in 2009 led to the damming of the [[Bhagirathi River]] being stopped.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2012/03/16/dying-for-the-ganges-a-scientist-turned-swami-risks-all/ |title=Dying for the Ganges: A Scientist Turned Swami Risks All |website=National Geographic Blog |access-date=13 August 2018 |archive-date=7 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207065813/https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2012/03/16/dying-for-the-ganges-a-scientist-turned-swami-risks-all/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Agrawal died on 11 October 2018, after fasting since 22 June 2018, demanding the government act on its promises to clean and save the Ganga.<ref>{{cite news |title='Ganga Activist' GD Agrawal, On Fast From About 4 Months For Clean Ganga, Dies at 87 - HeadLines Today |url=https://headlinestoday.org/national/3681/ganga-activist-gd-agrawal-on-fast-from-about-4-months-for-clean-ganga-dies-at-87/ |accessdate=11 October 2018 |work=headlinestoday.org |agency=Headlines Today |date=11 October 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Early life==
Born to a farming family in [[Kandhla]], [[Muzaffarnagar district]], Uttar Pradesh, in 1932, he studied in local primary and secondary schools. He graduated in civil engineering from the [[University of Roorkee]] (now IIT Roorkee). While he was the member secretary of the [[Central Pollution Control Board]] during 1979 – 1980, he was also a visiting professor for environmental engineering at the university of [[Roorkee]].{{Citation needed|date= April 2022}}

In July 2011, he became a Hindu [[sannyasi]] and Swami Gyanswaroop Sanand.<ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/environment/the-good-earth/noted-environmentalist-embraces-sanyas/articleshow/9093007.cms Noted environmentalist embraces sanyas] Times of India – 4 July 2011</ref>

==Environmental activism==

===Background===
Despite numerous protests and representations by local citizens, 6 hydroelectric power-plant dams were planned, seeking clearance or already under construction, on a {{convert|125|km}} stretch of the [[Bhagirathi River]]'s {{convert|2525|km}} length. This run is from the river's source at the [[Gangotri Glacier]] to the remote town of Uttarkashi in the Himalayan foothills. In pursuit of its energy intensive plan for economic growth, the Indian government had hastily pushed hydroelectric generating projects on the river, destroying what many describe as the traditional Indian ethos of worshipping and living in harmony with nature.<ref name="Iceland">{{cite web|url=http://savingiceland.puscii.nl/?p=1281&language=en |title=Fast to death against Ganges dams Dis |date=24 June 2008 |publisher=Saving Iceland |accessdate=3 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724163439/http://savingiceland.puscii.nl/?p=1281&language=en |archivedate=24 July 2011}}</ref>

[[File:Bhagirathi River at Gangotri.JPG|thumb|250px|The [[Bhagirathi River]], site of the [[Loharinag Pala Hydro Power Project]] the [[headstream|source stream]] of the [[Ganges River]], in [[Gangotri]], Uttarakhand,]]

====2009====
Agrawal started a fast on 13 June 2009 at Uttarkashi. His demand was minimal and specific, i.e. to allow the flow of the Ganges in its original channel in this {{convert|125|km}} stretch from its origin. This is the only stretch left where the Ganges can still be seen undisturbed by man. The free-running of the river is a crucial element of its sacred status.<ref name="Vidal"/>

Before his fast began in January, Agrawal said, "The water ...(of the Ganges) is not ordinary water to a Hindu. It is a matter of life and death of Hindu faith".<ref name="Vidal">{{cite news|url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/4266|title=Himalayas hydroelectric dam project stopped after scientist on hunger strike against the project almost dies|last=John Vidal |date=13 March 2009|work=reprint by International Rivers|publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited|accessdate=1 March 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002141529/http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/4266|archivedate=2 October 2011}}</ref>

'''An allegation by Uttarakhand Minister'''

[[Diwakar Bhatt]], in a press conference, alleged that "It may be that the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) of the US or Pakistan's Inter Service Intelligence (ISI) are behind these so-called anti-hydro projects in Uttarakhand, as by doing so they are hampering the development of the state and ultimately of India. So, they are traitors and should be opposed by people too."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uk.abclive.in/uttarakhand_environment/3482-g_d_aggarwal_cia_agent.html |title=Diwakar Bhatt Alleges Environmentalist Prof GD Aggarwal as CIA Agent |access-date=4 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018125707/http://uk.abclive.in/uttarakhand_environment/3482-g_d_aggarwal_cia_agent.html |archive-date=18 October 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====2013====
In mid-June 2013, Agrawal began his fast in the wake of the inactivity of [[National Ganga River Basin Authority]]. He stopped taking water on 21 September as his fast entered its 101st day. Due to government's apathy towards Agrawal's fast, three members of the national Ganga River Basin Authority, Rajendra Singh, Ravi Chopra and Rashid Siddiqui resigned.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ex-IIT Professor G D Agrawal gives up water after fasting for 101 days|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/09/ex-iit-professor-g-d-agrawal-gives-up-water-after-fasting-for-101-days/|accessdate=23 September 2013}}</ref>

====2018====
In February 2018, Agrawal sent an open letter to Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] urging him to stop environmentally unfriendly projects and ensure what he calls the 'aviral' flow of the river in the upper stretches of the river Ganga.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gangatapasya.in/2018/08/11/letter-to-pm-24th-feb-2018/ |title=Letter to PM 24th Feb 2018 |website=Gangatapasya |access-date=13 August 2018 |archive-date=13 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813144626/http://gangatapasya.in/2018/08/11/letter-to-pm-24th-feb-2018/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He reminded the prime minister that "It will be four years in May when the Central government will complete four years in office, but nothing has been done so far for the cause of Ganga".<ref>{{cite news |title=Opposing dams on Ganga, octogenarian announces fast |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/opposing-dams-on-ganga-octogenarian-announces-fast-550684 | date=28 February 2018 | first=Jotirmay | last=Thapliyal | newspaper=The Tribune | location=India | accessdate=19 January 2020}}</ref>

Agrawal had mentioned in the letter that if no action is taken by [[Ganga Dussehra]] (22 June 2018), he will go on fast-unto-death. He wrote another letter to PM on 13 June. After receiving no response from the government, he began his fast on 22 June at Haridwar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Environmentalist on fast after failing to get reply from fellow 'gangaputra' Modi |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/environmentalist-on-fast-after-failing-to-get-reply-from-fellow-gangaputra-modi/610912.html |newspaper=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://gangatoday.com/articles/189-base-of-sanand-swami-fast.html |script-title=hi:गंगाजी और पन-बिजली |language=hi |website=Ganga Today |title=Ganga Today }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

On the 19th day of his fast, police evicted him from his fast venue to [[AIIMS Rishikesh]]. Based on a petition filed by Agrawal against forced eviction, Uttarakhand high-court stepped in and said he needs to be taken to hospital only if his health is in danger.<ref>{{cite news |title=Police evicts GD Agrawal from venue of hunger strike on 19th day of fast |url=http://www.uniindia.com/police-evicts-gd-agrawal-from-venue-of-hunger-strike-on-19th-day-of-fast/india/news/1285254.html |newspaper=United News of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=High Court steps-in, in GD Agrawal's stir, fast continues on 20th day |url=http://www.uniindia.com/high-court-steps-in-in-gd-agrawal-s-stir-fast-continues-on-20th-day/india/news/1286353.html |newspaper=United News of India}}</ref>

The government responded to Agrawal's fast via [[Nitin Gadkari]] (Union Minister for [[Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation|Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation]]), but it failed to resolve the impasse. Agrawal alleged that government is focusing on the cleaning river Ganga whereas his holistic vision ensures 'aviral-nirmal' Ganga.{{Citation needed|date= April 2022}}

On 13 August (53rd day of the fast), Agrawal was admitted to AIIMS again.{{Citation needed|date= April 2022}}

On 9 October (the 109th day of the fast), he stopped drinking water and refused to take medicine, water or any fluid/juice orally. However, he gave written consent to doctors for administering potassium orally and drip to provide 500ML saline fluid per day to maintain the minimum fluid and electrolyte needs of the body.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/g-d-agrawal-continues-fast-on-112th-day-at-aiims-rishikesh/india/news/1375495.html|title=G D Agrawal continues fast on 112th day at AIIMS Rishikesh|accessdate=25 April 2023}}</ref>

On 11 October (the 111th day of the fast), he died from starvation, aged 86.{{Citation needed|date= April 2022}}

===Dam stopped===
Work on the [[Loharinag Pala Hydro Power Project]] was stopped when Agrawal came close to dying on the 38th day of his [[Fasting#Political fasting|fast]] in protest of the harnessing of the river Bhagirathi. In a letter dated 19 February 2009 to Agrawal, the Ministry of Power stated that it had ordered the immediate suspension of work on the Loharinag-Pala Hydropower Project on the Bhagirathi River. In response, Agrawal ended his fast the following day at 11:00 am.<ref name="Agrawal">{{cite web|url=https://peoplesscienceinstitute.blogspot.com/|title=Agrawal's Fast Successful POSTED BY GD AGRAWAL|last=Agrawal|first=G.D.|date=23 November 2009|work=Press Release – 20.02.2009 |accessdate=3 March 2010}}</ref> The Indian government agreed to speed up its inquiry into how electricity could be generated without the flow of the Ganges being impeded.<ref name="Vidal"/>

Agrawal's devotion to the River Ganges comes from his strong Hindu faith and conviction that India is staring at an unprecedented ecological and cultural catastrophe. As a citizen and a patriot, he has made it his life's mission to recall India to its traditional reverence for nature and to share that wisdom with the "developed" world. His sense of duty allows him to do no less.<ref name="Vidal"/>

===National Ganges River Basin Authority===
His campaign was taken up by leaders of the opposition party, who called for stopping all dam constructions upstream of the river. The Government of India was quick to commit itself to ensure perennial environmentally acceptable flows throughout the river and informing Agrawal of the same. The Government then went a step ahead and declared the Ganges a National River<ref name="Govind">{{cite news|url=https://www.expertsure.com/2008/11/21/river-pollution-control-strategy-ganga-declared-the-national-river-of-india/|title=EcoLocalizer River Pollution Control Strategy: Ganga Declared the "National River" of India|last=Singh|first=Govind|date=21 November 2008|work=EcoLocalizer|publisher=Green Options Media|accessdate=3 March 2010}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> and set up the [[National Ganga River Basin Authority]] (NGRBA) as an empowered planning, implementing, and monitoring authority for the Ganges.<ref name="BinaySingh">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-04/varanasi/28103392_1_national-river-ngrba-ganga-action-plan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811045302/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-04/varanasi/28103392_1_national-river-ngrba-ganga-action-plan|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=First anniversary of Ganga being declared as National River of India|last=Singh|first=Binay|date=4 November 2009|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=3 March 2010}}</ref>

On 4 November 2009, in New Delhi, Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]], also the chairman of NGRBA, directed the concerned officials to expedite of the National Ganges River Basin Research Institute (NGRBRI). The [[Banaras Hindu University#Organisation and administration|Centre for Environmental Studies and Technology]] (CEST), [[Banaras Hindu University]] was named the research institute that would act as knowledge centre for collecting and analysing all relevant data concerning the Ganges basin.

The objectives of NGRBRI are to:
* generate primary ecological data required by NGBRA for short and long-term planning of [[sustainable development]] of the Ganges River basin
* investigate the hydrology and pollution problems along the river basin
* study social, cultural and religious dimensions and develop eco-friendly technologies for sustainable development
* act as the knowledge centre for the collection and analysis of all relevant data concerning the Ganges basin
* create long-term models for future planning for maintaining water quality and its varied sustainable uses<ref name="TNN">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-22/varanasi/28136536_1_sustainable-development-ngrba-ganga-river-basin|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811045311/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-22/varanasi/28136536_1_sustainable-development-ngrba-ganga-river-basin|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=City to get National Ganga River Basin Research Institute|last=TNN|date=22 February 2010|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=3 March 2010}}</ref>

On 10 February 2010, Union [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Minister of State (Independent Charge)]] for [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Environment and Forests]] [[Jairam Ramesh]], addressing the Ganges{{En dash}}Yamuna summit organised by the [[Teen Murti Bhavan|Nehru Memorial Library and Museum]] said: "I have said in the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] that India is a civilisation of rivers, and it should not become a land of tunnels." He said some new projects on Bhagirathi River would not be allowed. "There are no two opinions. There is just one mass opinion that the projects proposed on the river Bhagirathi, named Pala Maneri and Bhaironghati projects, will not be entertained further by the government."<ref name="ANI">{{cite news|url=http://www.oneindia.com/2010/02/10/jairamramesh-emphasises-at-the-need-of-river-conservation.html|title=Jairam Ramesh emphasises at the need of river conservation|last=ANI|date=10 February 2010|work= Oneindia|publisher= Greynium Information Technologies Pvt. Ltd. |access-date=3 March 2010}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://tapasya-bhagirathi.blogspot.com/2008/05/prof-agrawals-letter-regarding-fasting.html Prof. Agrawal's Letter regarding 'Fasting Unto Death'] Pramod-Van, Chitrakoot, M.P. Date: 14 April 2008, Re: My Intention of "Fasting Unto Death" for Conservation of Bhagirathi
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120726223244/http://www.peoplesscienceinstitute.com/updates/psiNews/GD%20News%20Clippings.html News clippings related to Agrawal's fast-unto-death]
* {{YouTube|gbXlJOZ7Bdc|Save Ganga – Bhagirathi Bachao Sankalap – Part I}}, Video – 8:41; {{YouTube|DJdpS5fWnSU|Part II}}, Video 9:39; {{YouTube|AdiX3M2KMOY|Part III}}, Video 8:25
* [https://thewire.in/rights/read-gd-agrawal-final-letter-narendra-modi-saving-ganga# G.D. Agrawal's Third and Final Letter to PM Modi on Saving the Ganga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013053832/https://thewire.in/rights/read-gd-agrawal-final-letter-narendra-modi-saving-ganga |date=13 October 2018 }}
* [https://www.thequint.com/news/india/swami-dayanand-gd-agrawal-aide-alleges-murder-by-bjp-nitin-gadkari-pm-modi# ‘Ganges Crusader GD Agrawal Murdered,’ Aide Attacks Modi, Gadkari]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agrawal, G. D.}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]
[[Category:UC Berkeley College of Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:IIT Roorkee alumni]]
[[Category:Hindu activists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:IIT Kanpur people]]
[[Category:Environmental engineers]]
[[Category:People who died on hunger strike]]
[[Category:Indian hunger strikers]]
[[Category:People from Muzaffarnagar district]]

Devidutt Pant

2026-04-04T20:24:25Z

ChristenHii: new new bio!

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Devidutt Pant
| image = Devidutt Pant.png
| birth_date = {{birth date|1907|04|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Khantoli]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1982|4|14|1907|04|11|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bikaner]], [[India]]
| spouse = Lilawati Pant
| children =
| country = India
| citizenship = India
| parents = Taradutt Pant
| awards = Tamra Patra Award
}}
'''Devidutt Pant'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devi Pant Family History & Historical Records |url=https://www.myheritage.com/names/devi_pant?tr_id=m_vzwpb9rqr2_tnfndot4wd |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=MyHeritage |language=EN}}</ref> (11 April 1907 – 14 April 1982) was an Indian freedom fighter and founder of '''Bikaner Khadi Bhandar''' in [[Bikaner]] city of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]] . He was born in [[Khantoli]] ([[District]] [[Bageshwar]], [[Uttarakhand]]) in the middle [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] range of [[Kumaon division|Kumaun]] district located at 5000’ altitude. He moved to [[Rajasthan]] around 1927<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/pt.-devidutt-pant-among-rare-gandhians |title=Pt. Devidutt Pant – Among Rare Gandhians |date=2009-03-09}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=History of Kumaun (English version of Kumaun Ka Itihas) Vol 1 by Badri Dutt Pandey |url=https://kumauniarchives.com/Display?id=141145c9-8171-4fc3-9f1f-133cce35434a |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=kumauniarchives.com |language=en}}</ref> from [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]].

From 1927 to 1935, Devidutt lived in various villages around Jaipur State. He was working for '''Akhil Bhartiya Charkha''' Sangh that had its headquarter in a village Govindgarh-Malikpur near [[Jaipur]]. All Khadi workers were expected to join national freedom movement against British government and go to jail whenever Mahatma Gandhi gave call. He was sentenced with hard labor of Six months during [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|Non Cooperation Movement]] post [[Salt March|Dandi March]] on 13 February 1932. He served this jail term in [[Ajmer]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Pande |first=Badari Datta |title=Kumaun Ka Itihas |publisher=Shyam Prakashan |year=1993}}</ref> All prisoners were expected to carry out heavy manual labor like Grinding Wheat (Chakki Peesna), Oil Pressing, Making Jute ropes and other hard labor work. [[Haribhau Upadhyaya]] and [[Hiralal Shastri|Hira Lal Shashtri]] were also in the Jail with him who later reached at higher positions in the politics of Rajputana. All the prisoners were released under Gandhi-Irvine pact.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />

Devidutt Pant was one of the freedom fighter who was associated with the Khadi movement in [[India]] along with many other Indians. He promoted [[Khadi]], a handspun and handwoven cloth made using [[Spinning wheel|Charkha]], which became a symbol of India's struggle for independence from [[British Raj|British rule]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Govt of India |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?22206}}</ref>

Devidutt Pant established the "Khadi Bhandar" in [[Bikaner]], [[Rajasthan]], contributing to the promotion and sale of [[Khadi]] cloth. The Khadi Bhandar was not only a commercial venture but also a part of the larger Gandhian philosophy of self-reliance and economic independence. The Khadi movement, started by [[Mahatma Gandhi]], aimed to revitalize the rural economy by promoting Khadi making as cottage industries.<ref name=":2" />

Devidutt Pant's efforts in establishing and managing the Khadi Bhandar helped in creating employment opportunities in rural areas of [[Rajasthan]]. Khadi movement people to use local raw materials, like Kapaas and traditional craftsmanship.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Devidutt Pant |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/haridwar/story-ukrand-remembers-devi-dutt-pant-6937816.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sri Devidutt Pant |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.287231/page/n113/mode/2up |title=Aatima |date=1955}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Freedom Fighters |url=https://www.umjb.in/gyankosh_category/118 |access-date= |website=umjb.in |language=en}}</ref> Until his death he actively promoted the Khadi. He was a recipient of [[Indian copper plate inscriptions|Tamra Patra Award]] from former prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]] in recognition of her contribution in the freedom struggle on15 August 1972.<ref name=":0" />

A statue of Pt. Devidutt Pant was unveiled on Thursday, 24 November 2022, at Khadi Gramodyog Pratisthan, opposite Dr. Karni Singh Stadium. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Joshi |first=Dheeraj |date=24 November 2022 |title=Unveiling of statue of freedom fighter and ex khadi minister devidutt pant at khadi |url=https://bikaner24x7news.com/unveiling-of-statue-of-freedom-fighter-and-ex-khadi-minister-devidutt-pant-at-khadi/ }}</ref>

==Gallery==
{{gallery
| File:Death Anniversary Report.jpg
| A newspaper cutting published on 15 Apr 1983 on his first death Anniversary
| File:Devidutt Pant and Lalita Shashtri.jpg
| Picture with [[Lalita Shastri]] (wife of the second prime minister [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] of India)
| File:Abhinandan Patra given posthumously.jpg
| Abhinandan Patra given posthumously
| File:Tamrapatra by Government of India- Devidutt Pant.png
| Tamrapatra by Government of India
| File:List of Tamrapatra recipients from Government of Rajasthan -1.png
| Front Page of the Tamrapatra recipients from Government of Rajasthan
| File:List of Tamrapatra recipients from Government of Rajasthan -2.png
| List of Tamrapatra recipients from Government of Rajasthan
}}

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
* [https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?22206 देवीदत्त पंत], [[Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav]], [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], [[Government of India]]

[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Bageshwar district]]
[[Category:Bikaner]]

Saat Phere – Saloni Ka Safar

2026-03-31T10:32:38Z

ChristenHii: Put Up Page

{{short description|Indian drama television series (2005)}}
{{about|the Hindi television serial|the Hindu marriage ceremony|Satphere}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Saat Phere poster.jpeg
| caption = Promotional poster
| runtime = 30 minutes
| writer = Purnendu Shekhar, Sampurn Anand, Anar Anand, Rajesh Dubey
| music = Abhijeet Hegdepatil
| director = Rakesh Sarang [[Rajan Shahi]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Leap of faith|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/leap-of-faith-3/|website=The Indian Express|date=3 September 2010}}</ref>
| starring = [[Rajshree Thakur]], [[Sharad Kelkar]]
| opentheme = "Saat Pheron Mein" by [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| country = India
| company = [[Sphere Origins]]
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2005|10|17|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2009|05|28|df=yes}}
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 854
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Saat Phere – Saloni Ka Safar''''' (International title: ''Saloni'') is an Indian Hindi-language drama television series that aired on [[Zee TV]] from 17 October 2005 to 28 May 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|title=To die or not to die?|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/to-die-or-not-to-die/cid/515282|website=The Telegraph}}</ref> Produced by Sphere Origins, the show starred [[Rajshree Thakur]] and [[Sharad Kelkar]]. The story focused on issues of social discrimination, especially surrounding skin colour, and was one of Zee TV’s most popular shows in the mid-2000s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Two new shows propel Zee TV back into the soap game, unveil new traditional woman|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/20060626-kasamh-se-and-saat-phere-boost-trp-of-zee-tv-782939-2006-06-26|website=India Today|date=26 June 2006}}</ref>

==Plot==
The series follows Saloni (Rajshree Thakur), a young woman who faces prejudice due to her dark skin tone. Despite societal challenges, she strives to build her own identity and lead a fulfilling life through her talent of singing. Saloni marries Nahar (Sharad Kelkar) and navigates the struggles of marriage and family responsibilities while confronting social biases and various external enemies who want to harm her family.

Later in the series, following a generation leap, the focus shifts to Saloni's daughter Savri, who encounters her own challenges before the family is ultimately reunited.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fair in love war|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/fair-in-love-war/cid/1661492|website=The Telegraph}}</ref>

==Cast ==
{{cleanup|section|reason=This section focuses too much on family trees and relationships and should be more concerned with describing characters, personalities, as well as introducing real-world information about casting, etc. See [[WP:TVCAST]] for guidance.|date=April 2020}}
* [[Rajshree Thakur]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/rajshri-quits-saat-phere|title=Rajshri quits Saat Phere|date=2008-10-23|website= Tellychakkar Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-10}}</ref> as Saloni Singh – Narpat and Ambika's elder daughter; Shubhra and Samar's sister; Kalika's half-sister; Nahar's widow; Savri's mother; Shweta's adoptive mother (2005–2009)
* [[Sharad Kelkar]] as
** Nahar Singh – Abhay's younger son; Bhabho's adopted son; Brijesh, Aditi and Piya's brother; Saloni's husband; Savri's father; Shweta's adoptive father (2005–2008) (Dead)
** Swami Amrit – Nahar's lookalike; Gurumaa's son; Saloni's friend; Savri and Shweta's foster father (2008–2009)
* [[Raqesh Bapat]] as Neel / Neerav – Saloni's childhood friend and ex-lover; Shubhra's ex-husband; Nishi's husband (2005–2008)
* [[Mohan Bhandari]] as Narpat Singh – Narendra's brother; Ambika's husband; Shyama's ex-lover; Saloni, Shubhra, Samar and Kalika's father (2005–2009)
* Pratichi Mishra as Ambika Singh – Saloni, Shubhra and Samar's mother (2005–2009)
* [[Prithvi Zutshi]] as Narendra Singh – Narpat's brother; Manno's husband; Abhi's father (2006–2007)
* [[Neena Gupta]] as Manorama "Manno" Singh – Narendra's wife; Abhi's mother (2005–2009)
* Poonam Gulati as Shubhra Singh – Narpat and Ambika's younger daughter; Saloni and Samar's sister; Kalika's half-sister; Neel's ex-wife; Kunjan's wife (2005–2008)
* [[Chetanya Adib]] as Kunjan Singh – Shubhra's husband (2005–2008)
* [[Anand Suryavanshi]] / [[Mazher Sayed]] as Samar Singh – Narpat and Ambika's son; Saloni and Shubhra's brother; Kalika's half-brother; Kaveri's husband; Kamini's father; Nikita's adoptive father (2005–2009)
* Aanchal Dwiwedi as Kaveri Chaudhary Singh – Samar's wife; Kamini's mother; Nikita's adoptive mother (2005–2009)
* [[Surekha Sikri]] as Mrs. Singh aka Bhabho – Abhay's wife; Brijesh, Aditi, Nahar and Piya's adoptive mother; Aditya, Ishaan, Savri and Shweta's adoptive grandmother (2005–2009)
* [[Bharat Kaul]] as Abhay Singh – Bhabho's husband; Brijesh, Aditi, Nahar and Piya's father; Aditya, Ishaan and Savri's grandfather; Shweta's adoptive grandfather (2007)
* Ahmed Khan as Mr. Singh – Abhay's father; Brijesh, Aditi, Nahar and Piya's grandfather (2007)
* [[Akshay Anand]] as Brijesh Singh – Abhay's elder son; Bhabho's adopted son; Aditi, Nahar and Piya's brother; Urvashi's ex-husband; Tara's husband; Aditya's father (2005–2009)
* [[Ashlesha Sawant]] as Tara Singh – Maasa's step-daughter; Urvashi's step-sister; Brijesh's second wife; Aditya's adoptive mother (2005–2009)
* [[Nivedita Bhattacharya]] as Urvashi Singh – Maasa's daughter; Tara's step-sister; Brijesh's ex-wife; Veer's wife; Aditya's mother (2006–2009)
* [[Aditi Pratap]] as Aditi Singh – Abhay's elder daughter; Bhabho's adopted daughter; Brijesh, Nahar and Piya's sister; Dheer's wife; Ishaan's mother (2005–2007)
* Ashish Kapoor as Dheer – Aditi's husband; Ishaan's father (2005–2009)
* [[Amrita Prakash]] as Piya Singh – Abhay's younger daughter; Bhabho's adopted daughter; Brijesh, Aditi and Nahar's sister; Shridhar's ex-wife; Shekhar's wife (2005–2006)
* [[Amit Dolawat]] as Shridhar – Piya's ex-husband (2007)
* [[Sachin Shroff]] as Shekhar Sharma / Fake Abhi – Manno and Narendra's fake son; Piya's second husband (2007)
* [[Rachana Parulkar]] as Savri Singh – Saloni and Nahar's daughter; Amrit's foster daughter; Shweta's adopted sister; Aditya, Ishaan and Kamini's cousin; Nikita's adopted cousin; Daksh's wife (2009)
* *[[Ulka Gupta]] as Child Savri Singh (2009)
* [[Amrapali Dubey]] as Shweta Singh – Saloni and Nahar's adopted daughter; Amrit's foster daughter; Savri's adopted sister; Aditya, Ishaan, Kamini and Nikita's adopted cousin; Aman's ex-fiancée; Rajveer's wife (2009)
** [[Hiba Nawab]] as Child Shweta Singh (2009)
* [[Ali Merchant]] as Rajveer – Shweta's husband (2009)
* Puneet Sachdev as Aman – Shweta's ex-fiancé (2009)
* [[Aham Sharma]] as Aditya Singh – Brijesh and Urvashi's son; Tara's adopted son; Ishaan and Savri's cousin; Shweta's adopted cousin (2009)
* [[Shalini Kapoor (actress)|Shalini Kapoor]] as Madhu (2009)
* Gaurav Vaish as Ishaan – Dheer and Aditi's son; Aditya and Savri's cousin; Shweta's adopted cousin (2005–2009)
* [[Keerti Gaekwad Kelkar]] as
** Chandni Singh, Padam Singh's daughter /
** Devika Nahar Singh, Nahar's ex-wife (2006–2007)
* Sachin Sharma as Dev, Chandni's husband (2007)
* Meenakshi Verma as Padma Gajpratap Singh – Shubhra's mother-in-law, Kunjan's mother (2005–2008)
* [[Tej Sapru]] as Gajpratap Singh – Shubhra's father-in-law, Kunjan's father (2007–2008)
* [[Apara Mehta]] as Kuki Veer Singh – Brijesh, Aditi, Nahar and Piya's aunt, Veer's ex-wife, Kshitij's mother (2006–2008), antagonist
* [[Sadiya Siddiqui]] as Gayatri Singh – Saloni's paternal aunt, Dhananjay's wife (2005–2007)
* [[Sachin Khurana]] as Dhananjay – Gayatri's husband (2005–2007)
* [[Nattasha Singh]] as Juhi (2006)
* [[Shaleen Bhanot]] as Karan – Shubhra's boyfriend (2005–2006), antagonist
* Farida Dadi as Maa Sa, Tara's stepmother, Urvashi's mother (2006–2008)
* [[Akshay Sethi]] as Yug (2006–2007)
* [[Aastha Chaudhary]] as Urmila Singh, Padam Singh's out-of-wedlock daughter (2007)
* [[Jasveer Kaur]] as Katari (2006)
* Narendra Gupta as Aapji – Neel's grandfather (2005–2006)
* [[Vineet Kumar]] – Kaveri's father
* Sharmilee Raj as Chamki (2007)
* [[Barkha Madan]] as Reva Sehgal – Brijesh, Aditi, Nahar and Piya's stepsister (2006–2007)
* [[Shahbaz Khan (actor)|Shahbaz Khan]] as Padam Singh – Chandni, Devika and Urmila's father (2007), antagonist
* [[Shweta Kawatra]] as Reva Sehgal – Brijesh, Aditi, Nahar and Piya's stepsister (2005)
* Sonika Sahay as Ginni – Nikita's mother (2007–2008)
* [[Gunjan Walia]] as Vrinda – Dheer's second wife and Ishaan's stepmother (2007–2008)
* Niyati Joshi as Piya Singh, Brijesh, Aditi and Nahar's younger sister, Shridhar's ex-wife, fake Abhi / Shekhar's wife (2006–2009)
* [[Poonam Joshi]] as Dr. Nishi – Neel's second wife, Brigadier and Shanti's former daughter-in-law (2007–2008)
* Mahru Sheikh as Shanti, Brigadier's wife, Dr. Nishi's mother-in-law (2007–2008)
* [[Rajeev Verma]] as Brigadier, Shanti's husband, Dr. Nishi's father-in-law (2007–2008)
* [[Pracheen Chauhan]] as Kshitij Singh – Nahar and Brijesh's cousin, Veer and Kuki's son, Kalika's husband (2008)
* [[Amita Nangia]] as Shyama Singh – Narpat's girlfriend and Kalika's mother (2008)
* [[Aashka Goradia]] as Advocate Kalika Singh / Advocate Kalika Kshitij Singh – Saloni's stepsister, Narpat and Shyama's daughter, Kshitij's Wife, Veer and Kuki's daughter-in-law (2008)
* [[Pratima Kazmi]] as Lali Maasi (2008), Antagonist
* [[Zahida Parveen]] as Savitri – Savri's adoptive mother (2008–2009)
* [[Mihir Mishra]] as Dr. Varun – Nahar's friend (2008), antagonist
* Vishal Watwani as Rohit – Neel's friend (2005–2006)
* [[Amit Sarin]] as Advocate Pratap Chauhan (2006)
* Amit Jain as Daksh – Savri's husband, Saloni's son-in-law (2009)
* [[Parikshit Sahni]] as Veer Singh – Brijesh, Aditi, Nahar and Piya's uncle, Kuki's ex-husband, Kshitij's father, Urvashi's husband, Kalika's father-in-law (2007–2008)
* Sonal Pendse as Neelima – Nahar's ex-girlfriend (2006)
* [[Yusuf Hussain]] as Shamsher Singh – Tara and Urvashi's father (2006)
* [[Sonia Singh]] as Tanya – Samar's secretary (2007)
* Vijay Badlani as Sushant – Shekhar's friend (2007)
* [[Iira Soni]] as Kamini Singh – Samar and Kaveri's daughter (2009)
**[[Navika Kotia]] as Child Kamini Singh (2009)
* Sujata Krishnamurthy as Guruma – Swami Amritanand's mother (2008–2009)

==Production==
In November 2008, production of all Hindi television series, including ''Saat Phere'', was halted following a strike by the [[Federation of Western India Cine Employees]] (FWICE). The dispute concerned wages and working conditions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cine technicians go on strike|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/cine-technicians-go-on-strike/368228/|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> After nearly two weeks of repeat telecasts, the strike was resolved on 19 November 2008 and fresh episodes began airing again from 1 December 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Strike off, TV shooting to resume|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/strike-off-tv-shooting-to-resume/387871/|website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=No more repeat of TV soaps as TV industry strike ends|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/no-more-repeat-of-tv-soaps-as-tv-industry-strike-ends-33649-2008-11-19|website=India Today|date=19 November 2008}}</ref>

Lead actor Sharad Kelkar was originally signed for 30 episodes but continued due to the popularity of his character. He eventually quit in 2009 but returned for the final episode.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sharad Kelkar's goodbye on 'Saath Phere'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sharad-Kelkars-goodbye-on-Saath-Phere/articleshow/4559551.cms|website=The Times of India|date=21 May 2009}}</ref> Rajshree Thakur also left the series during its generation leap.<ref>{{Cite web|title=I am quitting the show|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2008/nov/01/i-am-quitting-the-show-3741.html|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> In April 2009, the show introduced new storylines featuring Saloni’s children.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajshri's look-alike on Saat Phere|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/rajshri-s-look-alike-on-saat-phere/story-OqPWIkVaCT09XzZeOw9k2J.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=20 April 2009}}</ref>

Despite strong early ratings, the leap failed to revive viewership, leading Zee TV to end the show in May 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saloni's 'safar' ends|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-saloni-s-safar-ends-1254820|website=DNA India}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical response===
[[India Today]] described the show’s plot as "simple" but noted its role in boosting Zee TV’s ratings in the mid-2000s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Two new shows propel Zee TV back into the soap game, unveil new traditional woman|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/20060626-kasamh-se-and-saat-phere-boost-trp-of-zee-tv-782939-2006-06-26|website=India Today|date=26 June 2006}}</ref>

===Ratings===
The show opened with ratings around 2 TVR and steadily climbed, reaching above 6 TVR in 2006, making it one of the most-watched Hindi serials at the time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saat Phere: The dark girl theory|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k6/saatphere.htm|website=Indian Television dot com|date=12 August 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=How Zee scripted its own success story|url=https://m.rediff.com/money/2006/dec/26spec.htm|website=Rediff.com}}</ref> Ratings later declined after the generation leap, leading to its conclusion in May 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saat Phere to go off air|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/saat-phere-to-go-off-air/story-GC3dVgPvNdu9kxWHKxN8CK.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=8 May 2009}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/saat-phere/0-6-137}}
*{{IMDb title|1445563}}

[[Category:2005 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2009 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Rajasthan]]

Bimba (film)

2026-03-31T06:27:00Z

ChristenHii:

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{For|other usages of the title|The Image}}{{Infobox film
| name = Bimba
| image = Bimba (film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = DVD cover
| native_name = 
| director = [[Kavitha Lankesh]]
| writer = Kavitha Lankesh
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Kavitha Lankesh
| starring = [[Raksha Holla]] [[Daisy Bopanna]] [[Prakash Raj]] [[Sampath Raj|Sampath Kumar]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = H. M. Ramachandra
| editing = M. N. Swamy
| music = [[Isaac Thomas Kottukapally]]
| studio = Chinni Creations
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2004|5|14}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Bimba''''' (''The Image'') is a 2004 Indian Kannada-language children's drama film directed and produced by [[Kavitha Lankesh]] under Chinni Creations. It stars [[Raksha Holla]], [[Daisy Bopanna]], [[Prakash Raj]] and [[Sampath Raj|Sampath Kumar]].

The film follows a rising child artiste Indu, who gets exploited into the glamorous world of cinema.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3vQtDwAAQBAJ&dq=Bimba+kavitha+lankesh&pg=PT187|title=Bipolar Identity: Region, Nation, and the Kannada Language Film|last=Raghavendra|first=M. K.|date=1 January 2011|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-908843-0 }}</ref><ref name="V">{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/chow_bimba.asp|title=Kavitha Lankesh's 'Bimba' to compete in Bangkok film festival|work=Viggy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/wings_bimba.asp|title=New Film this week - Bimba of Kavitha Lankesh|work=Viggy}}</ref> The film won two Karnataka State Film Awards: [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Child Actor (Female)|Best Female Child Actor]] for Raksha and [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] for Lankesh.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fPgADgAAQBAJ&dq=Bimba+Baby+Raksha&pg=PT269|title=Mass Media in India - 2004|publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |isbn=978-81-230-2338-0 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_state_award02_03.asp|title=Karnataka State Film Awards 2002-03|work=Viggy}}</ref> It was selected for the [[Bangkok International Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kavitha Lankesh's Bimba to compete in Bangkok film festival |url=http://www.viggy.com/english/chow_bimba.asp |access-date=24 June 2022 |website=[[Viggy.com]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=March 2026}}

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Raksha Holla]] (credited as Baby Raksha) as Indu
*[[Daisy Bopanna]] as Saroja
*[[Prakash Raj]] as Raj
*[[Sampath Raj|Sampath Kumar]] as Arvind
*Rekha as Bindu
*[[Damini (Kannada actress)|Damini]] as a mother<ref name="T1">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/my-first-preference-is-kannada-films-rakshitha/articleshow/18502534.cms|title=Damini as mother in ''Bimba''|date=9 August 2002|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
*Master Shreyas as Arjun
*[[Joe Simon (film director)|Joe Simon]] as Film Director
*Rajendrakumar Arya as Director
*[[Sudha Rani]] as Dolly
}}

== Production ==
The film began production in 2002 with Raksha playing the lead role of a child actor.<ref name="D">{{Cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/july21/ent8.htm|title=A take on Bimba|date=8 August 2002|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020808040945/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/july21/ent8.htm|archive-date=8 August 2002}}</ref> It marked the debut of [[Daisy Bopanna]] and [[Sampath Raj|Sampath Kumar]], who play Raksha's parents.<ref name="T2">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-times/a-movie-about-movies/articleshow/16085055.cms|title=A movie about movies|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 July 2002}}</ref> Jayasri Devi was to produce the film before Lankesh herself decided to produce it.<ref name="D"/><ref name="V"/> [[Prakash Raj]], [[Ramesh Aravind]] and [[Prema (Kannada actress)|Prema]] were to play guest roles in the film although Ramesh and Prema did not feature.<ref name="T2"/><ref name="T1"/> [[Hamsalekha]] was originally supposed to compose the music but he was replaced by [[Isaac Thomas Kottukapally]].<ref name="D"/>

==Release and reception==
Although ''Bimba was'' Lankesh's third film, it ended up releasing after her fourth, ''[[Preethi Prema Pranaya]]'' (2003).<ref name="V"/>

A critic from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote that "There are also many films earlier which focus on the darker side of filmdom. But, Kavitha Lankesh’s ''Bimba'' stands out among them as it focuses on child artists in cinema. Perhaps, it may be the first Kannada film to do so".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/may162004/mr4.asp|title=Bimba|first=S N|last=Deepak|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=16 May 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926180513/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/may162004/mr4.asp|archive-date=26 September 2015}}</ref> A critic from ''indiainfo'' wrote that "Overall ''BIMBA'' is a film that makes one ponder about the problems faced by child artists".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/reviews/bimba.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040609083558/http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/reviews/bimba.html | archive-date=9 June 2004 | title=Indiainfo: Kannada: BIMBA }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt28783818}}

{{Kavitha Lankesh}}

[[Category:2004 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2004 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian children's films]]

Motilal Nehru

2026-03-29T10:02:00Z

ChristenHii: updated structure and corrected details for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian lawyer and politician (1861–1931)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Pandit]]
| name =
| image = MotilalNehru3.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date text|6 May 1861}}
| birth_place = [[Agra]], [[North-Western Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]]<ref name="congressbio">{{citation | title=Past Presidents- Motilal Nehru | url=http://www.congress.org.in/new/past-president-detail.php?id=29 | url-status=usurped | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906202727/http://www.congress.org.in/new/past-president-detail.php?id=29 | archive-date=6 September 2010 | df=dmy-all}}</ref> {{small|(present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India)}}
| death_date = {{death-date and age|6 February 1931|6 May 1861}}
| death_place = [[Lucknow]], [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], British India {{small|(present-day Uttar Pradesh, India)}}
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| spouse = [[Swarup Rani Nehru|Swarup Rani Thussu]]
| children = {{hlist|[[Jawaharlal Nehru|Jawaharlal]]|[[Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit|Vijaya Lakshmi]]|[[Krishna Hutheesing|Krishna]]}}
| relatives = [[Indira Gandhi]] (granddaughter) [[Rajiv Gandhi]] (great-grandson)
| alma_mater = [[Muir Central College]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Barrister]]|[[Activist]]|[[Lawyer]]|[[Politician]]}}
| profession =
| signature =
| office = [[List of Presidents of the Indian National Congress|President of the Indian National Congress]]
| leader =
| term_start = 1919
| term_end = 1920
| predecessor = [[Syed Hasan Imam]]
| successor = [[Lala Lajpat Rai]]
| term_start2 = 1928
| term_end2 = 1929
| leader2 =
| predecessor2 = [[Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari]]
| successor2 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| caption = Nehru in the 1910s
}}

'''Motilal Nehru''' (6 May 1861 – 6 February 1931) was an Indian lawyer, activist, and politician affiliated with the [[Indian National Congress]]. He served as the [[Congress President]] twice, from 1919 to 1920 and from 1928 to 1929. He was a [[Patriarchy|patriarch]] of the [[Nehru-Gandhi family]] and the father of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], India's first Prime Minister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-09 |title=MNPS remembers Motilal Nehru |url=https://avenuemail.in/mnps-remembers-motilal-nehru/ |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=The Avenue Mail |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Motilal Nehru was born on 6 May 1861 in a Kashmiri Pandit (Brahmin) family as the [[Posthumous birth|posthumous son]] of [[Gangadhar Nehru]] and his wife Indrani. During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Sepoy Mutiny of 1857]], Gangadhar Nehru was the [[kotwal]] or police officer of Delhi.<ref name="Rau1967">{{cite book|last=Rau|first=M. Chalapathi|author-link=Manikonda Chalapathi Rau|title=Nehru for Children|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cmKzgMfl5vEC&pg=PA7|access-date=17 September 2013|year=1967|publisher=Children's Book Trust|isbn=978-81-7011-035-4|page=7}}</ref>{{Sfn|Nanda|1963|p=2}}

Thus, Motilal came to spend his childhood in [[Khetri]], second largest [[thikana]] (feudal estate) within the princely state of [[Jaipur State|Jaipur]], now in Rajasthan. His elder brother, Nandlal Nehru gained the favour of Raja Fateh Singh of Khetri, who was the same age as him, and rose to the position of [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] (Chief Minister; effectively the manager) of the vast feudal estate. In 1870, Fateh Singh died childless and was succeeded by a distant cousin, who had little use for his predecessor's confidants. Nandlal left Khetri for Agra and found that his prior career at Khetri equipped him to advise litigants regarding their legal suits. Once he realised this, he exhibited his industry and resilience again by studying for and passing the necessary examinations so that he could practice law in the British colonial courts. He then began practising law at the provincial High Court at [[Agra]]. Subsequently, the [[High Court]] was relocated to [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]], and the family moved to that city.<ref name="congressbio"/><ref>[http://www.congresssandesh.com/AICC/history/presidents/pandit_motilal_nehru.htm Pandit Motilal Nehru Profile] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091227092644/http://www.congresssandesh.com/AICC/history/presidents/pandit_motilal_nehru.htm |date=27 December 2009}} Congress Sandesh.</ref><ref name="iloveindia.com">[http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-heroes/motilal-nehru.html Motilala Nehru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025111242/https://www.iloveindia.com/indian-heroes/motilal-nehru.html |date=25 October 2020 }} I Love India.com</ref><ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/408247/Motilal-Nehru Motilal Nehru] [[Britannica.com]].</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amaltas.org/category/great-indian-personalities/motilal-nehru/ |title=Motilal Nehru |access-date=10 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080102071042/http://www.amaltas.org/category/great-indian-personalities/motilal-nehru/ |archive-date=2 January 2008 }}</ref>

According to [[Bal Ram Nanda|B.R. Nanda]], by their teenage years Motilal and other sons of Gangadhar had learnt to speak English.{{Sfn|Nanda|1963|p=19}} According to historian [[Sarvepalli Gopal]], Motilal was, like his ancestors, more fluent in Arabic, Persian, and Urdu than in any other Indian language.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gopal |first=Sarvepalli |date=1976 |title=Jawaharlal Nehru: 1889-1947 |publisher=Harvard University Press |page=17}}</ref>

==Career==
Motilal passed the bar examination in 1883 and began practicing law at Kanpur. Three years later, he moved to [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]] to join the lucrative practice already established by his brother Nandlal. The following year, in April 1887, his brother died at the age of forty-two, leaving behind five sons and two daughters. Thus Motilal at the age of 25 became sole bread-earner of the extended Nehru family.<ref name="congressbio" />
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru as a young child with his parents.png|left|thumb|Motilal Nehru with his wife Swaruprani and young son, Jawaharlal]]

Many of Motilal's suits were civil cases concerning large land-owning families. He soon made a name for himself in the civil society of Allahabad. With the success of his practice, in 1900, he bought a large family home in the Civil Lines area of the city, rebuilt it and named it [[Swaraj Bhavan|Anand Bhavan]] (lit. Joy house).<ref name="congressbio" /> In 1909, he reached the pinnacle of his legal career by gaining the approval to appear in the [[Privy Council of Great Britain]].<ref name="Brown 2014 p. 22">{{cite book | last=Brown | first=J.M. | title=Nehru | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Profiles In Power | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-317-87476-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w2fXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 | language=de | access-date=2019-08-29 | page=22}}</ref><ref name="Goswami Nayak Singh 1976 p. ">{{cite book | last1=Goswami | first1=D.C. | last2=Nayak | first2=R.K. | last3=Singh | first3=S.D. | title=Pandit Motilal Nehru, a Great Patriot | publisher=National Forum of Lawyers and Legal Aid | year=1976 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U9UBAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2019-08-29}}</ref> His frequent visits to Europe angered the Kashmiri Brahmin community as he refused to perform the traditional ''prayashchi'', or reformation ceremony, after crossing the ocean (according to Strict Hinduism, one lost one's caste after crossing the ocean, and was required to perform certain penance rites to regain caste). In 1899, he was expelled from the caste for refusing to perform the penance ceremony.<ref name="Nehru Kumar Panigrahi 1982 p.72 ">{{cite book | last1=Nehru | first1=M. | last2=Kumar | first2=R. | last3=Panigrahi | first3=D.N. | title=Selected Works of Motilal Nehru: 1899-1918 | publisher=Vikas | series=Selected Works of Motilal Nehru | year=1982 | isbn=978-0-7069-1885-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MY5HAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2019-08-29 | page=72}}</ref><ref name="मिश्र 2013 p.8 ">{{cite book | last=मिश्र | first=बंशीधर | title=मोतीलाल नेहरू | publisher=Neśanala Buka Ṭrasṭa, Iṇḍiyā | series=राष्ट्रीय जीवन-चरित | year=2013 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TqBcq_5iX1cC | language=hi | access-date=2019-08-29 | page=8| isbn=9788123767994}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Nanda |first=B.R. |url= |title=The Nehrus: Motilal and Jawaharlal |date=1963 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn= |location= |pages=38–40 |author-link=}}</ref> He was the first chairman of the board of directors of [[The Leader (Allahabad newspaper)|''The Leader'']], a leading daily published from Allahabad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.congress.org.in/role-of-press.php|title=Role of Press in India's Struggle for Freedom|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723140639/http://www.congress.org.in/role-of-press.php|archive-date=23 July 2010}}</ref>

On 5 February 1919 he launched a new daily paper, ''[[The Independent (India)|The Independent]]'', as a counterpoint to ''The Leader'', which was much too liberal for Motilal's standard and articulate thought in 1919.<ref name="congressbio" />

He started on the path to become wealthy among the few leaders of the [[Indian National Congress]]. Under the influence of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in 1918, Nehru became one of the first to transform his life to exclude western clothes and material goods, adopting a more native Indian lifestyle.

To meet the expenses of his large family and large family homes, Nehru had to occasionally return to his practice of law. [[Swaraj Bhavan|Swaraj Bhawan]] originally belonged to [[Sir Syed Ahmad Khan]], the 19th century Muslim leader and educationist. At the house-warming party, Sir William Moor hoped that this large palatial home in Civil Lines of Allahabad would become the cement holding together the British Empire in India. Paradoxically, the house was bought by Motilal Nehru in 1900, and went on to become a cradle to the Indian Freedom Struggle which was to destroy British rule in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.littlemag.com/ghosts/davidlelyveld.html|title=The Little Magazine – Ghosts – David Lelyveld – The mystery mansion|website=www.littlemag.com|access-date=8 April 2016|archive-date=2023-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406100733/http://www.littlemag.com/ghosts/davidlelyveld.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Political career===
Motilal Nehru twice served as President of the Congress Party, once in Amritsar (1919) and the second time in Calcutta (1928).<ref name="congressbio" /> The [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]] of 1919 left a deep impression on him where it has been reported that he wrote in its aftermath: "My blood is boiling".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tunzelmann|first=Alex von|title=Indian Summer|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2007|isbn=9781471166440|location=India|pages=48}}</ref> In December that year, he was elected to preside over the Amritsar Congress. Motilal was in the centre of the gathering storm which pulled down many familiar landmarks during the following year. He was the only front rank leader to lend his support to non-co-operation at the special Congress at Calcutta in September 1920. The Calcutta Congress (December 1928) over which Motilal presided was the scene of a head-on clash between those who were prepared to accept Dominion Status and those who would have nothing short of complete independence. A split was averted by a proposal by Mahatma Gandhi, according to which if Britain did not concede Dominion Status within a year, the Congress was to demand complete independence and to fight for it, if necessary, by launching civil disobedience.<ref name="congressbio" /> He was arrested during the [[Non-Cooperation Movement]]. Although initially close to Gandhi, he openly criticised Gandhi's suspension of civil resistance in 1922 due to the [[Chauri Chaura incident|murder of policemen by a riotous mob]] in [[Chauri Chaura]] in Uttar Pradesh.

