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Shyama Prasad Mukherjee

2026-05-05T07:46:58Z

ChloeBrogan:

{{short description|Indian politician, nationalist, barrister and academician (1901–1953)}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee.jpg
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 17 April 1952
| term_end = 23 June 1953
| constituency = [[Calcutta South East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta South East]], [[West Bengal]]
| successor = [[Sadhan Gupta]]
| office2 = [[Constituent Assembly of India|Member of the Indian Constituent Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 9 December 1946
| term_end2 = 24 January 1950
| constituency2 = [[West Bengal]]
| office1 = [[Minister of Commerce and Industry (India)|Union Minister of Commerce and Industry]]
| prime_minister1 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| term_start1 = 15 August 1947
| term_end1 = 6 April 1950
| predecessor1 = ''Position established''
| successor1 = [[Nityanand Kanungo]]
| office3 = Founder-President of the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
| term_start3 = {{Start date|1951||}}
| term_end3 = {{End date|1952||}}
| predecessor3 = ''Position established''
| successor3 = [[Mauli Chandra Sharma]]
| office4 = [[Finance Minister]] of [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]]
| prime_minister4 = [[A. K. Fazlul Haq]]
| term_start4 = 12 December 1941
| term_end4 = 20 November 1942
| office5 = [[Bengal Legislative Council|Member of the Bengal Legislative Council]]
| constituency5 = [[Calcutta University]]
| term_start5 = 1929
| term_end5 = 1947{{sfn|Mishra|2004|p=96}}
| office6 = Vice-Chancellor of [[Calcutta University]]
| term_start6 = 8 August 1934
| term_end6 = 8 August 1938<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caluniv.ac.in/about/vc.html|title=Our Vice-Chancellors|publisher=University of Calcutta|access-date=1 December 2016|archive-date=1 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101181608/https://www.caluniv.ac.in/about/vc.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| predecessor6 = [[Hassan Suhrawardy]]
| successor6 = [[Azizul Haque (educator)|Muhammad Azizul Haque]]
| office7 = President of [[Hindu Mahasabha|Akhil Bhartiya Hindu Mahasabha]]
| term_start7 = 1943
| term_end7 = 1947
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1901|07|06}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1953|06|23|1901|07|06}}
| death_place = [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] (1929-1930) 
[[Hindu Mahasabha]] (Till 1948)
| alma_mater = [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Master of Arts|MA]], [[LLB]], [[D.Litt.]]) [[Lincoln's Inn]]
| profession = {{hlist|[[Academician]]|[[barrister]]|[[politician]]|[[activist]]}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Sudha Devi|1922|1933|reason=her death}}
| children = 5
| parents = [[Ashutosh Mukherjee]] (father) Jogamaya Devi Mukherjee (mother)
| relatives = [[Chittatosh Mookerjee]] (nephew)
| signature = Shyamaprasad Mookharjee signature B&W 1.jpg
}}
'''Shyama Prasad Mukherjee'''{{efn|name="spell"|Also known by a wide variety of alternative spellings such as Syama Prasad Mookerjee, Syamaprasad Mukhopadhyay, Syama Prasad Mukherjee, and Syama Prasad Mookherjee.}} (6 July 1901 – 23 June 1953) was an Indian barrister, educationalist, politician, [[Hindutva]] activist, and a minister in the state and national governments, appointed by [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]] even after opposing [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]. Noted for his opposition to [[Quit India Movement]] within the [[Indian independence movement|independence movement in India]], he later served as India's [[Minister for Industry and Supply]] (currently known as [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of Commerce and Industries]]) in Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s cabinet after breaking up with the [[Hindu Mahasabha]]. After falling out with Nehru,<ref name="Nag2015">{{cite book|author=Kingshuk Nag|title=Netaji: Living Dangerously|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=duHwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT53|date=18 November 2015|publisher=AuthorsUpFront {{!}} Paranjoy|isbn=978-93-84439-70-5|pages=53–}}</ref> protesting against the [[Liaquat–Nehru Pact]], Mukherjee resigned from Nehru's cabinet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shyamaprasad.org/biography.htm|title=Dr. Shyama Prasad Mookerjee|website=www.shyamaprasad.org|access-date=1 June 2019|archive-date=21 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721220952/http://shyamaprasad.org/biography.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> With the help of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-23 |title=What was the Liaquat-Nehru pact, due to which Syama Prasad Mookerjee resigned from the Union cabinet? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/liaquat-nehru-pact-syama-prasad-mookerjee-resigned-8682347/ |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> he founded the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] in 1951.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bharatiya-Jana-Sangh|title=Bharatiya Jana Sangh {{!}} Indian political organization|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=1 June 2019|archive-date=20 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220121501/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bharatiya-Jana-Sangh|url-status=live}}</ref>

He was also the president of [[Hindu Mahasabha|Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha]] from 1943 to 1946. He was arrested by the [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]] in 1953 when he tried to cross the border of the state. He was provisionally diagnosed with a [[heart attack]] and shifted to a hospital but died a day later.{{sfn|Bakshi|1991|pp=278–306}}{{sfn|Smith|2015|p=87}} Since the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) is the successor to the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]], Mukherjee is also regarded as the founder of the BJP by its members.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bjp.org/en/historyoftheparty|title=History of the Party|website=www.bjp.org|access-date=6 August 2019|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812020512/https://www.bjp.org/en/historyoftheparty|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life and academic career==
Shyama Prasad Mukherjee was born during the [[British Raj]] on 6 July 1901 in Calcutta,{{sfn|Chaturvedi|2010|p=25}}{{sfn|MK Singh|2009|p=240}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Buddhism |date=April 2019 |publisher=Windhorse Publications |isbn=978-1-911407-40-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MjOSDwAAQBAJ&dq=syama+prasad+mookerjee+brahmin&pg=PT84 |language=en |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822004210/https://books.google.com/books?id=MjOSDwAAQBAJ&dq=syama+prasad+mookerjee+brahmin&pg=PT84 |url-status=live }}</ref> now located in the [[West Bengal]] state of India. His grandfather Ganga Prasad Mukherjee was born in [[Jirat]] and was the first in the family who migrated to and settled in Calcutta.<ref>Ghatak, Atulchandra, ''Ashutosher Chatrajiban Ed. 8th (Bengali Ed.)'', 1954, p 3, Chakraborty Chatterjee & Co. Ltd.</ref>

His father was [[Ashutosh Mukherjee]], a judge of the [[High Court of Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], and was also the [[Vice-Chancellor]] of the [[University of Calcutta]].{{sfn|Dash|1968|p=566}}<ref>{{citation |date=1972 |title=Parliamentary Debates: Official Report. Rajya Sabha, Volume 81, Issues 9–15 |publisher=Council of States Secretariat |page=216}}</ref> His mother was Jogamaya Devi Mukherjee.{{sfn|MK Singh|2009|p=240}} He was a very meritorious student and he came to Calcutta to study in [[Government Medical College, Kolkata|Medical College]] with the help of the wealthy people of Jirat. Later he settled down in the [[Bhawanipore]] area of Calcutta.<ref name = "Ghatak1">Ghatak, Atulchandra, ''Ashutosher Chatrajiban Ed. 8th'', 1954, p 1, Chakraborty Chatterjee & Co. Ltd.</ref>

Mukherjee enrolled in [[Bhowanipore|Bhawanipur]]'s [[Mitra Institution]] in 1906 and his behaviour in school was later described favourably by his teachers. In 1914, he passed his [[matriculation]] examination and was admitted into [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]].{{sfn|Roy|2014|p=22}}{{sfn|Trilochan Singh|1952|p=91}} He stood seventeenth in the Inter Arts Examination in 1916<ref>''Calcutta Gazette'', 7 July 1916, part 1c, page 639</ref> and graduated in English, securing the first position in first [[List of Kolkata Presidencians#Politics|class in 1921]].{{sfn|MK Singh|2009|p=240}} He was married to Sudha Devi on 16 April 1922.{{sfn|Chander|2000|p=75}} Mukherjee also completed an [[Master of Arts|MA]] in Bengali, being graded as [[Academic grading in India|first class]] in 1923{{sfn|KV Singh|2005|p=275}} and also became a fellow of the [[Academic senate|Senate]] of the [[University of Calcutta]] in 1923.{{sfn|Mukhopadhyay|1993|p=vii}} He completed his [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]] in 1924.{{sfn|MK Singh|2009|p=240}}

He enrolled as an advocate in [[Calcutta High Court]] in 1924, the same year in which his father had died.{{sfn|Bakshi|1991|p=1}} Subsequently, he left for England in 1926 to study at [[Lincoln's Inn]] and was [[call to the bar|called]] to the [[English Bar]] in the same year.{{sfn|Das|2000|p=22}} In 1934, at the age of 33, he became the youngest Vice-Chancellor of the University of Calcutta; he held the office until 1938.{{sfn|Gandhi|2007|p=328}} During his term as Vice-Chancellor, [[Rabindranath Tagore]] delivered the University Convocation Address in Bengali for the first time, and the Indian vernacular was introduced as a subject for the highest examination.{{sfn|Sen|1970|p=225}}{{sfn|Aich|1995|p=27}} On 10 September 1938, the Senate of Calcutta University resolved to confer honorary D.Litt. on the Ex-Vice Chancellor in its opinion "by reason of eminent position and attainments, a fit and proper person to receive such a degree."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.819|title=The Calcutta Review, October 1938|publisher=Calcutta University, Kolkata|year=1938|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.819/page/n528/mode/1up]}}</ref> Mukherjee received the [[D.Litt]] from Calcutta University on 26 November 1938.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.caluniv.ac.in/convocation/hony_degrees.html|title=Recipients of Hony. Degrees|website=caluniv.ac.in|access-date=27 October 2017|archive-date=19 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119223845/http://www.caluniv.ac.in/convocation/hony_degrees.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was also the 15th President of the Association of Indian Universities during 1941–42.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

==Political career before independence==
He started his political career in 1929 when he entered the [[Bengal Legislative Council]] as an [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) candidate representing Calcutta University.{{sfn|Lal|2008|p=315}} However, he resigned the next year when the INC decided to boycott the legislature. Subsequently, he contested the [[1930 Indian general election|election]] as an [[independent candidate]] and was elected in the same year.{{sfn|Bakshi|1991|p=4}} In [[1937 Indian provincial elections|1937]], he was elected as an independent candidate in the elections which brought the [[Krishak Praja Party]] to power.{{sfn|Sengupta|2011|p=393}}{{sfn|Harun-or-Rashid|2003|p=214}}{{sfn|Mukherjee|2015|p=60}}

He served as the Finance Minister of Bengal Province in 1941–42 under [[A.K. Fazlul Haq]]'s Progressive Coalition government which was formed on 12 December 1941 after the resignations of the Congress government. During his tenure, his statements against the government were censored and his movements were restricted. He was also prevented from visiting the [[Midnapore district]] in 1942 when severe floods caused a heavy loss of life and property. He resigned on 20 November 1942 accusing the British government of trying to hold on to India at any cost and criticised its repressive policies against the [[Quit India Movement]].{{efn|The Quit India Movement or the India August Movement, was a movement launched at the Bombay session of the All-India Congress Committee by Mahatma Gandhi on 8 August 1942, during [[World War II]], demanding an end to [[British Raj|British Rule of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/1942-quit-india-movement|title=1942 Quit India Movement - Making Britain|website=www.open.ac.uk|access-date=18 October 2017|archive-date=23 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623193852/http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/1942-quit-india-movement|url-status=live}}</ref>}} After resigning, he mobilised to support and organised relief with the help of the [[Mahabodhi Society]], [[Ramakrishna Mission]] and Marwari Relief Society.<ref name="Censorship">{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gDqsCQAAQBAJ |title=Censorship: A World Encyclopedia|publisher=Routledge|date=2001|page=1623|isbn=9781136798641}}</ref>{{sfn|Sengupta|2011|p=407}}{{sfn|Vishwanathan Sharma|2011|p=56}} In [[1946 Indian provincial elections|1946]], he was again elected as an independent candidate from Calcutta University.{{sfn|Sengupta|2011|p=393}} He was elected as a member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] in the same year.{{sfn|Urmila Sharma|SK Sharma|2001|p=381}}

===Hindu Mahasabha and Bengali Hindu Homeland Movement===
[[File:Syama Prasad Mookerjee.jpg|thumb|left]]
Mukherjee joined the [[Hindu Mahasabha]] in Bengal in 1939{{sfn|Urmila Sharma|SK Sharma|2001|p=381}} and became its [[acting president]] that same year.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mukherji, Shyama Prasad - Banglapedia|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mukherji,_Shyama_Prasad|access-date=19 September 2020|website=en.banglapedia.org}}</ref> He was appointed as the working president of the organisation in 1940.{{sfn|Trilochan Singh|1952|p=91}} In February 1941, Mukherjee told a [[Hindus|Hindu]] rally that if Muslims wanted to live in Pakistan they should "pack their bag and baggage and leave India ... [to] wherever they like".<ref name=Test>Legislative Council Proceedings [BLCP], 1941, Vol. LIX, No. 6, p 216</ref> Yet, the Hindu Mahasabha also formed provincial coalition governments with the [[All-India Muslim League]] in [[Sindh]] and the [[North-West Frontier Province]] while Mukherjee was its leader.<ref>{{cite book |last=Savarkar|first=Vinayak Damodar|date=1963 |title=Collected Works of V.D. Savarkar|publisher=Maharashtra Prantik Hindusabha|pages=479–480}}</ref> He was elected as the President of Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha in 1943.{{sfn|Urmila Sharma|SK Sharma|2001|p=381}} He remained in this position till 1946, with Laxman Bhopatkar becoming the new president in the same year.{{sfn|Sarkar|Bhattacharya|2008|p=386}}{{sfn|Christenson|1991|p=160}}

Mukherjee demanded the partition of Bengal in 1946 to prevent the inclusion of its Hindu-majority areas in a Muslim-dominated [[East Pakistan]].{{sfn|MK Singh|2009|p=240}} A meeting held by the Mahasabha on 15 April 1947 in [[Tarakeswar]] authorised him to take steps for ensuring the partition of Bengal. In May 1947, he wrote a letter to [[Lord Mountbatten]] telling him that Bengal must be partitioned even if India was not.{{sfn|Amrik Singh|2000|p=219}} He also opposed a failed bid for a [[United Bengal|united but independent Bengal]] made in 1947 by [[Sarat Bose]], the brother of [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], and [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]], a [[Bengali Muslims|Bengali Muslim]] politician.{{sfn|Begum|1994|p=175}}{{sfn|Chatterji|2002|p=264}} His views were strongly affected by the [[Noakhali genocide]] in [[East Bengal]], where mobs belonging to the Muslim League massacred Hindus.{{sfn|Sinha|Dasgupta|2011|pp=278–280}}
It was Mukherjee who launched the [[Bengali Hindu Homeland Movement]]. It refers to the movement of the Bengali Hindu people for the Partition of Bengal in 1947 to create a homeland aka West Bengal for themselves within the Indian Union, in the wake of the Muslim League's proposal and campaign to include the entire province of Bengal within Pakistan, which was to be a homeland for the Muslims of British India.<ref>Sengupta, Nitish (2007). Bengal Divided – The Unmaking of a Nation (1905–1971). New Delhi: Penguin Books India. p. 148</ref>

===Opposition to Quit India Movement===
Following the Hindu Mahasabha's official decision to boycott the [[Quit India movement]]{{sfn|Bapu|2013|pp=103–}} and the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]'s decision of non-participation in the movement.{{sfn|Chandra|2008|pp=140–}}{{sfn|Andersen|Damle|1987|p=44}}{{sfn|Bandopadhyaya|2004|pp=422–}}{{sfn|Golwalkar|1974|p=}}

Mukherjee wrote a letter to [[John Herbert (Conservative politician)|Sir John Herbert]], [[List of governors of Bengal#Governors, 1912–47|Governor of Bengal]] as to how they should respond to "Quit India" movement. In this letter, dated 26 July 1942 he wrote:

<blockquote>Let me now refer to the situation that may be created in the province as a result of any widespread movement launched by the Congress. Anybody, who during the war, plans to stir up mass feeling, resulting in internal disturbances or insecurity, must be resisted by any Government that may function for the time being.{{sfn|Mookherjee|2000|p=179}}</blockquote>

Mukherjee in this letter reiterated that the Fazlul Haq-led Bengal Government, along with its alliance partner Hindu Mahasabha would make every possible effort to defeat the [[Quit India Movement]] in the province of Bengal and made a concrete proposal in regard to this:

<blockquote>The question is how to combat this movement (Quit India) in Bengal? The administration of the province should be carried on in such a manner that despite the best efforts of the Congress, this movement will fail to take root in the province. It should be possible for us, especially responsible Ministers, to be able to tell the public that the freedom for which the Congress has started the movement, already belongs to the representatives of the people. In some spheres, it might be limited during an emergency. Indians have to trust the British, not for the sake of Britain, not for any advantage that the British might gain, but for the maintenance of the defense and freedom of the province itself. You, as Governor, will function as the constitutional head of the province and will be guided entirely on the advice of your Minister.{{sfn|Noorani|2000|pp=56–57}}</blockquote>

The Indian historian [[R.C. Majumdar]] noted this fact and stated:

<blockquote>Shyam Prasad ended the letter with a discussion of the mass movement organised by Congress. He expressed the apprehension that the movement would create internal disorder and endanger internal security during the war by exciting popular feeling and he opined that any government in power has to suppress it, but that according to him could not be done only by persecution... In that letter, he mentioned item-wise the steps to be taken for dealing with the situation...{{sfn|Majumdar|1978|p=179}}</blockquote>

During Mukherjee's resignation speech, however, he characterised the policies of the British government towards the movement as "repressive".{{sfn|Hashmi|1994|p=221}}<ref name="Censorship"/>

==Political career after independence==
[[File:The first Cabinet of independent India.jpg|thumb|(L to R sitting) [[B. R. Ambedkar]], [[Rafi Ahmed Kidwai]], [[Sardar Baldev Singh]], [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Rajendra Prasad]], [[Sardar Patel]], [[John Mathai]], [[Jagjivan Ram]], [[Amrit Kaur]] and '''Shyama Prasad Mukherjee'''. (L to R standing) Khurshed Lal, [[R.R. Diwakar]], [[Mohanlal Saksena]], [[N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar]], [[Narhar Vishnu Gadgil|N.V. Gadgil]], [[K. C. Neogy]], [[Jairamdas Daulatram]], [[K. Santhanam]], [[Satya Narayan Sinha]] and B. V. Keskar.]]
[[File:Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar and Dr. Shamprasad Mukherjee President, Bhartiya Janasangha (Now BJP) talking on the Campus of Parliament, 1951.jpg|thumb|[[B. R. Ambedkar]] and Shyama Prasad Mukherjee talking on the Campus of Parliament, 1951]]
Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] inducted Mukherjee into the Interim Central Government as a [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister for Industry and Supply]] on 15 August 1947.<ref>{{citation|title=Council of Ministers, 1947–2004: names and portfolios of the members of the Union Council of Ministers, from 15 August 1947 to 25 May 2004|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|date=2004|page=50}}</ref>

Mukherjee condemned the [[assassination of Mahatma Gandhi]] as the "most stunning blow that could fall on India. That he who had made India free and self-reliant, a friend of all and enemy of none, loved and respected by millions, should fall at the hands of an assassin, one of his community and countrymen, is a matter of the deepest shame and tragedy."<ref>{{cite book|title=Dr. Rajendra Prasad : Correspondence and Select documents, Vol. 8, Volume 8|page=415|publisher=Allied Publishers}}</ref> He began to have differences with Hindu Mahasabha after Gandhi's killing, in which the Mahasabha was blamed by [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] for creating the atmosphere that led to the killing. Mukherjee suggested the organisation suspend its political activities. Shortly after it did, in December 1948, he left. One of his reasons was the rejection of his proposal to allow non-Hindus to become members.{{sfn|Urmila Sharma|SK Sharma|2001|p=381}}{{sfn|Kedar Nath Kumar|1990|pp=20–21}}{{sfn|Islam|2006b|p=227}} Mukherjee resigned along with [[Kshitish Chandra Neogy|K.C. Neogy]] from the Cabinet on 8 April 1950 over a disagreement about the [[Liaquat–Nehru Pact|1950 Delhi Pact]] with Pakistani Prime Minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan]].

Mukherjee was firmly against their joint pact to establish minority commissions and guarantee minority rights in both countries as he thought it left Hindus in East Bengal to the mercy of Pakistan. While addressing a rally in Calcutta on 21 May, he stated that an exchange of population and property at the governmental level on a regional basis between East Bengal and [[States and union territories of India|the states]] of [[Tripura]], [[Assam]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Bihar]] was the only option in the current situation.{{sfn|Kedar Nath Kumar|1990|pp=20–21}}{{sfn|Das|2000|p=143}}{{sfn|Roy|2007|p=227}}

Mukherjee founded the Bharatiya Jana Sangh on 21 October 1951 in Delhi,<ref name=ht0902>{{citation |title=Shyama Prasad Mukherjee |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/shyama-prasad-mukherjee/story-J6ST2hkuXUhOAXI3eZJDVK.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=9 September 2002 |access-date=18 October 2017 |archive-date=18 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018133600/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/shyama-prasad-mukherjee/story-J6ST2hkuXUhOAXI3eZJDVK.html |url-status=live }}</ref> becoming its first president. In the 1952 elections, the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] (BJS) won three seats in the [[Parliament of India]], including Mukherjee's. He had formed the National Democratic Party within the Parliament. It consisted of 32 [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|members]] of the Lok Sabha and 10 [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|members]] of the [[Rajya Sabha]]; however, it was not recognised by the speaker as an opposition party.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/919608/Bharatiya-Jana-Sangh |title=Bharatiya Jana Sangh (Indian political organization) – Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Britannica.com |access-date=8 June 2014 |archive-date=26 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114053/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/919608/Bharatiya-Jana-Sangh |url-status=live }}</ref> The BJS was created with the objective of [[nation-building]] and nationalising all non-Hindus by "inculcating Indian Culture" in them. The party was ideologically close to the RSS and widely considered the proponent of [[Hindu nationalism]].{{sfn|Dossani|Rowen|2005|p=191}}

==Opinion on special status of Jammu and Kashmir==
After having supported [[Article 370]] during the parliamentary discussions over the legislation,<ref name="g064">{{cite web | last=नक़वी | first=क़मर वहीद | title=जनसंघ चाहता था अनुच्छेद 370, सिर्फ़ हसरत मोहानी ने किया था विरोध | website=www.satyahindi.com | date=2019-08-06 | url=https://www.satyahindi.com/india/shyamaprasad-mukherjee-supported-article-370-103769.html}}</ref> Mukherjee became opposed to the legislation after falling out with Nehru. He fought against it inside and outside the parliament with one of the goals of Bharatiya Jana Sangh being its abrogation. He raised his voice against the provision in his Lok Sabha speech on 26 June 1952.<ref name=ht0902/> He termed the arrangements under the article as the [[Balkanisation]] of India and the three-nation theory of [[Sheikh Abdullah]].{{sfn|Ram|1983|p=115}}{{sfn|Kedar Nath Kumar|1990|pp=78–79}} The state was granted its flag along with a prime minister whose permission was required for anyone to enter the state. In opposition to this, Mukherjee once said ''"Ek desh mein do Vidhan, do Pradhan aur Do Nishan nahi chalenge"'' (A single country can't have two [[Constitution of India|constitutions]], two [[Prime Minister of India|prime ministers]], and two [[National Emblem of India|national emblems]]).<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/a-tribute-to-mookerjee/|title=A tribute to Mookerjee|publisher=Daily Excelsior|date=23 August 2013|access-date=1 September 2016|archive-date=11 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911210413/http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/a-tribute-to-mookerjee/|url-status=live}}</ref> Bharatiya Jana Sangh along with Hindu Mahasabha and [[Jammu Praja Parishad]] launched a massive Satyagraha to get the provisions removed.{{sfn|Ram|1983|p=115}}{{sfn|Yoga Raj Sharma|2003|p=152}} In his letter to Nehru dated 3 February 1953, he wrote that the issue of accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India should not be delayed, to which Nehru responded by referring to international complications the issue could create.<ref name=ht0902/>

Mukherjee went to visit Kashmir in 1953 and observed a hunger strike to protest the law that prohibited Indian citizens from settling within the state and mandating that they carry ID cards.{{sfn|MK Singh|2009|p=240}} Mukherjee wanted to go to Jammu and Kashmir but, because of the prevailing permit system, he was not given permission. He was arrested on 11 May at [[Lakhenpur|Lakhanpur]] while crossing the border into Kashmir illegally.{{sfn|Chander|2000|p=234}}{{sfn|Kadian|2000|p=120}} Although the ID card rule was revoked owing to his efforts, he died as a detainee on 23 June 1953.{{sfn|Bakshi|1991|p=274}}<ref name=ht0902/>

On 5 August 2019, when the Government of India proposed a constitutional Amendment to repeal Article 370, many BJP members described the event as realisation of Mukherjee's dream.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ek-desk-mein-do-vidhan-nahi-chaleinge-bjp-realises-founder-shyama-prasad-mukherjee-dream-1577345-2019-08-05|title=Ek desh mein do vidhan nahi challenge: BJP realises founder Shyama Prasad Mukherjee's dream|publisher=India Today|date=8 August 2019|access-date=5 August 2019|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805091821/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ek-desk-mein-do-vidhan-nahi-chaleinge-bjp-realises-founder-shyama-prasad-mukherjee-dream-1577345-2019-08-05|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article-370-martyrdom-of-dr-mukherjee-for-complete-integration-of-jk-honoured-says-ram-madhav/article28820818.ece|title=Article 370: Martyrdom of Dr Mukherjee for complete integration of J&K honoured, says Ram Madhav|newspaper=The Hindu|date=8 August 2019|access-date=5 August 2019|archive-date=6 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806154824/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article-370-martyrdom-of-dr-mukherjee-for-complete-integration-of-jk-honoured-says-ram-madhav/article28820818.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Mukherjee had three brothers who were; Rama Prasad who was born in 1896, Uma Prasad who was born in 1902 and Bama Prasad Mukherjee who was born in 1906. Rama Prasad became a judge in the [[High Court of Calcutta]], while Uma became famed as a trekker and a travel writer. He also had three sisters; Kamala who was born in 1895, Amala who was born in 1905 and Ramala in 1908.{{sfn|Roy|2014|p=11}} He was married in 1922 to Sudha Devi for 11 years and had five children – the last one, a four-month-old son, died from [[diphtheria]]. His wife died of [[double pneumonia]] shortly afterward in 1933 or 1934.{{sfn|Roy|2014|p=34}}{{sfn|Basu|1995|p=16}}{{sfn|Baxter|1969|p=63}} Mukherjee refused to remarry after her death.{{sfn|Raj Kumar|2014|p=173}} He had two sons, Anutosh and Debatosh, and two daughters, Sabita and Arati.{{sfn|Das|2000|p=20}} His grandniece [[Kamala Sinha]] served as the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Minister of State for External Affairs]] in the [[I. K. Gujral ministry]].<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/former-mos-for-external-affairs-kamala-sinha-passes-away-115010100744_1.html | title = Former MoS for External Affairs Kamala Sinha passes away | first = Rita | last = Basu | publisher = [[Business Standard]] | date = 1 January 2015 | access-date = 2 January 2015 | archive-date = 1 January 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150101231644/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/former-mos-for-external-affairs-kamala-sinha-passes-away-115010100744_1.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

Mukherjee was also affiliated with the Buddhist [[Mahabodhi Society]]. In 1942, he succeeded M.N. Mukherjee to become the president of the organisation. The relics of [[Gautam Buddha]]'s two disciples [[Śāriputra|Sariputra]] and [[Maudgalyayana]], discovered in the Great Stupa at [[Sanchi]] by Sir [[Alexander Cunningham]] in 1851 and kept at the [[British Museum]], were brought back to India by [[HMIS Tir]]. A ceremony attended by politicians and leaders of many foreign countries was held on the next day at [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Calcutta Maidan]]. They were handed over by Nehru to Mukherjee, who later took these relics to [[French Protectorate of Cambodia|Cambodia]], [[Post-independence Burma, 1948–62|Burma]], [[Thailand]] and [[French Indochina|Vietnam]]. Upon his return to India, he placed the relics inside the Sanchi Stupa in November 1952.{{sfn|Vishwanathan Sharma|2011|p=56}}{{sfn|Ahir|1991|p=135}}{{sfn|Narendra Kr Singh|1996|pp=1405–1407}}

==Death==
[[File:Syama Prasad Mukherjee 1978 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Shyama Prasad Mukherjee on a 1978 stamp of India]]

Mukherjee was arrested upon entering Kashmir on 11 May 1953.{{sfn|Bhave|1995|p=49}} He and two of his arrested companions were first taken to Central Jail of [[Srinagar]]. Later they were transferred to a [[cottage]] outside the city. Mukherjee's condition started deteriorating and he started feeling pain in the back and high temperature on the night between 19 and 20 June. He was diagnosed with dry [[pleurisy]] from which he had also suffered in 1937 and 1944. The doctor prescribed him a [[streptomycin]] injection and powders, however, Mukherjee informed him that his family physician had told him that streptomycin did not suit his system. The doctor, however, told him that new information about the drug had come to light and assured him that he would be fine. On 22 June, he felt pain in the heart region, started perspiring and started feeling like he was fainting. He was later shifted to a hospital and provisionally diagnosed with a [[heart attack]]. He died a day later.{{sfn|Smith|2015|p=87}}{{sfn|Bakshi|1991|pp=278–306}}{{sfn|Chander|2000|pp=22, 23, 33, 39–42, 117}} The state government declared that he had died on 23 June at 3:40 a.m. due to a heart attack.{{sfn|Chakrabarty|Roy|1974|p=227}}{{sfn|Chander|2000|p=118}}{{sfn|Das|2000|p=212}}

His death in custody raised wide suspicion across the country and demands for an independent inquiry were raised, including earnest requests from his mother, Jogamaya Devi, to Nehru. The prime minister declared that he had asked several persons who were privy to the facts and, according to him, there was no mystery behind Mukherjee's death. Devi did not accept Nehru's reply and requested an impartial inquiry. Nehru, however, ignored the letter and no inquiry commission was set up.<ref name=rediff>{{cite news |last1=Vijay |first1=Tarun |title=Family legacy and the Varun effect |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2009/mar/27guest-column-tarun-vijay-on-dynasty-and-the-varun-effect.htm |access-date=18 March 2021 |work=Rediff |date=27 March 2009 |archive-date=6 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306000501/https://www.rediff.com/news/2009/mar/27guest-column-tarun-vijay-on-dynasty-and-the-varun-effect.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] claimed in 2004 that the arrest of Mukherjee in Jammu and Kashmir was a "Nehru conspiracy" and that the death of Mukherjee has remained "even now a mystery".{{sfn|Das|2000|p=217}}<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Nehru conspiracy led to Shyama Prasad's death: Atal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nehru-conspiracy-led-to-shyama-prasads-death-atal/articleshow/768217.cms |access-date=18 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=7 July 2004 |language=en |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525075801/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nehru-conspiracy-led-to-Shyama-Prasads-death-Atal/articleshow/768217.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The BJP in 2011 called for an inquiry to probe Mukherjee's death.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/bjp-demands-inquiry-into-sp-mukherjee-s-death-claims-murder-conspiracy-by-sheikh-abdullah/story-8bQWp9xZwfZy0OYUY5FaZP.html|title=BJP demands inquiry into SP Mukherjee's death; claims murder conspiracy by Sheikh Abdullah|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=24 September 2011|access-date=21 July 2020|archive-date=21 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721162533/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/bjp-demands-inquiry-into-sp-mukherjee-s-death-claims-murder-conspiracy-by-sheikh-abdullah/story-8bQWp9xZwfZy0OYUY5FaZP.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Legacy==
{{Photomontage
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One of the main thoroughfares in [[Calcutta]] was renamed Syama Prasad Mukherjee Road on 3 July 1953 a few days after his death.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Brown Struggler — Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Road : Past And Present |url=https://greenjaydeep.tumblr.com/post/31589290091/shyama-prasad-mukherjee-road-past-and-present/amp |access-date=8 June 2021 |work=greenjaydeep.tumblr.com |archive-date=8 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608073332/https://greenjaydeep.tumblr.com/post/31589290091/shyama-prasad-mukherjee-road-past-and-present/amp |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Syamaprasad College]] founded by him in 1945 in [[Kolkata]] is named after him.<ref>{{cite web |title=College History – Syamaprasad College, Kolkata |url=https://www.syamaprasadcollege.in/history/ |access-date=8 June 2021 |archive-date=8 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608114849/https://www.syamaprasadcollege.in/history/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Shyama Prasad Mukherji College]] of [[University of Delhi]] was established in 1969 in his memory.<ref>{{citation |title=About the college |url=http://spm.du.ac.in/ |work=spm.du.ac.in |access-date=18 October 2017 |archive-date=18 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018134134/http://spm.du.ac.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 7 August 1998, the [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]] named a bridge after Mukherjee.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98aug28/nation.htm#1 |title=Terrorism: Advani accuses USA of double standards |newspaper=The Tribune |location=India |date=28 August 1998 |access-date=15 September 2018 |archive-date=7 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907152116/https://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98aug28/nation.htm#1 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Delhi]] has a major road named after Mukherjee called Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Marg.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/locality/chandni-chowk/shyama-prasad-mukherji-marg-commuters-nightmare-75077|title=Shyama Prasad Mukherji Marg is a commuter's nightmare |publisher=DNA India |date=9 November 2015 }}</ref> Kolkata, too, has a major road called Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Road.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Kolkata-roads-and-greenery-damaged-by-storms/articleshow/53815883.cms |title=Kolkata roads and greenery damaged by storms |first=Saikat |last=Ray |publisher=Times of India |date=22 August 2016 |access-date=1 September 2016 |archive-date=24 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824124148/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Kolkata-roads-and-greenery-damaged-by-storms/articleshow/53815883.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2001, the main research funding institute of the Government of India, [[CSIR India|CSIR]], instituted a new fellowship named after him.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Archana Gupta|author2=Inderpal Mallick|author3=Sukumar Mallick|title=Are bright students coming back to science? A study|url=http://14.139.47.50/bitstream/123456789/5425/1/JSIR%2063%283%29%20248-250.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207020557/http://14.139.47.50/bitstream/123456789/5425/1/JSIR%2063(3)%20248-250.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 December 2022|journal=Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research|volume=63|year=2004|page=248}}</ref>

[[File:MCD HQ.jpg|thumb|Shyam Prasad Mukherjee Civic Centre, Headquarters of Municipal Corporation of Delhi]]

On 22 April 2010, the [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]]'s (MCD) newly constructed Rs. 650-crore building, the [[List of tallest buildings in Delhi|tallest building in Delhi]], was named the Doctor Syama Prasad Mukherjee Civic Centre. It was inaugurated by [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]] [[P. Chidambaram]]. The building, which is estimated to cater to 20,000 visitors per day, will also house different wings and offices of the MCD.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/cities/delhi-gets-its-tallest-building-416092 |title=Delhi gets its tallest building |first=Milan |last=Sharma |publisher=NDTV |date=22 June 2010 |access-date=1 September 2016 |archive-date=13 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913221651/http://www.ndtv.com/cities/delhi-gets-its-tallest-building-416092 |url-status=live }}</ref> The MCD also built the Syama Prasad Swimming Pool Complex which hosted aquatic events during the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]] held in New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/sports-news/delhi-cm-inaugurates-swimming-complex-424213 |title=Delhi CM inaugurates Swimming Complex |publisher=NDTV |date=18 July 2010 |access-date=1 September 2016 |archive-date=13 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913215325/http://www.ndtv.com/sports-news/delhi-cm-inaugurates-swimming-complex-424213 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Portrait of Shyama Prasad Mukherjee in Parliament of India.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Syama Prasad Mukherjee in Parliament of India]]
In 2012, a flyover at [[Mathikere]] in [[Bangalore]] City Limits was inaugurated and named the Dr Syama Prasad Mukherjee Flyover.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/article331986.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915120746/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/article331986.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 September 2016 |title=Fly-over named after Dr Shyama Prasad |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=16 January 2012 |access-date=1 September 2016}}</ref> The [[International Institute of Information Technology, Naya Raipur]] is named after him.<ref>{{cite news|title=Piyush Goyal launches IIIT at Naya Raipur, Raman declares 2-term fee waiver|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Piyush-Goyal-launches-IIIT-at-Naya-Raipur-Raman-declares-2-term-fee-waiver/articleshow/47791748.cms|access-date=20 May 2017|work=The Times of India|date=23 June 2015|archive-date=5 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905095934/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Piyush-Goyal-launches-IIIT-at-Naya-Raipur-Raman-declares-2-term-fee-waiver/articleshow/47791748.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2014, a [[Dr Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Indoor Stadium|multipurpose indoor stadium]] built on the [[Goa University]] campus in [[Goa]] was named after Mukherjee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/sports/indoor-stadium-taleigao-named-after-s-p-mukherjee |title=Indoor stadium at Taleigao named after S P Mukherjee | iGoa |publisher=Navhindtimes.in |date=17 January 2014 |access-date=8 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416185613/http://www.navhindtimes.in/sports/indoor-stadium-taleigao-named-after-s-p-mukherjee |archive-date=16 April 2014 }}</ref>

The government of India approved the Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission (SPMRM) with an outlay of {{INRConvert|51.42|b}} on 16 September 2015. The Mission was launched by the Prime Minister on 21 February 2016 at Kurubhata, Murmunda Rurban Cluster, [[Rajnandgaon]], [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arthapedia.in/index.php?title=Shyama_Prasad_Mukherji_Rurban_Mission_(SPMRM)|title=Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission (SPMRM) – Arthapedia|website=www.arthapedia.in|access-date=13 October 2016|archive-date=14 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014060659/http://www.arthapedia.in/index.php?title=Shyama_Prasad_Mukherji_Rurban_Mission_(SPMRM)|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rurban.gov.in/about.html|title={{!}} National Rurban Mission|website=rurban.gov.in|access-date=13 October 2016|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221130027/http://www.rurban.gov.in/about.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In April 2017, [[Ranchi College]] was upgraded to Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University.<ref>{{citation |title=रांची कॉलेज अब श्यामा प्रसाद मुखर्जी विश्वविद्यालय |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-ranchi-college-is-now-shyama-prasad-mukherjee-university-15842567.html |work=[[Jagran]] |date=12 April 2017 |access-date=18 October 2017 |archive-date=18 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018190815/http://m.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-ranchi-college-is-now-shyama-prasad-mukherjee-university-15842567.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2017, Kolar, a town in [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], was renamed Shyama Prasad Mukherji Nagar by the state's Chief Minister [[Shivraj Singh Chauhan]].<ref>{{citation |title=Kolar renamed as Shyama Prasad Mukherji Nagar |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhopal/kolar-renamed-as-shyama-prasad-mukherji-nagar.html |work=The Pioneer |date=19 September 2017 |access-date=18 October 2017 |archive-date=18 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018192348/http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhopal/kolar-renamed-as-shyama-prasad-mukherji-nagar.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Gajendra Chauhan]] played the role of Mukherjee in the movie ''1946 Calcutta Killings''.<ref>{{citation |title=After Four Cuts, Movie on Syama Prasad Mookerjee's Life Set to Hit the Screens |url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/after-four-cuts-movie-on-syama-prasad-mookerjees-life-set-to-hit-the-screens-1545565.html |work=[[News 18]] |date=13 October 2017 |access-date=18 October 2017 |archive-date=18 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018133703/http://www.news18.com/news/movies/after-four-cuts-movie-on-syama-prasad-mookerjees-life-set-to-hit-the-screens-1545565.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 12 January 2020, the [[Kolkata Port Trust]] was renamed Syama Prasad Mukherjee Port by prime minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhasin |first1=Swati |title="Kolkata Port Trust Renamed As Dr Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port": PM Modi |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-renames-kolkata-port-trust-as-dr-shyama-prasad-mukherjee-port-2162722 |access-date=12 January 2020 |work=NDTV.com |date=12 January 2020 |archive-date=12 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112101537/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-renames-kolkata-port-trust-as-dr-shyama-prasad-mukherjee-port-2162722 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Loiwal |first1=Manogya |title=PM Modi renames Kolkata Port Trust after Bharatiya Jana Sangh founder Shyama Prasad Mukherjee |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-renames-kolkata-port-trust-after-shyama-prasad-mukherjee-1636156-2020-01-12 |access-date=12 January 2020 |work=India Today |date=12 January 2020 |language=en |archive-date=12 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112100014/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-renames-kolkata-port-trust-after-shyama-prasad-mukherjee-1636156-2020-01-12 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Chenani-Nashri Tunnel]] on NH44 in [[Jammu and Kashmir (Union Territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] was renamed after Mukherjee by the Indian government in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=India's longest tunnel, Chenani Nashri renamed! Check new name and other details |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/indias-longest-tunnel-chenani-nashri-renamed-check-new-name-and-other-details/507863 |access-date=4 October 2020 |work=Times Now |date=25 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Govt to rename Chenani-Nashri tunnel after Syama Prasad Mookerjee |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/govt-to-rename-chenani-nashri-tunnel-after-syama-prasad-mookerjee-6075080/ |access-date=4 October 2020 |work=The Indian Express |date=18 October 2019 |language=en |archive-date=8 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008025050/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/govt-to-rename-chenani-nashri-tunnel-after-syama-prasad-mookerjee-6075080/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|India|Politics}}
*[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==

===Citations===
{{Reflist|20em}}

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{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Graham |first=B. D. |chapter=Syama Prasad Mookerjee and the communalist alternative |editor=D. A. Low |editor-link=D. A. Low |title=Soundings in Modern South Asian History |publisher=University of California Press |year=1968 |asin=B0000CO7K5}}
* {{cite book |last=Graham |first=B. D. |title=Hindu Nationalism and Indian Politics: The Origins and Development of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990 |isbn=0-521-38348-X}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120430055021/http://www.indpride.com/drshyamaprasadmukherjee.html Excerpts from convocation address at Benares Hindu University (1 December 1940)]
{{Commons category|Shyama Prasad Mukherjee}}

{{Wikiquote}}
{{First Indian Cabinet}}
{{Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)}}
{{Sangh Parivar}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Indian Independence Movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Syama Prasad}}
[[Category:1901 births]]
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[[Category:Indian people who died in prison custody]]
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[[Category:Bengal MLAs 1937–1945]]
[[Category:Bengal MLAs 1946–1947]]
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Purna Chandra Jamatia

2026-05-04T19:39:02Z

ChloeBrogan:

{{Short description|Tripura politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Purna Chandra Jamatia
| image = Purna Chandra Jamatia TTAADC CEM.jpg
| office2 = Chief Executive Member of the [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]]
| state = [[Tripura]]
| party = [[The Indigenous Progressive Regional Alliance|TIPRA Motha Party]]
| constituency1 = [[Bagma Assembly constituency|Killa-Bagma]]
| office1 = Member [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1977|11|07|df=y}}
| citizenship =
| parents =
| alma_mater = B.A. (Political Science), [[Maharaja Bir Bikram University]]
| cabinet =
| term_start2 = 2021
| term_end2 = 2026
| term_start1 = 2021
| preceded1 = Joy Kishore Jamatia
| successor1 =
| preceded2 = [[Radhacharan Debbarma]]
| successor2 = Runiel Debbarma
| children = 2
| caption = Jamatia official portrait
}}
'''Purna Chandra Jamatia''' (born 7 November 1977), is an Indian social political activist and elected Chief Executive Member of the [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]] (TTAADC) for the first time. Purna Chandra Jamatia was elected from the Killa [[Bagma Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |title=CEM {{!}} Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council |url=https://ttaadc.gov.in/cem_em |website=ttaadc.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hon'ble CEM Of TTAADC Purna Chandra Jamatia Visited EMRS At Kumarghat. |url=https://www.tripurastarnews.com/honble-cem-of-ttaadc-purna-chandra-jamatia-visited-emrs-at-kumarghat/ |website=Tripurastarnews|date=3 September 2022 }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Jamatia was born on 7 November 1977 in Killa, Tripura. His father is Ananda Pada Jamatia and mother Radha Kumari Jamatia. Being the eldest son, he has three sisters and two brother.

Jamatia attended the Kirit Bikram School until the year 2000. From 2000 to 2004, Jamatia attended Bir Bikram Memorial College in [[Agartala]]. He completed his B.A. in political science.

== Political career ==
Jamatia after attaining a degree in political science had spent a significant amount of time working with the Nationalist and Regional Political Party, the [[Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra ]] (INPT), its Youth wing organisation President of IYFT i.e. The Indigenous Youth Federation of Twipra before joining the [[Tipra Motha Party]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=WebDesk |first1=Rise East |title=Tripura ADC Samajpati allowance marred with disputesÂ |url=https://theriseeast.com/tripura/tripura-adc-samajpati-allowance-marred-with-disputes/ |website=Rise East |language=en |date=19 October 2021}}</ref>

Jamatia contested the [[2010 Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council election]] with a ticket from INPT but lose to CPIM candidate Joy Kishore Jamatia.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-04-14 |title=122 nominations filed for TTAADC elections |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/122-nominations-filed-for-TTAADC-elections/article16366347.ece |access-date=2024-12-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Later in 2018, Jamatia joined Congress and eventually to [[Tipra Motha Party]] with the emerging leadership of [[Pradyot Bikram Manikya Deb Barma]].