Motilal later joined the [[Swaraj Party]], which sought to enter the British-sponsored councils. Motilal had been elected to the [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]] Legislative Council where he staged the first walk-out in protest of the rejection of a resolution he had moved.<ref>{{cite book|last=Iyengar|first=A. S.|title=Role of Press and Indian Freedom Struggle: All Through the Gandhian Era|year=2001|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn= 9788176482561|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pAJDpBQhBlcC}}</ref> In 1923, Nehru was elected to the new [[Central Legislative Assembly]] of [[British India]] in New Delhi and became [[leader of the Opposition]]. In that role, he was able to secure the defeat, or at least the delay, of Finance bills and other legislation. He agreed to join a Committee with the object of promoting the recruitment of Indian officers into the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]], but this decision contributed to others going further and joining the Government itself.<ref name="Autobiography1936">Nehru, Jawaharlal (1936) ''Jawaharlal Nehru: an autobiography, with musings on recent events in India''. Bodley Head. {{ISBN|9780370313139}}</ref>

In March 1926, Nehru demanded a representative conference to draft a constitution conferring full [[Dominion]] status on India, to be enacted by the British parliament. This demand was rejected by the Assembly, and as a result Nehru and his colleagues resigned their Assembly seats and returned to the Congress party.<ref name="Autobiography1936"/>

The entry of Motilal's son [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] into politics in 1916, started the most powerful and influential Indian political dynasty. When, in 1929, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] was elected as Congress president it greatly pleased Motilal and Nehru family admirers to see the son take over from his father. Jawaharlal had opposed his father's preference for dominion status, and had not left the Congress Party when Motilal helped found the [[Swaraj Party]].

==Nehru report==
Motilal Nehru chaired the famous Nehru Commission in 1928, a counter to the all-British [[Simon Commission]]. The [[Nehru Report]], the first constitution written only by Indians, envisioned a dominion status for India within the Empire, akin to [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]] and [[Canada]]. It was endorsed by the [[Indian National Congress]], but rejected by more nationalist Indians who sought complete independence. The report was rejected by the Muslim leadership of India, especially [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] over concerns that the lack of constitutional safeguards against majoritarianism created unacceptable risks for Indian Muslims.

==Death and legacy==
Motilal Nehru's age and declining health kept him out of the historic events of 1929–1931, when the Congress adopted complete independence as its goal and when Gandhi launched the [[Salt Satyagraha]]. He was arrested and imprisoned with his son; but his health gave way and he was released. In the last week of January 1931 [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Gandhi]] and the Congress Working Committee were released by the Government as a gesture in that chain of events which was to lead to the Gandhi-lrwin Pact. Motilal had the satisfaction of having his son and Gandhi beside him in his last days. On 6 February 1931 he died.<ref name="congressbio" />

Motilal Nehru is remembered for being the patriarch of India's most powerful political dynasty which has since produced three Prime Ministers. Two of his great-great-grandsons, [[Rahul Gandhi]], and [[Varun Gandhi]] are members of the lower house of Indian parliament, the [[Lok Sabha]] and belong to the [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] respectively.

===Tribute===
[[File:Motilal Nehru 1961 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|right|Commemorative Postal Stamp, 1961]]
Paying tribute to Motilal Nehru, the British Chief Justice of Allahabad High Court, [[Grimwood Mears|Sir Grimwood Mears]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Sir Edward Grimwood-Mears Captain 1939 to 1942|url=http://www.gandjlawrence.co.uk/GolfClub/hro/GrimwoodMears/GrimwoodMears.htm|access-date=5 July 2015}}</ref> stated:{{Blockquote|He had a profusion of gifts, and as an advocate he had the art of presenting his case in its most attractive form...He had an exquisite public speaking voice and a charm of manner which made it a pleasure to listen to him...With his wide range of reading and the pleasure that he had taken in travel he was a very delightful private companion and wherever he sat at a table there was the head of the table and there was the centre of interest. He has left behind a very great reputation in this court and his name will always be associated with this Court and be one of the traditions of this Court.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pandit Moti Lal Nehru|url=http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/event/PtMotiLalNehruNDOjha.pdf|work = Official website of Allahabad High Court|access-date=5 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography|author=Ghose, Sankar |page=5|year=1993|isbn=9788170233695}}</ref>}}

==Works==
* ''The Voice of Freedom: Selected Speeches of Pandit Motilal Nehru''. ed. Kavalam Madhava Panikkar, A. Pershad. Asia Pub. House, 1961
* ''Motilal Nehru: Essays and Reflections on His Life and Times'', by Preet Chablani. S. Chand, 1961.
* ''Selected Works of Motilal Nehru'' (volumes 1–6), ed. Ravinder Kumar, D. N. Panigrahi. Vikas Pub., 1995. {{ISBN|0-7069-1885-1}}.

==Biographies==
* {{Cite book |last1=Bhattacharyya|first1=Upendra Chandra|last2=Chakravarty|first2=Shovendu Sunder|author-link=|title=Pandit Motilal Nehru: His Life and Work|url=https://archive.org/details/hindswaraj.bjplib.025|year=1934|publisher=Modern Book Agency|OCLC=82455581}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Goswami|first1=D.C.|last2=Nayak|first2=R.K.|last3=Singh|first3=Shankar Dayal|author-link=|title=Pandit Motilal Nehru, a Great Patriot|url=|year=1976|publisher=National Forum of Lawyers and Legal Aid|OCLC=2799459}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Jain|first1=A. Pershad|last2=Suri|first2=Promilla|author-link=|title=Motilal Nehru: A Short Political Biography|url=|year=1961|publisher=S. Chand|OCLC=1318940}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nanda |first=Bal Ram |author-link=Bal Ram Nanda |title=Motilal Nehru|url=https://archive.org/details/MOTILALNEHRU|year=1964|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India|OCLC=773250260}}
*{{cite book |last1=Nanda |first1=B. R. |title=The Nehrus: Motilal and Jawaharlal |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-908793-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iiwpDwAAQBAJ |language=en}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |author=Katherine Frank |author-link=Katherine Frank (biographer) |year=2001 |title=Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=0-00-255646-4}}
* Jawaharlal Nehru, '' My Autobiography''

==External links==
{{Commons category|Motilal Nehru}}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/012835}}

{{Indian National Congress Presidents}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nehru, Motilal}}
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kashmiri politicians]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Pandits]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:1861 births]]
[[Category:1931 deaths]]
[[Category:Nehru–Gandhi family]]
[[Category:People from Agra]]
[[Category:Politicians from Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Members of the Central Legislative Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Indian newspaper founders]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Indian barristers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:People from Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Indian Freemasons]]
[[Category:People from the United Provinces of British India]]

Fukrey (film series)

2026-03-26T08:30:00Z

ChristenHii: new a post!

{{short description|Indian film series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Fukrey
| image =
| director = Mrighdeep Singh Lamba
| producer = {{plainlist|
*[[Farhan Akhtar]]
*[[Ritesh Sidhwani]]
}}
| music = [[Ram Sampath]]
| studio = [[Excel Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[AA Films]]
| runtime = {{sum|143|141|147}} minutes (3 films)
| released = {{Film date|2013|06|14|''Fukrey''|2017|12|08|''Fukrey Returns''|2023|09|28|''Fukrey 3''|df=y}}
| budget = {{INR}}{{sum|8|22|30}} [[crore]]
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR}}{{sum|49|112.30|128.37}} crore
}}

'''''Fukrey''''' is a series of Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[comedy films]]. All films are produced by [[Farhan Akhtar]] and [[Ritesh Sidhwani]] under the banner of [[Excel Entertainment]] and directed by Mrighdeep Singh Lamba.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fukrey director Mrigdeep Singh Lamba shares a meme suggesting the making of the third part |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/fukrey-director-mrigdeep-singh-lamba-shares-meme-suggesting-making-third-part/|date=24 June 2020|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=1 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bring on the madness|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bring-on-the-madness/1125603/|work=The Indian Express|date=6 June 2013|access-date=6 June 2013}}</ref> and distributed by [[AA Films]].

==Overview==
===''Fukrey''===
{{Main|Fukrey}}
Delhi-based school backbenchers Dilip "Choocha" Singh who has a god-gift where he can get the winning number of any lottery in his dream and Vikas "Hunny" Gulati has the talent to sand the exact number out of his dream. But struggle to afford significant amount money to get leaked question paper for class XII. Joined with college guard Pandit and Zafar, a former student of the college and a struggling musician and finally Lalli Singh who pursues education through correspondence. All of them need money badly.

All of them went Bholi Punjaban, local gangster for money by explaining Choocha's gift. But Choocha narrates fake story and backfire loose all money. To recover money Bholi gave them drug to sell.

===''Fukrey Returns''===
{{Main|Fukrey Returns}}
Hunny and Zafar are dating Priya and Neetu respectively, planning to marry them. Meanwhile, Bholi Punjaban is released from jail after 12 months and threatens the Fukras, the boys convince her, she gives them one chance and invests some money to open a Lottery Shop for them and gain profit in it.

Minister Babulal, who aspire to become chief Minister and orders the lottery to change the winning number that Choocha got from his dream, and everyone who invested money is angered. The people gather around to beat them but they escape by jumping off a flyover in the river. Choocha gains a new ability to see the future, and calls his new ability ''Deja Chu''.

===''Fukrey 3''===
{{Main|Fukrey 3}}
Bholi contest for election by with support of water mafia. Hunny hatch plan made Choocha to contest opposite Bholi and because of Choocha innocence get massive support of folks. Bholi made plan and Fukras to South Africa for Choocha's deja-chu but they got another gift.

== Films ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Film
!Release date
!Director
!Writer(s)
!Producer(s)
!Runtime
|-
!{{center|''[[Fukrey]]''}}
|{{center|14 June 2013}}
|rowspan=4|{{center|Mrighdeep Singh Lamba}}
|rowspan=2|{{center|Vipul Vig, Mrighdeep Singh Lamba}}
|rowspan=3|{{center|[[Farhan Akhtar]], [[Ritesh Sidhwani]]}}
|{{center|143 minutes }}
|-
!{{center|''[[Fukrey Returns]]''}}
|{{center|8 December 2017}}
|{{center|141 minutes}}
|-
!{{center|''[[Fukrey 3]]''}}
|{{center|28 September 2023}}
|{{center|Vipul Vig}}
|{{center|147 minutes}}
|-
|}

== Recurring cast and characters ==
{{Cast indicator|appeared=the ''Fukrey'' franchise|C}}

{| class="wikitable" width ="100%" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2"|Characters
! colspan="3" |Films
|-
! align="center" |''[[Fukrey]]'' (2013)
!''[[Fukrey Returns]]'' (2017)
!''[[Fukrey 3]]'' (2023)
|-
!Vikas "Hunny" Gulati
|colspan=3|[[Pulkit Samrat]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/heres-how-pulkit-samrat-is-prepping-for-fukrey-2/|title=Here's how Pulkit Samrat is prepping for Fukrey 2|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=29 March 2016|access-date=15 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
!Dilip "Choocha" Singh
|colspan=3|[[Varun Sharma]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhasin |first1=Shriya |title=After Varun Sharma, Pulkit Samrat begins shooting for 'Fukrey 3' |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/after-varun-sharma-pulkit-samrat-begins-shooting-for-fukrey-3-2022-03-13-764102 |access-date=14 March 2022 |work=India TV News |date=13 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!Zafar
| colspan="3" |[[Ali Fazal]]
|-
!Lali Halwai
|colspan=3|[[Manjot Singh]]
|-
!Bholi Punjaban
|colspan=3|[[Richa Chadha]]
|-
!Narayan Pandit
|colspan=3|[[Pankaj Tripathi]]
|-
!Priya Sharma
|colspan=2|[[Priya Anand]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Priya Anand signed for Fukrey|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/news/type/view/id/1575474/Priya%20Anand%20signed%20for%20Fukrey|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622003638/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/news/type/view/id/1575474/Priya%20Anand%20signed%20for%20Fukrey|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 June 2013|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=7 November 2012}}</ref>
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
!Neetu Raina
|colspan=2|[[Vishakha Singh]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Vishakha's part of Fukrey|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-07/news-interviews/34972086_1_vishakha-vikram-bhatt-film-richa-chadda|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130417084707/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-07/news-interviews/34972086_1_vishakha-vikram-bhatt-film-richa-chadda|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=7 November 2012}}</ref>
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
!Eddie
|colspan=3|Michael Obodike
|-
!Bobby
|colspan=3|Lucas Ogunro
|-
!School teacher
|[[V K Sharma]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|V K Sharma
|-
|-
!Choocha's mother
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|colspan=2|[[Neelu Kohli]]
|-
!Chief Minister Brijmohan
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|colspan=2|Purnendu Bhattacharya
|-
!Shinda Singh Ahluwalia
|colspan=2 style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|[[Manu Rishi]]
|-
|}

==Crew==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width="100%"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Occupation
! colspan="3" | Film
|-
! width:10%;"| ''[[Fukrey]]'' (2013)
! width:10%;"| ''[[Fukrey Returns]]'' (2017)
! width:10%;"| ''[[Fukrey 3]]'' (2023)
|-
!Director
|colspan=3|Mrighdeep Singh Lamba
|-
!Producer
|colspan=3|[[Farhan Akhtar]] [[Ritesh Sidhwani]]
|-
!Writer
|colspan=2|Vipul Vig Mrighdeep Singh Lamba
|Vipul Vig
|-
!Cinematography
|[[K. U. Mohanan]]
|Andre Menezes
|Amalendu Chaudhary
|-
!Editor
|colspan=2|Anand Subaya
|Manan Ashwin Mehta
|-
!Songs
|[[Ram Sampath]]
|[[Shaarib Sabri|Shaarib]]-[[Toshi Sabri|Toshi]] Sumeet Bellary Prem-Hardeep [[Jasleen Royal]] Gulraj Singh Shree D Ishq Bector Sameer Uddin
|[[Tanishk Bagchi]] Abhishek Nailwal Sumeet Bellary
|-
!Background Score
|Ram Sampath
|Sameer Uddin
|Abhishek Nailwal
|-
!Studio
|colspan=3|[[Excel Entertainment]]
|-
!Distributor
|colspan=3|[[AA Films]]
|-
|}

==Animated series==
An animated series for kids, titled as ''Fukrey Boyzzz'', jointly produced by [[Excel Entertainment]] and [[Discovery Kids (Indian TV channel)|Discovery Kids India]], premiered on 12 October 2019 on Discovery Kids India, which showcases the animated avatars of popular characters Hunny, Choocha, Laali, and Bholi Punjaban, along with other characters.<ref>{{cite news |last1=IANS |title='Fukrey Boyzzz' to add value to 'Fukrey' franchise |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/sep/26/fukrey-boyzzz-to-add-value-to-fukrey-franchise-2039499.html |access-date=7 February 2021 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=26 September 2019}}</ref> ''Fukrey Boyzzz: Space Mein Fukrapanti'', an Indian animated comedy film directed by Avinash Walzade was released in 2020 continuing from the series.<ref>{{Netflix title|title=Fukrey Boyzzz: Space Mein Fukrapanti|qid=Q112186463}}</ref>

==Release and reception==
{{hatnote|Each film is linked to the "Box office" section of its article.}}
<big>'''Box office'''</big>
{| class="wikitable" style="width:75%;"
|-
! style="text-align:centr;" | Film
! style="text-align:centr;" | Release date
! style="text-align:centr;" | Budget
! style="text-align:centr;" | Worldwide Box Office
|-
| ''[[Fukrey#Box office|Fukrey]]'' ||14 June 2013 || {{INR Convert|8|c}}<ref name="Fukrey - Movie - Box Office India">{{Cite web|title=Fukrey - Movie - Box Office India|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1284|access-date=18 February 2022|website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> || {{INR Convert|49|c}}<ref name="Fukrey - Movie - Box Office India" />
|-
| ''[[Fukrey Returns]]'' || 8 December 2017 || {{INR Convert|22|c}}{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} || {{INR Convert|112.30|c}}<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-break-fukrey-returns/ |title = Box Office: Worldwide collections and day wise break up of Fukrey Returns :Bollywood Box Office - Bollywood Hungama| website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date = 9 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Fukrey 3#Box office|Fukrey 3]]'' || 28 September 2023 || {{INR Convert|30|c}}{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} || {{INR Convert|127.6|c}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fukrey 3 Box Office|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/fukrey-3/box-office/|access-date=29 September 2023|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=28 September 2023 }}</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" |Total || {{INR Convert|60|c}} || {{INR Convert|289.67|c}}
|}
<big>'''Critical reception'''</big>
{{hatnote|Each film is linked to the "Critical response" section of its article.}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Film
![[Rotten Tomatoes]]
|-
|''[[Fukrey#Critical reception|Fukrey]]''
|50% (5/10 average rating) (6 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fukrey {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/fukrey |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Fukrey Returns#Critical reception|''Fukrey Returns'']]
|11% (4/10 average rating) (9 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fukrey Returns {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/fukrey_returns |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Fukrey 3#Critical response|Fukrey 3]]''
|44% (4.7/10 average rating) (9 reviews)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fukrey 3 {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/fukrey_3 |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2806788|qid=Q5507607|title=Fukrey}}
* {{IMDb title|6712014|qid=Q29344580|title=Fukrey Returns}}
* {{IMDb title|26445483|qid=Q122171194|title=Fukrey 3}}

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Doorie (film)

2026-03-19T23:04:24Z

ChristenHii: added info

#REDIRECT [[Sharmila Tagore#Films]]

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Rajinder Singh (brigadier)

2026-03-19T07:08:26Z

ChristenHii: updated page

{{short description|Army officer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = ''Saviour of Kashmir''
| name = Rajinder Singh
| honorific_suffix = [[Maha Vir Chakra|MVC]] (posthumous)
| image = Brigadier Rajendra Singh 1999 stamp of India.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = 14 June 1899<ref name=bio>[http://twdi.in/node/1236 Brig Rajendra Singh, MVC @ TWDI]. Twdi.in. Retrieved on 27 November 2018.</ref>
| death_date = 26/27 October 1947 (aged 48)
| birth_place = Bagoona, [[Jammu district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] {{small|(Present-day Rajinderpura, [[Samba district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]])}}
| death_place = [[Boniyar]]
| allegiance = [[File:Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1936-1953).svg|23px]] [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| branch = [[Jammu and Kashmir State Forces]]
| serviceyears = 1921–1947
| rank = [[File:Brigadier of the Indian Army.svg|20px]] [[Brigadier]]
| battles = {{plainlist|
*[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]]
}}
| office = Chief of Military Staff
| monarch = [[Hari Singh]]
| primeminister = [[Janak Singh]], [[Mehr Chand Mahajan]]
| term_start = 25 September 1947
| term_end = 27 October 1947{{KIA}}
| predecessor = [[Henry Lawrence Scott]]
| successor =
| awards = [[File:Maha Vir Chakra ribbon.svg|30px]] [[Maha Vir Chakra]]
| children = 5 daughters; 1 son<ref name=bio />
}}
[[Brigadier]] '''Rajinder Singh Jamwal''', [[Maha Vir Chakra|MVC]] (14 June 1899 – 26/27 October 1947), was an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[general officer]], in the [[Jammu and Kashmir State Forces]]. He briefly served as the Chief of Staff of State Forces and died fighting during the [[First Kashmir War]]. Singh and his small contingent of about 100 men successfully delayed the advance of a 6000 strong force of [[Pakistani tribal invasion of Kashmir|Pakistani tribal raiders]] near [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]] for several days, during which the Maharaja of Kashmir acceded to India and the Indian forces air-lifted for the defence of Kashmir.

On 30 December 1949, he was posthumously awarded [[Maha Vir Chakra]], independent India’s second highest military decoration. He was the first Indian to receive the honour.

== Early life ==
Rajinder Singh was born on 14 June 1899 in Bagoona village (now Rajinderpura, [[Samba district]]) in a military [[Dogras|Dogra]] [[Rajput]] family.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jamwal |first=Ayushman |date=2016-08-15 |title=The 1947 War Hero Who Sacrificed His Life For Kashmir |url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/blogs/brigadier-rajinder-singh-the-1947-war-hero-who-sacrificed-his-life-for-kashmir |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126044129/https://www.thequint.com/voices/blogs/brigadier-rajinder-singh-the-1947-war-hero-who-sacrificed-his-life-for-kashmir |archive-date=2025-01-26 |access-date=2020-08-21 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Brig Rajinder Singh among greatest Dogra warriors: MLC |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/brig-rajinder-singh-among-greatest-dogra-warriors-mlc-422351 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112225419/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3rj0d97ynvo |archive-date=2025-11-12 |access-date=2020-09-18 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=First war hero of Independent India: Brig Rajinder Singh|url=https://news.statetimes.in/first-war-hero-of-independent-india-brig-rajinder-singh/|access-date=2020-09-18|website=State Times|date=28 October 2019 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dogra honor demeaned - Early Times Newspaper Jammu Kashmir|url=http://www.earlytimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=278998|access-date=2020-09-18|website=www.earlytimes.in}}</ref> His ancestor General [[Baj Singh]] had died serving under [[Maharaja Gulab Singh]]. His grandfather Hamir Singh and father [[Subedar]] Lakha Singh were both war veterans. Rajinder Singh was brought up by an uncle, Lt. Colonel Govind Singh, since he was a small child. Singh passed out from Prince of Wales College (now [[Govt. Gandhi Memorial Science College|GGM Science College]]) in Jammu in 1921.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Chib|first=S. S.|date=8 December 2001|title=The valiant Dogra who saved the 'paradise on earth'|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011208/windows/main4.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219172040/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011208/windows/main4.htm|archive-date=19 February 2018|access-date=2020-08-21|website=The Tribune India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=24 June 2017|title=Brig Rajinder Singh among greatest Dogra warriors: MLC|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/brig-rajinder-singh-among-greatest-dogra-warriors-mlc-422351|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-08-23|website=Tribune India|language=en}}</ref>

== Military career ==
Rajinder Singh was commissioned on 14 June 1921, in to the [[Jammu and Kashmir State Forces]] as a Second Lieutenant. On 25 September 1947, he took over charge as Chief of Army Staff of the Jammu and Kashmir State Forces from Major General H. L. Scott.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Prasad|first=Shankar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Wxsgt6_0TYC&q=maha+vir+chakra+rajinder+singh+dogra&pg=PA321|title=The Gallant Dogras: An Illustrated History of the Dogra Regiment|date=2005|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-81-7062-268-0|location=|pages=95|language=en}}</ref>

=== Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 ===
In September 1947, Pakistan started making preparations for raids into Kashmir, with the aim of capturing Srinagar. On the night of October 21/22, a large number of Pakistani regulars and tribal irregulars gathered near [[Muzaffarabad|Muzzafarabad]].<ref name=":0" /> They were successful in instigating the Muslim soldiers of the 4th J&K Battalion of [[Maharaja Hari Singh]]'s army that was based in the town. The Muslim soldiers rebelled, killing Wazir-e-wazarat Duni Chand Mehta & Col.[[Narain Singh Sambyal]] in charge and all the other all Dogra soldiers at the base.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4">{{cite web|last=Jamwal|first=Ayushman Singh|date=29 October 2017|title=Brigadier Rajinder Singh:India's Unsung War Hero|url=https://www.news18.com/news/immersive/indias-unsung-hero.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=21 August 2020|website=CNN-News18|quote=...independent India’s first war hero, my great granduncle – Brigadier Rajinder Singh...}}</ref> This left the 180 km route to Srinagar unguarded, however instead of moving on towards Srinagar, the raiders from Pakistan raided Muzaffarabad. News of the raid only reached the Maharaja the next day. On 22 October 1947, Maharaja Hari Singh gave his Chief of Army Staff, Brigadier Rajinder Singh, the order to defend the state until Indian troops arrived, that he should fight till death in doing so, "save the state till the last man and the last bullet".<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> [[Karan Singh]] was present in the room when Hari Singh gave Brigadier Rajinder Singh the command and remembers the incident, "Brigadier Rajinder Singh was given the order by my father and he just saluted and walked away."<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Digvijaya|date=2018-10-24|title=Brig. Rajinder Singh – The Man Who Saved Kashmir In The 1947 War|url=https://himalayansentinel.com/brig-rajinder-singh-the-man-who-saved-kashmir/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-08-22|website=Himalayan Sentinel|language=en|quote="Lt. Gen. L.P. Sen writes about Brigadier Rajinder Singh in his book Slender Was The Thread (Kashmir Confrontation 1947-48): "Available to him in Badami Bagh Cantonment was a total of 1,850 officers and men of the Jammu & Kashmir State Forces of whom 500 were Poonchie Muslims. In view of what had taken place, he may have lost faith in the latter and decided not to put their loyalty to the test.""}}</ref>

With 150-260{{Efn|Various sources give different figures between 150 and 260 men: only about 150 men;<ref name=":0" /> 150 men;<ref name=":5" /> around 200 soldiers;<ref name=":2" /> 200;<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Baines|first1=Richard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KIZyylRibYsC&q=brigadier+rajinder+singh&pg=PA38|title=A Slender Thread: An Anthology of Short Shories|last2=Keyte|first2=Brian|date=1987|publisher=Royal Victorian Institute for the Blind Education Centre|isbn=|location=|pages=37|language=en}}</ref> 260 men.<ref name=Jasbir/>|name=|group=}} men and officers from [[Badami Bagh|Badami Bagh cantonment]] and nearby establishments, equipped with out-dated weapons (though some accounts add that the Brigadier had two 3-inch mortars and MMGs),<ref name="Jasbir">{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Jasbir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zwSqCQAAQBAJ&q=brig+Rajinder+Singh&pg=PA15|title=Roar of the Tiger: Illustrated History of Operations in Kashmir by 4th Battalion The Kumaon Regt in 1965 War|date=2013-04-25|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-82573-58-6|location=|pages=14–16|language=en}}</ref> and using private vehicles, Brigadier Rajinder left Sringar at 6:30 pm and reached Uri at 2 am on 23 October 1947. Brigadier Rajinder Singh moved on with a small platoon, and after fighting raiders in [[Garhi Dupatta|Garhi]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jamwal|first=Major General (Retd.)Goverdhan Singh|url=https://www.amazon.in/Valour-Betrayal-Battles-Rajinder-saviour/dp/B09KPHSXRR/|year=2021|title=Valour & Betrayal |publisher=Sabre & Quill Publishers|pages=121–145|language=en|isbn=9789391970024}}</ref> he soon realized that his force was greatly outnumbered against the raiders who also had superior weapons.<ref name=":0" />

On 23 October, Hari Singh sent a command to Brigadier Rajinder Singh through Captain Jwala Singh, "Brigadier Rajinder Singh is commanded to hold the enemy at [[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]] at all costs and to the last man. Reinforcement is sent with Capt Jwala Singh...". On the night of 23 October Captain Jwala Singh arrived with a small number of reinforcements, consisting of one platoon, one section of MMG; two guns and one section of 3-inch Mortars (two tubes) and Brigadier Rajinder Singh responded by giving first hand situation of front to Maharaja [[Hari Singh]] by telephone on 23 October from Baramulla.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jamwal|first=Major General (Retd.)Goverdhan Singh|url=https://www.amazon.in/Valour-Betrayal-Battles-Rajinder-saviour/dp/B09KPHSXRR/|year=2021|title=Valour & Betrayal |publisher=Sabre & Quill Publishers|pages=142–143|language=en|isbn=9789391970024}}</ref> Brigadier Rajinder Singh ordered the destruction of Uri bridge on 24 October with a 25 pound charge by [[Subedar-major|Subedar Major]] (Hon. Capt.) Barita Ram Sharma to slow down the raiders.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jamwal|first=Major General (Retd.)Goverdhan Singh|url=https://www.amazon.in/Valour-Betrayal-Battles-Rajinder-saviour/dp/B09KPHSXRR/|year=2021|title=Valour & Betrayal |publisher=Sabre & Quill Publishers|pages=207|language=en|isbn=9789391970024}}</ref> However Rajinder Singh's men had to fall further back to Mahura for another defensive position, reaching Mahura at 10 pm. The defense at Mahura held when the enemy decided to resume the attack on the morning of 25 October. Rajinder Singh, also ordered men to blow up the bridges upstream but before the bridges could be destroyed, some raiders had already crossed over. Rajinder Singh once again ordered his men to fall back, moving them to Rampur near Boniyar, where defensive positions were created throughout the night. On the morning of the 26th the enemy launched another attack. The defence held effectively again, and the raiders movement was again halted. At dusk Brigadier Singh ordered a withdrawal towards Seri close to [[Baramulla]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jamwal|first=Major General (Retd.)Goverdhan Singh|url=https://www.amazon.in/Valour-Betrayal-Battles-Rajinder-saviour/dp/B09KPHSXRR/|year=2021|title=Valour & Betrayal |publisher=Sabre & Quill Publishers|pages=173|language=en|isbn=9789391970024}}</ref> At 1 am on 27 October the retreating vehicles were attacked at Diwan Mandir, [[Boniyar]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sen|first=L. P.|date=2019-08-11|title=In 1947, Gandhi told Lt Gen Sen that wars were inhuman, but to fight for Kashmir with all means|url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/in-1947-gandhi-told-lt-gen-sen-that-wars-were-inhuman-but-to-fight-for-kashmir-by-all-means/273779/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-08-22|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|quote="That position was held by the Chief of Staff, who, unfortunately, had been killed at Diwan Mandir."}}</ref> and the convoy halted. The Brigadier's driver was soon killed so the Brigadier drove himself; however soon after he was also mortally wounded. The Brigadier ordered his men to continue ahead with the planned defensive strategy, and leave him where he was. Nothing more was heard of Brigadier Rajinder Singh. His men continued the fight until the next day, but nearly all were killed soon after. However the delay the Brigadier and his men caused the raiders, a delay of nearly 4 days, was enough for diplomatic decisions to be taken and for the [[Indian Army]] to arrive.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Jasbir" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Cardozo|first=Major General Ian|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D9ymBAAAQBAJ&q=maha+vir+chakra+rajender+singh&pg=PT31|title=Param Vir: Our Heroes in Battle|date=2003-12-31|publisher=Roli Books Private Limited|isbn=978-93-5194-029-6|location=|pages=|language=en|chapter=1947-48 War in Jammu and Kashmir, Battle for the Valley}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chakravorty|first=B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9oZUDwAAQBAJ|title=Stories of Heroism|publisher=Historical Section, Ministry of Defence, Government of India|year=1987|isbn=978-81-230-2594-0|location=|pages=18–19|language=en|quote="At Uri, the Jammu and Kashmir troops, under Brig. Rajendra Singh, fought bravely against the invaders, but had to retreat towards Baramula as they ran short of ammunition. The Brigadier and his soldiers perished almost to the last man, fighting gallantly against the superior force of the enemy. He and his handful of men thus held up thousands of enemy raiders for four most valuable days and were instrumental in saving the Kashmir Valley from pillage and plunder."}}</ref>

=== Maha Vir Chakra ===
On 30 December 1949, for his act of gallantry in Jammu and Kashmir, Rajinder Singh was posthumously awarded India's first Maha Vir Chakra. His wife, Ram Dei, received the medal from Army Chief Field Marshall [[K.M. Cariappa]].<ref name=":0" /> The citation reads:

{{Blockquote|Immediately after the partition of the Indian Sub continent in 1947, thousands of raiders assisted by Pakistani regulars invaded the State of Jammu & Kashmir all along its border. The Jammu & Kashmir State Forces, stretched along a 550-mile long border deployed in penn-packets with limited arms, ammunition and supplies, without road communications, and heavily-outnumbered, fought tenaciously holding on to their positions. Kohla-Domel garrison fell to the invaders on 22 October 1947. The fate of the Valley as of the whole State hung precariously on a slender thread.

Brigadier Rajender Singh, Chief of Military Staff, took over the command of a relief column and proceeded to check the raiders. Another column with all available troops (nearly 100) was despatched on 23 Oct 1947 to join Brigadier Rajender Singh with orders from Maharaja Hari Singh, C-in-C as follows:-
"Brigadier Rajender Singh is commanded to hold the enemy at Uri at all costs and to the last man. Reinforcement is sent with Capt Jwala Singh ......."

Brigadier Rajender Singh and his band of soldiers carried out the orders of the Maharaja to the letter and spirit. Fighting bravely for every inch of land, they delayed enemy advance by two crucial days during which important decisions were taken. The Indian Army joined the fight and the J&K State was thus saved for India by Brigadier Rajender Singh. He made the supreme sacrifice of his life on 26 October 1947 valiantly fighting the Pakistani raiders in Uri-Rampur sector.|author=|title=|source=Gazette Notification: 2 Pres 50, 26.1.50<ref>{{cite web |title=Brig Rajendra Singh, MVC |url=http://twdi.in/node/1455 |website=The War Decorated India & Trust |access-date=23 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128015851/http://twdi.in/node/1455 |archive-date=28 January 2020}}</ref>}}

== Legacy ==
For his valiant [[rearguard]] [[Last stand|last-stand]] actions, Brigadier Rajinder Singh is remembered as the "Saviour of Kashmir".<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=26 October 2015|title=Saviour of Kashmir remembered|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/saviour-of-kashmir-remembered-150902|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-08-21|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=26 October 2017|title=Jammu remember 'Saviour of Kashmir', Brig Rajinder Singh|work=United News of India (UNI)|url=http://www.uniindia.com/jammu-remembers-saviour-of-kashmir--brig-rajinder-singh/states/news/1028691.html|access-date=21 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Joshi|first=Col NN|date=16–31 December 2015|title=Rich Tributes Paid to Saviour of Kashmir|url=http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2015/dec16-15/Sainik%20E-book%20English%20HTML%2016-31%20December/mobile/index.html#p=30|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-08-23|website=[[Sainik Samachar]]}}</ref> [[V. P. Menon|V.P. Menon]], an Indian civil servant, had said of Brigadier Rajinder:<ref>{{Cite web|title=The four eventful days that decided the fate of Kashmir - Raid on Kashmir (last week of 1947)|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/the-four-eventful-days-that-decided-the-fate-of-kashmir/the-gallant-300/slideshow/70555207.cms|access-date=2020-08-20|website=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Lal|first=Dr Makkhan|date=2018-07-04|title=Kashmir, Nehru's Idealism and Article 370|url=https://www.vifindia.org/article/2018/july/kashmir-nehru-s-idealism-and-article-370|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-08-20|website=VIF India|language=en}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text="He and his colleagues will live in history like gallant [[Leonidas I|Leonidas]] and his 300 men who held the [[Battle of Thermopylae|Persian invaders at Thermopylae]]. It was but appropriate that when the [[Maha Vir Chakra]] decoration was instituted the first award should have been given (posthumously) to this heroic soldier."|author=|title=|source=}}

Brigadier Rajinder's native hometown of Bagoona has been renamed as Rajinderpura. A park in Bagoona, Samba and Canal head Jammu have been named after Singh, called the "Brigadier Rajinder Singh Memorial Park" and Jammu city has paid tribute by renaming shopping road/street "Rajinder Bazar" in his honor.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=14 June 2020|title=Saviour of Kashmir's birth anniversary celebrated at Bagoona|url=http://www.scoopnews.in/det.aspx?q=29800|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-08-21|website=Scoop News|location=Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=14 June 2020|title=BJP paid rich triubets to Brigadier Rajinder Singh on his 114th birth anniversary|url=http://www.scoopnews.in/det.aspx?q=13893|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-08-21|website=Scoop News|location=Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir}}</ref> Both Brigadier Rajinder's birthday, 14 June, and day of martyrdom, 26 October, are celebrated.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2018-06-14|title=119th birth anniversary of Brig Rajinder Singh celebrated|url=http://www.thenorthlines.com/119th-birth-anniversary-of-brig-rajinder-singh-celebrated/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-08-22|website=Northlines|location=Samba|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2018-10-26|title=Rich tributes paid to Brigadier Rajinder Singh|url=http://www.thenorthlines.com/rich-tributes-paid-to-brigadier-rajinder-singh/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-08-22|website=Northlines|location=Jammu Tawi|language=en-US}}</ref> Locals honour Rajinder Singh's birth anniversary every year in his hometown.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=15 June 2020|title=Brig Rajinder Singh's supreme sacrifice kept J&K united with India: Manjit|url=https://news.statetimes.in/brig-rajinder-singhs-supreme-sacrifice-kept-jk-united-with-india-manjit/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-08-21|website=State Times|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=14 June 2020|title=JKFFA pays tributes to Brig Rajinder Singh on his birth anniversary|url=http://www.earlytimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=293390|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-08-21|website=Early Times|location=Jammu and Kashmir}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=14 June 2018|title=Tributes paid to 1947 hero Brigadier-Rajinder Singh|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/jk-tributes-paid-1947-hero-brigadier-rajinder-singh-1502648489.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=21 August 2020|website=The Statesman}}</ref> On 26 October 2018, the [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]] and the Indian Army paid tributes at 'Brigadier Rajinder Singh Chowk' in Jammu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 April 2020|agency=PTI|title=J-K govt Army pay tributes to Brig Rajinder Singh|url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2018/10/26/nrg22-jk-tributes.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-08-22|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref> [[University of Jammu]] has an auditorium named after the Brigadier,<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=27 November 2018|title=IIPA organizes 17th Veeranna Aivalli Memorial Debate|url=https://thekashmirimages.com/2018/11/27/iipa-organizes-17th-veeranna-aivalli-memorial-debate/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-08-23|website=Kashmir Images Newspaper|language=en-US}}</ref> while two schools in Samba district are also named after the Brigadier.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=14 June 2018|title=Brigadier Rajinder Singh remembered|url=https://news.statetimes.in/brigadier-rajinder-singh-remembered/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-08-23|website=State Times|language=en-GB}}</ref>

''[[Sainik Samachar]]'' reported that on 24 October 2018 a bust of Brigadier Rajindra Singh, presented by his family, was unveiled at the Badami Bagh Cantonment in Srinagar. Also at Badami Bagh Cantonment is the Rajindra Villa, now the Signal Regiment Officers' Mess.<ref name=":3" /> The entrance of the cantonment is also named after Rajinder Singh.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-26|title=Army pays tributes to Brig Rajinder Singh|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/army-pays-tributes-to-brig-rajinder-singh/|access-date=2020-08-23|website=Greater Kashmir|language=en-US}}</ref> ''Sainik Samachar'' also reported that the family visited Boniyar to pay homage at the Memorial where Brigadier Rajindra Singh died fighting.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=1-15 November 2018|title=Bust of Late Brigadier Rajinder Singh, MVC, Unveiled|url=http://www.sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2018/nov01-18/Sainik%20E-book%20English%20HTML%201-15%20November/mobile/index.html#p=31|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-08-22|website=[[Sainik Samachar]]}}</ref> Over the years there have been calls to posthumously honour the Brigadier with India's highest gallantry award, the [[Param Vir Chakra]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2017-10-25|title=Announce "Param Vir Chakra" for Brig Rajender Singh: NPP|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/announce-param-vir-chakra-for-brig-rajender-singh-npp/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-08-23|website=Daily Excelsior|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=25 October 2017|agency=PTI|title=JKNPP demands Param Vir Chakra for Brig Rajendra Singh|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/jknpp-demands-param-vir-chakra-for-brig-rajendra-singh-1072748-2017-10-25|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-08-23|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Saxena|first=Hori Lal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DswBAAAAMAAJ&q=brig+Rajinder+Singh+Jamwal|title=The Tragedy of Kashmir|date=1975|publisher=Nationalist Publishers|isbn=|location=|pages=520|language=en}}</ref> In 1999, at the Rajinder Singh Pura Memorial, [[George Fernandes]], the then [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]], had said "I am in agreement [...] that he should have been given [[Param Vir Chakra|PVC]]".<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=13 June 2019|title=Brig Rajinder Singh Jayanti to be celebrated on June 14th|url=https://www.thenorthernherald.com/newsdetail/4791/jammu/brig-rajinder-singh-jayanti-to-be-celebrated-on-june-14th|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-08-23|website=The Northern Herald}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* Shankar Prasad (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=_Wxsgt6_0TYC The Gallant Dogras: An Illustrated History of the Dogra Regiment.] pp 94 – 97. ''Lancer Publishers with the Dogra Regimental Centre''. {{ISBN|9788170622680|}}
* K. Brahma Singh (1990). [https://books.google.com/books?id=psTeAAAAMAAJ History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles, 1820-1956]. pp 234 – 236. ''Lancer International''. {{ISBN|9788170620914|}}
* Major K.C. Praval (1987) [https://books.google.com/books?id=DdxDcxj_wn4C Indian Army After Independence]. pp 23. ''Lancer Publishers LLC''. {{ISBN|9781935501619|}}
* Major General (Retd.) Goverdhan Singh Jamwal (2021). [https://www.amazon.in/Valour-Betrayal-Battles-Rajinder-saviour/dp/B09KPHSXRR/ Valour & Betrayal ].pp 121 – 143.''Sabre & Quill Publishers''.{{ISBN|9789391970024|}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/rajendra-singh-1 Official Government of India website for gallantry awards (gallantryawards.gov.in) entry]
* [https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=mMfE2mo6xQ88DMm5s8SLWw==&ParentID=hroGq23U22SEKcVx9PgaKQ== List of Maha Vir Chakra awardees on the official website of the Indian Army (SNO 1)]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Rajendra}}
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:1947 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian military personnel]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Maha Vir Chakra]]
[[Category:People from Samba district]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir State Forces]]
[[Category:People of the India–Pakistan war of 1947–1948]]
[[Category:Indian military personnel killed in action]]
[[Category:Indian State Forces officers]]

Sandhawalia

2026-03-17T05:09:37Z

ChristenHii: Added a bio

{{Short description|Jat clan of present-day India and Pakistan}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Infobox gotra
| name = Sandhawalia
| type = Jat Clan
| location = [[Amritsar]], [[Pathankot]]
<ref name="preminder">{{cite book |title=Noblemen and Kinsmen History of a Sikh Family: History of a Sikh Family|author=Preminder Singh Sandhawalia|year=1999|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers|isbn=8121509149}}</ref>{{page needed|date=January 2019}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Tribalism in India by Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya |page=160 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JfUJAQAAIAAJ&q=raja+sansi|access-date=23 October 2014|last1=Chattopadhyaya |first1=Kamaladevi |year=1978 |isbn=9780706906523 }}</ref>
| religion = [[Sikhism]]
| language = [[Punjabi Language|Punjabi]]
| surnames = Sandhawalia
}}
'''Sandhawalia''' is a [[Jat people|Jat]] clan of present-day India and Pakistan.{{Efn|Multiple spelling variations of the clan name exists, such as 'Sindhanwalia', 'Sandhanwalia', 'Sandhavalia', and 'Sandhanvalia'.|group=note}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/braving-the-ravages-of-time-176557|title=Braving the ravages of time|newspaper= The Tribun|access-date= 3 July 2021|date=27 November 2020 }}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:'Genealogical Tree of the Families of Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the Sandhanwalias' from 'A Short History of the Sikhs' (1915), by Charles Herbert Payne.jpg|thumb|Genealogical Tree of the Families of Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the Sandhanwalias' from 'A Short History of the Sikhs' (1915), by Charles Herbert Payne]]
The members of one particular Sandhanwalia [[Jat]] [[Sikh]] family occupied important positions in the [[Sikh Confederacy]]. The progenitor of this family was Choudhary Chanda Singh, who settled at the Sandhu wala village in present-day Pakistan, and consequently, came to be known as Sandhanwalia. His sons migrated to [[Rajasansi]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Hari Ram Gupta |title=History of the Sikhs: The Sikh commonwealth or Rise and fall of Sikh misls |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1wwAQAAIAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=978-81-215-0165-1}}</ref> The names of some of the Sandhawalia brothers included Lehna Singh, Basawa Singh, Budh Singh, Attar Singh, and Jaimal Singh.<ref>Sharma, Harish C. “Political Change and Social Readjustment Case of the Sandhawalia Family.” ''Proceedings of the Indian History Congress'', vol. 49, 1988, pp. 484–87. ''JSTOR'', <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/44148434</nowiki>. Accessed 24 Aug. 2024.</ref>

[[Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Punjab)|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]], the [[Sikh]] ruler of [[Punjab region|Punjab]], has been described as "Jat" in records. This has led to the view that he belonged to the [[Jat people|Jat]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marenco |first=Ethne K. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Transformation_of_Sikh_Society/fFOgAAAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=The Transformation of Sikh Society (Heritage Publisher) |date=1976 |publisher=[[Indiana University]] |page=61 |language=en |oclc=609454054 |ol=26561376M |quote=and members of the Sindhanwalia family, a Jat Sikh family to which Ranjit Singh himself belonged |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123210037/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Transformation_of_Sikh_Society/fFOgAAAAMAAJ?hl=en |archive-date=2025-01-23 |access-date=2024-11-29 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> There are some claims that he was of a lower caste, but according to [[W. H. McLeod]], however, it is more likely that he belonged to the same [[Jats|Jat]] ''got'' ("clan") as the Sandhawalias.<ref>{{cite book |author=W. H. McLeod |title=The A to Z of Sikhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA172 |year=2009 |publisher=Scarecrow |isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6 |page=172 |quote=Ranjit Singh was a Sansi and this identity has led some to claim that his caste affiliation was with the low-caste Sansi tribe of the same name. A much more likely theory is that he belonged to the Jat got that used the same name. The Sandhanvalias belonged to the same got. }}</ref> Author [[Preminder Singh Sandhawalia]] believes that Ranjit Singh shared lineage with the Sandhawalias, although he did not share a direct line of descent with them.<ref name="Tribune_2014">{{cite web|title=We, the Sandhawalias |publisher=The Tribute |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001210/spectrum/books.htm#1|access-date=23 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Noblemen and Kinsmen History of a Sikh Family: History of a Sikh Family|author=Preminder Singh Sandhawalia|year=1999|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |isbn=81-215-0914-9}}</ref>{{qn|date=October 2021}} Both the Sandhawalias and [[Sukerchakia Misl|Sukerchakias]] share a common ancestor, [[Budha Singh|Budh Singh]]. Budh Singh was survived by two sons, [[Naudh Singh]] and Chanda Singh.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Ancestors of Sher-e-Punjab Maharaja Ranjit Singh |url=https://www.sikhinstitute.org/ranjitsingh/ances.html |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=Institute of Sikh Studies, Chandigarh}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ancestors Table of Maharaja Duleep Singh |url=https://sikhinstitute.org/duleepsingh/ancestors.html |access-date=26 May 2023 |website=Institute of Sikh Studies, Chandigarh}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Chhabra |first=G. S. |title=Advanced History of the Punjab: Ranjit Singh & post Ranjit Singh period |publisher=New Academic Publishing Company |year=1972 |edition=2nd |series=Advanced History of the Punjab |volume=2 |pages=1–13 |chapter=Chapter 1: The Ancestors of Maharaja Ranjit Singh}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |title=The Sikh Review |publisher=Sikh Cultural Centre |year=1980 |volume=28 |location=Calcutta |pages=9}}</ref> Naudh Singh would succeed Budh as head of the Sukerchakia family.<ref name=":02" /> Meanwhile, Chanda was the progenitor of the Sandhawalia family of [[Rajasansi]].<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":22" /><ref name=":3" />

After the assassination of [[Nau Nihal Singh]], the Sandhawalia clan supported [[Chand Kaur]] to become the ruler.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Khalid |first=Haroon |date=2016-05-13 |title=In Lahore, overflowing garbage marks the spot where the final blow was dealt to the Sikh Empire |url=http://scroll.in/article/808042/in-lahore-overflowing-garbage-marks-the-spot-where-the-final-blow-was-dealt-to-the-sikh-empire |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> But, when [[Sher Singh]] forced Chand Kaur to abdicate the throne, Sandhawalias felt cheated and refused to accept his rule.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Gavin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SqcSEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22ajit+singh+sandhawalia%22&pg=PT508 |title=The Butcher of Sobraon: A Fake War and the Genocide of Khalsa |date=2020-12-21 |publisher=Xlibris Corporation |isbn=978-1-6641-1385-5 |language=en}}</ref> Sandhawalias were banished from the Khalsa empire and fled to Calcutta in British India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Khushwant |url=https://apnaorg.com/books/english/the-fall-of-the-kingdom-of-the-punjab/the-fall-of-the-kingdom-of-the-punjab.pdf |title=The Fall of the Kingdom of the Punjab |publisher=Penguin}}</ref>
[[File:Genealogical pedigree (family-tree) of the Sandhawalia family, Punjab, revised pedigree-table (1940).jpg|thumb|Genealogical pedigree (family-tree) of the Sandhawalia family, Punjab, revised pedigree-table (1940)]]
Sikh chieftain [[Ajit Singh Sandhawalia]], who had served as Prime Minister first for Ranjit Singh then for Sher Singh's brother Kharak Singh and Karak Singh's son Nau Nihal, assassinated on 15 September 1843 Sher Singh, [[Maharaja]] of [[Sikh Empire]], his son and heir apparent [[Pratap Singh (Sikh prince)|Pratap Singh]] and Sher Singh's [[Vizier|wazir]] (prime minister) [[Dhian Singh]]. Sher Singh was killed as he was asked to inspect a new shotgun brought by Sandhawalia. Sandhawalia then pulled the trigger and later beheaded the wounded Sher Singh with his sword.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khalid |first=Haroon |date=2016-05-13 |title=In Lahore, overflowing garbage marks the spot where the final blow was dealt to the Sikh Empire |url=http://scroll.in/article/808042/in-lahore-overflowing-garbage-marks-the-spot-where-the-final-blow-was-dealt-to-the-sikh-empire |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Gotras of Jats}}
{{Sikh Empire|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jat clans]]
[[Category:Punjabi tribes]]
[[Category:Jat clans of Punjab]]

Mohan Maharishi

2026-03-15T02:28:24Z

ChristenHii: small edit

{{Short description|Indian theatre director (1940–2023)}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mohan Maharishi
| image =
| image_size =
| caption = Writer Director Actor
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1940|01|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ajmer]], India
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2023|5|9|83|df=y}}
| death_place =
| years_active =
| othername =
| occupation = Playwright
| website = {{URL|https://web.archive.org/web/20140720133658/http://mohanmaharishi.in/about.php|mohanmaharishi.in}}
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] Direction, 1992
}}

'''Mohan Maharishi''' (30 January 1940<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=http://mohanmaharishi.in/about.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720133658/http://mohanmaharishi.in/about.php |archive-date=July 20, 2014 |access-date=May 9, 2023 |website=mohan maharishi}}</ref> – 9 May 2023) was an [[India|Indian]] [[theatre director]], actor, and playwright. He was awarded the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for Direction in 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Programmes |url=http://www.sangeetnatak.com/programmes_recognition&honours_drama_direction.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314221859/http://www.sangeetnatak.com/programmes_recognition&honours_drama_direction.html |archive-date=March 14, 2010 |access-date=May 9, 2023 |website=Sangeet Natal Academy}}</ref>

==Early life==
Mohan Maharishi graduated from [[National School of Drama]], [[New Delhi]] in 1965,<ref>{{Cite web |title=National School of Drama |url=http://www.nsd.gov.in/alumni2.asp?id=1965 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131201063656/http://nsd.gov.in/alumni2.asp?id=1965 |archive-date=1 Dec 2013 |access-date=9 May 2023 |website=nsd.gov.in}}</ref> and later served as its director 1984-86.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National School of Drama |url=http://nsd.gov.in/nsd_pdirectors.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227081550/http://nsd.gov.in/nsd_pdirectors.htm |archive-date=27 Dec 2007 |access-date=9 May 2023 |website=nsd.gov.in}}</ref>

==Career==
Mohan Maharishi is most known for his plays in [[Hindi]], such as ''Einstein'' (1994),<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Relatively speaking |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2005/04/18/stories/2005041800890200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050507122029/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2005/04/18/stories/2005041800890200.htm |archive-date=May 7, 2005 |access-date=May 9, 2023 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> ''Raja Ki Rasoi'' ''Vidyottamā'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Udhbhavarts Arts Private Ltd. |url=http://www.udhbhavarts.com/vidyottama.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210223750/http://www.udhbhavarts.com/vidyottama.asp |archive-date=Feb 10, 2012 |access-date=May 9, 2023 |website=www.udhbhavarts.com}}</ref> and ''Saanp Seedhi'' as well as [[Hindi]] plays that he had directed over the years, including ''Andhayug'', ''Rani Jindan'' (Punjabi), ''Othello'', ''Ho Rahega Kuchh Na Kuchh'' (inspired by [[Marsha Norman]]'s 1983 English play [['night, Mother|''<nowiki/>'Night, Mother'']]<ref name="o">{{cite news |date=11 February 2005 |title=An unusual show: In "Ho Rahega Kuch Na Kuch".. |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fr/2005/02/11/stories/2005021101360300.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=9 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606101849/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fr/2005/02/11/stories/2005021101360300.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ho Rahega Kuchh Na Kuchh |url=http://planetguru.com/Articles/ArticleDetail.aspx?ArticleId=25620&ChannelId=PerformingArts |url-status=dead |access-date= |website=planetguru.com |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327065655/http://planetguru.com/Articles/ArticleDetail.aspx?ArticleId=25620&ChannelId=PerformingArts }}</ref>), and ''Dear Bapu'' (2008). Amongst notable plays written by him include ''Einstein, Raja Ki Rasoi, Joseph Ka Mukadma, Deewar Mein Ek Khirkee Rahati Thi,'' and ''Ho Rahega Kuch Na Kuch''.<ref name="o" /> He had also appeared in the historical series ''[[Bharat Ek Khoj]]'' as Muslim social reformer [[Sir Syed Ahmed Khan]].