== Positions held ==
2003-2006: Twipra Students' Federation (TSF) College Committee Member.

2004-2006: Udaipur Divisional TSF Secreatary.

2006-2013: Divisional secretary of INPT.

2016-2018: State Youth President of INPT.

2018 bisini paithago bubagra bai yak romkha, congress than TIPRA

20.04.2021: Elected 14th CEM

== Chief Executive Member ==
In May 2021, Jamatia was announced as the Chief Executive Member of [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]]. This announcement came following the landslide victory by [[Tipra Motha Party]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2021-04-10 |title=Royal scion Pradyot-led TIPRA Motha wins Tripura ADC election 2021, BJP-led alliance bites dust |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/tripura/royal-scion-pradyot-led-tipra-motha-wins-tripura-adc-election-2021.html |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=NorthEast Now |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Activities ==
The Greater Tipraland resolution was passed on June 26, 2021 at the TTAADC Council after Tipra Motha Party came to power.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2021-06-26 |title=TTAADC passes resolution on Greater Tipraland |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/bharat/ttaadc-passes-resolution-on-greater-tipraland/na20210626115719854 |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref>

In August 2021, a delegation led by Tripura Royal Head Pradyot Manikya and CEM of TTAADC, Purna Chandra Jamatia meet Brazilian Ambassadors<ref name="time8.in">{{cite web |title=Tripura Tribal council members meet Brazil Ambassador in New Delhi |url=https://www.time8.in/tripura-tribal-council-members-meet-brazil-ambassador-in-new-delhi/ |website=Time8}}</ref>

The TTAADC government on November 8, 2024 signed an Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with TATA Group to establish Skill Training Institute at Khumulwng.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banik |first=Mrinal Kanti |date=2024-11-08 |title=TATA Group to upskill hospitality professionals in Tripura ADC: Pradyot |url=https://www.eastmojo.com/tripura/2024/11/08/tata-group-to-upskill-hospitality-professionals-in-tripura-adc-pradyot/ |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=North East |date=2024-11-07 |title=Tripura Tribal Council Signs MoU with Tata Strive, IHCL to Launch Hospitality Excellence Centre |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2024/11/07/tripura-tribal-council-signs-mou-with-tata-strive-ihcl-to-launch-hospitality-excellence-centre/ |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=Northeast Today |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jamatia, Purna Chandra}}
[[Category:People from Tripura]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tipra Motha Party politicians]]
[[Category:1977 births]]

{{Tripura-politician-stub}}

Ram Pada Jamatia

2026-05-04T10:19:20Z

ChloeBrogan:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| state = [[Tripura]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]]
| office = 12th [[List of speakers of the Tripura Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 18 March 2026
| deputy = [[Ram Prasad Paul]]
| predecessor = [[Biswa Bandhu Sen]]
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Tripura|CM]]
| 1namedata = [[Manik Saha]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1957|02|13|df=y}}
| citizenship = [[India]]
| parents = Lt. Nimai Pada Jamatia
| alma_mater = [[MBB College]]
| office1 = [[First Saha ministry|Minister of Tribal Welfare and Handloom Handicrafts and Sericulture]]
| term_start1 = 2022
| term_end1 = 2023
| predecessor1 = [[Mevar Kumar Jamatia]]
| successor1 = [[Bikash Debbarma]]
|| office2 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Bagma Assembly constituency|Bagma]]
| predecessor2 = [[Naresh Chandra Jamatia]]
| term_start2 = 4 March 2018
| term_end2 =
}}

'''Rama Pada Jamatia''' (born 13 February 1957) is an Indian politician from [[Tripura]]. He currently serves as the 12th Speaker of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tripuraassembly.nic.in/deputyspeaker.html|title = Welcome to the Official Website Before Legislative Assembly}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TRIPURAINFOWAY : Tripura's Latest News, Views & IT Portal |url=https://tripura-infoway.com/news-details/TN/158714/rampada-jamatia-to-talk-to-centre-about-rs-1300-crore-rsquo-s-early-sanction-for-tribal-welfare-block-development.html |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=tripura-infoway.com |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115191537/https://tripura-infoway.com/news-details/TN/158714/rampada-jamatia-to-talk-to-centre-about-rs-1300-crore-rsquo-s-early-sanction-for-tribal-welfare-block-development.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Biswendu Bhattacharjee|date=12 September 2022 |title=Tripura Takes Up World Bank Project Worth 1,300 Crore For Tribal Devpt {{!}} Agartala News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agartala/tripura-takes-up-world-bank-project-worth-rs-1300-crore-for-tribal-development/articleshow/94141768.cms |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He formerly served as Minister of Tribal Welfare (excluding TRP & PTG) and Industry & Commerce (Handloom, Handicrafts and Sericulture) in [[Government of Tripura]] under [[First Saha ministry|Manik Saha Ministry]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Council of Minister {{!}} Tripura State Portal |url=https://tripura.gov.in/councilminister |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=tripura.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is Who {{!}} DIRECTORATE OF TRIBAL WELFARE TRIBAL WELFARE DEPARTMENT |url=https://twd.tripura.gov.in/who-who |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=twd.tripura.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=tripuranewslive |date=7 September 2022 |title=Rampada Jamatia highlighted the developmental activities initiated by the department for the welfare of indigenous people across the state |url=https://tripuranewslive.com/rampada-jamatia-highlighted-the-developmental-activities-initiated-by-the-department-for-the-welfare-of-indigenous-people-across-the-state/ |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=Tripura News Live |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Eleven MLAs in Tripura to take oath as ministers on Monday |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/eleven-mlas-in-tripura-to-take-oath-as-ministers-on-monday/articleshow/91582134.cms?from=mdr |access-date=15 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Banik |first=Mrinal |date=16 May 2022 |title=Tripura cabinet: Mevar Kumar Jamatia dropped, Rampada gets cabinet berth |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/tripura/2022/05/16/tripura-cabinet-mevar-kumar-jamatia-dropped-rampada-gets-cabinet-berth/ |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref> He became the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Bagma Assembly constituency|Bagma Assembly Constituency]] by defeating [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] candidate [[Naresh Jamatia]] by a margin of 2,833 votes in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MLA Profiles {{!}} Tripura State Portal |url=https://tripura.gov.in/mla-profile |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=tripura.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bagma Election Result 2018 Live: Bagma Assembly Elections Result Live Update, Vidhan Sabha Election Result & Live News |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/tripura/bagma-election-result/ |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP pushes Left Sarkar out of Tripura: Full list of winning candidates here |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-pushes-left-sarkar-out-of-tripura-full-list-of-winning-candidates-here-1181202-2018-03-03 |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bagma Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/bagma-tripura-assembly-constituency |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tripurainfo.com : MLA of Tripura. |url=https://tripurainfo.com/AboutTripura/mla.htm |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=tripurainfo.com}}</ref>

== Controversy ==

* Tribal Affairs Minister Rampada Jamatia was targeted by demonstrators on Friday afternoon in Simna in the Mohanpur subdivision, a day after his motorcade was ambushed at Jampuijala tri-junction in [[West Tripura district|West Tripura]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2022 |title=Tripura minister Rampada Jamatia attacked again; tear gas shells fired to disperse mob |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/tripura/tripura-minister-rampada-jamatia-attacked-tear-gas-fired-disperse-mob-7963514/ |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=North East |date=9 June 2022 |title=Tripura Minister - Rampada Jamatia & BJP Vice-President Attacked At Jampuijala, Vehicles Vandalized |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2022/06/09/tripura-minister-rampada-jamatia-bjp-vice-president-attacked-at-jampuijala-vehicles-vandalized/ |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=Northeast Today |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=tripuranewslive |date=11 June 2022 |title=Tripura minister Rampada Jamatia attacked again |url=https://tripuranewslive.com/tripura-minister-rampada-jamatia-attacked-again/ |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=Tripura News Live |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Banik |first=Mrinal |date=9 June 2022 |title=Tripura: BJP minister, leader attacked, vehicles vandalized |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/news/2022/06/09/tripura-bjp-minister-leader-attacked-vehicles-vandalized/ |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Biswendu Bhattacharjee|date=12 June 2022 |title=Tripura Bjp Restricts 2 Tribal Leaders' Activity {{!}} Agartala News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agartala/tripura-bjp-restricts-2-tribal-leaders-activity/articleshow/92153656.cms |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
* Minister Rampada Jamatia is being criticised once more. The administration of Mohanpur subdivision hosted an administrative camp at Dargamura School in the Simna Assembly Constituency on Friday.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Post |first=The Tripura |title=BJP Minister Ramapada Jamatia Once Again Attacked In Simna. Police Bursts Gas Cell To Control The Situation {{!}} {{!}} The Tripura Post |url=https://thetripurapost.com/bjp-minister-ramapada-jamatia-once-again-attacked-in-simna-police-bursts-gas-cell-to-control-the-situation/ |access-date=15 November 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115191539/https://thetripurapost.com/bjp-minister-ramapada-jamatia-once-again-attacked-in-simna-police-bursts-gas-cell-to-control-the-situation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* An indigenous MLA from Tripura, Ram Pada Jamatia, has come out in support of the bill, much to the dismay of the state's tribal leaders, at a time when the indigenous communities of the Northeast are fuming with rage over the union cabinet's decision to clear and table the contentious [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|Citizenship Amendment Bill]] (CAB), 2019, in the Parliament probably by 11 December.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2019 |title=BJP indigenous MLA Ram Pada Jamatia wants CAB in Tripura |url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/states/tripura/bjp-indigenous-mla-ram-pada-jamatia-wants-cab-in-tripura/cid2533281.htm |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=thenortheasttoday.com |language=en-IN |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115191537/https://thenortheasttoday.com/states/tripura/bjp-indigenous-mla-ram-pada-jamatia-wants-cab-in-tripura/cid2533281.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TRIPURAINFOWAY : Tripura's Latest News, Views & IT Portal |url=http://tripura-infoway.com/news-details/TN/101999/now-hindu-group-in-tripura-protested-against-cab.html |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=tripura-infoway.com |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115192418/http://tripura-infoway.com/news-details/TN/101999/now-hindu-group-in-tripura-protested-against-cab.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jamatia, Ram Pada}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Tripura]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Tripura]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:MBB College alumni]]
[[Category:People from Gomati district]]

Vikas Thakre

2026-04-30T02:25:36Z

ChloeBrogan: created new data

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=July 2025}}
{{resume-like|date=July 2025}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vikas Thakre
| image = Vikasthakrenagpur.jpg
| caption = Thakre in 2024
| office1 = Member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly
| constituency1 = Nagpur West
| term_start1 = 2019
| predecessor1 = Sudhakar Deshmukh
| office2 = President, Nagpur District Congress Committee
| term_start2 = 2014
| office3 = Mayor of Nagpur
| term_start3 = 2002
| term_end3 = 2005
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1966|8|23}}
| birth_place = Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| education = B.Com, Nagpur University
| profession = Politician
}}

'''Vikas Pandurang Thakre''' (born 23 August 1966) is an Indian politician from Nagpur, Maharashtra, and a senior member of the [[Indian National Congress]]. He currently serves as a Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] representing Nagpur West and holds the position of President of the Nagpur District Congress Committee. With over 40 years in public life, he has previously served as the Mayor of Nagpur and remains deeply engaged in grassroots-level politics. In 2024, he contested the [[2024 Indian general election|Lok Sabha election]] from Nagpur constituency and has been known for his consistent public outreach, developmental focus, and strong presence in Vidarbha politics.

== Early life and education ==
Thakre was born on 23 August 1966 in Nagpur, Maharashtra, to Pandurang and Nirmala Thakre. He comes from a humble, non-political background. He completed his Bachelor of Commerce degree from Dharampeth Arts & Commerce College under Nagpur University in 1989.

== Political career ==

=== Early political roles ===
* 1985: Appointed as a member of the Indian National Congress
* 1988: General Secretary, NSUI Nagpur
* 1990: General Secretary, Nagpur Youth Congress
* 2001: General Secretary, Nagpur District Congress Committee

=== Municipal career ===
* 2002: Elected as Corporator (Nagarsevak), Nagpur Municipal Corporation
* 2002–2005: Served as Mayor of Nagpur
* 2007: Appointed State Representative – Ambedkar-Valmiki Awas Yojana, Maharashtra
* 2007–2012: Re-elected as Corporator
* 2010–2012: Leader of Opposition, Nagpur Municipal Corporation
* 2012–2017: Re-elected Corporator (hat-trick term); Leader of Opposition, NMC
* 2014–present: President, Nagpur District Congress Committee

=== Maharashtra Legislative Assembly ===
* 2019: Elected MLA from Nagpur West, defeating BJP’s Sudhakar Deshmukh
* 2024: Re-elected as MLA (pending EC official data confirmation)

=== 2024 Lok Sabha elections ===
* Contested as the INC candidate for Nagpur Lok Sabha seat against [[Nitin Gadkari]]
* Received significant support and vote share, emerging as runner-up
* Campaign focused on development, urban infrastructure, and youth issues

== Electoral history ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Election Results
! Year !! Election Type !! Constituency !! Party !! Result !! Margin
|-
| 2002 || Municipal (NMC) || Nagpur || INC || Won || —
|-
| 2007 || Municipal (NMC) || Nagpur || INC || Won || —
|-
| 2012 || Municipal (NMC) || Nagpur || INC || Won || —
|-
| 2019 || Maharashtra Assembly || Nagpur West || INC || Won || 7,716 votes
|-
| 2024 || Maharashtra Assembly || Nagpur West || INC || Won || ~5,800*
|-
| 2024 || Lok Sabha || Nagpur || INC || Runner-up || -
|}
*To be confirmed by EC

== Positions held ==
* Mayor of Nagpur (2002–2005)
* Corporator, NMC (2002–2017)
* Leader of Opposition, NMC (2010–2017)
* President, Nagpur District Congress Committee (2014–present)
* MLA, Nagpur West (2019–present)
* Trustee, Nagpur Improvement Trust (2020–2022)
* Senate Member, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University (2023–present)

== References ==
* [https://eci.gov.in/ Election Commission of India]
* [https://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=330 MyNeta Profile – ADR]
* [https://www.nagpurtoday.in Nagpur Today]
* [https://www.thelivenagpur.com The Live Nagpur]
* [https://www.instagram.com/vikasthakreinc/ Official Instagram]

== External links ==
* [https://www.instagram.com/vikasthakreinc/ Instagram – @vikasthakreinc]
* [https://x.com/vikasthakreinc?s=11/ X – @vikasthakreinc]
* [https://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=330 MyNeta Candidate Profile]
* [https://eci.gov.in ECI Results Portal]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thakre, Vikas Pandurang}}
[[Category:Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]

Basavaraju V. Shivaganga

2026-04-29T13:50:55Z

ChloeBrogan: put up initial pg needs work

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1981)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Basavaraju V. Shivaganga''' (born 1981) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is an MLA from [[Channagiri Assembly constituency]] in [[Davanagere district|Davangere district]]. He won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-13 |title=Channagiri Constituency Election Results: Assembly seat details, MLAs, candidates & more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/channagiri-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99716151.cms |access-date=2024-08-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Shivaganga is from [[Channagiri]], Davangere district. His father Veerappa D is a farmer. He completed his B.A. in 2001 at A.R.M. Pre University College, [[Davanagere]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basavaraju V Shivaganga(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- CHANNAGIRI(DAVANGERE) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=7898 |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Shivaganga won from [[Channagiri Assembly constituency]] representing [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 78,263 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Madal Mallikarjuna, an independent candidate, by a margin of 16,435 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basavaraju V Shivaganga in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/basavaraju-v-shivaganga-channagiri-candidate-s10a109c009/ |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Karnataka election results 2023: Full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/karnataka-election-results-full-list-of-winners-8606612/ |access-date=2024-08-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shivaganga, Basavaraju V.}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]

K.A. Gunasekaran

2026-04-23T02:04:19Z

ChloeBrogan: Starting some data basic info

{{Short description|Indian Tamil Playwright}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| birth_date = 12 May 1955
| birth_place = [[Marandai]], composite [[Ramanathapuram district]], [[Madras State]] (now [[Sivaganga District]], [[Tamil Nadu]]), India
| occupation = Writer
| office = 11-th Director, [[International Institute of Tamil Studies]]
| 1blankname =
| 1namedata =
| term = 2008 - 2011
| predecessor = [[M. Rajendran]] (2006-07) Sean Laurence (acting- 2008)
| successor = [[G. Vijayaraghavan (academician)|G. Vijayaraghavan]] (2012-21)
| order =
| alma_mater = * [[Dr. Zakir Husain College, Sivagangai]] * [[Thiagarajar College]], [[Madurai]] * [[Madurai Kamaraj University]]
| main_width =
| data1 =
| honorific_prefix =
| office1 =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2016|1|17|1955|5|12|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Pondicherry|Puducherry]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|UT of Puducherry]], India
| image_size =
| native_name_lang = ta
| native_name = கரு. அழ. குணசேகரன்
}}
'''K.A. Gunasekaran''' (1963 – 18 January 2016) was an Indian [[Dalit]] [[Folklore studies|folklorist]], theatre personality, and the first Dalit playwright in [[Tamil Nadu]]. He made significant contributions to the field of Tamil literature, theatre, and folklore, addressing the issues faced by marginalized communities, including Dalits, tribal people, transgender people, and other backward classes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-01-17 |title=Folklorist Gunasekaran passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/Folklorist-Gunasekaran-passes-away/article14005041.ece |access-date=2024-01-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Born in a poor Dalit family in [[Elyankudi|Elayankudi]], he began writing small poems and plays infused with [[Marxism|Marxian]] ideology.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-01-18 |title=K A Gunasekaran - Playwright, university teacher dies in Pondy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/puducherry/k-a-gunasekaran-playwright-university-teacher-dies-in-pondy/articleshow/50620097.cms |access-date=2024-01-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Career ==
Gunasekaran's groundbreaking play, "Bali Adugal" (Sacrificial Goat), is considered a precursor to the emergence of Dalit theatre in Tamil Nadu. He went on to practice a distinctive form of theatre known as Odukkapattor Arangam or [[Theatre of the Oppressed]]. His works addressed the struggles faced by disadvantaged sections of society, challenging the hegemonic forces exploiting individuals based on caste and gender. His rebellious song "Manusangada Naanga Manusangada," written by poet [[Inkulab]] and powerfully sung by Gunasekaran, became an anthem for the Dalit Movement in the 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Tribute to K A Gunasekaran |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/tamil/en/podcast-episode/a-tribute-to-k-a-gunasekaran/jsxg0mc95 |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=SBS Language |language=en}}</ref>

He served as the dean of the School of Performing Arts at [[Pondicherry University]] and the director of the [[International Institute of Tamil Studies]]. Gunasekaran was associated with the [[Progressive Writers' Movement|Progressive Writers’ Movement]] and received recognition for his extensive research on urban folklore.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-04-14 |title=Bali Aadugal staged in Pondicherry University |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/bali-aadugal-staged-in-pondicherry-university/article7103319.ece |access-date=2024-01-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=INDIAN RESEARCH INFORMATION NETWORK SYSTEM |url=http://irins.inflibnet.ac.in/ |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=irins.inflibnet.ac.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Notable works ==

* ''Sathya Sothanai'' (Experiments with Truth, 1988)
* ''Pavalakkodi Alathu Kudumba Valakku'' (Family Dispute, 2001)
* ''Mazhi''
* ''Maatram''
* ''Varaivu Kadavuthal''
* ''Kanthan Valli''

== Legacy ==
He received the [[Kalaimamani]] award from the Government of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry and the [[Dalit Isai Kurisil Award]] from the [[Tamil Association of Canada]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hadi |first=H. Abdul |date=February 2023 |title=Rereading Myths as an Act of Resistance: A Critical Study of K.A. Gunasekaran's Kanthan X Valli. |url=https://tlhjournal.com/uploads/products/10.h-abdul-hadi-article.pdf |journal=The Literary Herald |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=67–74 |issn=2454-3365}}</ref>

== Death ==
K.A. Gunasekaran died on 16 January 2016 at his residence in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] after a prolonged illness due to [[kidney failure]]. He is survived by his wife and two children.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-01-17 |title=Folklorist Gunasekaran passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/Folklorist-Gunasekaran-passes-away/article14005041.ece |access-date=2024-01-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gunasekaran, K.A.}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian folklorists]]
[[Category:Indian dramatists and playwrights]]

Sangram Kumar Dolai

2026-04-22T16:38:14Z

ChloeBrogan: created biography

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sangram Kumar Dolai
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2016
| term_end = 2021
| constituency = [[Moyna Assembly constituency|Moyna]]
| predecessor = Bhusan Chandra Dolai
| successor = [[Ashok Dinda]]
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| alma_mater = [[N.R.S. Medical College and Hospital]]
| profession = Politician, Doctor
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sangram Kumar Dolai''' is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2021-03-24 |title=TMC will be clean bowled if Sourav Ganguly joins BJP: Ashok Dinda |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/Mar/24/tmc-will-be-cleanbowled-if-sourav-gangulyjoins-bjpashok-dinda-2280939.html |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] in [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] from Moyna, as a member of the [[Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=SANGRAM KUMAR DOLAI (Winner) MOYNA (PURBO MEDINIPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://www.myneta.info/westbengal2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=2014|access-date=2025-06-11|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=West Bengal Assembly Election Results in 2016|url=https://www.elections.in/west-bengal/assembly-constituencies/2016-election-results.html|access-date=2025-06-11|website=Elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Moyna Assembly Constituency Election Result|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/moyna-west-bengal-assembly-constituency|access-date=2025-06-11|website=Result University}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Purba Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

Nehru Centre, London

2026-04-19T16:11:43Z

ChloeBrogan: creating new details - done

{{Short description|Cultural centre in the UK}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
'''The Nehru Centre, London''' is a cultural centre located at [[8 South Audley Street, Mayfair]], London. Its goal is to promote cultural exchange between [[India–United Kingdom relations|India and the United Kingdom]]. It is named after [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].

The Nehru Centre was founded in 1992. Since its inception it has striven to facilitate and deepen cultural dialogue between India and UK by encouraging visits of prominent Indian artists to UK and prominent artists from UK to India.

The Nehru Centre is headed by a director, who is also a ranking diplomat at the High Commission of India, London. Many illustrious Indians have headed the Nehru Centre as directors. [[Gopalkrishna Gandhi]] was its first director.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-11-17 |title=MERCHANDIZING GANDHI, Hindustan Times |url=https://ramachandraguha.in/archives/merchandizing-gandhithe-hindustan-times.html |access-date=2021-10-12 |website=Ramachandra Guha.in}}</ref> Indian playwright [[Girish Karnad]], writer-diplomat [[Pavan Varma]] once headed the Nehru Centre, London as directors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-04-06 |title=Tug-of-war in the offing over Nehru Centre in London director post |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19700101-tug-of-war-in-the-offing-over-nehru-centre-in-london-director-post-787437-2005-06-20 |access-date=2021-10-12 |website=India Today}}</ref> Poet-diplomat [[Abhay K]] has
d been appointed as the director of the Nehru Centre.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-25 |title=Indian poet-diplomat new director of London's Nehru Centre |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/indian-poet-diplomat-new-director-of-london-s-nehru-centre-115032501144_1.html |access-date=2021-10-12 |website=Business Standard News}}</ref> From October 2019, bestselling award-winning author, [[Amish Tripathi]], has taken over as Director. Amish has been ranked among the top 100 celebrities in India by Forbes magazine consistently, and has also been ranked among the most powerful Indians by India Today magazine in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-16 |title=Amish Tripathi |url=http://forbesindia.com/celebprofile/amish-tripathi/188# |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216045002/http://forbesindia.com/celebprofile/amish-tripathi/188# |archive-date=2013-12-16 |access-date=2021-10-12 |website=Forbes India Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Amish Tripathi - Forbes India Magazine |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/celebprofile2014/amish-tripathi/1489/191 |website=Forbes India Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-21 |title=Amish Tripathi |url=http://forbesindia.com/celebprofile2015/amish-tripathi/193# |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121050451/http://forbesindia.com/celebprofile2015/amish-tripathi/193# |archive-date=2016-01-21 |access-date=2021-10-12 |website=Forbes India Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2017 Celebrity 100 - Forbes India Magazine |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2017-celebrity-100/1665/1 |website=forbesindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2018 Celebrity 100 - Forbes India Magazine |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2018-celebrity-100/1735/all |website=forbesindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The most powerful people of India 2019 | Full list |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/the-most-powerful-people-of-india-2019-full-list-1574021-2019-07-26 |website=indiatoday}}</ref>

It is regarded as a flagship cultural centre of the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] (ICCR) abroad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-26 |title=About Us {{!}} Nehru Centre |url=https://www.nehrucentre.org.uk/about-us/ |access-date=2021-10-12 |website=Nehru Centre London}}</ref>

==Directors==

*[[Gopalkrishna Gandhi]] (1992–1997)
*I.N. Chaudhary (1997–1999)
*[[Girish Karnad]] (2000–2003)
*[[Pavan Varma]] (2004–2005)
*[[Atul Khare]] (2005–2006)
*[[Monika Kapil Mohta]] (2006–2011)
*Sangeeta Bahadur (2011–2015)
*Srinivas Gotru (2015-2019)
*[[Amish Tripathi]] (2019-2023)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.nehrucentre.org.uk}}

{{coord|51.5077|-0.1507|type:landmark_region:GB|display=title}}

[[Category:1992 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Art museums and galleries established in 1992]]
[[Category:Cultural promotion organizations]]
[[Category:Cultural centers in Europe]]
[[Category:Event venues established in 1992]]
[[Category:Cultural organisations based in London]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:India friendship associations]]
[[Category:United Kingdom friendship associations]]
[[Category:Event venues in England]]

C. N. Ahmad Moulavi

2026-04-19T15:09:10Z

ChloeBrogan: started pg...

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = C. N. Ahmad Moulavi
| image = CN Ahmad Moulavi.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth year|1905}}
| birth_place = Cheroor, [[Eranad]], [[Malappuram district]], British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1993|4|27|1905|1|1}}
| death_place = [[Kozhikode]], Kerala
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Essayist, translator, educationist, social reformer
| alma mater =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents = {{ublist|Assan Kutty (father)|Khatheeja (mother)}}
| website =
| awards = 1989 [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]]
}}
'''C. N. Ahmad Moulavi''' (1905 – 1993) was an Indian writer of [[Malayalam literature]], best known as the translator of the first complete publication of [[Quran]] in [[Malayalam]].<ref name="Osella">{{cite journal |last1=Filippo Osella & Caroline Osella |title=Islamism and Social Reform in Kerala, South India |journal=Modern Asian Studies |year=2008 |volume=42 |issue=2/3 |page=327 |jstor=20488022}}</ref> He was the author of a number of books on [[Islam]] and was reported to have contributed to the propagation of education among the Muslims of [[Malabar region]]. A member of the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] during the period 1959–64, Moulavi was honoured by the academy with the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship|distinguished fellowship]] in 1989.

== Biography ==
[[File:Tomb of A'la Hadrat Shah Abdul Wahhab.jpg|right|thumb|Baqiyat Salihat Arabic College]]
C. N. Ahmad Moulavi was born in 1905 at Cheroor, a village in [[Eranad]] in [[Malappuram district]] of the south Indian state of [[Kerala]] to Nathankodan Assan Kutty and Azhuvath Khatheeja.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Profiles/CNAhmedMaulavi/Html/CNAMaulavigraphy.htm |title=Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |date=2019-04-05 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406113421/http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Profiles/CNAhmedMaulavi/Html/CNAMaulavigraphy.htm |archive-date=6 April 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Born in a family of poor financial means, he lost his father early and could have primary education for only three years after which he had to work in a farm for sustenance.<ref name="Miller2015">{{cite book|author=Roland E. Miller|title=Mappila Muslim Culture: How a Historic Muslim Community in India Has Blended Tradition and Modernity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XjSzCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA236|date=27 April 2015|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-1-4384-5602-7|pages=236–}}</ref> At the age of sixteen, he went back to studies, first at [[Karuvarakundu]] Grand Dars of Kunjalam Musaliar and later under Kattukandan Kunjahmed Musaliar.<ref name="Datta1987">{{cite book|author=Amaresh Datta|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA106|year=1987|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1803-1|pages=106–}}</ref> This was followed by a short stints at the Madras Jamalia Arabic College and Bombay where he studied under K. T. Ibrahim Moulavi, only to proceed to [[Baqiyat Salihat Arabic College]], Vellore in 1928 from where he passed ''Afsal Ul Ulama'' examination in 1931. On his return to Kerala, he joined the Malappuram Training School as a religious instructor but resigned from the job in 1944 to start his own clothing business.<ref name="Miller2015" />

Moulavi started a magazine by name, ''Ansari'' which became defunct after publishing 14 issues; though he restarted the magazine under a new name, ''New Ansari'' in 1955, the publication did not last long.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" /> When the ''East Eranad Education Society'' was formed in 1964, Moulavi became the founder president of the society; the society, which started [[Dr. Gafoor Memorial MES Mampad College]] in 1965, was handed over the [[Muslim Educational Society]] (MES) in 1967.<ref name="MES Mampad College">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mesmampad.org |title=MES Mampad College |date=2019-04-06 |website=mesmampad.org |access-date=2019-04-06 |archive-date=26 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726135139/http://www.mesmampad.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Maulavi died on 27 April 1993, at the age of 88, at [[Kozhikode]].<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" />

== Legacy and honours ==
Maulavi published twelve books on Islamic studies, including a reportedly controversial book, ''Islamile Dhanavitharanapadhathi'' (Distribution of Wealth in Islam Tradition).<ref name="List of works">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Profiles/CNAhmedMaulavi/Html/CNAbdulmaulavibooks.htm |title=List of works |date=2019-04-05 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406074525/http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Profiles/CNAhmedMaulavi/Html/CNAbdulmaulavibooks.htm |archive-date=6 April 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was the first to publish a complete translation of the [[Quran]] into Malayalam<ref name="Kupferschmidt1987">{{cite book|author=Uri M. Kupferschmidt|title=The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChEVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA462|year=1987|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-07929-7|pages=462–}}</ref> which he published in 1963,<ref name="C N Ahmed Maulavi: The Malayali Pioneer in Quran Translation">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4pcGd0FKHc0 |title=C N Ahmed Maulavi: The Malayali Pioneer in Quran Translation |last=MediaoneTV Live |website=[[YouTube]] |date=2014-07-03 |access-date=2019-04-06}}</ref> at a time when translation of Quran was considered a blasphemy.<ref name="Miller2015" /> He wrote on many contentious issues such as divorce and maintenance among Muslims<ref name="Engineer2008">{{cite book|author=Asgharali Engineer|title=The Rights of Women in Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3uB_umOEbwC&pg=PA169|year=2008|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-81-207-3933-8|pages=169–}}</ref> and his book, ''Mahathaya Mappila Sahitya Paramparyam'' (The glorious Mappila Literary Heritage)<ref name="Mahathaya Mappila Sahitya Paramparyam">{{Cite web |url=https://kithabi.com/books/mahathaya-mappila-sahitya-paramparyam-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B3-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9/ |title=Mahathaya Mappila Sahitya Paramparyam |date=2019-04-06 |website=kithabi.com |access-date=2019-04-06 |archive-date=17 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717095400/http://kithabi.com/books/mahathaya-mappila-sahitya-paramparyam-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B3-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> is a comprehensive work on the Muslim literature in Kerala<ref name="Datta1987" /><ref name="Mohammed2007">{{cite book|author=U. Mohammed|title=Educational Empowerment of Kerala Muslims: A Socio-historical Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PCBdogPnnqsC&pg=PA30|year=2007|publisher=Other Books|isbn=978-81-903887-3-3|pages=30–}}</ref> with details about the contribution of Muslims in the development of Arabic-Malayalam literature.<ref name="Contribution of Muslims in the Development of Malayalam Language and Literature">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ummid.com/news/2011/March/16.03.2011/contribution_of_muslims_fr_malayalam_lang.htm |title=Contribution of Muslims in the Development of Malayalam Language and Literature |website=www.ummid.com |access-date=2019-04-06}}</ref> He served as a member of the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] for five years from 1959 to 1964. In 1989, he was inducted as a [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship|distinguished fellow]] by the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi|academy]].<ref name="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Fellows/Html/HonoraryList.htm |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship |date=2019-04-06 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331092627/http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Fellows/Html/HonoraryList.htm |archive-date=31 March 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> His birth centenary was celebrated in Kozhikode in 2005 and an exhibition of all his writings were organized as a part of it.<ref name="The Hindu : Kerala News : In remembrance">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/2005/12/26/stories/2005122610910300.htm |website=[[The Hindu]] |title=Kerala News : In remembrance |date=2005-12-26 |access-date=2019-04-06}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
{{Div col}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://catalogue.mappilaheritagelibrary.com/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=1211&query_desc=au%253AC.N.%2520Ahmed%2520Moulavi |title=Parishudha Qur'an: Paribhashayum Vyakhyanavum Volume-1 |last=C. N. Ahmed Moulavi |date=1953 |publisher=Abdul Majeed Marikar |edition=1 |location=Perumbavoor }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Cite book |url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=6830 |title=Parishudha Qur'an: Paribhashayum Vyakhyanavum Volume-2 |last=C. N. Ahmed Moulavi}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://catalogue.mappilaheritagelibrary.com/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=1210&query_desc=au%253AC.N.%2520Ahmed%2520Moulavi |title=Parishudha Qur'an: Paribhashayum Vyakhyanavum Volume-3 |last=C. N. Ahmed Moulavi }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Cite book |url=http://catalogue.mappilaheritagelibrary.com/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=1654&query_desc=au%253AC.N.%2520Ahmed%2520Moulavi |title=Islamika Sampathika Shasthram |last=C. N. Ahmed Moulavi |date=1954 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Cite book |url=http://catalogue.mappilaheritagelibrary.com/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=1673&query_desc=au%253AC.N.%2520Ahmed%2520Moulavi |title=Qur'an: Enthu ? Enthinu ? |last=C. N. Ahmed Moulavi |date=1957 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Cite book |url=http://catalogue.mappilaheritagelibrary.com/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=1702&query_desc=au%253AC.N.%2520Ahmed%2520Moulavi |title=Qur'an Krodeekaranam, Mansookh, Erinhukollal: Moonnu Vambicha Thettidharanakal |last=C. N. Ahmed Moulavi |publisher=C.N. Ahmed Moulavi |edition=1 |location=Chevayur, Kozhikode }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/169772/Description |title=Mahathaya Mappila Sahitya Parampariam |last1=C.N |first1=Ahmmed Moulavi |last2=K.K. |first2=Muhammed Abdulkareem |date=1978}}<ref name="OPS123">{{cite book |last1=Salahudheen, O P |title=Anti_European struggle by the mappilas of Malabar 1498_1921 AD |page=123 |url=https://sg.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/52423/12/12_chapter%204.pdf#page=22 |accessdate=14 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="MB264">{{cite book |last1=Mumtas Begum A.L. |title=Muslim women in Malabar Study in social and cultural change |page=264 |url=https://sg.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/19904/13/13_select%20bibliography.pdf#page=6 |accessdate=11 November 2019}}</ref>)
* {{Cite book |title=Manuṣhya Jeevithaṃ Anaśvaraṃ |last=C. N. Ahmed Moulavi |date=1983 |publisher=Azad Book Stall |location=Calicut |language=Malayalam |oclc=17149726}}
* {{Cite book |title=Islāṃ charitr̲aṃ |last=C. N. Ahmed Moulavi |date=1971 |publisher=Ansāri Press |location=Calicut |language=Malayalam |oclc=30629062}}
{{div col end}}

=== Translations into other languages ===
* {{cite book|author=C. N. Ahmed Moulavi|title=Religion of Islam: A Comprehensive Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBVYNAAACAAJ|year=1979|publisher=Azad Book Stall}}
* {{cite book|author=C. N. Ahmed Moulavi|title=Principles and practice of Islamic Economy|url=http://103.251.43.202:8080/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=86544|year=1964|publisher=Ansari press}}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* [[List of Malayalam-language authors by category]]
* [[List of Malayalam-language authors]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India|Literature}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://muslimheritage.in/innermore/138 |title=History Conference |last=VM.Safir |website=muslimheritage.in |access-date=2019-04-06}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/oct/22/who-decides-halal-and-haraam-malayalam-actor-mamukkoya-slams-growing-intolerance-1679893.html |title=Who decides Halal and Haraam? Malayalam actor Mamukkoya slams growing intolerance |website=The New Indian Express |date=22 October 2017 |access-date=2019-04-06}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Profiles/CNAhmedMaulavi/Html/CNAhmedmaulavi.htm |title=Portrait commissioned by Kerala Sahitya Akademi |date=2019-04-05 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406063156/http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Profiles/CNAhmedMaulavi/Html/CNAhmedmaulavi.htm |archive-date=6 April 2019 |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Fellows/CNAMaulavi/CNAhmedMaulavi.htm |title=Conferring Fellowship |date=2019-04-06 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406071936/http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Fellows/CNAMaulavi/CNAhmedMaulavi.htm |archive-date=6 April 2019 |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/EncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorldEtcGibbKramerScholars.13 |title=Encyclopaedia Dictionary Islam Muslim World, etc, Gibb, Kramer, scholars. 13 vols & 12 vols. 1960-2004.1875.2009. |last=Oriental Scholars: Gibb |first=Kramer |date=2019-04-06 |access-date=2019-04-06}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/108473688/Maasappiravi-From-Samagra-Padanam-book-CN-Ahmed-Moulavi |title=Maasappiravi - From Samagra Padanam book - CN Ahmed Moulavi |website=Scribd |language=en |access-date=2019-04-06}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Search/Home?lookfor=%2522Ahmad%2520Maulavi,%2520Si.%2520En.%2522&type=author&inst= |title=Catalog Search Results - HathiTrust Digital Library |website=catalog.hathitrust.org |access-date=2019-04-06}}

{{Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moulavi, C. N. Ahmad}}
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Indian Islamists]]
[[Category:Writers from Malappuram district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]

Lha Charitable Trust

2026-04-18T06:00:42Z

ChloeBrogan: creating new data - done

{{Short description|Indian organization}}
{{advert|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Lha Charitable Trust
| logo = Logo of lha charitable trust.png
| logo_caption = Logo of Lha Charitable Trust
| type = 12AA & 80G[[Nonprofit organization]]
| founded = 1997
| founders = Jampa Tsering and Neil Guidry
| location = Lha Office, Temple Road, [[McLeod Ganj]] – 176219 [[Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamsala]], District. Kangra [[Himachal Pradesh]], India
| origins =
| key_people = Ngawang Rabgyal, ''Chairman & Director'' Jampa Tsering, ''Co-Founder & Advisory Board Member'' Neil Guidry, ''Co-Founder & Advisory Board Member'' Tashi Dorjee, Laura Manley, Duthen Kyi ''Advisory Board Member''
| region_served =
| focus = Improve the well-being of Tibetan refugees through social work and education
| revenue =
| endowment =
| num_volunteers =
| num_employees = Permanent: 13 Part-time: 5 volunteers: 15-25
| awards = In 2015 Lha was awarded first place in the category of "Best use of Website & Internet Tools" in the South Asia-wide 4th eNGO Challenge Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://engochallenge.org/winners-2015/|title = Winners 2015 – Recognizing Tech for Good among Civil Society Organizations in South Asia, DEF}}</ref>
| website = https://www.lhasocialwork.org/
| owner =
| tax_exempt =
| dissolved =
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Lha Charitable Trust''' is an Indian [[nonprofit organization]] primarily focused on Tibetian social work. It was founded in 1997 in [[Dharamshala]], India by [[Jampa Tsering]] and Niel Guidry.

==Background==
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2023}}
Since the [[annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China]], Tibetans have been subject to the policies of the [[People's Republic of China]], and the [[Chinese Communist Party]]. Under this regime, the Tibetan people's freedom of expression and political action has been suppressed. Consequently, over the past fifty years, thousands of [[Tibetan people|Tibetans]] have chosen to leave their homeland in pursuit of the human rights that have been denied under Chinese rule. Every year, new [[Refugee|refugees]] arrive in [[India]] after an arduous journey through the [[Himalayas]], and countless refugees arrive with little or no education, speak only Tibetan, and possess no viable job skills to support themselves and their families. Furthermore, it is difficult for adult and elderly refugees to receive an adequate [[education in India]] due to the strict school system requirements, as educational policy prevents adults over the age of eighteen years from enrolling in school. Under such conditions, Lha plays a crucial role in facilitating the transition of Tibetan refugees from their homeland to the Indian community by providing long-term rehabilitation and educational resources for Tibetan adults.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ravi |first=Rupashree |date=2022-01-17 |title=Our initial aim was to help Tibetan refugees from Tibet: Lha Charitable Trust |url=https://www.thetibetpost.com/features/34-education-and-society/7205-our-initial-aim-was-to-help-tibetan-refugees-from-tibet-lha-charitable-trust |access-date=2024-07-27 |work=The Tibet Post}}</ref>

== Mission and objectives ==
Lha Charitable Trust aims to be a resource of education and knowledge that provides meaningful, multi-level social and educational services for the benefit of others. The organization seeks to generate an atmosphere of harmony and cooperation within the community by addressing the needs of the impoverished and underprivileged. A key focus of Lha is to assist Tibetan refugees in adapting and thriving in their new home, while also preserving the unique [[Tibetan culture]]. Approximately 60 percent of Lha graduates work in the local community, 30 percent work abroad, and 10 percent return to Tibet. The Trust partners with several local and international organizations, such as the Tibetan Parent's Association, the [[Tibetan Women's Association]], and the Leprosy Assistance Project—all of which regularly collaborate with the Trust to better meet the needs of the exiled community. The Trust's Outreach Program aids the wider Indian community through self-sustaining clean water projects, environmental initiatives, and donations of medicine, books, and clothing.

The Trust aims to "build a social service bridge for the Tibetan refugee community in northern India." Its primary objectives include:

# Providing social services to Tibetan refugees and the local Himalayan population.
# Offering Tibetan refugees education and health services, as well as the skills and assistance needed to build a new life in exile.
# Facilitating mutual learning and cultural exchange experiences between Tibetans, volunteers, and other visitors.
# Creating awareness of the Tibetan refugee situation and preserving the endangered Tibetan culture.

== Partnerships ==
[[File:Lha and Rotary Club.JPG|thumb|Lha and Rotary Club]]
Lha works in conjunction with various local and international organizations to build a strong network of affiliates, working towards the improvement of community and social services. International organizations include [http://www.lhainfo.org/ Louisiana Himalaya Association], [https://www.omprakash.org/ Omprakash Foundation], [[Tulane University]], [[Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education]], [[Loyola University New Orleans|Loyola University]], [[Centenary College of Louisiana|Centenary College]], [[Lifeworks International]], the [[Tibet Fund]], the [http://tfg.org.au/ Tibetan Friendship Group Australia], [https://rusticpathways.com/ Rustic Pathways], and the [https://tibetfreunde.ch/ TibetFreunde Swiss]. Local partners include the [[Central Tibetan Administration|Central Tibet Administration]], Dharamshala Rotary Club, and [https://delekhospital.org/ Delek Hospital], as well as many Tibetan NGOs.

== Programs ==
Lha provides a variety of programs for Tibetan refugees, and the local Himalayan community, such as language classes, cultural exchange programs, [[Information technology|information technology (IT)]] classes, [[Vocational education|vocational training]], health and environment education, clothes and medicine distribution, and a community kitchen. Lha serves an average of 250 people daily, hosts between fifteen and twenty-five volunteers, and provides up to nineteen programs and services.

=== Language classes ===
[[File:English Class at Lha.JPG|thumb|English Class at Lha]]
Language classes have taken place at Lha since 1999. Currently, 100 to 120 students participate in the language classes at Lha every month. Lha offers classes in English, French, Chinese, German and Tibetan daily, all at varying ability levels. In addition to traditional classroom sessions, Lha offers a daily English conversation class, for additional practice, with native English speakers; a tutoring program is also offered as a supplement for each language class. All courses are staffed by volunteer teachers and are open to the public.

In 2014 a new Lha English curriculum book was introduced for the Elementary, Beginner, and Intermediate level English classes based on the Standard English curriculum of the [[Common European Framework of Reference for Languages|Common European Framework for Reference (CEFR)]]. 2,678 students attended language classes in 2014, including 796 new enrolments. Most students attend classes for two to six months, and approximately 40 percent continue their studies for between one and three (or more) years. To date, over 10,317 students have benefited from our language classes,<ref name="Annual">{{cite web|title=Lha's Annual Report for 2011|url=http://lhasocialwork.org/images/stories/traveler_resources/Lha_Annual_Report_2011.pdf|publisher=Lha Charitable Trust|accessdate=16 March 2013|year=2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> developing skills to help in obtaining employment and increasing self-confidence. In the future, Lha plans to add more intensive courses and provide students with certificates of completion.

=== Computer skills classes ===
Lha computer training program aims to provide students with viable job skills and consists of two levels of computer training: Beginner and Intermediate. The types of expertise that are taught include typing, internet proficiency, [[web design]], [[graphic design]], and fluency in technology/programs such as [[email]], [[MS Word]], [[MS Excel]], and [[Adobe Photoshop]].
[[File:Lha Computer Class.jpg|thumb|Lha Computer Class]]
The computer classes attract from twenty to thirty students each month. Lha offers select students full [[scholarship]]s each month—especially to those refugees who are associated with other local NGOs, such as the [[Tibetan Women's Association]], the [[Tibetan Youth Congress]], and the Kunphen Center. Since 2003, over 2,000 students have benefited from computer skills classes and workshops.<ref name="Annual" />

=== Vocational training ===
[[File:Photography Classes Lha.JPG|thumb|Photography class]]
Lha provides vocational training, including professionally taught IT classes, photography courses and massage therapy courses. Lha plans to provide other types of vocational skills in the future, such as chef courses.

When a qualified IT teacher is available, Lha offers an IT program focusing on web design and development, graphic design as well as business skills.
Basic photography courses taught by professionals, when available, are open to all interested persons. At the course completion, students display their work in the ‘LHA Photography Exhibition.’ Lha also partners with [[Chung Yuan Christian University]] to provide a semi-annual IT workshop that is focused on [[multimedia]] programs, [[Internet|the Internet]] and [[word processing]].

Cooking and baking classes are available to those wishing to pursue careers in the [[Food industry|food industry.]]

=== Community soup kitchen ===
[[File:Lha Community Soup Kitchen.jpg|thumb|Lha Community Soup Kitchen]]

To address the problem of limited access to both clean water and nutritious food in the local community, Lha initiated the Community Soup Kitchen Project in 2009. On 6 July 2011, Lha officially opened its soup kitchen in the Ahimsa House venue—it was the first [[soup kitchen]] in Dharamsala and provides low-cost, nutritious meals, and clean water to Tibetan refugees (those who cannot afford the nominal fee receive the same services at no cost). In order to fund the monthly cost of the soup kitchen, Lha has partnered with St. Paul's Episcopal Church in [[Fayetteville, Arkansas]], [[United States|United States (U.S.)]]. In 2011, the church received pledges that amounted to [[United States dollar|US$]]1,200 per month and the subsequent goal was to increase this amount to US$2,000 to completely cover the monthly cost of the soup kitchen.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tibetan exchange|url=http://m.arkansasonline.com/news/2011/jan/01/teaching-job-leads-feeding-ministry-20110101/|accessdate=16 March 2013|newspaper=Arkansas Democrat Gazette|date=1 January 2011|author=Christie Storm}}</ref>

===Clean Water Project===
Starting in 2010, the Lha Clean Water project continues to provide clean [[Water purification|filtered water]] to Tibetan communities. The purpose of installing these clean water systems is to ensure that people can access free, filtered water, thus helping to keep the community healthy into the future.
The filter unit is an RO+UV+ UF and TTS, which provides high-quality water filtration and more than 100 liters of clean and safe drinking water per hour to students, their teachers, and staff members, while the stainless steel tank is capable of storing 500 liters of water.
The water is used not only for drinking but also for cooking, thereby improving the quality of food served at the schools. Additionally, a water cooler providing instant hot and cold filtered water was installed with funds provided directly by Lha. These improvements will help alleviate some of the water-borne illnesses children commonly suffer from in this region, especially during the monsoon season, and will contribute to maintaining a high level of general health among students.

===Free Community Magazine===
''Contact Magazine'' is a recognised and registered publication under the Registrar Office of the Newspaper, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting Government of India. The registration number is HPENG/2013/51798. Recognised by [[Lonely Planet]] and other international travel resources. Contact has been a popular source of news and information on Tibetan issues, and the Dharamsala community, for over 18 years.

700 – 1,000 copies are printed each month and distributed in the greater Dharamshala area and Delhi, and various diplomatic missions to India. Copies are also sent to various Tibetan schools, settlements, offices and NGOs in India as well as abroad. Contact keeps readers up-to-date on current issues and events, and provides networking, education and volunteer opportunities, as well as social services information.

===Prof. Samdhong Rinpoche website project===
To make the writings, speeches and teachings of His Eminence Professor Samdong Rinpoche freely available to the general public, Lha launched a bilingual website (Tibetan and English). The website contains many researched articles, audio and video clips on Buddhist teachings, Tibetan culture and language, democracy, non-violence, and the situation of Tibet, and receives over 11,000 viewers per month. Lha launched this website as an initiative towards preserving Tibet's culture, language and heritage, and to help it to flourish. Professor Samdong Rinpoche, an eminent and distinguished scholar, teacher and philosopher, is a lifelong campaigner of Gandhian principles, and works closely with the Dalai Lama. Rinpoche was the first elected Kalon Tripa (Prime Minister) of the Tibetan Central Administration, and a former Speaker of the Tibetan Parliament in Exile. His services are valued at the highest level in many institutions, including former Principal/Director, Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies, Chancellor of [[Sanchi University of Buddhist-Indic Studies]], member of the Expert Advisory Committee, Ministry of Culture, [[Government of India]], and President of the International Buddhist Congregation.[http://samdhongrinpoche.com/en/]

=== Public health initiatives ===
Lha facilitates initiatives to improve community health and increase awareness about the importance of hygiene and physical well-being.
Medicine assistance is distributed by Lha to local public health centres, such as Delek Hospital and the Central Tibetan Administration's Department of Health.

Lha provides educational seminars on [[AIDS]], [[sexual health]], and information on [[Sexually transmitted infection|sexually transmitted diseases]], including free distribution of leaflets and condoms and the importance of their use. Lha also offers seminars on other, more general health issues.

The community kitchen provides extensive hygiene and nutritional education classes to improve community health. Lha incorporates simple health information into its English language classes to help Tibetans effectively communicate with doctors and [[pharmacists]]. All donations that are in the form of medicine are distributed by Lha to local public health centres.

<gallery>
File:Eye Clinic Lha.JPG|Eye clinic organised by Lha
File:Public Health Initiatives Lha.JPG|Cleanup camps
</gallery>

=== Free book distribution ===
In July 2008, Lha's U.S. partner, the Omprakash Foundation, shipped a total of 30,000 books from the U.S. to Dharamsala. All of the books were distributed to Tibetan and local Indian schools, charitable organizations, libraries and individuals in Dharamsala and surrounding regions. Lha continues to collect books and donate them to libraries and schools. In 2014, Lha distributed around 340 books, through the Rotary Club Dharamsala.

=== Environmental awareness and aid initiatives ===
[[File:Lha Voluteers helping the Environment.JPG|thumb|Lha Volunteers helping the Environment]]
Lha initiates environmental awareness activities such as mass clean-ups, rubbish collection, and the installation of rubbish bins, and provides education on environment conservation. Lha also publishes posters, brochures and leaflets in three languages: English, Tibetan and Hindi in observation of World Environmental Days. In addition, Lha has created an environmental website to inform the global Tibetan and Himalayan communities as well as the general public about the importance of environmental issues in Tibet and the globe. The website includes many researched articles both in English and Tibetan, is updated regularly as new information is available, and is visited over 3000 times a month.

Lha initiates environmental awareness activities, such as environmental clean-ups, rubbish collection, the installation of rubbish bins, and [[wildlife conservation]]. Lha also publishes posters, brochures and leaflets in three languages: English, Tibetan and Hindi in observation of World Environmental Days. Lha's volunteers have also helped with the education of students and the local community about the importance of environmental conservation.

In an effort to raise awareness and educate the global Tibetan community on the importance of environmental issues and Tibet's fragile ecology, Lha created a Tibetan-language website.<ref>{{cite web|title=Home|url=http://www.tibetnature.net/|work=Tibet Nature Environment Conservation Network|accessdate=16 March 2013|language=Sanskrit, English|year=2012}}</ref>

=== Clothing distribution ===
[[File:Clothing Distribution With Lha.JPG|thumb|Clothing Distribution With Lha]]
Lha annually collects thousands of articles of clothing, shoes, and other items at its office on Temple Road—the majority of the collected items are donated by volunteers and visiting tourists. Lha has partnered with the local [[Rotary Club]] to facilitate clothing distribution campaigns and, each month, Lha donates 100 to 200 items of clothing to the Rotary Club. The Rotary Club helps with the distribution of clothing to the people who reside in the [[slum]]s of lower Dharamsala. From Ahimsa House, Lha also coordinates additional campaigns throughout the year that assist the people living in [[McLeod Ganj]]. Since its inception, the project has distributed over 25,000 articles of clothing to both the local Indian community and the Tibetan refugee community.

== Cultural Programs ==
Lha offers the following programs for students, volunteers, and other visitors: Cultural exchange, cultural immersion, and Tibetan [[homestay]]. The duration of the cultural exchange and cultural immersion programs are typically one to two weeks, while the Tibetan homestay program requires a one-month commitment.

Lha works with student groups from the [[Tulane University School of Social Work]], Centenary College, [[Loyola University New Orleans]], Rustic Path Way, Lifeworks International and other U.S. universities and high schools. In 2011, Lha organized exchange programs for nine student groups from the U.S. and [[France]].<ref name="Annual" />

=== Cultural Exchange ===
In 2002, Lha was asked by [[Tulane University]]’s School of Social Work to assist a group of graduate social work students on an international social work expedition to Dharamsala [https://web.archive.org/web/20151117021630/http://www.lhasocialwork.org/cultural-exchange.html]. Students were engaged in social work projects within the Tibetan refugee and the local Indian communities, and their cultural exchange program was born.

Lha has been welcoming growing numbers of visiting University and High school groups each year, with a total of 1,229 students to date [http://issuu.com/lha_office/docs/lha_cultural_exchange_program_evalu].

Each visiting student is paired with a ‘Mutual Learning Partner’ – a Tibetan student at Lha. The students share stories about their lives and experiences while engaging in social work and other meaningful activities. Students also visit the homes of their partners, meet other members of their families, and make friends in the Tibetan refugee community. Lha arranges lectures from well-known professionals in the evenings on particular topics like the political situation of Tibet, the social status of Tibetans in Tibet and of Tibetans in exile, Tibetan medicine, and Tibetan Buddhism and culture[https://web.archive.org/web/20151117021630/http://www.lhasocialwork.org/cultural-exchange.html].

=== Tibetan Homestay ===
Lha organizes month-long homestay programs with participation from Tibetan refugee families. The program provides unique insight into the rituals, traditions, and general family life of Tibetan refugees in Dharamsala and McLeod Ganj. The profits from the homestay program are received by the host families and help support their lives in exile. Lha's organized homestays of one month are with Tibetan refugee families and include accommodation, breakfast and dinner.

=== Community Library ===
Lha has a community library located in McLeod Ganj. Lha's library is the only collection of books available to the community in these locations. Our McLeod Ganj library is well stocked with teaching aids for volunteer teachers and also houses a good collection of novels and non-fiction literature. In addition, the library contains a section dedicated to books about the fundamentals of Buddhism, meditation and happiness. Borrowing is free for all[https://web.archive.org/web/20151114085818/http://www.lhasocialwork.org/community-services.html#soup_kitchen].

==Events==

===Celebration for 20 years of Social and Education Service===
Lha Charitable Trust celebrated its 20th anniversary of providing social services for the Tibetan community, local Indians and people from Himalayan regions. The anniversary was celebrated with a formal event followed by lunch and performances at the [[Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts]] hall on 11 November. The Chief Guest at the event was the Speaker of the Tibetan Parliament-in-exile, Khenpo Sonam Tenphel and Dr Nawang Rabgyal, the Justice Commissioner, was a Special Guest, along with representatives of numerous Tibetan and Indian government departments and both local and international NGOs as well as Lha's students, volunteers and former staff members.

The anniversary function commenced with the lighting of the butter lamp and offering of a traditional Tibetan scarf to the Dalai Lama's portrait by the Chief Guest.

The NGO's 20 years: An Incredible Journey and Achievement report in Tibetan and English was launched by the Chief Guests, and a short documentary on Lha's projects was screened during the gathering.

Ngawang Rabgyal, Lha's Director, briefly introduced the organisation, its activities and achievements to date in Tibetan, followed by Dorji Kyi, General Secretary, who read the same in English. Dukthen Kyi, Lha's Board member, read the Dalai Lama's special message for the occasion. Lha's founder and board members, long term volunteers and the longest serving staff member were honoured at the ceremony.

In his address, the Chief Guest expressed appreciation for the work Lha has been doing, and he prayed for further improvements and the organisation's continuity in the future. He said he hopes that Lha will continue its services in Tibet in the future, which will help Tibetans as well as people all over the world.
<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.tibetsun.com/news/2017/11/11/lha-charitable-trust-celebrates-20-years-of-social-service | title=Lha Charitable Trust celebrates 20 years of social service | date=11 November 2017 | first=Lobsang | last=Wangyal | work=Tibet Sun | accessdate=26 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=39784 |title=LHA Charitable Trust celebrates its 20th anniversary - www.phayul.com |access-date=12 December 2017 |archive-date=12 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212193129/http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=39784 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.contactmagazine.net/articles/lha-charitable-trust-celebrates-20-years-social-education-service/|title = Lha Charitable Trust Celebrates 20 years of Social and Education Service|date = 15 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thetibetpost.com/en/news/exile/5800-lha-social-work-celebrates-20-yrs-of-impact-in-the-tibetan-community|title = Bipartisan resolution calls for Trump to address Tibet with Xi|date = 6 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| url-status = live| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211208/B41mqdHML3Y| archive-date = 2021-12-08| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B41mqdHML3Y| title = RFA interview with Ngawang Rabgyal Director of Lha Charitable Trust | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/shaoshuminzu/dz-11132017104629.html|title="拉"社服组织成立二十周年达赖喇嘛和议长致贺表肯定}}</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211208/FrCY58aD-Rg Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20171113061255/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FrCY58aD-Rg Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FrCY58aD-Rg| title = ལྷ་སྤྱི་ཚོགས་ཞབས་ཞུ་དང་ཤེས་ཡོན་ལྟེ་གནས་ཁང་སྐོར་ལ་བཅར་འདྲི། An interview on Lha Charitable Trust | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="180">
File:Lha 20-year Anniversary Report Presentation.jpg|Anniversary report presentation
File:Lha Special Audience with His Holiness Dalai Lama.jpg|The Dalai Lama with Lha's staff and volunteers
File:Lha 20yr Celebration Guests 1.jpg|Guests at the 20 year anniversary celebration
</gallery>

== Awards ==
In 2014, Lha was awarded second place in the category of "Best Practices of Social Media Usage" in the South Asia-wide 3rd eNGO Challenge Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://engochallenge.org/winner-2014/|title=Winner 2014 – Recognizing Tech for Good among Civil Society Organizations in South Asia, DEF}}</ref> – Celebrating Digital Information Tools for Communities – South Asia. The Award recognizes the best non-government organisational practices of using information and communication technologies. The presentation ceremony was held at the [[India Habitat Centre]] in New Delhi on 5 November. From thousands of NGOs around South Asia, 307 NGOs from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka were nominated. In 2015, Lha was awarded first place in the category of "Best Use of Website & Internet Tools" in the 4th eNGO Challenge Award. Lha was recognized for its extensive online presence and effective use of digital tools to carry out its activities. The eNGO Challenge aspires to create an ecosystem by recognizing and honouring NGOs which are using Information Communication Technology (ICT) and digital media tools for good governance and practices that benefit societies and communities at large. It is a joint initiative of the [http://pir.org/ Public Interest Registry] (PIR) and the [http://engochallenge.org/ Digital Empowerment Foundation] (DEF).
[http://www.contactmagazine.net/articles/dharamshala-charity-wins-prestigious-south-asia-it-award/]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
Other references:
{{refbegin}}
*[http://www.lhainfo.org/ ''Louisiana Himalayan Association''] sister organization of Lha Charitable Trust
*[http://www.mcllo.com/index.html ''Mcllo.com''] travel and community website of Dharamsala, Mcleodganj and Kangra Valley
*[http://www.rfa.org/english/ ''Radio Free Asia''] free press to closed societies [http://engochallenge.org/winners-2015-using-digital-tools-to-help-rehabilitate-tibetan-refugees/] Digital Empowerment Foundation ]
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.lhainfo.com/ Louisiana Himalayan Association]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.contactmagazine.net/about-us/ ''Contact'' magazine] – Free monthly publication for Tibetan Issues and community Information magazine for Dharamshala and McLeod Ganj]
* [http://www.omprakash.org/ Omprakash - Connecting volunteers, classrooms and communities]
* [http://engochallenge.org/winners-2015-using-digital-tools-to-help-rehabilitate-tibetan-refugees/ Digital Empowerment Foundation]
* [http://www.globalwaterrights.com/lha-charitable-trust-dharamshala-india.html Global Water Rightsl]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020200/http://tfg.org.au/lha-charitable-trust/]

[[Category:Educational organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tibetan diaspora in India]]
[[Category:Charitable trusts]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1997]]
[[Category:1997 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dharamshala]]

Sarah Hashmi

2026-04-15T08:48:43Z

ChloeBrogan: created new stub

{{Short description|Indian film actor}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Sarah Hashmi
| image =
| caption = Hashmi in 2023
| birth_place = Delhi, India<ref name="NIE">{{cite web |date=16 February 2020 |title='Bebaak' actress Sarah Hashmi is on a winning streak |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2020/feb/16/bebaak-actress-sarah-hashmi-is-on-a-winning-streak-2102999.html}}</ref>
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2013–present
}}

'''Sarah Hashmi''' is an Indian actress known for her award-winning role in the short film [[Bebaak (film)|Bebaak]] (2019) and for her performance as Huma in the Dice Media web series [[Operation MBBS]] (2020–present).

== Early life and background ==
Hashmi was born in Delhi. She is the niece of the late Safdar Hashmi, a noted playwright and political theatre activist.<ref name="NIE"/> She trained in performing arts through workshops at the [[National School of Drama]] and participated in college theatre productions.

== Career ==
=== Short films ===
Hashmi gained critical acclaim for her role as Fatin in [[Bebaak (film)|Bebaak]] (2019), directed by Shazia Iqbal and produced by [[JAR Pictures|Jar Pictures]] and Anurag Kashyap. The film explores themes of gender, patriarchy, and religious orthodoxy. Her portrayal of a young woman facing discrimination during a scholarship interview was praised for its emotional depth and realism.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kahlon |first=Sukhpreet |date=3 April 2020 |title=''Bebaak'' review: Blazing critique of religious orthodoxy |work=Cinestaan |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/bebaak-40216}}</ref><ref name="TOI-Bebaak">{{cite web |last=Khurana |first=Archika |date=3 October 2023 |title=''Bebaak'' Review: Sarah Hashmi impresses in a striking performance |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/bebaak/ottmoviereview/104138899.cms}}</ref>

For her performance in ''Bebaak'', she won the [[Filmfare Short Film Awards|Filmfare Short Film Award for Best Actress]] in 2020.<ref name="Filmfare">{{cite web |title=Winners for the Filmfare Short Film Awards 2020 |work=Filmfare |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/short-films-2020/winners}}</ref>

=== Web series ===
In 2020, Hashmi played Huma Sheikh in Dice Media’s medical-drama web series [[Operation MBBS]]. She described building the character using elements from her role in ''Bebaak'' as well as inspiration from ''Harry Potter'' character [[Hermione Granger]].<ref name="TellyChakkar">{{cite web |title=I built Huma's character with bits of Fatin and Hermione: Sarah Hashmi |work=TellyChakkar |date=29 March 2020 |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/digital/i-built-humas-character-bits-of-fatin-and-hermione-sarah-hashmi-200329}}</ref>

She reprised her role in Season 2, which addressed the emotional and academic challenges medical students faced during the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sarah Hashmi from ''Operation MBBS'' on preparing for emotional scenes and resonating with Huma |work=OTTplay |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/sarah-hashmi-from-operation-mbbs-on-the-experience-of-season-2/6f3c62245d}}</ref>

=== Other appearances ===
Hashmi has also had minor roles in feature films such as ''Dil Dhadakne Do'' (2015) and ''Bombay Talkies'' (2013).<ref name="TellyChakkar"/>

== Critical reception ==
Hashmi has been praised for portraying strong yet vulnerable female characters. Critics have highlighted her ability to express inner conflict with subtlety. Her performance in ''Bebaak'' was described by ''The Times of India'' as “inspiring and powerful.”<ref name="TOI-Bebaak"/>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Bombay Talkies (film)|Bombay Talkies]]'' || Unknown || Minor role (uncredited)
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Dil Dhadakne Do]]'' || Divya || Cameo
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Happy Phirr Bhag Jayegi]]'' || Luvleen ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Bebaak (film)|Bebaak]]'' || Fatin || Short film
|-
| 2020 - 2021 || [[Operation MBBS|''Operation MBBS'']] || Huma || Web series
|-
| 2025 || [[Jolly LLB 3|''Jolly LLB 3'']]|| Varsha Solanki
|
|}

== Awards ==
* '''Filmfare Short Film Award for Best Actress''' – for ''Bebaak'' (2020)<ref name="Filmfare"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5688067/ Sarah Hashmi] on IMDb

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hashmi, Sarah}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Mitali Bag

2026-04-11T04:21:40Z

ChloeBrogan: creating bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mitali Bag
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Arambagh Lok Sabha constituency|Arambagh]]
| term_start1 = 4 June 2024
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Aparupa Poddar (politician)|Aparupa Poddar]]
| successor1 =
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
}}
'''Mitali Bag''' an Indian politician and the elected candidate for [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Arambagh Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="eci">{{Cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2529.htm |title=Election Commission of India |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=results.eci.gov.in |access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/west-bengal/arambagh/candidateshow/bag-mitali-502 |title=Bag Mitali, All India Trinamool Congress Representative for Arambagh (SC), West Bengal |publisher=[[Times of India]] |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> She is a member of the [[All India Trinamool Congress]].<ref name="eci"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/lok-sabha-election-candidates-2024/bag-mitali-25029-3 |title=Bag Mitali, TMC Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On Bag Mitali |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref>

In [[2024 lok sabha election|2024 Lok Sabha Election]], Mitali Bag defeated Arup Kanti Digar of BJP after gaining 712587 votes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Arambagh constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/arambagh-constituency-lok-sabha-election-results-2024 |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=General Election to Parliamentary Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2529.htm |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref name="Ex-local body heads {{!}} High jumpers">{{cite news|last1=India Today|title=Ex-local body heads {{!}} High jumpers|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-ex-local-body-heads-high-jumpers-2565844-2024-07-13|accessdate=31 July 2024|date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731162655/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-ex-local-body-heads-high-jumpers-2565844-2024-07-13|archivedate=31 July 2024|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
*[[18th Lok Sabha]]
*[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
*[[Arambagh Lok Sabha constituency]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bag, Mitali}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from West Bengal]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Women in West Bengal politics]]

{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

Manpura Kharda

2026-04-09T09:22:50Z

ChloeBrogan: creating new data - done

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{use Indian English|date=December 2025}}

'''Manpura Kharda''' village located in [[Baytoo]] tehsil of [[Balotra district]] in Rajasthan, India. As of the 2011 India census, the total population of the village is 1013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manpura Kharda Village (Pincode: 344037), Gida, Balotra {{!}} Rajasthan {{!}} – Population, Area, Nearby Villages, Assembly & Parliament Constituency |url=https://villageinfo.org/village/87076 |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=villageinfo.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=India TV |title=Manpura Kharda Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Manpura Kharda, Barmer, Rajasthan, India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/rajasthan/barmer/manpura-kharda |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=Manpura Kharda Pin Code - 344037, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search barmer Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/rajasthan/barmer/manpura-kharda-pincode-344037.html |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manpura Village Population - Chohtan - Barmer, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/89056-manpura-rajasthan.html |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Villages in Balotra district]]

{{Jodhpurdivision-geo-stub}}

Sadar Bazar Cantonment metro station

2026-04-07T05:01:22Z

ChloeBrogan:

{{Short description|Metro station in Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]] Sadar Bazar Cantonment
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Magenta}}
| style = Delhi Metro
| image = Sadar Bazaar Cantonment (Delhi) metro station.jpg
| address = Sadar Bazaar Cantonment, Shekhawati Lines, Delhi Cantonment, New Delhi, Delhi 110010
| coordinates = {{coord|28.5771|77.1113|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double-track]]
| platform = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Magenta|R}} Platform-2 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Magenta|L}}
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|2018|5|29|df=yes}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = {{wikidata|property|P296}}
| status = Staffed, Operational
| owned = [[Delhi Metro]]
| operator = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC)
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line=Magenta|left=Palam|right=Terminal 1-IGI Airport}}
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Magenta Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Magenta}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

The '''Sadar Bazar Cantonment''' metro station is an elevated metro station located on the [[Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)|Magenta Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/Show_corridor_details.aspx?id=2|title=DMRC - Janakpuri West - Kalindi Kunj|access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref> It was opened to public on 29 May 2018. Like [[Shankar Vihar metro station|Shankar Vihar]], this station also falls under Delhi Cantonment.
== Construction ==
The construction began in 2015 and ended in 28 May 2018

==Station layout==
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Magenta|R}} '''Next Station:''' [[Terminal 1 IGI Airport metro station|Terminal 1 IGI Airport]]
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Magenta|L}} '''Next Station:''' [[Palam metro station|Palam]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Concourse
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street Level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|}

==Facilities==
List of available [[Cash machine|ATM]] at Sadar Bazar Cantonment metro station are,

==Entry/Exit==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="60%"
|-
! align="center" colspan="5" style="background:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|Magenta}};"| Sadar Bazar Cantonment metro station Entry/exits
|-
! style="width:30%;"|Gate No-1 {{access icon}}
! style="width:30%;"|Gate No-2
|-
| Air Force Museum Institute of Aerospace Safety || Shekhawati Lines Sadar Bazaar, Delhi Cantt
|-
|}
==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Delhi]]
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Delhi]]
*[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
*[[Delhi Suburban Railway]]
*[[Delhi Monorail]]
*[[Delhi Transport Corporation]]
*[[South West Delhi]]
*[[National Capital Region (India)]]
*[[List of rapid transit systems]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
{{div col end}}
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Delhi Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Delhi}}
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]
* {{cite web|title=Station Information|work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC)|url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html|archive-date=19 June 2010|df=dmy-all}}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Sadar+Bazar+Cantt+Metro+Station/@28.577082,77.1101193,314m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x390d1c851e6b28b1:0xcdd55bde67cf64d4!8m2!3d28.5770773!4d77.1112139|title= Sadar Bazaar Cantonment metro station}}

{{Delhi Metro}}
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|magenta line=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2018]]
[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in West Delhi district]]

{{Delhi-metro-stub}}

Jibraan Khan

2026-04-04T11:39:04Z

ChloeBrogan: Starting some details needs work...

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1993)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jibraan Khan
| birth_name =
| image = Jibraan Khan snapped promoting Ishq Vishk Rebound at Bollywood Hungama office (cropped).jpg
| caption = Khan in 2024
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|12|04|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1999{{ndash}}2002; 2024{{ndash}}present
| parents = [[Arjun (Firoz Khan)|Firoz Khan]] (father)
}}

'''Jibraan Khan''' (born 4 December 1993) is an Indian actor who primarily works in [[Bollywood|Hindi]] films. Born to actor [[Arjun (Firoz Khan)|Firoz Khan]], he started his career as a child artist with films like ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]'' (2001) and ''[[Rishtey (2002 film)|Rishtey]]'' (2002). As an adult, Khan played a lead role in ''[[Ishq Vishk Rebound]]'' (2024).<ref>{{cite news |date=14 December 2023 |title=Meet the rising stars ready to shine in Bollywood in 2024 |work=Financial Express |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-meet-the-rising-stars-ready-to-shine-in-bollywood-in-2024-3338148/lite/ |access-date=21 January 2024}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Khan was born on 4 December 1993,<ref>{{cite news |date=4 December 2023 |title=Jibraan Khan Birthday Special: How ‘Ishq Vishk Rebound’ star is winning hearts with his black ensembles |work=Outlook India |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/jibraan-khan-birthday-special-how-ishq-vishk-rebound-star-is-winning-hearts-with-his-black-ensembles-news-334578 |access-date=17 December 2023}}</ref> to actor [[Arjun (Firoz Khan)|Firoz Khan]] and his wife, Kashmira. He also has two sisters. Khan's father is known for his role as [[Arjuna]] in the television series ''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' (1988).<ref>{{cite news |date=27 April 2020 |title=Mahabharat's Arjun Firoz Khan says changing his name gave him everything he'd dreamed of |work=News18 India |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/mahabharats-arjun-firoz-khan-says-changing-his-name-gave-him-everything-hed-dreamed-of-2594135.html |access-date=12 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=4 December 2020 |title=In pics: Mahabharat's Arjun aka Firoz Khan's son is the spitting image of his father |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mahabarats-arjun-aka-feroz-khan-and-ramayans-sunil-lahris-sons-are-spitting-image-of-their-fathers-in-pics/amp_etphotostory/79569197.cms |access-date=15 January 2022}}</ref>

== Career ==
Khan started his acting career as a child artist with the 1999 film ''[[Bade Dilwala]]''. He went onto appear as [[Govinda]] and [[Sushmita Sen]]'s son Chintu in ''[[Kyo Kii... Main Jhuth Nahin Bolta]]'' (2001), [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Kajol]]'s son Krish in ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]''<ref>{{cite news |date=12 June 2024 |title=Jibraan Khan calls playing Shah Rukh Khan, Kajol’s son in Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ‘an honor and privilege’ |work=Pinkvilla |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/ishq-vishk-rebounds-jibraan-khan-calls-playing-shah-rukh-khan-kajols-son-in-kabhi-khushi-kabhie-gham-an-honor-and-privilege-1315733 |access-date=12 June 2024}}</ref> (2001) and [[Anil Kapoor]] and [[Karisma Kapoor]]'s son Karan in ''[[Rishtey (2002 film)|Rishtey]]'' (2002). Additionally, he also played [[Dhruva]] in the 2000 television series ''[[Vishnu Puran (TV series)|Vishnu Puran]]''. In 2022, Khan worked as an assistant director in ''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]''.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 April 2024 |title=Remember Jibraan Khan? Shah Rukh's son in Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham, who worked in Brahmastra; here’s how he looks now |work=DNA India |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/photo-gallery-remember-jibraan-khan-shah-rukh-khan-son-kabhi-khushi-kabhie-gham-worked-in-brahmastra-here-how-he-looks-now-3085142/jibraan-khan-as-dance-instructor-3085145 |access-date=27 April 2024}}</ref>

As an adult, Khan played the leading role in the 2024 film ''[[Ishq Vishk Rebound]]'', a spiritual sequel to ''[[Ishq Vishk]]'' (2003). Khan portrayed Sahir, a college student opposite Pashmina Roshan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 June 2022 |title=Ramesh Taurani announces Ishq Vishq Rebound; Rohit Saraf, Pashmina Roshan, Jibraan Khan, and Naila Grewal to play lead characters |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ramesh-taurani-announces-ishq-vishq-rebound-rohit-saraf-pashmina-roshan-jibraan-khan-naila-grewal-play-lead-characters/ |access-date=28 October 2023 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=11 June 2024 |title=Ishq Vishk Rebound trailer: Love comes in the way of friendship in Rohit Saraf, Jibraan Khan and Pashmina Roshan's rom-com |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ishq-vishk-rebound-trailer-love-comes-in-way-of-friendship-rohit-saraf-pashmina-roshan-jibraan-khan-rom-com-watch-101718105751810-amp.html |access-date=14 June 2024}}</ref> Bhavna Agarwal of ''[[India Today]]'' noted, "Jibraan Khan is charming on screen. Despite limited screentime, in moments of confrontation, he makes sure you take notice of his intense delivery style."<ref>{{cite news |author=Bhavna Agarwal |title=Ishq Vishk Rebound Review: A frivolous, lazy attempt on young romance |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/ishq-vishk-rebound-review-a-frivolous-lazy-attempt-on-young-romance-rohit-saraf-pashmina-roshan-naila-grrewal-jibraan-khan-2556030-2024-06-21 |access-date=21 June 2024}}</ref> While, Pratikshya Mishra of ''[[The Quint]]'' opined that Khan shows "potential" despite lack of nuance in performance.<ref>{{cite news |author=Pratikshya Mishra |title=Ishq Vishk Rebound Review: How Does One Rebound From This Rohit Saraf-Starrer? |work=The Quint |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/ishq-vishk-rebound-full-movie-review-pashmina-roshan-film-jibraan-khan-rohit-saraf-lead-role-naila-grrwal-gen-z-love-triangle-tropes |access-date=21 June 2024}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Bade Dilwala]]''
| {{N/A}}
| rowspan="4"|Child artist
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2001
| ''[[Kyo Kii... Main Jhuth Nahin Bolta]]''
| Chintu Malhotra
|<ref>{{cite news |author=Pankaj Kapoor |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/calcutta-times/Liar-Liar-Govinda-Jhoot-Nahin-Bolta/articleshow/2081298422.cms |title=Liar, Liar? Govinda Jhoot Nahin Bolta! |newspaper=The Times of India |date=28 August 2011 |accessdate=11 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]''
| Krish Raichand
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Ishq Vishq Rebound actor Jibraan Khan on playing Shah Rukh and Kajol's son in K3G |accessdate=12 June 2024 |date=12 June 2024 |work=The Quint |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/ishq-vishq-rebound-actor-jibraan-khan-on-playing-shah-rukh-khan-kajols-son-in-k3g}}</ref>
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Rishtey (2002 film)|Rishtey]]''
| Karan Singh
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/rishtey#.Vge0qN_tmko |title=Rishtey Box Office Collections|website=Boxofficeindia.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927190142/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/rishtey |date=27 September 2015|archive-date=27 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]''
| {{N/A}}
| Assistant director
|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Ishq Vishk Rebound]]''
| Sahir Singh Rajput
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-03 |title=Ishq Vishk Rebound can be a runaway hit despite featuring new faces |url=https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/explained-why-ishq-vishk-rebound-can-be-a-runaway-hit-despite-featuring-new-faces-10752961.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Vishnu Puran (TV series)|Vishnu Puran]]''
| [[Dhruva]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|date=2005-11-10|title=Films cannot be dwarfed by television|work=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-979257181.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916093233/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-979257181.html|archive-date=2018-09-16}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Award
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Work
! scope="col" |Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Ref.
|-
|2025
|[[70th Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]]
|''[[Ishq Vishk Rebound]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Nominations for The 70th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2025 With Gujarat Tourism: Full List Out
|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-70th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2025-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-78037.html|date=26 September 2025|website=Filmfare}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|nm1159410}}
*

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Jibraan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:1993 births]]

Tarla

2026-04-02T20:36:31Z

ChloeBrogan:

{{short description|2023 film by Piyush Gupta}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tarla
| image = Tarla_Movie_Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official release poster
| director = Piyush Gupta
| producer = {{ubl|[[Ronnie Screwvala]]|[[Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari]]|[[Nitesh Tiwari]]}}
| writer = Piyush Gupta Gautam Ved
| story =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Huma Qureshi]]
* [[Sharib Hashmi]]
}}
| music = Nilotpal Bora Suhit Abhyankar Rohan Vinayak
| cinematography = Salu K. Thomas
| editing = Gaurav Aggarwal
| studio = {{ubl|[[RSVP Movies]]|[[Earthsky Pictures|Earthsky]]}}
| distributor = [[ZEE5]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|07|07}}
| runtime = 127 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Tarla''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Biographical film|biopic]] on Indian chef and cookbook author [[Tarla Dalal]]. It features [[Huma Qureshi]] in the titular role.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Huma Qureshi to play Tarla Dalal in celebrity chef's biopic |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/huma-qureshi-to-play-tarla-dalal-in-celebrity-chefs-biopic/article65334846.ece |work=The Hindu |date=19 April 2022 |access-date=29 May 2023 |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529185336/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/huma-qureshi-to-play-tarla-dalal-in-celebrity-chefs-biopic/article65334846.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Huma Qureshi to play Tarla Dalal in India's first ever Home chef's biopic |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/huma-qureshi-to-play-tarla-dalal-in-indias-first-ever-home-chefs-biopic-10572571.html |work=Firstpost |date=19 April 2022 |access-date=29 May 2023 |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529185347/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/huma-qureshi-to-play-tarla-dalal-in-indias-first-ever-home-chefs-biopic-10572571.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Tarla' First Look: Huma Qureshi to Be Seen As First-Ever Home Chef Tarla Dalal |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/huma-qureshi-playing-tarla-dalal-first-ever-home-chef#read-more |work=The Quint |date=19 April 2022 |access-date=29 May 2023 |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529185348/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/huma-qureshi-playing-tarla-dalal-first-ever-home-chef#read-more |url-status=live}}</ref> The film has been directed by Piyush Gupta and produced by [[Ronnie Screwvala]], [[Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari]] and [[Nitesh Tiwari]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ronnie Screwvala to back biopic on Tarla Dalal |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/ronnie-screwvala-to-back-biopic-on-tarla-dalal-11650955806911.html |work=Live Mint |date=26 April 2022 |access-date=29 May 2023 |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529185347/https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/ronnie-screwvala-to-back-biopic-on-tarla-dalal-11650955806911.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=All You Need To Know About Huma Qureshi's 'Tarla', Film Based On Late Chef Tarla Dalal's Life |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/all-you-need-to-know-about-huma-qureshis-tarla-film-based-on-late-chef-tarla-dalals-life-603218.html |work=The Times of India |date=20 May 2023 |access-date=29 May 2023 |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529185337/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/all-you-need-to-know-about-huma-qureshis-tarla-film-based-on-late-chef-tarla-dalals-life-603218.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
The film was released on [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Huma Qureshi's 'Tarla', Nawazuddin Siddiqui's 'Haddi', Manoj Bajpayee's 'Silence' and others opt for direct OTT release; deets inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/huma-qureshis-tarla-nawazuddin-siddiquis-haddi-manoj-bajpayees-silence-and-others-opt-for-direct-ott-release-deets-inside/articleshow/100370278.cms?from=mdr |work=The Times of India |date=20 May 2023 |access-date=28 May 2023 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528174841/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/huma-qureshis-tarla-nawazuddin-siddiquis-haddi-manoj-bajpayees-silence-and-others-opt-for-direct-ott-release-deets-inside/articleshow/100370278.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Huma Qureshi's biopic 'Tarla' opts for direct OTT release |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/huma-qureshis-biopic-tarla-opts-for-direct-ott-release-509690 |work=The Tribune (India) |access-date=29 May 2023 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528121530/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/huma-qureshis-biopic-tarla-opts-for-direct-ott-release-509690 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Tarla is a woman who wants to achieve something significant in life but her family insists on getting her married. Though Tarla's husband, Nalin, is all set to stand by her side with her choices, gender duties result in her imagination and desire taking a back seat. Despite being a pure vegetarian, Nalin's extreme liking for non-vegetarian food is a matter of surprise.

She started preparing vegetarian delicacies that followed non-vegetarian food items and gave them a run for their money. After teaching her neighbour's kid to cook, she started giving cooking classes, and this was the turning point in her journey to start a tribe in the world of cooking.<ref>{{Citation |last=Gupta |first=Piyush |title=Tarla |date=2023-07-07 |type=Biography, Comedy, Drama |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt27816768/ |access-date=2025-09-02 |others=Huma Qureshi, Hardik Thakkar, Kukul Tarmaster |publisher=Earthsky Pictures, Kailasa Films, RSVP}}</ref> Tarla's cooking class empowers woman of her community to stand up for their dreams and became a source of inspiration for woman across India. Her revolutionary story of a traditional housewife to a national icon of vegetarian best book author remains an inspiration for youngsters today.