From 1973 to 1979, he was the theatre advisor to the government of [[Mauritius]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} After his return from Mauritius he taught at the department of Indian Theatre at [[Panjab University, Chandigarh]], and in 1987 he started his second tenure as professor and became its department head.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} He lived in [[Chandigarh]] until his retirement in 2004,<ref name=":0" /> and then moved back to [[New Delhi]] to set up the ''Natwa Theatre Society''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-09-14 |title=The Hindu : Entertainment Delhi / Drama : The stage is set... |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/11/25/stories/2005112501820300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914022353/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/11/25/stories/2005112501820300.htm |archive-date=2008-09-14 |access-date=2023-05-09 }}</ref>

Mohan Maharishi was known for his simplistic yet theatrically sound and heartwarming productions and is widely regarded as one of the best directors Indian theatre has ever produced.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

==Death==
Maharishi died on 9 May 2023, at the age of 83.<ref>[https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/bollywood/mohan-maharishi-death-theatre-director-actor-playwright-passes-away-2023-05-09 Mohan Maharishi Death: प्रसिद्ध रंगमंच निर्देशक मोहन महर्षि का निधन, अभिनेता पंकज झा कश्यप की पुष्टि] {{in lang|hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081010213540/http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Feb32008/finearts2008020250102.asp ‘Dear Bapu’, at National School of Drama’s ‘Bharat Rang Mahotsav, 2008’]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maharishi, Mohan}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:National School of Drama alumni]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Indian drama teachers]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the National School of Drama]]
[[Category:Hindi dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Hindi theatre]]
[[Category:Indian arts administrators]]

Eshanya Maheshwari

2026-03-11T18:52:57Z

ChristenHii: new new article!

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1993)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Eshanya Maheshwari
| image =
| alt =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|06|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Model (person)|Model]], [[actress]]
| years_active = 2015–2024 (actress) 2024–present (model)
| spouse =
| mother =
| father =
| relatives =
| awards =
| website =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Eshanya Maheshwari''' (born 17 June 1993) is a model and former actress who worked in Tamil, Telugu and Hindi films.

==Career==
After working in the successful horror film ''[[Raju Gari Gadhi]]'' (2015), she worked on Tamil films including the horror film ''[[Peigal Jaakkirathai]]'' and ''[[Rocky: The Revenge]]'' (2019) and a Hindi film, she later retired from the industry..<ref>{{cite web | title='Peigal Jaakirathai' not a regular horror-comedy: Eshanya | date=30 December 2015 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/peigal-jaakirathai-not-a-regular-horror-comedy-eshanya/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506224002/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/peigal-jaakirathai-not-a-regular-horror-comedy-eshanya/ | archive-date=6 May 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |trans-title=Where is the makeover, my dear..! Even star heroines are looking like they're going to rot.! Do you remember this beauty from the movie Raju Gari Gadhi?|language=te|url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/do-you-know-how-this-actress-who-starred-in-the-movie-raju-gari-gadhi-is-doing-now-1528622.html |title=ఇదెక్కడి మేకోవర్ మావ..! స్టార్ హీరోయిన్స్ కూడా కుళ్ళుకునేలా ఉందిగా.! రాజుగారి గది సినిమాలో ఈ బ్యూటీ గుర్తుందా.?|access-date=2025-08-25 |website=[[TV9 (Telugu)|TV9]]|first=Rajeev|last=Rayala |date=5 May 2025 }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Notes
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Raju Gari Gadhi]]'' || Barbie || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Peigal Jaakkirathai]]'' || Gayathri || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Rocky: The Revenge]]'' || Santhosh's wife || Tamil ||
|-
| 2024 || ''Kya Masti Kya Dhoom'' || || [[Hindi]] || Released on Waves OTT
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm7822839|Eshanya Maheshwari}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maheshwari, Eshanya}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]

{{India-film-actor-1990s-stub}}

Devrani Jethani Temple Complex

2026-03-09T07:48:18Z

ChristenHii: new new place

{{Short description|Archaeological site in Tala, Chhattisgarh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Devrani Jethani Temple Complex
| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| image = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 270
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/3/2/1/1
| image1 = 0010822 6th century Tala Devrani Mandir Shed Chattisgarh 118.jpg
|200px|
| caption1 = [[#Devrani Temple|Devrani Temple]]
| image3 = 0010822 6th century Tala Jethani Mandir Shed Chattisgarh 009.jpg|200px|
| caption3 = Ruins of [[#Jethani Temple|Jethani Temple]]}}
| caption =
| location = [[Tala, Chhattisgarh|Tala]], [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur district]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.9072|N|82.0259|E|}}
| sect = [[Shaivism]]
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| deity = [[Rudra Shiva (statue)|Rudra Shiva]]
| architect =
| completed = 525–550 CE
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| architecture_type = Ruined Hindu temple
| website =
}}
The '''Devrani Jethani Temple Complex''' is a complex of two ruined temples located in [[Tala, Chhattisgarh|Tala, India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakravarty |first=Kalyan |year=1992 |title=The Temples at Tala and the Art of Daksina Kosala |url=https://openpublishing.psu.edu/ahd/content/temples-tala-and-art-daksina-kosala |access-date= |website= |language=en}}</ref> The Devrani temple is in a state of good preservation. Consisting of a shrine, antechamber, and pavilion, it is built out of [[ashlar]]. The doorway of the temple is lavishly decorated with sculptures carved in [[relief]]. A [[Rudra Shiva (statue)|Rudra Shiva]] statue excavated from the temple is placed [[in situ]], and various parts of its body are represented by animal figures as well as human heads. The Jethani temple is in ruins, and its plan can be ascertained by fragments strewn across the temple site. The temples are an important example of the architecture of the [[Dakshina Kosala]] region.

== History ==
Due to the lack of a foundation inscription or other epigraphical evidence regarding its construction, the dating of the temple complex is based upon the architectural style. Historian of Indian art [[Donald Stadtner]] dates both the temples to around the same time, approximately 525–550 CE.{{sfn|Stadtner|1980|pp=38, 47}} Others have dated both temples to the late 6th century, during the reign of the [[Sharabhapuriya dynasty|Sharabhapuriya]] dynasty.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Joanna Gottfried |title=The Art of Gupta India |date=1983 |publisher=Heritage |isbn=978-0-691-03988-6 |location=New Delhi |pages=128}}</ref> Indologist [[Hans Bakker]] argues that the Jethani temple was built at an earlier date than the Devrani temple, ascertained due to the fact that the Jethani temple has a somewhat unconventional and experimental structure and may have collapsed under its own weight. This view is also supported by the fact that the [[Relief|reliefs]] on the entrance of the Devrani temple are more refined.{{Sfn|Bosma|2018|p=134}}{{sfn|Bakker|1994|p=258}}

The temples were excavated in the 20th century by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]]. In the course of the excavations, the scattered fragments of the Jethani temple were studied, and some were placed in the Bilaspur museum. In 1988, the massive Rudra Shiva sculpture was unearthed from beneath the Devrani temple, which is now placed [[in situ]].<ref name=":0" />

The complex of two ruined temples located, dating to the 6th century CE, was excavated by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] in 1977–1978, and again in 1984, after it was declared a [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|protected monument]].{{Sfn|Bosma|2018|p=116-117, 122}}

A third phase of excavation was conducted in 1987–1988, under the supervision of K. K. Chakravarty. It was focused around the southeast of the [[Devrani Jethani Temple Complex#Devrani Temple|Devrani Temple]], near its entrance, and the Rudra Shiva was unearthed here on 17 January 1988. The statue was found buried, with its ventral side down, and dorsal side facing up.{{Sfn|Bosma|2018|p=116-117, 122}}{{Sfn|Nigam|2000|p=61}} Based on the lack of damage to the statue, it is posited that it was deliberately buried, rather than having fallen down accidentally.{{Sfn|Bosma|2018|p=125}} {{As of|2018}}, the statue is displayed [[in situ]], and a shed has been built around it for protection.{{Sfn|Bosma|2018|p=125}}

==Description==
[[File:0010822 6th century Tala Devrani Mandir Shed Chattisgarh431.jpg|thumb|Entrance of the Devrani temple]]
===Devrani Temple===
The Devrani temple is fairly well-preserved, apart from the fact that its ''[[shikhara]]'' (temple tower) is lost. It is aligned along an east–west axis, with its entrance facing east and the rear facing the Maniari river to the west. The entrance is accessible by a flight of steps. The temple measures {{convert|75|by|32|ft|m|order=flip}} and is constructed from [[ashlar]].{{Sfn|Stadtner|1980|p=38-40}}

It consists of a ''[[garbhagriha]]'' (sanctum), ''[[antarala]]'' (antechamber), and a small ''mukhamandapa'' (pavilion). The sanctum is slightly larger than the antechamber. On each exterior wall of the temple, there are two vertical niches rising up to the roof. These are shallow and narrow, and it does not seem likely that any sculptures occupied the niches. The positions of these niches on the northern and southern wall correspond with the centers of the sanctum and the antechamber. Such niches are an element of early [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian]] temple architecture, seen in temples such as the [[Badami Shivalaya]].{{Sfn|Deva|1988|p=229}}{{Sfn|Stadtner|1980|p=39}} The entrance to the pavilion is flanked by two monolithic pillars.{{Sfn|Deva|1988|p=229}}

==== Doorway ====
[[File:0010822 6th century Tala Devrani Mandir Shed Chattisgarh510.jpg|thumb|The elaborately carved doorway]]
The doorway is elaborately decorated. The outer side of the doorframe is composed of six ''sakhas'' (bands). The first three inner bands display leaf motifs, foliate scrolls interwoven with birds, and a twisted twisted garland respectively. The fourth is a narrow band, displaying leaf motifs. The fifth is a jamb in the form of a pillar, with a [[Ghatam|pot]]-shaped base and ''[[kirtimukha]]'' figures at the top. The outermost band is broad, again displaying leaf motifs.{{Sfn|Stadtner|1980|p=42-43}}

The base of the doorjamb contains two large standing female figures, along with attendants. The figures are mutilated; However, they likely depict the river goddesses [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] and [[Yamuna in Hinduism|Yamuna]]. The inner faces of the doorjamb contain reliefs, with each face being divided into four unequal panels. On the northern doorjamb, Shaivite imagery is depicted, including a depiction of [[Uma–Maheshvara|Uma Maheshwara]]. On the southern doorjamb, [[Kubera]] is seen with a ''[[lingam]]'' above his head, along with six attendants. This is followed by [[kirtimukha]]s and [[Maithuna|mithunas]].{{Sfn|Bosma|2018|p=176}}{{Sfn|Stadtner|1980|p=42-43}}

The lintel is divided into two horizontal sections. The upper section features an image of [[Gajalakshmi]] at the center, flanked by two elephants and [[vidyadhara]] couples. In the lower section, the [[Kankalamurti|Kankala]] incarnation of Shiva is depicted in the center, with attendants on either side. Elephant and lion busts, along with other gods, also occupy this section. On the underside of the lintel are three circular medallions. The central medallion contains fifteen squatting figures, each with its right hand placed upon the head of the figure in front.{{Sfn|Stadtner|1980|p=44-46}}{{Sfn|Deva|1988|p=229}}

==== Rudra Shiva Statue ====
{{Infobox artifact
| name = Tala Rudra Shiva Statue
| height = 2.7 meters
| weight = About 5 tonnes
| location = [[Devrani Jethani Temple Complex]], [[Tala, Chhattisgarh|Tala]], [[India]]
| image = 0010822 6th century Tala Enigmatic statue, Devrani Jethani temple Chattisgarh 136.jpg
| discovered_date = 17 January 1988
}}
[[File:Stamp of India - 2019 - Colnect 909071 - Rudra Shiv Temple Statue Tala.jpeg|thumb|The statue, depicted on a 2009 stamp of India.]]
[[File:0010822 6th century Tala Enigmatic statue, Devrani Jethani temple Chattisgarh 009.jpg|thumb|The statue of Rudra Shiva excavated from the Devrani temple]]
A statue was found buried there in 1988, identified as [[Rudra]] '''Shiva'''. It weighs {{convert|5|LT|lb kg}} and has a height of {{convert|8|ft|m}}. Various parts of the figure's body are represented by animals and human heads.<ref name=":1" /> A lizard forms its nose while the hind legs of the lizard form the eyebrows.<ref name=":1" /> The eyes are shaped like frogs and peacocks constitute the ears of the figure.<ref name=":1" /> The moustache is composed of two fishes, while the lower lip and chin are formed by a crab.<ref name=":1" /> The shoulders are shaped like ''[[makara]]'' crocodiles, while the knees are made out of lion-heads. Human heads are found on the chest, torso, and thighs of the figure.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Majumdar |first=Susmita Basu |date=2003 |title=Tracing the Religio-Specific Traits in the Saiva Sculptures of South Kosala |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145470 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=64 |pages=279 |issn=2249-1937 |jstor=44145470}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Riddle of Indian iconography: zetetic on rare icon from Tālā |date=2000a |publisher=Sharada Pub. House |isbn=978-81-85616-63-6 |editor-last=Nigam |editor-first=L. S. |location=Delhi}}</ref>

The statue is about 2.7 meters tall, and weighs about 5 tonnes. Various parts of the figure's body are represented as animals, and some are in the form of human faces. The identity of this figure is a matter of contention among historians. It is popularly identified as [[Shiva]] in his [[Rudra]] form. However, some scholars have also posited that it might depict [[Pashupati]], or that it might have functioned as a ''[[dvarapala]]'' (door guardian statue).

===== Description =====
[[File:0010822 6th century Tala Enigmatic statue, Devrani Jethani temple Chattisgarh 019.jpg|thumb|The face of the statue. Various parts are in the form of animals; These include the eyes (frogs), nose (lizard), lips (fish), ears (peacocks), and chin (crab).]]
[[File:0010822 6th century Tala Enigmatic statue, Devrani Jethani temple Chattisgarh 040.jpg|thumb|Seven human heads located on the statue, with two found on the chest, a large head constituting the abdomen, and a pair of heads on each of the thighs. The erect penis in the form of a tortoise is also seen.]]
[[File:0010822 6th century Tala Enigmatic statue, Devrani Jethani temple Chattisgarh 054.jpg|thumb|Lion-heads constitute the knees of the figure.]]
The statue is about 2.7 meters tall, and weighs about 5 tonnes.{{Sfn|Nigam|2000|p=61}} It is a two-armed figure, and stands in the ''samapada'' position, i. e. with its feet together. Various parts of its body are made out of animal figures, human heads, and lion heads.<ref name=":1"/> The figure is wearing a ''jata'' turban, which is composed of two snakes. A lizard forms its nose, while the hind legs of the lizard form the eyebrows. The eyes are shaped like frogs, and peacocks constitute the ears. The moustache is composed of two fishes, while the lower lip and chin are formed by a crab. The shoulders are in the form of ''[[makara]]'' crocodiles.<ref name=":1"/> Its hands are resting upon its waistband, which is in the form of a snake. Its fingers are also in the form of a snake, and a snake twists around the left leg of the figure.{{Sfn|Bosma|2018|p=125}}{{Sfn|Nigam|2000|p=61-62}}

Seven human heads are found throughout its body. These include two heads which form the chest, and a large head which forms the abdomen. These are male heads, and their faces are mustached. Each thigh contains a pair of female heads, one facing the front and the other facing the side. The front-facing heads have smiling faces, and folded hands emerging from them (in the ''[[Añjali Mudrā|anjali]]'' posture).<ref name=":1"/>{{Sfn|Bosma|2018|p=123}}

The figure has an erect penis, composed of the head and neck of a tortoise, while its forelimbs constitute the testicles. Lion-heads constitute each knee.{{Sfn|Bosma|2018|p=123}} The figure's legs are shaped like elephant legs.{{Sfn|Nigam|2000|p=62}}

===== Analysis =====
The statue is popularly considered to depict [[Shiva]] in his [[Rudra]] form. While the ithyphallic nature of the statue points to this conclusion, it does not contain any of the other characteristic features of Shiva.{{Sfn|Bosma|2018|p=123}}{{Sfn|Srinivasan|2000|p=90}} The prolific use of animal imagery leads some scholars to the conclusion that it depicts [[Pashupati]], which is the form of Shiva worshipped as the "lord of animals". However, this does not explain the human heads which are also found on the statue. [[Hans T. Bakker|Hans Bakker]] notes the similarities between ''[[Gana|ganas]]'' (attendants of Shiva) and this sculpture, and identifies it as a ''gana''.{{Sfn|Bosma|2018|p=125}} Other interpretations identify it as a ''[[Yaksha]]''.

If the spot where it was excavated (by the doorway of the Devrani temple) was where the figure originally stood, it might have functioned as a ''[[dvarapala]]'', or "door guardian" statue.{{Sfn|Bosma|2018|p=125}}

=== Jethani Temple ===
[[File:0010822 6th century Tala Jethani Mandir Shed Chattisgarh 052.jpg|thumb|Ruins of the Jethani temple]]
The Jethani Temple is in ruins, and its plan is ascertained from the remains of pillars and sculpture scattered across the site. The temple is regarded as an experimental structure, and it may have collapsed under its own weight.{{sfn|Bakker|1994|p=258}} Brick [[Buttress|buttresses]] are found throughout the base of the temple, and towards the northern side, two large stone elephants are also present, which would have supported the weight of the temple. It is presumed that these were added as an attempt to stop the temple from collapsing.{{Sfn|Bosma|2018|p=118}}

The temple had three entrances, with the main entrance facing south, accessible by a flight of steps. The other two entrances faced east and west.{{Sfn|Bakker|1994|p=260-263}} Among the ruins, several [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] sculptures are found, including those of [[Kartikeya]], Shiva, [[Ardhanarishvara]], and [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandi]]. The prolific Shaivite imagery indicates that this temple was also dedicated to Shiva. The ruins also contain ''[[makara]]'' and ''gana'' figures, which had been used to support pillars. Some of these fragments are housed in the Bilaspur Museum.{{Sfn|Bakker|1994|p=260-263}}

Three large stone [[amalaka]]s are also among the ruins. If these were used in the temple superstructure, it would indicate that the Jithani temple is built in a more conventional north Indian architectural style, as opposed to the Devarani temple, which displays [[Dravidian architecture|south Indian]] influences.{{Sfn|Bakker|1994|p=260-263}}{{sfn|Stadtner|1980|p=47}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book |last=Deva |first=Krishna |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedia-of-indian-temple-architecture-ii-pt.1-text/page/226/mode/2up |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture: Volume II, Part 1 – Text |publisher= |year=1988 |pages=227–230 |chapter=Panduvamsis of Sripura and Nalas}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Stadtner |first=Donald M. |date=1980 |title=A Sixth-Century A.D. Temple from Kosala |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20111103 |journal=Archives of Asian Art |volume=33 |pages=38–48 |jstor=20111103 |issn=0066-6637}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bakker |first=Hans |author-link=Hans T. Bakker |title=Observations on the History and Culture of Daksina Kosala |url=https://brill.com/downloadpdf/book/9789004412071/BP000013.pdf |year=1994 }}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Bosma |first=Natasja |title=Dakṣiṇa Kosala: A Rich Centre of Early Śaivism |date=2018 |access-date=2025-01-25 |publisher=Rijksuniversiteit Groningen |url=https://pure.rug.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/132910075/Complete_thesis.pdf}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nigam |first=L. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k8sYAAAAYAAJ&q=Riddle+of+Indian+Iconography:+Zetetic+on+Rare+Icon+from+Tala |title=Riddle of Indian Iconography: Zetetic on Rare Icon from Tala |year=2000 |editor-last=Nigam |editor-first=L. S. |pages=61–68 |chapter=The Image of Siva from Tala: Issues in Identification and Interpretation of the Symbols Therein|publisher=Sharada Publishing House |isbn=978-81-85616-63-6 }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k8sYAAAAYAAJ&q=Riddle+of+Indian+Iconography:+Zetetic+on+Rare+Icon+from+Tala |title=Riddle of Indian Iconography: Zetetic on Rare Icon from Tala |year=2000 |editor-last=Nigam |editor-first=L. S.|last=Srinivasan|first=Doris Meth|chapter=Rupa Yakṣa: Unique Icon / Unique Identification|author-link=Doris Meth Srinivasan|pages=89–96|publisher=Sharada Publishing House |isbn=978-81-85616-63-6 }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k8sYAAAAYAAJ&q=Riddle+of+Indian+Iconography:+Zetetic+on+Rare+Icon+from+Tala |title=Riddle of Indian Iconography: Zetetic on Rare Icon from Tala |year=2000 |editor-last=Nigam |editor-first=L. S.|last=Bakker|first=Hans|chapter=An Enigmatic Giant from Tala|author-link=Hans T. Bakker|pages=101–105|publisher=Sharada Publishing House |isbn=978-81-85616-63-6 }}

[[Category:6th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Kosala]]

Ellaranthalla Nanna Ganda

2026-03-05T02:40:20Z

ChristenHii: expand details per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ellaranthalla Nanna Ganda
| image = File:Ellaranthalla Nanna Ganda VCD cover.jpg
| caption = A screenshot still from the film.
| director = S. Umesh
| producer = K. Prabhakar
| story = Ra Prakash Thrishuli
| writer = Ra Prakash Thrishuli (dialogues)
| screenplay = S. Umesh
| starring = [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] [[Prema (Kannada actress)|Prema]] [[Umashree]] Thara
| music = [[Upendra Kumar]]
| cinematography = R. Giri
| editing = S. Umesh
| studio = Vijay Films
| distributor = Vijay Films
| released = {{Film date|1997|04|29|df=y}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Ellaranthalla Nanna Ganda''''' ({{translation|My husband is unlike everyone}}) is a [[Kannada films of 1997|1997]] Indian [[Kannada]] film, directed by S. Umesh and produced by K. Prabhakar. The film stars [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Prema (Kannada actress)|Prema]], [[Umashree]] and [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[Upendra Kumar]].
==Plot==
When Surya accuses Vishwa Prasad, a politician, of acquiring his position through political influence, Vishwa swears to destroy him.

==Cast==
[[File:Ellaranthalla Nanna Ganda Kannada film screenshot.jpg|thumb|right|[[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Prema (Kannada actress)|Prema]] in the film]]
{{cast listing|
*[[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] as Surya
*[[Prema (Kannada actress)|Prema]] as Nethra
*[[Umashree]]
*[[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]]
*Ashalatha as Lakshmi
*[[Girija Lokesh]] as Girija
*Jyothi
*Meena
*[[Doddanna]]
*[[B. C. Patil]] as Vishwaprasad
*[[Lokanath]]
*[[Lohithaswa]]
*[[Rajanand]]
*Brahmavar
*Kunigal Vasanth
*Krishne Gowda
*Suresh Sharma
*Ashok Babu
*[[Tennis Krishna]]
*[[Bank Janardhan]]
*[[Dingri Nagaraj]] as Broker Nagaraj
*Rathnakar
*Lakshman
*[[Sathyajith (Kannada actor)|Sathyajith]]
*Bharath
*[[M. N. Vasudeva Rao]]
*[[Sudheer (Kannada actor)|Joe Simon]]
*[[Kunigal Nagabhushan]]
*Ramanjulu
*Ramamurthy
*Srishailan
*Shankar Bhat
*M. S. Karanth
*[[Biradar]]
*[[Master Anand]]
*[[Vinayak Joshi|Master Vinayaka Joshi]]
*Master Mohan
*Master Rakesh
}}

==Soundtrack==
Soundtrack was composed by Upendra Kumar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/ca/album/ellaranthalla-nanna-ganda-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/817653973|title=Ellaranthalla Nanna Ganda (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP|work=Apple Music|access-date=11 September 2023}}</ref>
*Janumada Neediruve - [[Dr. Rajkumar]]
*Baanigalla Obba - [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
*Ee Hrudaya Dochi - S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
*Kannadakkagi - S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
*Mohada Bombu - Vishnu, [[Manjula Gururaj]]

== Reception ==
Film critic Srikanth Srinivasa of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' panned the film, termed it "[A]voidable" and wrote, "The film meanders through the first half. Though Prema looks stunning and beautiful, she is wasted in an inconsequential role. Vishnuvardhan definitely steals the show with his trimmed physique and pleasing screen presence. Umashri is adequate. B C Patil is boring." He added, "Director Umesh has failed to capitalise on Vishnu's immense acting prowess. Music Director Upendra Kumar has scored two melodious tunes which remain hummable only within the theatre hall."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Srinivasa |first1=Srikanth |title=FILM: ELLARANTHALLA NANNA GANDA (Kannada) REVIEWER: Srikanth Srinivasa |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/may26/enter.htm |publisher=Deccan Herald |access-date=11 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970530234003/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/may26/enter.htm |archive-date=30 May 1997 |date=30 May 1997 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{commons category}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{YouTube|id=8_cqyeL3iUk|title=Ellaranthalla Nanna Ganda}}
* {{IMDb title|tt15057176}}

[[Category:1997 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1997 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Upendra Kumar]]

{{1990s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Paratharia Ahir

2026-03-04T00:41:46Z

ChristenHii: Put Up Page

{{Short description|Clan of Ahir community of Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
The '''Paratharia Ahir''' is a clan of the [[Ahir]] caste found in the [[Kutch District]] of [[Gujarat]] state of India. The Paratharia Ahir community consists of a number of clans, the main ones being the Dangar, Bala, Batta, Jatiya, Kerasiya, Chad, Chhanga, Chavada, Gagal, Dheela, Mata and Varchand.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

== Origin ==
Paratharia Ahir is a branch of the [[Ahir|Ahirs]]. The community is believed to have derived its name from the [[Gujarat|Parathar]] region, their original homeland. According to their traditions, they migrated from [[Mathura]] to the Parathar region of [[Saurashtra people|Saurashtra]] with [[Krishna]]. The Paratharia then migrated to [[Kutch district|Kutch]] about four to five hundred years ago. They are now distributed in eighty four villages in Kutch District, out of which thirty four are in Bhuj Taluka, twenty four Anjar Taluka and twelve villages in Nakathrana. A few are also found in Saurashtra. The Paratharia Ahir has a distinct dialect (language), which is more like Hindi and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and it is specific to Paratharia Ahir. Other Ahir like Machhoya, Boricha Ahir, Sorathiya Ahir and Naghera Ahir, etc. in Gujarat Speaks Gujarati language.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

== Present circumstances ==
The Paratharia Ahir community consist of a number of clans, the main ones being the Dangar, Bala, Batta, Jatiya, Kerasiya, Chad, Chhanga, Chavada, Gagal, Dheela, Mata and Varchand. Each of the clans are of equal status and intermarry. Like neighboring [[Hindus|Hindu]] communities, the community practice clan exogamy. The Paratharia Ahir are originally [[Pastoralism|pastoralist]] community. Some of them are now businessmen in real estate and transportation industry.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Ahir clans |state=expanded}}

[[Category:Ahir]]
[[Category:Social groups of Gujarat]]

Last Bus (2016 film)

2026-03-03T21:27:47Z

ChristenHii: Created Initial Entry Added Tags!

{{Other uses|Last Bus (disambiguation){{!}}Last Bus}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}{{Infobox film
| name = Last Bus
| image = Last_Bus_Poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = S D Arvind
| producer = G. N. C. Reddy B. Krishnappa S. D. Arvind Prashanth Kallur Gururaj Kulkarni (Nadagouda)
| writer =
| screenplay =
| starring = Avinash Narasimharaju Meghashree Bhagavatar Samarth Narasimharaju [[Prakash Belawadi]]
| narrator =
| music =S D Arvind
| cinematography = Ananth Arasu
| editing = Sri Crazymindz
| studio = Goals and Dreams / G9 Communications, media and entertainment
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2016|01|15|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}'''''Last Bus''''' (ಲಾಸ್ಟ್ ಬಸ್ pronounced ''lāst bas'') is a 2016 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[psychological thriller]] film written, co-produced and directed by S D Arvind who is also the music composer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/A-Thrilling-Ride-with-the-Last-Bus/2015/02/25/article2685089.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126121711/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/A-Thrilling-Ride-with-the-Last-Bus/2015/02/25/article2685089.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 November 2015|title=A Thrilling Ride with the Last Bus|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=25 February 2015}}</ref> It stars Avinash Narasimharaju, Meghashree Bhagavatar, Manasa Joshi and Samarth Narasimharaju in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmcultr.com/narasimharajus-last-grandson-boards-the-last-bus/|title=Narasimharaju's last grandson boards the Last Bus!|publisher=Filmcult|accessdate=13 January 2016|archive-date=7 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107212405/http://filmcultr.com/narasimharajus-last-grandson-boards-the-last-bus/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The movie is dubbed in to Telugu as ‘Adivilo Last Bus’ in the same year.

The song "Doori Doori" featured in the [[BBC Asian Network]] radio centre which was facilitated by Narayan Konda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmcultr.com/bbc-tunes-into-a-kannada-lullaby/|title=BBC tunes into a Kannada lullaby!|publisher=Filmcult|accessdate=13 January 2016}}</ref> After receiving rave reviews, the film is set to be dubbed in French language and released across France. This is the first Kannada film to be dubbed in French. Last Bus Successfully completed 100 Days in Kailash Main theatre & other few theatres on 22.04.2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/12834-last-bus-in-french-soon.html|title=Last Bus in French Soon!|publisher=Chitraloka|date=2 February 2016|accessdate=4 February 2016}}</ref> The film was dubbed in Telugu as ''Adavilo Last Bus''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/adavi-lo-last-bus-telugu-movie-review.html|title=Adavilo Last Bus Telugu Movie Review | Adavilo Last Bus Review | Adavilo Last Bus Review and Rating | Adavilo Last Bus Cinema Review | Adavilo Last Bus Film Review | Adavilo Last Bus Review in Telugu | Adavilo Last Bus Review in Telugu | Adavilo Last Bus Telugu Review | Adavilo Last Bus First Day TalK | Adavilo Last Bus Review | 123telugu.com | 123telugu.com|date=3 June 2016}}</ref>

The film met with critical praise upon release and won [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Art Direction]] for Avinash Narasimharaju and [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Cinematographer]] for Ananth Arasu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/karnataka-state-film-awards-2015-full-list/articleshow/52311976.cms|title=Karnataka State Film Awards, 2015: Full List|website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> The film was dubbed in Hindi by same name.

==Plot==
Prithvi is walking down a very scenic road after giving up on trekking. He wants to get back to his home in Bangalore via another village called Theerthalli, while his friends continue their trekking. A local person says buses are rare. Trains and airports are not present in nearby villages. Prithvi waits there until a local bus picks him up. This is the last bus from that place for the day. The bus is going to a place called Hansa instead of Bangalore or Theerthalli. The conductor tells Prithvi that he can change buses at Hansa and then reach Bangalore. There are a few passengers present in the bus. The Next passenger to be picked up is a sobbing lady called Mamtha. Her father drops her at the bus stop. She is trying to get to a court where a case is going on for custody of her daughter from her separated husband. Another lady Rita is running away from home to meet her boyfriend Santhosh and live / elope with him against the wishes of her family to Mumbai. She is the next passenger to get in the bus. The bus continues the journey. The next person to be picked up is a local lady called Seetha. Sometimes referred to as Seethaka The bus driver named Tanka likes Seetha, but Seetha hints that she does not share the same feeling. Next person to be picked up is a student called Sudhakara. He is trying to get to Chikkmangalore to attend an exam the next day. The Journey onward to Hansa is through a dense and remote forest. The driver stops at a place to pray to a local deity for a safe journey onward and offers a bottle of Alcohol. This is a regular practice. A clean shaven skin head Hindu priest named Sahasra Sagara meets the driver and reprimands him for being late. The priest is the next passenger to get in the bus. he prays in Malayalam in the move.

As the bus progress further, three local hunters hop on to the bus. Prithvi starts chatting with them. The three hunters reveal that the forest is dense and terrifying. They mention that it is difficult and dangerous to travel in this forest in broad daylight and being in the forest during night is totally out of question. This is because they have experienced strange events in the forest and as a practice they do not talk about it. Prithvi is puzzled and cannot understand how a scenic forest can be terrifying. All the passengers enjoy the journey and the pleasant nature

A huge tree is shown falling and blocking the road for the bus. The driver, conductor, hunters and some passengers see this as a bad omen and says they should return home and not continue the journey. Prithvi feels it is just a regular event and brushes off the advice to turn back as superstitious beliefs. He wants to continue the journey. Rita, Sudhakara, Seetha and Mamtha wants to reach their destination and so want to continue their journey. The group splits into two section, one section with the conductor named Seena abandons the bus and starts walking back to their home. Another section led by Prithvi decides to continue the journey through an alternate route. Tanka the bus driver and the priest Sahasra are against taking alternate road. This is because the alternate road is not in good condition, it goes through dense forest that is considered haunted and life-threatening. The driver Tanka eventually agree after Seetha requests him to help a crying Mamtha reach the court in time to get custody of her daughter. The Gpriest man Sahasra reluctantly agrees to go with the bus. The bus with these passengers continues the journey through an alternate road. Suddenly the driver loses control and bangs on a tree and stops. Driver Tanka is nowhere to be seen, the passengers start searching for him. They start hearing his screams for help, Mamtha and Sudhakara are terrified and opts to stay back with the bus while Rita, Prithvi, Sahasra and Seetha go to save Tanka, they reach an old, dilapidated grand mansion and hears Tanka's scream from inside. Sahasra the priest warns the group not to enter the house as its evil and says they should turn back. Prithvi rebukes the priest and says they should help Tanka. Upon entering the house, they find Tanka tied up to a pillar with dry creepers and roots in an unconscious state. The group frees him. Tanka regains consciousness and tells them that he has no clue how he got here and that he never cried for help.

Back at the bus, Mamtha and Sudhakara start to worry about other people, the bus starts shaking and a well-dressed white bearded man comes out of the bus. The bearded man stares at Mamtha and Sudhakara and displays his dagger. Mamtha and Sudhakara are terrified and runs away from there. Mamtha and Sudhakara reach the Mansion where others are there and narrate the story. All of them explore the house and go through strange feelings in the house. Each of them sees the happy side of their desires. The priest Sahasra discovers six to ten graves with date of death engraved in it. The date is exactly 100 years earlier than the present date in the movie. Bus Driver Tanka gets stuck in quick sand and is screaming for help. The passengers are now trapped in the house and are unable to find their way out of the house. All doors are jammed shut. Tanka drowns in quick sand in front of their eyes. rest of them sees this from the window of the house they are trapped in

A women dressed in black dress walks on small dam declaring that its full moon and it has been 100 years since she tasted blood and today is the day that she will see six souls in pain. A TV channel crew is shown as shooting this scene of the women. The women is the Heroine named Mallika. The TV crew has set up a tent near the old mansion and the water falls. The TV crew is led by Actor Prakash Belawadi called Sandy in the movie. Sandy is the director of the reality show. He plays an eccentric role and is chasing success at any cost. The TV crew has Geeta the Channel manager. Steve the camera Man, Mahesh as a technician and Shweta as a member. It is revealed that this TV crew had set up traps for the people in the bus with help from bus driver Tanka. The intention is to record the events in the house and broadcast it in a reality show. The passengers of the bus trapped in the mansion are unaware of this. Tanka comes back to the TV crew's team after finishing his role. All of them discuss who should be chosen as the winner of the show. The TV crew manager promises that all of them will be happy when they get a payment of 1 lakh in the morning for being trapped and filmed in the mansion. The well-dressed white bearded man comes to the tent of the TV crew and collects fee for his role, as soon as the manager Geeta pays him, another member of the TV crew brings the well-dressed white bearded man for payment. The TV crew manager is puzzled as how can the same person appear twice. Prakash goes to the vanity van of the heroine Mallika and tried / tries to exploit her, he is shown as beaten up, wounded and unconscious.

Meanwhile, the people trapped in the mansion experience super natural events and struggle to live through it. They try to light fire, but do not have a match stick, the priest Sahasra tries to ignite a pile of wood through magic but fails, but all of sudden the pile catches fire without human intervention. Prithvi breaks an old wooden cradle to use as firewood, but the broken wood pieces re-attach and attack them and Sudhakara is wounded. Seetha hallucinates about a woman named Maayi and gets pricked by thorns in her hands. Sudhakara jumps in a well but Prithvi saves him, they all get possessed by turns and sings the Doori Doori song in turns. The lyrics of the song tells the story of a woman who was wronged and killed there. There is a painting of 6 people in the house with their backs, but after some time each of the faces start appearing and they resemble the 6 people stuck in the house. There is another painting in the house of the well-dressed white bearded man. This painting was placed by the TV crew to spook the participants.
Back at the recording station, Prakash scolds the technician Mahesh for not placing a camera or a trap near the graves discovered by priestSahasra and asks him to place one immediately. While the technician nears the grave an unseen force kills him from behind. The camera man Steve recording the events from the tent sees this on TV and gets scared and leaves the tent. The remaining crew want to stop the show and leave but the heroine Mallika appears as a possessed person and stops them. She then clicks on the mouse connected to the computer, the entire tent experiences a huge blast and is shown burning.
The people stuck in the mansions are physically hurt by now, they are tired and have lived through the night without food or water. The night is over and the day starts to dawn. The main door opens and all of them leave the house slowly one after the other after being mentally tortured throughout the night. Prithvi mentions that she destroyed all the traditional believes as he leaves. Sandy regains consciousness and channel Manager Geeta also gets up from a river bank. Tanka also survives the blast and gets up.

At Past, Maayi also known as Mayamma is a laborer in a village. Her Marriage happens in childhood. She is married to the young master of the house and becomes the governing lady. She gives birth to a young girl called Mallava. One day when the child goes out to play in the garden, a huge vulture flies away with the child. Her family is non supportive and makes her feel that they wanted only her child and not her. Her family torments her, tortures her before murdering her. Mayamma becomes angry and becomes a spirit. She kills all her family members on the same day.

==Cast==
* Avinash Diwakar as Prithvi / Pruthvi
* Samarth Narasimharaju as student named Sudhakara
* Meghashree Bhagavatar as Seetha also known as Seethakka
* Manasa Joshi as Mamatha
* Deepa Gowda as Rita
* [[Prakash Belawadi]] as Sandy the reality show Director
* Rajesh P. I. as the God man Sahasra Sagara
* Raakaa Shankar Shetty as Bus Driver Tanka
* Lokeshachaar as Bus Conductor
* Sneha Nagaraj as Reality show heroine Mallika
* SrieeVihaa

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Last Bus
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = S. D. Arvind
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

S D Arvind has composed the film's background score and the soundtrack.

===Track listing===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Doori Doori
| extra1 = Chintan Vikas, Sujatha Iyer
| lyrics1 = Dr. K. Y. Narayanaswamy
| length1 =
| title2 = Ready to Go
| extra2 = Vikas Navale, S. P. Mahesha, Sujatha Iyer, Meghana Ommen
| lyrics2 = Dr. K. Y. Narayanaswamy
| length2 =
| title3 = Kandiddu Ulidilla
| extra3 = Murali Ramanathan
| lyrics3 = Dr. K. Y. Narayanaswamy
| length3 =
| title4 = Doori (Theatrical)
| extra4 = Chintan Vikas, Sujatha Iyer
| lyrics4 = Dr. K. Y. Narayanaswamy
| length4 =
| title5 = Doori (Lullaby)
| extra5 = Latha Jahangirdar
| lyrics5 = Dr. K. Y. Narayanaswamy
| length5 =
| title6 = In Search of Mystic Land – Devaramane
| extra6 = Instrumental
| lyrics6 =
| length6 =
| title7 = The Haunted House
| extra7 = Instrumental
| lyrics7 =
| length7 =
| title8 = Last Bus Mashup
| extra8 = DJ Neal Nash
| lyrics8 =
| length8 =
| title9 = The Road Less Travelled (Theme)
| extra9 = Instrumental
| lyrics9 =
| length9 =
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

Sunayana Suresh of ''[[The Times of India]] s''cored the film at 3.5 out of 5 stars and says "If over-the-top comedy or action and ready-to-eat masala films aren't your staple diet and you yearn for films that challenge you as a viewer, this one deserves a watch."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/last-bus/movie-review/50611643.cms?from=mdr|title=LAST BUS MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=14 May 2016}}</ref> ''[[Vijaya Karnataka]]'' scored the film at 3.5 out of 5 stars and says "KYN songs written with lines that have no face for darkness, no light for back, Graphic creations are enjoyable, except for falling trees. One of the most recent experimental films is the ''Last Bus''."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/review/last-bus/moviereview/50594523.cms|title=Don't miss the last bus number|publisher=[[Vijaya Karnataka]]|access-date=16 January 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External sources==
* {{IMDb title|4032570}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160101192900/http://lastbusthefilm.com/ Last Bus Film website]
* {{Facebook|LastBustheMovie}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 horror films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:2016 psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:2016 horror thriller films]]
[[Category:2010s road movies]]
[[Category:Indian road movies]]
[[Category:2016 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films about buses]]

Orey Rickshaw

2026-03-03T18:25:04Z

ChristenHii: Put Up A Details

{{short description|1995 film by Dasari Narayana Rao}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Orey Rickshaw
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]
| writer = Dasari Narayana Rao
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[R. Narayana Murthy]]
*[[Ravali]]
*[[Raghunatha Reddy]]
}}
| cinematography = Ch. Ramana Raju
| editing = B. Krishnam Raju
| music = [[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
| studio = Dasari Film University
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1995|11|09}}
| runtime = 141 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Orey Rickshaw''''' ({{translation|Hey, [[Pulled rickshaw|rickshaw puller]]}}) is a 1995 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[Dasari Narayana Rao]], and produced by Dasari Film University. It stars [[R. Narayana Murthy]], [[Ravali]] and [[Raghunatha Reddy]]. It features music composed by [[Vandemataram Srinivas]].

The film was released on 9 November 1995 and emerged as a commercial success, eventually attaining a [[cult following]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-11-09 |title=''Orey Rikshaw'' completes 25 years; Lesser-known facts about the R Narayana Murthy starrer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/orey-rikshaw-completes-25-years-lesser-known-facts-about-the-r-narayana-murthy-starrer/articleshow/79125968.cms |access-date= |website=The Times of India |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519121607/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/orey-rikshaw-completes-25-years-lesser-known-facts-about-the-r-narayana-murthy-starrer/articleshow/79125968.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The film received three [[Nandi Awards]].