== Cast ==
* [[Huma Qureshi]] as [[Tarla Dalal]]
* [[Sharib Hashmi]] as Nalin Dalal<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarla fame actress Huma Qureshi was nervous to play Tarla Dalal for THIS reason... Read on to find out here |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/tarla-fame-actress-huma-qureshi-was-nervous-to-play-tarla-dalal-for-this-reason-read-on-to-find-out-here |work=The Free Press Journal |access-date=29 May 2023 |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529185337/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/tarla-fame-actress-huma-qureshi-was-nervous-to-play-tarla-dalal-for-this-reason-read-on-to-find-out-here |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Bharati Achrekar]] as Jaishree aunty, Tarla's neighbor
* [[Bhawana Somaaya]] as Tarla's professor
* Amarjeet Singh as Gafur
* Rajeev Pandey as Makrand
* Purnendu Bhattacharya as Paragaon Textile CEO
* Veenah Naair as Renuka

== Production ==
The principal photography began in April 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Huma Qureshi starts shoot of Tarla Dalal biopic |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/huma-qureshi-starts-shoot-of-tarla-dalal-biopic-exclusive/articleshow/90886121.cms |work=The Tribune (India) |date=17 April 2022 |access-date=29 May 2023 |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529215149/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/huma-qureshi-starts-shoot-of-tarla-dalal-biopic-exclusive/articleshow/90886121.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the film was shot in Mumbai. The shoots were wrapped up by June 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Huma Qureshi wraps up Tarla Dalal biopic: 'Her journey has definitely left an impression on my soul' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/huma-qureshi-starts-shoot-of-tarla-dalal-biopic-exclusive/articleshow/90886121.cms |work=The Tribune (India) |date=17 April 2022 |access-date=29 May 2023 |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529215149/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/huma-qureshi-starts-shoot-of-tarla-dalal-biopic-exclusive/articleshow/90886121.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Huma Qureshi spotted in Mumbai shooting for the Tarla Dalal biopic |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/huma-qureshi-spotted-in-mumbai-shooting-for-the-tarla-dalal-biopic-23229827 |work=MidDay |date=June 2022 |access-date=29 May 2023 |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529190840/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/huma-qureshi-spotted-in-mumbai-shooting-for-the-tarla-dalal-biopic-23229827 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Huma Qureshi wraps up shoot of TarlaDalal biopic in 37 days |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/huma-qureshi-wraps-up-shoot-of-tarladalal-biopic-in-37-days-402282 |work=The Tribune (India) |access-date=29 May 2023 |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529185347/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/huma-qureshi-wraps-up-shoot-of-tarladalal-biopic-in-37-days-402282 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox Album
| name = Tarla
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Nilotpal Bora, Suhit Abhyankar and Rohan Vinayak
| released = 1 July 2023
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 17:02
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
}}
The music is composed by Nilotpal Bora, Suhit Abhyankar and Rohan Vinayak. Lyrics penned by Suhit Abhyankar, Hussain Haidry, Shreyas Jain and Manoj Yadav.
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Rang Khilein
| length1 = 3:32
| lyrics1 = Hussain Haidry
| music1 = Nilotpal Bora
| extra1 = Nilotpal Bora
| title2 = Tina Nana Nina (Tarla's Theme)
| length2 = 1:50
| lyrics2 = Suhit Abhyankar
| music2 = Suhit Abhyankar
| extra2 = Suhit Abhyankar
| title3 = Papa Why?
| length3 = 2:20
| lyrics3 = Shreyas Jain
| music3 = Rohan Vinayak
| extra3 = Atanu Mishra
| title4 = Yahi Toh Hai Zindagi
| length4 = 3:15
| lyrics4 = Suhit Abhyankar
| music4 = Suhit Abhyankar
| extra4 = Suhit Abhyankar
| title5 = Rahe Na Kyun
| length5 = 2:50
| lyrics5 = Manoj Yadav
| music5 = Suhit Abhyankar
| extra5 = Suhit Abhyankar
| title6 = Rahe Na Kyun (Female Version)
| length6 = 3:15
| lyrics6 = Manoj Yadav
| music6 = Suhit Abhyankar
| extra6 = [[Rekha Bhardwaj]]
| total_length = 17:02
}}

== Reception ==
The film received mixed responses from critics. [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' wrote, "Tarla works especially well as an understated drama about a woman negotiating her space at home and in the world."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarla Review: Moderately Scrumptious With Huma Qureshi In Piping-Hot Form |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/tarla-review-moderately-scrumptious-with-huma-qureshi-in-piping-hot-form-3-stars-4185134 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=11 July 2023 |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711014514/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/tarla-review-moderately-scrumptious-with-huma-qureshi-in-piping-hot-form-3-stars-4185134 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' while rating it 3.5 out of 5, commented, "'Tarla' serves up a decent cinematic treat, reminding us of the power of pursuing our passions and breaking free from societal constraints."<ref>{{Cite news |title=TARLA REVIEW : A SAVOURY TALE OF HEARTWARMING MOMENTS & PERFORMANCES |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/tarla/ottmoviereview/101550993.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=11 July 2023 |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711014513/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/tarla/ottmoviereview/101550993.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath, writing for ''[[Scroll.in]]'' wrote, "Nearly every scene is about food – its making, its reception, its importance in the grand scheme of things."<ref>{{Cite web |title='Tarla' review: Tarla Dalal biopic rarely wavers from the recipe book |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1051901/tarla-review-tarla-dalal-biopic-rarely-wavers-from-the-recipe-book |work=Scroll |date=7 July 2023 |access-date=11 July 2023 |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711014516/https://scroll.in/reel/1051901/tarla-review-tarla-dalal-biopic-rarely-wavers-from-the-recipe-book |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' criticised the film, calling it "but never quite as flavourful".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarla movie review: Where's the food in Huma Qureshi-starrer about India's kitchen queen? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/tarla-movie-review-wheres-the-food-in-huma-qureshi-film-about-kitchen-queen-8802456/ |work=The Indian Express |date=7 July 2023 |access-date=11 July 2023 |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711014515/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/tarla-movie-review-wheres-the-food-in-huma-qureshi-film-about-kitchen-queen-8802456/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "The film also fails to unlock the persona of Tarla in a satisfying manner."<ref>{{Cite news |title='Tarla' movie review: A simplistic, flat narration dilutes a fascinating story |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tarla-movie-review-a-simplistic-flat-narration-dilutes-a-fascinating-story/article67052929.ece |work=The Hindi |date=7 July 2023 |access-date=11 July 2023 |archive-date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711014514/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tarla-movie-review-a-simplistic-flat-narration-dilutes-a-fascinating-story/article67052929.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt27816768}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/tarla/0-0-1z5368704 ''Tarla''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Indian biographical drama films]]
[[Category:2023 Hindi-language films]]

Sri Rajagopala Swamy Temple, Bagavathapuram

2026-03-28T20:56:10Z

ChloeBrogan: created a location

{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}

'''Sri Rajagopala Swamy Temple, Bagavathapuram''' is a Hindu temple located in [[Kumbakonam]], [[Thanjavur]] district, [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajagopalaswami Temple : Rajagopalaswami Temple Details {{!}} Rajagopalaswami- Mannargudi {{!}} Tamilnadu Temple {{!}} ராஜகோபாலசுவாமி |url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=354 |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=temple.dinamalar.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=அருள்மிகு இராஜகோபாலசுவாமி திருக்கோயில், Bagavathapuram - 612105 - Arulmigu Rajagopala Swamy Temple, Bagavathapuram - 612105 Temple |url=https://indiantemple.in/temples/arulmigu-rajagopala-swamy-temple-bagavathapuram.html |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=indiantemple.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arulmigu Rajagopalaswamy Temple, Mannargudi, Mannargudi - 614001, Thiruvarur District [TM014267].,Dakshina Dwaraka,Sri Paramavasudeva Perumal |url=https://hrce.tn.gov.in/hrcehome/index_temple.php?tid=14267 |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=hrce.tn.gov.in}}</ref> The temple is in Mannargudi and the nearest railway station to the temple is Nidamangalam, about 12 km.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mannargudi, Sri Rajagopalaswamy Temple, Sri Krishnar, Sri Ramar, Tanjore temples |url=https://www.divyadesam.com/purana-temples/mannargudi-temple.shtml |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=www.divyadesam.com}}</ref>

The successor of Rajathi Raja Cholan is Kulothunga Cholan, who renovated the temple during the period of 1074-1125 AD.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Sri Rajagopala Swamy temple shrine.jpg|thumb|Sridevi Boodev Samedha Vasudeva Perumal]]
[[File:Sri Rajagopala Swamy temple vimaanam.jpg|thumb|Garbha Griha Vimaanam]]

== Other Temples ==
* Sri Draupathy Amman Samedha Sri Dharmaraja Temple
* Sridevi Boodevi Samedha Vasudeva PerumalSri Mariamman Temple

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Thanjavur district]]

{{TamilNadu-hindu-temple-stub}}

Mir Jumla II

2026-03-26T02:27:04Z

ChloeBrogan: updated page

{{Short description|Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire from 1656 to 1657}}
{{Other people|Mir Jumla}}
{{unreliable sources|date=May 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = ''Muazzam Khan'' ''Khan-i-Khanan'' ''Yar-i-Wafahdar'' ''[[Sipahsalar]]''
| name = Mir Jumla II
| honorific_suffix = [[Nawab]]
| image = File:Mir Jumla - peinture - btv1b52505099t.jpg
| office = 14th [[Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire]]
| 1blankname = Monarch
| 1blankname1 = Monarch
| 1namedata = [[Aurangzeb]]
| 1namedata1 = [[Aurangzeb]]
| term_start = April 1656
| term_end = 1657
| predecessor = [[Saadullah Khan (Mughal Empire)|Saadullah Khan]]
| successor = Jafar Khan
| office1 = 23rd [[Subahdar]] of [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]]
| term_start1 = 9 May 1660
| term_end1 = 30 March 1663
| predecessor1 = [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]]
| successor1 = [[Shaista Khan]]
| birth_date = 12 February 1591
| birth_place = [[Isfahan]], [[Safavid Iran]]
| birth_name =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1663|3|30|1591|2|12|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mankachar]], [[Ahom Kingdom]]
| relatives = [[Taslimuddin Ahmad]]<ref>{{cite book |language=bn |script-title=bn:তসলিমুদ্দীন আহমদ,1852-1927 |year=1993 |isbn=9789840727247 |publisher=[[Bangla Academy]] |author=[[Sufi Motahar Hossein|Hossein, Sufi Motahar]]}}</ref>
| children = Muhammad Amin Khan
| residence =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| blank2 = Religion
| data2 = [[Shi'a Islam]]{{Sfn|Sarkar|1979|p=361}}
| allegiance = [[File:Qutbshahi Flag.svg|23px]] [[Golconda Sultanate]] (1637–1655) [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|23px]] [[Mughal Empire]] (1656–1663)
| branch = [[Army of the Mughal Empire]]
| rank =
| battles = {{tree list}}
*[[Mughal war of succession (1658–1659)|War of succession]]
**[[Battle of Khajwa]] (1659)
*[[Mir Jumla's invasion of Assam|Assam campaign]]
**[[Battle of Kaliabor]] (1662)
{{tree list/end}}
| awards =
}}

'''Mir Jumla II''' (12 February 1591 – 30 March 1663), or Amir Jumla,<ref>{{harvtxt|Wheeler|1876|p=xxx}}</ref> also known as Ardistānī Mir Muhammad,<ref name="The Chronology of Modern India for Four Hundred Years from the Close of the Fifteenth Century A.D. 1494-1894; James Burgess" /> was a military general, wealthy diamond trader,{{Sfn|Sarkar|1979|loc=''Mir Muhammad leaves Persia'' p. [https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.108264/page/3/mode/1up 3]}} a ''[[Vizier]]'' of Golconda sultanate,<ref name="Mughal Warfare Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire 1500–1700">{{cite book |last1=Gommans |first1=Jos |year=2003 |title=Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and High Roads to Empire 1500–1700 |publisher=Routledge |url=https://www.routledge.com/Mughal-Warfare-Indian-Frontiers-and-Highroads-to-Empire-15001700/Gommans/p/book/9780415239899 |page=78 |isbn=0-415-23988-5}}</ref> and later a prominent [[subahdar]] of [[Bengal]] under the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The History and culture of the Indian People Vol 7- The Mughal Empire |editor-last1=Majumdar |editor-first1=R.C |url=https://archive.org/details/mughulempire00bhar/page/475/mode/1up&view=theater |pages=475–476 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1974}}</ref>

Mir Jumla was a powerful politician that played important role in northern and Peninsular region of India during the reign of [[Shah Jahan]] to [[Aurangzeb]], where he encountered multiple European nation companies interest in India, such as [[Danish East India Company]], [[East India Company]], [[Dutch East India Company]], and [[Portuguese East India Company]].<ref>{{harvtxt|Sarkar|1939|pp=918–949}}</ref>

He commanded the vast merchant fleets enterprise which sailed throughout [[Surat]], [[Thatta]], [[Rakhine State|Arakan]], [[Ayuthya]], [[Balasore]], [[Aceh]], [[Melaka]], [[Johore]], [[Bantam (city)|Bantam]], [[Makassar]], [[Ceylon]], [[Bandar Abbas]], [[Mecca]], [[Jeddah]], [[Basra]], [[Aden]], [[Masqat]], [[Mocha, Yemen|Mocha]] and the [[Maldives]].<ref name="google" /> The most important aspect of Mir Jumla's rule in Bengal was his [[Mir Jumla's invasion of Assam|northeastern frontier military]] campaign against [[Koch Bihar]] and the [[Ahom kingdom]].<ref name="History of the Koch Kingdom, C. 1515-1615; D. Nath">{{cite book |author1=D. Nath |title=History of the Koch Kingdom, C. 1515-1615 |date=January 1989 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=9788170991090 |pages=86; 225–226 |access-date=8 March 2024 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ECxUOSudNGYC |language=En |format=Hardcover}}</ref>

==Early life==
{{see also|Golconda diamonds mining and trading}}

Mir Jumla was born as Mir Mohammad Sayyid Ardistani in [[Safavid Iran]] in 1591 to a poor oil merchant of [[Isfahan]],<ref>{{harvtxt|Wheeler|1876|p=281}}</ref> named Mirza Hazaru. Although his parents were extremely poor, he had the opportunity to learn letters which probably lead him to find a job as a clerk under a diamond merchant who had connections with the [[Golconda Sultanate]]{{sfn|Richards|2005|p=155}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1979|loc=''Early life of Mir Jumla'' pp. [https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.108264/page/1/mode/1up?view=theater 1]}} (present day [[Hyderabad]], India), a region that was famous for its diamond mines. He may have arrived in Golconda in 1630 (although some scholars have suggested alternative dates of 1615 or 1620),{{Sfn|Bethencourt|Antunes|2022|p=108}} due to financial debts to a ''Sheikh ul Islam'' and general misgovernance in his country.{{sfn|Journal of Bihar and Orissa Research Society|1942|loc=''Mir Jumla-Iran Correspondence'' pp.[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.501844/page/n206/mode/1up 206]}}

One version from [[James Talboys Wheeler]] when he entered India region, Mir Jumla at first entered the service of Mughal empire as soldier, where he risen through ranks to the high post.<ref name="Wheeler 1876 281–282">{{harvtxt|Wheeler|1876|pp=281–282}}</ref> However, due to being insulted by [[Dara Shikoh]], designated heir of emperor [[Shah Jahan]], he left the service.<ref name="Wheeler 1876 281–282"/>

Mir Jumla also started his own diamond business and got involved in maritime commercial endeavours which increased his wealth.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1979|loc=''Mir Muhammad enters Golkonda service'' p. [https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.108264/page/3/mode/1up 3]}} At the prospect of advancing his career, He brought presents to the Qutb Shahi Sultan of [[Abdullah Qutub Shah|Golconda]] and bribed his way into the Sultan's court.{{sfn|Irvine|1907|loc='' Aurengzeb'' p. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.529961/page/n350/mode/1up 232]}} Mir Jumla has presented numerous tributes from his trades to the sultan, such as rarities from Europe, cabinets from China, and elephants from [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]].<ref name="Wheeler 1876 281–282"/> Thus he managed to rise into the position of ''[[Vizier]]'' (Prime Minister) of the sultanate.<ref name="Mughal Warfare Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire 1500–1700" />

==Under the service of Golconda (1637–1655)==

{{tone|Non-encyclopedic tone used, promotional and eulogizing language|date=December 2023}}

===Service at Golconda Sultanate===
As Mir Jumla raised through the ranks, sometime between February 1634 and December 1636, Mir Jumla was appointed as ''Sar-i-Khāil'', or treasurer of the Golconda state, which he performed strictly to impose the golden [[Firman]] of the sultanate.<ref name="Sarkar 1939 922">{{harvtxt|Sarkar|1939 |p=922}}</ref>

His proficiency in service and administration were generally proved when he administered trade at the Port of [[Masulipatnam]].<ref name="Masulipatnam and Cambay A History of Two Port-towns, 1500-1800; Sinnappah Arasaratnam. Aniruddha Ray">{{cite book |author1=Sinnappah Arasaratnam |author2=Aniruddha Ray |title=Masulipatnam and Cambay A History of Two Port-towns, 1500-1800 |date=1994 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=9788121506465 |page=49 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XC9uAAAAMAAJ |access-date=8 March 2024 |language=En |format=Hardcover |quote=... Mir Muhamad Said in Golconda and in the trade of Masulipatnam . From 1637 when he became provincial governor in ... Jumla in 1643 and became nawab of the south and expanded his trading operations along the coast through his appointees ...}}</ref>
His strictness drew ire from the English company factories in [[Machilipatnam]] as they saw Mir Jumla were detrimental to the British interest.<ref name="Sarkar 1939 922"/> Mir Jumla continues to impose the extraction moneys from the British company officials by using the ''Firman'' mandate from the Sultanate of Golconda.<ref>{{harvtxt| Sarkar|1939 |p=922}}</ref> This caused the Sultan to appoint Mir Jumla as chief minister, thus further causing him to become more influential in Golconda region that even the British officers and companies began to deal with Mir Jumla disregarding request from [[Presidencies and provinces of British India#British India (1600–1947)|British President and council in Surat]] to confiscate properties belonging to Mir Jumla.<ref>{{harvtxt|Sarkar|1939 |p=924=925}}</ref>

Narayan Sarkar even noted that the personal commercial enterprise of Mir Jumla has gradually became competitor of the East India Company.<ref name="Sarkar 1939 936–937">{{harvtxt|Sarkar|1939 |pp=936–937}}</ref> Mir Jumla had his own ships and organised merchant fleets in the 1640s that sailed throughout [[Surat]], [[Thatta]], [[Rakhine State|Arakan]], [[Ayuthya]], [[Balasore]], [[Aceh]], [[Melaka]], [[Johore]], [[Bantam (city)|Bantam]], [[Makassar]], [[Ceylon]], [[Bandar Abbas]], [[Mecca]], [[Jeddah]], [[Basra]], [[Aden]], [[Masqat]], [[Mocha, Yemen|Mocha]] and the [[Maldives]].<ref name="google">{{cite book |title=The Indian Ocean |author=Pearson, M. |date=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415445382 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zZKgAAAAMAAJ |access-date=21 April 2015}}</ref> He effectively monopolized almost all trading activities to Iran.<ref name="Sarkar 1939 936–937"/>
Mir Jumla also noted for his activities to construct ships in the East Coasts of India, as recorded by British journals to have employed european sailors to build ships. On 29 January 1647, British representatives Thomas Winter and Richard Hudson at Machilipatnam wrote to Surat that Mir Jumla has sent two of his ships which, where one of them is [[Junk (ship)|Junk ship]] made by British sailors, named Darya Dawla or ''River of wealth,''.<ref>{{harvtxt|Sarkar|1939 |pp=928–929}}</ref>

On 21 June 1637, He was summoned to the [[Qutub Shahi]] court, and by the 23 June, The sultan conferred the title of Sar-i-Khail (Lord of the Horses) on him.{{sfn|Sarkar|1979|loc=''Wazir of Golconda'' pp. [https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.108264/page/10/mode/1up 10] |}} The furthest extent of the kingdom during was Cumbam near [[Kadapa]] district, where Mir Jumla occupied a forts in [[Gandikota]].<ref name="The Chronology of Modern India for Four Hundred Years from the Close of the Fifteenth Century A.D. 1494-1894; James Burgess">{{cite book |author1=James Burgess |title=The Chronology of Modern India for Four Hundred Years from the Close of the Fifteenth Century A.D. 1494-1894 |date=1913 |publisher=J. Grant |page=99 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6AQPAAAAQAAJ |access-date=8 March 2024 |language=En}}</ref>

In 1639, Mir Jumla was appointed as [[Nawab]], thus increasing his importance in the eyes of the British company, as they further presented him with gifts, lending men, and traded on his behalf to keep him satisfied.<ref>{{harvtxt|Sarkar|1939 |p=925}}</ref> The president of [[Bantam Presidency]] saw this as necessity as the rival companies from Dutch, Portuguese, and Denmark, also showering Mir Jumla with gifts to gain his favor.<ref>{{harvtxt|Sarkar|1939 |p=926}}</ref>

===First Conquest of Karnatak===
[[File:Mir Jumlah - MBAR 20220320.jpg|thumb|Mir Jumla]]

In April 1642 Mir Jumla advanced with an army into Karnatak. Reaching [[Nellore]] plains unopposed he captured eight forts after repulsing the defenders. In December, the [[Golconda]] army advanced occupying the fort of Nakbat. In short time Rapur fell on 3 December 1642. After a month of fighting, [[Kullur]] fell in January 1643. Mir Jumla marched to capture Dumburu or Dandalaru fort in south. Next he conquered the island of [[Sriharikota]]. Several other forts were taken by the Golconda army after defeating the allied forces. Next Mir Jumla marched northwards to capture fort of [[Udayagiri, Andhra Pradesh|Udayagiri]]. Mallaiya a commander of Raya disclosed a secret passage to the invading army which led the Golconda army to conquer the major fort. In June 1643, Mir Jumla departed from Karnataka to the royal court leaving the command of Karnataka to Ghazi Ali Beg{{sfn|Sarkar|1979|loc=''First Deputation of Mir Muhammad'' pp. [https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.108264/page/31/mode/1up 32-35]}}

===Second Conquest of Karnatak===
In 1646, Mir Jumla decided to invade the [[Aravidu Dynasty|Kingdom of Chandragiri]]. Three of the strongest forts fell to Mir Jumla.{{sfn|Sarkar|1979|loc=''Second Deputation of Mir Muhammad'' p. [https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.108264/page/37/mode/1up 38]}} Next he conquered the forts of [[Udayagiri, Nellore district|Udayagiri]], advanced southwards along the coast, and conquering [[Chengalpattu|Chengleput]] in the process.<ref name="Selections from History of Tamilnadu, 1565-1965; K. Rajayyan">{{cite book |author1=K. Rajayyan |title=Selections from History of Tamilnadu, 1565-1965 |date=1978 |publisher=Madurai Publishing House |page=41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=--ABAAAAMAAJ |access-date=8 March 2024 |language=En}}</ref> He also laid siege to the dutch settlement at [[Pulicat]] until the [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch]] offered submission to him. He further advanced and laid siege to the fort of [[Vellore]].

By April 1647, the king offered submission to him and promised to pay him tribute.{{sfn|Sarkar|1952|loc=''Mir Jumla Conquers the entire Eastern Karnataka'' pp. [https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.108264/page/42/mode/1up 119-121]}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1979|loc=''Mir Jumla Conquers Vellore'' pp. [https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.16360/page/16/mode/1up 16-17]}} In 1650, Mir Jumla conquered the nearly inaccessible [[Gandikota]] fort from Timma Nayadu with the help of European Gunners .<ref>{{Citation |work=The Indian response to European technology and culture |editor-last1=Qaiser |editor-first1=Ahsan Jan |page=48 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108403/page/n64/mode/1up |title=Mir Jumla Captures Gandikota |publisher=Oxford University press |year=1982}}</ref>{{sfn|Sarkar|1979|loc=Fort of Gandikota pp. [https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.108264/page/48/mode/1up 48]}} Although there was success in conquering former lands of the Vijayanagara Empire, he was unable to conquer the fort of [[Gingee]] from the nayaks and in 1648, Gingee fell to the Adil Shahis.{{sfn|Sarkar|1979|loc=''Gingee'' p. [https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.108264/page/45/mode/1up 45]}} After conquest of Gandikota he turned northwest and captured Guti ([[Gutti]]). Next moving southeast he occupied the fort of [[Gurramkonda Fort|Gurrumkonda]]. Mir Jumla conquered [[Chandragiri]] and [[Tirupati]] as well{{sfn|Sarkar|1979|page=|loc="Post Gandikota Conquest" p. [https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.108264/page/50/mode/1up 51]}}<ref name="History of Tirupati The Thiruvengadam Temple · Volume 2; T. K. T. Viraraghavacharya">{{cite book |author1=T. K. T. Viraraghavacharya |title=History of Tirupati The Thiruvengadam Temple · Volume 2 |date=1997 |publisher=Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams |page=608 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sZLXAAAAMAAJ |access-date=8 March 2024 |language=En}}</ref>

As a skilled financier, Mir Jumla employed Telugu [[Niyogi|Niyogi Brāhmaṇas]] to collect revenue, where he was able to collect 43 lakhs of Rupees from his domains which were rich in [[diamonds]], iron, [[saltpetre]] and steel.{{sfn|Sarkar|1979|loc=''Civil Administration of Mir Jumla'' p. [https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.108264/page/76/mode/1up 76]}} By his enormous wealth, he was able to recruit [[Pathans]], [[Rajputs]], [[Afghans]] and [[Mughal people|Mughals]] in his campaign to Bijapur in 1652. During this year, Mir Jumla was tasked to govern Golconda the Hyderabad Karnatak kingdom nearly 40,000 square kilometers with annual revenues equivalent to four million rupees a year, while his military role also contribute greatly to his wealth.<ref name="The Mughal Empire Part 1, Volume 5; John F. Richards" /> For the purpose of making 20 artillery pieces{{Better source needed|reason=Temple idols aren't the only source of raw material|date=April 2024}}, he melted Hindu idols captured from temples with the help of his French Surgeon, Gunner and Gun founder M Claude Maille but was unable to melt the 6 Hindu idols that belonged to the temple of Gondikota.{{sfn|Sarkar|1979|loc=''Gondikota'' pp.
[https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.108264/page/82/mode/1up 82]}}<ref>{{Citation |work=The Travels of Jean Baptiste Tavernier in India |url=https://archive.org/details/travelsinindia00tave/page/n331/mode/1up |first=Valentine |last=Ball |year=1925 |title=Mir Jumla melts the idols |page=232 |publisher=Oxford University press}}</ref>

Speaking of his victories in Karnatak Mir Jumla wrote letter to Khalifa-i-Sultan, The Wazir of the [[Safavid]] sultan [[Shah Abbas II]] he said:
<blockquote>By God's grace and the [[Padishah]]'s luck, The Banner of Islam has been flown over the Infidel Karnatak and that of Hinduism has been brought down. The entire body of rebels and rajas have been brought under my fold. The Voice of Islam and the practices of our saints have been spread here.{{sfn|Journal of Bihar and Orissa Research Society|1942|loc=''Mir Jumla-Iran Correspondence'' pp.[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.501844/page/n205/mode/1up 193]}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1979|page=86}}</blockquote>

[[File:Poonamallee mosque.jpg|thumb|Poonamallee mosque]]

In 1653, Rustam Beg a Havildar under Mir Jumla demolished the upper part of the temple at Poonamallee and erected a mosque over it.{{sfn|Sarkar|1979|loc=''Destruction of Poonamallee temple pp.
[https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.108264/page/86/mode/1up 86]''}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Hindu temples, What Happened to them? |editor-last1=Goel |editor-first1=Sita Ram |publisher=Voice of India publications |quote=11. Poonamalle ... Chingleput District in Tamil Nadu |url=https://archive.org/details/HinduTemplesWhatHappendToThemBySitaRamGoel/page/n187/mode/1up?&view=theater |page=187}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Eaton |last1=Richard |title=Beyond Turk and Hindu, Rethinking Religious Identities |chapter=Temple desecration and Indo-Muslim Rule |editor-last1=Lawrence |editor-first1=Bruce |quote=''Serial No 61:Poonamallee temple'' |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/beyond-turk-and-hindu-rethinking-religious-identities-in-islamicate-south-asia/page/n286/mode/1up?view=theater |page=267}}</ref>

from 1653 to 1654, in one of prince Aurangzeb letters to [[Shah Jahan]], he cites a report of his agent Mohammad Amin where Mir Jumla is said to have maintained a force of 9000 Cavalry, and 20,000 infantry and his army were equipped with breeds of Iraqi and [[Arabian horse]].{{sfn|Sarkar|1979|loc=''Mir Jumla's Army'' pp.
[https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.108264/page/80/mode/1up 80-81]}}<ref>{{Citation |work=English translation of Adab-I-Alamgiri |editor-last1=Flynn |editor-first1=V J A |page=317 |title=Letter 46 |year=1971 |url=https://archive.org/details/Adab-I-Alamgiri/page/317/mode/1up}}</ref>

==Career in the Mughal Imperial Court==
{{tone|Non-encyclopedic tone used, promotional and eulogizing language|date=December 2023}}
With the governorship over the Karnataka domains, Mir Jumla exponentially transformed from a wazir of a powerless master to a position of unchecked power and wealth. Naturally many officers in the Qutub Shahi court felt jealous of him and they naturally positioned the mind of the sultan against the Wazir.<ref>{{harvnb|Sarkar|1979|p=29}}</ref> So the sultan demanded a portion of loot obtained by Mir Jumla in the karnatak which Mir Jumla flatly refused as he thought that the conquest was solely his work and the sultan had no part in to take it.{{sfn|Sarkar|1979|loc=''Rebellion'' p. [https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.108264/page/104/mode/1up?view=theater 104]}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1952|loc=''Rebellion of Mir Jumla'' pp. [https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12653/page/n143/mode/1up?view=theater 121-122]}} At some point, The Sultan of Golconda conspired with other courtiers to capture and blind Mir Jumla, which Mir Jumla immediately aware of, thus prompting him to began to look for other options of service.{{sfn|Sarkar|1952|loc=''Rebellion of Mir Jumla'' pp. [https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12653/page/n145/mode/1up?view=theater 122-123]}}

Prince [[Aurangzeb]], which has passionate ambition of conquering the rich State of Golconda, was eager to opened a secret correspondence with Mir Jumla.<ref name="The Mughal Empire Part 1, Volume 5; John F. Richards">{{cite book |author1=John F. Richards |title=The Mughal Empire Part 1, Volume 5 |date=1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521566032 |pages=156–157 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC |access-date=8 March 2024 |language=En |format=paperback}}</ref> He also sent an agent, Muhammad Mumin, and then sent a secret petition for appointment under the Emperor.{{sfn|Sarkar|1952|loc=''Rebellion of Mir Jumla'' pp. [https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12653/page/n146/mode/1up?view=theater 123-124]}} At the recommendation of prince Aurangzeb, emperor Shah Jahan offered to Mir Jumla his protection. However, Mir Jumla feigned consent, and urged the Mughal Court to keep this agreement secret.<ref name="The Mughal Empire Part 1, Volume 5; John F. Richards" /> As Aurangzeb assisted Mir Jumla from being captured by the Golconda sultanates, he finally accept Mughal hegemony and wrote to the prince agreeing to join the Mughal service.{{sfn|Sarkar|1952|loc=''Rebellion of Mir Jumla'' pp. [https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12653/page/n146/mode/1up?view=theater 123-124]}}

=== Campaign and governorship in Bengal ===
[[File:The princes of the Mogul Emperor against their father and Combat.jpg|thumb|right|The Mughal armies of [[Aurangzeb]] and [[Shah Shuja (Mughal)|Shah Shuja]] confront each other]]
On his accession to the throne, Aurangzeb entrusted Mir Jumla with the task of dealing with [[Shah Shuja (Mughal)|Shah Shuja]], where the rebellious prince was defeated in the [[Battle of Khajwa]] and took to flight.<ref>{{harvnb|Sarkar|1979|p=147}}</ref>

Mir Jumla bribed Shuja's ally, the Zamindar of [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]], to not block his pursuit.<ref>{{harvnb|Sarkar|1979|pp=155–156}}</ref> Thus Mir Jumla continues to pursue Shah Shuja until his force reached [[Tanda, Bengal|Tanda]].<ref name="Sir Jadunath Sarkar, 1972, ''History of Aurangzeb'', vol. 2" /> From Tanda to [[Dhaka]] (capital of the present day [[Bangladesh]]), where he arrived on 9 May 1660. The latter, however, had already left Dhaka, crossed the eastern border and ultimately found shelter with the king of [[Rakhine State|Arakan]] (modern day Myanmar).<ref name="Sir Jadunath Sarkar, 1972, ''History of Aurangzeb'', vol. 2">[Sir Jadunath Sarkar, 1972, ''History of Aurangzeb'', vol. 2, London: Orient Longman]</ref> Later, at the battle of Giria, Mir Jumla once again leading Aurangzeb army against the [[Army of the Mughal Empire#Camels and Elephants|Elephant artillery]] of Shah Shuja.<ref name="Philosophers of War [2 Volumes] The Evolution of History's Greatest Military Thinkers [2 Volumes]">{{cite book |author1=Dennis Showalter |editor1-last=Coetzee |editor1-first=Daniel |editor2-last=W. Eysturlid |editor2-first=Lee |title=Philosophers of War [2 Volumes] The Evolution of History's Greatest Military Thinkers [2 Volumes] |date=2013 |isbn=9780313070334 |page=47 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbXOEAAAQBAJ |access-date=8 March 2024 |language=En |format=ebook}}</ref>

Soon after his arrival at Dhaka, Mir Jumla received the imperial farman (decree) appointing him [[subahdar]] (governor) of Bengal in recognition of his services. He was shortly rewarded with further titles and another increase of mansab (rank). He reorganised the administration. Reversing the action of Shuja, who had transferred the capital to [[Rajmahal]], he restored Dhaka to its former status. He then paid attention to the administration of justice, dismissing dishonest Qazis (clerics and judges) and Mir Adils. Finally Mir Jumla pacified Hijli.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sarkar |first1=Jagadish Narayan |editor-last=Sarkar |editor-first=Jadunath |editor-link=Jadunath Sarkar |chapter=Mir Jumla in Bengal 1659-1663 |title=The History of Bengal |volume=II |year=1973 |orig-year=First published 1948 |location=Patna |publisher=Academica Asiatica |pages=342–343 |oclc=924890}}</ref>

Later, Mir Jumla further promoted as ''Diwan al-Kul'', or [[Grand vizier#Mughal Empire|Grand vizier]].<ref name="The Institute">{{cite book |author1=Indian Institute of Public Administration |title=The Indian Journal of Public Administration: Quarterly Journal of the Indian Institute of Public Administration, Volume 22 |date=1976 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjlVAAAAYAAJ |publisher=The Institute}}</ref><ref name="The Koh-i-noor Diamond; Iradj Amini">{{cite book |author1=Iradj Amini |title=The Koh-i-noor Diamond |date=June 2013 |publisher=Roli Books |isbn=9789351940357 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7dymBAAAQBAJ |access-date=13 March 2024 |language=En |format=June 2013 |chapter=5 |quote=... Mir Jumla was given the title of Diwan-i-Kul or Grand Vizier, the dignity of Muazzam Khan (the magnificent Khan), and promoted to the rank of 6,000 horsemen in the Mughal army. That was not all. He was granted the privileges that went ...}}</ref> It is reported that this is due to his effort of returning [[Koh-i-Noor|Babur's diamond]] to the Mughal possession.<ref name="The Koh-i-noor Diamond; Iradj Amini" /> He also granted the command of 6000 Mughal cavalry, residence near [[Agra Fort]], precious stones, 200 horses, 10 elephants, as well as 500000 rupees payment in cash.<ref name="The Koh-i-noor Diamond; Iradj Amini" /> As a bonus, he also granted a fiefdom in [[Karnataka]] for seven years, without obligation to pay any tribute.<ref name="The Koh-i-noor Diamond; Iradj Amini" />

[[File:Paugla Pool, from the River (1817).jpg|thumb|Paugla Pool from the River (1817) by [[Charles D'Oyly|Sir Charles D'Oyly]]. This bridge was known to be constructed in 1660 AD by Mir Jumla.]]

Mir Jumla met and befriended the French traveller [[Jean-Baptiste Tavernier]] after his defection into Mughal side. who testify that Mir Jumla were a prominent governor of Mughal empire under Aurangzeb.<ref name="Diamonds An Early History of the King of Gems; Jack Ogden">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o6NUDwAAQBAJ |author1=Jack Ogden |title=Diamonds An Early History of the King of Gems |date=8 May 2018 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=9780300235517 |page=222 |access-date=8 March 2024 |language=En |format=ebook |quote=Thevenot, 1687, 103}}</ref> Tavernier advised Mir Jumla that there is little market of diamonds in europe at that time, thus prompting Mir Jumla to command his diamond miners back for agricultural works.<ref name="Diamonds An Early History of the King of Gems; Jack Ogden" />

For naval operations such as during [[Mir Jumla's invasion of Assam|Assam campaign]] he employs Portuguese, English, and Dutch sailors to operate his 323 warships.<ref name="Bethencourt2022p116">{{harvnb|Bethencourt|Antunes|2022|p=116}}</ref><ref name="Sarkar 1979 243–244">{{harvnb|Sarkar|1979|pp=243–244}}</ref> Furthermore, Mir Jumla also employing a British named Thomas Pratt to construct boats and making ammunition for riverine warfare<ref name="Sarkar 1979 243–244"/> [[Francisco Bethencourt]] and Catia Antunes has noted how Mir Jumla shared traits of Asian princes or potentates for his fondness for cannon weaponries, and how he is willing to employ European gunners such as crews of ''Ter Schelling'' ship.<ref name="Bethencourt2022p116" />

=== Northeastern frontier expedition ===
{{main|Mir Jumla's invasion of Assam}}

{{tone|Non-encyclopedic tone used, promotional and eulogizing language|date=December 2023}}
[[Cooch Behar|Koch Behar]] was a vassal state, but Raja [[Pran Narayan]] took advantage of the war of succession and shook off his allegiance. The [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom king]] of Assam, [[Jayadhwaj Singha]], occupied a part of Kamrup, which had earlier been integrated with the Bengal subah.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1979|loc=''Genesis of Mir Jumla's eastern campaigns'' p. [https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.108264/page/n319/mode/1up 286]}} Mir Jumla advanced with a large army and navy against the enemy; he sent the main body of the troops and the navy towards Kamrup, while he himself proceeded against Koch Behar. On his approach, Pran Narayan evacuated the country and fled towards the hills.<ref name="History of Bengal: The reigns of Shah Jahan and Aurangzib; Abdul Karim" /> Koch Behar was occupied in about one month and a half and making administrative arrangements there, Mir Jumla came to join the advance party towards Kamrup.<ref>{{harvnb|Sarkar|1979|p=|loc="Mir Jumla conquers Koch Bihar" pp. [https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.108264/page/287/mode/1up? 288-290]}}</ref> The king of Assam was prudent enough to evacuate Kamrup, but Mir Jumla decided to conquer Assam also. Mir Jumla took 12,000 cavalry, 30,000 infantry, and a fleet of 323 ships and boats up river towards Assam—the naval contingent comprised Portuguese, English, and Dutch sailors.<ref name="History of Bengal: The reigns of Shah Jahan and Aurangzib; Abdul Karim">{{cite book |author1=Abdul Karim |title=History of Bengal: The reigns of Shah Jahan and Aurangzib |date=1992 |publisher=Institute of Bangladesh Studies, University of Rajshahi |page=446; 449 |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/history-of-bengal-mughal-period/oclc/28183749 |access-date=8 March 2024 |language=En}}</ref>

An account of the campaign and the life during the times was presented by the Venetian adventurer [[Niccolao Manucci]] in his memoirs ''Storia do Mogor'', referencing French historian [[François Catrou]]. Manucci also got acquainted with a Mughal Navy officer of British descent during the same period named [[Thomas Pratte]].<ref name="Storia Do Mogor Or, Mogul India, 1653-1708 · Volume 4; English translation">{{cite book |author1=Niccolò Manucci |author-link=Niccolao Manucci |editor1-last=Irvine |editor1-first=William |title=Storia Do Mogor Or, Mogul India, 1653-1708 · Volume 4 |date=1907 |publisher=Creative Media Partners, LLC |page=430 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDr6rvyeqnMC |access-date=8 March 2024 |language=En}}</ref> Pratte was appointed by Mir Jumla as an officer in the Mughal navy and used to collect war boats and procure gunpowder necessary for naval warfare.<ref name="Merchant Cultures A Global Approach to Spaces, Representations and Worlds of Trade, 1500–1800">{{harvnb|Bethencourt|Antunes|2022|p=116|ps=: "... Pratte, who was appointed by Mir Jumla as an officer in the Mughal navy to provide war boats and procure the gunpowder needed ..."}}</ref>

In less than six weeks' time, since his starting from [[Guwahati]], Mir Jumla conquered up to [[Garhgaon]], the capital of Assam, in March 17, 1662. From this campaign, Mir Jumla captured 100 elephants, 300000 coins, 8000 shields, 1000 ships, and 173 massive rice stores.<ref>{{harvnb|Syed|2012|p=166}}</ref>

Beyond the Assam region, there was full of high hills and mountains, inaccessible for horses and troops, where the Ahom king took shelter. During the rains, the Mughals were locked in a few raised grounds, the roads were submerged, the streams and even the Nalahs (drains) swelled up to become big rivers.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}} Many armies would have disintegrated under these circumstances but under Mir Jumla's magnificent leadership, the Mughal army held firm and remained on the offensive. But, the Mughals lost two thirds of the army due to lack of food and relentless attacks by Assamese shart shooters at night. After the rains were over, both Mir Jumla and the king of Assam agreed to sign a peace treaty. The terms of treaty implied{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}} that the Ahom king or Swargadeo would accept Mughal rule and both the Swargadeo and the Tipam king would offer their daughters to the Mughal harem (The Ahom princess was [[Ramani Gabharu]], the sole daughter of the then Swargadeo, [[Jayadhwaj Singha]]. She later became the daughter-in-law of [[Emperor Aurangzeb]] as [[Rahmat Banu Begum]]). The Ahoms also had to pay a war indemnity and an annual tribute of 20 elephants. They also had to cede the western half of their kingdom from [[Guwahati]] to Manas river.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

==Death and legacy==
Mir Jumla died on his way back from the Assamese territory on 30 March 1663. His tomb located on a small hillock at [[Mankachar]], Assam has been maintained over the centuries. It is near [[Garo Hills]] in the northeastern Indian state of [[Assam]] bordering Meghalaya. The tomb reflects a remarkably long grave and bears testimony to the tall height of Mir Jumla. There are two more unidentified graves beside the tomb of Mir Jumla said to be of two Pirs, i.e. [[Turco-Persian|Turko-Persian]] Islamic preachers.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} [[François Bernier]] wrote that the death of Mir Jumla was "a great sensation throughout the Indies".<ref>{{harvnb|Sarkar|1979|loc=''Effects of Mir Jumla's Death'' p. [https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.108264/page/279/mode/1up 280]}}</ref>

Mir Jumla's construction activities in Dhaka and its suburbs resulted in two roads, two bridges and a network of forts, which were necessary for public welfare{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}, strategic purposes, and speedy dispatch of troops, equipment and ammunition{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}}. A fort at Tangi-Jamalpur guarded one of the roads connecting Dhaka with the northern districts; it is now known as the [[Mymensingh Road]].<ref name="Eastern Bengal District Gazetteers Dacca; Basil Copleston Allen">{{cite book |author1=Basil Copleston Allen |title=Eastern Bengal District Gazetteers Dacca |date=2009 |publisher=Logos Press |isbn=9788172681944 |page=30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRVqhpdyQxAC |access-date=8 March 2024 |language=En |quote=road from Dacca to Khizrpur, vid Fatulla, which passes over this bridge . Finally, the road to Mymensingh and the .....; Mir Jumla, and fled to Dacca, whither he was pursued by Mir Jumla . He sent his son, Zainuddin, to arrange for ... Fatulla and the other opposite . These were probably built by him . The bridge at Pagla, Taver- nier tells us, was ...}}</ref> The other road led eastward, connecting the capital city with [[Fatulla]] (old Dhapa), where there were two forts, and by extension the road could lead up to Khizrpur where two other forts were situated. The Pagla bridge lies on this road off Fatulla.<ref name="Eastern Bengal District Gazetteers Dacca; Basil Copleston Allen" /> Some parts of the roads and forts built by Mir Jumla are still extant.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}}

==See also==
* [[Hyderabadi Muslims]]
* [[Muslim culture of Hyderabad]]
* [[History of Hyderabad, India|History of Hyderabad]]
* [[Mughal Empire]]
* [[Emperor of India]]
* [[List of rulers of Bengal]]
* [[History of Bengal]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bethencourt |last2=Antunes |first2=Cátia A.P. |first1=Francisco |author1-link=Francisco Bethencourt |title=Merchant Cultures A Global Approach to Spaces, Representations and Worlds of Trade, 1500–1800 |year=2022 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004506572 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mplcEAAAQBAJ |access-date=21 March 2024 |language=En}}
* {{Cite book |title=Storia De Mogor |first=William |last=Irvine |year=1907 |publisher=John Murray}}
* {{Cite book |title=Journal of Bihar and Orissa Research Society |year=1942 |ref={{sfnRef|Journal of Bihar and Orissa Research Society|1942}}}}
* {{cite book |title=The Mughal Empire |first=John F. |last=Richards |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2005}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |title=History of Aurangzeb Vol 1 |editor-last1= |editor-first1= |publisher=Orient Longman Limited |year=1952 |orig-date=1912}}{{PD-notice}}
* {{Cite journal |title=Early Relations of Mir Jumla with the English (Up to 1650) (Based on English factory records only) |author1=Sarkar |first=Jagadish Narayan |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1939 |volume=3 |pages=918–949 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44252445 |access-date=18 March 2024 |publisher=Indian History Congress |jstor=44252445 |language=En |issn=2249-1937}}
* {{Cite book |title=The life of Mir Jumla, the general of Aurangzeb |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.108264/mode/1up |editor-last1=Sarkar |editor-first1=Jagadish Narayan |edition=2nd |publisher=Rajesh Publication |year=1979 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |author1=Syed |first=Muzaffar H. |title=History of Indian Nation : Medieval India |year=2012 |publisher=K. K. Publications |isbn=978-8178441320}}
* {{cite book |author1=Wheeler |first=James Talboys |author1-link=James Talboys Wheeler |title=The History of India from the Earliest Ages: pt. I. Mussulman rule. pt. II. Mogul empire. Aurangzeb |date=1876 |publisher=N. Trübner |url=https://wellcomecollection.org/works/gxpw4j95 |access-date=19 March 2024 |language=En}}
{{refend}}

{{Commons category|Mir Jumla}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Grand viziers of the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:1591 births]]
[[Category:1663 deaths]]
[[Category:Diamond dealers]]
[[Category:Mughal generals]]
[[Category:Subahdars of Bengal]]
[[Category:17th-century Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Iranian emigrants to the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Iranian emigrants to the Sultanate of Golconda]]

List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia

2026-03-24T23:13:14Z

ChloeBrogan: minor update article per standard format additionally and fixed typos to improve readability

{{Short description|none}}
{{Original research|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}

This is a '''list of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia'''. It includes [[sovereign state|fully recognized states]], states with limited but substantial international recognition, ''de facto'' states with little or no international recognition, and [[dependent territory|dependencies]] of both [[Asia]]n and non-Asian states. In particular, it lists (i) [[#Sovereign states|49 generally recognized sovereign states]], all of which are members of the [[United Nations]]; (ii) two states with substantial but not general international recognition, one of which is a [[United Nations General Assembly]] non-member observer state; (iii) three largely unrecognized ''de facto'' states; and (iv) [[#Dependencies and other territories|six dependent and other territories]].

The 49 generally recognized sovereign states listed here include two countries that are generally classified as European or African nations but with portions of their territory being in Asia, while the two states with substantial but not general recognition are both fully encompassed in Asia. Though a majority of the [[Russia]]n Federation's land area is located within [[North Asia|Asia]], it is generally considered a [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe|European country]] because of its historical, cultural, ethnic, and political ties to [[Europe]]. Its capital and largest city, [[Moscow]] is located within Europe, and the vast majority of its population lives within its [[European Russia|European part]]. [[South Caucasus]] countries ([[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]), [[Turkey]], and [[Cyprus]] are also often considered part of Europe based on political, economic, and historical-[[Culture of Europe|cultural]] criteria. In addition, while [[Egypt]] extends into Asia through the [[Sinai Peninsula]], it is generally considered to be an [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa|African country]] because most of its population and geographic area is in Africa.

== Geographical boundaries of Asia ==
[[File:Asia (orthographic projection) without New Guinea.svg|thumb|upright=1.6]]
The divisions between [[Asia]] and [[Europe]] occur at the [[Ural Mountains]], [[Ural River]], and [[Caspian Sea]] in the east, the [[Caucasus Mountains]] and the [[Black Sea]], [[Bosporus]] [[Sea of Marmara]], [[Dardanelles]] and the [[Aegean Sea]] in the south. [[Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Greece]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Russia]], and [[Turkey]] all have territory in both Asia and Europe. [[Armenia]] and [[Cyprus]] are entirely in [[Western Asia]] but are socio-politically European countries and members of the [[Council of Europe]], with Cyprus also being a member of the [[European Union]]. Georgia and Turkey are both considered [[Potential enlargement of the European Union|EU candidate countries]] situated on Asian and European territories.

The division between Asia and [[Africa]] is normally considered to be the [[Suez Canal]], placing the [[Sinai peninsula]] (which is part of Egypt) in Asia. Therefore, Egypt, an African country, may also be considered to be a country in Asia.

The division between [[Southeast Asia]] and [[Australia (continent)|Australia]]/[[Oceania]] is disputed and currently placed somewhere between [[Java]] and [[New Guinea]]. [[Indonesia]] spans both areas, but is ordinarily considered to be an Asian country.<ref name="handbook">{{cite book |last1=Henderson |first1=John William |title=Area Handbook for Oceania |date=1971 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NuOIqt-UQowC&dq=%22oceania%22+%22aleutian+islands%22&pg=PR5 |access-date=11 March 2022}}</ref> [[Timor-Leste]] is sometimes considered to be part of [[Australasia]] or [[Melanesia]], but due to its being surrounded by Indonesia, and its once being politically part of Indonesia, it is generally considered to be in Southeast Asia. [[Papua New Guinea]] is occasionally thought of as a Southeast Asian country,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frank Barton |first1=Thomas |title=Papua New Guinea: Tenth country of Southeast Asia? |journal=Journal of Geography |date=1978 |volume=77 |issue=7 |pages=269–272 |doi=10.1080/00221347808980139 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00221347808980139?journalCode=rjog20 |access-date=26 January 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e00944 | title=Phylogeny and conservation priority assessment of Asian domestic chicken genetic resources | year=2020 | last1=Quan | first1=Jinqiang | last2=Cai | first2=Yuan | last3=Yang | first3=Tianliang | last4=Ge | first4=Qianyun | last5=Jiao | first5=Ting | last6=Zhao | first6=Shengguo | journal=Global Ecology and Conservation | volume=22 | article-number=e00944 | s2cid=213962014 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/22/world/asia/orchid-first-night-flower/index.html | title=First night-flowering orchid found in Asia | date=22 November 2011 }}</ref> but it is generally considered to be part of Australasia or Melanesia. The division between [[East Asia]] and Oceania is usually placed somewhere between the [[Japanese archipelago]] and the [[Northern Mariana Islands]] of [[Micronesia]].<ref name="nz">{{cite book |title=The World and Its Peoples: Australia, New Zealand, Oceania |date=1966 |publisher=Greystone Press |page=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4MhBAAAAIAAJ&q=%22excluded+from+oceania%22 |access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref> Certain Japanese islands are often categorized as being within Micronesia due to non-continental geology and similar biogeography.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mueller-Dombois |first1=Dieter |last2=Fosberg |first2=Frederic R. |title=Vegetation of the Tropical Pacific Islands |date=1998 |publisher=Springer |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259582431 |access-date=11 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="zug">{{cite book |last1=R. Zug |first1=George |title=Reptiles and Amphibians of the Pacific Islands: A Comprehensive Guide |date=2013 |publisher=University of California Press |page= |quote=}}</ref> The division between Asia and [[North America]] is considered to be the [[Bering Strait]]. Some of the [[Aleutian Islands]], however, may be considered to be in Asia.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

== Sovereign states ==
{{further|Sovereign state}}
A sovereign state is a political organization with effective [[sovereignty]] over a population for whom it makes decisions in its interest.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last = Ashley
| first = Richard K
| title = Untying the Sovereign State: A Double Reading of the Anarchy Problematique
| journal = Millennium: Journal of International Studies
| volume = 17
| issue = 2
| pages = 227–262
| publisher = Sage Journals
| date = 1 June 1988
| url = http://mil.sagepub.com/content/17/2/227.short
| doi = 10.1177/03058298880170020901
| s2cid = 145130222
| access-date = 9 August 2011
| archive-date = 11 December 2019
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191211233854/http://mil.sagepub.com/content/17/2/227.short
| url-access = subscription
}}</ref> According to the [[Montevideo convention]], a state must have a permanent population, a defined territory, a government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other states.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cfr.org/sovereignty/montevideo-convention-rights-duties-states/p15897 |title=Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |date=26 December 1933 |access-date=10 August 2011 |archive-date=28 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628235337/http://www.cfr.org/sovereignty/montevideo-convention-rights-duties-states/p15897 }}</ref>

=== United Nations member states ===
There are 49 Asian states or states with substantial territory in Asia in this list. All are [[List of United Nations member states|members of the United Nations]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/about-us/member-states |title=United Nations Member States |publisher=United Nations |access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! class="unsortable" | Flag
! class="unsortable" | Map
! English short, formal names, and [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3|ISO]] <ref name="CIA Names">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2142.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613002925/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2142.html |archive-date=13 June 2007 |title=Field Listing :: Names |publisher=CIA |access-date=28 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="UN_Names">{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/9th-uncsgn-docs/UNGEGN%20WG%20Country%20Names%20Document%20-%20August%202009.pdf |title=UNGEGN List of Country Names |publisher=United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names |year=2007 |access-date=28 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="Europa">{{cite web|url=http://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en-5000500.htm#fn-tw1 |title=List of countries, territories and currencies |publisher=Europa |date=9 August 2011 |access-date=10 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1974 |title=ISO 3166 |url=https://www.iso.org/iso-3166-country-codes.html |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=International Organization for Standardization}}</ref>
! Domestic short and formal name(s) <ref name="CIA Names" /><ref name="UN_Names" />
! Capital <ref name="Europa" /><ref name="Capital">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2057.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003402/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2057.html |archive-date=13 June 2007 |title=Field Listing :: Capital |publisher=CIA |access-date=3 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/geonames/ |title=UNGEGN World Geographical Names |publisher=United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names |date=29 July 2011 |access-date=3 August 2011}}</ref>
! Population {{UN Population|Year}} {{UN Population|ref}}
! Area <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003039/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html |archive-date=13 June 2007 |title=Field Listing :: Area |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=3 March 2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Taliban.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Afghanistan|alt=Flag of Afghanistan]]
| [[File:Afghanistan (orthographic projection).svg|frameless|center|upright=0.7]]
| [[Afghanistan]] Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan AFG
| {{langx|prs|{{Script/Arabic|افغانستان – امارت اسلامی افغانستان}}}} ({{Transliteration|prs|Afghānistān – Imārat-i Islāmī-yi Afghānistān}}) {{langx|ps|{{Script/Arabic|فغانستان – د افغانستان اسلامي امارت}}}} ({{Transliteration|ps|Afġānistān – Də Afġānistān Islāmī Imārat}})
|[[Kabul]] [[Dari]] and {{langx|ps|{{Script/Arabic|کابل}}}} ({{Transliteration|ps|Kābəl}})
| {{UN Population|Afghanistan}}
| {{sort|00652230|{{convert|652230|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Armenia.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Armenia|alt=Flag of Armenia]]
| [[File:Armenia (orthographic projection).svg|frameless|center|upright=0.7]]
| [[Armenia]] Republic of Armenia ARM
| {{langx|hy|Հայաստան – Հայաստանի Հանրապետությու}} (''{{Transliteration|hy|Hayastan – Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun}}'')
| [[Yerevan]] {{langx|hy|Երևան}} (''{{Transliteration|hy|Yerevan}}'')
| {{UN Population|Armenia}}
| {{sort|00029743|{{convert|29743|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Azerbaijan|alt=Flag of Azerbaijan]]
| [[File:Azerbaijan orthographic projection.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.7]]
| [[Azerbaijan]]{{Cref2|a}} Republic of Azerbaijan AZE
| {{langx|az|Azǝrbaycan – Azǝrbaycan Respublikası}}
| [[Baku]] {{langx|az|Bakı}}
| {{UN Population|Azerbaijan}}
| {{sort|00086600|{{convert|86600|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Bahrain.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Bahrain|alt=Flag of Bahrain]]
| [[File:Bahrain on the globe (Bahrain centered).svg|150px]]
| [[Bahrain]] Kingdom of Bahrain BHR
| {{langx|ar|{{Script/Arabic|مملكة البحرين – البحرين}}}} (''{{Transliteration|ar|Al Baḥrayn – Mamlakat al Baḥrayn}}'')
| [[Manama]] {{langx|ar|{{Script/Arabic|المنامة}}}} (''{{Transliteration|ar|Al Manāmah}}'')
| {{UN Population|Bahrain}}
| {{sort|00000760|{{convert|760|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Bangladesh|alt=Flag of Bangladesh]]
| [[File:Bangladesh (orthographic projection).svg|150px]]
| [[Bangladesh]] People's Republic of Bangladesh BGD
| {{langx|bn|বাংলাদেশ – গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ}} (''{{Transliteration|bn|Bānglādesh – Gaṇaprajātantrī Bānglādesh}}'')
| [[Dhaka]] {{langx|bn|ঢাকা}} (''{{Transliteration|bn|Ḍhākā}}'')
| {{UN Population|Bangladesh}}
| {{sort|00143998|{{convert|147570|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Bhutan.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Bhutan|alt=Flag of Bhutan]]
| [[File:Bhutan (orthographic projection).svg|150px]]
| [[Bhutan]] Kingdom of Bhutan BTN
| {{langx|dz|འབྲུག་ཡུལ་ – འབྲུག་རྒྱལ་ཁབ་}} (''{{Transliteration|dz|Druk Yul – Druk Gyalkhapb}}'')
| [[Thimphu]] {{langx|dz|ཐིམ་ཕུ}} (''{{Transliteration|dz|Thimphu}}'')
| {{UN Population|Bhutan}}
| {{sort|00038394|{{convert|38394|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Brunei.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Brunei|alt=Flag of Brunei]]
| [[File:Brunei (orthographic projection).svg|150px]]
| [[Brunei]] Brunei Darussalam BRN
| {{langx|ms|Brunei – Negara Brunei Darussalam}} ({{lang|ms|{{Script/Arabic|&lrm;بروني – &lrm;نڬارا بروني دارالسلام}}}})
| [[Bandar Seri Begawan]] {{langx|ms|Bandar Seri Begawan}} ({{lang|ms|{{Script/Arabic|بندر سري بڬاوان}}}})
| 460,356
| {{sort|00005765|{{convert|5765|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Cambodia.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Cambodia|alt=Flag of Cambodia]]
| [[File:Cambodia on the globe (Cambodia centered).svg|150px]]
| [[Cambodia]] Kingdom of Cambodia KHM
| {{langx|km|កម្ពុជា – ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា}} (''{{Transliteration|km|Kâmpŭchéa – Preăhréachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchéa}}'')
| [[Phnom Penh]] {{langx|km|ភ្នំពេញ}} (''{{Transliteration|km|Phnum Pénh}}'')
| {{UN Population|Cambodia}}
| {{sort|00181035|{{convert|181035|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of China|alt=Flag of China]]
| [[File:CHN orthographic.svg|150px]]
| [[China]]{{Cref2|b}} People's Republic of China CHN
| {{lang-zh|中国 – 中华人民共和国}} (''{{Transliteration|zh|Zhōngguó – Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó}}'')
| [[Beijing]] {{lang-zh|北京}} (''{{Transliteration|zh|Běijīng}}'')
| {{UN Population|China}}
| {{sort|09596961|{{convert|9596961|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Cyprus.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Cyprus|alt=Flag of Cyprus]]
| [[File:Republic of Cyprus (orthographic projection).svg|150px]]
| [[Cyprus]]{{Cref2|b}} Republic of Cyprus CYP
| {{langx|el|Κύπρος – Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία}} (''{{Transliteration|el|Kýpros – Kypriakí Dimokratía}}'') {{langx|tr|Kıbrıs – Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti}}
| [[Nicosia]] {{langx|el|Λευκωσία}} (''{{Transliteration|el|Lefkosía}}'') {{langx|tr|Lefkoşa}}
| {{UN Population|Cyprus}}
| {{sort|00009251|{{convert|9251|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Egypt]]
| [[File:EGY orthographic.svg|150px]]
| [[Egypt]]{{Cref2|c}} Arab Republic of Egypt EGY
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]]: {{Script/Arabic|مصر – جمهورية مصر العربية}} (''Miṣr—Jumhūrīyat Miṣr al-ʿArabiyya'')
| [[Cairo]] [[Arabic language|Arabic]]: {{Script/Arabic|القاهرة}} (''al-Qāhirah'')
| {{UN Population|Egypt}}
| {{sort|01001449|{{convert|1001449|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Georgia.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Georgia (country)|alt=Flag of Georgia]]
| [[File:Georgia (orthographic projection with inset).svg|150px]]
| [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]{{Cref2|a}}{{Cref2|b}} GEO
| {{lang-ka|საქართველო}} (''{{Transliteration|ka|Sak'art'velo}}'')
| [[Tbilisi]] / T'bilisi {{lang-ka|თბილისი}} (''{{Transliteration|ka|T'bilisi}}'')
| {{UN Population|Georgia}}
| {{sort|00069700|{{convert|69700|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of India.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of India|alt=Flag of India]]
| [[File:India (orthographic projection).svg|150px]]
| [[India]] Republic of India IND
| {{langx|hi|भारत – भारत गणराज्य}} (''{{Transliteration|hi|Bhārat – Bhārat Gaṇarājya}}'') 
| [[New Delhi]] {{langx|hi|नई दिल्ली}} (''{{Transliteration|hi|Naī Dillī}}'') 
| {{UN Population|India}}
| {{sort|03287263|{{convert|3287263|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Indonesia.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Indonesia|alt=Flag of Indonesia]]
| [[File:Indonesia (orthographic projection).svg|150px]]
| [[Indonesia]]{{Cref2|a}} Republic of Indonesia IDN
| {{langx|id|Indonesia – Republik Indonesia}}
| [[Jakarta]] {{langx|id|Jakarta – DKJ}}
| {{UN Population|Indonesia}}
| {{sort|01904569|{{convert|1904569|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Iran.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Iran|alt=Flag of Iran]]
| [[File:Iran (orthographic projection).svg|150px]]
| [[Iran]] Islamic Republic of Iran IRN
| {{langx|fa|{{line-height|2|{{Nastaliq|جمهوری اسلامی ایران – ایران}}}}}} (''{{Transliteration|fa|Īrān – Jomhūrī-ye Eslāmī-ye Īrān}}'')
| [[Tehran]] {{langx|fa|{{Script/Nastaliq|تهران}}}} (''{{Transliteration|fa|Tehrān}}'')
| {{UN Population|Iran}}
| {{sort|01648195|{{convert|1648195|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Iraq|alt=Flag of Iraq]]
| [[File:Iraq (orthographic).svg|150px]]
| [[Iraq]] Republic of Iraq IRQ
| {{langx|ar|{{Script/Arabic|العراق – جمهورية العراق}}}} (''{{Transliteration|ar|Al 'Irāq – Jumhūrīyat al 'Irāq}}'')
| [[Baghdad]] {{langx|ar|{{Script/Arabic|بغداد}}}} (''{{Transliteration|ar|Baghdād}}'')
| {{UN Population|Iraq}}
| {{sort|00438317|{{convert|438317|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Israel.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Israel|alt=Flag of Israel]]
| [[File:Israel (centered orthographic projection).svg|150px]]
| [[Israel]] State of Israel ISR
| {{langx|he|יִשְרָאֵל – מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל }} (''{{Transliteration|he|Yisra'el – Medinat Yisra'el}}'') {{langx|ar|إسرائيل – دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل}} (''{{Transliteration|ar|Isrā'īl – Dawlat Isrā'īl}}'')
| [[Jerusalem]] (Claimed and de facto){{Cref2|d}} {{langx|he|ירושלים}} (''{{Transliteration|he|Yerushalayim}}'') {{langx|ar|القُدس}} (''{{Transliteration|ar|Al Quds}}'')
| {{UN Population|Israel}}
| {{sort|00020770|{{convert|20770|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Japan.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Japan|alt=Flag of Japan]]
| [[File:Japan (orthographic projection).svg|150px]]
| [[Japan]] JPN
| {{langx|ja|日本 – 日本国}} (''{{Transliteration|ja|Nihon / Nippon – Nihon-koku / Nippon-koku}}'')
| [[Tokyo]] {{langx|ja|東京}} (''{{Transliteration|ja|Tōkyō}}'')
| {{UN Population|Japan}}
| {{sort|00377915|{{convert|377915|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Jordan|alt=Flag of Jordan]]
| [[File:Jordan (orthographic projection).svg|150px]]
| [[Jordan]] Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan JOR
| {{langx|ar|{{Script/Arabic|اﻷرُدن – المملكة الأردنية الهاشميه}}}} (''{{Transliteration|ar|Al Urdun – Al Mamlakah al Urdunīyah al Hāshimīyah}}'')
| [[Amman]] {{langx|ar|{{Script/Arabic|عمان}}}} (''{{Transliteration|ar|Ammān}}'')
| {{UN Population|Jordan}}
| {{sort|00089342|{{convert|89342|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Kazakhstan|alt=Flag of Kazakhstan]]
| [[File:Kazakhstan (orthographic projection).svg|150px]]
| [[Kazakhstan]]{{Cref2|a}} Republic of Kazakhstan KAZ
| {{langx|kk|Қазақстан – Қазақстан Республикасы}} (''{{Transliteration|kk|Qazaqstan – Qazaqstan Respýblıkasy}}'') {{langx|ru|Казахстан – Республика Казахстан}} (''{{Transliteration|ru|Kazahstan – Respublika Kazahstan}}'')
| [[Astana]] {{langx|kk|Астана}} (''{{Transliteration|kk|Astana}}'') {{langx|ru|Астана}} (''{{Transliteration|ru|Astana}}'')
| {{UN Population|Kazakhstan}}
| {{sort|02724900|{{convert|2724900|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of North Korea.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of North Korea|alt=Flag of North Korea]]
| [[File:Democratic People's Republic of Korea (orthographic projection).svg|150px]]
| [[North Korea]] Democratic People's Republic of Korea PRK
| {{langx|ko|조선 – 조선민주주의인민공화국}} (''{{Transliteration|ko|Chosŏn – Chosŏn-minjujuŭi-inmin-konghwaguk}}'')
| [[Pyongyang]] {{langx|ko|평양}} (''{{Transliteration|ko|Phyŏngyang}}'')
| {{UN Population|Dem. People's Republic of Korea}}
| {{sort|00120538|{{convert|120538|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of South Korea.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of South Korea|alt=Flag of South Korea]]
| [[File:Republic of Korea (orthographic projection).svg|150px]]
| [[South Korea]] Republic of Korea KOR
| {{langx|ko|한국 – 대한민국}} (''{{Transliteration|ko|Hanguk – Daehan Minguk}}'')
| [[Seoul]] {{langx|ko|서울}} (''{{Transliteration|ko|Seoul}}'')
| {{UN Population|Republic of Korea}}
| {{sort|00099720|{{convert|99720|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Kuwait|alt=Flag of Kuwait]]
| [[File:KWT orthographic.svg|150px]]
| [[Kuwait]] State of Kuwait KWT
| {{langx|ar|{{Script/Arabic|دولة الكويت – اﻟﻜﻮﻳت}}}} (''{{Transliteration|ar|Al Kuwayt – Dawlat al Kuwayt}}'')
| [[Kuwait City]] {{langx|ar|{{Script/Arabic|الكويت}}}} (''{{Transliteration|ar|Al Kuwayt}}'')
| {{UN Population|Kuwait}}
| {{sort|00017818|{{convert|17818|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Kyrgyzstan|alt=Flag of Kyrgyzstan]]
| [[File:Kyrgyzstan (orthographic projection).svg|150px]]
| [[Kyrgyzstan]] Kyrgyz Republic KGZ
| {{langx|ky|Кыргызстан – Кыргыз Республикасы}} (''{{Transliteration|ky|Kyrgyzstan – Kyrgyz Respublikasy}}'') {{langx|ru|Кыргызстан – Кыргызская Республика}} (''{{Transliteration|ky|Kyrgyzstan – Kyrgyzskaja Respublika}}'')
| [[Bishkek]] {{langx|ky|Бишкек}} (''{{Transliteration|ky|Bishkek}}'') {{langx|ru|Бишкек}} (''{{Transliteration|ru|Biškek}}'')
| {{UN Population|Kyrgyzstan}}
| {{sort|00199951|{{convert|199951|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Laos.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Laos|alt=Flag of Laos]]
| [[File:Laos (orthographic projection).svg|150px]]
| [[Laos]] Lao People's Democratic Republic LAO
| {{langx|lo|ປະເທດລາວ – ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ}} (''{{Transliteration|lo|PathetLao – Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxôn Lao}}'')
| [[Vientiane]] {{langx|lo|ວຽງຈັນ}} (''{{Transliteration|lo|Viangchan}}'')
| {{UN Population|Laos}}
| {{sort|00236800|{{convert|236800|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Lebanon|alt=Flag of Lebanon]]
| [[File:Lebanon (orthographic projection).svg|150px]]
| [[Lebanon]] Lebanese Republic LBN
| {{langx|ar|{{Script/Arabic|لبنان – الجمهورية اللبنانية}}}} (''{{Transliteration|ar|Lubnān – Al Jumhūrīyah al Lubnānīyah}}'')
| [[Beirut]] {{langx|ar|{{Script/Arabic|بيروت}}}} (''{{Transliteration|ar|Bayrūt}}'')
| {{UN Population|Lebanon}}
| {{sort|00010400|{{convert|10452|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Malaysia.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Malaysia|alt=Flag of Malaysia]]
| [[File:Malaysia (orthographic projection).svg|150px]]
| [[Malaysia]] MYS
| [[Malaysian language|Malay]]: Malaysia
| [[Kuala Lumpur]]{{Cref2|e}} {{langx|ms|Kuala Lumpur}}
| {{UN Population|Malaysia}}
| {{sort|00329847|{{convert|329847|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Maldives.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Maldives|alt=Flag of Maldives]]
| [[File:Maldives (orthographic projection).svg|150px]]
| [[Maldives]] Republic of Maldives MDV
| {{langx|dv|ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ – ދިވެހިރާއްޖޭގެ ޖުމްހޫރިއްޔާ}} (''{{Transliteration|dv|Dhivehi Raajje – Dhivehi Raajjeyge Jumhooriyyaa}}'')
| [[Malé]] / Male' {{langx|dv|މާލެ}} (''{{Transliteration|dv|Maale}}'')
| {{UN Population|Maldives}}
| {{sort|00000298|{{convert|298|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Mongolia.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Mongolia|alt=Flag of Mongolia]]
| [[File:Mongolia (orthographic projection).svg|150px]]
| [[Mongolia]] MNG
| {{langx|mn|Монгол – Монгол улс}} (''{{Transliteration|mn|Mongol – Mongol uls}}'')
| [[Ulaanbaatar]] {{langx|mn|Улаанбаатар}} (''{{Transliteration|mn|Ulaanbaatar}}'')
| {{UN Population|Mongolia}}
| {{sort|01564116|{{convert|1564116|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Myanmar.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Myanmar|alt=Flag of Myanmar]]
|[[File:Myanmar (orthographic projection).svg|150px]]
| [[Myanmar]] Republic of the Union of Myanmar MMR
| {{langx|my|မြန်မာ – ပြည်ထောင်စု သမ္မတ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်‌}} (''{{Transliteration|my|Myanma – Pyidaungzu Myanma Naingngandaw}}'')
| [[Naypyidaw|Nay Pyi Taw]] {{langx|my|နေပြည်တော်}} (''{{Transliteration|my|Nay Pyi Taw}}'')
| {{UN Population|Myanmar}}
| {{sort|00676578|{{convert|676578|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Nepal.svg|centre|100x67px|link=Flag of Nepal |alt=Flag of Nepal]]
| [[File:Nepal (orthographic projection).svg|150px]]
| [[Nepal]] Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal NPL
| {{langx|ne|सङ्घीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र नेपाल}} (''{{Transliteration|ne|Nepāl – Saṅghīya Loktāntrik Gaṇatantra Nepāl}}'')
| [[Kathmandu]] {{langx|ne|काठमाडौं}} (''{{Transliteration|ne|Kāṭhmāḍaũ}}'')
| {{UN Population|Nepal}}
| {{sort|00147516|{{convert|147516|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Oman.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Oman|alt=Flag of Oman]]
| [[File:Oman (better) (orthographic projection).svg|150px]]
| [[Oman]] Sultanate of Oman OMN
| {{langx|ar|{{Script/Arabic|عُمان – سلطنة عُمان}}}} (''{{Transliteration|ar|'Umān – Salṭanat 'Umān}}'')
| [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] {{langx|ar|{{Script/Arabic|مسقط}}}} (''{{Transliteration|ar|Masqaţ}}'')
| {{UN Population|Oman}}
| {{sort|00309500|{{convert|309500|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Pakistan.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Pakistan|alt=Flag of Pakistan]]
| [[File:PAK orthographic.svg|150px]]
| [[Pakistan]] Islamic Republic of Pakistan PAK
| {{langx|ur|{{line-height|2|{{Nastaliq|پَاکِسْتَان – اسلامی جمہوریہ پاکستان}}}}}} (''{{Transliteration|ur|Pākistān —Islāmī Jamhuriyah-e-Pākistān}}'')
| [[Islamabad]] {{langx|ur|{{Script/Nastaliq|اسلام آباد}}}} (''{{Transliteration|ur|Islāmābād}}'')
| {{UN Population|Pakistan}}
| {{sort|00881913|{{convert|881913|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Philippines.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of the Philippines|alt=Flag of the Philippines]]
| [[File:PHL orthographic.svg|150px]]
| [[Philippines]] Republic of the Philippines PHL
| {{langx|fil|Pilipinas – Republika ng Pilipinas}}
| [[Manila]] {{langx|fil|Maynila}}
| {{UN Population|Philippines}}
| {{sort|00343448|{{convert|343448|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Qatar|alt=Flag of Qatar]]
| [[File:QAT orthographic.svg|150px]]
| [[Qatar]] State of Qatar QAT
| {{langx|ar|{{Script/Arabic|قطر – دولة قطر}}}} (''{{Transliteration|ar|Qatar – Dawlat Qatar}}'')
| [[Doha]] {{langx|ar|{{Script/Arabic|الدوحة}}}} (''{{Transliteration|ar|Ad Dawḩah}}'')
| {{UN Population|Qatar}}
| {{sort|00011586|{{convert|11586|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Russia.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Russia|alt=Flag of Russia]]
| [[File:Russian Federation (orthographic projection) - All Territorial Disputes.svg|150px]]
| [[Russia]]<ref>Russia is a [[List of transcontinental countries|transcontinental country]] located in [[Eastern Europe]] and [[Northern Asia]], but is considered European historically, culturally, ethnically, and politically, and the vast majority of its population (78%) lives within its [[European Russia|European part]].</ref>{{Cref2|a}} Russian Federation RUS
| {{langx|ru|Росси́я – Российская Федерация}} (''{{Transliteration|ru|Rossija – Rossijskaja Federacija}}'')
| [[Moscow]]<ref>Moscow is located in [[Europe]].</ref> {{langx|ru|Москва}} (''{{Transliteration|ru|Moskva}}'')
| {{UN Population|Russia}} (including [[Crimea]])
| {{sort|17098242|{{convert|17098242|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Saudi Arabia|alt=Flag of Saudi Arabia]]
| [[File:Saudi Arabia (orthographic projection).svg|150px]]
| [[Saudi Arabia]] Kingdom of Saudi Arabia SAU
| {{langx|ar|{{Script/Arabic|السعودية – المملكة العربية السعودية}}}} (''{{Transliteration|ar|As Su'ūdīya – Al Mamlakah al 'Arabīyah as Su'ūdīyah}}'')
| [[Riyadh]] {{langx|ar|{{Script/Arabic|الرياض}}}} (''{{Transliteration|ar|Ar Riyāḑ}}'')
| {{UN Population|Saudi Arabia}}
| {{sort|02149690|{{convert|2149690|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Singapore.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Singapore|alt=Flag of Singapore]]
| [[File:Singapore on the globe (Southeast Asia centered) zoom.svg|150px]]
| [[Singapore]] Republic of Singapore SGP
| {{lang-zh|新加坡 – 新加坡共和国}} ''({{Transliteration|sh|Xīnjiāpō – Xīnjiāpō Gònghéguó}})'' {{langx|ms|Singapura – Republik Singapura}} {{langx|ta|சிங்கப்பூர் – சிங்கப்பூர் குடியரசு}} (''{{Transliteration|ta|Chiṅkappūr – Chiṅkappūr Kuṭiyarachu}}'')
| [[Downtown Core|Singapore]] {{lang-zh|新加坡}} ''({{Transliteration|sh|Xīnjiāpō}})'' {{langx|ms|Singapura}} {{langx|ta|சிங்கப்பூர்}} (''{{Transliteration|ta|Chiṅkappūr}}'')
| {{UN Population|Singapore}}
| {{sort|00000697|{{convert|697|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Sri Lanka|alt=Flag of Sri Lanka]]
| [[File:Sri Lanka (orthographic projection).svg|150px]]
| [[Sri Lanka]] Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka LKA
| {{langx|si|ශ්‍රී ලංකාව – ශ්‍රී ලංකා ප්‍රජාතාන්ත්‍රික සමාජවාදී ජනරජය}} (''{{Transliteration|si|Shrī Laṁkā – Shrī Laṁkā Prajātāntrika Samājavādī Janarajaya}}'') {{langx|ta|இலங்கை – இலங்கை ஜனநாயக சமத்துவ குடியரசு}} (''{{Transliteration|ts|Ilaṅkai – Ilaṅkai Jaṉanāyaka Choṣhalichak Kuṭiyarachu}}'')
| [[Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte]] {{langx|si|ශ්‍රී ජයවර්ධනපුර කෝට්ටේ}} (''{{Transliteration|si|Shrī Jayavardhanapura Koṭṭe}}'') {{langx|ta|ஶ்ரீ ஜெயவர்த்தனபுர கோட்டை}} (''{{Transliteration|ta|Shrī Jĕyavarttaṉapura Koṭṭai}}'')
| {{UN Population|Sri Lanka}}
| {{sort|00065610|{{convert|65610|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Syria.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Syria|alt=Flag of Syria]]
| [[File:Syria (orthographic projection) disputed.svg|150px]]
| [[Syria]] Syrian Arab Republic SYR
| {{langx|ar|{{Script/Arabic|سورية / سوريا – الجمهورية العربية السورية}}}} (''{{Transliteration|ar|Sūrīyah / Sūriyā – Al Jumhūrīyah al 'Arabīyah as Sūrīyah}}'')
| [[Damascus]] {{langx|ar|{{Script/Arabic|دمشق}}}} (''{{Transliteration|ar|Dimashq}}'')
| {{UN Population|Syria}}
| {{sort|00185180|{{convert|185180|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Tajikistan.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Tajikistan|alt=Flag of Tajikistan]]
| [[File:Tajikistan (orthographic projection).svg|150px]]
| [[Tajikistan]] Republic of Tajikistan TJK
| {{langx|tg|Тоҷикистон – Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон}} (''{{Transliteration|tg|Tojikiston – Jumhurii Tojikiston}}'') {{langx|ru|Таджикистан – Таджикистан Республика}} (''{{Transliteration|tg|Tajikistan – Tažikistan Respublika}}'')
| [[Dushanbe]] {{langx|tg|Душанбе}} (''{{Transliteration|tg|Dushanbe}}'')
| {{UN Population|Tajikistan}}
| {{sort|00143100|{{convert|143100|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Thailand.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Thailand|alt=Flag of Thailand]]
| [[File:Thailand (orthographic projection).svg|150px]]
| [[Thailand]] Kingdom of Thailand THA
| {{langx|th|ไทย – ราชอาณาจักรไทย}} (''{{Transliteration|th|Thai – Ratcha Anachak Thai}}'')
| [[Bangkok]] {{langx|th|กรุงเทพมหานคร}} (''{{Transliteration|th|Krung Thep Maha Nakhon}}'')
| {{UN Population|Thailand}}
| {{sort|00513120|{{convert|513120|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Timor-Leste.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Timor-Leste|alt=Flag of Timor-Leste]]
| [[File:Timor Leste (orthographic projection).svg|150px]]
| [[Timor-Leste]]{{Cref2|a}} Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste TLS
| {{langx|pt|Timor-Leste – República Democrática de Timor-Leste}} [[Tetum language|Tetum]]: ''Timor Lorosa'e – Repúblika Demokrátika Timor Lorosa'e''
| [[Dili]] {{langx|pt|Díli}} [[Tetum language|Tetum]]: ''Díli''
| {{UN Population|Timor-Leste}}
| {{sort|00014874|{{convert|14874|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Turkey.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Turkey|alt=Flag of Turkey]]
| [[File:Turkey (orthographic projection).svg|150px]]
| [[Turkey]]{{Cref2|a}} Republic of Türkiye TUR
| {{langx|tr|Türkiye – Türkiye Cumhuriyeti}}
| [[Ankara]] {{langx|tr|Ankara}}
| {{UN Population|Turkey}}
| {{sort|00783562|{{convert|783562|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Turkmenistan.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Turkmenistan|alt=Flag of Turkmenistan]]
| [[File:Turkmenistan on the globe (Turkmenistan centered).svg|150px]]
| [[Turkmenistan]] TKM
| {{langx|tk|Türkmenistan}}
| [[Ashgabat]] {{langx|tk|Aşgabat}}
| {{UN Population|Turkmenistan}}
| {{sort|00488100|{{convert|488100|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of the United Arab Emirates|alt=Flag of the United Arab Emirates]]
| [[File:United Arab Emirates (orthographic projection).svg|150px]]
| [[United Arab Emirates]] ARE
| {{langx|ar|{{Script/Arabic|اﻹﻣﺎرات – دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة}}}} (''{{Transliteration|ar|Al Imārāt – Al Imārāt al 'Arabīyah al Muttaḥidah}}'')
| [[Abu Dhabi]] {{langx|ar|{{Script/Arabic|أبوظبي}}}} (''{{Transliteration|ar|Abu Dhabi}}'')
| {{UN Population|United Arab Emirates}}
| {{sort|00083600|{{convert|83600|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Uzbekistan|alt=Flag of Uzbekistan]]
| [[File:Uzbekistan (centered orthographic projection).svg|150px]]
| [[Uzbekistan]] Republic of Uzbekistan UZB
| {{langx|uz|Ўзбекистон – Ўзбекистон Республикаси (O'zbekiston – O'zbekiston Respublikasi)}}
| [[Tashkent]] {{langx|uz|Тошкент (Toshkent)}}
| {{UN Population|Uzbekistan}}
| {{sort|00447400|{{convert|447400|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Vietnam.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Vietnam|alt=Flag of Vietnam]]
| [[File:Vietnam (orthographic projection).svg|150px]]
| [[Vietnam]] / Viet Nam Socialist Republic of Vietnam VNM
| {{langx|vi|Việt Nam – Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam}}
| [[Hanoi]] {{langx|vi|Hà Nội}}
| {{UN Population|Vietnam}}
| {{sort|00332698|{{convert|332698|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Yemen.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Yemen|alt=Flag of Yemen]]
| [[File:Yemen (orthographic projection).svg|150px]]
| [[Yemen]] Republic of Yemen YEM
| {{langx|ar|{{Script/Arabic|اليمن – الجمهورية اليمنية}}}} (''{{Transliteration|ar|Al Yaman – Al Jumhūrīyah al Yamanīyah}}'')
|[[Sana'a]]{{Cref2|f}} {{langx|ar|{{Script/Arabic|صنعاء}}}} (''{{Transliteration|ar|Ṣan'ā'}}'')
|{{UN Population|Yemen}}
|{{Sort|00527968|{{Convert|527968|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|}

=== States with limited, but substantial, international recognition ===
In this list, Palestine is a state with substantial international recognition and UN General Assembly non-member observer state status but without practical control over tangible territory, while Taiwan is a de facto state with full practical sovereignty over its territory and unofficial ties with most of the international community but not widely recognized ''de jure''. Although a founding member of the United Nations as the Republic of China, since 1971 Taiwan is no longer recognized by the United Nations.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! class="unsortable" | Flag
! class="unsortable" | Map
! English short, formal names, and [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3|ISO]]
! Status
! Domestic short and formal names
! Capital
! Population {{UN Population|Year}} {{UN Population|ref}}
! Area
|-
| [[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Palestine|alt=Flag of Palestine]]
| [[File:State of Palestine (orthographic projection).svg|150px]]
| [[Palestine]] State of Palestine PSE
| Recognized by {{Numrec|Palestine||UN member states}}. See [[International recognition of the State of Palestine]]. One of two [[United Nations General Assembly observers|United Nations General Assembly non-member observer states]]
| {{langx|ar|{{Script/Arabic|فلسطين – دولة فلسطين}}}} (''{{Transliteration|ar|Filasṭīn – Dawlat Filasṭīn}}'')
| [[Ramallah]] (de facto) {{langx|ar|{{Script/Arabic|رام الله}}}} (''{{Transliteration|ar|Rāmāllah}}'') [[East Jerusalem|Jerusalem]] (declared) {{langx|ar|{{Script/Arabic|القدس}}}} (''{{Transliteration|ar|Al-Quds}}'')
| {{UN Population|Palestine}}
| {{sort|004550000|{{convert|6220|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}}}
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of the Republic of China|alt=Flag of Taiwan]]
|[[File:Free Area of the Republic of China (orthographic projection).svg|150px]]
|[[Taiwan]] Republic of China<ref name="Europa" /> TWN<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gio.gov.tw/ |title=Government Information Office, Republic of China (Taiwan) |publisher=Government Information Office, Republic of China (Taiwan) |access-date=10 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050403211555/http://www.gio.gov.tw/ |archive-date=3 April 2005}}</ref>
|Claimed as part of the People's Republic of China. Officially recognized as sovereign by {{Numrec|ROC||UN member states}} and the [[Holy See]], which deem it to be the rightful government of all of China. In addition, Taiwan maintains unofficial relations with most other countries and is de facto recognized by most sovereign states. See [[Political status of Taiwan]] for more information about the situation.
|[[Traditional Chinese character|Traditional Chinese]]: 臺灣/台灣 – 中華民國 (''{{Transliteration|zh|Táiwān—Zhōnghuá Mínguó}}'')
|[[Taipei]]<ref name="Europa" /><ref name="Capital" /> [[Traditional Chinese character|Traditional Chinese]]: 台北 (Táiběi)
| {{UN Population|Taiwan}}
| {{convert|35980|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="Area">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003039/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html |archive-date=13 June 2007 |title=Field Listing :: Area |publisher=CIA |access-date=7 August 2011}}</ref>
|}

=== De facto states with little or no international recognition ===
{{further|List of states with limited recognition}}
The three de facto states on this list have little or no international recognition and are not members of the United Nations. All are defined as states by the [[declarative theory]].

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! class="unsortable" | Flag
! class="unsortable" | Map
! English short and formal names
! Status
! Domestic short and formal names
! Capital
! Population (2011)
! Area
|-
| [[File:Flag of Abkhazia.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Abkhazia|alt=Flag of Abkhazia]]
| [[File:Abkhaziaorthographicprojection.svg|150px]]
| [[Abkhazia]] Republic of Abkhazia<ref name="About Abkhazia">{{cite web |url=http://www.mfaabkhazia.net/en/abkhazia |title=About Abkhazia |publisher=Abkhazia Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=3 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714023625/http://mfaabkhazia.net/en/abkhazia |archive-date=14 July 2011}}</ref>
| Claimed as an [[Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)|autonomous republic]] of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].<ref name="Britannica Abkhazia">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1358/Abkhazia |title=Abkhazia (autonomous republic, Georgia) |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2011-03-03}}</ref> Recognised by [[International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia#UN member states|5 UN states]].<ref name="civil.ge">{{cite web|url=http://civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=27093|title=Civil.Ge – Tuvalu Retracts Abkhazia, S.Ossetia Recognition|author=Civil Georgia|access-date=5 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331150853/http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=27093|archive-date=31 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="mfa.gov.ge">{{cite web|url=http://mfa.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id%3DENG%26sec_id%3D59%26info_id%3D17401 |title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia – Ministry's Statements |access-date=2014-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006191232/http://mfa.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=59&info_id=17401 |archive-date=6 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://agenda.ge/news/101503/eng|title=Syria recognises independence of Georgia's occupied Abkhazia and South Ossetia|website=agenda.ge|access-date=2018-05-29}}</ref>
| {{langx|ab|Аҧсуа}} (''{{Transliteration|ab|Apswa}}'')<ref name="About Abkhazia" />
| [[Sukhumi]] / Sokhumi<ref name="About Abkhazia" /> {{langx|ab|Аҟəа}} (''{{Transliteration|ab|Akwa}}''){{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}
| 250,000<ref name="Abkhazia">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18175030 |title=Regions and territories: Abkhazia |work=BBC News |date=8 February 2011 |access-date=8 August 2011}}</ref>
| {{convert|8660|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="Britannica Abkhazia" />
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Northern Cyprus|alt=Flag of Northern Cyprus]]
| [[File:Northern Cyprus (orthographic projection).svg|150px]]
| [[Northern Cyprus]] Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus<ref name="Economist Northern Cyprus">{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2010/04/22/a-mediterranean-quagmire |title=A Mediterranean Quagmire |newspaper=The Economist|date=22 April 2010 |access-date=3 August 2011}}</ref>
| Claimed as [[Districts of Cyprus|part]] of the [[Cyprus|Republic of Cyprus]]. [[Foreign relations of Northern Cyprus|Recognised]] only by Turkey.<ref name="Economist Northern Cyprus" />
| {{langx|tr|Kuzey Kıbrıs – Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cm.gov.nc.tr/|title=Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti Cumhuriyet Meclisi |publisher=Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti |access-date=2018-03-15|language=tr}}</ref>
| [[North Nicosia]] {{langx|tr|Lefkoşa}}<ref name="BBC Cyprus">{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1016541.stm |title=Cyprus country profile |work=BBC News |date=27 May 2011 |access-date=3 August 2011}}</ref>
| 285,356<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kibrispostasi.com/index.php/cat/35/news/40123/PageName/KIBRIS_HABERLERI |title=DPÖ: "2009 sonu itibarıyla nüfus 285 bin 356" |publisher=Kibris Postasi |date=8 October 2010 |access-date=8 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315135628/http://www.kibrispostasi.com/index.php/cat/35/news/40123/PageName/KIBRIS_HABERLERI |archive-date=15 March 2012 }}</ref>
| {{convert|3355|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="Area" />
|-
| [[File:Flag of South Ossetia.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of South Ossetia|alt=Flag of South Ossetia]]
| [[File:South Ossetia (orthographic projection).svg|150px]]
| [[South Ossetia]] Republic of South Ossetia - State of Alania
| Claimed as [[Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)|part]] of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].<ref name="South Ossetia">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/3797729.stm |title=Regions and territories: South Ossetia |work=BBC News |date=8 February 2011 |access-date=8 August 2011}}</ref> Recognised by [[International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia#UN member states|5 UN states]].
| {{langx|os|Хуссар Ирыстон – Республикӕ Хуссар Ирыстон}} (''{{Transliteration|os|Khussar Iryston – Respublikæ Khussar Iryston}}'') {{langx|ru|Южная Осетия – Республика Южная Осетия}} (''{{Transliteration|ru|Yuzhnaya Osetiya – Respublika Yuzhnaya Osetiya}}'')
| [[Tskhinvali]]<ref name="South Ossetia" /> {{langx|os|Цхинвал or Чъреба}} (''{{Transliteration|os|Chreba}}''){{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}
| 70,000<ref name="South Ossetia" />
| {{convert|3900|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/63/129.html |title=South Ossetia |author=Kafkas Vakfi |publisher=Hartford Web Publishing |access-date=8 August 2011}}</ref>
|}

== Dependencies and other territories ==
{{Further|Dependent territory}}

The four territories in this list are controlled by a state of which they are not considered to be a part.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! class="unsortable" | Flag
! class="unsortable" | Map
! English short, formal names, and [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3|ISO]]<ref name="CIA Names" /><ref name="Europa" />
! Status<ref name="Field Listing :: Dependency Status">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2006.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004502/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2006.html |archive-date=13 June 2007 |title=Field Listing :: Dependency Status |publisher=CIA |access-date=8 August 2011}}</ref>
! Domestic short and formal names
! Capital
! Population
! Area<ref name="Area" />
|-
| [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Union Flag|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom, as used in Akrotiri and Dhekelia]]
| [[File:Akrotiri and Dhekelia on the globe (Afro-Eurasia centered).svg|150px]]
| [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]] Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia
| [[British Overseas Territories|British overseas territory]]
| {{langx|en|Akrotiri and Dhekelia – Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} {{langx|el|Ακρωτήρι και Δεκέλεια – Περιοχές Κυρίαρχων Βάσεων Ακρωτηρίου και Δεκέλειας}} (''{{Transliteration|el|Akrotíri ke Dekélia – Periochés Kyríarchon Váseon Akrotiríou ke Dekélias}}'')
| [[Episkopi Cantonment]] {{langx|el|Φρουρά Επισκοπής}} (''{{Transliteration|el|Frourá Episkopís}}'')
| 15,700<ref name="Population">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html |archive-date=13 June 2007 |title=Country Comparison :: Population |publisher=CIA |date=July 2012 |access-date=2 September 2012}}</ref>{{Cref2|h}}
| {{convert|254|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of the British Indian Ocean Territory.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Union Flag|alt=Flag of the United Kingdom, as used in the British Indian Ocean Territory]]
| [[File:British Indian Ocean Territory on the globe (Afro-Eurasia centered).svg|150px]]
| [[British Indian Ocean Territory]] IOT
| [[British Overseas Territories|British overseas territory]]
| {{langx|en|British Indian Ocean Territory}}
| [[Camp Justice (Diego Garcia)|Camp Justice]]
| 4,000<ref name="BIOT">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/british-indian-ocean-territory/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117034125/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/british-indian-ocean-territory/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 January 2021 |title=British Indian Ocean Territory |publisher=CIA |access-date=14 August 2011}}</ref>{{Cref2|i}}
| {{convert|54400|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Christmas Island.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Christmas Island|alt=Flag of Christmas Island]]
| [[File:Christmas Island on globe (Southeast Asia centered) with borders.svg|150px]]
| [[Christmas Island]] Territory of Christmas Island CXR
| [[States and territories of Australia|Territory of Australia]]
| {{langx|en|Christmas Island – Territory of Christmas Island}}
| [[Flying Fish Cove]]<ref name="Europa" /> / The Settlement<ref name="Capital" />
| 1,843<ref name=Census2016>{{cite web|author=Australian Government – Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development|title=2016 Census: Christmas Island|url=http://regional.gov.au/territories/Christmas/files/CI_2016_Census_Data_Fact_Sheet_Final.pdf|access-date=10 January 2018}}</ref>
| {{convert|135|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}
|-
|
| [[File:Cocos (Keeling) Islands on the globe (Southeast Asia centered).svg|150px]]
| [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]] Territory of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands CCK
| [[States and territories of Australia|Territory of Australia]]
| {{langx|en|Cocos (Keeling) Islands – Territory of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands}} {{langx|coa|Pulu Kokos (Keeling)}}
| [[West Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands|West Island]]<ref name="Capital" /> / Bantam<ref name="Europa" />
| 544<ref name=Census2016 />
| {{convert|14|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}
|}