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
* [[R. Narayana Murthy]] as Suryam
* [[Ravali]]
* [[Raghunatha Reddy]] as Venkataratnam
* Anuradha
* Poojitha
* Mukka Narasinga Rao
* Sri Divya
* Siva Parvathi
* [[Narra Venkateswara Rao]]
* [[Mukku Raju]]
* [[M. S. Narayana]]
{{Colend}}

== Production ==
Filmmaker [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] who facing financial troubles began writing a film for [[T. Krishna]]. However, the project was put on hold following Krishna's death from cancer. Dasari's disciple [[R. Narayana Murthy]] accepted the offer to play the film's lead and the film began its production.<ref name=":0" />

== Soundtrack ==
The film has score and soundtrack composed by [[Vandemataram Srinivas]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.atozlyrics.info/2019/05/orey-rikshaw-1995-telugu-songs-lyrics.html|title=Orey Rikshaw (1995) Telugu Songs Lyrics|work=ATOZ LYRICS}}</ref> The soundtrack consists eight songs of which two songs have lyrics written by [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] ("Jaagore", "Amma Kanna") while the other six were written by [[Gaddar]] who did not take any remuneration. "Nee Padam Meeda Puttu Machanai Chellemma" was particularly successful while "Naa Raktham Tho Naduputhanu Rikshanu" was not originally composed for the film.<ref name=":0" /> The songs were recorded by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Srinivas, [[K. S. Chithra]] and Manjala Srinivas.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Jaagore
| lyrics1 = [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]
| extra1 = [[Vandemataram Srinivas]], Manjala Srinivas
| length1 =
| title2 = Naa Raktham Tho Naduputhanu Rikshanu
| lyrics2 = [[Gaddar]]
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Aapura Rikshowda
| lyrics3 = Gaddar
| extra3 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Jatharelli Podame
| lyrics4 = Gaddar
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length4 =
| title5 = Rajyangam Chattamandu
| lyrics5 = Gaddar
| extra5 = Vandemataram Srinivas
| length5 =
| title6 = Malle Theegaku Pandiri Vole (Nee Padam Meeda Puttu Machanai Chellemma)
| lyrics6 = Gaddar
| extra6 = Vandemataram Srinivas
| length6 =
| title7 = Amma Kanna
| lyrics7 = Dasari Narayana Rao
| extra7 = Vandemataram Srinivas
| length7 =
| title8 = Gana Gana Gana
| lyrics8 = Gaddar
| extra8 = Vandemataram Srinivas
| length8 =
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Orey Rickshaw'' released on 9 November 1995.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Jayadeva |first=Rentala |date=2020-11-09 |title=ఆర్. నారాయణమూర్తి సినిమాకు 25 ఏళ్లు |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/orey-rickshaw-movie-completed-25-years-1326383 |access-date= |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |language=te |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803103822/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/orey-rickshaw-movie-completed-25-years-1326383 |url-status=live }}</ref> It clashed with [[Chiranjeevi]] and [[Kodi Ramakrishna]]'s major production ''[[Rikshavodu]]'' that released in December 1995. While both ''Orey Rickshaw'' and ''Rikshavodu'' featured a rickshaw puller as its protagonist, only ''Orey Rickshaw'' emerged successful at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=UV |first=Gunnesh |date=2021-07-28 |title='చిరు' రిక్షా చతికిలబడింది.. 'నారాయణరావు' రిక్షా పరుగు తీసింది.. |url=http://www.tv5news.in/cinema/orey-riksha-vs-rikshavodu-764155 |access-date= |website=[[TV5 (India)|TV5]] |language=te |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523054839/http://www.tv5news.in/cinema/orey-riksha-vs-rikshavodu-764155 |url-status=live }}</ref> Chiranjeevi, who attended 100th day ceremony of the film, commented that ''Orey Rickshaw'' won the rickshaw race between the two films.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishna |first=Vamshi |date=2021-10-26 |title=చిరంజీవికి షాకిచ్చిన గురుశిష్యులు..! |url=http://www.tv5news.in/tollywood/interesting-facts-about-dasari-narayanaraos-orey-rikshaw-movie-783594 |website=[[TV5 (India)|TV5]] |language=te |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519121640/http://www.tv5news.in/tollywood/interesting-facts-about-dasari-narayanaraos-orey-rikshaw-movie-783594 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following the film's success, Dasari went onto to make another [[revolutionary]]-themed film ''[[Osey Ramulamma]]'' (1997) led by [[Vijayashanti]] which also became a success.<ref name=":1" />

== Awards ==
The film received three [[Nandi Awards]], including [[Nandi Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] for [[Vandemataram Srinivas]] and [[Nandi Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] for Gaddar (both for the song "Malle Theegaku Pandiri Vole"), in addition to [[Nandi Award for Best Character Actress|Best Character Actress]] for Shivaparvati.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2010-03-13 |title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964 - 2008) |trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964 - 2008) |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135739/http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2015 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website= |publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]] |page=38 |language=te}}</ref> Srinivas and Gaddar, however, chose to turn down the award.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|0262667}}
{{Dasari Narayana Rao}}
[[Category:1995 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1995 Indian films]]
[[Category:1995 drama films]]
[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dasari Narayana Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vandemataram Srinivas]]
[[Category:Films about siblings]]

Maamadurai

2026-03-03T04:25:56Z

ChristenHii: Created Some Info More To Come!

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Maamadurai.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = K. K. Krishnan
| producer = Kumar Ganesa Perumal
| writer = K. K. Krishnan
| starring = [[Karthick Singa|Vaasan Karthik]] Midhuna
| music = [[Karthik Raja]]
| cinematography = A. Karthikraja
| editing = P. Mohanraj
| studio = Thai Naadu Creations
| released = {{Film date|2007|07|13|df=yes}}
| country = India
| runtime = 137 minutes
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Maamadurai''''' ({{translation|Great Madurai}}){{Efn|''Maa'' refers to [[Mahalakshmi]], who is housed at [[Meenakshi Amman Temple]] in Madurai.}} is a 2007 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by newcomer K. K. Krishnan. The film stars [[Karthick Singa|Vaasan Karthik]] and Midhuna, who is the younger sister of [[Rajashree (actress)|Rajashree]]. The music was composed by [[Karthik Raja]]. The film was released on 13 July 2007.

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=April 2024}}
The story starts in Madurai railway station, where Saravanan is a coolie, accompanied by his friends Aarumugam and Mayilsami. Saravanan is go-header and spends his life like that with his friends. One day Saravanan finds a mobile phone lying unclaimed in the railway station and he learns that it belongs to Nandini. Then Saravanan goes to Nandini's home to hand over the phone, but he discovers that Nandini is the sister of politician 'One Way' Kumar.

The intro between Saravanan and Nandini grew into friendship and later on it became love. Kumar is aware of his sister's love affair, so he tries to separate the couple by means of force, even then Saravanan and Nandini love was steady. At another end, Saravanan discovered his mother's presence through a church father, father helping Saravanan to find his mother.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Karthick Singa|Vaasan Karthik]] as Saravanan
*Midhuna as Nandini
*[[Vadivelu]] as Thangavelu
*[[Thambi Ramaiah]] as Osamma's husband
*[[Crane Manohar]] as Thangavelu's neighbour
*[[Benjamin (actor)|Benjamin]] as Thangavelu's friend
*[[Karunas]] as Aarumugam
*[[Mayilsamy]]
*Kottaikumar as 'One Way' Kumar
*[[Singamuthu]]
*[[Delhi Ganesh]]
*[[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] as Sivagami
*[[Erode Sounder]] as Sivagami's father
*[[Besant Ravi]] as Thangavelu's enemy
*[[Nizhalgal Ravi]]
*[[C. R. Saraswathi]]
*[[Balu Anand]]
*[[Madhan Bob]]
*[[Halwa Vasu]]
*[[Periya Karuppu Thevar]]
*[[Scissor Manohar]]
}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Karthik Raja]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Maamadurai Tamil Audio Cd |url=https://banumass.com/product/tamil-audio-cds/tamil-audio-cd-tamil-audio-cd/maamadurai-tamil-audio-cd/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507174155/https://banumass.com/product/tamil-audio-cds/tamil-audio-cd-tamil-audio-cd/maamadurai-tamil-audio-cd/ |archive-date=7 May 2024 |access-date=7 May 2024 |work=Banumass}}</ref> The track "Sorgam Madhuvile" from the 1978 film ''[[Sattam En Kaiyil]]'' was remixed in this film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=2007-07-04 |title=Maamadurai (Tamil, Karthikraja) |url=https://milliblog.com/2007/07/04/maamadurai-tamil-karthikraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411122547/https://milliblog.com/2007/07/04/maamadurai-tamil-karthikraja/ |archive-date=11 April 2023 |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=[[Milliblog]]}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
! Song title !! Lyricist !! Singers
|-
|"Adakkivaasi" || Vijay Sagar || [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], Bobby
|-
|"Askalale" || Kalaikumar || [[Malgudi Subha]], Ranjith, [[Karunas]], Chorus
|-
|"Koondukkal" || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Sangeetha Rajeshwaran]]
|-
|"Madurai Maduraithaan" || Kottaikumar || [[Ilaiyaraaja]], [[Rita Thyagarajan|Rita]], Karthik Raja, Naveen
|-
|"Sorgam Arugile" || [[Kannadasan]] || Karthik, Rita
|}

== Reception ==
S. R. Ashok Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "If the director had bothered to join the loose ends, a reasonably good film would have emerged".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=20 July 2007 |title=Too many loose ends —Mamadurai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/too-many-loose-ends-mamadurai/article2273108.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021023828/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/too-many-loose-ends-mamadurai/article2273108.ece |archive-date=21 October 2023 |access-date=17 April 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote, "The film at the most is a promising effort from a first-time, director-hero team".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=July 25, 2007 |title=Mamadurai |url=http://chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2007/07mamadurai.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011071223/http://chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2007/07mamadurai.asp |archive-date=11 October 2007 |access-date=14 March 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> ''Kollywood Today'' wrote, "the film had made the flight successfully without any interpret".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-07-29 |title=Review – Maamadurai |url=http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/reviews/review-maamadurai/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072438/http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/reviews/review-maamadurai/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=2014-03-01 |website=Kollywood Today}}</ref> Chitra of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote it would have survived if it had been made into a full-length comedy. Love seems like main point but screenplay suddenly shifts to mother sentiment. It looks like as if something going to happen but ends up meh calling the climax uncompelling.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=சித்ரா |date=29 July 2007 |title=மாமதுரை |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2007-07-29/page/22/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240507173548/https://archive.org/details/kalki2007-07-29/page/22/mode/2up |archive-date=7 May 2024 |access-date=7 May 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=22 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

''Cinesouth'' wrote, "A baby getting lost in a train, knowing the hero is not an orphan half way through the film, touching mother's feet as if picking something that has dropped down, when there is problem everyone in town remains silent while the hero materializes from nowhere and saves them... In how many films have we seen such stuff and become tired? It is then pointless to ascribe story, screenplay, dialogue and direction to oneself. 'Maamadurai' is a tired horse".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/new/maamadurai.shtml|title=Tamil cinema review - Maamadurai|website=Cinesouth|access-date=13 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071120032356/http://cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/new/maamadurai.shtml|archive-date=20 November 2007}}</ref> ''Indiareel'' wrote, "Maamadurai would have been more interesting, if the director had attempted to avoid usual scenes".<ref>{{cite web |title=Maamadurai (2007) |url=http://www.indiareel.com/Tamil/reviews.asp?MovieNo=376 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117054851/http://www.indiareel.com/Tamil/reviews.asp?MovieNo=376 |archive-date=17 November 2007 |access-date=9 April 2025 |website=Indiareel}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2007 Indian films]]
[[Category:2007 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2007 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Karthik Raja]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Rum (film)

2026-03-03T03:15:06Z

ChristenHii: Put Up New Entry

{{short description|2017 film by Sai Bharath}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rum
| image = Rum tamil film official poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| director = Sai Bharath
| producer = T. Vijayaraghavendra
| writer =
| starring = [[Hrishikesh (actor)|Hrishikesh]] [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] [[Narain (actor)|Narain]] [[Sanchita Shetty]] [[Miya (actress)|Miya]]
| music = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| cinematography = Vignesh Vasu Arun
| editing = [[Sathyaraj Natarajan]]
| studio = All In Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|02|17}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Rum''''' ({{langx|en|Verdict}}) is a 2017 [[India]]n [[Tamil language]] [[horror film|horror]] [[comedy thriller]] film written and directed by Sai Bharath. Featuring [[Hrishikesh (actor)|Hrishikesh]], [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], [[Narain (actor)|Narain]], [[Sanchita Shetty]] and [[Miya (actress)|Miya]] in the lead roles, the film's score and soundtrack is composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]]. The film began production during early 2016 and was released on 17 February 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-17 |title=Rum Teaser: Tamil Movie Rum Official Trailer | Galaxy Reporter | Latest Breaking News |url=http://www.galaxyreporter.com/2016/11/rum-teaser-tamil-movie-rum-official-trailer.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118133431/http://www.galaxyreporter.com/2016/11/rum-teaser-tamil-movie-rum-official-trailer.html |archive-date=18 November 2016 |access-date=2017-03-27 |publisher=Galaxy Reporter}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film starts with two men enter a haunted bungalow and gets killed by a mysterious force. The story then shifts to Shiva who along with his thief gang stole some expensive stones which was going to be displayed in hyderabad museum. While fleeing the gang is blackmailed by a police officer Thomas. To hide from Thomas the gang hides in a bungalow in the forest. After entering the house the gang experience paranormal activity. One of their members Nepali turns out to be Thomas's man who informs him about the gangs whereabouts. Nepali gets killed by the ghost. Thomas seeks help from a paranormal investigator who ask him to get a mercury stone to save him from the ghosts. Shiva, his girlfriend Riya and Raj see a flashback which reveal Thomas's men including Nepali, killing a young boy and an old man, while Thomas raped and murdered Thulasi in the same bungalow. As Shiva and his gang escape from the bungalow, Thomas gets killed by the ghosts. The film ends with Shiva, Riya, Raj and Kural having a vacation and selling the stolen gems.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Hrishikesh (actor)|Hrishikesh]] as Shiva
* [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Raj
* [[Narain (actor)|Narain]] as Inspector Praveen Thomas
* [[Sanchita Shetty]] as Riya
* [[Miya (actress)|Miya]] as Thulasi
* [[Amzath Khan]] as Suresh (Nepali)
* [[Arjun Chidambaram]] as Kural
* [[Andreanne Nouyrigat|Andreanne]] as a Russian lady
* [[Venkat Subha]]
}}

==Production==
The film began pre-production works during October 2015, with composer [[Anirudh Ravichander]] revealing that he would work on a film titled ''Rum'' directed by Sai Bharath and starring his cousin, Hrishikesh, in the lead role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=It's Anirudh for Rum — Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Its-Anirudh-for-Rum/articleshow/49594546.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119133541/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Its-Anirudh-for-Rum/articleshow/49594546.cms |archive-date=19 November 2019 |access-date=28 November 2016 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The project was announced to be funded by All in Pictures, while the director stated that it would be a "horror-heist film".<ref>{{Cite web |title='RUM' on floors |url=http://www.fulloncinema.com/index/news/rum-on-floors/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215023305/http://www.fulloncinema.com/index/news/rum-on-floors/ |archive-date=15 February 2017 |access-date=2017-03-27 |website=Fulloncinema.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2015 |title=VIP fame Hrishikesh to act in the movie Rum |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/vip-fame-hrishikesh-to-act-in-the-movie-rum.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203204243/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/vip-fame-hrishikesh-to-act-in-the-movie-rum.html |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=28 November 2016}}</ref> After completing a course in filmmaking in Canada, Sai Bharath had finished the script three years prior to the beginning of the shoot. He had approached Hrishikesh, who was looking to appear in his first lead role, after playing a supporting role in ''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari]]'' (2014).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-02-16 |title=Hrishikesh in high spirits |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Hrishikesh-in-high-spirits/article17311683.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111042122/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Hrishikesh-in-high-spirits/article17311683.ece |archive-date=11 November 2023 |access-date=2017-03-27 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In February 2016, the film's first look poster was unveiled, with [[Sanchita Shetty]] and [[Miya (actress)|Miya]] revealed as the film's lead actresses. [[Narain (actor)|Narain]], [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] and [[Amzath Khan]] were also announced to be playing supporting roles in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2016 |title=I'm open to any fresh script: Hrishikesh |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/100216/i-m-open-to-any-fresh-script-hrishikesh.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517231253/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/100216/i-m-open-to-any-fresh-script-hrishikesh.html |archive-date=17 May 2018 |access-date=28 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2016 |title=Updates on RUM, Darling 2 and Yaman |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/rum-darling-2-and-yaman-updates.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028162321/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/rum-darling-2-and-yaman-updates.html |archive-date=28 October 2019 |access-date=28 November 2016}}</ref> The title ''Rum'' was revealed by the makers to be an ancient Tamil word meaning "verdict", rather than the alcohol as widely presumed.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hrishikesh, who debuted in VIP, turns hero with Rum |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Scare-package/article14416642.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111042123/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Scare-package/article14416642.ece |archive-date=11 November 2023 |access-date=2017-03-27 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Ready for Rum? - Chennai |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Ready-for-Rum/article15835356.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111042124/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Ready-for-Rum/article15835356.ece |archive-date=11 November 2023 |access-date=2017-03-27 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The shoot of the film began in February 2016 in Chennai and was finished by June 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 January 2017 |title='Hrishikesh, Sanchita Shetty, and Miya George team up for a horror film' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Hrishikesh-Sanchita-Shetty-and-Miya-George-team-up-for-a-horror-film/articleshow/50889652.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215152311/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Hrishikesh-Sanchita-Shetty-and-Miya-George-team-up-for-a-horror-film/articleshow/50889652.cms |archive-date=15 February 2017 |access-date=2017-03-27 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-29 |title=Rum shooting wrapped up |url=http://www.magzter.com/news/74/218/062016/40086 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215031330/http://www.magzter.com/news/74/218/062016/40086 |archive-date=15 February 2017 |access-date=2017-03-27 |website=Magzter.com}}</ref> During May 2016, the team shot for a fast-paced [[gaana]] song titled "Peiyo Phobilia" in a dense forest in [[Padappai]] and set up a campsite on location.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Campfire, gana and thrill |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/270516/campfire-gana-and-thrill.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215033602/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/270516/campfire-gana-and-thrill.html |archive-date=15 February 2017 |access-date=2017-03-27 |website=Deccanchronicle.com}}</ref> The final schedule for the film began on 1 June 2016 and carried on for fifteen days until completion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2016 |title=Actor Amzath talks about Vivek and his film Rum |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/actor-amzath-talks-about-vivek-and-his-film-rum.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124092238/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/actor-amzath-talks-about-vivek-and-his-film-rum.html |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=2017-03-27 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A heist-horror film in the offing! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/260916/a-heist-horror-film-in-the-offing.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215033404/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/260916/a-heist-horror-film-in-the-offing.html |archive-date=15 February 2017 |access-date=2017-03-27 |website=Deccanchronicle.com}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Rum
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2 November 2016
| recorded = 2015–16
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length =
| language = Tamil
| label = [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]]
| producer = Anirudh Ravichander
| prev_title = [[Remo (film)|Remo]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Vivegam]]
| next_year = 2017
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Rum
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Hola Amigo
| single1date = {{Start date|df=yes|2016|04|26}}
| single2 = Peiyophobilia
| single2date = {{Start date|df=yes|2016|09|22}}
}}
}}
The film's music was composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]], while the audio rights of the film was acquired by [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]]. The album released on 2 November 2016 at an event held at Park Hyatt, Chennai with the lead cast and crew in attendance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-03 |title=Hrishikesh Sanchitha Shetty Vivekh Anirudh RUM Audio launch event details - Tamil Movie News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/hrishikesh-sanchitha-shetty-vivekh-anirudh-rum-audio-launch-event-details-tamil-news-170474.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028162318/https://www.indiaglitz.com/hrishikesh-sanchitha-shetty-vivekh-anirudh-rum-audio-launch-event-details-tamil-news-170474.html |archive-date=28 October 2019 |access-date=2017-03-27 |website=Indiaglitz.com}}</ref> Prior to the release of the album, a single track titled "Hola Amigo" was released in April 2016. Anirudh collaborated with Malaysian rapper Balan Kashmir for the song which carried the theme of intolerance, and the song subsequently went viral on social media after it was promoted by American DJ [[Diplo]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 January 2017 |title=Now, Anirudh's Hola Amigo rocks the internet |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Now-Anirudhs-Hola-Amigo-rocks-the-internet/articleshow/52005197.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215140637/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Now-Anirudhs-Hola-Amigo-rocks-the-internet/articleshow/52005197.cms |archive-date=15 February 2017 |access-date=2017-03-27 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 January 2017 |title=Anirudh wanted intolerance to be the theme of Hola Amigo! |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Anirudh-wanted-intolerance-to-be-the-theme-of-Hola-Amigo/articleshow/52054161.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215153819/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Anirudh-wanted-intolerance-to-be-the-theme-of-Hola-Amigo/articleshow/52054161.cms |archive-date=15 February 2017 |access-date=2017-03-27 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> A second single, "Peiyophobilia", was also released in September 2016 and featured vocals by actor [[Silambarasan]], who collaborated on a film soundtrack with Anirudh for the first time.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 January 2017 |title=simbu: Simbu records his first 'official' song for Anirudh |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Simbu-records-his-first-official-song-for-Anirudh/articleshow/54048685.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215160909/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Simbu-records-his-first-official-song-for-Anirudh/articleshow/54048685.cms |archive-date=15 February 2017 |access-date=2017-03-27 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-08 |title=Simbu sings Peiyophobilia song for Anirudh's Rum album |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/simbu-sings-peiyophobilia-song-for-anirudhs-rum-album.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126231647/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/simbu-sings-peiyophobilia-song-for-anirudhs-rum-album.html |archive-date=26 November 2016 |access-date=2017-03-27 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> Behindwoods.com stated "''Rum'' is an EDM intoxicant from Anirudh, which is addictive".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2016 |title=Rum (aka) Ram songs review |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/rum/rum-songs-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327072601/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/rum/rum-songs-review.html |archive-date=27 March 2022 |access-date=28 November 2016}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| lyrics_Credits = yes
| total_length =
| title1 = Hola Amigo
| lyrics1 = [[Madhan Karky]], Balan Kashmir
| extra1 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]], Balan Kashmir
| length1 = 4:19
| title2 = Peiyophobilia
| lyrics2 = [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]
| extra2 = [[Silambarasan]], Anirudh Ravichander
| length2 = 3:17
| title3 = Kadavulae Vidai
| lyrics3 = Vivek
| extra3 = [[Sean Roldan]] & Additional Vocals By [[Pragathi Guruprasad]]
| length3 = 4:02
| title4 = Kadavulae Vidai (Reprise)
| lyrics4 = Vivek
| extra4 = Anirudh Ravichander
| length4 = 3:22
| title5 = Pori Pathi Vizhum
| lyrics5 = Vivek, Divine
| extra5 = [[Diwakar]], Divine
| length5 = 3:06
| title6 = Hola Senorita
| lyrics6 = Madhan Karky
| extra6 = Anirudh Ravichander
| length6 = 3:31
| title7 = Alladhe Siragiye
| lyrics7 = Vivek
| extra7 = [[Sid Sriram]]
| length7 = 3:42
|all_writing=|title8=|length8=|title9=|length9=|title10=|length10=|title11=|length11=|title12=|length12=|title13=|length13=|title14=|length14=|title15=|length15=|title16=|length16=|title17=|length17=|title18=|length18=|title19=|length19=|title20=|length20=}}

==Release and reception==
Originally produced by Vijay Raghavendra, the film’s Tamil Nadu theatrical rights were sold to Shri Sai Circuit 6000, with the makers releasing the film in 150 screens across Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RUM-The heist horror thriller on February 17 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/rum-the-heist-horror-thriller-on-february-17-news-tamil-rcntmXfgcffjb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215030329/http://www.sify.com/movies/rum-the-heist-horror-thriller-on-february-17-news-tamil-rcntmXfgcffjb.html |archive-date=15 February 2017 |access-date=2017-03-27 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Upon release, the film received a positive review from [[The New Indian Express]], with the critic stating "in the first half, both horror and humour have worked out well", "in the second half that the plot loses steam" but "it peps up again towards the end".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-02-18 |title=Rum, an intoxicating watch? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/feb/18/rum-an-intoxicating-watch-1571762.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218023835/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/feb/18/rum-an-intoxicating-watch-1571762.html |archive-date=18 February 2017 |access-date=2017-03-27 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> In contrast, Baradwaj Rangan of [[The Hindu]] wrote "''Rum'' feels incoherent, and you wonder if it’s because the director was trying to be avant-garde, or whether he just ran out of film", stating that "the film has no spirit".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-02-17 |title=Rum: Unspookable acts |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/Rum-Review/article17319389.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217162219/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/Rum-Review/article17319389.ece |archive-date=17 February 2017 |access-date=2017-03-27 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> A reviewer from Sify.com stated "''Rum'' is an average horror comedy" and that the "major problem with ''Rum'' is that technically the film is amateurish and delivers very little in terms of novelty". The reviewer added the film "has more laugh-out-loud moments than jump-in-your-seat jolts" and that "it is just dull, lazy film making from debutant director Sai Bharath".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-17 |title=Review : Rum review - Low in chills & thrills! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/rum-review-low-in-chills-thrills-review--rcrrR7ghajeag.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218070112/http://www.sify.com/movies/rum-review-low-in-chills-thrills-review--rcrrR7ghajeag.html |archive-date=18 February 2017 |access-date=2017-03-27 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Behindwoods.com states it was "a horror comedy that has nothing new to offer", concluding that "the film lacks clarity and moves cluelessly in its initial moments".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-17 |title=Rum (aka) Ram review |url=http://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/rum/rum-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218064841/http://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/rum/rum-review.html |archive-date=18 February 2017 |access-date=2017-03-27 |website=M.behindwoods.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt6544384}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 horror films]]
[[Category:2010s heist films]]
[[Category:2017 horror thriller films]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian heist films]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anirudh Ravichander]]
[[Category:2017 directorial debut films]]

Unnaal Ennaal

2026-03-03T02:30:41Z

ChristenHii: Added a post - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Unnaal Ennaal
| image = Unnaal Ennaal.jpg
| caption = Official poster
| director = A. R. Jayakrishnaa
| writer = A. R. Jayakrishnaa
| producer = Perummalammal Rajendran
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Sonia Agarwal]]
*[[Ravi Mariya]]
*[[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]]
* [[R. Sundarrajan]]
*[[Delhi Ganesh]]
}}
| cinematography = Kichaas
| editing = M. R. Rajeesh
| music = Rizwan
| studio = Shri Shri Ganesha Creation
| distributor = Action Reaction Jenish
| released = {{film date|2023|6|2|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Unnaal Ennaal''''' ({{Translation|Because of you, I...}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language drama film written and directed by A. R. Jayakrishnaa. The film stars [[Sonia Agarwal]], [[Ravi Mariya]], [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]], [[R. Sundarrajan]] and [[Delhi Ganesh]] in lead roles. Perummalammal Rajendran produced it under the banner of Shri Shri Ganesha Creation, with music composed by Rizwan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=manimegalai.a |title=ரியல் எஸ்டேட் மோசடியை வெளிச்சம் போட்டு காட்ட வரும் சோனியா அகர்வால் வில்லியாக மிரட்டியுள்ள 'உன்னால் என்னால்'! |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/soniya-agarwal-turn-to-opposite-character-in-unnal-ennal-movie-rv65yp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603051912/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/soniya-agarwal-turn-to-opposite-character-in-unnal-ennal-movie-rv65yp |archive-date=2023-06-03 |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date= October 2023}}

== Cast ==
* [[Sonia Agarwal]]
* [[Ravi Mariya]]
* [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]]
* [[R. Sundarrajan]]
* [[Delhi Ganesh]]
* A. R. Jayakrishnaa
* Jaga
* Umesh
* Monika

== Production ==
The film's cinematography was done by Kichaas, while M. R. Rajeesh handled the editing of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-05 |title=3 ஹீரோ 3 ஹீரோயின் அறிமுகமாகும் உன்னால் என்னால் - New movie titled as Unnal Ennal |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/61665/cinema/Kollywood/New-movie-titled-as-Unnal-Ennal.htm |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805094929/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/61665/cinema/Kollywood/New-movie-titled-as-Unnal-Ennal.htm |archive-date=2017-08-05 |access-date=2023-06-03}}</ref> In June 2017, [[Sonia Agarwal]] conformed that she is playing the lead role in this film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2017 |title=Sonia makes a comeback |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2017/aug/16/sonia-aggarwal-in-unnal-ennal-1638.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603051625/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2017/aug/16/sonia-aggarwal-in-unnal-ennal-1638.html |archive-date=2023-06-03 |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was released on 2 June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Unnal Yennal: Exposing Real Estate Scams and Championing Humanity" |url=https://www.telugutimes.net/article/unnal-yennal-exposing-real-estate-scams-and-championing-humanity |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603051632/https://www.telugutimes.net/article/unnal-yennal-exposing-real-estate-scams-and-championing-humanity |archive-date=2023-06-03 |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=Telugu Times - USA NRI Telugu News Telugu News Papers In USA |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Dina Thanthi]]'' wrote that "Director Jayakrishna has tried to showcase friendship, love and real estate scams. Could have focused more on the screenplay."<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2023-06-03 |title=உன்னால் என்னால் : சினிமா விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/Review/unnal-ennal-film-review-978221 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603045209/https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/Review/unnal-ennal-film-review-978221 |archive-date=2023-06-03 |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Thinaboomi]]'' stated that "This film would have been a good film if the concept had been taken and it had been properly shot with good scenes."<ref>{{Cite web |title=உன்னால் என்னால் விமர்சனம் |url=http://www.thinaboomi.com/2023/06/05/201420.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606071815/http://www.thinaboomi.com/2023/06/05/201420.html |archive-date=2023-06-06 |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=தின பூமி |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|tt27802687}}

[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films about fraud]]
[[Category:Real estate in India]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Guge

2026-03-01T03:08:44Z

ChristenHii: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|Historical kingdom in Western Tibet}}
{{for multi|the search engine that formerly used the Chinese name "Gu Ge"|Google China|the village in Iran|Gugeh}}
{{Infobox former country
|image_coat = 古格阴霾.jpg
|symbol_type = Ruins of the Guge capital at [[Tsaparang]]
|coa_size = 290px
|image_map =
{{South Asia in 1000|center||{{Annotation|140|52|[[File:Long Rectangle (plain).png|28px]]}}||none}}
|image_map_caption = {{center|Location of Guge and neighbouring polities in the early 1000s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Satish |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One |date=2004 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-1064-5 |pages=19–20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&pg=PA19 |language=en|author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)}}</ref>}}
|conventional_long_name = Guge
|common_name = Guge
|government_type = Monarchy
|capital = [[Tsaparang]]
|year_start =
|year_end =
|religion = [[Tantras (Hinduism)|Tantric Hinduism]], [[Tibetan Buddhism]], [[Shamanism]], [[Bon]]
|p1 = Era of Fragmentation
|s1 = Ladakh
| leader1 = [[Kyide Nyimagon]] ''(first)''
| year_leader1 = {{circa|910}}–{{circa|930}}
|today = [[China]]; [[India]]; [[Nepal]]
}}
'''Guge''' ({{bo|t=གུ་གེ་|w=gu ge}}) was an ancient dynastic kingdom in Western [[Tibet]]. The kingdom was centered in present-day [[Zanda County]], [[Ngari Prefecture]], [[Tibet Autonomous Region]]. At various points in history after the 10th century AD, the kingdom held sway over a vast area including south-eastern [[Zanskar]], [[Kinnaur district]], and [[Spiti Valley]], either by conquest or as tributaries. The ruins of the former capital of the Guge kingdom are located at [[Tsaparang]] in the [[Sutlej]] valley, not far from [[Mount Kailash]] and {{convert|1200|mi|km}} west from [[Lhasa]].

==History==
{{see also|Timeline of the Era of Fragmentation|Purang-Guge Kingdom}}

=== Founding ===
Guge was founded in the 10th century. Its capitals were located at [[Tholing]] {{coord|31|28|55|N|79|48|01|E|display=title}} and [[Tsaparang]].<ref>.Snelling, John. (1990). ''The Sacred Mountain: The Complete Guide to Tibet's Mount Kailas''. 1st edition 1983. Revised and enlarged edition, including: Kailas-Manasarovar Travellers' Guide. Forwards by H.H. the Dalai Lama of Tibet and Christmas Humphreys, p. 181. East-West Publications, London and The Hague. {{ISBN|0-85692-173-4}}.</ref> [[Kyide Nyimagon]], a great-grandson of [[Langdarma]], the last monarch of the [[Tibetan Empire]], fled to [[Ngari Prefecture|Ngari]] (West Tibet) from the insecure conditions in [[Ü-Tsang]] in 910. He established a kingdom around 912, annexing [[Burang County|Purang]] and Guge. He established his capital in Guge.

Nyimagon later divided his lands into three parts. The king's eldest son [[Lhachen Palgyigon|Palgyigon]] became ruler of [[Maryul]] ([[Ladakh]]), his second son [[Trashigon]] (''bKra shis mgon'') received Guge-Purang, and the third son [[Detsukgon]] received [[Zanskar]].

=== Second diffusion of Buddhism ===
[[Image:Tibetan Bodhisattva of Compassion.jpg|thumb|right|150px|A [[brass]] [[alloy]] statue of the [[bodhisattva]] [[Avalokiteśvara]], Guge, c. 1050 CE.]]
Trashigon was succeeded by his son ''Srong nge'' or [[Yeshe-Ö]] (''Ye shes 'Od'') (947–1024 or (959–1036), who was a renowned [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] figure. In his time a Tibetan [[lotsawa]] from Guge called [[Rinchen Zangpo]] (958–1055), after having studied in India, returned to his homeland as a monk to promote Buddhism. Together with the zeal of Yeshe-Ö, this marked the beginning of a new diffusion of Buddhist teachings in western Tibet. In 988 Yeshe-Ö took religious vows and left kingship to his younger brother ''Khor re''.

According to later [[historiography]], the Turkic [[Karluks]] (''Gar log'') took the Yeshe-Ö prisoner in a war.<ref name="Beckwith2009">{{cite book |first=Christopher I. |last=Beckwith |title=Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5jG1eHe3y4EC&pg=PA169 |date=2009 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-13589-2 |pages=169–}}</ref> The episode has a prominent place in Tibetan history writing. The Karluks offered to set him free if he renounced Buddhism, which he refused to do. They then demanded his weight in gold to release him. His junior kinsman ''Byang chub 'Od'' visited him in his prison with a small retinue, but ''Yeshe-Ö'' admonished him not to use the gold at hand for ransom, but rather to invite the renowned [[Mahayana]] sage [[Atiśa]] (982–1054). ''Yeshe-Ö'' eventually died in prison from age and poor treatment.{{sfnp|Shakabpa, Tibet: A Political History|1984|pp=56–57}} The story is historically debated since it contains chronological inconsistencies.{{cn|date=February 2023}}

=== Successions ===
[[File:Donor depiction, presumably king Lha lde; mural painting inside the Northwest stupa, Tholing monastery, ca. 1025.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Donor depiction, presumably king Lha lde of Guge. Northwest stupa, [[Tholing Monastery]], ca. 1025 CE.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Heller |first1=Amy |title=Tibetan Inscriptions at Alchi, Part I Towards a reassessment of the chronology |journal=Tibetan Genealogies: Studies in Memoriam of Guge Tsering Gyalpo (1961–2015), Guntram Hazod and Shen Weirong, Editors, China Tibetology Publishing House |date=1 January 2018 |url=https://www.academia.edu/37803934}}</ref>]]
In 1037, ''Khor re''<nowiki/>'s eldest grandson ''<nowiki/>'Od lde'' was killed in a conflict with the [[Kara-Khanid Khanate]] from Central Asia, who subsequently ravaged Ngari. His brother ''Byang chub 'Od'' (984–1078), a [[bhikkhu|Buddhist monk]], took power as secular ruler. He was responsible for inviting [[Atiśa]] to Tibet in 1040 and thus ushering in the so-called ''Chidar'' (Phyi-dar) phase of Buddhism in Tibet. ''Byang chub 'Od''<nowiki/>'s son ''rTse lde'' was murdered by his nephew in 1088. This event marked the break-up of the Guge-Purang kingdom, since one of his brothers was established as separate king of Purang. The usurping nephew ''dBang lde'' continued the royal dynasty in Guge.<ref>{{harvp|Hoffman, Early and Medieval Tibet|1990|pp=388, 394}}; {{harvp|Petech, Ya-ts'e, Gu-ge, Pu-ran|2003|pp=53–66}}</ref>

A new Kara-Khanid invasion of Guge took place before 1137 and cost the life of the ruler, ''bKra shis rtse''. Later in the same century the kingdom was temporarily divided. In 1240 the [[Mongol]] khagan, at least nominally, gave authority over the Ngari area to the [[Drigung Monastery]] in Ü-Tsang.

''Grags pa lde'' was an important ruler who united the Guge area around 1265 and subjugated the related [[Khasa kingdom|Ya rtse (Khasa) kingdom]]. After his death in 1277 Guge was dominated by the [[Sakya]] monastic regime. After 1363, with the decline of the Mongol-led [[Yuan dynasty]] and their Sakya protégés, Guge was again strengthened and took over Purang in 1378. Purang was henceforth contested between Guge and [[Upper Mustang|Mustang]], but was finally integrated into the former. Guge also briefly ruled over Ladakh in the late 14th century. From 1499 the Guge king had to acknowledge the [[Rinpungpa]] rulers of Tsang. The 15th and 16th centuries were marked by a considerable Buddhist building activity by the kings, who frequently showed their devotion to the [[Gelug]] leaders later known as the [[Dalai Lama]]s.{{sfnp|Petech, Ya-ts'e, Gu-ge, Pu-ran|2003|pp=42–45,  68–89}}

=== Ladakhi invasions ===
[[File:Guge in Maryul.png|thumb|right|220px|Guge in [[Maryul]] during 11th century]]
[[File:Tsaparang-ruins of ancient capital of Guge Kingdom 03.JPG|thumb|right|220px|Tsaparang, the ruins of the ancient capital of Guge]]

The first Westerners to reach Guge were [[António de Andrade]], a [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] missionary, and his companion brother [[Manuel Marques (Guge)|Manuel Marques]], in 1624. De Andrade reported seeing irrigation canals and rich crops in what is now a dry and desolate land. Perhaps as evidence of the kingdom's openness, de Andrade's party was allowed to construct a chapel in Tsaparang and instruct the people about [[Catholic Church in Tibet|Catholic Christianity]].<ref>{{cite web |first=John |last=McKinnon |title=The Kingdom of Guge, Western Tibet: an account of its history, Western visitors and significance |url=http://www.greenkiwi.co.nz/footprints/frames/gu.htm |website=www.greenkiwi.co.nz |access-date=19 April 2018}}</ref> A letter by De Andrade relates that some military commanders revolted and called the Ladakhis to overthrow the ruler. There had been friction between Guge and Ladakh for many years, and the invitation was heeded in 1630. The Ladakhi forces laid siege to the almost impenetrable Tsaparang. The King's brother, who was chief lama and thus a staunch Buddhist, advised the pro-Christian ruler to surrender against keeping the state as tributary ruler. This treacherous advice was eventually accepted. Tibetan sources suggest that the Guge population was maintained in their old status. The last king, Tashi Drakpa De, (''Khri bKra shis Grags pa lde'') and his brother and other kin, were deported to Ladakh, where they lived comfortably until their death. The prince married a wife from the Ladakhi royal family.{{sfnp|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|pp=44–45}}{{sfnp|Petech, Ya-ts'e, Gu-ge, Pu-ran|2003|p=44}}

=== Annexation to Central Tibet ===
Tsaparang and the Guge kingdom were later conquered in 1679–80 by the Lhasa-based Central Tibetan government under the leadership of the [[5th Dalai Lama]], driving out the Ladakhis.

== Historiography ==
{{History of Tibet}}
Western archeologists heard about Guge again in the 1930s through the work of Italian [[Giuseppe Tucci]]. Tucci's work was mainly about the [[fresco]]es of Guge. Lama [[Anagarika Govinda]] and [[Li Gotami Govinda]] visited the kingdom of Guge, including Tholing and Tsaparang, in 1947–1949. Their tours of central and western Tibet are recorded in black-and-white photos.<ref>Li Gotami Govinda, Tibet in Pictures (Berkeley, Dharma Publishing, 1979), 2 volumes.</ref>

{{Tibetan Buddhism}}

== Rulers ==
A list of rulers of Guge and the related [[Khasa kingdom|Ya rtse]] kingdom has been established by the Tibetologists [[Luciano Petech]] and Roberto Vitali<ref>{{harvp|Petech, Ya-ts'e, Gu-ge, Pu-ran|2003}}; R. Vitali (1996), ''The kingdoms of Gu.ge Pu.hrang''. Dharamsala: Tho.ling gtsug.lag.khang.</ref>

'''A. Royal ancestors of the [[Yarlung dynasty]]'''
* [['Od srungs]] (in Central Tibet 842–905) son of Glang Darma
* [[dPal 'Khor btsan]] (in Central Tibet 905–910) son
* [[Kyide Nyimagon]] (in Ngari Korsum, c. 912–?) son
* [[Palgyigon]] (received Ladakh, 10th century) son
* [[Detsukgon]] (received Zanskar, 10th century) brother
'''B. Kings of Guge and Purang.'''
* [[Trashigon]] (received Guge and Purang, fl. 947) brother
* [[Yeshe-Ö]] (?–988 or 959–1036) son
* [[Nagaraja (ruler)|Nagaraja]] (religious leader, d. 1023) son
* [[Devaraja of Guge|Devaraja]] (religious leader, d. 1026) brother
* [[Khor re]] (988–996) uncle
* [[Lha lde]] (996–1024) son
* [['Od lde btsan]] (1024–1037) son
* [[Byang chub 'Od]] (1037–1057) brother
* [[Zhi ba 'Od]] (religious leader, d. 1111) brother
* [[Che chen tsha rTse lde]] (1057–1088) son of Byang chub 'od
'''C. Kings of Ya rtse.'''
* [[Naga lde]] (early 12th century)
* [[bTsan phyug lde]] (mid-12th century)
* [[bKra shis lde]] (12th century)
* [[Grags btsan lde]] (12th century) brother of bTsan phyug lde)
* [[Grags pa lde (Kradhicalla)]] ([[floruit|fl.]] 1225)
* [[A sog lde (Ashokacalla)]] (fl. 1255–1278) son
* [['Ji dar sMal (Jitarimalla)]] (fl. 1287–1293) son
* [[A nan sMal (Anandamalla)]] (late 13th century) brother
* [[Ri'u sMal (Ripumalla)]] (fl. 1312–1214) son
* [[San gha sMal (Sangramamalla)]] (early 14th century) son
* [[Ajitamalla]] (1321–1328) son of Jitarimalla
* [[Kalyanamalla of Khasa|Kalyanamalla]] (14th century)
* [[Pratapamalla]] (14th century)
* [[Pu ni sMal (Punyamalla)]] (fl. 1336–1339) of Purang royalty
* [[sPri ti sMal (Prthivimalla)]] (fl. 1354–1358) son
'''D. Kings of Guge.'''
[[File:Ngari Tsaparang 01.jpg|thumb|Ruins of Tsaparang.]]
* [[Bar lde (dBang lde)]] (1088 – c. 1095) nephew of Che chen tsha rTse lde
* [[bSod nams rtse]] (c. 1095 – early 12th century) son
* [[bKra shis rtse]] (before 1137) son
* [[Jo bo rGyal po]] (regent, mid-12th century) brother
* [[rTse 'bar btsan]] (12th century) son of bKra shis rtse
* [[sPyi lde btsan]] (12th century) son
* [[rNam lde btsan]] (12th/13th century) son
* [[Nyi ma lde]] (12th/13th century) son
* [[dGe 'bum]] (13th century) probably an outsider
* [[La ga]] (died c. 1260) of foreign origin
* [[Chos rgyal Grags pa]] (c. 1260–1265)
* [[Grags pa lde]] (c. 1265–1277) prince from Lho stod
* ''unknown rulers''
* [[rNam rgyal lde]] (c. 1396 – 1424) son of a Guge ruler
* [[Nam mkha'i dBang po Phun tshogs lde]] (1424–1449) son
* [[rNam ri Sang rgyas lde]] (1449–?) son
* [[bLo bzang Rab brtan]] (died c. 1485) son
* [[sTod tsha 'Phags pa lha]] (c. 1485 – after 1499) son
* [[Shakya 'od]] (early 16th century) son
* [[Jig rten dBang phyug Pad kar lde]] (fl. 1537–1555) son?
* [[Ngag gi dBang phyug]] (16th century) son
* [[Nam mkha dBang phyug]] (16th century) son
* [[Khri Nyi ma dBang phyug]] (late 16th century) son
* [[Khri Grags pa'i dBang phyug]] (c. 1600) son
* [[Khri Nam rgyal Grags pa lde]] (fl. 1618) son
* [[Tashi Drakpa De]] (before 1622–1630) son
* ''Kingdom conquered by Ladakh (1630)''
* ''Kingdom later conquered by Tibet under the Fifth Dalai Lama (1679–1680)''

==See also==
* [[Purang-Guge Kingdom]]
* [[Zhangzhung]]
* [[Tsaparang]]
* [[History of Tibet]]
* [[Ladakh Chronicles]]
* [[List of rulers of Tibet]]

==References==
Specific references:
{{reflist}}
General references:
{{refbegin}}
* [[Charles Allen (writer)|Allen, Charles]]. (1999) ''The Search for Shangri-La: A Journey into Tibetan History''. Little, Brown and Company. Reprint: 2000 Abacus Books, London. {{ISBN|0-349-11142-1}}.
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* Bellezza, John Vincent: ''Zhang Zhung. Foundations of Civilization in Tibet. A Historical and Ethnoarchaeological Study of the Monuments, Rock Art, Texts, and Oral Tradition of the Ancient Tibetan Upland.'' Denkschriften der phil.-hist. Klasse 368. Beitraege zur Kultur- und Geistesgeschichte Asiens 61, Verlag der Oesterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 2008.
* {{citation |last=Hoffman |first=Helmut |chapter=Early and Medieval Tibet |editor1=Denis Sinor |editor2=Sinor Denis |title=The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ST6TRNuWmHsC&pg=PA394 |year=1990 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-24304-9 |ref={{sfnref|Hoffman, Early and Medieval Tibet|1990}}}}
* {{citation |last=Petech |first=Luciano |title=The Tibetan-Ladakhi Moghul War of 1681-83 |journal=The Indian Historical Quarterly |volume=23 |number=3 |pages=169– |date=September 1947 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.99772/page/n189/mode/2up?q=Petech |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Petech, The Tibetan-Ladakhi Moghul War|1947}}}}
* {{citation |last=Petech |first=Luciano |authorlink=Luciano Petech |title=The Kingdom of Ladakh, c. 950–1842 A.D. |publisher=Instituto Italiano Per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente |year=1977 |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/48901732/1977_Kingdom_of_Ladakh_c_950-1842_AD_by_Petech_s.pdf |via=academia.edu |ref={{sfnref|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977}}}}{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
* {{citation |last=Petech |first=Luciano |chapter=Ya-ts'e, Gu-ge, Pu-ran: A new study |editor=Alex McKay |title=History of Tibet, Volume 2: The Medieval Period: c.850–1895 |year=2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-30843-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/thehistoryoftibetvol2alexmckay_151_d |via=archive.org |pages=33–52 |ref={{sfnref|Petech, Ya-ts'e, Gu-ge, Pu-ran|2003}}}}
** {{citation |first=Luciano |last=Petech |title=Ya-ts'e, Gu-ge, Pu-raṅ: A New Study |journal=Central Asiatic Journal |year=1980 |volume=24 |number=1/2 |pages=85–111 |jstor=41927281}}
* {{citation |last=Shakabpa |first=Tsepon Wangchuk Deden |title=Tibet: A Political History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iKziAAAAMAAJ |year=1984 |orig-year=1967| publisher=Potala Publications |location=New York |isbn=0-9611474-0-7|ref={{sfnref|Shakabpa, Tibet: A Political History|1984}}}}
* van Ham, Peter. (2017). ''Guge--Ages of Gold: The West Tibetan Masterpieces''. Hirmer Verlag, 390 pages, {{ISBN|978-3777426686}}
* Zeisler, Bettina. (2010). "East of the Moon and West of the Sun? Approaches to a Land with Many Names, North of Ancient India and South of Khotan." In: ''The Tibet Journal'', Special issue. Autumn 2009 vol XXXIV n. 3-Summer 2010 vol XXXV n. 2. "The Earth Ox Papers", edited by Roberto Vitali, pp. 371–463.

==External links==
* [http://www.nybooks.com/daily/2017/02/24/submerged-in-the-cosmic-kingdom-guge-peter-van-ham/] "Submerged in the Cosmos" by David Shulman, The New York Review of Books, February 24, 2017, retrieved March 2, 2017.
* [http://www.tibetanliberation.org/0511guge.html "Unravelling the mysteries of Guge"] by Xiong Lei, China Daily, May 8, 2003, retrieved November 24, 2005

{{Tibet topics}}
{{History HP}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guge}}
[[Category:Former kingdoms in Tibet]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Tibet]]
[[Category:Ngari Prefecture]]
[[Category:History of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Tibet]]
[[Category:Former kingdoms]]

Indian Mexicans

2026-02-24T22:06:15Z

ChristenHii: Creating New Info

{{About|people originating from India|native ethnic groups of Mexico, also sometimes called "Indians"|Indigenous peoples of Mexico}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Indian Mexicans
| image = FeriaCulturasAmigas06.JPG
| caption =
| population = 1,825<ref>{{cite web | title=India: Comercio exterior, inversión, remesas y migración | url=https://www.economia.gob.mx/datamexico/es/profile/country/india?timeSelector=Year&foreignYears2=2024 }}</ref>
| popplace = Mostly concentrated in urban areas such as: [[Guadalajara, Jalisco|Guadalajara]], [[Mexico City]], [[Monterrey]], [[Hermosillo]], [[Mexicali]], [[Tijuana]], coastal region of [[Michoacán]], [[Isthmus of Tehuantepec]]
| langs = [[English language|English]], [[Mexican Spanish]], [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]], [[Marathi Language|Marathi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], other [[Languages of India]]
| rels = {{flatlist |
* Predominantly [[Catholicism]] ([[Roman Catholic Church|Latin Rite]], [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church|Syro-Malabar]] and [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church|Syro-Malankara]])
* [[Hinduism]]
* [[Islam]]
* [[Sikhism]]
}}
| related = Other [[Asian Mexicans]], [[Indian diaspora]], [[Punjabi Mexican Americans]], [[Romani Mexicans]]
}}

'''Indian Mexicans''' are [[Mexico|Mexican]] citizens who are descendants of migrants from [[India]].

==History==
[[File:Budistas_en_México_D.F.,_México,_2013-10-16,_DD_122.JPG|left|thumb|250px|Indians in Mexico City, Mexico]]

=== Early immigration ===
The first Indians arrived in Mexico during the [[New Spain|colonial era]]. During this period, thousands of Asians arrived via the [[Manila galleons]], some of them as slaves termed ''chinos'' or ''indios chinos'' ({{literally|Chinese}}, regardless of actual ethnicity). The first record of an Asian in Mexico is from 1540; an enslaved cook originating from [[Calicut]].<ref name="Oropeza">{{cite web|last1=Oropeza Keresey|first1=Déborah|title=La esclavitud asiática en el virreinato de la Nueva España, 1565-1673|url=https://historiamexicana.colmex.mx/index.php/RHM/article/viewFile/278/255|publisher=Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo|access-date=19 December 2016}}</ref> The best known "''china''" was [[Catarina de San Juan]], a girl captured by Portuguese slave traders in [[Cochin]].

In 1923, immigration of ethnic Indians was secretly prohibited (along with other ethnicities as well).<ref name=FitzGerald>{{cite book|last1=FitzGerald|first1=David Scott|last2=Cook-Martín|first2=David|title=Culling the Masses|date=2014|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0674729049|page=220|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wXWWAwAAQBAJ&q=Culling+the+Masses+Mexico+table+6.1&pg=PA219|access-date=24 December 2015}}</ref> The ban was kept confidential in order to avoid diplomatic problems with the [[British Empire]]. This ban, along with similar bans based on ethnicity, was eliminated by a 1947 law that prohibited racial discrimination.<ref name=FitzGerald/>

=== Modern status ===
Most of the Indians in Mexico are recent arrivals in the country and most of them have settled in [[Guadalajara]] and [[Mexico City]]. Mexico has a [[jus soli|non-discriminatory policy]] with regard to the grant of its citizenship. The spouse of a Mexican national would generally not face any problem in acquiring local citizenship. Although a few of the [[Non-resident Indian|NRI]]s have married Mexicans, they have retained their Indian citizenship.

Indian Mexicans are mainly businessmen or professionals. Many of them work with one or other international organization or a [[multinational corporation]]. There are also some academicians and scientists among them. They have helped to bring about greater mutual understanding between India and their host country. Some of the Indians work for "ISPAT Mexicana" which is part of the [[Laxmi Mittal]] group, well known in this region for having turned around a sinking steel company in [[Lázaro Cárdenas, Michoacán|Lázaro Cárdenas]]. [[Tata Group|TATA Consulting]] also has a huge investment with offices in [[Guadalajara]].

According to the [[Indian Ministry of External Affairs]], there were about 2,000 Indians living in Mexico as of March 2011.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://mea.gov.in/mystart.php?id=50049865 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721044421/http://mea.gov.in/mystart.php?id=50049865 | archive-date = 21 July 2011 | title = India-Mexico Relations | publisher = Indian Ministry of External Affairs}}</ref> In December 2018, the ministry estimated there are about 6,500 people of Indian descent.<ref name="mea.gov.in">{{cite web |date=31 December 2018 |title=Population of Overseas Indians |url=https://mea.gov.in/images/attach/NRIs-and-PIOs_1.pdf |access-date=15 January 2021 |publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]]}}</ref> In 2020, there were 2,656 people from Indian origin in Mexico, according to the [[Censo General de Población y Vivienda]], by the [[National Institute of Statistics and Geography]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=López Olivares |first1=Lucero Jazmín |last2=Odgers Ortiz |first2=Olga |date=October 2022 |title=Altares domésticos hindúes en Tijuana: un acercamiento a la recreación de la religiosidad en cuatro familias originarias de India |url=https://revistas.uniandes.edu.co/index.php/res/article/view/6207 |journal=Revista de Estudios Sociales |language=es |issue=82 |pages=79–100 |doi=10.7440/res82.2022.05 |issn=0123-885X}}</ref>

== Indian culture in Mexico ==

=== Religion ===
The main Indian community organisation is the Indian Women's Association of Mexico (IWAM) in Mexico City. It celebrates important festivals and organises cultural programmes. A [[Sai Baba of Shirdi|Sai Baba]] temple, a [[Vaishnav]] temple and a [[Gurudwara]] have also been constructed by Sangam Organisation in Mexico City.

In [[Tijuana]], [[Hinduism in Mexico|Hinduism]] is practiced in diverse ways among both Indian-origin Hindus and local converts. Some cross over to [[San Diego]] to access religious products and [[Hindu temple|Hindu temples]], while others practice at home with small altars. This adaptability allows them to adjust rituals to new realities, influencing gender roles and relationships with their countries of origin and residence.<ref name=":0" />

=== Sport ===
Indian and [[Britons in Mexico|British diaspora members]] have been noted for re-establishing [[Sport in Mexico#Cricket|cricket in Mexico]] in modern times.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Cricket fans in Mexico hope to boost the sport and add teams |url=https://apnews.com/article/mexico-cricket-growing-sport-ae04b2e49522dd7c8b1d40965ec3d72d |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>

==Notable individuals==
[[File:Dr._Sanjaya_Rajaram_WFP.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Dr. Sanjaya Rajaram]]
* [[Manabendra Nath Roy]] – Founder of the [[Mexican Communist Party]]
* [[Rajagopal (professor and researcher)|Rajagopal]] – Expert in business and marketing at [[Tec de Monterrey]]
* [[Sanjaya Rajaram]] – Agronomist and creator of 480 types of [[wheat]]
* [[Ravi Prakash Singh]]
* [[Babaji Singh]] – [[Mexico|Mexican]] [[Sikh]] credited with translating the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] into Spanish
* [[Pandurang Sadashiv Khankhoje]] – One of the founding fathers of the [[Ghadar Party]]
* [[Catarina de San Juan]] (Mirra) – Girl brought to colonial Mexico as a slave; i.e., the "[[China poblana]]"

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Mexico}}
* [[Hinduism in Mexico]]
* [[Asian Latin Americans]]
* [[India–Mexico relations]]
* [[Punjabi Mexican Americans]]
* [[Romani Mexicans]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian diaspora}}
{{Ethnic groups in Mexico}}
[[Category:Asian diaspora in Mexico]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora by country|Mexico]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in North America|Mexico]]
[[Category:Mexican people of Indian descent|*]]
[[Category:India–Mexico relations]]

{{Mexico-stub}}
{{NorthAm-ethno-group-stub}}

Anil Kumar Boro

2026-02-22T00:16:47Z

ChristenHii: Put Up Initial Biography And Citations

{{Short description|Indian academic and folklorist}}
{{Infobox scholar
| name = Anil Kumar Boro
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|12|9|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Kahitama, [[Assam]], India
| occupation = Professor, Scholar, Author
| education = [[Gauhati University]] (Ph.D.)
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2025), [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2013)
| notable_works = ''A History of Bodo Literature'', ''Delphini Onthai Mwadai Arw Gubun Gubun Khonthai''
}}

'''Anil Kumar Boro''' (born 9 December 1961) is an Indian academic and [[folklorist]] known for his contributions to Bodo literature and folklore studies. He heads the Department of Folklore Studies at [[Gauhati University]], and was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 2025 for his work in literature and education.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tribune |first=The Assam |date=2025-01-26 |title=Five Padma awardees from Assam bring laurels to state |url=https://assamtribune.com/assam/five-padma-awardees-from-assam-bring-laurels-to-the-state-1565976 |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-25 |title=Padma awards 2025: 12 distinguished personalities from northeast conferred prestigious awards |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/padma-awards-2025-12-distinguished-personalities-from-northeast-conferred-prestigious-awards-1160654-2025-01-25 |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Anil Kumar Boro was born on 9 December 1961 at Kahitama village near the [[Manas National Park]], [[Assam]], India. He completed his schooling at NKB High School, Kahitama, and pursued higher education at B.H. College, Howly. Then at [[Gauhati University]] he earned a master's degree in English literature and a Ph.D. in folklore studies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital Desk |first=Northeast Live |date=2025-01-26 |title=Assam Celebrates One Padma Bhushan, 4 Padma Shri In Art, Literature And Culture |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/assam-celebrates-one-padma-bhushan-4-padma-shri-in-art-literature-and-culture/ |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=Northeast Live |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2013-12-19 |title=3 from northeast to get Sahitya Akademi awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/3-from-northeast-to-get-sahitya-akademi-awards/articleshow/27632338.cms |access-date=2025-02-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Career ==
Boro began his academic career as a lecturer in English at Dimoria College, Khetri, in 1988. In 2000, he joined the Department of Folklore Studies at [[Gauhati University]], where he heads of the Department. His research focuses on [[folk literature]], postmodernism, and Bodo literature, significantly contributing to the study and preservation of indigenous cultures in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pragyanxetu |date=2025-01-28 |title=Anil Kumar Boro ( Padma Shri 2025) |url=https://pragyanxetu.com/anil-kumar-boro-padma-shri-2025/ |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=প্ৰজ্ঞানসেতু since 2013: নিৰ্ধাৰিত সপোন নিৰ্ভীক ভৱিষ্যত |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Boro |first=Anil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDvxjgEACAAJ |title=Folk Literature of the Bodos |date=2014 |publisher=N.L. Publications |isbn=978-81-909739-2-2 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Literary contributions ===
Boro has authored several books and research papers on Bodo folklore and literature. His notable works include:
* ''A History of Bodo Literature''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Boro |first=Anil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G89htwAACAAJ |title=A History of Bodo Literature |date=2010 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-2807-8 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Delphini Onthai Mwadai Arw Gubun Gubun Khonthai'' (which won him the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2013)

His writings have played a crucial role in documenting and preserving Bodo folklore, making them accessible to wider academic and cultural audiences.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guptā |first=Ramaṇikā |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FWCiWWeRCU4C&dq=%22Anil+Kumar+Boro%22&pg=PA35 |title=Indigenous Writers of India: North-East India |date=2006 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-300-7 |language=en}}</ref>

== Achievements and recognition ==
* [[Padma Shri]] (2025) – For contributions to literature and education<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assam's Artistic Luminaries Shine with Padma Awards {{!}} Entertainment |url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/entertainment/3239623-assams-artistic-luminaries-shine-with-padma-awards |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=Devdiscourse |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-25 |title=Full list of Padma Awards 2025 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/full-list-of-padma-awards-2025/article69141094.ece |access-date=2025-02-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2013)– For his poetry collection<ref name=":0" />
* Rangsar Literary Award – Awarded by the [[Bodo Sahitya Sabha]]
* Participated in various international literary festivals such as the Obidos International Literature Festival (Portugal, 2019) and the SOA Literature Festival (Bhubaneswar, 2024).
* Presented research papers at prestigious conferences, including the International Society for Folk Narrative Research (ISFNR) Conference in Italy (2018).

== Personal life ==
Anil Kumar Boro keeps his personal life private. He is known for mentoring young researchers and students in folklore studies. His dedication to education and literature has earned him great respect in academic circles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tribune |first=The Assam |date=2023-12-21 |title=Wordle 915 answer today December 21: Click here to check hints and clues for the word of the day |url=https://assamtribune.com/archive/wordle-915-answer-today-december-21-click-here-to-check-hints-and-clues-for-the-word-of-the-day-1510706 |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Legacy and impact ==
Boro's work has played a significant role in promoting [[Bodo culture]] and language. His research has contributed to preserving indigenous knowledge systems and fostering a deeper understanding of Assam’s literary traditions. His scholarly contributions continue to inspire upcoming generations of writers and folklorists.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-25 |title=Padma Awards 2025: Paralympians, Spiritual Guru, Fruit Farmer Among People To Get Prestigious Award {{!}} Full List |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/padma-awards-2025-paralympians-spiritual-guru-fruit-farmer-among-people-to-get-prestigious-award-check-full-list-10214806 |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Folklore of India]]
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]
* [[Gauhati University]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://gauhati.ac.in/index.php/member/arts/folklore-research-department-(renamed-as-folklore-studies)/anil-kumar-boro Gauhati University Profile]
* [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Ka4IUUAAAAAJ&hl=en Anil Kumar Boro on Google Scholar]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Boro, Anil Kumar}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian folklorists]]
[[Category:Indian academic administrators]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

Thaipusam

2026-02-18T09:45:34Z

ChristenHii: cleanup

{{Short description|Tamil Hindu festival}}
{{good article}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox holiday|
| holiday_name = Thaipusam
| image = Penang thaipusam Kavadi procceession.jpg
| caption = Chariot of [[Murugan]] during Thaipusam festivities in Malaysia
| nickname =
| observedby = Primarily [[Tamil Hindu]]s in [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Indonesia]], [[Southeast Asia]], [[Caribbean]], [[Mauritius]], [[Fiji]], [[South Africa]] and [[United States]]
| date = First [[Purnima|full moon]] coinciding with [[Pushya|Pusa]] [[nakshatra]] in the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of [[Thai (month)|Thai]]
| observances =
| celebrations = [[Kavadi Aattam]]
| type = [[List of Hindu festivals|Hindu]]
| significance = Commemoration of [[Murugan]]'s victory over [[Surapadman]]
| date2026 = Sunday, 1 February
| alt =
}}
{{Kaumaram}}
'''Thaipusam''' or '''Thaipoosam''' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: Taippūcam, {{IPA|ta|t̪əjppuːsəm|IPA}}) is a [[Tamil Hindu]] festival celebrated on the first [[Purnima|full moon]] day of the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of [[Thai (month)|Thai]] coinciding with [[Pushya|Pusam]] [[Nakshatra|star]]. The festival is celebrated to commemorate the victory of [[Hinduism|Hindu]] god [[Murugan]] over the [[asura|demon]] [[Śūrapadmā|Surapadman]]. During the battle, Murugan is believed to have wielded a [[vel]], a divine spear granted by his mother, [[Parvati]].

The festival includes ritualistic practices of [[Kavadi Aattam]], a ceremonial act of sacrifice carrying a physical burden as a means of balancing a spiritual debt. Worshipers often carry a pot of [[cow milk]] as an offering and also do [[mortification of the flesh]] by piercing the skin, tongue or cheeks with ''vel'' skewers. Devotees prepare for the rituals by keeping clean, doing regular prayers, following a vegetarian diet and fasting while remaining celibate.

Thaipusam is observed by [[Tamils]] in [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Southeast Asia]] notably in [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], and [[Indonesia]]. It is also observed by other countries with significant Tamil diaspora like [[Fiji]], [[Mauritius]], [[Seychelles]], [[South Africa]], [[Canada]], the [[Caribbean]] countries including [[Trinidad and Tobago]] and [[Guyana]], and in countries with significant Indian migrants like the [[United States]]. It is a public holiday in Mauritius, select states in Malaysia and in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].

== Etymology ==
Thaipusam is a portmanteau of two [[Tamil language|Tamil]] words: [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of [[Thai (month)|Thai]] and the name of the [[Nakshatra|star]] [[Pushya|Pusam]], denoting the day of occurrence of the festival.<ref name="PS">{{cite book|title=Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia|first=Christian|last=Roy|year=2005|isbn=978-1-8510-9689-3|page=462-463|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing}}</ref>

== Theology ==
According to the [[Skanda Purana|Kanda Puranam]] (the Tamil version of the Skanda Purana), three [[asura]]s (a race of celestial beings) [[Śūrapadmā|Surapadman]], [[Tārakāsura|Tarakasuran]], and Singamukhan performed austerities to propitiate the [[Hindu]] god [[Shiva]]. Shiva granted them various boons which gave them near-immortality and the ability to conquer the [[Trailokya|three worlds]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&dq=Kanda+Puranam+Murugan+Surapadman&pg=PT1190|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-8-1847-5277-9|page=1190 }}</ref> They subsequently started a reign of tyranny in their respective realms and oppressed the celestial beings including the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] and other people. The devas pleaded Shiva for his assistance to put an end to the reign of Surapadman and the asuras. In response, Shiva manifested five additional heads and a divine spark emerged from each of the six heads.<ref name="Kanda">{{cite book|title=Sri Kandha Puranam|first=Akilā|last=Civarāman̲|isbn=978-8-1795-0397-3|page=55|publisher=Giri Trading|year=2006}}</ref> Initially, the wind-god [[Vayu]] carried the sparks, but the fire-god [[Agni]] took possession of them afterwards because of the unbearable heat. Agni deposited the sparks in the [[Ganges|Ganga]] river. The water in the Ganga started evaporating due to intense heat, and so the goddess [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] took them to the Saravana lake, where each of the sparks developed into a baby boy.<ref name="Kanda"/> The six boys were raised by [[handmaiden]]s known as the [[Kṛttikā|Kṛttikās]] and they were later fused into one by [[Parvati]], thus giving rise to the six-headed [[Murugan]].<ref>{{cite book|title=God and Science|first=Sridharan|last=T.K.R|isbn=979-8-8870-4354-8|publisher=Notion Press|year=2022}}</ref>

Parvati granted him a divine [[spear]] known as the [[vel]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/faith/vanquishing-the-demon/article30197138.ece|title=Vanquishing the demon|date=5 December 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> Murugan was accompanied by [[Veerabaahu|Virabahu]] who served as his commander-in-chief and eight others, who were sons bore by nine [[shakti]]s who arose from the gems of the broken [[anklet]] of Parvati, when she ran from her seat due to the heat generated by the sparks emanating from Shiva.<ref name="Kanda"/> Along with the armies of the devas, Murugan waged war on the asuras. Murugan split Surapadman into two with his vel and the two halves transformed into a mango tree and later into a peacock and a rooster. Murugan adopted the peacock as his [[Vahana|mount]] and took the rooster as his [[Cock flag|flag]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Chwalkowski|first=Farrin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W-22DQAAQBAJ&dq=Kartikeya+peacock+rooster&pg=PA476|title=Symbols in Arts, Religion and Culture: The Soul of Nature|date=2016-12-14|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-5728-4|page=476}}</ref> Thaipusam festival is celebrated to commemorate the victory of Murugan over the Surapadman.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Juergensmeyer|first1=Mark|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B105DQAAQBAJ&dq=Thaipusam+peacock+rooster&pg=PA1267|title=Encyclopedia of Global Religion|last2=Roof|first2=Wade Clark|date=2012|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-0-7619-2729-7|page=1267}}</ref>

Murugan is a deity associated with yogic discipline and austerities in Hinduism and is regarded by his adherents to be capable of offering [[Moksha|mukti]] (spiritual liberation) to those who venerate him.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kesavapany|first=K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ohxqDwAAQBAJ&dq=thaipusam+festival&pg=PT349|title=Rising India and Indian Communities in East Asia|date=August 2003|publisher=Flipside Digital Content Company|isbn=978-9-8145-1760-7|page=349|language=en}}</ref>

== Occurrence ==
Thaipusam occurs annually and is celebrated on the [[purnima|full moon day]] in the Tamil month of Thai on the confluence of star Pusam.<ref name="PS"/>

== Practices ==
{{multiple image
|image_width=300px
|image1=Kavadi_dancer_6039398.jpg
|caption1=A Kavadi procession
|image2=A day of devotion – Thaipusam in Singapore (4316108409).jpg
|caption2=Ritual piercing during Thaipusam
}}

[[Kavadi Aattam]] is a ceremonial act of sacrifice and offering practiced by devotees during the Thaipusam festival. It forms a central part of the festival and symbolizes a form of [[debt bondage]]. ''Kavadi'' (meaning "burden" in Tamil) is a physical burden which consists of a semicircular piece of wood or steel which are bent and attached to a cross structure in its simplest form, that is balanced on the shoulders of the devotee. By bearing the Kavadi, the devotees implore Murugan for assistance, usually as a means of balancing a spiritual debt or on behalf of a loved one who is in need of help or healing.<ref name="Kent">{{cite book|last=Kent|first=Alexandra|title=Divinity and Diversity: A Hindu Revitalization Movement in Malaysia|publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|year=2005|isbn=978-8-7911-1489-2|page=170-174}}</ref> Worshipers often carry one or more pots of [[cow milk]] as an offering (''pal kavadi'') or other objects such as [[sugarcane]], [[tender coconut]], and [[flowers]].<ref name="Ho">{{cite book|title=Culture and Customs of Singapore and Malaysia|author1=Jaime Koh|author2=Lee-Ling Ho|year=2009|isbn=978-0-3133-5116-7|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=176}}</ref> The most extreme and spectacular practice is the carrying of ''Vel kavadi'', a portable altar up to {{convert|2|m}} tall and weighing up to {{cvt|30|kg}}, decorated with peacock feathers and is attached to the body of the devotee through multiple skewers and metal hooks pierced into the skin on the chest and back.<ref name="PS"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Festivals of Malaysia|author=Gregory Leong|year=1992|isbn=978-9-6797-8388-9|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|page=10}}</ref><ref name="Hume">{{cite book|title=Portals: Opening Doorways to Other Realities Through the Senses|first=Lynne|last=Hume|year=2020|isbn=978-1-0001-8987-2|publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref><ref name="Kent"/>

People also do a form of [[mortification of the flesh]] by [[Body piercing|piercing]] the skin, tongue or cheeks with ''vel'' skewers and [[flagellation]].<ref name="TP">{{cite book|title=They Do What: A Cultural Encyclopedia of Extraordinary and Exotic Customs from Around the World|first=A.G.|last=Javier|year=2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NebIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT387|isbn=979-8-2161-5549-2|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|page=387}}</ref> Since public [[Self-harm|self mutilation]] is prohibited by Indian law, these practices are limited in India.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Practical implications of Mental Healthcare Act 2017: Suicide and suicide attempt|first1=Laxmi Naresh|last1=Vadlamani|first2=Mahesh|last2=Gowda|journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry|date=2019|volume=61|issue=Suppl 4|pages=S750–S755|publisher=National library of medicine, United States|doi=10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_116_19|doi-access=free|pmid=31040468|pmc=6482674 }}</ref><ref name="TP"/> [[Vibuthi]], a type of holy ash is spread across the body including the piercing sites. Drumming and chanting of verses help the devotees enter a state of [[trance]].<ref name="TP"/> Devotees usually prepare for the rituals by keeping clean, doing regular prayers, following a vegetarian diet and fasting while remaining celibate.<ref>{{cite book|title=Celebrating Life Customs Around the World: From Baby Showers to Funerals|first=Victoria|last=Williams|year=2016|page=334|isbn=978-1-4408-3659-6|publisher=ABC-CLIO}}</ref> They make pilgrimage with bare feet and dance along the route while bearing these burdens.<ref name="SI">{{cite book|title=South India|first=David|last=Abram|publisher=Rough Guides|year=2003|page=517}}</ref>

== Areas of practice ==
=== India ===
Thai pusam is a major festival in the Murugan temples including the [[Six Abodes of Murugan|six abodes]] in [[South India]].<ref name="SI"/> In [[Dhandayuthapani Swamy Temple]] in [[Palani]], the festival is celebrated over ten days known as Brahmotsavam.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/thaipusam-2022-from-date-to-history-heres-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-tamil-festival-10295631.html|title=Thaipusam 2022: From date to history, here's everything you need to know about the Tamil festival| date=18 January 2022|publisher=First Post|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=22 January 2023|title=Thaipusam festival - Palani|url=https://utsav.gov.in/view-event/thai-pusam-festival-palani-1| publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=30 October 2023}}</ref> At [[Subramaniya Swamy Temple, Tiruchendur]], where Murugan was supposed to have emerged victorious against the asuras, the festival attracts lakhs of pilgrims every year for the ritual procession.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/devotees-throng-tiruchendur-temple-for-thai-poosam/article4352921.ece|title=Devotees throng Tiruchendur temple for Thai Poosam|date=28 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> A float festival is held every year in the temple tanks in [[Meenakshi Temple]] in [[Madurai]] and [[Kapaleeshwarar Temple]], [[Mylapore]], [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theindiatourism.com/fairs-festivals-india/float-festival-madurai.html|title=Float festival, Madurai|publisher=India Tourism|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timescontent.timesgroup.com/photo/feature/Devotees/667939|title=Devotees at Kapaleeswarar temple Mylapore for the annual float festival on the occasion of the Thaipusam in Chennai|date=28 January 2021|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> The festival is also observed as Thaipooyam Mahotsavam in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Thaipooyam Mahotsavam, Harippad, Festivals, Alappuzha festivals|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/event/thaipooyam-festival-haippad/46|access-date=8 May 2021|publisher=Government of Kerala}}</ref> In 2021, the festival was declared a public holiday in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/thai-poosam-a-public-holiday-from-this-year/article33499884.ece|title=Thai Poosam a public holiday in Tamil Nadu from this year|date=5 January 2015|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>

=== Outside India ===
[[File:Penang_thaipusam_Silver_chariot.jpg|thumb|Thai pusam procession in [[Penang]], [[Malaysia]]]]

While the festival originated in India, it has spread across other countries with significant Tamil diaspora.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of Religious Phenomena|first=J Gordon|last=Melton|year=2007|page=332|isbn=978-1-5785-9230-2|publisher=Visible Ink Press}}</ref> It is celebrated in a much larger scale in some of the countries outside India.<ref name="PS"/> It is celebrated in [[Sri Lanka]],<ref name="TP"/> [[Myanmar]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mizzima.com/latest-news-life-news-features/myanmar%25E2%2580%2599s-tamil-community-works-maintain-their-culture|title=Myanmar's Tamil community works to maintain their culture|date=13 January 2016|access-date=1 June 2024|work=Mizzima news}}</ref> and countries in [[Southeast Asia]] notably in [[Malaysia]],<ref name="Malay"/> [[Singapore]],<ref name="Sing"/> and [[Indonesia]].<ref name="Ind"/> It is also celebrated in other countries with significant people of Tamil origin like [[Fiji]],<ref name="Fiji"/> [[Mauritius]],<ref name="Mau"/> [[Seychelles]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nation.sc/articles/3419/hindu-community-decorate-the-streets-of-victoria-for-thaipoosam-kavadi-festival|title=Hindu community decorate the streets of Victoria for Thaipoosam Kavadi festival|work=Nation|date=10 February 2020|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> [[South Africa]],<ref name="SA"/> [[Canada]],<ref name="TP"/> the [[Caribbean]] countries including [[Trinidad and Tobago]],<ref name="TP"/> and countries with significant Indian migrants like the [[United States]].<ref name="US"/>

In Malaysia, the festival attracts thousands of people for the elaborate festivities at [[Batu Caves]] near [[Kuala Lumpur]] and [[Arulmigu Balathandayuthapani Temple, Penang]].<ref name="Malay">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20110823-cave-party-malaysias-thaipusam-festival|title=Malaysia's Thaipusam festival|date=26 August 2011|newspaper=[[BBC]]|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Thaipusam in Malaysia|first=Carl Vadivella|last=Belle|year=2018|isbn=978-9-8147-8666-9|publisher=ISEAS Yusof Ishak Institute}}</ref> In Singapore, devotees start the procession at [[Sri Srinivasa Perumal Temple]] carrying milk pots and kavadis with spikes pierced on their body and proceeds towards [[Sri Thendayuthapani Temple, Singapore|Sri Thendayuthapani Temple]].<ref name="Sing">{{cite web|url=https://www.visitsingapore.com/festivals-events-singapore/cultural-festivals/thaipusam/|title=Thaipusam festival|publisher=[[Government of Singapore]]|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> Thaipusam in Mauritius is celebrated with thousands of attendees taking the ritual 'Cavadee' from Kovil Montagne.<ref name="Mau">{{cite web|url=https://mauritiusattractions.com/thaipoosam-cavadee-in-mauritius-i-347.html|title=Thaipoosam Cavadee in Mauritius|publisher=Mauritius attractions|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> In [[South Africa]], [[Thai Poosam Kavady festival in South Africa|Thaipusam Kavady]] is celebrated in [[Durban]], [[Clairwood Shree Siva Soobramoniar Temple|Clairwood Shree Siva Soobramonior Temple]] in [[Cape Town]] and Shree Sivasubramaniar Alayam in Palm Ridge.<ref name="SA">{{cite news|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/south_africa/general/0,2172,102881,00.html|title=Hindus end ato nement festival of Kavady|work=SABC News|date=24 April 2005|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-date=24 April 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050424210903/https://www.sabcnews.com/south_africa/general/0,2172,102881,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> At [[Fiji]], the festival is celebrated at Sri Siva Subrahmanya Swami Temple in [[Nadi]] town and at the Sri Raj Mahamariamman Temple in Suva.<ref name="Fiji">{{cite news|url=https://fijisun.com.fj/2018/02/04/hindu-devotees-brave-rain-water-cuts-in-fete/|title=Hindu Devotees Brave Rain, Water Cuts In Fete|date=4 February 2018|newspaper=Fiji Sun|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> In Indonesia, processions are [[Medan]] and [[Palani Andawer Temple]], [[Banda Aceh]]. At Medan, pilgrims accompany a hundred year old [[chariot]] locally known as ''Radhoo'' to [[Sri Mariamman Temple, Medan|Sri Mariamman Temple]] at [[Kampung Madras]].<ref name="Ind">{{cite report|url=https://www.cgimedan.gov.in/event_detail/?eventid=2|title=Celebrating Thai Pusam|publisher=Consulate General of India, Medan|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> In the US, the festival is celebrated in various Hindu temples across the country.<ref name="US">{{cite web|last=V|first=Nirupama|date=5 February 2019|title=Concord Temple Yatra: Unique Feat|url=https://indiacurrents.com/concord-temple-yatra-unique-feat/|publisher=India Currents|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>

It is a national holiday in Mauritius and a state holiday in [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Johor]], [[Negeri Sembilan]], [[Penang]], [[Perak]], [[Putrajaya]] and [[Selangor]] in Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://publicholidays.mu/thaipoosam-cavadee/|title=Thaipoosam Cavadee|publisher=Public Holidays Mauritius|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://publicholidays.com.my/thaipusam/|title=Thaipusam Malaysia|publisher=Public Holidays Malaysia|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> It was a declared national holiday in Singapore till 1968.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mom.gov.sg/newsroom/press-replies/2015/thaipusam-as-public-holiday-mom-replies|title=Thaipusam as public holiday: MOM replies|date=14 February 2015|publisher=[[Government of Singapore]]|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Hinduism in Southeast Asia]]
* [[Shakambhari Purnima]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{HinduFestivals}}
{{Public holidays in India}}
{{Public holidays in Malaysia}}

[[Category:February observances]]
[[Category:Festivals in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals in Nepal]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Singapore]]
[[Category:January observances]]
[[Category:Kaumaram]]
[[Category:Observances held on the full moon]]
[[Category:Observances held on Purnima]]
[[Category:Religion in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in India]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in Mauritius]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in Myanmar]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in South Africa]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in Thailand]]
[[Category:Tamil festivals]]

Undurti Narasimha Das

2026-02-12T03:17:38Z

ChristenHii: Added a post - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Undurti Narasimha Das
| image =
| alt = Undurti N. Das
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1950|6|28}}
| birth_place = [[Kakinada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Immunology]] |[[Endocrinology]] | [[Rheumatology]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Asha Nutrition Sciences, Inc.]] | [[Osmania University]] | Efamol Research Institute | [[Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences]] | [[L. V. Prasad Eye Institute]] | EFA Sciences | [[State University of New York Upstate Medical University|SUNY Upstate Medical University]] | IKP Centre for Technologies in Public Health | [[Gayatri Vidya Parishad College of Engineering]] | UND Life Sciences }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Andhra University]] | [[Osmania University]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[Endocrinology]] and [[Rheumatology]]
| awards = {{ublist| 1988 [[Indian Council of Medical Research|ICMR]] Shakuntala Amirchand Prize | 1992 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 1992 Association of Physicians of India Dr. Coelho Memorial Prize | 1992 Japanese Society of Clinical Chemistry Regional Research Award | 1992 Yagnavalki Sangham Award | 1992 PSMA Distinguished Citizen Award | 1994 KAPI Bobba Dharma Rao Prize}}
}}
'''Undurti Narasimha Das''' (born 1950) shortly '''Undurti N. Das''' and '''U. N. Das''' is an Indian clinical immunologist, endocrinologist and the founder president and chief executive officer of UND Life Sciences.<ref name="Lipids as potential Drug for Cancer">{{Cite web |url=http://www.amity.edu/events/eventdetails.asp?id=2754 |title=Lipids as potential Drug for Cancer |date=2017 |publisher=Amity University}}</ref> Additionally, he serves as the Chief Medical Officer and the Chairman of the Scientific Advisory Board of Asha Nutrition Sciences, Inc.<ref name="Asha Nutrition Sciences">{{Cite web |url=https://asha-nutrition.com/about-us/leadership/management/ |title=Asha Nutrition Sciences, Leadership |date=22 March 2013 |access-date=21 February 2021 }}</ref> An elected fellow of the [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]],<ref name="NAMS Fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://nams-india.in/downloads/fellowsmembers/ZZ.pdf |title=NAMS Fellows |date=2017 |publisher=National Academy of Medical Sciences}}</ref> Das is known for his researches in the fields of [[Immunology]], [[Endocrinology]] and [[Rheumatology]].<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=268 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2017 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize}}</ref> He holds a number of patents for his work<ref name="Brief Bio">{{Cite web |url=http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/46679/overview |title=Brief Bio |date=2017 |publisher=Loop}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Medical Sciences in 1992.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please select award year to see details}}

==Biography==
[[File:Osmania_Medical_College_Hyderabad_Telangana_India.jpg|thumb|left|Osmania Medical College]]
Born to Kameshwari and Undurti Sitarama Swamy on 28 June 1950 at [[Kakinada]], a large city in the south Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], Undurti N. Das graduated in medicine from [[Andhra Medical College]] of the [[Andhra University]] in 1973.<ref name="Biography">{{Cite web |url=http://gvpce.ac.in/supervisorscvs/UND-CV-GVP.pdf |title=Biography |date=2017 |publisher=Gayatri Vidya Parishad College of Engineering}}</ref> Subsequently, he joined [[Osmania Medical College]] as a senior research fellow of the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] and the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], simultaneously pursuing his higher studies to secure an MD in 1981. He continued at the institution at the Department of Genetics as an ICMR Research Associate, doing his post-doctoral work for 3 years. In 1984, he moved to Canada to join Efamol Research Institute, [[Kentville]], as a scientist, where he stayed for two years, and on his return to India in 1986, he joined [[Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences]] as an associate professor at the department of clinical pharmacology and medical research.<ref name="Brief Bio" /> He served the institution till 1996, holding the position of a professor from 1990 onward. For the next three years, he was with [[L. V. Prasad Eye Institute]] as a professor and the head of the Division of Internal Medicine, Clinical Immunology and Biochemistry. In 1999, he had his second stint abroad, this time in the US, where he chaired EFA Sciences, [[Norwood, Massachusetts|Norwood]] as its research director. His service at EFA lasted till 2004, during which period he also served as a research professor of surgery, nutrition, and physiology at the [[State University of New York Upstate Medical University]] from 2003 to 2004. That year, he founded UND Life Sciences at [[Shaker Heights, Ohio]], a biotechnology company,<ref name="Author profile">{{Cite web |url=https://www.wikigenes.org/e/author/e/1192068.html |title=Author profile |date=2017 |publisher=Wikigenes}}</ref> and became its founder president and chief executive officer.<ref name="President, CEO and CSO">{{Cite web |url=http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/46679/overview |title=President, CEO and CSO |date=2017 |publisher=UND Life Sciences}}</ref> Between 2007 and 2009, he had a brief stay in India as the Research Director of IKP Centre for Technologies in Public Health, Chennai.<ref name="Biography" />

Das is married to Lakshmi and the couple has two children, Arundhati and Aditya. He holds the positions of the CEO and research director of UND Life Sciences<ref name="About the Author">{{cite book|author=Undurti N. Das|title=Molecular Basis of Health and Disease|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mS0VJtJuaoC&pg=PR10|date=2 April 2011|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-007-0495-4|pages=10–}}</ref> and is a director of ''Primrose Biosciences'',<ref name="About NARASIMHA DAS UNDURTI">{{Cite web |url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/director/NARASIMHA-DAS-UNDURTI/01747058 |title=About NARASIMHA DAS UNDURTI |date=2017 |publisher=Zauba Corp}}</ref> a [[Hyderabad]]-based company involved in research and experimental development in the field of natural sciences and engineering.<ref name="Primrose Biosciences">{{Cite web |url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/PRIMROSE-BIOSCIENCES-PRIVATE-LIMITED/U73100TG2007PTC055927 |title=Primrose Biosciences |date=2017 |publisher=Zauba Corp}}</ref>

On January 1, 2013, Dr. Das joined Asha Nutrition Sciences, Inc. as the Chief Medical Officer and the Chairman of the Scientific Advisory Board.<ref name="Asha Nutrition Sciences, Press Releases">{{Cite web |url=https://asha-nutrition.com/news-media/press-releases/pr011013// |title=Asha Nutrition Sciences, Press Releases |date=April 2013 |access-date=21 February 2021}}</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:MRI glioma 28 yr old male.JPG|thumb|235px|Glioma – MRI]]
Researches of U. N. Das are focused on various disease processes and his researches have revealed the tumoricidal properties of cis-unsaturated [[fatty acids]] as well as the role of [[gamma-Linolenic acid]] in controlling the progress of [[glioma]], a type of tumor which affects brain and spinal cord.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |page=71 |date=1999}}</ref> He has also worked on drug development to combat diseases and conditions such as obesity, cancer, diabetes, hypertension and [[schizophrenia]].<ref name="Undurti N. Das, MD, FAMS">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mangaloreuniversity.ac.in/sites/default/files/AdjunctProfessors/undruti.pdf |title=Undurti N. Das, MD, FAMS |date=2017 |publisher=Mangalore University}}</ref><ref name="Undurti N. Das UND Life Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://old.teknoscienze.com//pages/scientific-advisory-board-undurti-das.aspx#.WLp0FPl97IV |title=Undurti N. Das UND Life Sciences |date=2017 |publisher=Tekno Scienze Publisher |access-date=2017-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305043257/http://old.teknoscienze.com//pages/scientific-advisory-board-undurti-das.aspx#.WLp0FPl97IV |archive-date=2017-03-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> His researches have been documented by way of several articles;<ref name="On ResearchGate" />{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} [[ResearchGate]] an online repository of scientific articles has listed 500 of them.<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Undurti_Das |title=On ResearchGate |date=2017 }}</ref> Besides, he has authored three books, viz. ''Metabolic Syndrome Pathophysiology: The Role of Essential Fatty Acids'',<ref name="Das2010">{{cite book|author=Undurti N. Das|title=Metabolic Syndrome Pathophysiology: The Role of Essential Fatty Acids|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u4hHzt-VO-0C|date=22 February 2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-8138-1553-4}}</ref> ''Molecular Basis of Health and Disease''<ref name="Das2011">{{cite book|author=Undurti N. Das|title=Molecular Basis of Health and Disease|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mS0VJtJuaoC|date=2 April 2011|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-007-0495-4}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Published under Ramalingaswami Re-entry fellowship of the Department of [[Biotechnology]]<ref name="About the Author" />}} and ''A Perinatal Strategy For Preventing Adult Disease: The Role of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids''.<ref name="Das2002">{{cite book|author=Undurti N. Das|title=A Perinatal Strategy For Preventing Adult Disease: The Role Of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: The Role of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Srx-rb1_8lkC|date=31 May 2002|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4020-7070-9}}</ref> He holds a number of patents for his work, which include ''"Method of potentiating the action of 2-methoxyoestradiol, statins and C-peptide of proinsulin'',<ref name="Method of potentiating the action of 2-methoxyoestradiol, statins and C-peptide of proinsulin">{{Cite web |url=http://patents.justia.com/patent/20020077317 |title=Method of potentiating the action of 2-methoxyoestradiol, statins and C-peptide of proinsulin |last=Undurti Narasimha Das |date=20 June 2002 |publisher=Justia Patents |work=US Patent 20020077317}}</ref> ''Method(s) of stabilizing and potentiating the actions and administration of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)''
<ref name="Method(s) of stabilizing and potentiating the actions and administration of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)">{{Cite web |url=http://patents.justia.com/patent/20080234197 |title=Method(s) of stabilizing and potentiating the actions and administration of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) |last=Undurti Narasimha Das, Appa Rao Allam |date=25 September 2008 |publisher=Justia Patents |work=US Patent 20080234197}}</ref> ''Method of stabilizing and potentiating the action of anti-angiogenic substances'',<ref name="Method of stabilizing and potentiating the action of anti-angiogenic substances">{{Cite web |url=http://patents.justia.com/patent/7666910 |title=Method of stabilizing and potentiating the action of anti-angiogenic substances |last=Undurti Narasimha Das |date=23 February 2010 |publisher=Justia Patents |work=US Patent 7666910}}</ref> ''Method(s) of preventing, arresting, reversing and treatment of atherosclerosis'',<ref name="Method(s) of preventing, arresting, reversing and treatment of atherosclerosis">{{Cite web |url=http://patents.justia.com/patent/8153392 |title=Method(s) of preventing, arresting, reversing and treatment of atherosclerosis |last=Undurti Narasimha Das, Appa Rao Allam |date=10 April 2012 |publisher=Justia Patents |work=US Patent 8153392}}</ref> and ''Methods for selectively occluding blood supplies to neoplasias''<ref name="Methods for selectively occluding blood supplies to neoplasias">{{Cite web |url=https://www.google.ch/patents/US20030013759 |title=Methods for selectively occluding blood supplies to neoplasias |last=Undurti Narasimha Das |date=16 January 2003 |publisher=Google Patents |work=US20030013759 A1}}</ref> and ''Butyrylcholinesterase as a marker of low-grade systemic inflammation''.<ref name="Butyrylcholinesterase as a marker of low-grade systemic inflammation">{{Cite web |url=https://www.google.ch/patents/US20080187944?dq=ininventor:%22Undurti+Das%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj6o6jTh7rSAhULXBoKHW1rAb0Q6AEIMDAD |title=Butyrylcholinesterase as a marker of low-grade systemic inflammation |last=Appa Rao Allam, Sridhar Gumpeny, Undurti Narasimha Das |date=7 August 2008 |publisher=Google Patents |work=US20080187944 A1}}</ref>

Das is the editor-in-chief of ''Lipids in Health and Disease'', a journal published by BioMed Central<ref name="Lipids in Health and Disease">{{Cite web |url=https://lipidworld.biomedcentral.com/ |title=Lipids in Health and Disease |date=2017 |publisher=BioMed Central}}</ref> and ''Current Nutrition & Food Science'', published by [[Bentham Science]].<ref name="Current Nutrition & Food Science">{{Cite web |url=http://benthamscience.com/journals/current-nutrition-and-food-science/ |title=Current Nutrition & Food Science |date=2017 |publisher=Bentham Science}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Das is a former member of the editorial boards of four other [[Bentham Science]] publications viz. Open Nutrition Journal, Open Nutrition Reviews, Open Nutrition Letters and Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology.<ref name="Biography" />}} He is the section editor of ''Medicine'' journal,<ref name="Section Editor">{{Cite journal |title=Section Editor |date=2017 |issue=8 |pages=e587 |journal=Medicine|volume=94 |doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000000587 |last1=Shang |first1=An-Dong |last2=Lu |first2=Yuan-Qiang |pmid=25715264 |pmc=4554141 }}</ref> a member of the editorial board of the controversial and non-[[peer reviewed]] journal [[Medical Hypotheses]]<ref name="Editorial Advisory Board">{{Cite web |url=https://www.elsevier.com/journals/medical-hypotheses/0306-9877/editorial-board |title=Editorial Advisory Board |date=2017 |publisher=Elsevier}}</ref> and the ''Journal of Geriatric Cardiology''<ref name="Editorial Board Members JGC">{{Cite web |url=http://www.jgc301.com/ch/reader/view_editorial_board.aspx |title=Editorial Board Members JGC |date=2017 |publisher=Journal of Geriatric Cardiology |access-date=4 March 2017 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029193628/http://www.jgc301.com/ch/reader/view_editorial_board.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> and sits in the scientific advisory board of Techno Scienze Publisher<ref name="Scientific Advisory Boards">{{Cite web |url=http://old.teknoscienze.com/pages/scientific-advisory-board.aspx#.WLp0Dfl97IV |title=Scientific Advisory Boards |date=2017 |publisher=Techno Scienze Publisher |access-date=2017-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305042840/http://old.teknoscienze.com/pages/scientific-advisory-board.aspx#.WLp0Dfl97IV |archive-date=2017-03-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref> which publishes a number of journals.<ref name="Publications">{{Cite web |url=http://old.teknoscienze.com/pages/publications.aspx#.WLp15Pl97IU |title=Publications |date=2017 |publisher=Techno Scienze Publisher |access-date=2017-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305042916/http://old.teknoscienze.com/pages/publications.aspx#.WLp15Pl97IU |archive-date=2017-03-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is also a member of the editorial review board of ''Journal of Applied Research in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics''<ref name="Editorial Review Board">{{Cite web |url=http://www.jarcet.com/ReviewBoard.htm |title=Editorial Review Board |date=2017 |publisher=Journal of Applied Research in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics}}</ref> and has been associated with a number of other journals as a member of their editorial boards or the Panel of Reviewers which include ''World Journal of Diabetes'',<ref name="Editorial Board WJD">{{Cite web |url=http://www.wjgnet.com/admin/download.aspx?type=1&filepath=ejournals%5C1948-9358%5CWJDv6i1.pdf |title=Editorial Board WJD |date=2015 |publisher=World Journal of Diabetes |access-date=4 March 2017 |archive-date=5 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305035507/http://www.wjgnet.com/admin/download.aspx?type=1&filepath=ejournals%5C1948-9358%5CWJDv6i1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''European Journal of General Medicine'', ''Journal of the Association of Physicians of India'', ''Frontiers in Biosciences'', ''Diabetes Review Letters'', ''Open Colorectal Cancer Journal'', ''Indian Journal of Medical Research''<ref name="Panel of Reviewers (2012)">{{Cite web |url=http://icmr.nic.in/ijmr/2012/december/Panel%20of%20Reviewers[2012].pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305041714/http://icmr.nic.in/ijmr/2012/december/Panel%20of%20Reviewers%5B2012%5D.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2017-03-05 |title=Panel of Reviewers (2012) |date=2012 |publisher=Indian Journal of Medical Research}}</ref> and ''Gene Therapy and Molecular Biology''.<ref name="Biography" /> He has also been a member of the International Advisory Board of the II International Conference on Functional Foods for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases, organized by Functional Foods Center, held in November, 2005 at [[Richardson, Texas]];<ref name="International Advisory Board">{{Cite web |url=http://functionalfoodscenter.net/848548.html |title=International Advisory Board |date=2017 |publisher=Functional Food Center}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
Das, a Ramalingaswamy Re-entry Fellow of the [[Department of Biotechnology]],<ref name="About the Author" /> received the Shakuntala Amirchand Prize of the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] in 1988<ref name="Biography" /> and the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 1992.<ref name="Medical Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Medical_SCIENCES.htm |title=Medical Sciences |date=2017 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224074105/http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Medical_SCIENCES.htm |archive-date=2013-02-24 }}</ref> He delivered the Dr. Coelho Memorial Award Oration of Association of Physicians of India in 1992;<ref name="President, CEO and CSO" /> the same year as he received the Regional Research Award of the Japanese Society of Clinical Chemistry.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} He also received two minor awards in 1992 viz. Yagnavalki Sangham Award and Distinguished Citizen Award of Pramukh Swamy Maharaj of Aksharadham and the Karnataka Association of Physicians of India awarded him the Bobba Dharma Rao Prize in 1994.<ref name="Biography" /> In between, the [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]] elected him as a fellow in 1992<ref name="NAMS fellows from Andhra Pradesh">{{Cite web |url=http://nams-india.in/downloads/fellowsmembers/AndhraPradesh_State_wise_Fellow_list_Complete.pdf |title=NAMS fellows from Andhra Pradesh |date=2017 |publisher=National Academy of Medical Sciences}}</ref> and the Indian College of Physicians followed suit in 1993.<ref name="Biography" /> He is also a fellow of the [[Royal Society of Chemistry]], a founder member of Telangana Academy of Sciences<ref name="Founder Members">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tasc.org.in/founder-members.html |title=Founder Members |date=2017 |publisher=Telangana Academy of Sciences}}</ref> and a member of science organizations such as [[New York Academy of Sciences]], [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]] and Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, New York.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

==Selected bibliography==
===Books===
*{{cite book|author=Undurti N. Das|title=A Perinatal Strategy For Preventing Adult Disease: The Role of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Srx-rb1_8lkC|date=31 May 2002|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4020-7070-9}}
*{{cite book|author=Undurti N. Das|title=Metabolic Syndrome Pathophysiology: The Role of Essential Fatty Acids|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u4hHzt-VO-0C|date=22 February 2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-8138-1553-4}}
*{{cite book|author=Undurti N. Das|title=Molecular Basis of Health and Disease|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mS0VJtJuaoC|date=2 April 2011|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-007-0495-4}}

===Articles===
*{{Cite journal |last=Undurti N Das |title=Essential fatty acids enhance free radical generation and lipid peroxidation to induce apoptosis of tumor cells |journal=Clinical Lipidology |date=2011 |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=463–489 |doi=10.2217/clp.11.34|s2cid=86789687 |doi-access=free }}
*{{Cite journal |last=Umashankar Vetrivel, Sathya Baarathi Ravichandran, Kaviarasan KuppanJithu Mohanlal, Undurti Narasimha Das, Angayarkanni Narayanasamy |title=Agonistic effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and its metabolites on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) through molecular docking simulation |journal=Lipids in Health and Disease |date=2012 |volume=11 |issue=109 |article-number=109 |doi=10.1186/1476-511X-11-109|pmid=22943296 |pmc=3477081 |doi-access=free}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Undurti Narasimha Das |title=Lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, maresins and nitrolipids, and their clinical implications with specific reference to cancer: part I |journal=Clinical Lipidology |date=2013 |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=437–463 |doi=10.2217/clp.13.31|s2cid=218587142 }}
*{{Cite journal |last=Undurti Narasimha Das |title=Lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, maresins and nitrolipids, and their clinical implications with specific reference to diabetes mellitus and other diseases: part II |journal=Clinical Lipidology |date=2013 |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=465–480 |doi=10.2217/clp.13.32|s2cid=218590607 }}
*{{Cite journal |last=Gustavo Tomas Diaz-Gerevini, Gaston Repossi, Alejandro Dain, María Cristina Tarres, Undurti Narasimha Das, Aldo Renato Eynard |title=Beneficial action of resveratrol: How and why? |journal=Nutrition |date=2016 |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=174–178 |doi=10.1016/j.nut.2015.08.017|pmid=26706021 |hdl=11336/57909 |hdl-access=free}}

===Reviews===
*{{cite book|author1=Ikuo Kimura|author2=Atsuhiko Ichimura|title=Obesity and Diabetes: Energy Regulation by Free Fatty Acid Receptors|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q6rBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA17|date=3 February 2016|publisher=Frontiers Media SA|isbn=978-2-88919-747-7|pages=17–}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Zeynep Goktas, Naima Moustaid-Moussa, Chwan-Li Shen, Mallory Boylan, Huanbiao Mo and ShuWang |title=Effects of bariatric surgery on adipokine-induced inflammation and insulin resistance |url=http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1008&context=nutrition_facpub |journal=Frontiers in Endocrinology |volume=4 |pages=69 |date=10 June 2013 |doi=10.3389/fendo.2013.00069|pmid=23772224 |pmc=3677351 |doi-access=free}}

===Patents===
*{{Cite web |url=http://patents.justia.com/patent/20020077317 |title=Method of potentiating the action of 2-methoxyoestradiol, statins and C-peptide of proinsulin |last=Undurti Narasimha Das |date=20 June 2002 |publisher=Justia Patents |work=US Patent 20020077317}}
*{{Cite web |url=https://www.google.ch/patents/US20030013759 |title=Methods for selectively occluding blood supplies to neoplasias |last=Undurti Narasimha Das |date=16 January 2003 |publisher=Google Patents |work=US20030013759 A1}}
*{{Cite web |url=https://www.google.ch/patents/US20080187944?dq=ininventor:%22Undurti+Das%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj6o6jTh7rSAhULXBoKHW1rAb0Q6AEIMDAD |title=Butyrylcholinesterase as a marker of low-grade systemic inflammation |last=Appa Rao Allam, Sridhar Gumpeny, Undurti Narasimha Das |date=7 August 2008 |publisher=Google Patents |work=US20080187944 A1}}
*{{Cite web |url=http://patents.justia.com/patent/20080234197 |title=Method(s) of stabilizing and potentiating the actions and administration of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) |last=Undurti Narasimha Das, Appa Rao Allam |date=25 September 2008 |publisher=Justia Patents |work=US Patent 20080234197}}
*{{Cite web |url=http://patents.justia.com/patent/7666910 |title=Method of stabilizing and potentiating the action of anti-angiogenic substances |last=Undurti Narasimha Das |date=23 February 2010 |publisher=Justia Patents |work=US Patent 7666910}}
*{{Cite web |url=http://patents.justia.com/patent/8153392 |title=Method(s) of preventing, arresting, reversing and treatment of atherosclerosis |last=Undurti Narasimha Das, Appa Rao Allam |date=10 April 2012 |publisher=Justia Patents |work=US Patent 8153392}}

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Neoplasm]]
*[[Lipid peroxidation]]
*[[Brain-derived neurotrophic factor]]
*[[Lipoxins]]
*[[Resolvin]]
*[[Protectin]]
*[[Maresin]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Medicine}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Cite web |url=http://benthamscience.com/journal/render-search-results.php?cx=partner-pub-2685163628273835%3A7983360493&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=UTF-8&q=Undurti+N+Das |title=Undurti N Das on Bentham Science |date=2017 |publisher=Bentham Science}}
*{{Cite journal |url=http://www.nutritionjrnl.com/article/S0899-9007(15)00379-2/ppt |title=Beneficial action of resveratrol: How and why |last=Gustavo Tomas Diaz-Gerevini, Gaston Repossi, Alejandro Dain, María Cristina Tarres, Undurti Narasimha Das, Aldo Renato Eynard |date=2016 |journal=Nutrition|volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=174–178 |doi=10.1016/j.nut.2015.08.017 |pmid=26706021 |hdl=11336/57909 |hdl-access=free }}
*{{Cite web |url=https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/elsevier/title-page-editorial-board-OGH40V0YeB |title=Title Page / Editorial Board |date=2017 |publisher=DeepVyve |access-date=4 March 2017 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512121454/https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/elsevier/title-page-editorial-board-OGH40V0YeB |url-status=dead }}
*{{Cite web |url=http://www.jgc301.com/ch/reader/view_editor.aspx?id=20140422041207001 |title=Undurti N Das on JGC |date=2017 |publisher=Journal of Geriatric Cardiology |access-date=4 March 2017 |archive-date=29 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329130121/http://www.jgc301.com/ch/reader/view_editor.aspx?id=20140422041207001 |url-status=dead }}

{{SSBPST recipients in Medical Science}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Undurti Narasimha}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Indian immunologists]]
[[Category:Indian endocrinologists]]
[[Category:People from Kakinada]]
[[Category:Andhra University alumni]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Andhra University]]
[[Category:State University of New York Upstate Medical University faculty]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Chemistry]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Medical Science]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences]]

Mufti (dress)

2026-02-06T22:53:03Z

ChristenHii: Created Basic Data Needs Work!