== Special areas of internal sovereignty ==
{{Further|Special administrative regions of China}}

The following [[special administrative regions of China|two entities]] are [[administrative division|integral areas]] of their controlling state, but have a political arrangement that was decided through an international agreement.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! class="unsortable" | Flag
! class="unsortable" | Map
! English short, formal names, and [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-3|ISO]]<ref name="CIA Names" /><ref name="Europa" />
! Status<ref name="Field Listing :: Dependency Status" />
! Domestic short and formal names
! Capital
! Population
! Area<ref name="Area" />
|-
| [[File:Flag of Hong Kong.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Hong Kong|alt=Flag of Hong Kong]]
| [[File:Hong Kong on the globe (Southeast Asia centered).svg|150px]]
| [[Hong Kong]] Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China<ref name="Europa" /> HKG
| [[Special administrative regions of China|Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China]]
| Traditional {{lang-zh|香港 – 中華人民共和國香港特別行政區}}
| [[Hong Kong]]
| 7,582,000<ref name="Population" />
| {{convert|2755|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[File:Flag of Macau.svg|centre|100px|border|link=Flag of Macau|alt=Flag of Macau]]
| [[File:Macau on the globe (Southeast Asia centered).svg|150px]]
| [[Macau]] / Macao Macao Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China<ref>{{Cite web|title=Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region of the People' s Republic of China|url=https://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/1999/leibasica/index_uk.asp|access-date=2022-10-02|website=bo.io.gov.mo}}</ref> MAC
| [[Special administrative regions of China|Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China]]
| Traditional {{lang-zh|澳門 – 中華人民共和國澳門特別行政區}} {{langx|pt|Macau – Região Administrativa Especial de Macau da República Popular da China}}
| [[Macau]] / Macao<ref name="Europa" />
| 693,000<ref name="Population" />
| {{convert|28.2|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=on}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Asian countries by GDP]]
* [[List of predecessors of sovereign states in Asia]]
* [[List of states with limited recognition]]

== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{Cnote2 Begin}}
{{Cnote2|a|n=1|Area and population figures given are for the whole state, including areas located outside of Asia. Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkey all contain territory in Europe. The border between Asia and Oceania is not clearly defined, and Indonesia and East Timor are sometimes placed in Oceania.}}
{{Cnote2|b|n=4|The area and population of states with separatist regions includes that of the separatist regions.}}
{{Cnote2|c|Although the majority of Egypt is in [[Africa]], it could be argued that the [[Sinai Peninsula]] is geographically a part of Asia.}}
{{Cnote2|d|Jerusalem was declared the capital of Israel in 1950.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104141903/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 January 2021 |title=Middle East :: Israel |publisher=CIA |access-date=10 August 2011}}</ref> The 1980 [[Jerusalem Law]] states that "Jerusalem, complete and united, is the capital of Israel", and the city serves as the seat of the government, home to the President's residence, government offices, supreme court, and [[Knesset|parliament]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.knesset.gov.il/laws/special/eng/basic10_eng.htm |title=Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel |publisher=The Knesset |access-date=10 August 2011}}</ref> [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 478]] declared the Jerusalem Law "null and void" and called on member states to withdraw their diplomatic missions from Jerusalem.<ref>{{Cite press release|title=Resolution 478 |publisher=United Nations Security Council |year=1980 |url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/399/71/IMG/NR039971.pdf?OpenElement |access-date=10 August 2011}}</ref> Most foreign countries maintain their embassies in Tel Aviv and other Israeli cities.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Foreign Embassies in Israel|url=https://www.science.co.il/Embassies.php|access-date=2022-10-02|website=www.science.co.il}}</ref>}}
{{Cnote2|e|Although Kuala Lumpur is the official capital of Malaysia, [[Putrajaya]] is the seat of government.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Main/MsianGov/PutrajayaFederalAdminCapital/Pages/PutrajayaFederalAdminCapital.aspx |title=Putrajaya – Federal Administrative Capital |publisher=Malaysian Government |access-date=15 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829013340/http://www.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Main/MsianGov/PutrajayaFederalAdminCapital/Pages/PutrajayaFederalAdminCapital.aspx |archive-date=29 August 2011}}</ref>}}
{{Cnote2|f|Sana'a is the constitutional capital of Yemen, but the city and most of parts of the territory have been placed under [[Houthi movement|Houthi rebel]] [[Houthi takeover in Yemen|control]] since 2014 and is administered by the [[Supreme Political Council]]. However, [[Aden]], the former capital of [[South Yemen]], was also the de facto capital of its [[Cabinet of Yemen|internationally recognized government]], is now placed under the administration of the [[Southern Transitional Council]] since 2018 and the [[President of Yemen]] remains in exile in [[Saudi Arabia]] due to the [[Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)|ongoing civil war]] that is currently ravaging the country.}}
{{Cnote2|h|Akrotiri and Dhekelia are British military bases, with the population including 8,000 United Kingdom personnel and dependents.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/akrotiri/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104184423/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/akrotiri/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 January 2021 |title=Akrotiri |publisher=CIA |access-date=14 August 2011}}</ref>}}
{{Cnote2|i|Although the islands have no remaining indigenous inhabitants, a military base shared between the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[United States]] is located on the island of [[Diego Garcia]], with a staff of 4,000 people.<ref name="BIOT" />}}

{{Cnote2 End}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

{{Asia topics}}
{{Countries of Asia}}
{{Lists of countries by continent}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sovereign States And Dependent Territories in Asia, List Of}}
[[Category:Lists of countries in Asia| ]]
[[Category:Lists of countries by continent]]

Jumma Masjid, Uparkot

2026-03-22T23:04:58Z

ChloeBrogan: Starting a page from scratch

{{Short description|Former mosque in Junagadh, Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Jumma Masjid
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Jama Masjid, Uperkot 11.jpg
| image_upright = 1.4
| alt =
| caption = The ruins of the mosque with a column on its corner
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]] {{small|(former)}}
| tradition =
| sect =
| district =
| prefecture =
| province =
| region =
| deity =
| rite =
| festival = 
| organisational_status = [[Mosque]] {{small|(former)}}
| ownership =
| governing_body =
| leadership =
| bhattaraka =
| patron =
| consecration_year =
| functional_status = '''Abandoned''' {{small|(partial ruinous state)}}
| religious_features_label =
| religious_features =
| location = [[Uparkot Fort]], [[Junagadh]], [[Gujarat]]
| locale =
| municipality =
| cercle =
| state =
| country = [[India]]
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the mosque ruins in [[Gujarat]]
| grid_name =
| grid_position =
| sector =
| territory =
| administration =
| coordinates = {{coord|type:landmark_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| heritage_designation =
| architect =
| architecture_type = [[Palace]] / [[Fort]]
| architecture_style =
| founded_by =
| creator =
| funded_by = [[Mahmud Begada]]
| general_contractor =
| established =
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = 15th century
| construction_cost =
| demolished_date = 
| facade_direction =
| seating_capacity =
| length =
| width =
| width_nave =
| interior_area =
| height_max =
| dome_quantity =
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer =
| dome_dia_inner =
| minaret_quantity =
| minaret_height =
| spire_quantity =
| spire_height =
| site_area =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| shrine_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| materials = Brick
| elevation_m = 
| elevation_footnotes =
| nrhp =
| designated =
| added =
| refnum =
| delisted1_date =
| website =
| module = {{Infobox building
| embed = yes
| alternate_names = Ranakdevi Mahal
| designations = State Protected Monument (S-GJ-115)
| operator = [[Government of Gujarat]]
| renovation_date = 2020

}}
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Jumma Masjid''' or '''Jama Masjid''' is a former [[Congregational mosque|Friday mosque]], now in partial ruins, in [[Uparkot Fort]] in [[Junagadh]], in the state of [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. The mosque was built in 15th century by converting a temple or a palace identified as '''Ranakdevi Mahal''' by local people and the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref name=":3" /> The structure is a Protected Monument in the state of Gujarat.<ref name="ASI MNI">{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_list.asp |title=List of State Protected Monuments |work=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629155409/http://asi.nic.in/ |archive-date=2011-06-29 |date= |access-date= }}</ref>

==History==
The Jumma Masjid (Friday Mosque) was built by [[Mahmud Begada]] in 15th century following capture of Junagadh in 1472.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Ward|first=Philip|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P7EHTBl_pyQC&dq=Ranakdevi+Mahal+Chudasama&pg=PA229|title=Gujarat–Daman–Diu: A Travel Guide|publisher=Orient Longman Limited|year=1998|isbn=978-81-250-1383-9|pages=229|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Murray|first=John|url=https://archive.org/details/handbooktravelle00john|title=A handbook for travellers in India, Burma, and Ceylon .|publisher=London : J. Murray; Calcutta : Thacker, Spink, & Co.|others=University of California Libraries|year=1911|location=London|pages=153–155}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last1=Ring|first1=Trudy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=voerPYsAB5wC&dq=Uparkot+fort+mosque&pg=PA412|title=Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places|last2=Watson|first2=Noelle|last3=Schellinger|first3=Paul|date=2012-11-12|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-63979-1|pages=412}}</ref> It is evidently constructed from the materials of a [[Hindu temple|Hindu]] or [[Jain temple]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Commissariat|first=M. S|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.81300/page/n321/mode/2up?q=Junagadh|title=A history of Gujarat, including a survey of its chief architectural monuments and inscriptions|publisher=Longmans, Green & Co.|year=1938|location=Bombay; New York|pages=169|language=English|oclc=4753038}}</ref><ref name=":02"/> or previously existing palace.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> The palace is now identified as Ranakdevi Mahal by local people attributing it to [[Ranakadevi|Ranakdevi]], the legendary queen of [[Chudasama dynasty|Chudasama]] ruler [[Khengara (12th century king)|Khengara]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.103176/page/n1/mode/2up|title=Indian Archaeology 1954-55 - A review|publisher=Department of Archaeology, Government of India|year=1955|editor-last=Ghosh|editor-first=A.|location=New Delhi|pages=46}}</ref><ref name=":02"/><ref name=":4"/>

The Jumma Masjid and cannons are enlisted as the State Protected Monument (S-GJ-115) by Archaeology Department of the [[Government of Gujarat]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2020-09-16|title=પુરાતત્વ વિભાગના ચોપડે જૂનાગઢના ઉપરકોટ ખાતે આવેલ ઐતિહાસિક 'રાણકદેવીનો મહેલ' નામનો ઉલ્લેખ જ નથી...!|url=https://www.abtakmedia.com/the-book-of-the-archaeological-department-does-not-even-mention-the-historical-name-ranakadevis-palace-at-uparkot-in-junagadh/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Abtak Media|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Protected Monuments in Gujarat « Archaeological Survey of India|url=https://asi.nic.in/protected-monuments-in-gujarat/|access-date=2021-08-15|website=asi.nic.in}}</ref> In 2020, the Gujarat tourism department placed a board marking the place as Jami Masjid–Ranakdevi Mahal. The local Rajput community objected to the identification as a mosque and protested. Later the board was removed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Darsh |first=Sha h|date=2020-08-02 |title=ઉપરકોટનાં રાણકદેવી મહેલ પાસે લગાવેલા વિવાદાસ્પદ બોર્ડ હટાવાયા |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/controversial-boards-erected-near-ranakdevi-mahal-in-uparkot-were-removed-127574815.html|access-date=2020-08-04 |website=divyabhaskar |language= }}</ref>

{{As of|2020}}, the former mosque was being restored under Uperkot Fort Restoration Project of the [[Government of Gujarat]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2020-07-17|title=Vijay Rupani lays foundation stone for Uparkot Fort restoration|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/vijay-rupani-lays-foundation-stone-for-uparkot-fort-restoration-6509717/|access-date=2020-08-16|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

==Architecture==
The mosque is built on a brick platform and looks like a citadel. It has solid thick walls and a slim column rising from a corner. The column looks more like a turret than a minaret. The mosque was never finished and the part of its hall is open to sky.<ref name=":4" /> There is a staircase leading to terraced roof. It was reinstalled during the restoration.<ref name=":02"/><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=ઈ - ખાતમુહૂર્ત [ Uparkot Fort- Junagadh] - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZzPZzhzWMls&feature=youtu.be|access-date=2020-08-16|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref>

=== Cannons ===
Facing the walls, outside the mosque, there is a huge bell-metal cannon called Nilam which has {{convert|10|in|cm|adj=on|order=flip}} bore, and is {{convert|17|ft|m|order=flip}} long and {{convert|4|ft|8|in|order=flip}} round at the mouth. This cannon was brought from [[Diu, India|Diu]], where it was left by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] admiral Suleyman Pasha following their defeat in [[Siege of Diu (1538)|siege of Diu]] (1538) while assisting [[Gujarat Sultanate]] against their struggle with [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]]. There is an Arabic inscription at the muzzle, which may be translated: "The order to make this cannon, to be used in the service of the Almighty, was given by the Sultan of Arabia and Persia, Sultan Sulaiman, son of Salim Khan. May his triumph be glorified, to punish the enemies of the State and of the Faith, in the capital of Egypt, 1531." At the breech is inscribed: "The work of Muhamman, the son of Hamzah." Another large cannon called Kadanal, also from Diu, in the southern portion of the fort, is {{convert|13|ft|m|order=flip}} long, and has a muzzle {{convert|4|ft|m|order=flip}} in diameter.<ref name=":02"/><ref name=":4" />

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Uparkot fort.jpg|Interior of the mosque
Jama Masjid, Uperkot - Mihrab 01.jpg|[[Mihrab]] inside the mosque
Jama Masjid, Uperkot 02.jpg|Balcony
Cannon at Uperkot Fort 02.jpg|Cannons
Upparkot Fort, Junagarh.jpg|From distance
Uparkot Fort 13 Clicked by Hariom Raval.jpg|Hall with temporary roof
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]
* [[List of State Protected Monuments in Gujarat]]
* [[Uparkot Fort]]
* [[Uparkot Caves]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category-inline}}
{{Mosques in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Uparkot, Jumma Masjid}}
[[Category:15th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Former mosques in India]]
[[Category:Grand mosques]]
[[Category:Gujarat Sultanate mosques]]
[[Category:Junagadh]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Mosques in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Mosques converted from Jain temples]]
[[Category:Palaces in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Junagadh district]]

TVH Ouranya Bay Towers

2026-03-21T17:43:13Z

ChloeBrogan: created new page

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox building
| name = TVH Ouranya Bay Towers
| native_name = Ouranya Bay
| image = Vinee.JPG
| image_size = 250px
| caption =
| alternate_names =
| location = [[Old Mahabalipuram Road]], [[Padur]], [[Chennai]], [[India]]
| address = Old Mahabalipuram Road, Padur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| latd =
| longd =
| iso_region =
| coordinates = {{coord|12|48|42|N|80|13|50|E|display=inline,title}}
| highest_prev =
| highest_next =
| construction_start_date = March 2008
| completion_date = 2013
| inauguration_date = 2013
| building_type = Residential
| antenna_spire =
| roof = {{convert|108|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="Hindu_ResProjectOnOMR"/>
| top_floor = 29
| floor_count = 30
| elevator_count =
| architectural_style = [[Modernism]]
| cost =
| floor_area =
| architect = Surbana International Consultants Pte. Ltd.<ref name="Hindu_ResProjectOnOMR"/>
| structural_engineer =
| main_contractor =
| developer = True Value Homes
| owner =
| operator =
| references =
}}

'''TVH Ouranya Bay Towers''' is a residential complex consisting of six 30-storied condominiums in [[Chennai]], [[India]]. Located on [[Old Mahabalipuram Road]], the towers were said to be the tallest residential buildings in Chennai at the time of their construction.<ref>{{Cite news
| title = TVH to promote high-end apartments
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Hindu
| date = 19 November 2009
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-business/tvh-to-promote-highend-apartments/article142968.ece
| access-date = 25 Dec 2014}}</ref><ref name="TH_ChennaiLooksToSkies">{{cite news| last = Menon| first = Vishal| title = Chennai looks to the skies | newspaper = The Hindu| location = Chennai| publisher = Kasturi & Sons| date = 31 October 2014| url = https://www.thehindu.com/features/homes-and-gardens/five-years-after-the-cmda-allowed-buildings-to-go-above-60-metres-chennais-skyline-finally-begins-to-look-up-finds-vishal-menon/article6552974.ece | access-date = 13 September 2020}}</ref>

==History==
The construction of the towers began in 2008 and was completed in 2013. The complex was designed by Surbana International Consultants Pte. Ltd.
Arch.Jayakrishnan G Nair, then AVP at Surbana and subsequently Director of Jyan International Consultants Pte Ltd, Singapore was the principal designer.
<ref name="Hindu_ResProjectOnOMR">{{Cite news
| title = Residential project on OMR launched
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Hindu
| date = 11 March 2008
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/residential-project-on-omr-launched/article1217704.ece
| access-date = 25 Dec 2014}}</ref>

==Location==
The complex is located on [[Old Mahabalipuram Road]] at [[Padur, Chennai|Padur]] in South Chennai. It lies about 500 feet away from the [[Muttukadu Lake]], near the shore of the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref name="Hindu_ResProjectOnOMR"/>

==The towers==
The apartment complex contains six towers, each with 30 floors rising to 108 metres. It also contains a 7-storied club house covering 75,000 sq ft, a 4,000-sq-ft restaurant, and a 5,000-sq-ft banquet hall, in addition to 24 sky gardens, 30 serviced apartments, three swimming pools, and helipads for emergency exits.<ref name="Hindu_ResProjectOnOMR"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[List of tallest buildings in Chennai]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.tvh.in/ouranya-bay/ Official website of the apartment complex]

{{Chennai Topics}}

[[Category:Skyscraper residential buildings in Chennai]]
[[Category:Residential buildings completed in 2013]]

{{India-struct-stub}}

Poompuhar Shipping Corporation

2026-03-17T17:43:29Z

ChloeBrogan: done!

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| image = File:Kanyakumari as seen from Tiruvalluvar Statue.JPG
| image_caption = The ferries belonging to Poompuhar Shipping Corporation carrying people between main land and Vivekananda Rock and Tiruvalluvar Statue
| native_name = பூம்புகார் கப்பல் போக்குவரத்துக் கழகம்
| name = Poompuhar Shipping Corporation Limited
| logo = Poomouhar_Logo.gif
| type = Public Sector Corporation
| founded = {{start date and age|11 April 1974}}
| industry = Public Ship Transport Service
| location_city = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu
| location_country = India
| area_served = Tamil Nadu
| owner = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| parent = [[Department of Highways and Minor Ports (Tamil Nadu)]]
| homepage = {{URL|http://tamilship.com/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Poompuhar Shipping Corporation Limited''' ({{langx|ta|பூம்புகார் கப்பல் போக்குவரத்துக் கழகம்}}) is a state-government undertaking of [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] located in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>[http://www.tamilship.com/history.htm PSC]</ref> This corporation runs [[ships]] to ferry the [[coal]] to the [[thermal power station]]s operated by [[Tamil Nadu Power Generation Corporation Limited]] and it also runs boats in tourist town of [[Kanyakumari]].<ref>[http://www.tn.gov.in/policynotes/pdf/highways.pdf Highways & Minor Ports – Policy Notes]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website}}

{{State Agencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Companies based in Chennai]]
[[Category:Shipping companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1974]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

{{TamilNadu-stub}}

Dangerous and offensive trades

2026-03-12T08:29:23Z

ChloeBrogan: started new info...

{{Orphan|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}

'''Dangerous and offensive trades''' or '''offensive trades''' are business activities that deal with processing dead animals or that generate unpleasant smells. The term is used in jurisdictions that include India and some former [[British possessions]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Offensive Trades » Shire of Serpentine Jarrahdale |url=https://www.sjshire.wa.gov.au/offensive-trades.aspx |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=www.sjshire.wa.gov.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Offensive Trades - Central Otago District Council |url=https://www.codc.govt.nz/services/licensing/environmental-health/offensive-trades |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=www.codc.govt.nz}}</ref>

Offensive industries can encompass a variety of commercial activities, but mainly involve the handling of animal carcasses and hides. Regulation is aimed at public health, addressing risks such as injury or death, chemical risks from natural or synthetic substances used, or biological risk from pathogens and vermin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2019 |title=Discussion Paper: Management of public health risks related to offensive trades in Western Australia |url=https://www.health.wa.gov.au/~/media/Files/Corporate/general-documents/Public-Health-Act/Regulation-review-projects/Offensive-Trades-Discussion-Paper-Final.pdf |access-date=21 September 2023 |pages=8}}</ref>

==Definition==

The Oxford Dictionary of Public Health defines offensive trades as {{blockquote|text=An official designation used in some countries to describe an industry or trade that damages the health and/or economic interests of significant numbers of people in the neighborhood or environment of that industry. The term is usually applied to an industry that produces unpleasant odors, such as a tannery or rendering plant, which in many jurisdictions is subject to public health regulations dealing with abatement of nuisances.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Last |first=J.M. |title=A Dictionary of Public Health |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |location=New York}}</ref>}}

==History==

=== Early sanitary reform (1840s-1860s) ===
In response to recurring cholera outbreaks, the Royal Commission on the Health of Towns was established in 1843. Its reports (published in 1844-45) strongly criticized the overcrowded, filth-laden conditions of urban housing and infrastructure, calling for unified sanitary authorities empowered to enforce drainage, paving, and water-supply reforms.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amodu |first=Tola |title=The Transformation of Planning Agreements as Regulatory Instruments in Land-Use Planning in the Twentieth Century |url=https://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2401/1/U615350.pdf |access-date=15 November 2025 |website=LSE Theses}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=The National Archives - Public health and social policy in the 19th century |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/public-health-epidemics-19th-20th-centuries/ |access-date=15 November 2025 |website=The National Archives}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Key dates Health and Nursing Great Britain 1000 - 1899 |url=https://www.thepotteries.org/dates/health.htm |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=www.thepotteries.org}}</ref> These concerns yielded a series of ''Nuisance Removal and Disease Prevention Acts''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vandenbroucke |first=J. P. |date=2013-10-01 |title=Commentary: Snow's paper on 'offensive trades'--with the benefit of 150 years of hindsight |journal=International Journal of Epidemiology |language=en |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=1235–1238 |doi=10.1093/ije/dyt139 |pmid=24159071 |issn=0300-5771|doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[Nuisances Removal, etc. Act 1846]] ([[9 & 10 Vict.]] c. 96) allowed local authorities to act on “nuisances” certified by medical practitioners, and to issue orders to deintensify these threats to health.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuisances |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/towncountry/towns/tyne-and-wear-case-study/about-the-group/nuisances/nuisances/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=www.parliament.uk |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Public Health Act 1848]] further consolidated powers: it created a [[local board of health]], allowed for the formation of other local health boards, and empowered them to appoint ''[[Medical officer of health|medical officers of health]]'' and [[Environmental health officer|sanitary inspectors]] tasked with identifying and eliminating health hazards.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lessons from the History of British Health Policy |url=https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/documents/5033/Lessons_from_the_History_of_British_Health_Policy.pdf |access-date=15 November 2025 |website=The British Academy}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=richardjohnbr |date=2010-11-21 |title=Public health reform 1854-1914: revised version |url=https://richardjohnbr.wordpress.com/2010/11/21/public-health-reform-1854-1914-revised-version/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=HISTORY ZONE |language=en}}</ref> Nevertheless, the 1848 reforms were permissive rather than mandatory; without strong enforcement and funding, many local boards failed to act decisively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gill |first=Dr Geoff |title=CHOLERA AND THE FIGHT FOR PUBLIC HEALTH REFORM IN MID-VICTORIAN ENGLAND |url=https://www.history.org.uk/files/download/531/1204285709/cholera_and_the_fight.pdf |access-date=15 November 2025 |website=Historical Association}}</ref>

By 1866, reformers strengthened these powers through the [[Sanitary Act 1866]], which obliged local councils to inspect their districts, remove nuisances, and act against health risks. It also expanded authorities’ responsibilities for house drainage and water supply.<ref name=":2" /><ref>The [[Factory and Workshop Act 1878]] ([[41 & 42 Vict.]] c. 16), [https://books.google.com/books?id=v39KAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA181 section 106(11)]; the [[Public Health (Ireland) Act 1878]] ([[41 & 42 Vict.]] c. 52), [https://books.google.com/books?id=SvQB0so2a8EC&pg=PA436 third paragraph of proviso to section 107].</ref><ref>A. J. Ley, A History of Building Control in [[England and Wales]] 1840-1990</ref>

=== Institutional consolidation (1870s–1880s) ===
In the early 1870s, governmental reform continued. A [[Royal commission|Royal Commission]] in 1869 reviewed sanitary law and administration, and its findings shaped further legislation.<ref name=":2" /> The [[Public Health Act 1875]] was a landmark in consolidating public health regulation. It [[Codification (law)|codified]] earlier measures, placed even stronger obligations on local authorities, and introduced by-laws to manage “offensive trades” explicitly. Under the 1875 act, certain trades (blood-boiling, bone-boiling, [[fellmonger]]ing, soap-boiling, [[tallow]]-melting, and [[offal]]- or [[tripe]]-boiling) were defined for the first time as “noxious or offensive trades.”<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Public Health Act 1875 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/38-39/55/part/III/enacted |access-date=15 November 2025 |website=legislation.gov.uk}}</ref><ref>The [[Short Titles Act 1896]], section 2(1) and Schedule 2</ref><ref name="victorianyears451">{{cite book |last=Halévy |first=E. |title=Victorian Years |date=1961 |location=London |page=451}}</ref>

Local authorities could refuse permission to set up these businesses, impose penalties, and make [[by-law]]s to control their effects. The act also made it a duty of the local authority to initiate legal action if a trade was certified to be a nuisance to health.<ref name=":3" />

=== Extension regulation (1890s-Present) ===
The [[Public Health Acts Amendment Act 1907]] ([[7 Edw. 7]]. c. 53) modernized the 1875 provisions: it gave local authorities broader discretion to declare any trade “offensive” by order, rather than relying purely on a fixed blacklist.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Health Acts Amendment Act 1907 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Edw7/7/53/body/enacted |access-date=15 November 2025 |website=legislation.gov.uk}}</ref>

Separately, concerns over occupational health also led to specific regulation of hazardous industry. In 1895, a formal “Dangerous Trades Committee” was established to examine severe health risks in various industries (such as [[Lead smelting|lead]], mercury, arsenic, and phosphorus) and advise on regulation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Two steps forward, one step back - History of Occupational Safety and Health |url=https://www.historyofosh.org.uk/brief/index.html |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=www.historyofosh.org.uk}}</ref>

Later laws, such as the [[Factories Act 1961]], consolidated many regulations regarding workplace health, safety, and welfare.<ref>''[https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/QB/2007/b1.html Parkes v. Meridian Ltd]'' [2007] EWHC B1 (QB)</ref><ref>Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974, s.33(3)</ref><ref>''Walker v. Bletchley-Flettons Ltd'' [1937] 1 All ER 170</ref>

==Individual countries==
===Barbados===
In Barbados,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Health Services (Offensive Trades) Regulations, 1969 S.I. 1969/158.1978/111 |url=https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/87111/98974/F1812137034/BRB87111.pdf |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=The Laws of Barbados}}</ref> the following are considered offensive trades:
*Blood or offal boiling
*Bone boiling or crushing
*Chemical or acid making
*Fellmongering
*Glue making
*Gut spinning
*Gut scraping
*Manure manufacturing
*Slaughtering
*Soap boiling
*Tallow melting
*[[Tanning (leather)|Tanning]]

===India===
Offensive trades are classified under the [[Municipalities of India]] by an act passed by the [[Legislature of India]] that requires licensing and also serves as a source of income for the states and municipalities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-06-20 |title=Crackdown on illegal shops in Kozhikode city |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/crackdown-on-illegal-shops-in-kozhikode-city/article28089806.ece |access-date=2023-09-15 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The trades practiced by the [[Trader (finance)|traders]] are called "D & O Traders".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-02-07 |title=Civic body to direct health inspectors to issue receipt for D&O license |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/civic-body-to-direct-health-inspectors-to-issue-receipt-for-do-license/articleshow/57000320.cms |access-date=2023-09-15 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-12-08 |title=D&O license processing goes online: Thiruvananthapuram Corp to offer training for shopkeepers |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/do-license-processing-goes-online-thiruvananthapuram-corp-to-offer-training-for-shopkeepers/articleshow/67002078.cms |access-date=2023-09-15 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=offensive trade |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100246408 |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=Oxford Reference |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=offensive trade |date=2007-01-01 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195160901.001.0001/acref-9780195160901-e-3190 |work=A Dictionary of Public Health |editor-last=Last |editor-first=John M. |access-date=2023-09-15 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195160901.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-516090-1|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dangerous and Offensive Trades}}
[[Category:Indian legislation]]

Baghat

2026-03-08T01:49:01Z

ChloeBrogan:

{{Short description|Former Indian princely state}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{for|places in Iran|Baghat, Iran (disambiguation){{!}}Baghat, Iran}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name = बघाट
|conventional_long_name =Baghat State
|common_name =Baghat
|nation = [[British India]]
|status_text = [[Princely State]]
|capital = [[Solan]]
|era =
|year_start = Late 15th/early 16th century
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1948
|date_end =
|event_end= [[Independence of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map =
|image_map_caption =
|stat_area1 =93
|stat_year1 = 1901
|stat_pop1 = 9,490
|footnotes =
}}
'''Baghat''' was a [[princely state]] of the [[British Raj]], located in modern-day [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref name="soszy">{{Cite web | author = Soszynski, Henry | title = Baghat | work = Genealogical Gleanings | publisher = University of Queensland | url = http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/b/baghat.html| accessdate = 2010-04-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414155916/http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/b/baghat.html|archivedate=2011-04-14}}</ref> It constituted one of the [[Simla Hill States]]. It consisted of three separate parts which were almost entirely surrounded by the larger [[Patiala]] territory. The largest part comprised approximately {{convert|22|sqmi|km2}}, extending eastward from [[Solan]]. It incorporated Takroli, Bhocháli and part of the Básál [[pargana]]s. The two smaller parts comprised about {{convert|10|sqmi|km2}} and {{convert|1|sqmi|km2}} respectively, and formed the remainder of the Básál [[pargana]].<ref name="p3">Gazetteer, p. 3.</ref>

The first [[Capital city|capital]] of the state was Jaunaji, located 6 miles from Solan, 2nd Bhoch, in the pargana of Bhocháli. It was shifted in 1875 to Solan, which had a station on the Kálka–Simla railway.<ref name="p3"/>

==Etymology==
The name "Baghat" is commonly said to be derived from ''bau'' or ''bhau'', said to be a [[hill-tribe]] word meaning many, and ''ghát'', the word for a pass. Another theory suggests that it is instead a corruption of ''bára ghát'', meaning twelve ''ghát''s. This is owed to the large number of places in the area called ''ghát''.<ref name="p3"/>

==Geography==
The state lay between 30°50' and 30°55' N, and between 76°63' and 76°66' E. The region's main drainage basins are the Aswni Khad, a tributary of the [[Yamuna|Giri]], and the Gambhar, a tributary of the [[Sutlej River|Sutlej]]. The landscape is mountainous. The town of Solan was located on the highest range, which runs through what was the northern portion of the state from southwest to northwest.<ref name="p3"/>

==History==
===Early history===
The founder of the state and ruling family of Baghat is recorded variously as Basant Pál or Hari Chand Pál from [[Dhar|Dharánágri]] in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan region]]. According to legend, Basant captured a small place in the hills of the [[Keonthal]] pargana of [[Patiala State|Patiála]], which he subsequently named [[Basantpur, Himachal Pradesh|Basantpur]], and which later came to be called [[Bassi, Himachal Pradesh|Bassi]].<ref name="p4"/> This settlement, located around six miles (10 km) from Solan, was inherited by his son Bakhsh Pál, who later annexed the [[pargana]]s of Básál, Bhocháli and Bharauli from Patiála.<ref name="p4">Gazetteer, p. 4.</ref>

The 8th rana, Bhawáni Pál, annexed the Bachhráng pargana and the territory of the Rana of [[Kasauli]]. The 16th rana, Indar Pál, who is credited with naming the state Baghát, also captured the parganas of Básál, Ghár and Taksál from Patiála.<ref name="p4"/>

The 68th ruler of Baghát, Rana Janmi Pál, is stated to have been an illustrious man. According to legend, he was presented with a ''khillat'' from the emperor in Delhi. On his way home, he was attacked by the Rai of [[Bhawana|Bhawána]] and his forces. The rai's army was defeated and the rai himself was killed, whereupon Janmi Pál became the suzerain of Bhawána.<ref name="p4"/> Upon the succession of the 73rd ruler, Rana Dalel Singh, the family thenceforth adopted the honorary suffix [[Singh]] instead of Pál.<ref name="p4"/>

===British period===
Rana Mahindar Singh, the son of Dalel Singh, is the first ruler for which historians have written records. During his reign, in 1790, Baghát regained its independence from [[Kahlur|Biláspur]], to which it appears to have been subjugated to for an unknown period of time.<ref name="p5"/> This occurred when Biláspur entered into a disastrous war with [[Nalagarh|Nálagarh]]. Baghát continued, however, as Biláspur's ally.<ref name="p5">Gazetteer, p. 5.</ref>

During the [[Gurkha War]], Mahindar Singh was a strong opponent of rising British power in the region. With the British victory, five of the rana's eight parganas were transferred to Patiála for a payment of Rs. 130,000. The remaining three parganas of Básál, Bhocháli and Takroli were returned to Mahindar Singh.<ref name="p5"/>

In 1739, Mahindar Singh died without issue, whereupon Baghát was treated as a [[Doctrine of Lapse|lapsed]] state by the British. A [[Political pensioner|pension]] to the amount of Rs. 1,282 was assigned to the royal family and the state was formally annexed to [[British India]].<ref name="p5"/>

In 1842, upon the request of Ummed Singh, a grandson of the late rana Dalel Singh, Lord Ellingham restored the state of Baghát to Bije Singh, the younger brother of the late rana. However, in 1849, he too died without leaving a direct heir, and the state again was deemed lapsed and was annexed according to the doctrine.<ref name="p5"/> Ummed Singh then established a claim to the throne for himself, and pleaded his case before the Court of Directors. It was initially rejected, but eventually in 1861, upon the recommendation of [[Lord Canning]], the claim was recognised by the court. Ummed Singh received the news on his death bed, and nominated his son, Dalip Singh, as his successor.<ref name="p5"/>

In January 1862, a [[sanad (deed)|''sanad'']] was issued conferring the state of Baghát on Dalip Singh, then a child of two years. The restoration saw a significant reduction in tribute paid by the state to the British Raj, due to the outright deduction of territory returned.<ref name="p5"/>

====Rulers====
The rulers bore the title of [[Rana (title)|Rana]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_A-J.html|title=Indian Princely States before 1947 A-J|website=www.worldstatesmen.org|access-date=2019-08-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rulers.org/indstat1.html|title=Indian states before 1947 A-J|website=rulers.org|access-date=2019-08-25}}</ref>

* Rana Mohindar Singh (b. ... - d. 1839) 1803 – 1839
* Rana Bije Singh (b. ... - d. 1849) 1842 – 1849
* Rana Umaid Singh (b. 1825 - d. 1861) 1861
* Rana Dhalip Singh (b. 1859 - d. 1911) 15 Jan 1862 – 30 Dec 1911
* Rana Durga Singh (b. 1901 - d. 1977) 1912 – 4 Jun 1928
* Raja Durga Singh (s.a.) 4 Jun 1928 – 15 Aug 1947

===Partition period===
The last ruler of Baghát was Durga Singh, who succeeded his father in 1911 as a [[Minority reign|minor]]. In June 1928, he was accorded the hereditary title of [[Raja]]. Raja Durga Singh acceded his state to the [[Dominion of India|Union of India]] on 15 April 1948. He died in 1977.<ref name="soszy"/> The current head of the Baghát lineage is his grandson, Keshvinder Singh, who succeeded on 27 April 2004.<ref name="soszy"/>

==See also==
*[[List of Indian princely states]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Simla Hill states|publisher=Indus Publishing Company|chapter=7: Baghat State Gazetteer|year=1910|isbn=978-81-7387-033-0}}

{{coord|30.525|N|80.645|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}}
{{Princely states of the Punjab and Simla Hills}}
[[Category:Princely states of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajput history]]
[[Category:15th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]

India women's national rugby union team

2026-03-06T03:31:11Z

ChloeBrogan:

{{This|the women's team|the men's team|India national rugby union team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox national rugby team
| Name = India
| Type = Women
| Union = [[Rugby India]]
| Coach = [[Waisale Serevi]]
| Captain = Vahbiz Bharucha
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 =
| pattern_ra1 =
| leftarm1 = 000080
| body1 = 000080
| rightarm1 = 000080
| shorts1 = FFFFFF
| socks1 = 000080
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 =
| pattern_ra2 =
| leftarm2 =
| body2 =
| rightarm2 =
| shorts2 =
| socks2 =
| World Rugby Rank = 56
| World Rugby Rank date = 2 March 2026
|World Rugby max=50
|World Rugby max year=2024
| World Rugby min =56
| World Rugby min year =2026
| First game = {{ruw|Singapore}} 30–5 {{ruw-rt|India}} ([[Singapore]] 2 June 2018)
| Largest win = {{ruw|Singapore}} 19–21 {{ruw-rt|India}} ([[Calamba, Laguna|Calamba]], [[Philippines]] 19 June 2019)
| Largest loss = {{ruw|Singapore}} 30–5 {{ruw-rt|India}} ([[Singapore]] 2 June 2018)
}}

The '''India women's national rugby union team''' is the national team representing [[India]] in women's international [[rugby union]]. They played their first test against [[Singapore women's national rugby union team|Singapore]] in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us|url=https://indiarugby.com/Home/Profile|website=Rugby India |access-date=1 July 2022|language=en}}</ref> They have only played four [[Test match (rugby union)|Tests]] to date and are ranked 56th by [[World Rugby]].

==Record==
=== Overall ===
{{for|information about the status of international games|Women's international rugby union#International women's matches}}

''(Full internationals only)''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|+ Rugby: India internationals 2018-
! Opponent
! First game
! Played
! Won
! Drawn
! Lost
!Percentage
|-
|style="text-align: left;"|{{ruw|PHI}}
| 2018
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 2
|0.00%
|-
|style="text-align: left;"|{{ruw|SIN}}
| 2018
| 2
| 1
| 0
| 1
|50.00%
|-
!Summary
!2018
!4
!1
!0
!3
!25.00%
|}

===Full internationals===
{| class="wikitable"
| bgcolor="#ccffcc" |'''Won'''
| bgcolor="FFE4E1" |'''Lost'''
| bgcolor="DCDCDC" |'''Draw'''
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%"
! style="width:5%" |Test
! style="width:12%" |Date
! style="width:21%" |Opponent
! style="width:5%" |{{Tooltip|PF|Points For}}
! style="width:5%" |{{Tooltip|PA|Points Against}}
!Venue
!Event
!Ref.
|-bgcolor="FFE4E1"
| align="center" |'''1'''
|2018-06-02
|{{ruw|SIN}}
| align="center" | '''5'''|| align="center" |'''30'''
|[[Queenstown Stadium]], [[Singapore]]
|[[2018 Asia Rugby Women's Championship Div 1|2018 ARWC D1]]
|<ref name="AsiaDivOne2018A" /><ref name="AsiaDivOne2018B" />
|-bgcolor="FFE4E1"
| align="center" |'''2'''
|2018-06-05
|{{ruw|PHI}}
| align="center" | '''5'''|| align="center" |'''19'''
|[[Queenstown Stadium]], [[Singapore]]
|[[2018 Asia Rugby Women's Championship Div 1|2018 ARWC D1]]
|<ref name="AsiaDivOne2018A">{{Cite web |title=Asia Rugby Women's Championship Div 1 |url=https://www.asiarugby.com/results/asia-rugby-womens-championship/arwc-div-1 |date=27 May 2018 |access-date=14 December 2022 |website=[[Asia Rugby]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604142223/https://www.asiarugby.com/results/asia-rugby-womens-championship/arwc-div-1 |archive-date=4 June 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="AsiaDivOne2018B">{{Cite web |title=Women's Asia Rugby Championship - Division 1 |url=http://www.rugbyarchive.net/compseasons/3026?Stagione=2018 |date=8 June 2018 |access-date=31 December 2022 |website=RugbyArchive.net |language=en |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221231145856/http://www.rugbyarchive.net/compseasons/3026?Stagione=2018 |archive-date=31 December 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="AsiaDivOne2018IndiaPhilippines">{{Cite web |title=India vs Philippines |url=https://www.world.rugby/match/26076 |date=5 June 2018 |access-date=11 March 2023 |website=[[World Rugby]] |language=en |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230311161810/https://www.world.rugby/match/26076 |archive-date=11 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-bgcolor="FFE4E1"
| align="center" |'''3'''
|2019-06-19
|{{ruw|PHI}}
| align="center" | '''27'''|| align="center" |'''32'''
|Southern Plains Sports Field, [[Calamba, Laguna|Calamba]]
|[[2019 Asia Rugby Women's Championship Div 1|2019 ARWC D1]]
|<ref name="AsiaDivOne2019B">{{Cite web |title=China crowned champions as India claim historic win |url=https://www.women.rugby/news/432228/china-crowned-champions-as-india-claim-historic-win |date=22 June 2019 |access-date=14 December 2022 |website=Women.Rugby |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208163857/https://www.women.rugby/news/432228/china-crowned-champions-as-india-claim-historic-win |archive-date=8 December 2021 |url-status=live |last1=Rugby |first1=Women }}</ref><ref name="AsiaDivOne2019C">{{Cite web |title=Asia Rugby Women's Championship Div 1 |url=https://www.asiarugby.com/results/asia-rugby-womens-championship/2019-div-1 |date=23 May 2019 |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=[[Asia Rugby]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015061950/https://www.asiarugby.com/results/asia-rugby-womens-championship/2019-div-1 |archive-date=15 October 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="AsiaDivOne2019D">{{Cite web |title=Women's Asia Rugby Championship - Division 1 |url=http://www.rugbyarchive.net/compseasons/3026?Stagione=2019 |date=3 August 2019 |access-date=31 December 2022 |website=RugbyArchive.net |language=en |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221231145225/http://www.rugbyarchive.net/compseasons/3026?Stagione=2019 |archive-date=31 December 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="AsiaDivOne2019PhilippinesIndia">{{Cite web |title=Philippines vs India |url=https://www.world.rugby/match/27633 |date=19 June 2019 |access-date=11 March 2023 |website=[[World Rugby]] |language=en |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230311100844/https://www.world.rugby/match/27633 |archive-date=11 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| align="center" |'''4'''
|2019-06-22
|{{ruw|SIN}}
| align="center" | '''21'''|| align="center" |'''19'''
|Southern Plains Sports Field, [[Calamba, Laguna|Calamba]]
|[[2019 Asia Rugby Women's Championship Div 1|2019 ARWC D1]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=25 June 2019|title=Rugby : Singapore slip down rankings after India's historic win|url=https://sportsbeatsindia.com/rugby-singapore-slip-down-rankings-after-indias-historic-win/|url-status=dead|access-date=11 December 2021|website=Sportsbeatsindia|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627062424/https://sportsbeatsindia.com/rugby-singapore-slip-down-rankings-after-indias-historic-win/ |archive-date=27 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=China crowned champions as India claim historic win|url=https://www.women.rugby/news/432228/china-crowned-champions-as-india-claim-historic-win|url-status=live|access-date=21 October 2022|website=women.rugby|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208163857/https://www.women.rugby/news/432228/china-crowned-champions-as-india-claim-historic-win |archive-date=8 December 2021 |last1=Rugby |first1=Women }}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.rugbyindia.in The Official Website of Indian Rugby]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110810042746/http://www.irb.com/rankings/full.html IRB World Rankings]
* [http://rugbydata.com/india India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115145614/http://www.rugbydata.com/india/ |date=15 January 2020 }} on rugbydata.com
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060222203939/http://www.irb.com/IRB/TemplateFiles/General/ResultsQueryTemplate.aspx?NRMODE=Published&NRORIGINALURL=%2fFixtures%2fResultsSearch%2f&NRNODEGUID=%7b08B408A2-B539-414E-9AF8-8DC1D398CC41%7d&NRCACHEHINT=Guest Indian Rugby Internationals]

{{Rugby union in India}}
{{Women's national rugby teams}}
{{National sports teams of India}}

[[Category:India national rugby union team| Women's]]
[[Category:Asian national women's rugby union teams]]
[[Category:Women's national sports teams of India|Rugby union]]
{{India-sport-stub}}

Nagaravadhu (film)

2026-03-03T21:39:16Z

ChloeBrogan: creating new info

{{short description|2001 film by Kaladharan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nagaravadhu
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Kaladharan
| producer = [[Mani C. Kappan]]
| story = Gopala Chandran Kaarakkal (G. C. Kaarakkal)
| screenplay = Rajan Kiriyath
| starring = [[Vani Viswanath]] [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] [[Rajan P. Dev]] [[Jayakrishnan]] [[Mani C. Kappan]]
| music = '''Film score:''' Rajamani''' Songs:''' [[M. Jayachandran]]
| cinematography = [[Saloo George]]
| editing = L. Bhoominathan
| studio = Okay Productions
| distributor = Emil and Eric
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2001|11|30}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Nagaravadhu''''' is a 2001 [[Malayalam film]] directed by Kaladharan and starring [[Vani Viswanath]], [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]], [[N. F. Varghese]], [[Rajan P. Dev]], [[Jayakrishnan]], [[Baiju Santhosh|Baiju]], [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]], [[Spadikam George]], [[Harishree Ashokan]], Premachandran and [[Indrans]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/malayalam/reviews/index.html |title=Indiainfo: Malayalam: Movie Review - Nagarvadhu |website=movies.indiainfo.com |access-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010203192600/http://movies.indiainfo.com/malayalam/reviews/index.html |archive-date=3 February 2001 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.malayalam.cinesouth.com/english/scopes/reviews/nagara.shtml |title=Archived copy |website=www.malayalam.cinesouth.com |access-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010427063416/http://www.malayalam.cinesouth.com/english/scopes/reviews/nagara.shtml |archive-date=27 April 2001 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Vani Viswanath]] as Sukanya
* [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]] as Narendra Babuji
* [[N. F. Varghese]] as Hrishikesh Parameswaran Nampoothiri [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Baiju Santhosh|Baiju]] as Eby Kuruvila
* [[Rajan P. Dev]] as Mamaji
* [[Jayakrishnan]] as Harshan
* [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Kesari Govinda Pillai
* [[Spadikam George]] as [[Deputy Superintendent of Police#Kerala|DYSP]] Sadhanandhan
* [[Harishree Ashokan]]
* [[Ponnamma Babu]] as Akkama Tharakan
* [[V. D. Rajappan]]
* Premachandran
* [[Indrans]]
* [[Srividhya]]
* [[Mani C. Kappan]] as Tripathi

==Soundtrack==
All songs are written by [[Prabha Varma]].