{{short description|Clothing worn in private or civil life, especially by those otherwise in uniform}}
{{about|civilian dress|Islamic scholars|Mufti}}
{{redirect|Civvies|the television series|Civvies (TV series)}}
In [[British English]] and some Commonwealth dialects of English, '''mufti''' is plain or ordinary [[clothes]], especially when worn by one who normally wears, or has long worn, a [[military]] or other uniform, such as a [[school uniform]]. It is also called '''civies''' and '''civvies''' ([[slang]] for "[[civilian]] attire").<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/civies |title=civies - definition of civies by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia|publisher=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2014-03-26}}</ref>

==Origins==
[[File:Mufti.png|thumb|260x260px|An Algerian [[mufti]]. The term as it relates to the wearing of non-uniform clothes is thought to have originated from the Arabic.]]
The word originates from the [[Arabic]] "[[Mufti]]" ({{lang|ar|مفتي}}), meaning an [[Islam]]ic scholar. It has been used by the [[British Army]] since 1816 and is thought to derive from the vaguely Eastern style dressing gowns and tasselled caps worn by off-duty officers in the early 19th century. [[Henry Yule|Yule]] and [[Arthur Coke Burnell|Burnell's]] ''[[Hobson-Jobson]]'' (1886) notes that the word was "perhaps originally applied to the attire of [[dressing gown|dressing-gown]], [[smoking cap|smoking-cap]], and slippers, which was like the [[Oriental]] dress of the Mufti".<ref>{{cite web |title=MUFTY |work=Hobson Jobson Dictionary |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.1:1:593.hobson |access-date=2008-05-29}}</ref>

Another possibility for the origin of the use of the word “mufti” in the context of school clothes is that the word is taken from Urdu, in which mufti means free, originated from [[Persian language|Persian]].

==Mufti day==
A "mufti day" (also known as "casual clothes day", "[[casual Friday]]", "colour day", "own-clothes day", "home-clothes day", "plain-clothes day", "non-uniform day", "free-dress day", "civvies day", "dress-down day", and "uniform-free day") is a day where students attend school in casual clothing instead of school uniform.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lbc.co.uk/radio/special-shows/the-mystery-hour/culture/what-is-mufti-in-a-mufti-day-13416/|title=What Is 'Mufti' In Mufti Day?|website=[[LBC]]|language=en|access-date=2019-06-06}}</ref> The term is commonly used in many countries where students are required to wear uniform, including the United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, Fiji, Australia, India, New Zealand, Nigeria, Pakistan and Bangladesh.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

By extension, the term is used in reference to the practice of wearing "[[smart casual]]" attire to the office instead of [[business suits]] or other conventional clothing. Australia takes this even further, where even if a suit or smart-casual attire is the norm, "Mufti Fridays" allow employees to wear jeans, a [[polo shirt]] or even a [[t-shirt]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2004-02-18 |title=Mufti day gets a dressing down |language=en |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |url=https://www.smh.com.au/business/mufti-day-gets-a-dressing-down-20040218-gdidqo.html |access-date=2019-06-06}}</ref>

== New Zealand ==
A school in New Zealand dropped the term because New Zealand's Human Rights Commission claimed that use of the word to mean non-uniform dress represents an "appropriation" and that the "appropriation has a history of degradation and racism."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bay of Plenty school renames 'mufti' day due to cultural insensitivity|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/rotorua-daily-post/news/bay-of-plenty-school-renames-mufti-day-due-to-cultural-insensitivity/O62BBHOHD2XDAW44PT5NYELW24/|access-date=2021-11-13|website=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=6 June 2021 |language=en-NZ}}</ref>

Writes New Zealand historian Katie Pickles:<blockquote>
It appears that officers started dressing in robes and slippers that they slightly mockingly thought resembled garments worn by Mufti. This happened at a time when, with the objective of rendering them obsolete and powerless, the authority of Mufti in India was being extinguished.

From there, the British Army started using the word “mufti” for their days out of uniform when they wore loose and comfortable clothing (including dressing gowns). One culture’s power dressing was another’s play clothes.

We can now interpret the development of mufti as a classic example of cultural appropriation and othering during the height of British imperialism.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pickles |first=Katie |date=2020-02-12 |title=A mufti day is heaps of fun – but it's time to give it a new name |url=https://thespinoff.co.nz/society/12-02-2020/a-mufti-day-is-enormous-fun-but-time-to-give-it-a-new-name |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=[[The Spinoff]] |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>

==See also==
*[[Demob suit]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091017083116/http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_561505474/mufti_day.html Mufti Day Definition] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20091017083116/http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_561505474/mufti_day.html Archived] 2009-11-01)

{{Clothing in South Asia}}

[[Category:Indian clothing]]
[[Category:English-language idioms]]

Miss Tibet

2026-01-30T15:08:26Z

ChristenHii: Created Initial Info Needs Work!

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

'''Miss Tibet''' is an annual [[Beauty contest|beauty pageant]] held in [[McLeod Ganj]], India.<ref name="mit-site">{{cite web | url = http://www.misstibet.com | title=MissTibet.com | publisher=Lobsang Wangyal Productions | access-date=22 June 2017 }}</ref> It is produced by [[Lobsang Wangyal|Lobsang Wangyal Productions]].

==History==
The first-ever Miss Tibet Pageant was produced by [[Lobsang Wangyal]] in October 2002. The pageant was criticized as "aping western culture" and "un-Tibetan". The pageant has continued yearly since then.

In 2017 director Lobsang Wangyal announced that he would not continue organising the Pageant, and it could be sold to someone who would carry on its ideals.<ref name="lw-divest-2017-ht">{{cite web | url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tenzin-paldon-wins-miss-tibet-2017-title/story-1o6m8uaX4Dr9IHaEAWqJkI.html | title = Karnataka's Tenzin Paldon wins Miss Tibet 2017 title | date=5 June 2017 |first = Naresh K. |last = Thakur | publisher=Hindustan Times |access-date=22 June 2017 }}</ref>

In 2002, four Tibetan girls participated in the competition. Four editions of the Pageant's 15-year history — 2003, 2005, 2013, and 2014 — had only one participant. In 2006, the swimsuit competition was opened to the public.

The Miss Tibet Pageant 2012 was cancelled in response to increased tensions in Tibet and in support of the protests there.<ref name="twa-201204">{{cite web | url=http://tibetanwomen.org/2012/05/miss-tibet-pageant-suspended/ | title=Miss Tibet Pageant suspended | date=5 May 2012 | publisher=Tibetan Women's Association | access-date=13 May 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130415233041/http://tibetanwomen.org/2012/05/miss-tibet-pageant-suspended/ | archive-date=15 April 2013 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="ians-201204">{{ cite web | url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/246446/miss-tibet-pageant-cancelled.html | title=Miss Tibet Pageant Cancelled | date=2 May 2012 | publisher=Deccan Herald | access-date=13 May 2012}}</ref>

The [[14th Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]] considers the pageant unimportant, but it is still held due to popular demand.<ref>[http://www.misstibet.com/audio/ His Holiness Dalai Lama — Comments on Miss Tibet 2006]</ref>

Many winners and one contestant have [[#Participation_in_International_Pageants|participated in international pageants]].

==Miss Tibet 2018==
The Miss Tibet Pageant 2018 was held in New York City, US, with one contestant, Tenzin Yonten, who was declared the Miss Tibet 2018.
<ref name="miss-tib-to-ny">
{{cite news
| url=https://www.dailyo.in/variety/miss-tibet-moves-to-new-york-tibet-china-beauty-pageants/story/1/21568.html
| title=Why 'Miss Tibet' is moving from Mcleodganj to New York
| date=5 January 2018
|department=DailyBite
|work=Daily O
| access-date=20 May 2019
}}</ref>
<ref name="miss-tib-held-in-ny">
{{cite news
| url=http://www.tibetanjournal.com/miss-tibet-2018-held-new-york/
| title=Miss Tibet 2018 To Be Held In New York, US
| date=2 January 2018
| work=Tibetan Journal
| access-date=20 May 2019
}}</ref>

==Miss Tibet 2017==

Tenzin Paldon from [[Karnataka]], India, was crowned Miss Tibet 2017<ref name="misstibet-crowned-ts">{{cite web | url=https://www.tibetsun.com/news/2017/06/05/tenzin-paldon-crowned-miss-tibet-2017 | title=Tenzin Paldon crowned Miss Tibet 2017 | date=5 June 2017 | publisher=Tibet Sun | access-date=22 June 2017 }}</ref> at the Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts in [[McLeod Ganj]], India, on 4 June 2017. She received Rs one lakh (100,000) (US$2,200). Tenzin Khechoe was judged the first runner-up, receiving Rs 50,000. Tenzin Nordron was chosen as the second runner-up and was given a cheque of Rs 25,000. The winner and the First Runner-up also won a two-week trip to Vietnam, sponsored by Claire Huynh Hong Hai. The three judges for the event were Ms Tanshuman Gurung, Mr Abhishek Madhukar, and Ms Anshdeep Kaur. Chemi Kyizom also participated in Miss Tibet 2017 <ref name="chemi-kyizom">{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720173513/https://www.misstibet.com/history/year-2017/contestants/chemi-kyizom|url=https://www.misstibet.com/history/year-2017/contestants/chemi-kyizom|website=www.misstibet.com|access-date=31 October 2021|title=Miss Tibet Contestant 2017 - Chemi Kyizom|archive-date=20 July 2021}}</ref>

At the finale of the event, director Lobsang Wangyal announced his intention to withdraw from organising the pageant, and sell it to someone who would carry it on with the same objectives.<ref name="lw-divest-2017-ht" />

===List of Contestants===
: See [http://www.misstibet.com/history/year-2017/contestants Full 2017 contestant information]

==Miss Tibet 2016==

Tenzing Sangnyi was selected as Miss Tibet 2016. She received a cash prize of Rs one lakh (100,000), donated by sponsor Jangchup Nyendak. First runner-up Tenzin Dawa from New York won Rs 50,000, and second runner-up Tenzing Dickey from Bylakuppe received Rs 25,000.

Tenzing Dickey also won the Miss Photogenic vote this year.

===List of Contestants===
– [http://www.misstibet.com/history/year-2016/contestants Full 2016 contestant information]

==Miss Tibet 2015==
Pema Choedon from Dehradun was crowned Miss Tibet 2015 at the Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts in McLeod Ganj, India, on 7 June 2015. She received one lakh (100,000.00) Indian rupees (equivalent to US$2,200).

Lobsang Kyizom, 22 years old, was judged the first runner-up. She received Rs 50,000.00. Tsering Dolma, 24, was chosen as the second runner-up. She was given a cheque of Rs 25,000.00.

The Pageant was kept low-key and held only one day to express solidarity with victims of the earthquake in Nepal.

===List of Contestants===
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Name
! Age
! Education
! Hometown
|-
| Lobsang Kyizom
| 22
| Journalism
|[[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]]
|-
| Pema Choedon
| 24
| Master's degree from JNU
| [[Dehra Dun]], [[India]]
|-
| Tsering Dolma
| 24
| Degree in Nursing
| [[Pokhara]], [[Nepal]]
|-
|}

– [http://www.misstibet.com/history/year-2015/contestants Full contestant information]

==Miss Tibet 2014==
Tenzin Yangzom from [[Sikkim]] was selected unopposed as the titleholder of Miss Tibet 2014. She is multi-lingual and likes dancing, basketball, singing, painting and photography. Out of 8 applications received 5 were confirmed, but 4 withdrew at the last minute citing personal reasons.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tenzin Yangzom of Sikkim wins Miss Tibet 2014 Beauty Pageant|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/06/tenzin-yangzom-of-sikkim-wins-miss-tibet-2014-beauty-pageant/ |agency=IANS|work=biharprabha.com|access-date=4 June 2014}}</ref>

== Miss Tibet 2013 ==
A coronation ceremony of the Miss Tibet 2013 was held in Bangalore as Tenzing Lhamo from Madison, US, was the only one to come to participate in the pageant. She donated the prize money of Rs 100,000 for Tibetan activism. The pageant was originally planned to be held in [[Bylakuppe]], [[Karnataka]], the largest Tibetan settlement in India.<ref name="hindustantimes-20121124">{{cite web | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Chandigarh/Controversial-Miss-Tibet-pageant-to-shift-out-of-Dharamsala/SP-Article1-963840.aspx | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125124425/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Chandigarh/Controversial-Miss-Tibet-pageant-to-shift-out-of-Dharamsala/SP-Article1-963840.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date=25 January 2013 | title=Miss Tibet pageant to shift out of Dharamshala | date=24 November 2012 | author=Naresh K Thakur | publisher=HindustanTimes.com | access-date=2 December 2012 }}</ref>

==Miss Tibet 2012==
The Miss Tibet Pageant 2012 was cancelled in response to increased tensions in Tibet and in support of the protests there.<ref name="twa-201204" /><ref name="ians-201204" /> The Pageant was to be held in Dharamshala, India, from 8 to 10 June 2012.<ref name="misstibet-2012">{{cite web | url=http://www.misstibet.com/history/year-2012 | title=Miss Tibet 2012 | date=2 May 2012 | author=Lobsang Wangyal | publisher=MissTibet.com | access-date=13 May 2012 }}</ref>

==Miss Tibet 2011==
Miss Tibet Pageant 2011 was the 10th edition of the annual event. The pageant was held in Dharamshala from 3 to 5 June.<ref>[http://www.misstibet.com/history/year-2011 MissTibet.com history page]</ref> Tenzin Yangkyi was selected by the judges as Miss Tibet 2011. She represented Tibet in the [[Miss Asia Pacific World 2011]] beauty pageant.

===Controversy/Accusations of fraud===
On 5 June 2012 Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Foreign Correspondent program aired a report which had followed contestants preparing for and undertaking the Miss Tibet 2011 contest. The report outlined the contestant's understanding of how they would be judged – a judging panel of non-Tibetans would be marking the contestants presentations. At the end of the program controversy erupted when the winner was announced.<ref>Gould, Mark (Producer). Foreign Correspondent [http://abc.net.au/foreign/content/2012/s3518891.htm "Miss Tibet"], [television broadcast]. Australia, ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation).</ref>

One contestant remarked that she thought Tenzin Khecheo would have won. Another stated "I think Lobsang Wangyal cheated – he's a fraud." The pageant organiser, Lobsang Wangyal, was confronted by the contestants who wanted to know how the judging had been processed. At first Lobsang Wangyal claimed the marking sheets had been stolen. "I don't have the judges' sheet. It was stolen ... on the night. ... It's not in the file. The file is empty. ... When I went onstage somebody stole it. I too was surprised." The contestants then pressed Lobsang Wangyal further, at which point he admitted the non-Tibetan judge's markings only affected 25% of the overall evaluation – that he himself controlled the remaining 75% of the marking, and as such, had effectively decided by himself which contestant had won. The confrontation then ended with the contestants walking out and stating to Lobsang Wangyal "You are a fraud." To which Lobsang Wangyal responded "Yeah ... yeah I am."

Lobsang Wangyal then made a follow-up statement to the camera saying "Miss Tibet should be someone who should be calm and, you know ... listen and ... be respectful and see ... if this is how Miss Tibetan will be ... oh my god ... no way."

The report then finished with a comment from Ngodop Dolma: "When I look back into Miss Tibet what I've come to realise is that Lobsang's Miss Tibet does not empower Tibetan women but it does the opposite. It actually disempowers Tibetan women. So, I believe the only way it could have any values is if it were run by a woman."

====Director Lobsang Wangyal's response====

Lobsang Wangyal responded a few months after the report was made through a posting on [http://www.misstibet.com/archive/event/2012/12/24/directors-reply-to-mark-goulds-video-miss-tibet misstibet.com] in which he says that Mr Gould's recruited contestant Ngodup Dolma made the accusation only after she was unsuccessful in the contest. In his statement Lobsang accepted that the folder containing the mark sheets of the finale night had been stolen after the coronation, and suggested that Mr Gould or an accomplice was involved.

===List of Contestants===
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Name
! Age
! Education
! Hometown
|-
|Chemi Lhazom
|25
|MBA
|[[Delhi]], India
|-
|Dolma Tsering
|25
|Bachelor of Computer Science
|[[Bangalore]], India
|-
| Ngodup Dolma
|25
|Bachelor of Nursing
|Australia
|-
|Tenzin Khecheo
|20
|In college
|[[Minnesota]], United States
|-
| Tenzin Sangmo
|25
|Bachelor of Commerce
|[[Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamshala]], India
|-
| Tenzin Yangkyi
|17
|Class X
|[[Zurich]], [[Switzerland]]
|-
|}

– [http://www.misstibet.com/history/year-2011/contestants Full contestant information]

==Miss Tibet 2010==
Tenzin Norzom from Varanasi, holder of a Shastri degree (equivalent to Bachelor of Arts in Buddhist Philosophy), was crowned Miss Tibet 2010 at the Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts in McLeod Ganj, India, on 6 June 2010. She received one lakh (100,000.00) Indian rupees (equivalent to US$2,200). After the crowning, Norzom said she would use the title to promote the Tibetan cause.

Yangchen Metok, a 19-year-old girl who had escaped to India in 2008, was judged the first runner-up. She received Rs 50,000.00. Rinchen Choden, a 25-year-old hair stylist from Bangalore, was chosen as the second runner-up. She was given a cheque of Rs 25,000.00. The fourth place Tenzin Namchoe from Golok, Tibet, was given a token prize of Rs 10,000.

Considering the Kyigudo earthquake in eastern Tibet in April, the pageant was kept low-profile. No firecrackers were set off, but instead a short prayer session was held at the opening of the show. [[Lobsang Wangyal]], the director and the producer of the event, gave Rs.10,000 in donation to the victims of the earthquake.

Kingfisher, a leading Indian brand, sponsored the pageant.

===List of Contestants===
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Name
! Age
! Education
! Hometown
|-
| Rinchen Choden
|25
|Bachelor of Commerce
|[[Tawang]], India
|-
| Tenzin Namchoe
|22
|Bachelor of Social Work
|[[Lhasa]], [[China]]
|-
| Tenzin Norzom
|24
|Shastri degree (= Bachelor of Arts)
|[[Hunsur]], India
|-
| Yangchen Metok
|19
|Class VIII
|[[Golok]], [[China]]
|-
|}

==Miss Tibet 2009==
[[Image:Miss_Tibet.jpg|thumb|Tenzin Choezom, Miss Tibet 2009]]
Miss Tibet 2009 was held from 16–18 June 2009. The finale was held on 7 June at Tipa. The four participants arrived in McLeod Ganj on 28 May. A week's training was given from 29 May, until 4 June. The first round — the swim suit round — of the Miss Tibet pageant 2009 was held on 5 June. Two more rounds — talk and talent rounds — was held on 6 June. The remaining four rounds — introduction, evening gown, traditional costume and interview rounds — were held on 7 June at Tipa.

Thousands in the audience witnessed the crowning of Tenzin Choezom as the new Miss Tibet. Dr BK Modi, the Chairman of the Spice Corp, crowned the winner. He also presented a scholarship cheque of one lakh rupees (Rs 100,000) to Choezom. Ngawang Choying was picked the first runner-up and Dolkar the second runner-up by a four-member jury. Ngawang and Dolkar received scholarship cheques of Rs 50,000 and Rs 25,000 respectively. Yeshi was presented a consolation prize of Rs 5,000.

===List of Contestants===
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Name
! Age
! Education
! Hometown
|-
| Dolkar
|24
|Graduate
|[[Dehra Dun]], India
|-
| Ngawang Choying
|18
|School
|[[Darjeeling]], India
|-
| Tenzin Choezom
|20
|College
|[[Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamshala]], India
|-
| Yeshi Lhamo
|24
|Diploma in nursing
|[[Delhi]], India
|-
|}

==Miss Tibet 2008==
Miss Tibet Pageant 2008 was held on Sunday 12 October 2008 at The Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts (TIPA), Dharamshala, India. Two young women competed for the crown — Sonam Choedon, who came from Tibet to India in June 2008, and Jamyang Chentso, born in India<ref>[http://www.misstibet.com/history/2008/event/contestants/ Miss Tibet 2008 contestants | misstibet.com]</ref> Sonam Choedon won the title.<ref>[http://www.misstibet.com/history/2008/ Sonam Choedon is Miss Tibet 2008 | misstibet.com]</ref>

Sonam Choedon is a student. She is currently learning languages: English and Hindi. She is fluent in Tibetan and Chinese.

===List of Contestants===
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Name
! Age
! Education
! Hometown
|-
| Jamyang Chentso
|22
|High School
|[[Kham]], [[tibet]]
|-
| Sonam Choedon
|18
|High School
|[[Darjeeling]], India
|-
|}

==Miss Tibet 2007==
Miss Tibet Pageant 2007 was held from 12 to 14 October 2007 in McLeod Ganj, Dharamshala, India. Five young Tibetan women took part in the pageant. Tenzin Dolma from McLeod Ganj was crowned Miss Tibet 2007. She received a scholarship cheque of Rs 100,000 (US$2,500). She represented Tibet in the [[Miss Earth 2007]] pageant in the Philippines in November 2007.

Tsering Yangzom from Kollegal Tibetan settlement, south India, was the First runner-up. She received Rs 50,000 in scholarship. She was also the "Miss Photogenic", receiving 1170 of the 3156 votes cast online at misstibet.com.

Deeki Dolma from Gangtok, Sikkim, was declared the Second runner-up. She received Rs 25,000.

===List of Contestants===
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Name
! Age
! Education
! Hometown
|-
| Deeki Dolma
|20
|College
|[[Sikkim]], India
|-
| Tenzin Dolma
|21
|College
|[[Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamshala]], India
|-
| Tenzin Pema
|19
|B.A.
|[[Dehra Dun]], India
|-
| Tenzing Dolma
|25
|MBA
|[[Sikkim]], India
|-
| Tsering Yangzom
|20
|College
|[[Karnataka]], India
|-
|}

==Summary of Winners==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
| Year
| Winner
| 1st Runner Up
| 2nd Runner Up
| Winner origin
| Remark
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|2015
| {{Nowrap| Pema Choedon }}
| {{Nowrap| Lobsang Kyizom }}
| {{Nowrap| Tsering Dolma }}
| {{Nowrap| Dehra Dun, India }}
| The glamour parts of the event, with no fire crackers as well as no new suit for the Director, were left out to express solidarity with the Nepal earthquake victims. [https://www.misstibet.com/history/year-2015 History 2015]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|2014
| {{Nowrap| Tenzin Yangzom }}
| n/a
| n/a
| {{Nowrap| Gangtok, Sikkim }}
| There were four contestants, but only one arrived for the Pageant. [https://www.misstibet.com/history/year-2014 History 2014]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|2013
| {{Nowrap| Tenzing Lhamo }}
| n/a
| n/a
| {{Nowrap| Madison, US }}
| Only one contestant this year. The event took place in Bangalore, India. [https://www.misstibet.com/history/year-2013 History 2013]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|2012
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| n/a
| Cancelled to stand in solidarity with all the Tibetans in Tibet and honour those who have died. [https://www.misstibet.com/history/year-2012 History 2012]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|2011
| {{Nowrap| Tenzin Yangkyi }}
| {{Nowrap| Ngodup Dolma }}
| {{Nowrap| Dolma Tsering }}
| {{Nowrap| Zurich, Switzerland }}
| Tenzin Yangkyi is a high school student in Zurich, Switzerland. She intends to become a professional model. [https://www.misstibet.com/history/year-2011 History 2011]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|2010
| {{Nowrap| Tenzin Norzom }}
| {{Nowrap| Yangchen Metok }}
| {{Nowrap| Rinchen Choden }}
| {{Nowrap| Varanasi, India }}
| Tenzin Norzom holds a Shastri Degree. She was born in Hunsur Tibetan settlement in South India. [https://www.misstibet.com/static/history/2010/ History 2010]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|2009
| {{Nowrap| Tenzin Choezom }}
| {{Nowrap| Ngawang Choying }}
| {{Nowrap| Dolkar }}
| {{Nowrap| Dharamshala, India }}
| Tenzin Choezom is from Suja, near Bir in Himachal Pradesh. She has completed class XII, and is now doing a computer course. [https://www.misstibet.com/static/history/2009/ History 2009]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| 2008
| {{Nowrap| Sonam Choedon }}
| {{Nowrap| Jamyang Chentso }}
| n/a
| {{Nowrap| Kham, Tibet }}
| In 2008, there were only two contestants, and hence there was no 2nd runner-up. Sonam Choedon didn't compete in any international pageant. Sonam Choedon is in Bylakuppe in South India, studying English and Buddhist philosophy. [https://www.misstibet.com/static/history/2008/ History 2008]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| 2007
| {{Nowrap| Tenzin Dolma }}
| {{Nowrap| Tsering Yangzom }}
| {{Nowrap| Deeki Dolma }}
| {{Nowrap| Dharamshala, India }}
| Miss Earth Pageant 2007, The Philippines <ref>[https://www.misstibet.com/history/2007/stories/20071107-tenzin_dolma_in_miss_earth.html Tenzin Dolma participates in Miss Earth pageant | misstibet.com]</ref> [https://www.misstibet.com/static/history/2007/ History 2007]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| 2006
| {{Nowrap| [[Tsering Chungtak]] }}
| {{Nowrap| Wangchuk Palmo }}
| {{Nowrap| Tseten Yangzom }}
| {{Nowrap| Shillong, India }}
| Miss Earth Pageant 2006, The Philippines <ref>[https://www.misstibet.com/history/2006/stories/20061112-miss_tibet_participates_miss_earth.html Miss Tibet participates in Miss Earth | misstibet.com]</ref>
Miss Tourism Pageant 2007, Malaysia <ref>[https://www.misstibet.com/history/2007/stories/20071126-tsering_chungtak_in_malaysia.html Tsering Chungtak in Malaysia | misstibet.com]</ref> [https://www.misstibet.com/static/history/2006/ History 2006]

"The 31-year old former Miss Tibet was pursuing her PhD in Sociology from Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) but had to leave her studies in between owing to her poor health." She died 21 July 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=37854&t=1|title=Former Miss Tibet Tsering Chungtak passes away|website=Phayul.com|access-date=2017-08-16}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| 2005
| {{Nowrap| Tenzin Nyima }}
| n/a
| n/a
| {{Nowrap| Bylakuppe, India }}
| The 2005 Pageant had only one contestant. [https://www.misstibet.com/static/history/2005/ History 2005]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| 2004
| {{Nowrap| Tashi Yangchen }}
|
|
| {{Nowrap| Gangtok, Sikkim }}
| Expelled: Miss Tourism World Pageant Zimbabwe, due to pressure from China <ref>[https://www.misstibet.com/history/2005/stories/2005.02.26-home_away_from_home_in_zimbabwe.html Home away from Home in Zimbabwe]</ref> [https://www.misstibet.com/static/history/2004/ History 2004]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| 2003
| {{Nowrap| Tsering Kyi }}
| n/a
| n/a
| {{Nowrap| Amdo, Tibet }}
| The 2005 Pageant had only one contestant. Tsering Kyi met Prince Charles in New Delhi India, October 2003 <ref>[https://www.misstibet.com/history/2003/stories/prince_charles.html Prince Charles meets Miss Tibet | misstibet.com]</ref> [https://www.misstibet.com/static/history/2003/ History 2003]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| 2002
| {{Nowrap| Dolma Tsering }}
| n/a
| n/a
| {{Nowrap| Minyak, Tibet }}
| Participant: Miss Tourism Intercontinental Pageant 2003, Malaysia <ref>[https://www.misstibet.com/history/2002/stories/malaysia.html Miss Tibet meets Miss China in Malaysia | misstibet.com]</ref>
Winner: Best National Costume, Queen of Tourism International 2003, Mexico <ref>[https://www.misstibet.com/history/2002/stories/mexico.html Miss Tibet won Best National Costume in Mexico | misstibet.com]</ref> [https://www.misstibet.com/static/history/2002/ History 2002]
|}

==Participation in International Pageants==
Many winners and one contestant have participated in international pageants.
<ref name="international-pageants">
{{cite web
| url = https://www.misstibet.com/history/international-pageants
| title=International Pageants
| date=20 May 2019
| author=Miss Tibet
| publisher=Miss Tibet
| access-date=20 May 2019
}}</ref>

The first Miss Tibet, in 2002, [https://www.misstibet.com/static/history/2002/ Dolma Tsering], has competed in two international pageants. She also won the [[Miss Goodwill]] subsidiary title from the pageant in [[Malaysia]] and the [[Best National Costume]] from another pageant in [[Mexico]].

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Name
! Pageant
! Country
! Year
! Remarks

|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| {{Nowrap| Tenzing Yonten }} {{Nowrap| Miss Tibet 2018 }}
| {{Nowrap| Miss Global }}
| Philippines
| 2018
|
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| {{Nowrap| Tenzin Paldon }} {{Nowrap| Miss Tibet 2017 }}
| {{Nowrap| Miss Global }}
| Cambodia
| 2017
|
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| {{Nowrap| Tenzing Sangnyi }} {{Nowrap| Miss Tibet 2016 }}
| {{Nowrap| Miss Global }}
| Philippines
| 2016
|
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| {{Nowrap| Pema Choedon }} {{Nowrap| Miss Tibet 2015 }}
| {{Nowrap| Miss Global }}
| Philippines
| 2015
|
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| {{Nowrap| Tenzin Yangkyi }} {{Nowrap| Miss Tibet 2011 }}
| {{Nowrap| Miss Asia Pacific }}
| {{Nowrap| South Korea }}
| 2011
| Wore a "Swiss Tibet" sash after interference from China government.

|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| {{Nowrap| Tenzin Dolma }} {{Nowrap| Miss Tibet 2007 }}
| {{Nowrap| Miss Earth }}
| Philippines
| 2007
| Refused pressure from China to wear "Tibet-China" sash, and was allowed by organisers to go ahead with the "Miss Tibet" sash.

|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| {{Nowrap| Tsering Chungtak }} {{Nowrap| Miss Tibet 2006 }}
| {{Nowrap| Miss Tourism }}
| Malaysia
| 2007
| Withdrew under pressure from China

|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| {{Nowrap| Tsering Chungtak }} {{Nowrap| Miss Tibet 2006 }}
| {{Nowrap| Miss Earth }}
| Philippines
| 2006
|
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| {{Nowrap| Tashi Yangchen }} {{Nowrap| Miss Tibet 2004 }}
| {{Nowrap| Miss Tourism World }}
| Zimbabwe
| 2005
| Withdrew under pressure from China

|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| {{Nowrap| Tenzin Diki }} {{Nowrap| Contestant 2002 }}
| {{Nowrap| Miss Tourism World }}
| Venezuela
| 2003
|
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| {{Nowrap| Dolma Tsering }} {{Nowrap| Miss Tibet 2002 }}
| {{Nowrap| Queen of Tourism International }}
| Mexico
| 2003
| Best National Costume Award

|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| {{Nowrap| Dolma Tsering }} {{Nowrap|Miss Tibet 2002 }}
| {{Nowrap| Miss Tourism Intercontinental }}
| Malaysia
| 2003
| Miss Goodwill Award

|}

– [https://www.misstibet.com/history/international-pageants Full international pageant information]

===Interference from Chinese government===

The Chinese government has tried to interfere, pressuring international directors to name Miss Tibet as "Miss Tibet-China". Two Miss Tibets had to withdraw from international pageants — Zimbabwe<ref>[http://www.zimbabwesituation.com/feb20_2005.html#link7 Tibetan beauty banned from pageant in Zim]</ref> and Malaysia<ref>[http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gfRGMeisoYP7LoRv3Nh2B3t_7GDA Miss Tibet slams China over expulsion from pageant] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080116074034/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gfRGMeisoYP7LoRv3Nh2B3t_7GDA |date=16 January 2008 }}</ref> — after they were asked to wear sashes with this title, and refused.

Miss Tibet 2007 Tenzin Dolma was asked to wear such a sash in the Philippines at the last minute, but she refused, and was allowed to go ahead with the "Miss Tibet" sash.

Miss Tibet 2006 Tsering Chungtak withdrew from the Miss Tourism Pageant in Malaysia after Chinese government representatives pressured the organiser to enter her as "Miss Tibet-China" in November 2007.

Miss Tibet 2004 Tashi Yangchen had to withdraw from a pageant in Zimbabwe after the Chinese embassy in Harare, the capital of Zimbabwe, in a similar case of Chinese interference, asked her to wear a "Miss Tibet-China" sash in February 2005.

In October 2011, Tenzin Yangkyi, Miss Tibet 2011, was sent to the [[Miss Asia Pacific World 2011]] beauty pageant, held in [[Daegu]], [[Seoul]], and [[Busan]] in [[South Korea]].<ref>[http://www.misstibet.com/archive/activities/2011/10/24/peoples-choice-award-goes-to-tenzin-yangkyi-in-korea Tenzin Yangkyi in Korea ]</ref> During the pageant, Yangkyi received pressure from the Chinese government to wear a sash saying "Tibet-China", but she refused. Instead, she decided to change the sash name to "Swiss Tibet", as she is a Swiss citizen.<ref>[http://www.facebook.com/MISSTIBET2011.FANPAGE?ref=ts Tenzin Yangkyi fanpage]</ref>

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links and references==
* ''Little Lhasa: Reflections on Exiled Tibet'', by Tsering Namgyal. Chapter 5, "Miss Tibet", pp. 65–77.
*[https://www.lobsangwangyal.com/ Lobsang Wangyal Productions]
*[http://www.missearth.tv/ Miss Earth Pageant]
*[https://www.misshimalaya.com/ Miss Himalaya Pageant]
*[https://www.misstibet.com/ Miss Tibet Pageant]

{{Miss Earth countries and territories}}

[[Category:Beauty pageants in India]]
[[Category:Dharamshala]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 2002]]
[[Category:Tibetan culture]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in India]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tibetan diaspora in India]]

Two Months In Arrah

2026-01-29T03:39:50Z

ChristenHii: Added new data

{{short description|Book written on siege of Arrah}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Two Months In Arrah
| publisher = Longman and Roberts
| oclc =
| congress =
| dewey =
| isbn =
| pages =
| media_type = Print
| release_date = 1860
| genre = Historical Account
| title_orig =
| subject = [[Siege of Arrah]]
| series =
| language = [[English language|English]]
| country = [[England]]
| cover_artist =
| author = J.J. Halls
| image = File:Defence-of-Arrah-House.png
| translator =
| preceded_by =
}}

'''''Two Months In Arrah''''' is a book written on the [[Siege of Arrah]] in 1857, whose writer is J.J. Halls, an assistant surgeon in the [[Bengal Army]] of 1857, who was posted at the civil station of [[Arrah]] and was one of the defenders in the siege.<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Calcutta Review, Volume 34|publisher=Calcutta University Press|year=1860|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=The Monthly Literary Advertiser, Volume 19|publisher=G. Woodfall|year=1860|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> The account was originally written for the information of the author's friend in England but was later published in 1860.<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Notes on Books: Being an Analysis of the Works Published During Each Quarter by Longmans, Green, and Company, Volume 2|publisher=Longmans, Green|year=1865|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref>

==Translations==

* [[Bhojpuri Language|Bhojpuri]] Author Pandey Kapil translated this book in Hindi as ''Ārā me do mās''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=1857 : Bihar Mein Mahayuddh|publisher=Raj Kamal Prakashan|year=|isbn=8126725257|location=|pages=}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Arrah]]
[[Category:1857 books]]
[[Category:Books about British India]]
[[Category:Books about the Mughal Empire]]

Rinchengang

2026-01-23T03:06:58Z

ChristenHii: Put Up Entry

{{Distinguish||text=Rinchengang village, Bhutan|selfref=}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rinchengang
| native_name = རིན་ཆེན་སྒང
| native_name_lang = bo
| settlement_type = Town
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| official_name = 仁青岗村 Rén qīng gǎng cūn
| coordinates = {{coord|27.43|88.928|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = Tibet#China#Asia
| subdivision_name = China
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_type1 = County
| subdivision_name1 = Yadong
}}
[[File:1923 SoI map of lower Chumbi Valley.jpg|thumb|right|280px|Map 1: Map of lower Chumbi Valley (Survey of India, 1923): Rinchengang is at the intersection of the Amo Chu Valley and the route from Jelep La.]]

'''Rinchengang'''<ref name="White Paper I">
{{harvp|India, White Paper I|1959|p=108}}: "By order of Military Control Commission freedom of movement is not being permitted to our Trade Agents even in the vicinity where the Trade Agencies are located. For example the I.T.A. Yatung was not permitted to go to '''Rinchengang''', only six miles from Yatung..."
</ref><ref name=Mathou>
{{harvnb|Mathou|2004|loc=note 39, p. 405}}: "'''Renqinggang''', also known as '''Rinchengang''', is located south of Sharsingma in Yadong country."
</ref>{{efn|
Other spellings include '''Richen Gang''',<ref>
{{harvnb|Shakabpa|2009|pp=648–649}}: "In violation of Tibetan law, they [British troops] reached as far as '''Richen Gang''', Dromo."
</ref>
'''Richengang''',<ref>
{{citation |last=Dozey |first=S. |title=Darjeeling Past And Present: A Concise History Of Darjeeling District Since 1835 |publisher= |year=1922 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.2164 |via=archive.org |pages=298–299}}: "Further down is Yatung (13,200'); still further on is '''Richengang''' (9,530') where there is a collection of about 40 well-built houses."
</ref>
and '''Rinchengong'''.<ref>
{{harvnb|White|1971|p=112}}: "At '''Rinchengong''' the road crossed the Am-mo-chhu [Amo Chu] by a substantial bridge, and our path opened out most lovely views, with splendid timber."
</ref>
It is now more commonly spelt in the Chinese pinyin spelling '''Renqinggang''',<ref name=Mathou/> sometimes as '''Renchinggang'''.<ref>
{{harvnb|Fatma|2017|p=65}}: "She said there are fewer vehicles plying to '''Renchingang''' as there is no provision of staying back."
</ref> Some authors use the traditional name of Chumbi Valley as a prefix, Tomo-Renchingang.{{Sfn|Waddell|1905|p=84}}{{Sfn|Kawaguchi|1909|p=650}}}}

({{bo|t=རིན་ཆེན་སྒང|w=rin chen sgang|s=rin chen gang|z=Rinqêngang}})<ref>
[https://www.eki.ee/knab/valik/cn54x.htm Xigazê Prefecture-Level City], KNAB place name database, retrieved 5 July 2021.</ref>
or '''Renqinggang'''<ref name="china-embassy">
{{Cite web |date=18 December 2013 |title=China-India border trade booms |url=http://in.china-embassy.org/eng/zgxw/t1110022.htm |access-date=2021-03-27 |website=Embassy of the People's Republic of China in India}}
</ref><ref name=Vajpayee>
{{Cite web |date=23 June 2003 |title=Documents signed between India and China during Prime Minister Vajpayee's visit to China |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/7692/Documents+signed+between+India+and+China+during+Prime+Minister+Vajpayees+visit+to+China |access-date=27 March 2021 |website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}}
</ref>
({{zh|t=仁青岗村|p=Rén qīng gǎng cūn}}) is a town in the [[Chumbi Valley]] and the headquarters of the [[Xiayadong|Xia Yadong]] Township of [[Yadong County]], [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]] region of China. It is in the valley of [[Amo Chu]] where the route from [[Sikkim]]'s [[Jelep La]] pass meets Amo Chu. It is also close to the [[Bhutan–China border]] ([[Doklam]] area), which is currently in dispute. In December 2018, Rinchengang village had a population of around 550 people.<ref name="tibet.cn">{{Cite web |last=陈林楚武干 |date=14 December 2018 |title=Xīzàng rén qīng gǎng cūn: Shǒu biān hù guó lǜsè zhìfù_xīzàng xīnwén_zhōngguó xī cáng wǎng |script-title=zh:西藏仁青岗村：守边护国绿色致富_西藏新闻_中国西藏网 |trans-title=Renqinggang Village, Tibet: Keeping the Border and Protecting the Country and Becoming Rich Green |url=http://www.tibet.cn/cn/index/news/201812/t20181214_6461487.html |website=www.tibet.cn}}</ref> The inhabitants are engaged in animal grazing or work as forest rangers. Some also carry supplies to Chinese border troops.<ref name="tibet.cn"/>

In 2003, the governments of India and China agreed to use Rinchengang as a border trade mart, along with [[Changgu]] in Sikkim.{{sfn|Mathou|2004|loc=note 39, p. 405}}<ref name=Vajpayee/> It is also the corresponding trade mart for [[Sherathang]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Esha |date=2017-07-25 |title=Next to flashpoint, home tension bigger headache than China chill |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-china-bhutan-border-standoff-kupup-sikkim-4765776/ |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Rinchengang is in the main Chumbi valley, on the west bank of the [[Amo Chu]] river. A stream called [[Yatung Chu]] that brings waters from the [[Jelep La]] and [[Nathu La]] passes on the [[Sikkim]] border, joins Amo Chu here.<ref>
{{harvp|Fader|2002|p=43}}: "It [Rinchengang] was a large village located along the main valley river, the Amo Chu (...), at the Amo's confluence with the river Yatung."</ref><ref name="Sandberg"/> The town has one of the largest tracts of flat land in the Chumbi valley covering around 580 sq km of grasslands and forests.<ref name="The Return of Nathula"/><ref name="tibet.cn"/> It is also one of the last villages in the Amo Chu valley before the river enters Bhutan.<ref>{{citation |last=Hooker |first=Joseph Dalton |title=Himalayan Journals – Notes of a Naturalist in Bengal, the Sikkim and Nepal Himalayas, the Khasia Mountains etc., Vol. 2 |publisher=John Murray |location=London |year=1854 |url=https://archive.org/details/b28125800_0002|via=archive.org |pages=110–111}}: "The Machoo river, rising from Chumulari, flows through the Choombi district, and enters Bhotan at a large mart called Rinchingoong [Rinchengang], whence it flows to the plains of India..."</ref>

Being a spacious location and close to both Sikkim and Bhutan, Rinchengang seems to have always played the role of a trading centre. [[Archibald Campbell (doctor)|Archibald Campbell]], the Deputy Commissioner of [[Darjeeling]], wrote in 1848 that the people of all three countries, Sikkim, Bhutan and Tibet, traded here.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=A. |date=April 1848 |title=Itinerary from Phari in Thibet to Lassa, with appended Routes from Darjeeling to Phari |url=https://archive.org/details/journalofasiatic1716asia/page/n19/mode/2up?q=Tumloong&view=theater |journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |pages=274–275 |via=archive.org}}: "The principal town in the neighbourhood of Khari [Phari] is Rinchingong [Rinchengang], a large mart, two marches east of Choombi. It belongs to Tibet. Here the people of Bootan, Sikim and Tibet meet to trade."</ref>

There was a bridge over Amo Chu at Rinchengang,<ref name="Sandberg">{{citation |last=Sandberg |first=Graham |title=An Itinerary of the Route from Sikkim to Lhasa |location=Calcutta |publisher=Baptist Mission Press |year=1901 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924023224672 |via=archive.org |pages=8–9}}</ref>{{sfn|White|1971|p=112}} which provided routes into Bhutan on both the banks of the Amo Chu river: the eastern one going via the [[Charitang]] valley towards [[Haa, Bhutan|Haa]], and the western one going via the [[Doklam plateau]] to [[Sangbay]]. (See Map 1) From the Doklam plateau, there was also a route to the [[Dichu]] basin ([[Tendu Gewog|Tendu]] and [[Sipchu]]).