*"Chillaattam (female)" - [[Sujatha Mohan]]
*"Chillaattam (male)" - Alex Kayyalakkal
*Mehbooba" - [[Vidhu Prathap]], Sujatha Sathyan, Nikhil Krishna, Manu Vijayan
*"Pakalinnu" - [[G Venugopal]]
*"Pakalinnu (version 2)" - [[G Venugopal]]
*"Poonthen Nermozhi (female)" - [[KS Chithra]]
*"Poonthen Nermozhi (male)" - G Venugopal
*"Thai Piranthaal (female)" - KS Chithra
*"Thai Piranthaal (male)" - [[MG Sreekumar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0320126}}

[[Category:2001 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. Jayachandran]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kaladharan]]

{{2000s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Missterious

2026-03-03T09:08:43Z

ChloeBrogan: creating a entry

{{Short description|2025 Indian Telugu film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = MissTerious
| image = Missterious_(2025_Telugu_film)_poster.jpg
| caption = Official theatrical poster
| director = Mahi Komatireddy
| producer = Jay Vallamdas
| starring = Rohit Sahni Meghna Rajput Riya Kapoor
| music = M. L. Raja
| cinematography = Paravasthu Devendra Suri
| studio = Ashley Creations
| released = {{Film date|2025|12|19}}
| runtime = 132 min
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''MissTerious''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu cinema|Telugu-language]] [[thriller film]] from [[India]] written and directed by [[Mahi Komatireddy]] and produced by Jay Vallamdas under the banner Ashley Creations. The film stars Rohit Sahni and Meghna Rajput in the lead roles. The narrative revolves around a [[police]] investigation that gradually transforms into a psychological puzzle filled with deception and narrative misdirection. The film was theatrically released on 19 December 2025.

== Plot ==

The story centers on the mysterious disappearance of Sub-Inspector Ramki, an efficient officer working under the [[Hyderabad]] city police department. ACP Anand takes charge of the case and begins tracing Ramki's last movements through call records and digital footprints. The inquiry soon points toward Shilpa, the wife of a reputed architect Virat, who was the final person known to have contacted Ramki. As Anand digs deeper, he encounters conflicting testimonies, manipulated timelines, and evidence that appears authentic yet feels deliberately planted. The investigation links Ramki's vanishing to a series of earlier unsolved incidents involving property disputes and concealed identities. The boundary between professional duty and personal emotion starts blurring for the ACP. The climax unveils that “Missira,” assumed to be an individual, is actually a coded reference connected to Ramki's secret operation meant to erase crime witnesses from records. The final twist forces ACP Anand to question what is real and what has been staged as part of an elaborate illusion.

== Cast ==

* [[Rohit Sahni]] as Virat
* Meghna Rajput as Shilpa
* Abid Bhushan as Ramki
* Balraj Wadi as ACP Anand Sai
* Srinivas Bogireddy as Harnath Rao
* Jabardasth Naveen as Puran Singh
* Jabardasth Rajamouli as Linga
* Venu Polasani as Money Lender
* Lucky Laxmi as Lady Sub Inspector
* Auknoor Gautham as Circle Inspector

== Production ==

The film was produced by Jay Vallamdas under the banner Ashley Creations with a primary focus on a tightly written screenplay. Srinivas Kolanu handled production supervision while Ram Uppu (Bunny Ram) served as executive producer. Action sequences were choreographed by Nandu, and filming was carried out mainly across [[Hyderabad]] and surrounding heritage locations. The director stated in interviews that the makers concentrated on psychological [[suspense]] and narrative misdirection rather than routine commercial formula.

== Music ==

The soundtrack and background score of the film were composed by M. L. Raja. The album consists of three tracks released in December 2025.

{| class="wikitable"
! No. !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Length
|-
| 1 || Aanandame || Sameera Bharadwaj, Kapil Kapilan || 3:09
|-
| 2 || Nee Jathane || Yazin Nazir || 4:07
|-
| 3 || Adugu Adugu || MLR Karthikeyan || 3:51
|}

== Reception ==

The film received mixed reviews from critics. South [[India]] Times rated 3.5 out of 5 while [[Zee News]] Telugu rated the film 2.5 out of 5, appreciating its suspense elements while pointing out issues with pacing. [[The Hans India]] reviewed the film positively and described it as an engaging thriller that keeps viewers guessing through effective twists and performances.

== References ==

# MISSTERIOUS film – casting announcement. ''Webdunia Telugu (in Telugu).'' 4 July 2025. https://telugu.webdunia.com/article/telugu-cinema-news/nagabhushan-s-grandson-abid-bhushan-and-rohit-sahni-are-paired-together-in-a-mysterious-film-125070400017_1.html
# Actor Abid Bhushan about Missterious. ''NT News Telugu (in Telugu).'' July 2025. https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/actor-abid-bhushan-about-his-missterious-movie-2061090
# Ashley Creations suspense thriller. ''Cinema Rangam.'' July 2025. https://cinemarangam.com/ashley-creations-suspence-thriller
# Teaser response confidence. ''Praja Power.'' July 2025. https://prajapower.com/with-the-response-to-the-latest-teaser-there-is-more-confidence-in-the-films-success/
# Rohit Sahni & Meghna Rajput at pre-release event. ''NT News Telugu.'' December 2025. https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/rohit-sahni-and-meghna-rajput-pre-release-event-2239525
# US premiere response. ''Suryaa Telugu.'' December 2025. https://suryaa.com/cinema-news-102771-missterious-movie-review
# Sakshi Telugu investigation review. ''Sakshi Telugu (in Telugu).'' 19 December 2025. https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/missterious-review

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{reflist}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:2025 directorial debut films]]

Nowroji Saklatvala

2026-03-03T08:13:59Z

ChloeBrogan: done

{{Short description|Indian businessman (1875–1938)}}
{{Infobox office holder
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the British Empire|KBE]] [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]]
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| office = 3rd [[Chair (officer)|chair]] of [[Tata Sons]] and the [[Tata Group]]
| term = 1932—1938
| predecessor = [[Dorabji Tata|Sir Dorabji Tata]]
| successor = [[J. R. D. Tata|JRD Tata]]
| birth_date = 10 September 1875
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 21 July 1938 (aged 62)
| death_place = [[Aix-les-Bains]], France<ref name="times"/>
| occupation = {{nowrap|Former chairman of [[Tata Group]]}}
| parents =
| alma_mater = [[University of Bombay]]
| relatives = [[Jamsetji Tata]] (maternal uncle)
| honorific_prefix = [[Knight Commander|Sir]]
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
'''Sir Nowroji Saklatvala''' (10 September 1875 – 21 July 1938) was an Indian businessman who was the third chairman of the [[Tata Group]] from 1932 till his sudden death in 1938.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.businessworldindia.com/august/coverstory02.asp | title = The Enigma called Pallonji Mistry | access-date = 2008-03-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080520181003/http://www.businessworldindia.com/august/coverstory02.asp | archive-date = 20 May 2008 | url-status = usurped }}</ref><ref name="times">{{cite news |title= Obituary: Sir Nowroji Saklatvala |work=[[The Times]] |date= 23 July 1938|page=14 }}</ref>

He was born in Bombay into a [[Parsi]] family, the son of Bapuji Saklatwala and Virbaiji Tata. His maternal uncle was [[Jamsetji Tata]], founder of the Tata Group.<ref>[http://www.tatacentralarchives.com/history/family_tree/family_tree.pdf Tata Family tree] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205064010/http://www.tatacentralarchives.com/history/family_tree/family_tree.pdf |date=5 February 2010 }}</ref> He completed his studies at [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St. Xavier College]],<ref name="z" /> joined the Tata Group in 1899 as a clerk in Svadeshi Mills in Bombay. Within twenty years, he rose to be the head of the firm. He worked closely with [[Dorabji Tata]], the second chairman.<ref name="x" /> When Dorabji died in 1932, he became the Chairman of the Tata Group and had the task of consolidating the company during the Depression years.<ref name="x">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/PDAET/articleshow/msid-4031496,curpg-2.cms|title = Execution is as important as vision and strategy|newspaper = The Economic Times|last1 = Gopalakrishnan|first1 = R.}}</ref>

Closely connected with Indian cricket, Saklatwala played for the [[Parsees cricket team|Parsees]] team during 1904–05, but stopped playing actively due to business pre-occupations. As a [[cricket]] player he represented the Parsees against the Europeans in 1904.<ref name="z">{{cite web | url = http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/player/34868.html | title= ESPNcricinfo | access-date=2008-03-09}}</ref>

He was the first Chairman of the [[Cricket Club of India]] after its inception in 1933 till his death and was instrumental in the development of [[Brabourne Stadium]], for which he donated a large sum of money.<ref name="z" />

==Honours==
Saklatwala was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (CIE) in the [[1923 New Year Honours]],<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/32782/supplements/5 London Gazette, 1 January 1923] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622232143/http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/32782/supplements/5|date=2013-06-22}}</ref> knighted in the [[1933 Birthday Honours]]<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/33946/supplements/3801 London Gazette, 3 June 1933]</ref> and further knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in the [[1937 Coronation Honours]].<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/34396/supplements/3097 London Gazette, 11 May 1937] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622221500/http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/34396/supplements/3097|date=2013-06-22}}</ref>

==Death==
He died due to heart failure while in France, aged 62. He was succeeded by his second cousin [[J.R.D. Tata|JRD Tata]] as the chairman of the company.<ref name="times"/> He is buried in the Parsi section of [[Brookwood Cemetery]] in Surrey.<ref>{{cite news |title= Funeral – Sir Nowroji Saklatvala|work=[[The Times]] |date=27 July 1938 |page=17 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-bus}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Dorabji Tata]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=Chairman of [[Tata Group]]|years=1932–1938}}
{{S-aft|after=[[J. R. D. Tata]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Chairmen of Tata Group}}
{{Tata Group}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saklatvala, Nowroji}}
[[Category:1875 births]]
[[Category:1938 deaths]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Parsi people from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Tata Group people]]
[[Category:Tata family]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Parsis cricketers]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Parsi cricketers]]
[[Category:Burials at Brookwood Cemetery]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from British India]]
[[Category:Parsi sportsmen]]
[[Category:Parsi businesspeople]]

Thambi Pondatti

2026-03-03T04:58:24Z

ChloeBrogan: created a data

{{More citations needed|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thambi Pondatti.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Panchu Arunachalam]]
| writer = Panchu Arunachalam
| producer = Ar. Shanmuganathan [[Subbu Panchu|P. Ar. Subramanian]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]]|[[Ramya Krishnan]]|[[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]]|[[Nizhalgal Ravi]]}}
| cinematography = G. Or. Nathan
| editing = N. Chandran
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Geetha Chitra Combines
| distributor = Sivasakthi Cine Combines<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 February 1992 |title=தம்பி பொண்டாட்டி |work=[[Dina Thanthi]] |pages=12 |language=Ta}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1992|02|07}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Thambi Pondatti''''' ({{Translation|Younger brother's wife}}) is a 1992 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film, written and directed by [[Panchu Arunachalam]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=மு.சுப்பிரமணி |first=தேனி |date=18 June 2024 |title=பன்முகத்தன்மை கொண்ட பஞ்சு அருணாசலம் பிறந்த நாள் இன்று! |url=https://kalkionline.com/entertainment/cinema/today-is-the-birthday-of-versatile-panchu-arunachalam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/FVeKZ |archive-date=2 March 2026 |access-date=12 January 2026 |website=[[Kalki Online]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film stars [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]], [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] and [[Ramya Krishnan]]. It was released on 7 February 1992,<ref>{{cite web |title=Thambi pondatti ( 1992 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=thambi%20pondatti |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023103457/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=thambi%20pondatti |archive-date=23 October 2013 |access-date=12 March 2014 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> and did not perform well at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=பிளாஷ்பேக்: இயக்குனராக போராடிய பஞ்சு அருணாசலம் |url=https://or-staging.dinamalar.com/cinemanews/136310 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260302123325/https://or-staging.dinamalar.com/cinemanews/136310 |archive-date=2 March 2026 |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=October 2023}}
Somu is an advertising photographer who exclusively works with female models. His family is a very modern family. His elder brother Balu falls in love with his friend Maala, a modern woman, and he discloses it to Somu. They finally get married. Thereafter, the entire family searches for a bride for Somu. In turn, Somu gets married with Sumathi, who is from a strict conservative family. Sumathi becomes a suspicious wife and she finds her husband's family's behaviours irritating. What transpires later forms the crux of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] as Somu
*[[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]] as Sumathi
*[[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Balu
*[[Ramya Krishnan]] as Maala
*[[Nagesh]] as Venugopal
*[[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]] as Chellappa
*[[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Mani
*[[Sulakshana (actress)|Sulakshana]] as Parvathi
*[[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]] as Lakshmi
*[[R. N. K. Prasad]]
*[[Crazy Mohan]]
*Jayamkondan
*Vijaya Chandrika
*[[M. Bhanumathi]]
*Baby Sowmya
*Baby Thenu
*[[Rajendran]] as henchman (uncredited)
}}

== Soundtrack ==

The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Thambi Pondatti (1992) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0002956 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140312183541/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0002956 |archive-date=12 March 2014 |access-date=12 March 2014 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thambi Pondatti Tamil Film Audio Cassette by Ilayaraaja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/thambi-pondatti-tamil-film-audio-cassette-by-ilayaraaja/ |access-date=3 October 2023 |website=Mossymart |language=en-US |archive-date=3 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003055518/https://mossymart.com/product/thambi-pondatti-tamil-film-audio-cassette-by-ilayaraaja/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Duration
|-
| "En Mane" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || [[Gangai Amaran]] || 4:40
|-
| "Eyru Mayil Eyri" || [[Swarnalatha]], [[Minmini]], Kalpana, Prasanna || Arunagirinathar || 5:38
|-
| "Kannan Vanthathaaley" || [[Uma Ramanan]] || rowspan=2|[[Panchu Arunachalam]] || 4:49
|-
| "Sonnaalu Vetkam" || [[Arunmozhi]] || 4:35
|-
| "Un Ennam Enge" || [[Sunanda (singer)|Sunanda]] || Ilaiyaraaja || 4:54
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:1992 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Panchu Arunachalam]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Panchu Arunachalam]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Peter Gaya Kaam Se

2026-03-02T10:03:39Z

ChloeBrogan: basic expand article per sources additionally and added references for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Peter Gaya Kaam Se
| image = Peter Gaya Kaam Se Poster.JPG
| caption = Poster
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Rajeev Khandelwal]]|[[Lekha Washington]]}}
| director = John Owen
| cinematography = [[Alphonse Roy]]
| editing = [[Aarti Bajaj]]
| music = [[Sajid–Wajid]]
| producer = [[Ronnie Screwvala]]
| studio =
| writer = Zuhaebb & John Owen
| released = {{film date|df=y|2014|9|27|London}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Peter Gaya Kaam Se''''' is a 2014 Hindi action adventure film directed by John Owen. The film has only been screened once under the title, ''The Goa Run'', at the [[Raindance Film Festival]] in [[London]] in September 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://raindance.org/the-goa-run-feels-the-raindance-effect/|title=The Goa Run Feels The Raindance Effect|date=5 November 2014|publisher=[[Raindance Film Festival]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
Peter, an avid football fan and motorcycle taxi driver, resolves to leave Goa and resign from his job. However, his unscrupulous loan shark boss, Bosco, convinces him to undertake one final assignment, a task that will irrevocably alter his life.

==Cast==
* [[Rajeev Khandelwal]] as Peter
* [[Lekha Washington]] as Mira
* [[Isha Talwar]]
* [[Prashant Narayanan]] as Carlos
* [[Raj Singh Arora]]
* Rachit Trehan as KJ
* [[Rajesh Tailang]]

==Production==
Following the success of his first film ''[[Aamir (film)|Aamir]]'', [[UTV Motion Pictures]] re-signed [[Rajeev Khandelwal]] in June 2008 to be a part of their next film to be directed by British film maker John Owen. Shooting of the film, described as an action adventure, began on location in Goa India in August 2008. Alphonse Roy was signed on as cinematographer to shoot the film in 35mm.<ref>{{cite interview |last=Khandelwal |first=Rajeev |interviewer=Patcy N |title=After Aamir, people think I'm a saleable actor |date=10 September 2008 |publisher=[[Rediff.com]] |location=Mumbai |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/sep/10rajeev.htm |access-date=28 March 2024 |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526235339/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/sep/10rajeev.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rajeev-khandelwal-in-kottivakkam/articleshow/3348861.cms|title=Rajeev Khandelwal in Kottivakkam - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=28 March 2024|archive-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106120545/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rajeev-khandelwal-in-kottivakkam/articleshow/3348861.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Actress [[Lekha Washington]] was added to the cast to make her first Hindi film appearance, after successfully coming through auditions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-lekha-washington-to-break-hearts-1229961|title=Lekha Washington to break hearts|first=Soumyadipta|last=Banerjee|date=11 February 2009|website=DNA India|access-date=28 March 2024|archive-date=19 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419193946/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-lekha-washington-to-break-hearts-1229961|url-status=live}}</ref>

The film was subsequently completed with the actors finishing their scenes and dubbing duties, before the production house suffered financial problems and release plans were stalled.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/soundtrack-was-emotionally-taxing-rajeev-khandelwal/article1-750898.aspx |title=Soundtrack was emotionally taxing: Rajeev Khandelwal - Hindustan Times |accessdate=2014-06-16 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714132724/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/soundtrack-was-emotionally-taxing-rajeev-khandelwal/article1-750898.aspx |archivedate=14 July 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Following a video appeal from director John Owen's 80-year-old mother in May 2014, Disney was forced to agree to showcase the film at the 2014 London [[Raindance Film Festival]]. Owen subsequently completed a fully mastered and subtitled version of the film at his own cost for the one time only screening on 27 September 2014 at Vue Cinema, Picadilly Circus, London under the title of ''The Goa Run''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fuzionproductions.com/rajeev-khandelwals-unreleased-movie-peter-gaya-kaam-se-get-featured-uks-film-festival/|title=Rajeev Khandelwal's Peter Gaya Kaam Se To Get Featured In UK's Film Festival|website=Fuzion Productions|access-date=28 March 2024|archive-date=7 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807010052/https://www.fuzionproductions.com/rajeev-khandelwals-unreleased-movie-peter-gaya-kaam-se-get-featured-uks-film-festival/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090402041936/http://www.petergayakaamse.utvnet.com/ ''Peter Gaya Kaam Se'' Official Website]}}
* {{IMDb title|1643239}}
{{UTV Movies}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 adventure films]]
[[Category:UTV Motion Pictures films]]
[[Category:Unreleased Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Goa]]
[[Category:Films shot in Goa]]

Government of India Act 1935

2026-02-26T12:39:55Z

ChloeBrogan: improved article

{{Short description|UK legislation for the colonial government of India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=September 2012}}
{{Lead rewrite|date=January 2011}}
{{NPOV language|date=July 2020}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title = Government of India Act 1935
| type = Act
| parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title = An Act to make further provision for the government of India.
| year = 1935
| citation = [[25 & 26 Geo. 5]]. c. 42
| introduced_commons =
| introduced_lords =
| territorial_extent =
| royal_assent = 2 August 1935
| commencement =
| expiry_date =
| repeal_date =
| amends =
| replaces =
| amendments =
| repealing_legislation = [[Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1976]]
| related_legislation =
| status = repealed
| legislation_history =
| theyworkforyou =
| millbankhansard =
| original_text = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/25-26/42/contents/enacted
| revised_text =
| use_new_UK-LEG =
| UK-LEG_title =
}}

The '''Government of India Act 1935''' ([[25 & 26 Geo. 5]]. c. 42) was an [[Act of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom]]. It was the constitution and governing document of [[British Raj|British India]] in its final years, until its independence and partition into the dominions of [[Dominion of India|India]] and [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]].

Among other innovations, the Government of India Act 1935 established [[British rule in Burma|Burma]] and [[Aden Colony|Aden]] as separate [[Crown colony|Crown colonies]] (both at the time part of [[British Raj|British India]]), created the [[Reserve Bank of India]] and the [[Federal Court of India]], created [[Public service commissions in India|public service commissions both at the provincial and federal levels]], and established the [[Sindh|province of Sindh]].

Intended to lead naturally to a self-governing [[Dominion of India]], it granted some autonomy to the governments of the provinces of British India and established direct elections to [[Legislatures of British India|provincial legislatures]], expanding the electorate to roughly ten percent of the then-population of India.

However, it was widely criticised for containing safeguards that continued to enable the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] and its [[Governor-General of India|viceregal representatives]] to exercise excessive control over the finances, defence and administration of the provinces; leading to low Indian support for the British war effort in the ensuing [[World War II|Second World War]] and eventually the widespread [[Quit India Movement]] in 1942. Plans for a permanent federal dominion were ultimately shelved on the outbreak of war in 1939.

A version of the Act modified by the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]] continued to govern the dominions of India and Pakistan after gaining independence from the sovereignty of the United Kingdom until both countries adopted their own constitutions in [[Constitution of India|1950]] and [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|1956]] respectively. The longest Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom until the [[Greater London Authority Act 1999]]—large sections of the Government of India Act 1935 continue as part of the statutes and constitutions of [[Constitution of India|India]], [[Constitution of Pakistan|Pakistan]] and [[Constitution of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]].

==Overview==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2025}}
The most significant aspects of the act were:

* The grant of a large measure of autonomy to the [[provinces of India]] (ending the system of [[Diarchy#India|diarchy]] introduced by the [[Government of India Act 1919]])
* Provision for the establishment of a "Federation of India", to be made up of both British India and some or all of the "[[princely state]]s"
* The introduction of direct elections, thus increasing the franchise from five million to 35 million people
* A partial reorganization of the provinces:
** [[Sind Province (1936–55)|Sindh]] was separated from [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]]
** [[Bihar and Orissa Province|Bihar and Orissa]] was split into separate provinces of [[Bihar Province|Bihar]] and [[Orissa Province|Orissa]]
** [[British rule in Burma|Burma]] was completely separated from India
** [[Aden Province|Aden]] was also detached from India, and established as a separate Crown colony
* Membership of the provincial assemblies was altered to include any number of elected Indian representatives, who were now able to form majorities and be appointed to form governments
* The establishment of a [[Federal Court of India|Federal Court]]

However, the degree of autonomy introduced at the provincial level was subject to important limitations: the provincial governors retained important reserve powers, and the British authorities also retained a right to suspend responsible government.

The parts of the Act intended to establish the Federation of India never came into operation, due to opposition from rulers of the princely states. The remaining parts of the Act came into force in 1937, when the first elections under the act were also held.

The features of this act were as follows; 1-it provided for the establishment of an all-Indian Federation consisting of provinces and princely states as units. The act divided the powers between centre and units in terms of three lists: federal list, the provincial list and the concurrent list.

==Background==

Indians had increasingly been demanding a greater role in the government of their country since the late 19th century. The Indian contribution to the British war effort during the [[First World War]] meant that even the more conservative elements in the British political establishment felt the necessity of constitutional change, resulting in the [[Government of India Act 1919]]. That Act introduced a novel system of government known as provincial "diarchy", i.e., certain areas of government (such as education) were placed in the hands of ministers responsible to the provincial legislature, while others (such as public order and finance) were retained in the hands of officials responsible to the British-appointed provincial governor. While the Act was a reflection of the demand for a greater role in government by Indians, it was also very much a reflection of British fears about what that role might mean in practice for India (and of course for British interests there).

The experiment with dyarchy proved unsatisfactory. A particular frustration for Indian politicians was that even for those areas over which they had gained nominal control, the "purse strings" were still in the hands of British officialdom.

The intention had been that a review of India's constitutional arrangements would be held ten years on from the 1919 Act. In the event, the review was conducted ahead of time by the [[Simon Commission]], whose report proposed the scrapping of diarchy, and the introduction of a much larger degree of [[responsible government]] in the provinces. This proposal was controversial in Britain, demonstrating the rapidly widening gulf between British and Indian opinions as to the desirability, extent, and speed of progress towards, the promised system of self-government contained in the 1919 Act's preamble.

Although the Simon Commission had taken evidence in India, it had met with opposition there, and its conclusions weren't accepted by [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] (the largest political party). In an attempt to involve Indians more fully in working out a new constitutional framework, a series of [[Round Table Conferences (India)|Round Table Conferences]] were then held in the early 1930s, attended at times by representatives from India's main political parties, as well as from the princely states. The agreement was reached in principle that a federal system of government should be introduced, comprising the provinces of British India and those princely states that were willing to accede to it. However, the division between Congress and Muslim representatives proved to be a major factor in preventing agreement on much of the important detail of how federation would work in practice.

The new [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]-dominated National Government in [[London]] decided to go ahead with drafting its own proposals ([[white paper]], March 1933).<ref>{{harvnb|Butler|1971|p=46}}</ref> A joint parliamentary [[Select committee (United Kingdom)|select committee]], chaired by [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Lord Linlithgow]], reviewed the white paper proposals for a year and a half between April 1933 and November 1934, amidst much opposition from [[Winston Churchill]] and other backbench Conservatives. The House of Commons approved the Joint Select Committee report in December after an emollient speech by Conservative leader [[Stanley Baldwin]], who stated that he respected the principled position of the bill's opponents and that he did not wish feelings in his own party to become permanently embittered.<ref>{{harvnb|Butler|1971|p=53}}</ref>

Based on the white paper, the Government of India Bill was framed. It was immensely long, containing 473 clauses and 16 schedules, and the reports of the debates took up 4,000 pages of [[Hansard]].<ref>{{harvnb|Butler|1971|p=55}}</ref> At the committee stage and later, to appease the diehards, the "safeguards" were strengthened, and indirect elections were reinstated for the [[Central Legislative Assembly]] (the central legislature's lower house). The opposition Labour Party opposed the Third Reading of the bill because it contained no specific promise of dominion status for India. It received Royal Assent and was passed into law on 2 August 1935.<ref>{{harvnb|Butler|1971|pp=58–60}}</ref>

As a result of this process, although the Government of India Act 1935 was intended to go some way towards meeting Indian demands, both the detail of the bill and the lack of Indian involvement in drafting its contents meant that the Act met with a lukewarm response at best in India, while still proving too radical for a significant element in Britain.

==Features==

===No preamble: the ambiguity of British commitment to dominion status===
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2019}}

While it had become uncommon for British Acts of Parliament to contain a preamble, the absence of one from the Government of India Act 1935 contrasts sharply with the 1919 Act, which set out the broad philosophy of that Act's aims to Indian political development. That Act's preamble quoted, and centred on, the statement of the [[Secretary of State for India]], [[Edwin Samuel Montagu|Edwin Montagu]], to the House of Commons on 20 August 1917, which pledged "the gradual development of self-governing institutions, with a view to the progressive realization of [[responsible government]] in India as an integral part of the [[British Empire]]".<ref>{{cite book |first=Ernest |last=Barker |title=The Ideas and Ideals of the British Empire |url={{GBurl|PBA8AAAAIAAJ}} |publisher=CUP Archive |date=1946 |page=[{{GBurl|PBA8AAAAIAAJ|page=124}} 124]}}</ref>

Indian demands were by now centring on British India achieving constitutional parity with the existing [[Dominion]]s ([[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]], the [[Irish Free State]], [[New Zealand]] and the [[Union of South Africa]]) which would have meant complete autonomy within the British Empire. A significant element in British political circles doubted that Indians were capable of running their country on this basis, and saw Dominion status as something that might, perhaps, be aimed for after a long period of gradual constitutional development, with sufficient "safeguards".

This tension between and within Indian and British views resulted in the clumsy compromise of the 1935 Act having no preamble of its own but keeping in place the 1919 Act's preamble even while repealing the remainder of that Act. Unsurprisingly, this was seen in India as yet more mixed messages from the British, suggesting at best a lukewarm attitude and at worst suggesting a "minimum necessary" approach towards satisfying Indian desires.

===No 'bill of rights'===

In common with Commonwealth constitutional legislation of the time, the Act did not include a "bill of rights" within the new system that it aimed to establish. However, in the case of the proposed federation of India, there was a further complication in incorporating such a set of rights, as the new entity would have included nominally sovereign (and generally autocratic) [[princely states]].

A different approach was considered by some, though, as the draft outline constitution in the [[Nehru Report]] included such a bill of rights.

===Excess "safeguards"===

At the [[partition of India]] in 1947, with relatively few amendments, the Act became the functioning interim constitutions of India and Pakistan.

The Act was not only extremely detailed but also contained many "safeguards" designed to enable the British Government to intervene whenever it saw the need to maintain British responsibilities and interests. To achieve this, in the face of a gradually increasing [[Indianisation]] of the institutions of the Government of India, the Act concentrated the decision for the use and the actual administration of the safeguards in the hands of the British-appointed Viceroy and provincial governors who were subject to the control of the [[Secretary of State for India]].

'Given the enormous powers and responsibilities which the Governor-General must exercise his discretion or according to his individual judgment, it is obvious that he (the Viceroy) is expected to be a kind of Superman. He must have tact, courage, and ability and be endowed with an infinite capacity for hard work. "We have put into this Bill many safeguards", said Sir Robert Horne... "but all of those safeguards revolve about a single individual, and that is the Viceroy. He is the linchpin of the whole system…. If the Viceroy fails, nothing can save the system you have set up". This speech reflected the point of view of the die-hard Tories who were horrified by the prospect that someday there might be a Viceroy appointed by a Labour government.'

=== Nature of representative government?===

A close reading of the Act<ref name = "Shah 1937">{{cite book |url=http://www.houseofdavid.ca/Ind_uni.htm#Shah1937 |last=Shah |first=K. T. |title=Federal Structure (Under the Government of India Act, 1935) |location=Bombay |publisher=Vora |date=1937}}</ref> reveals that the British government equipped itself with the legal instruments to take back total control at any time they considered this to be desirable. However, doing so without good reason would totally sink their credibility with groups in India whose support the act was aimed at securing. Some contrasting views:

{{blockquote|"In the federal government… the semblance of responsible government is presented. But the reality is lacking, for the powers in defence and external affairs necessarily, as matters stand, given to the governor-general limit vitally the scope of ministerial activity, and the measure of representation given to the rulers of the Indian States negatives any possibility of even the beginnings of democratic control. It will be a matter of the utmost interest to watch the development of a form of government so unique; certainly, if it operates successfully, the highest credit will be due to the political capacity of Indian leaders, who have infinitely more serious difficulties to face than had the colonial statesmen who evolved the system of self-government which has now culminated in Dominion status."<ref>[http://www.houseofdavid.ca/Ind_uni.htm#keith37 Keith 1937], p. viii.</ref>}}

[[Philip Kerr, 11th Marquess of Lothian|Lord Lothian]], in a talk lasting forty-five minutes, came straight out with his view, not on the Bill:

{{blockquote|"I agree with the diehards that it has been a surrender. You who are not used to any constitution cannot realize what great power you are going to wield. If you look at the constitution it looks as if all the powers are vested in the Governor-General and the Governor. But is not every power here vested in the King? Everything is done in the name of the King but does the King ever interfere? Once the power passes into the hands of the legislature, the Governor or the Governor-General is never going to interfere... The Civil Service will be helpful. You too will realize this. Once a policy is laid down they will carry it out loyally and faithfully...

We could not help it. We had to fight the diehards here. You could not realize what great courage has been shown by Mr Baldwin and Sir Samuel Hoare. We did not want to spare the diehards as we had to talk in a different language...

These various meetings – and in due course [[G. D. Birla|G. D.]] [Birla], before his return in September, met virtually everyone of importance in Anglo-Indian affairs – confirmed G.D.'s original opinion that the differences between the two countries were largely psychological, the same proposals open to opposed interpretations. He had not, probably, taken in before his visit how considerable, in the eyes of British conservatives, the concessions had been… If nothing else, successive conversations made clear to G.D. that the agents of the Bill had at least as heavy odds against them at home as they had in India.<ref name = "Ross 99">{{cite book |url=http://www.houseofdavid.ca/Ind_uni.htm#ross |last=Ross |first=Alan |title=The Emissary: G. D. Birla, Gandhi and Independence |location=London |publisher=Collins Harvill |date=1986 |page=99 ff}}</ref>}}

===False equivalences===

Under the Act, British citizens resident in the UK and British companies registered in the UK must be treated on the same basis as Indian citizens and Indian registered companies unless UK law denies reciprocal treatment. The unfairness of this arrangement is clear when one considers the dominant position of British capital in much of the Indian modern sector and the complete dominance, maintained through unfair commercial practices, of UK shipping interests in India's international and coastal shipping traffic and the utter insignificance of Indian capital in Britain and the non-existence of Indian involvement in shipping to or within the UK. There are very detailed provisions requiring the Viceroy to intervene if, in his unappealable view, any Indian law or regulation is intended to, or will, in fact, discriminate against UK resident British subjects, British registered companies and, particularly, British shipping interests.

{{blockquote|"The Joint Committee considered a suggestion that trade with foreign countries should be made by the Minister of Commerce, but it decided that all negotiations with foreign countries should be conducted by the Foreign Office or Department of External Affairs as they are in the United Kingdom. In concluding agreements of this character, the Foreign Secretary always consults the Board of Trade and it was assumed that the Governor-General would in like manner consult the Minister of Commerce in India. This may be true, but the analogy itself is false. In the United Kingdom, both departments are subject to the same legislative control, whereas in India one is responsible to the federal legislature and the other to the Imperial Parliament".<ref name = "Smith">{{cite book |url=http://www.houseofdavid.ca/Ind_uni.htm#Smith |last=Smith |first=William Roy |title=Nationalism and reform in India |location=New Haven |publisher=Yale University Press |date=1938}}</ref>}}

===Difficulty of offering further concessions===

From the moment of the Montagu statement of 1917, the reform process needed to stay ahead of the curve if the British were to hold the strategic initiative. However, imperialist sentiment, and a lack of realism, in British political circles made this impossible. Thus the grudging conditional concessions of power in the Acts of 1919 and 1935 caused more resentment and significantly failed to win the Raj the backing of influential groups in India which is desperately needed. In 1919 the Act of 1935, or even the [[Simon Commission]] plan would have been well received. There is evidence that Montagu would have backed something of this sort but his cabinet colleagues would not have considered it. By 1935, a constitution establishing a Dominion of India, comprising the British Indian provinces might have been acceptable in India though it would not have passed the British Parliament.

{{blockquote|'Considering the balance of power in the Conservative party at the time, the passing of a Bill more liberal than that which was enacted in 1935 is inconceivable.'<ref name = "Moore 1988 p63">{{cite book |url=http://www.houseofdavid.ca/Ind_uni.htm#moore_endgames |last=Moore |first=R. J. |title=Endgames of Empire: Studies of Britain's India Problem |location=Delhi |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1988 |page=63}}</ref>}}

==Provincial part==

The provincial part of the Act, which went into effect automatically, basically followed the [[Simon Commission]] recommendations. Provincial dyarchy was abolished; that is, all provincial portfolios were to be placed in charge of ministers enjoying the support of the provincial legislatures. The British-appointed provincial governors, who were responsible to the British Government via the Viceroy and [[Secretary of State for India]], were to accept the recommendations of the ministers unless, in their view, they negatively affected his areas of statutory "special responsibilities" such as the prevention of any grave menace to the peace or tranquillity of a province and the safeguarding of the legitimate interests of minorities. In the event of a political breakdown, the governor, under the supervision of the Viceroy, could take over total control of the provincial government. This, in fact, allowed the governors a more untrammelled control than any British official had enjoyed in the history of the Raj. After the resignation of the Congress provincial ministries in 1939, the governors did directly rule the ex-Congress provinces throughout the war.

It was generally recognized that the provincial part of the Act conferred a great deal of power and patronage on provincial politicians as long as both British officials and Indian politicians played by the rules. However, the paternalistic threat of the intervention by the British governor rankled Indian nationalists.

==Federal part==

Unlike the provincial portion of the Act, the federal portion was to go into effect only when half the states by weight agreed to federate. This agreement was never reached, and the federation's establishment was indefinitely postponed after the outbreak of the [[Second World War]]. The federal part of the Act only entered into effect in modified form, separately in respect of the [[Dominion of India]] and [[Dominion of Pakistan]], pursuant to the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]].

===Terms===

The Act provided for dyarchy at the centre. The British government, in the person of the [[Secretary of State for India]], through the [[Governor-General of India]] (the [[Viceroy of India]]), would continue to control India's financial obligations, defence, foreign affairs and the [[British Indian Army]] and would make the key appointments to the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (exchange rates) and Railway Board and the Act stipulated that no finance bill could be placed in the Central Legislature without the consent of the Governor-General. The funding for the British responsibilities and foreign obligations (e.g. loan repayments, pensions), at least 80 per cent of the federal expenditures, would be non-votable and be taken off the top before any claims could be considered for (for example) social or economic development programs. The Viceroy, under the supervision of the Secretary of State for India, was provided with overriding and certifying powers that could, theoretically, have allowed him to rule autocratically.<ref name = "Terms">{{cite web |url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A041 |title=Terms of the Act |website=Story of Pakistan |access-date=15 September 2005 |archive-date=14 June 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050614074728/http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A041 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Objectives===

The federal part of the Act was designed to meet the aims of the Conservative Party. Over the very long term, the Conservative leadership expected the Act to lead to a nominally [[dominion status]] India, conservative in outlook, dominated by an alliance of Hindu princes and right-wing Hindus which would be well disposed to place itself under the guidance and protection of the United Kingdom. In the medium term, the Act was expected to (in rough order of importance):

*''' Win the support of moderate nationalists''' since its formal aim was to lead eventually to a Dominion of India which, as defined under the Statute of Westminster 1931 virtually equalled independence;
*'''Retain British control of the Indian Army, Indian finances, and India's foreign relations''' for another generation;
*'''Win Muslim support''' by conceding most of [[Jinnah's Fourteen Points]];<ref name = "Jinnah">[http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A037 Jinnah’s Fourteen Points] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051202102650/http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A037 |date=2 December 2005 }} at [http://www.storyofpakistan.com/ Story of Pakistan].</ref>
*'''Convince the princes to join the federation''' by giving the princes conditions for entry never likely to be equalled. It was expected that enough would join to allow the establishment of the federation. The terms offered to the princes included:
**Each prince would select his state's representative in the federal legislature. There would be no pressure for princes to democratize their administrations or allow elections for state representatives in the federal legislature.
** The princes would enjoy heavyweight. The princely states represented about a quarter of the population of India and produced well under a quarter of its wealth. Under the Act:
*** The upper house of the federal legislature, the Council of State, would consist of 260 members: 156 (60%) elected from British India and 104 (40%) nominated by the rulers of the princely states.
*** The lower house, the Federal Assembly, would consist of 375 members: 250 (67%) elected by the legislative assemblies of the British Indian provinces; 125 (33%) nominated by the rulers of the princely states.
* '''Ensuring that the Congress could never rule alone or gain enough seats to bring down the government'''
This was done by over-representing the princes, by giving every possible minority the right to separately vote for candidates belonging to their respective communities (see [[separate electorate]]), and by making the executive theoretically, but not practically, removable by the legislature.

===Gambles{{clarify|date=September 2024}} taken===

* '''Viability of the proposed federation'''. It was hoped that the gerrymandered federation, encompassing units of such hugely different sizes, sophistication and varying forms of government from the autocratic princely states to democratic provinces, could provide the basis for a viable state. However, this was not a realistic possibility (see e.g. The Making of India's Paper Federation, 1927–35 in [http://www.houseofdavid.ca/Ind_uni.htm#moore_endgames Moore 1988]). In reality, the federation, as planned in the Act, almost certainly was not viable{{why|date=September 2024}} and would have rapidly broken down{{clarify|date=September 2024}}{{how|date=September 2024}} with the British left to pick up the pieces without any viable alternative.
* '''Princes seeing and acting in their own long-range best interests'''. That the princes would see that their best hope for a future would lie in rapidly joining and become a united block without which no group could hope, mathematically, to wield power. However, the princes did not join, and thus exercising the veto provided by the Act prevented the federation from coming into existence. Among the reasons for the princes staying out were the following:
** They did not have the foresight to realize that this was their only chance for a future {{clarify|date=September 2024}}.
** Congress had begun and would continue, agitating for democratic reforms within the princely states. Since the one common concern of the 600 or so princes was their desire to continue to rule their states without interference, this was indeed a mortal threat. On the cards, this would eventually lead to more democratic state regimes and the election of states' representatives in the federal legislature. In all likelihood, these representatives would be largely congressmen. Had the federation been established, the election of states' representatives in the federal legislature would amount to a Congress coup from the inside. Thus, contrary to their official position that the British would look favourably on the democratization of the princely states, their plan required that the states remain autocratic. This reflects a deep contradiction in British views of India and its future.

:{{blockquote|'At a banquet in the princely state of Benares, Hailey observed that although the new federal constitution would protect their position in the central government, the internal evolution of the states themselves remained uncertain. Most people seemed to expect them to develop representative institutions. Whether those alien grafts from Westminster would succeed in British India, however, itself remained in doubt. Autocracy was "a principle which is firmly seated in the Indian States," he pointed out; "round it burn the sacred fires of an age-long tradition," and it should be given a fair chance first. Autocratic rule, "informed by wisdom, exercised in moderation and vitalized by a spirit of service to the interests of the subject, may well prove that it can make an appeal in India as strong as that of representative and responsible institutions." This spirited defence brings to mind Nehru's classic paradox of how the representatives of the advanced, dynamic West allied themselves with the most reactionary forces of the backward, stagnant East.'<ref name = "Cell p210">[http://www.houseofdavid.ca/Ind_uni.htm#Cell Cell], p. 210.</ref>}}

:Under the Act,

:{{blockquote|'There are several restrictions on the freedom of discussion in the federal legislature. For example, the act forbids ... any discussion of, or the asking of questions about, a matter connected with an Indian State, other than a matter concerning which the federal legislature has the power to make laws for that state unless the Governor-General in his discretion is satisfied that the matter affects federal interests or affects a British subject, and has given his consent to the matter being discussed or the question being asked.'<ref name = "Smith" />}}

:* They were not a cohesive group and probably realized that they would never act like one.
:* Each prince seemed consumed by the desire to gain the best deal for himself, were his state to join the federation: the most money, the most autonomy.
* '''That enough was being offered at the centre to win the support of moderate nationalist Hindu and Muslim support'''. In fact, so little was offered that all significant groups in British India rejected and denounced the proposed Federation. A major contributing factor was the continuing distrust of British intentions for which there was [[Round Table Conferences (India)#First Round Table Conference (November 1930 – January 1931)|considerable basis in fact]]. In this vital area the Act failed Irwin's test:
:{{blockquote|'I don't believe that… it is impossible to present the problem in such a form as would make the shop window look respectable from an Indian point of view, which is really what they care about while keeping your hand pretty firmly on the things that matter.'|source=Irwin to Stonehaven, 12  November 1928}}
* '''That the wider electorate would turn against the Congress'''. In fact, the 1937 elections showed overwhelming support for Congress among the Hindu electorate.
* '''That by giving Indian politicians a great deal of power at the provincial level, while denying them responsibility at the centre, it was hoped that Congress, the only national party, would disintegrate into a series of provincial fiefdoms'''. In fact, the Congress High Command was able to control the provincial ministries and to force their resignation in 1939. The Act showed the strength and cohesion of Congress and probably strengthened it. This does not imply that Congress was not made up of and found its support in various sometimes competing interests and groups. Rather, it recognises the ability of Congress, unlike the British Raj, to maintain the cooperation and support of most of these groups even if, for example in the forced resignation of Congress provincial ministries in 1939 and the rejection of the [[Cripps Mission|Cripps Offer]] in 1942, this required a negative policy that was harmful, in the long run, to the prospects for an independent India that would be both united and democratic.