In December 1903 [[Laurence Waddell]] passed through Rinchengang on his way to Lhasa and described it as follows:{{Sfn|Waddell|1905|pp=82-83}}
{{Blockquote|text=Craggy mountains rise on either side into jagged snow-streaked peaks banded by dark pines, and between, the clear green waters of the Mo river... The meadow here is a quarter of a mile broad, and its turfy terraces, sprinkled with the frosted remains of last year’s wild-flowers... are dotted freely over with fine large houses, two- and three-storeyed in the Swiss chalet style, with widely-projecting eaves and wooden balconies carved and gaudily painted. The village of Rinchengang consists of about forty of these handsome houses, much superior to any native house in Sikhim or even at Darjeeling. They are closely clustered between narrow lanes, and all are picked out in bright colours, giving an air of prosperity and comfort.}}

Rinchengang was prosperous. Being on the route from the Jelep La pass, it participated in the trade between Tibet and the Indian towns [[Kalimpong]] and [[Darjeeling]] as well as Sikkim's [[Gangtok]]. Indian traders were not allowed beyond the Yatung customs house ([[Old Yatung]]). So traders from Rinchengang exploited the gap, leading to their prosperity.{{Sfn|Waddell|1905|pp=83-84}}

There is a [[Kagyu]] Monastery on a hill top near Rinchengang, which is said to have been established by Cangba Ada, a monk from the [[Shangpa Kagyu]] sect in 1747. According to British traveller John Easton, the hilltop was called Yatung ("nose bridge mountain") and from it was derived the name of [[Old Yatung]] in the valley below.{{sfnp|Easton, An Unfrequented High through Sikkim and Tibet|1928|p=48}}
During the [[Cultural Revolution]] in China the Kagyu Monastery took some damage. However a restoration was undertaken and many of the cultural relics are preserved.<ref name="Yadong Kagyu Monastery">{{Cite web |date=2012-10-07 |title=Gá jǔ sì, xīzàng gá jǔ sì, yà dōng gá jǔ sì, xīzàng yà dōng gá jǔ sì - wúliàng guāngmíng fójiào wǎng |script-title=zh:噶举寺,西藏噶举寺,亚东噶举寺,西藏亚东噶举寺 - 无量光明佛教网 |trans-title=Yadong Kagyu Monastery, Tibet |url=https://www.guang5.com/fjsy/sydq/3941.html |access-date=2021-03-30 |website=www.guang5.com }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

== History ==
=== Colonial period ===
In the early 1900s, the people of Rinchengang were middlemen traders between central Tibet and the markets in Darjeeling and Calcutta.{{Sfn|Waddell|1905|p=83}} [[Ekai Kawaguchi]], a [[Japanese people|Japanese]] [[Buddhist monk]] who travelled in Tibet, chronicled the usage of mules to transport wool from ''Tomo-Rinchen-gang'' to ''Kalenpong.'' He recorded the fortress of ''Nyatong'' (Old Yatung) located close to the grazing grounds of Rinchengang.{{Sfn|Kawaguchi|1909|p=650}}{{better source needed|date=March 2021|reason=Not a great source for trade or geography.}}

After the [[Younghusband Expedition]] (1903–1904), the British moved the trade mart to (new) [[Yatung]] and also opened the [[Nathu La]] pass for travel from Sikkim. Thus, Rinchengang was bypassed and it must have seen reduction in its prospects.

=== Post-colonial period ===
{{OSM Location map
| coord = {{coord|27.4301|88.9180}} 
| float = right
| zoom = 13
| width = 320
| height = 350
| caption = Map 2: Rinchengang and vicinity
| nolabels = 1

| minimap = file
| mini-file = China Tibet location map.svg
| mini-width = 100
| mini-height = 73
| minipog-x = 52
| minipog-y = 64
| scalemark = 120
| shape = image

| map-data-light = Q10868391
| map-data-text = Xiaydong Township
| map-data-color = Orange

| mark-coord1 = {{coord|27.4301802|88.9283180}}
| mark1 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size1 = 10
| label1 = Rinchengang
| label-size1 = 10
| label-color1 = hard red
| label-pos1 = right | label-offset-x1 = 2 | label-offset-y1 = -5
| mark-title1 = Rinchengang
| mark-image1 =
| mark-description1 = Town in Chumbi Valley

| mark-coord2 = {{coord|27.4317895|88.9150545}}
| mark2 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size2 = 6
| label2 = Kagyu monastery
| label-size2 = 10
| label-color2 = hard red
| label-pos2 = top |label-offset-x2 = 0 |label-offset-y2 = 0
| mark-title2 = Yagung Kagyu monastery
| mark-image2 =
| mark-description2 =

| mark-coord3 = {{coord|27.4375615|88.8984523}}
| mark3 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size3 = 6
| label3 = Donqingang |labela3 =
| label-size3 = 10
| label-color3 = hard red
| label-pos3 = right |label-offset-x3 = 0 |label-offset-y3 = 0
| mark-title3 = Donqingang
| mark-image3 =
| mark-description3 = Marketplace

| mark-coord4 = {{coord|27.42492|88.9065}}
| mark4 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size4 = 6
| label4 = Old Yatung |labela4 = Customs House
| label-size4 = 10
| label-color4 = hard red
| label-pos4 = top |label-offset-x4 = 0 |label-offset-y4 = 0
| mark-title4 = [[Old Yatung|Yatung customs house]]
| mark-image4 =
| mark-description4 =

| mark-coord5 = {{coord|27.42801291123724|88.91719950414078}}
| mark5 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size5 = 6
| label5 = Pasha gompa |labela5 = site?
| label-size5 = 10
| label-color5 = hard grey
| label-pos5 = bottom |label-offset-x5 = 0 |label-offset-y5 = 0
| mark-title5 = Possible site of a former Pasha gompa
| mark-image5 =
| mark-description5 =

| mark-coord6 = {{coord|27.4341368|88.9249170}}
| mark6 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size6 = 8
| label6 = Geling
| label-size6 = 10
| label-color6 = hard red
| label-pos6 = right |label-offset-x6 = 5 |label-offset-y6 = 0
| mark-title6 = Geling
| mark-image6 =
| mark-description6 = Village in Chumbi Valley

| mark-coord7 = {{coord|27.4447239|88.9218932}}
| mark7 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size7 = 8
| label7 = Chema
| label-size7 = 10
| label-color7 = hard red
| label-pos7 = right |label-offset-x7 = 5 |label-offset-y7 = 0
| mark-title7 = [[Chema, Tibet|Chema]] (Bye-ma/Qiema)
| mark-image7 =
| mark-description7 = Village in Chumbi Valley

| mark-coord10 = {{coord|27.4379|88.9222}}
| mark10 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg
| mark-size10 = 10
| label10 = Amo Chu
| label-size10 = 10
| label-color10 = hard blue
| label-pos10 = right |label-offset-x10 = 0 |label-offset-y10 = 0
| mark-title10 = [[Amo Chu]] river
| mark-image10 =
| mark-description10 = Called Torsa river in India

| mark-coord11 = {{coord|27.349324|88.988679}}
| mark11 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg
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| label11 = Amo Chu
| label-size11 = 10
| label-color11 = hard blue
| label-pos11 = right |label-offset-x11 = 0 |label-offset-y11 = 0
| mark-title11 = Amo Chu river
| mark-image11 =
| mark-description11 = Part of the prevailing border

| mark-coord12 = {{coord|27.42181|88.90464}}
| mark12 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg
| mark-size12 = 15
| label12 = Yatung Chu
| label-size12 = 10
| label-color12 = hard blue
| label-pos12 = right |label-offset-x12 = 0 |label-offset-y12 = 0
| mark-title12 = Yatung Chu
| mark-image12 =
| mark-description12 = Tributary of Amo Chu

| mark-coord21 = {{coord|27.441|88.897}}
| mark21 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size21 = 0
| label21 = TO NATHU LA
| label-size21 = 10
| label-color21 = hard grey
| label-pos21 = bottom |label-offset-x21 = 0 |label-offset-y21 = 0
| mark-title21 = Road to [[Nathu La]]
| mark-image21 =
| mark-description21 = Runs along the traditional track on a ridge

| mark-coord22 = {{coord|27.4117|88.900}}
| mark22 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size22 = 0
| label22 = TO JELEP LA
| label-size22 = 10
| label-color22 = hard grey
| label-pos22 = bottom |label-offset-x22 = 0 |label-offset-y22 = 0
| mark-title22 = Track to [[Jelep La]]
| mark-image22 =
| mark-description22 = Runs along the valley

| mark-coord23 = {{coord|27.456|88.926}}
| mark23 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size23 = 0
| label23 = TO CHUMBI AND |labela23=NEW YATUNG
| label-size23 = 10
| label-color23 = hard grey
| label-pos23 = bottom |label-offset-x23 = 0 |label-offset-y23 = 0
| mark-title23 = Road to New Yatung ([[Shasima]])
| mark-image23 =
| mark-description23 =

| mark-coord25 = {{coord|27.417|88.937}}
| mark25 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size25 = 0
| label25 = TO BHUTAN
| label-size25 = 10
| label-color25 = hard grey
| label-pos25 = bottom |label-offset-x25 = 0 |label-offset-y25 = 0
| mark-title25 = Track to Bhutan
| mark-image25 =
| mark-description25 = Runs along the Amo Chu river
}}
In 1950, the [[People's Liberation Army]] moved into Tibet and they established barracks at Richengang.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arpi |first=Claude |date=10 September 2016 |title=Chinese War Preparations in Tibet ...in 1953 |url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/chinese-war-preparations-in-tibet-in-1953/ |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=Indian Defence Review |language=en-US}}</ref> The presence of the Army also meant that the trade through the Chumbi Valley boomed. New roads and communications were established. Sugar, textiles and food items (called ''rgya zog'' – Indian goods) went through the Chumbi Valley so much so that the Chumbi Valley was more prosperous than [[Beijing]] in the 1950s.{{sfnp|Harris, Geographical Diversions|2013}}

All this came to an end with the [[1959 Tibetan uprising|Tibetan uprising of 1959]]. Tensions between India and China increased, and both the countries hampered trade.{{sfnp|Harris, Geographical Diversions|2013}} Following the Sino-India war in 1962, the border crossings at Nathu La and Jelep La were closed. They were not reopened till 2005.

=== Present ===
In 2005 India and China signed a Memorandum of Understanding on border trade with regard to reopening [[Nathu La]]. China built anew trade mart at Donqingang on the hilltop near the Kagyu monastery in 2006, and trade between the Chumbi Valley and Sikkim was resumed. In a throwback to the old times, the Indian traders were not allowed to go beyond Donqingang. Rinchengang, 11 km away, was still inaccessible.<ref>{{harvp|Harris, The Mobile and the Material|2017|p=161}}: "Donqingang is the market on the China side; it is 11km away from Rinchengang, but Indian traders are not allowed to go here."</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Weidong |first=Cheng |date=March 2013 |title=Yadong Revisited. The Opening of Rinchengang Border Trade Market. |url=http://in.china-embassy.org/chn/xwfw/zgxw/P020130401717194103294.pdf |newspaper=News from China |publisher=Embassy of the People's Republic of China in India |volume=XXV |issue=3 |pages=44–48 |access-date=28 March 2021 |url-status=}}{{deadlink|date=September 2023}}</ref>

Before the construction of Rinchengang as a market, according to a trader from Sikkim, [[Motilal Lakhotia]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dhungel|first=Pankaj|date=2020-12-30|title=A tribute to Motilal Lakhotia, the man who took cars to Tibet on mules, yaks|url=https://www.eastmojo.com/sikkim/2020/12/30/a-tribute-to-motilal-lakhotia-the-man-who-took-cars-to-tibet-on-mules-yaks/|access-date=2021-03-29|website=EastMojo|language=en-US}}</ref> "Richengang was just a small settlement with some houses and cultivated fields and something they would just pass by on their tedious journey."<ref name="The Return of Nathula">{{Cite news|last=Rai|first=Remuna|date=6 July 2006|title=The Return of Nathula|work=Now! (Vol. 5 No. 143)|url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/now/pdf/NOW_2006_07_06.pdf|access-date=29 March 2021}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
'''Secondary sources'''
*{{citation |last=Easton |first=John |title=An Unfrequented High through Sikkim and Tibet |url=https://archive.org/details/unfrequentedhigh00john |year=1928 |location=London |publisher=The Scholartis Press |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Easton, An Unfrequented High through Sikkim and Tibet|1928}}}}
* {{citation |last=Fader |first=H. Louis |title=Called from Obscurity: The Life and Times of a True Son of Tibet, God's Humble Servant from Poo, Gergan Dorje Tharchin, Vol. 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VqDYAAAAMAAJ |year=2002 |publisher=Tibet Mirror Press |isbn=978-99933-922-0-0}}
* {{citation |last=Fatma |first=Eram |title=India–China Border Trade: A Case Study of Sikkim's Nathu La: A Case Study of Sikkim's Nathu La |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yb2rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT65 |year=2017 |publisher=KW Publishers |isbn=978-93-86288-64-6}}
* {{citation |last=Harris |first=Tina |title=Geographical Diversions: Tibetan Trade, Global Transactions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JxCotCnoGrUC&pg=PA40 |year=2013 |publisher=University of Georgia Press |isbn=978-0-8203-4512-3 |ref={{sfnref|Harris, Geographical Diversions|2013}}}}
* {{Citation |last=Harris |first=Tina |title=The Mobile and the Material in the Himalayan Borderlands |date=2017 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1jd94h1.11 |work=The Art of Neighbouring |pages=161 |editor-last=Saxer |editor-first=Martin |series=Making Relations Across China's Borders |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |jstor=j.ctt1jd94h1.11 |isbn=978-94-6298-258-1 |editor2-last=Zhang |editor2-first=Juan |ref={{sfnref|Harris, The Mobile and the Material|2017}}}}
* {{citation |last=Kawaguchi |first=Ekai |title=Three Years in Tibet |publisher=The Theosophist Office |location=Adyar, Madras |year=1909 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.1848 |via=archive.org}}
* {{citation |last=Mathou |first=Thierry |chapter=Bhutan–China Relations: Towards a New step in Himalayan Politics |title=The Spider and The Piglet: Proceedings of the First International Seminar on Bhutanese Studies |location=Thimpu |publisher=The Centre for Bhutan Studies |year=2004 |chapter-url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/33420336.pdf |url=http://www.bhutanstudies.org.bt/publicationFiles/ConferenceProceedings/SpiderAndPiglet/19-Spdr%26Pglt.pdf |access-date=2021-03-27 |archive-date=2023-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105090327/https://www.bhutanstudies.org.bt/publicationFiles/ConferenceProceedings/SpiderAndPiglet/19-Spdr%26Pglt.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{citation |last=Shakabpa |first=Tsepon Wangchuk Deden |title=One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lGyrymfDdI0C&pg=PA648 |year=2009 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-17732-1}}
* {{citation |last=Waddell |first=L. Austin |title=Lhasa and its Mysteries |publisher=John Murray |location=London |year=1905 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.79988 |via=archive.org}}
* {{citation |last=White |first=J. Claude |title=Sikhim & Bhutan: Twenty-One Years on the North-East Frontier, 1887—1908 |publisher=Vivek Publishing House |year=1971 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.29045 |via=archive.org}}
'''Primary sources'''
* {{citation |editor=India. Ministry of External Affairs |title=Notes, Memoranda and Letters Exchanged and Agreements Signed Between the Governments of India and China: 1954-1959 |url=http://www.claudearpi.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/WhitePaper1NEW.pdf |year=1959 |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs |ref={{sfnref|India, White Paper I|1959}}}}

[[Category:Populated places in Shigatse]]
[[Category:Yadong County]]

Reena Bhardwaj

2026-01-08T00:39:44Z

ChristenHii: minor changes

{{Other uses|Reena (disambiguation){{!}}Reena}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}

{{BLP sources|date=January 2008}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Reena Bhardwaj
| image = Reena Bhardwaj - Bristol.png
| caption = Reena Bhardwaj
| image_size = 200
| background = solo_singer
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[London]], United Kingdom
| origin =
| instrument =
| genre = [[Traditional music]], Pop music, [[World music]], [[Bollywood music]]
| occupation = Singer/songwriter/recording artist
| years_active = 2003–present
| website ={{URL|https://web.archive.org/web/20070809163708/http://www.reenabhardwaj.com/}}
}}

'''Reena Bhardwaj''' is a British singer, songwriter and recording artist best known for her collaborations with [[A. R. Rahman]] and [[Nitin Sawhney]]. Versatile to genre and language, her repertoire includes a variety of Indian Traditional, Bollywood, World and Popular styles sung in various Indian languages (Hindi, Punjabi, Bengali, Tamil, Telugu) and English.

==Early years and education==
Reena Bhardwaj was born and raised in London. From a very young age she displayed an intrinsic flair for the Indian arts, especially music and dance. She trained in the North Indian Classical Dance form [[Kathak]] and started performing on stage from the age of 9. During her teens, focus shifted to singing and she began to impress audiences as she sang complex compositions effortlessly. It was her natural vocal talent that eventually drew the attention of some of the world's leading pioneers of music, both in India and the UK.

An avid academic, Reena Bhardwaj chose to pursue a professional career in [[Business Management]], while continuing to develop her musical interests on the side. She won a sponsorship on the Windsor Fellowship Management program and went on to graduate with Bachelor's and master's degrees from the [[London School of Economics]]. She briefly worked in corporate marketing and communications in the City of London.

==Musical career==
Reena describes her musical career as a "turn of fate" which came about while pursuing her master's degree at the [[London School of Economics]], when she received an unexpected call from her most favourite Indian Composer, [[AR Rahman]].

With Rahman, she recorded her debut song, "Yeh Rishta" for the Bollywood film soundtrack ''[[Meenaxi: A Tale of Three Cities]]'' directed by [[MF Hussain]], which catapulted her from the world of academics to the top of the Indian Music charts. She became the first British Asian Artist to be nominated for a Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer and the [[MTV Immies]] Award for Best New Talent of 2004.

Next she sang "Baba Kichhu Tha", a Tamil romantic duet with one of South India's most revered playback singers, [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] for the [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Manisha Koirala]] starrer ''[[Baba (2002 film)|Baba]]''.

Reena has featured on a number of [[AR Rahman]]’s [[Bollywood]] and Tamil/Telugu film soundtracks including ''[[Mangal Pandey: The Rising]]'', ''[[Sakkarakatti]]'' and most recently she sang the beautiful song ''[[Raavan (soundtrack)|Khilli Re]]'' for the [[Mani Ratnam]], [[Aishwarya Rai]] and [[Abhishek Bachchan]] starrer, [[Raavan (2010 Hindi film)|Raavan]], also by Rahman.

Reena's has been a regular collaborator with British Asian Composer/Producer [[Nitin Sawhney]], an association that began with her soulful rendition of the epic Indian poem "Heer" by [[Waris Shah]] for Sawhney's 2003 album ''Human'' (V2). She went on to co-write the popular song "Mausam" for Sawhney's 2006 album ''Philtre'' (V2) alongside memorable performances on "Koyal – Songbird" and "The Search". She appears again on Sawhney's ''[[London Undersound]]'' in which she expresses her feelings about growing up in London by co-writing the track "Ek Jaan" and sings alongside Sir Paul McCartney in "My Soul".

Reena has toured extensively with Sawhney and his band and has performed at some of the world's most culturally elite venues including the [[Glastonbury Festival]], [[WOMAD]] in Taormina (Sicily), [[Jazz Café]], [[The Barbican Centre]], The [[Royal Festival Hall]], [[The Roundhouse]] for the [[BBC Electric Proms]] in 2008. One of her most notable performances was The [[BBC Proms]] 2007 at [[The Royal Albert Hall]] where she appeared alongside [[Nitin Sawhney]], [[Natacha Atlas]], & [[Anoushka Shankar]].

She has also lent her voice to Sawhney's film scores, including [[Channel 4]]’s ''Second Generation'', [[Bharat Bala]] Production's ''Hari Om'', and the 1929 Silent Indian Classic, [[A Throw of Dice]] by Franz Osten, which premiered with the [[London Symphony Orchestra]] and subsequently performed with national orchestras in the Netherlands, Italy, New Zealand, US and Canada.

She has collaborated with the UK's biggest dance duo Basement Jaxx, [[Basement Jaxx]], renowned percussion king [[Trilok Gurtu]], [[Talvin Singh]] and award-winning British Songwriter Guy Chambers. Her songs feature on various compilation CDs ([[Ministry of Sound]]’s, ''Angel Beach''; Pathaan's ''Indian Sunset'') and Sony Legacy's 2009 Compilation CD ''The Best of AR Rahman''.

==Discography==
“Baba Kichchu", Music: [[A R Rahman]], Film: ''[[Baba (2002 film)|Baba]]'' (2002) 
“Tak Dheen" Music: [[A R Rahman]], ''[[Bombay Dreams]]'' (2003) 
“Heer", Nitin Sawhney, ''Human'' (2003) 
“Falling" [[Aqualung (musician)|Aqualung]] & [[Nitin Sawhney]], ''Human'' (2003) 
“[[Meenaxi (soundtrack)|Yeh Rishta]]", Music: [[A R Rahman]], Film: ''[[Meenaxi: A Tale of Three Cities]]'' (2004) 
“Mausam", co-written with [[Nitin Sawhney]], ''Philtre'' (2005) 
“Koyal (Songbird)", [[Nitin Sawhney]], ''Philtre'' (2005) 
“The Search", [[Nitin Sawhney]], ''Philtre'' (2005) 
“Dead Man", [[Nitin Sawhney]], ''Philtre'' (2005) 
“Sandesa", [[Nitin Sawhney]] & The [[London Symphony Orchestra]], Film: Franz_Osten's ''[[A Throw of Dice]]'' (2005) 
“Everybody", [[Basement Jaxx]], ''Crazy Itch Radio'' (2005) 
“Main Vari Vari", Music: [[A R Rahman]], Film: ''[[Mangal Pandey: The Rising]]'' (2006) 
“Naan Epodhu", Music: [[A R Rahman]], Film: ''[[Sakkarakatti]]'' (2008) 
“My Soul", [[Paul McCartney]] & [[Nitin Sawhney]], ''[[London Undersound]]'' (2008) 
“Ek Jaan", co-written with [[Nitin Sawhney]], ''[[London Undersound]]'' (2008) 
”[[Raavan (soundtrack)|Khilli Re]]", Music: [[A R Rahman]], Film: ''[[Raavan (2010 Hindi film)|Raavan]]'' (2010) 
“Puli Gharshana", Music: [[A R Rahman]], Film: ''[[Komaram Puli]]'' (2010) 
Other film soundtracks and compilations in which Reena features:

''The Best of A R Rahman'', Sony Legacy (2009) 
''Aaoji: Classic Sufi Hits'', Sony Music (2009) 
''Life Goes On'' Music: Soumik Dutta, Storm Glass Productions (2009) 
''In the Mind of Nitin Sawhney'', District 6 (2007) 
''Angel Beach'', [[Ministry of Sound]] (2005) 
''American Daylight'', [[Amaan Ali Khan]] (2005) 
Frank Osten's ''[[A Throw of Dice]]'', [[Nitin Sawhney]] & The [[London Symphony Orchestra]] (2005) 
''Hari Om'' Film Score: Nitin Sawhney, [[Bharat Bala]] Productions (2004) 
''Second Generation'', Film Score: Nitin Sawhney, [[Channel 4]] (2003) 
''Indian Sunset'' DJ Pathaan (2003)

==References==

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhardwaj, Reena}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:English pop singers]]
[[Category:Singers from London]]
[[Category:British Asian musicians]]
[[Category:English people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century English women singers]]

Hum Dono

2026-01-04T00:37:29Z

ChristenHii:

'''Hum Dono''' ({{Lit|We Two}}) may refer to these in Indian entertainment:

* [[Hum Dono (1961 film)|''Hum Dono'' (1961 film)]], starring Dev Anand
* [[Hum Dono (1985 film)|''Hum Dono'' (1985 film)]], starring Rajesh Khanna
* [[Hum Dono (1995 film)|''Hum Dono'' (1995 film)]], starring Rishi Kapoor
* [[Hum Dono (TV series)|''Hum Dono'' (TV series)]], a Hindi song countdown show which follows the story of two people
* "Hum Dono" (1969), the title of a recording by the [[Joe Harriott]] and [[Amancio D'Silva]] Quartet
* "Hum Dono", a song by Vishal–Shekhar and Shruti Pathak from the 2025 Indian film ''[[Tu Meri Main Tera Main Tera Tu Meri]]''

== See also ==
* [[We Two (disambiguation)]]
* [[Us Two (disambiguation)]]
* "Hum Dono Hain Alag Alag" or "Main Khiladi", a song by Anu Malik, Udit Narayan and Abhijeet Bhattacharya from the 1994 Indian film ''[[Main Khiladi Tu Anari]]''
* ''[[Hum Dono Hain Alag Alag]]'', an Indian television series

{{disambiguation}}

Alternaria triticina

2025-12-22T04:17:24Z

ChristenHii: Put Up Initial Entry And Citations.

{{Short description|Fungal disease (leaf blight) of wheat}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| genus = Alternaria
| species = triticina
| authority = Prasada & Prabhu (1963)
}}

'''''Alternaria triticina''''' is a fungal [[plant pathogen]] that causes leaf blight on [[wheat]]. ''A. triticina'' is responsible for the largest leaf blight issue in wheat and also causes disease in other major [[cereal]] grain crops. It was first identified in [[India]] in 1962<ref>Prasada R, Prabhu AS, 1962. Leaf blight of wheat caused by a new species of Alternaria. Indian Phytopathology 15, 292–293.
</ref> and still causes significant yield loss to wheat crops on the Indian subcontinent. The disease is caused by a fungal pathogen and causes necrotic leaf lesions and in severe cases shriveling of the leaves.

== Hosts and symptoms ==
Successful inoculation of ''A. triticina'' has been repeatedly confirmed in ''Triticum turgidum'' subsp. ''Durum'' ([[durum]] wheat) and ''Triticum aestivum'' ([[common wheat]], bread wheat) with bread wheat varieties showing more severe infection.<ref name=":0">Systematic Mycology & Microbiology Laboratory “Alternaria Triticina (Leaf Blight of Wheat).” Invasive Species Compendium, CAB International, 2 Oct. 2019, www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/4534.</ref> [[Barley]], [[sorghum]], [[triticale]], [[oat]]s, [[rye]], and [[millet]] have all been experimentally colonized, but field-level infection is restricted to varieties of durum and bread wheat.<ref name=":1">Chaurasia, S., et al. “A Simple Technique for the Induction of Sporulation in Alternaria Triticina Incitant of Leaf Blight of Wheat / Eine Einfache Methode Zur Stimulation Der Sporenbildung Bei Alternaria Triticina, Dem Erreger Einer Blattfleckenkrankheit an Weizen.” ''Zeitschrift Für Pflanzenkrankheiten Und Pflanzenschutz / Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection'', vol. 105, no. 1, 1998, pp. 17–21. ''JSTOR'', www.jstor.org/stable/43215209.</ref><ref name=":0" /> Infection will only occur on hosts older than three weeks with symptoms appearing at 7–8 weeks of age.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">Kumar, C. Inoculum potential, disease development and penetration of host by ''Alternaria triticina''. Incidence of leaf blight of wheat. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci; 1979, vol. 8 B, Part II: 359–365.</ref><ref name=":3">Plant Health Australia. Contingency Plan – Leaf blight of wheat (''Alternaria triticina''). Industry Plan for the Grains Industry; Aug 2009.</ref>

[[Lesion]]s will start as oval-shaped scars on the lower leaves and infect more leaves as the plant grows. Later in the season, the lesions enlarge and coalesce, becoming darker and forming chlorotic margins around the necrotic lesions.<ref name=":4">Perelló, A. E. and Sisterna, M. N. (2006), Leaf blight of wheat caused by ''Alternaria triticina'' in Argentina. Plant Pathology, 55: 303–303. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2005.01264.x</ref> If the infection becomes sufficiently severe and widespread, the entire field will exhibit a burnt appearance. Depending on the initial concentration of inoculum and environmental conditions, infection can spread to the [[leaf sheath]], [[plant stem|stem]], [[awn (botany)|awn]]s, and [[glume]]s. [[flower spike|Spike]] infections lead to infected seed. These seeds may exhibit no symptoms, or they may become brown and shriveled. In either case, they will contain the disease-spreading agent successfully to the next season.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />

In addition to symptoms derived from [[nutrient]] extraction, ''A. triticina'' releases several nonspecific [[toxin]]s, often resulting in chlorotic leaf flag streaks.<ref name="Kumar-Rao-1979">{{cite journal | last=Kumar | first=C. S. K. Vijaya | last2=Rao | first2=A. S. | title=Production of phytotoxic substances by ''Alternaria triticina'' | journal=[[Canadian Journal of Botany]] | publisher=[[Canadian Science Publishing]] | volume=57 | issue=11 | date=1979-06-01 | issn=0008-4026 | doi=10.1139/b79-154 | pages=1255–1258 | language=en}}</ref>

Lesions are not easily differentiated from those of other leaf blight pathogens. However, they will have black powder of [[conidium|conidia]] and not [[pycnidium|pycnidia]] or [[Ascocarp|perithecia]] common to some leaf lesion fungi, which distinguishes it from many [[ascomycota|ascomycete]] pathogens of wheat and cereal grains.<ref name=":0" />

== Disease cycle ==
The fungus overwinters largely as seed-born [[spore]]s.<ref name=":0" /> These asexual spores multiply in the soil and transfer primary inoculum to susceptible plant leaves through direct soil contact or by soil that is splashed onto the lowest leaves in rainfall or irrigation. At this point, the polycyclic nature of ''A. triticina'' is evident when conidia, the secondary inoculum are produced. Conidia germinate in temperatures between {{convert|20 and 25|C|F|0}} and with 10 hours of water film on the leaves or 48 hours of humidity greater than 90%.<ref name=":0" /> Conidia germinate, producing 2–4 germ tubes, each with an appressorium and penetration peg. [[Hyphae]] infect via direct penetration and proliferate inter- and intra-cellularly. Hyphae reach the deep mesophyll tissue within 72 hours of inoculation. Mycelium will spread to the epidermis and parenchyma tissue but not so deep as to infect the vasculature. Leaf tissue thickness becomes greatly reduced and chloroplasts of infected cells grow larger and irregularly shaped. Mycelium will produce conidiophores which extend out of host tissue stomata and bear conidia either singly or in chains.<ref name=":0" /> These conidia serve as secondary inoculum for further infections within the season. Lesions appear between 2 and 5 days after inoculation.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Kumar-Rao-1979" /> Infections in the seed head produce spores for the next season. Conidia in leaf and stem tissue can survive in debris, but its viability is greatly reduced when left on top of the soil surface or in hot, wet environments; their survival is limited to 2 months on the soil surface and 4 months when buried.<ref name=":0" />

== Management ==
The wide array of chemical, cultural, and biological inhibitions of leaf blight of wheat make both conventional and organic management reliable and economic. Infection of wheat and other cereal varieties can be prevented with the selection of resistant cultivar and planting of clean, disease-free seed. Seeds can also be treated with chemical agents or with hot water treatments. Biological methods, such as soil treatments of ''[[Bacillus]]'' spp.  or fluorescent [[pseudomonas|pseudomonads]] have proven effective.<ref name=":3" /> The fungi ''[[Trichoderma viride]]'', ''[[Trichoderma harzianum|T. harzianum]]'' and ''[[Pseudomonas fluorescens]]'' all exhibit antagonistic growth against ''A. triticina'' hyphae in vitro and led to significantly higher yields in treated versus control plants infected with the leaf blight.<ref name=":3" />

Once infection is detected, foliar [[fungicide]]s, such as [[mancozeb]], [[Zinc bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate)|ziram]], [[copper oxychloride]], and [[propineb]], can prevent further infection from secondary inoculum. One common recommendation for control in India is 2 applications of copperoxychloride + Mancozeb 15 days apart. If overwintering of plant debris conidia is a concern, leaving residues on the soil surface is recommended, as burying of residue increases its likelihood of survival to the next season. Delaying tillage for several months can also help with plant debris inoculum.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />

== Importance ==
Leaf blight of wheat via ''Alternaria triticina'' is “one of the most important foliar diseases of wheat in India”.<ref name=":0" /> As the world's second largest producer of wheat, trailing only [[China]], [[India]] produces 8.7% of the world wheat supply and dedicates 13% of cultivated land to wheat production.<ref>Nag, O. S. “Top Wheat Producing Countries.” ''World Atlas''. 13 November 2019. https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/top-wheat-producing-countries.html</ref> With production levels so important to the agriculture sector of India, leaf blight of wheat is a major concern for growers and other stakeholders. Infection can lead to a 46–75% weight reduction of individual grains with yield losses reaching 60%. In the 1960s, India saw widespread, heavy wheat yield losses due to ''A. triticina'' with the introduction of a popular [[agriculture in Mexico|Mexican]] [[stem rust|rust]]-resistant wheat variety.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Kumar-Rao-1979" /> It is not uncommon to see yield losses of 20% attributed to Alternaria leaf blight of wheat.

The Australian Industry Biosecurity plan for the Grains Industry rated ''A. triticina'' a risk rating of HIGH for the years 2004 and 2009 and thus they have created a contingency plan for the containment of the disease.<ref name=":3" /> The fungus is a quarantine pathogen and has prompted [[New Zealand]], [[Brazil]], and [[South Africa]] to impose regulations on the importation of wheat, requiring freedom statements from the area before reaccepting imports.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> ''A. triticina'' has been found in [[Argentina]], [[southern Italy]], parts of [[southwestern Asia]], [[North Africa]], [[Greece]], the [[Middle East]], and several other [[eastern Europe]]an countries.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q4736376}}

[[Category:Alternaria|triticina]]
[[Category:Fungal plant pathogens and diseases]]
[[Category:Wheat diseases]]
[[Category:Fungi described in 1963]]
[[Category:Fungus species]]

Akkineni–Daggubati family

2025-12-16T19:07:20Z

ChristenHii: Put Up New Info From Scratch

{{Short description|Indian film family}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Family|name=Akkineni–Daggubati family|type=Family|image=|crest=|caption=|region=[[Jubilee Hills]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India|origin=[[Prakasam district|Prakasam]] and [[Krishna district]], Andhra Pradesh|early_forms=|members={{ubl|[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]|[[D. Ramanaidu]]|[[D. Suresh Babu]]|[[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]]|[[Nagarjuna Akkineni]]| [[Amala Akkineni]]|[[Sumanth]]|[[Sushanth]]|[[Rana Daggubati]]|[[Naga Chaitanya]]|[[Sobhita Dhulipala]] |[[Akhil Akkineni]]}}|distinctions=|traditions=[[Telugu people|Telugu]]|heirlooms=[[Annapurna Studios]], [[Ramanaidu Studios]]|estate=|meaning=|footnotes=}}

The '''Akkineni–Daggubati family''' is a prominent Indian film family with a history predominantly in [[Telugu cinema]]. [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] and [[D. Ramanaidu|Daggubati Ramanaidu]] are the prominent heads of both families. Members of the family include actors, film directors, and producers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nitin|first=B|date=2017-09-03|title=Tollywood's first families: The kings and queens who rule the Telugu film industry|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tollywoods-first-families-kings-and-queens-who-rule-telugu-film-industry-67805|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904194946/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tollywoods-first-families-kings-and-queens-who-rule-telugu-film-industry-67805 |archive-date=4 September 2017 |access-date=|website=The News Minute}}</ref>

== Family tree ==
{{chart top|Daggubati-Akkineni family tree}}
{{tree chart/start|align=center|summary=Daggubati–Akkineni family tree}}
{{tree chart| | ANR |-|v|-| AP | | | | | | | | | | | | RD |-|v|-| RA | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |ANR=[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]|AP=Annapurna|RD=[[D. Ramanaidu]]|RA=Rajeswari}}
{{tree chart| |,|-|-|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | |,|-|-|^|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | }}
{{tree chart| SY| | | | |!| |AA |-|v|NA|~|y|~| LD | | DSB |v|LK | | | DV |SY=Sathyavathi Yarlagadda|AV=Akkineni Venkat|AA=[[Akkineni Amala]]|NA=[[Nagarjuna (actor)|Akkineni Nagarjuna]]|LD=Lakshmi Daggubati (divorced)|DSB=[[D. Suresh Babu]]|LK=Lakshmi|DV=[[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]]}}
{{tree chart| |!| | | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | |!| | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart| |!| | | | |ANS| | | | |!| | | | |!| | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |SAA=Saroja Akkineni|ANS=Naga Susheeila}}
{{tree chart| |!| | | | | |!| | | | | AA2 | | |NC| | | | | | | RD2 |AA2=[[Akhil (Telugu actor)|Akhil Akkineni]]|RD2=[[Rana Daggubati]]|NC=[[Naga Chaitanya]]}}
{{tree chart| SU | | | | SS | | | | |SU=[[Sumanth]]|SS=[[Sushanth]]}}
{{tree chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}
Note: Dashed lines indicate separation.

==First generation==
* [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], actor and producer, known by his initials ANR
** Married to Annapurna Kollipara
* [[D. Ramanaidu]], producer
** Married to Rajeswari Yarlagadda
* A. V. Subba Rao (Anumolu. V. Subba Rao)

<gallery class="center">
File:A.Nageswara Rao.jpg|[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]
File:RamaNaidu.jpg|[[D. Ramanaidu]]
</gallery>

==Second generation==

* Akkineni Sathyavathi; daughter of Nageswara Rao and Annapurna
** Married to Surendra Yarlagadda<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-19|title=Akkineni Nageswara Rao: The Tollywood baton has been handed down for three generations now|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/akkineni-nageswara-rao-the-tollywood-baton-has-been-handed-down-for-three-generations-now/photostory/65875536.cms|access-date=2020-09-24|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
* Akkineni Venkat Rathnam producer; son of Nageswara Rao and Annapurna
** Married to Akkineni Jyothsna
* Akkineni Naga Susheeila; daughter of Nageswara Rao and Annapurna
** Married to Anumolu Satya Bhushana Rao, son of Anumolu. V. Subba Rao
* Saroja Akkineni; daughter of Nageswara Rao and Annapurna
* [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] actor and producer; son of Nageswara Rao and Annapurna
** Married to Lakshmi Daggubati (divorced)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-nagarjuna-marital-life-of-tollywoods-handsome-hunk-in-five-pictures/photostory/70878726.cms|title=Happy Birthday Nagarjuna: Marital Life of Tollywood's Handsome Hunk in Five Pictures|website=The Times of India|date=2019-08-29|access-date=2019-12-11}}</ref>
** Married to [[Amala Mukherjee]], actress<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/akkineni-nagarjuna-and-amala-celebrate-26th-wedding-anniversary/articleshow/69738497.cms|title=Akkineni Nagarjuna and Amala celebrate 26th wedding anniversary|website=The Times of India|date=2019-06-11|access-date=2019-12-11}}</ref>
* [[D. Suresh Babu]] producer; son of Ramanaidu and Rajeswari
** Married to Lakshmi
* [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] actor; son of Ramanaidu and Rajeswari
** Married to Neeraja<ref>{{Cite news|title=Venkatesh and Neeraja – Tollywood celebs and their less famous spouses|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/photo-features/tollywood-celebs-and-their-less-famous-spouses/Venkatesh-and-Neeraja/photostory/63726726.cms|access-date=2020-08-14|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* Lakshmi Daggubati, daughter of Ramanaidu and Rajeswari
** Married to Nagarjuna (divorced)
** Married to Sharath Vijayaraghavan<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Bhavana|date=2020-03-14|title=Did you know who Naga Chaitanya's step-father and half-brother are? Take a look. [Photo]|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/did-you-know-who-naga-chaitanyas-step-father-half-brother-are-take-look-photo-815094|access-date=2020-09-24|website=International Business Times, India Edition|language=english}}</ref>
<gallery class="center">
File:Nagarjuna Akkineni at ANR Awards.jpg|[[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] ANR's son
File:Daggubati Suresh Babu.jpg|[[D. Suresh Babu]] Ramanaidu's first son
File:Venkatesh Daggubati at ANR Awards.jpg|[[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] Ramanaidu's second son
</gallery>

==Third generation==

* [[Sumanth|Sumanth Kumar Yarlagadda]], actor; son of Surendra Yarlagadda and Sathyavathi Akkineni
** Married to [[Keerthi Reddy]], actress (divorced)
* Supriya Yarlagadda, actress and producer; daughter of Surendra Yarlagadda and Sathyavathi Akkineni
** Married to Charan
* Annapurna Akkineni; daughter of Akkineni Venkat and Akkineni Jyothsna
* Adhithya Akkineni; son of Akkineni Venkat and Akkineni Jyothsna
* [[Naga Chaitanya|Akkineni Naga Chaitanya]], actor; son of Nagarjuna and Daggubati Lakshmi
** Married to [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]], actress (divorced)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 October 2021|title=Samantha Akkineni and Naga Chaitanya announce divorce: Give us privacy to move on|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/samantha-akkineni-and-naga-chaitanya-announce-divorce-give-us-privacy-move-909323|url-status=live|access-date=2 October 2021|website=[[Pinkvilla]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002104027/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/samantha-akkineni-and-naga-chaitanya-announce-divorce-give-us-privacy-move-909323 |archive-date=2 October 2021 }}</ref>
** Married to [[Sobhita Dhulipala]], actress (4 December 2024)<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 December 2024 |title=Naga Chaitanya and Sobhita Dhulipala Wedding LIVE Updates: FIRST pictures of the bride and groom out! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/naga-chaitanya-and-sobhita-dhulipala-wedding-live-updates-naga-chaitanya-and-sobhita-dhulipala-marriage-photos-videos-pictures-latest-news-updates/amp_liveblog/115954831.cms |access-date=4 December 2024 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Sushanth|Sushanth Anumolu]], actor; son of Anumolu Satya Bhushana Rao and Naga Susheeila Anumolu, paternal grandson of producer [[Prasad Art Productions|A. V. Subba Rao]] (Anumolu. V. Subba Rao)
* [[Akhil Akkineni]], actor; son of Nagarjuna and Amala
* [[Rana Daggubati]], actor; son of Suresh Babu and Lakshmi
** Married to Miheeka Bajaj<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rana Daggubati and Miheeka Bajaj Wedding Photos, Marriage Video, Images, Latest Pictures & Live News Update: Rana Daggubati and Miheeka Bajaj get hitched in an intimate wedding ceremony at Hyderabad|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rana-daggubati-and-miheeka-bajaj-wedding-live-updates-marriage-photos-videos-news/liveblog/77427659.cms|access-date=2020-08-10|website=The Times of India|date=9 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* Abhiram Daggubati; son of Suresh Babu and Lakshmi<ref>{{Cite news|title=Abhiram Daggubati gearing up for his debut film with director Teja|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/abhiram-daggubati-gearing-up-for-his-debut-film-with-director-teja/articleshow/82655265.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-25|website=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515084111/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/abhiram-daggubati-gearing-up-for-his-debut-film-with-director-teja/articleshow/82655265.cms |archive-date=15 May 2021 }}</ref>
* Malavika Daggubati; daughter of Suresh Babu and Lakshmi<ref name=":1" />
** Married to Bharath Krishna Rao<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url= https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2012/rana-daggubati-sister-malavika-wedding-photos-101881.html|title= Photos: Rana Daggubati's sister Malavika's wedding|date= 12 December 2012}}</ref>
* Aashritha; daughter of Venkatesh and Neeraja<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|title=Relationship goals! Venkatesh Daggubati's wife Neeraja clicks her superstar husband on a cool evening|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/relationship-goals-venkatesh-daggubatis-wife-neeraja-clicks-her-superstar-husband-on-a-cool-evening/articleshow/70907471.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-25|website=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901031237/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/relationship-goals-venkatesh-daggubatis-wife-neeraja-clicks-her-superstar-husband-on-a-cool-evening/articleshow/70907471.cms |archive-date=1 September 2019 }}</ref>
**Married to Vinayak Reddy<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/hyderabad/aashritha-daggubati-and-vinayak-reddy-tie-the-knot-in-a-grand-wedding-in-jaipur/articleshow/68549035.cms|title=Aashrita Daggubati's marriage|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>
* Bhavana; daughter of Venkatesh and Neeraja<ref name=":2"/>
* Hayavahini; daughter of Venkatesh and Neeraja<ref name=":2"/>
* Arjun; son of Venkatesh and Neeraja<ref name=":2"/>
<gallery class="center">
File:Rana Daggubati by Gage Skidmore.jpg|[[Rana Daggubati]] Suresh Babu's son
File:Naga Chaitanya (cropped).jpg|[[Naga Chaitanya]] Son of Nagarjuna and Lakshmi
File:Sushanth (telugu hero).png|[[Sushanth]] Son of Satya Bhushana and Susheeila
File:Akkineni Akhil.jpg|[[Akhil Akkineni]] Son of Nagarjuna and Amala
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Konidela–Allu family]]
* [[Nandamuri–Nara family]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Rana Daggubati}}{{Nagarjuna (actor)}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Daggubati-Akkineni family}}
[[Category:Akkineni–Daggubati family| ]]
[[Category:Hindu families]]
[[Category:Telugu families]]
[[Category:Telugu film families]]
[[Category:Families of Indian cinema]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]

P. K. Raja Sandow

2025-12-02T17:22:31Z

ChristenHii: add page further and cleaned formatting for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian actor, film director and producer}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Raja Sandow
| image = Rajasandow.jpg
| caption =
| birthname =
| birth_date = 1894 or 1895<ref>[[S. Theodore Baskaran]], in his book ''The eye of the serpent'', gives 1894 as the year of birth for Sandow. [[Randor Guy]] says he was born in 1895.</ref>
| birth_place = [[Pudukottai]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death year and age|1943|1894}}
| death_place =
| othername =
| yearsactive = 1923–1943
| spouse =
| homepage =
| awards =
| occupation = Film director, film producer, Actor
| footnotes =
}}

'''Raja Sandow''' (born '''P. K. Nagalingam''') was an Indian actor, film director and producer.<ref name="A">{{cite book | first=S. Theodore| last=Baskaran | author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran | year= 1996| title=The eye of the serpent: an introduction to Tamil cinema | publisher= East West Books| location= Chennai| pages=194 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PhFlAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> He began his career as an actor in silent films and later became a prominent actor and director in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Hindi]] films of the 1930s. He is considered to be one of the pioneers of early [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]].<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020323061757/http://hindu.com/thehindu/2001/10/18/stories/13181282.htm |title=Mylapore and movies |work=The Hindu |date=18 October 2001|url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/2001/10/18/stories/13181282.htm|archive-date=23 March 2002}}</ref><ref name="M">{{cite book | first=Selvaraj| last= Velayutham| year= 2008| title= Tamil cinema: the cultural politics of India's other film industry |edition= Hardback| publisher= Routledge| location= New York| isbn= 978-0-415-39680-6 | pages=3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=65Aqrna4o5oC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521004821/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2004/05/02/stories/2004050200210400.htm |title=Blazing new trails |work=The Hindu |date=2 May 2004|archive-date=21 May 2008|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2004/05/02/stories/2004050200210400.htm}}</ref>

==Biography and career==
Raja Sandow was born in [[Pudukottai]], Tamil Nadu into a mixed [[Marathi people|Marathi]] and [[Telugu people|Telugu]] family.<ref name="B">{{cite book | first=B.S| last=Baliga| year= 1957| title=Madras District Gazetteers: Pudukkottai | publisher= Superintendent, Govt. Press| location= Chennai| pages=274 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_mJDAAAAYAAJ}}</ref> He was trained as a gymnast and started his film career as a stunt actor in S.N. Patankar's National Film Company at [[Bombay]].<ref name="C">{{cite book | year= 1980| title=Cinema vision India, Volume 1 Issue 1| location= Chennai| pages=37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jL5ZAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> He was given the name "Raja Sandow" because of his physique (after strongman [[Eugen Sandow]]).<ref name="I">{{cite book | first=Neepa| last=Majumdar| year= 2009| title=Wanted Cultured Ladies Only!: Female Stardom and Cinema in India, 1930s–1950s| publisher=University of Illinois Press| ISBN= 978-0-252-07628-2 | pages=111–2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TdM2Ben3alIC}}</ref> His first lead role was in Patankar's ''Bhakta Bodana'' (1922), for which he was paid Rs. 101 as salary.<ref name="guy1">{{cite news|last=Randor Guy|author-link=Randor Guy|title= A man with a vision |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/08/13/stories/2010081351210800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107225723/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/08/13/stories/2010081351210800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 November 2012|access-date=20 August 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 August 2010}}</ref> He became famous by starring in silent films like ''Veer Bhemsen'' (1923), ''The Telephone Girl'' (1926).<ref name="D">{{cite book | first=Neepa| last=Majumdar| year= 2009| title=Wanted Cultured Ladies Only!: Female Stardom and Cinema in India, 1930s–1950s| publisher=University of Illinois Press| ISBN= 978-0-252-07628-2 | pages=98 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TdM2Ben3alIC}}</ref> After acting in a few silent films he also worked as a director in Ranjit Studios for a monthly salary.<ref name="A"/> His first film as director was ''Sneh Jyoti'' (1928).<ref name="F">{{cite book | first=Suresh| last=Chabria| year= 1994| title=Light of Asia: Indian silent cinema, 1912–1934| publisher=Wiley Eastern| ISBN= 978-81-224-0680-1| pages=138 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CORkAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

Returning to Tamil Nadu, he directed and acted in a number of silent films for [[R. Padmanaban]]'s Associate Film Company.<ref name="A"/> Many of his silent films had reformist social themes like ''Peyum pennum'' (1930), ''Nandhanar'' (1930), ''Anadhai Penn'' (1931), ''Pride of Hindustan'' (1931) and ''sathi usha sundari'' (1931).<ref name="E">{{cite book | first=S Theodore| last= Baskaran| author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran | year= 2004| title= ''Em Thamizhar Seidha Padam'' |edition= Paperback | publisher= Uyirmmai Padippagam| location= Chennai| isbn= 81-88641-29-4 | pages=46–50 | language =ta}}</ref> After talking films were introduced with ''[[Alam Ara]]'' in 1931, he went back to Bombay and starred in many Hindi and Tamil talkies. He was often paired with the actresses Gohar and [[Ruby Myers|Sulochana (Ruby Myers)]].<ref name="A"/><ref name="I"/> Between 1932 and 1935, he acted in many socially themed Hindi films like ''Shyam sundar'' (1932), ''Devaki'' (1934) and ''Indira MA'' (1935). In 1935, he was commissioned to direct his first Tamil film ''Menaka'' and returned to Madras. He continued directing and acting in films till his death in 1943. ''Vasantha Sena''(1936), ''Chalak Chor'' (1936), ''Chandra kantha'' (1936), ''Vishnuleela'' (1938), ''[[Thiruneelakantar]]'' (1939) and ''Choodamani'' (1941) were some of the films he directed and starred in during that period. The last film he worked in was ''[[Sivakavi]]'' (1943).
Sandow suffered a heart attack and died at [[Coimbatore]] on 25 November 1943.<ref name="L"/> He was survived by his wife ''Leelabai'' and one Son.

==Legacy==
[[File:Sandowindirama.jpg|thumb|left|350px|Raja Sandow with [[Ruby Myers|Sulochana (Ruby Myers)]] in ''Indira M.A'' (1934)]]
Sandow was the first Tamil film director to adopt the practice of using names of actors in film titles. He was the first to introduce intimate kissing scenes and dancers in revealing costumes to the then conservative Tamil film industry.<ref name ="G">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080105002002/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/01/04/stories/2008010450511600.htm Blast from the past (Menaka 1935), The Hindu, 4 January 2008 ]</ref> He was also the first director and producer to move Tamil cinema from remaking mythological stories and into making social themed films. He even advertised his films as "Don't miss to see your own picture".<ref name="J">{{cite book | year= 1975| title=Journal of Tamil studies, Issues 8–13| publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| pages=41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9U0HAQAAIAAJ}}</ref> Sandow was also the first director to use Tamil literary works for film by directing ''Anadhai penn'' in 1931 based on [[Kothainayaki Ammal|Vai. Mu. Kothainayagi Ammal]]'s novel of the same name.<ref name="L">{{cite book | first=S Theodore| last= Baskaran| author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran | year= 2004| title= ''Em Thamizhar Seidha Padam'' |edition= Paperback | publisher= Uyirmmai Padippagam| location= Chennai| isbn= 81-88641-29-4 | pages=35–36 | language =ta}}</ref>

Writing about Sandow, film historian [[S. Theodore Baskaran|Theodore Baskaran]] says:

{{Cquote |As a director, actor, scriptwriter and producer, his contribution to Tamil cinema is significant. Many of the stars of the Forties and Fifties have worked with him. He was very competent at coaching actors and maintained complete control over his films. He was a martinet on the sets and was often compared to a ringmaster in a circus. In his films, the emphasis shifted from songs to the spoken word.<ref name ="A"/>}}

Film historian [[Randor Guy]] has also described him as a tough task master:

{{Cquote |Raja Sandow was a tough and no-nonsense guy who would not hesitate to shout at and slap his crew and cast including women! Regretfully there are no such directors these days!.}}

The Tamil Nadu Government has instituted an annual award in his name called ''Raja Sandow memorial Award'', given for outstanding services to [[Tamil Cinema]].<ref name ="H">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/07/10/stories/09100224.htm |title=The stamp of honour, The Hindu 10 July 2000 |access-date=11 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806041332/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/07/10/stories/09100224.htm |archive-date=6 August 2016 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> A Postage stamp has been in issued in recognition of his contributions to Indian cinema.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100107184017/http://www.indianstampghar.com/2009/05/special-cover-india-pioneers-of-film-industry-4/ Indianstampghar.com]}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{unreferenced section|date= November 2022}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Language
! Credits
|-
| 1922
| ''Bhakta Bodana''
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1922
| ''Karna''
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1922
| ''Suryakumari''
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1923
| ''Veer Bhimsen''
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1923
| ''Vratrasoor Vadha''
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1924
| ''Ra Mandlik''
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1924
| ''Bismi Sadi''
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1924
| ''Razia Begum''
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1924
| ''Sadguni Sushila''
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1924
| ''Sati Sone''
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1925
| ''Deshna Dushman'' (The Divine Punishment)
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1925
| ''Deva dasi''
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1925
| ''Indrasabha''
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1925
| ''Kala Chor''(The Black Thief)
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1925
| ''Khandani Khavis''(The Noble Scamp)
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1925
| ''Matri Prem''(For Mother's Sake)
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1925
| ''[[Mojili Mumbai]]'' (The Slaves of Luxury)
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1925
| ''Panchdanda''(Five Divine Wands)
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1925
| ''Raja Yogi''
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1925
| ''Suvarna''
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1925
| ''Veer Kunal''
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1925
| ''Vimala''
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1926
| ''Madhav Kam Kundala''
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1926
| ''Mena Kumari''
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1926
| ''Muntaz Mahal''
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1926
| ''Neerajanam''
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1926
| ''Prithvi Putra''
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1926
| ''Ra Kawat''
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1926
| ''Samrat Shiladitya''
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1926
| ''Telephone Girl''
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1926
| ''Typist Girl''
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1927
| ''Bhaneli Bhamini''
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1927
| ''[[Gunsundari (1927 film)|Gunsundari]]''
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1927
| ''Sati Madri''
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1927
| ''Sindh Ni Sumari ''
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1927
| ''The Mission Girl''
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1927
| ''Aladdin Aur Jadui Chirag''(Aladdin & the Wonderful Lamp)
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1928
| ''Grihalakshmi''
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1928
| ''Naag Padmini''
|Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1928
| ''Sneh Jyoti''
| Silent film
| Actor, director
|-
| 1928
| Up-to-date
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1928
| ''Vishwamohini''
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1929
| Young India
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1929
| Young India
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1930
| Bhimsen The Mighty
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1930
| ''Peyum pennum''
| Silent film
| Actor, director
|-
| 1930
| ''Rajlakshmi''
| Silent film
| Actor
|-
| 1930
| ''Nandhanar'' (Elevation of the Downtrodden)
| Silent film
| Actor, director
|-
| 1930
| ''Sri Valli Thirumanam''
| Silent film
| Actor, director
|-
| 1930
| ''Anadhai penn''
| Silent film
| Actor, director
|-
| 1931
| ''Taranhar'' (Pride of Hindustan)
| Silent film
| Actor, director
|-
| 1931
| ''Sati Usha Sundari''
| Silent film
| Director
|-
| 1931
| ''Rajeshwari''
| Silent film
| Director
|-
| 1931
| ''Bhaktavatsala (Dhuruvanin Garvabangam)''
| Silent film
| Director
|-
| 1932
| ''Parijaatha pushpaharanam''
| Tamil
| Director
|-
| 1932
| ''Shyam sundar''
| Hindi
| Actor
|-
| 1933
| ''Pardesi Preetam''
| Hindi
| Actor
|-
| 1933
| ''Noor-E-Imaan''
| Hindi
| Actor
|-
| 1934
| ''Devaki''
| Hindi
| Actor
|-
| 1934
| ''Kashmeera''
| Hindi
| Actor
|-
| 1934
| ''Toofani Taruni''
| Hindi
| Actor
|-
| 1934
| ''Indira M.A''
| Hindi
| Actor
|-
| 1935
| ''Toofani Taruni''
| Hindi
| Actor
|-
| 1935
| ''Raat-Ki-Rani''
| Hindi
| Actor, director
|-
| 1935
| Barrister's wife
| Hindi
| Actor
|-
| 1935
| College Kanya
| Hindi
| Actor
|-
| 1935
| ''Desh Dasi''
| Hindi
| Actor
|-
| 1935
| ''[[Menaka (1935 film)|Menaka]]''
| Tamil
| Director
|-
| 1936
| ''Prabhu Ka Pyara''
| Hindi
| Actor
|-
| 1936
| ''Vasantha Sena''
| Tamil
| Actor, director
|-
| 1936
| ''Vasantha Sena''
| Tamil
| Actor, director
|-
| 1936
| ''Chalak Chor''
| Hindi
| Actor, director
|-
| 1936
| ''Chandrakantha''
| Tamil
| Scriptwriter, director
|-
| 1936
| ''Dil ka Daku''
| Hindi
| Actor
|-
| 1936
| ''Matlabi Duniya''
| Hindi
| Actor
|-
| 1937
| ''Toofani Tarzan''
| Hindi
| Actor
|-
| 1937
| ''Minor Rajamani''
| Tamil
| Director
|-
| 1938
| ''Nandha Kumar''
| Tamil
| Actor
|-
| 1938
| ''Vishnuleela''
| Tamil
| Actor, director
|-
| 1939
| ''[[Thiruneelakantar]]''
| Tamil
| Actor
|-
| 1941
| ''Choodamani''
| Telugu
| Director
|-
| 1942
| ''Araichimani''
| Tamil
| Director
|-
| 1943
| ''[[Sivakavi]]''
| Tamil
| Director (replaced halfway)
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0654920}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sandow, P. K. Raja}}
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil-language film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:1890s births]]
[[Category:1942 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Pudukkottai]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian male silent film actors]]
[[Category:Indian silent film directors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]

Mr India 2015

2025-11-19T07:28:18Z

ChristenHii: Created Basic Details More To Come

{{Infobox beauty pageant
| caption = Provogue Personal Care Mr India 2015
| image = Rohit Khandelwal at Femina Miss India 2018 cropped.jpg
| winner = [[Rohit Khandelwal]]
| represented = [[Telangana]]
| date = July 23, 2015
| presenters =
| acts = [[Manasi Scott]]
| venue = Club Royalty, [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra India
| broadcaster = [[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom]]
| photogenic = Jitesh Thakur [[Rajasthan]]
| congeniality = Ulhas Dhiman [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| entrants = 15
| placements = 6
| before = [[Mr India 2014|2014]]
| next = [[Mr India 2016|2016]]
}}
'''[[Provogue]] Personal Care Mr India 2015''' was a contest held in [[Mumbai]] on July 23, 2015. Fifteen contestants from all over the country were shortlisted to compete in the main event held in [[Mumbai]]. Previous year's winner, [[Provogue MensXP Mr India World 2014|Mr India 2014]] and [[Mister World 2014]] finalist, [[Prateik Jain]] passed on his title to [[Rohit Khandelwal]] of [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]. [[Rahul Rajasekharan]] from [[Kerala]] was declared the 1st Runner-up and Prateek Gujral from [[Maharashtra]] was declared the 2nd Runner-up at the grand finale held in Club Royalty, [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web|title=PROVOGUE PERSONAL CARE MR. INDIA 2015 ANNOUNCED!|url=http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/mr-india/archives/Provogue-Personal-Care-Mr-India-2015-announced/articleshow/48194259.cms|work=indiatimes.com|accessdate=17 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rohit Khandelwal is Provogue Personal Care Mr. India 2015|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/rohit-khandelwal-is-provogue-personal-care-mr-india-2015/|work=indianexpress.com|accessdate=17 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rohit Khandelwal declared Mr India 2015|url=http://www.india.com/news/india/rohit-khandelwal-declared-mr-india-2015-474728/|work=india.com|accessdate=17 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mr. India 2015: Rohit Khandelwal Bags Title; Complete List of Winners|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/mr-india-2015-rohit-khandelwal-bags-title-complete-list-winners-photos-640323|work=ibtimes.co.in|accessdate=17 October 2015}}</ref>

Rohit Khandelwal had represented India at the [[Mister World]] contest and went on to win the title of [[Mister World 2016]] creating history to become the first [[Asian people|Asian]] ever to win the title.

Jitesh Thakur represented India at the first inception of Mr Supranational. Wherein he won the 2nd runner up position. He also bagged the sub title Top Model at the said Pageant.

== Results ==
;Color keys
{{plainlist|
* {{Color box|gold|border=darkgray}} The contestant Won in an International pageant.
* {{Color box|#FFFF66|border=darkgray}} The contestant was a Runner-up in an International pageant.
* {{Color box|#FFFACD|border=darkgray}} The contestant was a Semi-finalist in an International pageant.
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Placement
! Contestant
! International Placement
|-style="background:gold; text-align:center;
| '''Mister India World 2015'''
|
* '''[[Rohit Khandelwal]]'''
| {{center|'''Winner – [[Mister World 2016]]'''}}
|-style="background:#FFFF66; text-align:center;
| '''Mister India Supranational 2016'''
|
* '''Jitesh Thakur'''
| {{center|2nd Runner-up – Mister Supranational 2016}}
|-style="background:#FFFACD; text-align:center;
| 1st Runner-up
|
* [[Rahul Rajasekharan|Rahul Rajasekharan Nair]]
| {{center|Top 10 – Mister Supranational 2021}}
|-align="center"
| 2nd Runner-up
| colspan="2" |
* Prateek Gujral
|-align="center"
| Top 6
| colspan="2" |
* Ankit Arora
* Rupinderjit Singh
* Akshay Jain
|}

===Special Awards===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
!Award
!Contestant
|-
|Times Mr Photogenic
|
*Jitesh Thakur
|-
|Times Mr Talented
|
*Neeraj Sharma
*Ulhas Dhiman
|-
|Times Top Model
|
*Sagar Gera
|-
|Dr. A's Clinic Mr Healthy Hair
|
*Sagar Gera
|-
|Times Mr Congeniality
|
*Ulhas Dhiman
|-
|Zoiro Mr Perfect Body
|
*Ulhas Dhiman
|-
|Gio Collection Mr Trendsetter
|
*Sagar gera
|-
|Wahl Mr Metrosexual
|
*Suraj Chhajed
|-
|SRM University Mr Sudoku
|
*Rajju Khadela (Surti Hiro)
|-
|Stay-On Mr Active
|
*[[Rohit Khandelwal]]
|-
|Provogue Personal Care Best Actor
|
* [[Rahul Rajasekharan]]
* [[Rohit Khandelwal]]
|-
|Prosport Mr Ironman
|
* [[Rahul Rajasekharan]]
|-
|}

==Contestants==
* 15 contestants from all over India were shortlisted to compete in the main event in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mr India 2015 Contestants|url=http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/Contestants/Mr-India-2015/contestantslist/48109697.cms|work=indiatimes.com|accessdate=17 October 2015}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Contestant No.
!Name
!State
!Profession
|-
|01
|Akshay Jain
|[[Maharashtra]]
|Engineer
|-
|02
|Ankit Arora
|New Delhi
|Hotelier
|-
|03
|Jitesh Thakur
|[[Rajasthan]]
|[[Marketing management|Marketing Manager]], model
|-
|04
|Manish Mudgil
|New Delhi
|Server Engineer, model
|-
|05
|Neeraj Sharma
|[[Haryana]]
|Model
|-
|06
|Prateek Gujral
|[[Maharashtra]]
|Software engineer, model
|-
|07
|[[Rahul Rajasekharan]]
|[[Kerala]]
|Entrepreneur, model
|-
|08
|Rajatdeep Singh
|New Delhi
|Student
|-
|09
|Rishab Bajaj
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|Model
|-
|10
|'''[[Rohit Khandelwal]]'''
|[[Telangana]]
|Actor, model
|-
|11
|Rupinderjit Singh
|[[Maharashtra]]
|Actor, model, engineer
|-
|12
|Sagar Gera
|[[Haryana]]
|Model
|-
|13
|Shishir Singh
|[[Maharashtra]]
|Actor
|-
|14
|Suraj Chhajed
|[[Maharashtra]]
|Model
|-
|15
|Ulhas Dhiman
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|Actor, model
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150906022441/http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/mrindia.cms Mr India Official Website]

{{Mr India World}}

[[Category:2015 beauty pageants|India]]
[[Category:Beauty pageants in India]]
[[Category:Mister World]]
[[Category:2015 beauty pageants in India]]

Sattainathar Temple, Sirkazhi

2025-11-11T12:23:42Z

ChristenHii: Added new place - done

{{Short description|Temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Sattainathar Temple
| image = Sattainathar temple (20).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Gopuram of the temple
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|11|14|N|79|44|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Mayiladuthurai]]
| location = [[Sirkali]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Sattainathar([[Shiva]]), Bhramapureeswarar, Thoniappar
Periyanayagi([[Parvathi]])

| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| Poets =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Sattainathar temple, Sirkazhi''' (also called '''Brahmapureeswarar temple''' and '''Thoniappar temple''') is a [[Hindu]] temple dedicated to [[Shiva]] located in [[Sirkali]], [[Mayiladuthurai district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref>''Census of India, 1961, Volume 7; Volume 9''</ref> The temple is incarnated by the hymns of [[Thevaram]] and is classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]''. It is an ancient temple complex with three different Shiva shrines in three stories.

The Bhramapureeswarar shrine is housed in the lower level. Brahmapureeswarar is accompanied by Ambal ''Sthira sundari/Thiripurasundari'' or ''Thirunilainayaki'' in Tamil. The second-level houses Periyanakar with Periyanayaki on a ''Thoni'', hence the name Thoniappar. Sattainathar/Vatukanathar is also housed here. There are 22 water bodies associated with this shrine. Three different forms of Shiva are worshipped here, the Shivalingam (Bhrammapureeswarar), a colossal image of Uma Maheswarar (Toniappar) at the medium level, and [[Bhairava]]r (Sattanathar) at the upper level. The temple is associated with the legend of child [[Sambandar]] who is believed to have been fed by [[Parvathi]] on the banks of the temple tank. The child later went on to compose ''[[Tevaram]]'', a Saiva canonic literature on Shiva and became one of the most revered Saiva poets in South India.

==Etymology and origin==
{{multiple image
| direction = horizontal
|align = left
| width = 200
| footer = Walls of the temple around the third precinct
| image1 = Sattainathar temple (3).jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Sattainathar temple (10).jpg
| alt2 =
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}}
In ancient times, this town had twelve different names, including Brahmapuram, Venupuram, Thonipuram, Kazhumalam, Pugali, Sirkazhiswaram and Shri Kali.{{sfn|City Corporate cum Business Plan for Sirkazhi Municipality|2009}}{{sfn|Pillai|1904|p=91}} As per popular belief, Kali is believed to have worshipped the presiding deity, Brahmapureeswarar, and thus the place came to be known as ''Srikalipuram'', which went on to become ''Shiyali''.{{sfn|Rao|2012|pp=20-23}}

According to Tamil legend, during one of the biggest deluges that submerged the planet earth, Tamil god Shiva is said to have carried the [[Kalā|64 arts]] on a raft (called ''Thoni'' in Tamil). The presiding deity in the temple, Shiva, is thus called "Thoniappar" (the one who carried the raft) and the region is called "Thonipuram".{{sfn|Ayyar|1991| p=244}}{{sfn|Ayyar|1991| p=42}}{{sfn|V.K.|2007|p=45}}{{sfn|Pillai|1904|p=91}} The Hindu god [[Brahma]] is believed to have worshiped Shiva here, giving the name "Bhramapureeswarar" (the one worshipped by Brahma) and so the region is also referred as "Bhramapureeswaram".{{sfn|Director of Census operations|1991|p=55}}{{sfn|Pillai|1904|p=91}} The town is thus called "Sattainathapuram", which in modern times, is a suburb within Sirkazhi. The town was known as "Kalumalam" during the early Chola period.{{sfn|Aiyangar|1911|p=92}} [[Sambandar|Thirugnanasambandar]], the seventh century Saiva [[nayanars|nayanar]], as an infant is believed to have been fed with the milk of wisdom by the divine mother [[Parvati]] on the banks of the temple tank. The child Sambandar started singing the anthology of ''[[Tevaram]]'' hymns from then on, commencing with "Todudaiya Seviyan". Sambandar refers the town as "Kazhi" in his verses.{{sfn|Ayyar|1991| p=244}}{{sfn|Ayyar|1991| p=42}}{{sfn|V.K.|2007|p=45}}{{sfn|Pillai|1904|p=91}} It was called Shiyali during [[British Raj|British rule]], and after [[India's independence|Independence]], it was renamed "Sirkazhi".{{sfn|City Corporate cum Business Plan for Sirkazhi Municipality|2009}}

The temple is maintained by [[Dharmapuram Adheenam]], a [[Saivite]] [[Matha|mutt]] or monastic institution located in the town of Mayiladuthurai, India. As of 1987, there were a total of 27 [[Shiva]] temples under the control of the ''adheenam''.

==Architecture==
[[File:Sattainathar temple (25).jpg|thumb|200px|The central shrine with three levels]]
The temple has a vast ''[[Prakaram]]s'' (courtyards) with high walls of enclosure. There are two sets of seven-tiered ''[[gopuram]]s'' on the outer walls of the enclosure. The porch on the entrance from the second to the first prakara date back to 10th to 11th century.{{sfn|Branfoot|2015|p=95}} The original shrine during the period of the [[Nayanars|Nayanmars]] included the shrine of Bhrammapureeswarar, on the southern bund of the temple tank; the Tonniappar shrine on a mound west of the central shrine, and the Sattanathar shrine in the second floor reached from the southern ''praharam''(outer courtyard) of the Toniappar shrine by a flight of steps. The enlargement of the original temple happened during the period of [[Kulothunga Chola I]], [[Vikrama Chola]], [[Kulothunga Chola II]] and [[Kulothunga Chola III]] (as in [[Chidambaram]] - 11th through the 13th centuries).{{sfn|S.|2012|p=433}} The temple is a holy site for [[Hinduism]] and thousands of devotees come to pay homage to the deities.<ref>''Later Chola temples: Kulottunga I to Rajendra III (A.D. 1070-1280)''S. R. Balasubrahmanyam, Balasubrahmanyam Venkataraman.</ref> The image of [[Parvathi]] in the form of Sthira Sundari is located in the basement in a separate shrine.{{sfn|V.|1974|p=39}}

==Tirugnana Sambandar==
{{multiple image
| direction = horizontal
|align = left
| width = 200
| footer = Legend of [[Sambandar]] fed by [[Parvathi]] and the child becoming a saint
| image1 = Sattainathar temple (7).jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Sattainathar temple (8).jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
}}
[[Sambandar]] was a young [[Saiva]] poet-saint of Tamil Nadu who lived around the 7th century CE.<ref name=date>{{cite web|url=https://tamilartsacademy.com/articles/article08.xml|title=A New Pandya Record and the Dates of Nayanmars and Alvars|publisher=Tamil Arts Academy|author=Dr. R. Nagasamy|access-date=2007-07-09}}</ref> He is one of the most prominent of the sixty-three [[Nayanars]], [[Tamil people|Tamil]] [[Saiva]] [[Bhakti movement|bhakti]] saints who lived between the sixth and the tenth centuries CE. Sambandar's hymns to [[Shiva]] were later collected to form the first three volumes of the ''[[Tirumurai]]'', the religious canon of Tamil [[Saiva Siddhanta]]. He was a contemporary of [[Appar]], another Saiva saint.<ref name="Encyclopaedia of Jainism, Volume 1, page 5468">''Encyclopaedia of Jainism, Volume 1, page 5468''</ref>

[[Sambandar]] was born to Sivapada Hrudiyar and his wife Bhagavathiar who lived in [[Sirkazhi]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. They were a saivite Brahmins who at that point of time professed [[Rig veda]]. The group of servitors wore tuft on top of their head with a tilt towards right, as seen in all murals and statues of sambandar and also finds mention in the related hagiographies of that period and also of the later periods like that of arunagirinathar. According to legend, when Sambandar was three years old his parents took him to the Shiva temple where Shiva and his consort [[Parvati]] appeared before the child. The goddess nursed him at her breast. His father saw drops of milk on the child's mouth and asked who had fed him, whereupon the boy pointed to the sky and responded with the song ''Todudaya Seviyan'' - the first verse of the ''Tevaram''. At his investiture with the sacred thread, at the age of seven, he is said to have expounded the [[Veda]]s with clarity. Sri [[Sankaracharya]] who lived in the subsequent century has also referred to sambandar in one hymn of [[Soundarya Lahari]], praising him as a gifted Tamil child (Tamil sisu) who was fed with milk of divine gnosis by goddess [[Parvati|Uma]].{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

==Festivals==
{{multiple image
| direction = horizontal
|align = right
|total_width= 350
|height1 = 3246
|width1 = 2448
|height2 = 2448
|width2 = 3246
|height3 = 2448
|width3 = 3246
| footer = Gopurams of the temple
| image1 = Sattainathar temple (13).jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Sattainathar temple (6).jpg
| image3 = Sattainathar temple (5).jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
}}
The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. Like other Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Shaivism|Shaivaite]] community, a Brahmin sub-caste. The temple rituals are performed six times a day; Ushathkalam at 5:30 a.m., Kalasanthi at 8:00 a.m., Uchikalam at 10:00 a.m., Sayarakshai at 6:00 p.m., Irandamkalam at 8:00 p.m. and Ardha Jamam at 10:00 p.m. Each ritual comprises four steps: ''abhisheka'' (sacred bath), ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for all the three Shiva shrines. The worship is held amidst music with ''[[nagaswaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument), religious instructions in the [[Vedas]] read by priests and prostration by worshippers in front of the temple mast. There are weekly rituals like ''{{lang|te-Latn|somavaram}}'' and ''{{lang|te-Latn|sukravaram}}'', fortnightly rituals like ''[[pradosha]]m'' and monthly festivals like ''[[amavasya|amavasai]]'' (new moon day), ''kiruthigai'', ''[[pournami (festival)|pournami]]'' (full moon day) and ''sathurthi''.

==Religious importance==
The temple is mentioned in the Saiva canonical work, ''Tevaram'', by [[Thirugnana Sambanthar]], [[Tirunavukkarasar]] and [[Sundarar]], the foremost Saivite saints of 7th–eighth century CE and is classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]''.{{sfn|Kodayanallur Vanamamalai|2001|p=47}} There is a separate shrine for Sambandar celebrating the miracle of [[Parvathi]] suckling the child Sambandar when he was crying for milk.{{sfn|Kodayanallur Vanamamalai|2001|p=47}}{{sfn|Anantharaman|2006|p=46}} Shiva is worshipped in three different forms; the Shivalingam (Bhrammapureeswarar), Uma Maheswarar (Toniappar) at the middle level, and [[Bhairava]]r (Sattanathar) at the upper level.{{sfn|Anantharaman|2006|p=46}} The original temple was enlarged during the period of [[Kulothunga Chola I]], Vikrama Chola, [[Kulothunga Chola II]] and [[Kulothunga Chola III]] (as in Chidambaram – 11th through the 13th centuries). Every year in the Tamil month of [[Chithirai]] (April – May), a 10-day festival is celebrated.{{sfn|Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway|1926|pp=50–51}}

According to a Hindu legend, [[Mahalingeswarar Temple, Thiruvidaimarudur|Mahalingaswamy at Thiruvidaimarudur]] is the centre of all Shiva temples in the region and the ''Saptha Vigraha moorthis'' (seven prime consorts in all [[Shiva]] temples) are located at seven cardinal points around the temple, located in various parts of the state.<ref name="tourist">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nGxbJqdEQrwC&q=thiruvidaimarudur&pg=PA71|last=Tourist guide to Tamil Nadu |title=Tourist guide to Tamil Nadu|year=2007|publisher=T. Krishna Press |location=Chennai |isbn=978-81-7478-177-2|ref=tourist|page=53}}</ref><ref name=Om34>{{cite journal|title=Jyothirmaya Mahalingam|last=Narayanaswami|journal=Om Sakthi|language=ta|publisher=Om Sakthi Publications|date=April 1987|location=Coimbatore|ref=Om|pages=34–5}}</ref> The seven deities are [[Nataraja]] in [[Chidambaram Nataraja Temple]] at [[Chidambaram]], [[Satyagireeswarar Temple, Senganur|Chandikeswarar temple at Tirucheingalur]], [[Vinayagar]] in [[Thiruvalanjuli Kabardeeshwarar Temple (Vellai Vinayagar Temple)|Vellai Vinayagar Temple]] at [[Thiruvalanchuzhi]], [[Muruga]] in [[Swamimalai Murugan Temple]] at [[Swamimalai]], [[Bhairava]] in Sattainathar Temple at [[Sirkali]], [[Navagraha]] in [[Suryanar Kovil|Sooriyanar Temple]] at [[Suryanar Kovil]] and [[Dakshinamoorthy]] in [[Apatsahayesvarar Temple, Alangudi]] at [[Alangudi, Papanasam taluk]].<ref name=Om34/>

Thoniappar, enshrined in Grivakostha in Thonimalai, is an aspect of [[Bhairava]].{{sfn|S.|2012|p=431}} The Ashtabhairavas (the eight Bhairava) are housed in the Valampuri mandapa in the temple. The images along with the inscriptions indicate Bhairava worship from the late 16th century. The eight Bhairavas in the group include Asitanga, Visalaksa, Marrtanda, Modakapriya, Svachanda, Vignasantusa, Khechera and Sarcaracara. The images are sported with trident, hand-drum, noose and sword.{{sfn|S.|2012|p=433}}

[[Arunagirinathar]] was a 15th-century Tamil poet born in [[Tiruvannamalai]]. He spent his early years as a rioter and seducer of women. After ruining his health, he tried to commit suicide by throwing himself from the northern tower of [[Annamalaiyar Temple]], but was saved by the grace of god [[Murugan]].{{sfn|V.K.| 2007| p= 109}} He became a staunch devotee and composed Tamil hymns glorifying Murugan, the most notable being ''Thirupugazh''.{{sfn|Ayyar|1991|pp=191–203}}{{sfn|Zvelebil |1975| p= 217}} Arunagirinathar visited various Murugan temples and on his way back to Tiruvannamalai, visited the temple and sung praises about Murugan in the temple.{{sfn|Zvelebil |1991|p= 53}}

Mayaka Kshetras are the places where Lord Brahma was reduced to ashes by Lord Shiva. Five such places are - Kasi (Varanasi) Mayanam, Kacchi (Kanchipuram) Mayanam; Kazhi (Sirkazhi) Mayanam, Nallur (Thirunallur) Mayanam and Kadavur (Thirukadaiyur) Mayanam.{{sfn|Dinamalar|2012}}

==Notes==
{{reflist
| colwidth = 20em
| refs =
}}

==References==
{{refbegin|20em}}
* {{cite web|title=Sattanathaswamy temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=777|publisher=Dinamalar|year=2012|ref={{sfnRef|Dinamalar|2012}}}}
*{{Cite book |last=Aiyangar|first=Sakkottai Krishnaswami |title=Ancient India: Collected Essays on the Literary and Political History of Southern India|year=1911 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-1850-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=htArUg0OMpcC&q=shiyali&pg=PA413}}
* {{cite book|title=Temples of South India|first=Ambujam|last=Anantharaman|publisher=East West books|year=2006|isbn=8188661422}}
*{{Cite book |last=Ayyar |first=P. V. Jagadisa |title=South Indian shrines: illustrated |year=1991 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-0151-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&q=shiyali&pg=PA244}}
* {{cite journal|title=THE TAMIL GOPURA: From Temple Gateway to Global Icon|publisher=Freer Gallery of Art, The Smithsonian Institution and Department of the History of Art, University of Michigan|volume=45|issue=20191029|pages=78–112|year=2015|journal=Ars Orientalis|first=Crispin|last=Branfoot|jstor=26350209|doi=10.3998/ars.13441566.0045.004|doi-access=free}}
*{{Cite book |last=Director of Census operations |title=Census of India, 1991: Thanjavur (pt. A) |year=1991 |publisher=Controller of Publications |location=Tamil Nadu }}
*{{Cite book |first=Soundara Rajan |last=Kodayanallur Vanamamalai |title=Concise classified dictionary of Hinduism|year=2001|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7022-857-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4q0DHGMcjEC&q=sirkazhi&pg=PA21}}
* {{cite book|title=Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway (Incorporated in England): Including the Tanjore District Board, Pondicherry, Peralam-Karaikkal, Travancore State, Cochin State, Coimbatore District Board, Tinnevelly-Tiruchendur, and the Nilgiri Railways|year=1926|page=217|publisher=Asian Educational Services|last=Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SzWvq8EYBwUC&q=shiyali&pg=PA50|isbn=81-206-1889-0}}
* {{cite book | title=A Primer of Tamil Literature| last=Pillai| first=M. S. Purnalingam | year=1904| publisher=Ananda Press|location=Madras|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JwkrAAAAYAAJ&q=thonipuram&pg=PA91}}
*{{cite book|title=Temples of Tamil Nadu|last=Rao|first=A.V.Shankaranarayana|publisher=Vasan Publications|isbn=978-81-8468-112-3|year=2012}}
* {{cite report|title=City Corporate cum Business Plan for Sirkazhi Municipality|last=Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sirkazhi/sirkazhiccp.pdf|publisher=Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited|year=2009|access-date=8 June 2012|ref={{sfnref|City Corporate cum Business Plan for Sirkazhi Municipality|2009}}}}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite journal|title=Historical and iconographical study of Ashtabhairava images in Sri Sattanathaswami temple in Sirkazhi|last=S.|first=Anuradha|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|publisher= Indian History Congress|volume=73|pages=431–437|year=2012|jstor=44156234}}
*{{Cite book |last=V.K. |first=Subramanian |title= 101 Mystics of India |year=2007 |publisher=Abhinav Publications|location=New Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zso41H6D9MAC&q=sirkazhi&pg=PA45 |isbn=978-81-7017-471-4}}
* {{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|year=1974|edition=1st}}
* {{cite book|title=Tamil traditions on Subramanya - Murugan|last=Zvelebil|edition=1st|first=Kamil V.|year=1991|publisher=Institute of Asian Studies|location=Chennai, India}}
* {{Citation |first=Kamil |last=Zvelebil |title=Tamil literature, Volume 2, Part 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ33i496MsIC&q=tiruvempavai&pg=PA105 |year=1975 |publisher=E.J. Brill, Leiden |location=Netherlands |isbn=90-04-04190-7}}.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Sirkazhi Sattanathar Temple}}
{{Famous Shiva temples}}
{{HinduMythology}}
{{Mayiladuthurai district}}
{{Mayiladuthurai Topics}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Mayiladuthurai district]]
[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]
[[Category:Bhairava temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Mayiladuthurai district]]

Maithuna

2025-11-09T16:31:42Z

ChristenHii: slightly cleaned up lead to improve readability also and improved wording as per guidelines

{{Short description|Sanskrit term used in Tantra most often translated as "sexual union"}}
{{Redirect|Mithuna|the genus of moth|Mithuna (moth)|the month|Mithuna (month)}}
[[File:MET Asian Wing.jpg|thumb|Loving Couple, Maithuna, Eastern Ganga dynasty, 13th century Orissa, India]]
'''''Maithuna''''' ([[Devanagari]]: मैथुन) is a [[Sanskrit]] term for [[sexual intercourse]] within [[Tantra]] ([[Tantric sex]]), or alternatively for the sexual fluids generated or the couple participating in the ritual.<ref name=Kiss/><ref name=Cush/> It is the most important of the [[Panchamakara]] and constitutes the main part of the grand ritual of Tantra also known as Tattva Chakra.<ref name=Elia>{{cite book |last=Eliade |first=Mircea |author-link=Mircea Eliade |title=Yoga: Immortality and Freedom |year=1969 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0691017648 }}{{page needed|date=January 2021}}</ref> Maithuna means the union of opposing forces, underlining the [[Nondualism (spirituality)|nonduality]] between human and divine,<ref name=Elia/> as well as worldly enjoyment (''[[kama]]'') and spiritual liberation (''[[moksha]]'').<ref>{{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Paul |title=Kāma Kalpa, Or, The Hindu Ritual of Love |year=1960 |publisher=D.B. Taraporevala |location=Bombay [Mumbai] |oclc=762156601 }}{{page needed|date=January 2021}}</ref> Maithuna is a popular icon in [[Hindu art|ancient Hindu art]], portrayed as a couple engaged in physical loving.<ref>{{cite book |last=Menzies |first=Jackie |title=Goddess: Divine Energy |year=2006 |publisher=Art Gallery of New South Wales |isbn=978-0734763969}}</ref>

==Concept==
Maithuna entails male-female couples and their union in the physical, sexual sense as synonymous with [[kriya]] nishpatti (mature cleansing).<ref name=Devi>{{cite book |last=Devi |first=Kamala |title=The Eastern Way of Love |pages=19–27 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |year=1977 |isbn=0-671-22448-4}}</ref> Just as neither spirit nor matter by itself is effective but both working together bring harmony so is maithuna effective only then when the union is [[consecrated]]. The couple become for the time being divine: she is [[Shakti]] and he is [[Shiva]], and they confront ultimate reality and experience [[Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)|bliss]] through union. The scriptures warn that unless this spiritual transformation occurs, the union is incomplete.<ref>{{cite book |last=Garrison |first=Omar |title=Tantra: the Yoga of Sex |publisher=Causeway Books |year=1964 |page=103 |isbn=0-88356-015-1}}</ref> However, some writers, sects and schools like [[Paramahansa Yogananda|Yogananda]] consider this to be a purely mental and symbolic act, without actual intercourse.<ref name=Devi/>

Yet it is possible to experience a form of maithuna not solely just through the physical union. The act can exist on a metaphysical plane with sexual energy penetration, in which the shakti and shakta transfer energy through their [[Three Bodies Doctrine#Sukshma sarira - subtle body|subtle bodies]] as well. It is when this transfer of energy occurs that the couple, incarnated as goddess and god via diminished [[Ahamkara|egos]], confronts ultimate reality and experiences bliss through sexual union of the subtle bodies.<ref name=Elia/>

==History==
{{main|Tantra#History}}
[[File:Khajuraho10.jpg|thumb|Maithuna, Lakshmana Temple, [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho]]]]
[[File:38.Khajuraho Laksmana south wall mithuna.jpg|thumb|Maithuna, Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho]]

Maithuna intercourse has been traditionally interpreted to be performed with [[semen retention]] by the male practitioner,<ref name=Elia/> although other writers consider it optional, possibly relegated only to late Tantra.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Balaban |first1=Oded |last2=Erev |first2=Anan |title=The Bounds of Freedom: About the Eastern and Western Approaches to Freedom |year=1995 |publisher=P. Lang |isbn=978-0820425146}}</ref> Early maithuna might have insisted on generating sexual fluids (''maithunam dravyam'', or solely ''maithuna'' by [[metonymy]]) in order to be ritually ingested, in a similar way to the other four edible Panchamakara.<ref name=Kiss/><ref name=Cush>{{cite book |last1=Cush |first1=Denise |last2=Robinson |first2=Catherine |last3=York |first3=Michael |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |year=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1135189785}}</ref> The shedding of semen is also compared to water-offering (''[[tarpana]]'').<ref name=Kiss>{{cite book |last=White |first=David Gordon |author-link=David Gordon White |title=Kiss of the Yogini: 'Tantric Sex' in its South Asian Contexts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5RwARVMg2_4C |year=2006 |edition=paperback |orig-year=2003 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-02783-8 |pages=81–85}}</ref>

Ascetics of the [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] school of [[Mantra marga|Mantramarga]], in order to gain supernatural power, reenacted the penance of [[Shiva]] after cutting off one of [[Brahma]]'s heads ([[Bhikshatana]]). They worshipped Shiva with impure substances like alcohol, blood and sexual fluids generated in orgiastic rites with their consorts.{{sfn|English|2013|p=40}} As part of tantric inversion of social regulations, sexual yoga often recommends the usage of consorts from the most taboo groups available, such as close relatives or people from the lowest sections of society. They must be young and beautiful, as well as initiates in tantra.{{sfn|English|2013|p=41}}

[[Jayanta Bhatta]], the 9th-century scholar of the [[Nyaya]] school of [[Hindu philosophy]] and who commented on Tantra literature, stated that the Tantric ideas and spiritual practices are mostly well placed, but it also has "immoral teachings" such as by the so-called "Nilambara" sect where its practitioners "wear simply one blue garment, and then as a group engage in unconstrained public sex" on festivals. He wrote that this practice is unnecessary and it threatens fundamental values of society.{{sfn|Flood|2006|pp=48-49}}

Later sources like [[Abhinavagupta]] in the tenth century warn that results of maithuna are not meant to be consumed like the rest of Panchamakara, calling those who do so "brutes" (''pasus'').{{cn|date=October 2023}} The 11th century ''[[Toḍala tantra]]'' places maithuna as the last of its ''pañcamakāra'' or "set of 5 M-words", namely ''madya'' (wine), ''māṃsa'' (meat), ''matsya'' (fish), ''mudrā'' (grain), and ''maithuna''.<ref name=Kiss/>

Around the 12th century, practices seemed to turn towards the absorption of sexual fluids into the body of the practitioner, like that of ''[[vajroli mudra]]''.<ref name=Kiss/> This is related to similar practices like ''rajapana'', the drinking of female discharge found in [[Kaula (Hinduism)|Kaula]] Tantra, and the mixing of all five ingredients into nectar (''[[amrita]]'') in the [[Jagannatha]] temple of [[Puri]], as described by [[Frédérique Apffel-Marglin]].<ref name=Kiss/>

Douglas Renfrew Brooks states that the antinomian elements such as the use of intoxicating substances and sex were not [[animistic]], but were adopted in some Kaula traditions to challenge the Tantric devotee to break down the "distinctions between the ultimate reality of Brahman and the mundane physical and mundane world". By combining erotic and ascetic techniques, states Brooks, the Tantric broke down all social and internal assumptions, became Shiva-like.{{sfn|Brooks|1990|pp=69–71}} In Kashmir Shaivism, states David Gray, the antinomian transgressive ideas were internalized, for meditation and reflection, and as a means to "realize a transcendent subjectivity".{{sfn|Gray|2016|p=11}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Works cited===
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book |last=Brooks |first=Douglas Renfrew |title=The Secret of the Three Cities: An Introduction to Hindu Sakta Tantrism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f22pAqKz3zsC |year=1990 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-07569-3}}
* {{cite book |last=English |first=Elizabeth |title=Vajrayogini: Her Visualization, Rituals, and Forms |url= |year=2013 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-861-71657-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Flood |first=Gavin D. |author-link=Gavin Flood |title=The Tantric Body, The Secret Tradition of Hindu Religion |publisher=I.B Taurus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Uer8W670IoC |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-84511-011-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Gray |first=David B. |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |chapter=Tantra and the Tantric Traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2016 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.59 |isbn=9780199340378}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category inline|Mithuna}}

{{Yoginis}}
[[Category:Tantric practices]]
[[Category:Hinduism and sexuality]]
[[Category:Religious sex rituals]]

Vellore New Bus Terminus

2025-11-08T13:38:18Z

ChristenHii: Added new details

{{Short description|Bus terminus in Vellore, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Vellore New Bus Terminus
| other_name = Vellore New Bus Stand
| symbol_location =
| symbol =
| type = Bus station
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| address = [[Vellore]]
| borough = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]
| iso_region =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.9346|N|79.1366|E|display=inline,title}}
| owned =
| operator =
| bus_stands =
| bus_operators =[[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation]](TNSTC) [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]](APSRTC) [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]](KSRTC) 
| bus_routes =
| connections = [[Tamil Nadu]] [[Andhra Pradesh]] [[Karnataka]] [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] Kerala and Telangana
| structure =
| parking =
| bicycle =
| accessible =
| code =
| zone =
| website =
| opened = {{Start date|2022||df=y}}
| closed = 
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
}}

'''Vellore New Bus Terminus''', also known as '''Vellore New Bus Stand''', is a main bus station in [[Vellore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It is located on the [[Chennai]]-[[Bengaluru]], [[National Highway 48 (India)]] near the Green Circle.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/new-bus-terminus-in-vellore-designed-keeping-future-needs-in-mind/article30804145.ece|title=New bus terminus in Vellore designed keeping future needs in mind|date=2020-02-12|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-04-17|language=en-IN}}</ref>

==About==
Newly built Vellore bus terminus which has been built at a cost of 53.13 crores, spread over 9.25 hectares with a built-up area of 3,187 sqm, has 84 bus bays, 82 shops, three food courts, 11 waiting halls each having a capacity of at least 75 persons. Separate restrooms have also been built for commuters with disabilities. On an average, over 75,000 commuters use the temporary bus terminus in the town every day. Ramps for the physically challenged are also built in the new terminus, which is solar powered. The entire facility also comes under CCTV surveillance.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/new-bus-terminus-in-vellore-becomes-operational/article65647310.ece|title=New bus terminus in Vellore becomes operational|date=2022-07-16|work=The Hindu|access-date=2022-07-17|language=en-IN}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/chief-minister-to-open-new-bus-terminus-in-vellore-on-june-21/article65410698.ece|title=Chief Minister to open new bus terminus in vellore|date=2022-05-13|work=The Hindu|access-date=2022-05-13|language=en-IN}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Katpadi Junction|Vellore Katpadi Junction]]
*[[Vellore Cantonment railway station|Vellore Cantonment]]
*[[Vellore Airport]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Vellore district}}

[[Category:Bus stations in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Transport in Vellore]]
{{India-transport-stub}}
{{TamilNadu-stub}}

Maharaja College, Arrah

2025-10-28T14:59:35Z

ChristenHii: Creating A Bio

{{short description|Constituent college of the Veer Kunwar Singh University, Arrah}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox residential college
| university = [[Veer Kunwar Singh University]]
| name = Maharaja College
| shield =
| shield_alt =
| shield_caption =
| blazon =
| image = Maharajas College,,.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Maharaja Collage
| scarf =
| full_name = Maharaja Bahadur Ram Ran Vijay Prasad Singh College
| abbreviation =
| name_Latin =
| motto_Latin =
| motto_English =
| founder = Maharaja Bahadur Ram Ran Vijay Prasad Singh
| named_for =
| established = {{start date and age|1954}}
| previous_names =
| location =
| head_label =
| head = Dr. Narendra Singh
| senior_tutor =
| undergraduates =
| graduates =
| sister_college =
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.maharajacollege.ac.in/pmessage.htm}}
| jcr_label = Students' union
| jcr = {{URL|https://www.maharajacollege.ac.in/pmessage.htm}}
| mcr_label =
| mcr =
| endowment =
}}

'''Maharaja College''' is a constituent college of [[Veer Kunwar Singh University]], [[Arrah]] in the [[Bihar]] State of India.<ref name="Maharaja Collage Official site">Maharaja College Official Website https://maharajacollege.ac.in/</ref> It was founded on 13 September 1954. It is one of the oldest co-educational institution of south-west Bihar. Originally it was a part of [[Magadh University]] but in 1992 after the establishment of Veer Kunwar Singh University it became the part of it.

==History==

The college was founded by Maharaja Bahadur Ram Ran Vijay Prasad Singh in 1954. The land on which it was founded was historically known as JUDGE SAHEB KE KOTHI. Before that in 1857, this land was the center of revolt in Arrah, when 18 British civilians and 50 members of the Bengal Military Police Battalion were fortified for 8 days in the [[Arrah House]] by the army of [[Veer Kunwar Singh]].

==Campus==

The campus of the college has an area of 8.5 acres and is located 1.5 kilometres from [[Ara Junction railway station]]. The main college buildings of the campus are BCA department building, Central Library, Administrative Building, Botenical Garden and Cricket Ground and [[Arrah House]]. A study centre of [[Nalanda Open University]] is running in the college campus to impart education (about 105 traditional and vocational courses) through distance mode.

The campus has a botanical garden used for teaching Botany and other educational purposes.

===Cricket Ground===

The cricket ground is used by [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur district]] cricket Association for practice and organising other Cricket tournaments and matches. The ground is also used for football, Hockey and Athletics.

===Arrah House===

[[File:Arrah House.jpg|thumb|Arrah House|alt=Arrah House.jpg]]
[[File:Defence-of-Arrah-House.png|thumb|Defence of the Arrah House, 1857 (1858) by [[William Tayler]]]]
[[File:Def-of-arrah-1857-ILN.jpg|thumb|alt="Sketch of a fortified house, with two sepoys in front of it."|''House at Arrah fortified against the Dinapore Mutineers – From a sketch by Sir [[Vincent Eyre]], 1857'' from the ''[[Illustrated London News]]'' (1857)|300px]]
Arrah House is a historical building in the premises of Maharaja College which preserves the memory of [[Siege of Arrah]] during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Competition wallah|pages=Before leaving Patna, I ran over to Arrah and spent an evening and morning in visiting the scene of most complete episode of the great troubles. I passed a night in "The House" in a more unbroken repose than others of my countrymen have enjoyed in the same room}}</ref> The building was a part of the Collector's Residence in Arrah During Company Rule. It was used as a billiard room but later for the accommodation of visitors who used to visit the Collector's Bungalow.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Competition Wallah|pages=It was formerly a Billiard Room, but is now used for the accommodation of visitors when the great Bungalow happens to be full}}</ref> Today it is named as [[Veer Kunwar Singh]] Museum and is under the supervision of [[Archaeological Survey of India]]. It is a 15m×15m square-shaped building, which has a basement consisting of small cellars, which consists of arches some 4-5 feet high. The stair in the interior of basement leads to a single room, which is surrounded from three side by Verandah.

==Departments==

The collage of following departments:

*Department of [[Humanities]]

*Department of [[Science]]
*Department of [[Commerce]]

== Notable alumni ==
* [[Pawan Singh]]

==Academic programs==

The college offers PhD, Post Graduate, Undergraduate courses and some vocational courses.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Veer Kunwar Singh University}}
{{coord|25.55741|84.66531|type:edu_globe:earth_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Arrah]]
[[Category:Colleges in India]]
[[Category:Magadh University]]
[[Category:Veer Kunwar Singh University]]
[[Category:1954 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1954]]