===Indian reaction===

No significant group in India accepted the federal portion of the Act. A typical response was:

{{blockquote|'After all, there are five aspects of every Government worth the name: (a) The right of external and internal defence and all measures for that purpose; (b) The right to control our external relations; (c) The right to control our currency and exchange; (d) The right to control our fiscal policy; (e) the day-to-day administration of the land... (Under the Act) You shall have nothing to do with external affairs. You shall have nothing to do with defence. You shall have nothing to do, or, for all practical purposes in future, you shall have nothing to do with your currency and exchange, for indeed the Reserve Bank Bill just passed has a further reservation in the Constitution that no legislation may be undertaken with a view to substantially alter the provisions of that Act except with the consent of the Governor-General... there is no real power conferred in the Centre.' (Speech by Mr Bhulabhai DESAI on the Report of the Joint Parliamentary Committee on Indian Constitutional Reform, 4 February 1935)<ref name = "Gwyer p320">[http://www.houseofdavid.ca/Ind_uni.htm#Gwyer_Appadorai Gwyer & Appadorai], p. 320.</ref>}}

However, the Liberals and even elements in the Congress were tepidly willing to give it a go:

{{blockquote|"Linlithgow asked Sapru whether he thought there was a satisfactory alternative to the scheme of the 1935 Act. Sapru replied that they should stand fast on the Act and the federal plan embodied in it. It was not ideal but at this stage, it was the only thing... A few days after Sapru's visit Birla came to see the Viceroy. He thought that Congress was moving towards the acceptance of the Federation. Gandhi was not over-worried, said Birla, by the reservation of defence and external affairs to the centre, but was concentrating on the method of choosing the States' representatives. Birla wanted the Viceroy to help Gandhi by persuading several princes to move towards the democratic election of representatives... Birla then said that the only chance for Federation lay in the agreement between Government and Congress and the best hope of this lay in discussion between the Viceroy and Gandhi."<ref name = "Glendevon">[http://www.houseofdavid.ca/Ind_uni.htm#Glendevon Viceroy at Bay] pp. 87–8.</ref><ref name = "Gangulee">Gangulee, [http://www.houseofdavid.ca/Ind_uni.htm# The making of federal India], p. 165.</ref>}}

==Receptions==

Nehru called it "a machine with strong brakes but no engine". He also called it a "Charter of Slavery".<ref name="History and Culture of Pakistan">History and Culture of Pakistan</ref> Jinnah called it, "thoroughly rotten, fundamentally bad and totally unacceptable."<ref name=" History and Culture of Pakistan"/>

[[Winston Churchill]] conducted a campaign against Indian self-government from 1929 onwards. When the bill passed, he denounced it in the House of Commons as "a gigantic quilt of jumbled crochet work, a monstrous monument of shame built by pygmies". [[Leo Amery]], who spoke next, opened his speech with the words "Here endeth the last chapter of the [[Book of Jeremiah]]" and commented that Churchill's speech had been "not only a speech without a ray of hope; it was a speech from beginning to end, like all his speeches on the subject, utterly and entirely negative and devoid of constructive thought."<ref>Rhodes James 1970, p.212</ref>

[[Rab Butler]], who as Under-Secretary for India helped pilot the Act through the House of Commons, later wrote that it helped to set India on the path of parliamentary democracy. Butler blamed Jinnah for the subsequent secession of Pakistan, likening his strength of character to that of the Ulster Unionist leader [[Edward Carson]], and wrote that "men like Jinnah are not born every day", although he also blamed Congress for not having done enough to court the Muslims. In 1954 Butler stayed in Delhi, where Nehru, who Butler believed had mellowed somewhat from his extreme views of the 1930s, told him that the Act, based on the English constitutional principles of [[A. V. Dicey|Dicey]] and [[Sir William Anson, 3rd Baronet|Anson]], had been the foundation of the Indian Independence Bill.<ref>Butler 1971, pp.58-60</ref>

==Act implementation==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2025}}
The British government sent out [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Lord Linlithgow]] as the new viceroy with the remit of bringing the Act into effect. Linlithgow was intelligent, extremely hard-working, honest, serious and determined to make a success out of the Act. However, he was also unimaginative, stolid, and legalistic, and found it very difficult to "get on terms" with people outside his immediate circle.

After the [[Indian Provincial Elections, 1937|1937 provincial elections]], provincial autonomy commenced. From that point until the declaration of war in 1939, Linlithgow tirelessly tried to get enough of the princes to accede to launch the Federation. In this, he received only the weakest backing from the Home Government, and in the end, the princes rejected the Federation ''en masse''. In September 1939, Linlithgow simply declared that India was at war with Germany. Though Linlithgow's action was constitutionally correct, it was also offensive to much of Indian opinion that the Viceroy had not consulted the elected representatives of the Indian people before taking such a momentous decision. This led directly to the resignation of the Congress provincial ministries.

From 1939, Linlithgow concentrated on supporting the war effort.

==See also==

* [[Government of India Act (disambiguation)]]
* [[Constitution of India]], the legal instrument replacing the Government of India Act, 1935 in respect to modern-day [[India]]
* [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956]], the legal instrument replacing the Government of India Act, 1935 in respect to post-partition [[Pakistan]] (comprising modern-day Pakistan and [[Bangladesh]])
* [[Political career of Rab Butler (1929–1941)]] for details of British political background to passage of the Act.

==Notes==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Keay |first=John |author-link=John Keay |title=India: A History |publisher=Grove Press Books, distributed by Publishers Group West |location=United States |date=2000 |isbn=0-8021-3797-0 |page=490}}
{{refend}}
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Bridge |first=Carl |title=Holding India to the Empire: The British Conservative Party and the 1935 Constitution |publisher=Oriental University Press |date=1986}}
* {{cite book |last=Butler |first=Rab |year=1971 |title=The Art of the Possible |location=London |publisher=Hamish Hamilton |isbn = 978-0241020074}}(his memoirs)
* {{cite book |last=James |first=Robert Rhodes |year=1970 |title=Churchill: A Study in Failure 1900–1939 |location=London |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |isbn=9780297820154 }}
* {{cite book |last=Muldoon |first=Andrew |title=Empire, politics and the creation of the 1935 India Act: last act of the raj |publisher=Routledge |date=2016}}

==References==
*[http://www.houseofdavid.ca/Ind_uni.htm#gon1935 Bibliography]
*[http://www.houseofdavid.ca/goi_1935.htm Essay on The Government of India Act 1935]
*[http://www.houseofdavid.ca/Ind_uni.htm#Muldoon Muldoon, Andrew Robert, "Making a 'moderate' India: British conservatives, imperial culture, and Indian political reform, 1924–1935"]

== External links ==
{{Wikisource |Government of India Act 1935}}
*[http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1935/pdf/ukpga_19350002_en.pdf Text of the Act as originally enacted in 1935], from [[Office of Public Sector Information|OPSI]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140726065050/http://lawmin.nic.in/legislative/textofcentralacts/GOI%20act%201935.pdf The Act as amended up to 15 August 1943], from [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|the Indian Law Ministry]]
* [https://rashtrakutas.com/government-of-india-act-1935/ The Government of India Act 1935]

{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Constitution of Pakistan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Government of India Act 1935}}
[[Category:1935 in India]]
[[Category:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1935]]
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning India]]
[[Category:Constitution of India]]
[[Category:Constitution of Pakistan of 1956]]
[[Category:July 1935 in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:July 1935 in Asia]]

Rajgarh Lok Sabha constituency

2026-02-21T18:59:23Z

ChloeBrogan:

{{short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Rajgarh
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=right|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Madhya Pradesh/Rajgarh.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Rajgarh Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1962
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| mp = [[Rodmal Nagar]]
| latest_election_year = 2024
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| electors = 18,75,211<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf |title=Press Note |author= |date=25 May 2024 |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=11 December 2024 |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526095942/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| reservation = None
| assembly_cons = [[Chachoura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chachoura]] [[Raghogarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raghogarh ]] [[Narsinghgarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narsinghgarh ]] [[Biaora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Biaora]] [[Rajgarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajgarh ]] [[Khilchipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khilchipur]] [[Sarangpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sarangpur ]] [[Susner (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Susner]]
}}

'''Rajgarh Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 29 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=251|access-date=5 January 2021}}</ref> This constituency covers the entire [[Rajgarh district]] and parts of [[Guna district|Guna]] and [[Agar Malwa District|Agar Malwa]] districts.

==Assembly segments==
Rajgarh Lok Sabha constituency presently comprises the following eight [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] segments:<ref name="ceo"/>
{|class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|30
|[[Chachoura Assembly constituency|Chachoura]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Guna district|Guna]]
|Priyanka Penchi
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|31
|[[Raghogarh Assembly constituency|Raghogarh]]
|[[Jaivardhan Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|160
|[[Narsinghgarh Assembly constituency|Narsinghgarh]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Rajgarh district|Rajgarh]]
|Mohan Sharma
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
|161
|[[Biaora Assembly constituency|Biaora]]
|Narayan Singh Pawar
|-
|162
|[[Rajgarh Assembly constituency|Rajgarh]]
|Amar Singh Yadav
|-
|163
|[[Khilchipur Assembly constituency|Khilchipur]]
|Hajarilal Dangi
|-
|164
|[[Sarangpur Assembly constituency|Sarangpur]] (SC)
|Gotam Tetwal
|-
|165
|[[Susner Assembly constituency|Susner]]
|[[Agar Malwa district|Agar Malwa]]
|Bhairon Singh Bapu
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]{{Efn|Shajapur-Rajgarh Lok Sabha}}
|[[Liladhar Joshi]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|Bhagu Nandu Malvia
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]{{Efn|Shajapur Lok Sabha}}
|[[Liladhar Joshi]]
|-
|Kanhaiyalal
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Bhanu Prakash Singh]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[Baburao Patel]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Jagannathrao Joshi]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Vasant Kumar Pandit]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Digvijaya Singh]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Pyarelal Khandelwal]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Digvijaya Singh]]
| rowspan="5" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="5" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|1994^
| rowspan="5" |[[Lakshman Singh (politician)|Lakshman Singh]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Narayansingh Amlabe|Narayan Singh]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Rodmal Nagar]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}

{{notelist}}

== Election results ==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Rajgarh, Madhya Pradesh|Rajgarh]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Rajgarh">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Rajgarh |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1220.htm |accessdate=2 October 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002174619/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1220.htm |archivedate=2 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rajgarh Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/rajgarh-constituency-lok-sabha-election-results-2024 |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Rodmal Nagar]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=7,58,743|percentage=53.10|change={{down}}12.27}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Digvijaya Singh]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=6,12,654|percentage=42.87|change={{up}}11.70}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=7,260|percentage=0.51|change={{down}}0.31}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,46,089|percentage=10.23|change={{down}}23.96}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=14,28,997|percentage=76.04|change={{increase}}1.62}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{down}}12.27
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{notelist}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Rajgarh, Dhar|Rajgarh]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rodmal Nagar]]
|votes = 8,23,824
|percentage = 65.37
|change = +6.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Smt. Mona Sustani
|votes = 3,92,805
|percentage = 31.17
|change = -5.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 10,375
|percentage = 0.82
|change = -0.20
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = SSMP
|candidate = Th. Jagdish Singh Parmar
|votes = 9,396
|percentage = 0.75
|change = new
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =4,31,019
|percentage = 34.19
|change = +11.56
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,60,930
|percentage = 74.42
|change = +0.39
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Rajgarh, Dhar|Rajgarh]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rodmal Nagar]]
|votes = 5,96,727
|percentage = 59.04
|change = +13.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Narayan Singh Amlabe
|votes = 3,67,990
|percentage = 36.41
|change = -12.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dr. Shivnarayan Verma
|votes = 13,864
|percentage = 1.37
|change = new
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 10,292
|percentage = 1.02
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,28,737
|percentage = 22.63
|change = +18.88
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,10,811
|percentage = 64.03
|change = +12.46
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Rajgarh, Dhar|Rajgarh]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Narayan Singh Amlabe
|votes = 3,19,371
|percentage = 49.10
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Lakshman Singh
|votes = 2,94,983
|percentage = 45.35
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Independent (politician)
|candidate = Laxmansingh Aamdor
|votes = 11,311
|percentage = 1.74
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 24,388
|percentage = 3.75
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,50,344
|percentage = 51.57
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1998 Lok Sabha===
* Lakshman Singh (Congress),
* Kailash Joshi (BJP)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1998-election-results.html|title=1998 India General (12th Lok Sabha) Elections Results|website=www.elections.in|access-date=5 January 2021}}</ref>

===1980 Lok Sabha===
* Pandit, Vasantkumar Ramakrishna (JNP) : 161,299 votes <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1980-election-results.html|title=1980 India General (7th Lok Sabha) Elections Results|website=www.elections.in|access-date=5 January 2021}}</ref>
* Mangilal Bhandari (INC-I) : 128,320

==See also==
* [[Rajgarh, Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Rajgarh district]]
* [[Raigarh]], a city formerly in MP, and now in Chhattisgarh State in India
* [[Raigarh district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}

{{coord|24|15|N|74|56|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajgarh district]]

Graduate Theological Foundation

2026-02-12T20:15:06Z

ChloeBrogan: improved article

{{Short description|American interreligious theological education foundation}}
{{Infobox institute
| name = Graduate Theological Foundation
| established = 1962
| address = 3288 S Tamiami Trail, Suite 294
| president = Paul Kirbas
| city = Sarasota
| state = Florida
| country = United States
| website = https://gtfeducation.org/
}}

The '''Graduate Theological Foundation''' (GTF) is an American [[nonprofit]] interreligious institution of higher learning, originally founded in [[Indiana]] but now centered in [[Sarasota]], Florida. The foundation focuses on providing educational opportunities for practicing ministry professionals, administrators, and academics who want to pursue advanced degrees while retaining their current position. Students and faculty reside around the world, and scholarly work takes place through onsite, and [[distance learning]] engagement. Students are eligible to earn bachelors, masters, and doctoral degrees in a variety of theological disciplines. Faculty members come from a broad spectrum of faith backgrounds, and many also serve on the faculty of established colleges and universities, including the [[University of Oxford]], with which the foundation has an affiliation through the Oxford Theology Summer School at [[Christ Church, Oxford|Christ Church College]].<ref name=":4">{{cite web |url=http://www.conted.ox.ac.uk/courses/details.php?id=V610-16 |title=Course details | Oxford University Department for Continuing Education |publisher=Conted.ox.ac.uk |date=2014-03-01 |accessdate=2014-04-17 |archive-date=2014-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419021030/http://www.conted.ox.ac.uk/courses/details.php?id=V610-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=About the GTF |url=https://gtfeducation.org/about-us/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=Graduate Theological Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Oxford and Rome Programs |url=https://gtfeducation.org/home/oxford-and-rome-programs/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Graduate Theological Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==

The Graduate Theological Foundation was founded in 1962. The Conference on Religious Development was originally commissioned to foster growing ecumenical relationships between [[Catholic]] and [[Protestant]] communions. The foundation emerged from a variety of residential programs held by the conference in [[Madison, Connecticut|Madison]], [[Connecticut]].

At first the foundation was formed as a traditional continuing education center for clergy, with a retreat model incorporating individuals or small groups working with creative curriculum, full on-site student residency and a dedicated faculty. At the urging of students and faculty for more flexible educational opportunities, the foundation created a new program requiring only part-time residency.

Over the years the foundation has evolved into a self-directed education model designed to be responsive to the 21st-century needs of ministry professionals across the globe. Students and faculty engage through online, distance and onsite learning methods. The foundation has scholarly partnerships with academic institutions around the world where graduate degree students may complete their course work.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Origins of the GTF |url=https://gtfeducation.org/about-us/origins-of-the-gtf/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=Graduate Theological Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>

The foundation is incorporated in the state of Indiana and is authorized to award advanced degrees in various fields of [[Theological Studies (journal)|Theological study]].<ref name=":3" /> The foundation is an independent non-profit body with tax-exempt status on both the state (Indiana) and federal levels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taxexemptworld.com/organization.asp?tn=708709 |title=GRADUATE THEOLOGICAL FOUNDATION - MISHAWAKA, IN 46544 - 415 LINCOLNWAY E - NonProfit/Tax Exempt Organization - Form 990 |publisher=Taxexemptworld.com |date=2014-01-05 |accessdate=2014-04-17}}</ref>

== Academics ==

The Graduate Theological Foundation's education model is designed for working ministry professionals, academics and administrators to earn advanced degrees while retaining their current position. Faculty and students engage through online, on-site and distance learning engagements. The foundation also enters in partnerships with traditional universities both in the U.S. and internationally where students may complete academic requirements toward their degree. Students have a large degree of flexibility in helping to design their curriculum in conjunction with faculty, and in determining their own time frame for earning degrees.

Graduate degrees are divided into professional and academic degrees. Professional degrees are practice-oriented in the relevant field of study with an emphasis on topical issues and solutions to identifiable challenges. Final projects are evaluated by faculty before a degree is awarded, with no oral defense required. Academic degrees are geared toward research and require a master's or doctoral thesis before a degree is awarded. An oral defense of the thesis is required for doctoral degrees.

Bachelor's degrees can also be earned through a degree completion program for students in pastoral positions and are available in three areas; theological studies, religious education and sacred music.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Academics |url=https://gtfeducation.org/academics/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=Graduate Theological Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Faculty ==

Faculty members number approximately 80 and come from a wide array of faith backgrounds and areas of specialization. A majority of faculty also hold positions at other universities or institutions.

Foundation professorships fall into two categories: visiting faculty, which indicates temporary association through special arrangement, and named professorships, reflecting permanent members of the faculty who make up the bulk of the teaching staff.

Since most faculty members reside offsite, professors and students engage through a variety of distance, online and onsite learning. Faculty are required to evaluate the written coursework of students, evaluate their degree projects and research theses, act as doctoral thesis supervisors and offer tutorials.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Faculty & Staff |url=https://gtfeducation.org/faculty-staff/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=Graduate Theological Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>

Notable faculty members include:
* The Revd Paul J. Kirbas, the [[Paul Tillich]] Professor of Theology and Culture. President and CEO of the Graduate Theological Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paul Kirbas, Ph.D. |url=https://gtfeducation.org/faculty-staff/paul-kirbas-ph-d/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Graduate Theological Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>
* The Revd [[Andrew Linzey]], Bergh Professor of Animal Ethics; Director of the Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics. Has been a member of the Faculty of Theology in the University of Oxford for 28 years.<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=University of Oxford, Theology Faculty | Dr Andrew Linzey |url=http://www.theology.ox.ac.uk/people/staff-list/prof.-andrew-linzey.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419020958/http://www.theology.ox.ac.uk/people/staff-list/prof.-andrew-linzey.html |archive-date=2014-04-19 |accessdate=2014-04-17 |publisher=Theology.ox.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Andrew Linzey, D.D. |url=https://gtfeducation.org/faculty-staff/andrew-linzey-d-d/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Graduate Theological Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Director |url=https://www.oxfordanimalethics.com/who-we-are/director/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics |language=en-US}}</ref>
* The Revd Canon Robin Gibbons, Fellow and Alexander Schemann Professor of Eastern Christianity; also a Faculty of Theology member at the University of Oxford and Director of Studies for Theology and Religion, Oxford University Department for Continuing Education.<ref>{{cite web |title=University of Oxford, Theology Faculty | Dr Robin Gibbons |url=http://www.theology.ox.ac.uk/people/staff-list/dr-robin-gibbons.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419021706/http://www.theology.ox.ac.uk/people/staff-list/dr-robin-gibbons.html |archivedate=2014-04-19 |accessdate=2014-04-17 |publisher=Theology.ox.ac.uk}}</ref>
* The Revd [[Jane Shaw]], Fellow and the Evelyn Underhill Professor of [[Historical theology|Historical Theology]]; former dean of Grace Episcopal Cathedral in San Francisco; Principal of [[Harris Manchester College, Oxford|Harris Manchester College]], University of Oxford.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jane Shaw, Ph.D. |url=https://gtfeducation.org/faculty-staff/jane-shaw-ph-d/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Graduate Theological Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Rabbi [[Norman Solomon (rabbi)|Norman Solomon]], Professor of Judaica; also faculty member of [[Wolfson College, Oxford]] University and former director of the Centre for the Study of Judaism and Jewish Christian Relations at Selly Oak College.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Norman Solomon, Ph.D. |url=https://gtfeducation.org/faculty-staff/norman-solomon-ph-d/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Graduate Theological Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>
* The Revd [[Hugh R. Page]], Benjamin E. Mays Professor of Scripture and Applied Ministries; also Associate Professor of Theology and Dean of First Year of Studies at the [[University of Notre Dame]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hugh R. Page, Ph.D. |url=https://gtfeducation.org/faculty-staff/hugh-r-page-ph-d/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Graduate Theological Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>
* The Revd James F. Puglisi, SA, Fellow and Francis Joseph Cardinal Spellman Professor of Catholic Theology; also director of ecumenical research and minister general of the Franciscan Friars of Atonement at the [[Centro Pro Unione]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fr. James Puglisi, SA |url=https://www.atonementfriars.org/team-members/fr-james-puglisi-sa/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Franciscan Friars of the Atonement |language=en-US}}</ref>
* The Revd Fr Jorge R Colón León, Fellow and François-Xavier Durrwell, C.Ss.R., Professor of Religious Studies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jorge R. Colón León |url=https://gtfeducation.org/faculty-staff/jorge-r-colon-leon/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Graduate Theological Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>
*Ann V Graber, Fellow and Professor of Pastoral Logotherapy and Diplomate of the Viktor Frankl Institute of Logotherapy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ann V. Graber, D.Min., Ph.D. |url=https://gtfeducation.org/faculty-staff/ann-v-graber-d-min-ph-d-d-d/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Graduate Theological Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Maria (Ómoroviczai Ungár) Marshall, PhD (University of Alberta, Canada), Mignon G. Eisenberg Professor of Logotherapy, Diplomate Clinician, Lifetime Member, and Faculty of the Viktor Frankl Institute of Logotherapy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Maria Marshall |url=https://gtfeducation.org/faculty-staff/dr-maria-marshall/ |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=Graduate Theological Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Maria Marshall, PhD – viktorfranklinstitute.org |url=https://www.viktorfranklinstitute.org/personnel/maria-marshall-phd/ |access-date=2025-06-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Edward (Méndez Asín) Marshall, MD, PhD, Dipl. Psych. (University of Leeds, UK). [[Viktor Frankl|Viktor E. Frankl]] Professor of Psychotherapy and Spirituality. Diplomate Clinician, Lifetime Member, and Faculty of the Viktor Frankl Institute of Logotherapy. Fellow Scholas Chairs, [https://universidaddelsentido.org/en/ University of Meaning], Vatican City.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edward Marshall, MD, Ph.D |url=https://gtfeducation.org/faculty-staff/edward-marshall-md-ph-d/ |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=Graduate Theological Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Edward Marshall, MD, PhD – viktorfranklinstitute.org |url=https://www.viktorfranklinstitute.org/personnel/edward-marshall-md-phd/ |access-date=2025-06-25 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Release: Scholas Occurrentes |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/info/2023/09/26/230926a.html |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=press.vatican.va}}</ref>
* The Revd Msgr Charles Chaffman, Professor of Theological and Tribunal Studies; also serves as a judicial vicar and Director of the International Institute of Theological and Tribunal Studies in the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles|Archdiocese of Los Angeles]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles J. Chaffman, J.C.D. |url=https://gtfeducation.org/faculty-staff/charles-j-chaffman-j-c-d/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Graduate Theological Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Omar Shahin|Omar Ahmed Shahin]], Professor of Islamic Law and Director Islamic Studies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Omar Ahmed Shahin, Ph.D. |url=https://gtfeducation.org/faculty-staff/omar-ahmed-shahin-ph-d/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Graduate Theological Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>
* The Revd Canon [[Vincent Strudwick]], Fellow and Bishop John Tinsley Professor of Anglican Theology; recipient of the [[Lambeth degree]] of Doctor of Divinity conferred by the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vincent Strudwick, D.D. |url=https://gtfeducation.org/faculty-staff/vincent-strudwick-d-d/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Graduate Theological Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>
Notable emeriti faulty members:

* The Very Revd [[John Moses (priest)|John Moses]] [[Royal Victorian Order|KCVO]], [[John Macquarrie]] Professor of Anglican Theology and former [[Dean of St Paul's|Dean of St. Paul's Cathedral]], London.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Professors Emeriti |url=https://gtfeducation.org/faculty-staff/professors-emeriti/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Graduate Theological Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[John Henry Morgan]], Karl Mannheim Professor of the History and Philosophy of Social Sciences and former president of the Graduate Theological Foundation<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=John Morgan, Ph.D. |url=https://gtfeducation.org/faculty-staff/john-morgan-ph-d/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Graduate Theological Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>
* The Revd Robley Edward Whitson, Fellow and Distinguished Professor of Theological Anthropology. First President of the Graduate Thological Foundation.<ref name=":9" />

== Student makeup ==

Graduate Theological Foundation students come from a large geographical spectrum, including all 50 U.S. states and 64 countries. Students also come from a wide range of faith backgrounds.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Student Body |url=https://gtfeducation.org/about-us/student-body/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=Graduate Theological Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Publications and collections ==

Direct publications of the Graduate Theological Foundation reflect its student body of working ministry professionals engaged in pastoral, educational, health-related or counseling vocation.

''The Oxford Theology Monograph'' is a gathering of essays written by faculty members related to course work at the University of Oxford Theology Summer School, a partnership between the Foundation and the University Oxford that has existed since 1994.

''Foundation Theology'' is an annual collection of essays written by students and faculty of the Foundation deemed worthy of special consideration and publication.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alumni and Faculty Publications |url=https://gtfeducation.org/alumni-and-faculty-publications/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=Graduate Theological Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Foundation Theology monograph series |url=https://gtfeducation.org/foundation-theology-monograph-series/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=Graduate Theological Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>

There are several notable collections of books, personal papers and other media of interest to theological researchers housed at the Macquarrie Library. This includes the Macquarrie Project, a multimedia collection relating to Christian theologian Canon [[John Macquarrie]], that includes his personal research library, audio recordings of [[Stephanie Macquarrie|Macquarrie's]] lectures, library notations and a tome of sermons.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Macquarrie Project |url=https://gtfeducation.org/macquarrie-project/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=Graduate Theological Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Macquarrie Library |url=https://gtfeducation.org/macquarrie-library/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=Graduate Theological Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Accreditation ==

The Graduate Theological Foundation does not hold accreditation through either the [[United States Department of Education]] (USDE) or the [[Council for Higher Education Accreditation]] (CHEA). As an educational foundation, GTF is incorporated by the state of Indiana and is chartered by the state to award advanced degrees in various fields of theological study.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=2024 Indiana Code :: Title 21. Higher Education :: Article 18.5. Administration of Higher Education Financial Aid and Postsecondary Credit Bearing Proprietary Educational Institution Accreditation :: Chapter 6. Postsecondary Credit Bearing Proprietary Educational Institution Accreditation :: 21-18.5-6-2.5. Accreditation Required; Exception for Religious Institution |url=https://law.justia.com/codes/indiana/title-21/article-18-5/chapter-6/section-21-18-5-6-2-5/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=Justia Law |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Accreditation |url=https://gtfeducation.org/about-us/accreditation/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Graduate Theological Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Affiliations and summer programs ==

The foundation also holds affiliations with members of P.R.I.M.E. (Partnering Resources in Ministry Education), a network of 16 institutions of higher learning where students taking courses at P.R.I.M.E. affiliate institutions may earn credit toward their GTF degree.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=P.R.I.M.E. (Partnering Resources in Ministry Education) |url=https://gtfeducation.org/home/p-r-i-m-e-partnering-resources-in-ministry-education/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=Graduate Theological Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Graduate Theological Foundation maintains affiliation with the [[University of Oxford]]. This partnership, established in 1994, allows foundation students to earn credit toward their degree at the annual Oxford Theology Summer School hosted at [[Christ Church, Oxford|Christ Church College]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":8" />

The foundation has a similar affiliation with the [[Centro Pro Unione]] in Rome, Italy, allowing students to study at the Summer School offered at the [[Centro Pro Unione]] in the west wing of the [[Palazzo Pamphilj]] (Former Collegio Innocenziano) in [[Piazza Navona]], Rome.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sede del Centro Ecumenico / Collegio Innocenziano |url=https://www.prounione.it/it/attivita/centro-ecumenico/ |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Centro Pro Unione · "Ut Omnes Unum Sint" |language=it-IT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Summer School Ecumenism / Rome |url=https://www.prounione.it/en/formation/summer-school-rome/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Centro Pro Unione · "Ut Omnes Unum Sint" |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://gtfeducation.org/ Official website]
* [https://www.pressrelease.com/news/distinguished-puerto-rican-educator-to-receive-honorary-doctorate-from-77204 Dr. Angel Luis Velez Oyola receives honorary doctorate]
* [https://www.newswire.com/news/graduate-theological-foundation-awards-krister-stendahl-medal-to-christo-77201 Professor Christo Lombaard awarded Krister Stendahl Medal]



{{authority control}}

[[Category:Seminaries and theological colleges in Indiana]]

Sampat Ramteke

2026-02-11T06:56:02Z

ChloeBrogan: minor cleanup

{{short description|Social activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = '''Sampat Tukaram Ramteke'''|
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 25 August 1949
| birth_place = [[Chandrapur]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| death_date = 16 November 2017
| death_place = [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Engineer]]
| known_for = Social activism
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2018)
}}

'''Sampat Tukaram Ramteke''' (Aug 1949 - Nov 2017) was an engineer and social activist from [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]], India. In 2018, he was conferred the [[Padma Shri]] civilian honour posthumously, for his contribution in raising awareness in India about the sickle cell disease.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/padma-shri-for-bangs-and-late-ramteke/articleshow/62657350.cms|title=Padma Shri for Bangs and late Ramteke - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-01-17}}</ref>

He brought into notice Sickle Cell Disease as a serious health concern along with the societal issues faced by patients and their families in India. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare had also informed Lok Sabha about the work and awareness created by Sickle Cell Society of India for Sickle Cell Disease in India.

== Education and career==
Shri Sampat Ramteke received Diploma in Electrical Engineering from Government Polytechnic Nagpur. Later he worked at [[Western Coalfields|Western Coalfields Limited]] (WCL) Ministry of Coal, Government of India and retired in 2009 as Superintending Engineer.

== Social activism ==
Sampat Ramteke is considered a torchbearer of the movement to raise awareness of [[sickle cell disease]]. He began this work when his son Harshal was diagnosed with the disease at the age of 3. In 1991, he founded the Sickle Cell Society of India (SCSI) and worked towards raising awareness of sickle cell for over three decades. Due to his efforts, more than 15 government resolutions (GR) were passed to help patients with sickle cell. Most notably, patients with the disease came to be included in the [[Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016|Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act]] (2016).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thehitavada.com/Encyc/2018/3/21/Vidarbha-stalwarts-Bangs,-Pantawane,-late-Ramteke-honoured-with-%E2%80%98Padma-Shri-.aspx|title=Vidarbha stalwarts Bangs, Pantawane, late Ramteke honoured with 'Padma Shri'|website=thehitavada.com|access-date=2019-01-17|archive-date=21 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321085146/http://thehitavada.com/Encyc/2018/3/21/Vidarbha-stalwarts-Bangs,-Pantawane,-late-Ramteke-honoured-with-%E2%80%98Padma-Shri-.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/sampat-ramteke-torch-bearer-for-sickle-cell-patients-passes-away/articleshow/61678893.cms|title=Sampat Ramteke, torch bearer for sickle cell patients, passes away - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-01-17}}</ref>

He organised more than 250 sickle cell awareness and blood investigation camps with his colleagues in Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Kerala and various districts of Maharashtra. He worked with the States of Maharashtra and Chhattisgarh on the preparation of action plans in 2003 and 2007 respectively. He worked on the creation of informational materials on the disease for the National Rural Health Mission.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

== Awards ==
Shri Ramteke is the recipient of many International, National and State Awards. He was adjudicated “Appreciation Plaque by Commonwealth Association for Health and Disability, London, UK in 2016, on account of exemplary seminars and immense contribution towards the welfare of specially challenged Sickle Cell Community of India” and “Global Appreciation in the field of sickle cell advocacy by President of Global Sickle Cell Disease Network, Canada, in 2017”. Magnum foundation Nagpur conferred on him “Manav Mitra National Magnum Honour for the work in Sickle Cell Disease management services in Maharashtra, in 2001”. Mahatma Phule Talent Research Academy accolade him with Dr. Anandibai Joshi National Health Award, in 2011. He has a feather in his cap of Certificate of Gratitude by Maharashtra Arogya Mandal Pune for national seminar on Sickle Cell Anaemia, throwing light on his inputs, interest and outstanding support for Sickle Cell Anaemia Research Project in 2015. He received prestigious “ Smita Smruti Puraskar” in 2017, in the memory of actress Padmashree Late Smita Patil. He also has been honoured with Red and White Bravery Award by Godfrey Phillips in recognition of an exceptional act of social courage, in 2002.

== Personal life ==
He and his wife Jaya Ramteke have a son Harshal Ramteke and a daughter Shweta Ramteke. He died in November 2017 due to cardiac arrest.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramteke, Sampat}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:People from Nagpur]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]
[[Category:Engineers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Activists from Maharashtra]]

Maradu apartments demolition order

2026-01-27T07:39:32Z

ChloeBrogan: creating new details

{{Short description|Violation of Coastal Regulation Zone}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
[[File:H2O Holy Faith - Maradu - Demolition.jpg|thumb|H2O Holy Faith - Maradu - Demolition]]
[[File:H2O Holy Faith - Maradu - Demolition 2.jpg|thumb|H2O Holy Faith - Maradu - Demolition 2]]
[[File:Alfa Serene 1 - Maradu - Demolition.jpg|thumb|Alfa Serene Tower 1 - Maradu - Demolition]]
[[File:Alfa Serene 2 - Maradu - Demolition.jpg|thumb|Alfa Serene Tower 2 - Maradu - Demolition]]
On 8 May 2019, the [[Supreme Court of India]] ordered five apartments in [[Maradu|Maradu municipality]] in [[Kerala]] to be demolished within one month, for violation of [[Coastal Regulation Zone]] (CRZ) rules, although only four of these apartments had yet been constructed.<ref name="TH1">{{cite news |last1=Correspondent |first1=Legal |title=SC orders demolition of 5 apartments Ernakulam's Maradu municipality |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sc-orders-demolition-of-5-apartments/article27072922.ece |accessdate=14 September 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=8 May 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914165236/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sc-orders-demolition-of-5-apartments/article27072922.ece |archivedate=14 September 2019}}</ref> These four, already occupied by tenants, were Jains Coral Cove (Jain Housing and Construction Ltd), H2O Holy Faith (Holy Faith Builders and Developers Pvt Ltd) and Alfa Serene (Alfa Ventures Private Ltd) and Golden Kayaloram (KP Varkey & VS Builders). The fifth builder, Holiday Heritage, had scrapped the project.<ref name="TNM1"/>

The order was passed by a bench consisting of justices [[Arun Mishra]] and [[Navin Sinha]].
The H2O Holy Faith and Alpha Serene buildings were demolished on 11 January 2020 and the Jains Coral Cove and Golden Kayaloram were demolished on 12 January 2020 through implosion.

==Background and timeline==
* '''1986''' The [[Environment Protection Act, 1986|Environment Protection Act of 1986]] was enacted in the wake of the [[Bhopal Tragedy]]. It came into force on 19 November 1986. The purpose of the Act is to implement the decisions of the [[United Nations Conference on the Human Environment]]. They relate to the protection and improvement of the human environment and the prevention of hazards to human beings, other living creatures, plants and property. The Act is an "umbrella" legislation designed to provide a framework for central government coordination of the activities of various central and state authorities established under previous laws, such as the Water Act and the Air Act.<ref>{{cite web|title=THE ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) ACT, and the motions of the restrictions will depend on the history of environment. 1986|url=http://envfor.nic.in/legis/env/env1.html|website=envfor.nic.in|access-date=15 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020613044316/http://envfor.nic.in/legis/env/env1.html|archive-date=13 June 2002|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''1991''' In February 1991, a notification was issued by the [[Ministry of Environment and Forests]] (MoEF) under the Environment Protection Act, 1986. This was for the regulation of activities in the coastal area. As per the notification, four categories of [[Coastal Regulation Zone]]s (CRZ) were defined. CRZ I, CRZ II, CRZ III and CRZ IV.<ref name="crz1991">{{cite web |title=THE COASTAL REGULATION ZONE NOTIFICATION, 1991 CONSOLIDATED VERSION [INCORPORATING AMENDMENTS UPTO 24TH JULY 2003] |url=http://www.indiansaltisma.com/web-admin/view//upload//file//memimage_8116.pdf |publisher=Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* '''1995''' No Objection Certificate (NOC) was issued to Golden Kayaloram by the Secretary of Maradu Grama Panchayat.<ref name="IK1"/>
* '''1996''' In 1996, the Coastal Zone Management Plan was introduced.<ref name="IK2"/>
* '''2005''' The Local Self Government Department (LSGD) conducted a vigilance probe. During this probe, files were confiscated from the office of the Maradu Panchayat secretary.
* '''2005-2006''' The permission to construct the buildings was granted by the Maradu Panchayat.<ref name="TH1"/><ref name="TNM1"/>
* '''2007''' The Kerala Government sent a letter to the Maradu panchayat along with a list of all the cases in which violations/anomalies in the issue of building permits were detected during the inspection of the Senior Town Planner (Vigilance). The panchayat was asked to revoke all the listed building permits as per Rule 16 of the Kerala Municipality Building Rules 1999 (KMBR). On receiving the letter, the panchayat issued show-cause notice to the builders in all the cases. Even though the violations varied from CRZ violation, FAR more than 1.25, violations of open space, copy of final plan not available in the file, access width not shown etc., the allegation was the same and the notice was identical. (Even though there was no CRZ violation in the case of Golden Kayaloram, for example, the same notice was issued.<ref name="CR"/>) Alpha Ventures filed a writ petition seeking to quash the notice and to answer their reply seeking details on the basis of which the notice was issued. The High Court of Kerala admitted the writ petition and issued an interim order staying all further proceedings with respect to the notice issued to the builders. But the High Court, in the interim order allowed the Maradu panchayat to issue stop memo in accordance with the law. The Maradu panchayat did not issue any stop memo. Hence, Alpha Ventures continued the construction of the building.<ref name="HC1">{{cite web |title=JUDGMENT of HIGH COURT OF KERALA dated JUNE 2015 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/112723595/ |website=Indian Kanoon |accessdate=15 September 2019}}</ref> In June 2007, as per the instruction of the Kerala government, the Maradu panchayat gave a show-cause notice to the concerned builders.<ref name="TNM1"/><ref name="TH1"/> Jain Housing, Holy Faith Builders, and KP Varkey also continued the construction activities. Holiday Heritage discontinued their housing project.<ref name="TNM1"/><ref name="TH2">{{cite news |last1=Krishna |first1=Navmi |title=Explained The Maradu imbroglio of a SC order, flat owners, Kerala govt, and municipal authorities |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/explained-the-maradu-imbroglio-of-a-sc-order-flat-owners-kerala-govt-and-municipal-authorities/article29408277.ece |accessdate=14 September 2019 |work=The Hindu |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914163325/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/explained-the-maradu-imbroglio-of-a-sc-order-flat-owners-kerala-govt-and-municipal-authorities/article29408277.ece |archivedate=14 September 2019}}</ref> In 2007 itself, in an [[affidavit]], a panchayat member stated that Maradu is CRZ II.<ref name="ET1">{{cite news |last1=Aravind |first1=Indulekha |title = Kerala: Uncertainty looms over 357 families as deadline to vacate Maradu flats ends today |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/residents-of-four-apartment-buildings-in-maradu-demand-fair-hearing-as-scs-demolition-deadline-nears/articleshow/71130153.cms |accessdate=14 September 2019 |publisher=Economic Times |date=14 September 2019 }}</ref>
* '''2010''' Maradu panchayat became a municipality in November 2010.<ref name="TNM1">{{cite news |last1=Joseph |first1=Neethu |title=How 344 families in Kochi apartments got entangled in legal battle that began 10 yrs ago |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-344-families-kochi-apartments-got-entangled-legal-battle-began-10-yrs-ago-108855 |accessdate=14 September 2019 |publisher=The News Minute |date=13 September 2019 }}</ref> The municipality approached the Division Bench of the High Court with an appeal, which was dismissed. In 2016, the [[division bench]] of the Kerala High Court ruled that Maradu municipality was solely responsible for the situation.<ref name="TH2"/>
* '''2011''' CZMP prepared in accordance with the Coastal Regulation Zone Notification of 2011 marked Maradu in the CRZ-II category.<ref name="TH2"/>
* '''2012''' A single bench of the High Court of Kerala, set aside the show cause notice issued to Alpha Ventures by the Maradu panchayat.<ref name="HC2">{{cite web |title=Alfa Ventures Pvt.Ltd vs Government Of Kerala Represented ... on 19 September, 2012 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/160515371/ |website=Indian Kanoon |accessdate=15 September 2019}}</ref>
* '''2015''' The division bench of the high court of Kerala gave its verdict on the matter. The show cause notice which was issued in 2007 by the panchayat was pointed out to be untenable and written in such a manner that it did not satisfy the rules. The Maradu municipality was blamed for the situation and the entire blame was placed on them.<ref name="HC1"/> The Kerala Coastal Zone Management Authority (KCZMA) became a party to the case and moved the Supreme Court.
* '''2018''' The Supreme Court observed the builders did not give a reply to the show-cause notice issued by the panchayat and instead, filed writ petitions (WP) with the High Court. An expert committee was formed by the SC on 27 November 2018 to determine if the apartments are located in CRZ II or III. The three member committee reported that (as per the 1991 CRZ notification and the 1996 Kerala Coastal Zone Management Plan (KCZMP)), the area was CRZ III and not CRZ II. Maradu panchayat had issued the building permit without the permission of the KCZMA. The builders contended that the area was determined to be CRZ II as per the draft KCZMP created according to the 2011 CRZ notification. However, the argument of KCZMA was accepted by the Supreme Court.<ref name="TH1"/>
* '''May 2019''' The Supreme Court accepted the contention of the KCZMA and ordered the five apartments to be demolished within a month.<ref name="TH1"/> The Kerala government has contracted [[IIT Madras]] to develop a model for demolition of the buildings.<ref name="TH2"/> The one-month period lapsed and all the review and writ petitions filed by the residents of the different apartments were denied.
* '''September 2019''' The Supreme Court, in an order issued on 6 September 2019 directed the state government to demolish the apartments and report by 20 September.<ref name="ToI3">{{cite news |last1=Anand Choudhary |first1=Amit |title=Supreme Court warns Kerala government, says demolish 4 Kochi buildings by September 20 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/supreme-court-warns-kerala-government-says-demolish-4-kochi-buildings-by-september-20/articleshow/71020358.cms |accessdate=14 September 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=7 September 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914184910/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/supreme-court-warns-kerala-government-says-demolish-4-kochi-buildings-by-september-20/articleshow/71020358.cms |archivedate=14 September 2019}}</ref><ref name="IT1">{{cite news |last1=P S Unnithan |first1=Gopikrishnan |title=Kerala: Uncertainty looms over 357 families as deadline to vacate Maradu flats ends today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kerala-uncertainty-looms-over-357-families-as-deadline-to-vacate-maradu-flats-ends-today-1599029-2019-09-14 |accessdate=14 September 2019 }}</ref> Eviction notices were served to the residents subsequent to this. The residents say that they will resist the eviction.<ref name="ToI4">{{cite news |title=Kerala: Residents of Maradu flats to defy eviction notice |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-residents-of-maradu-flats-to-defy-eviction-notice/articleshow/71077750.cms |accessdate=14 September 2019 |date=11 September 2019}}</ref>
[[File:HOLY FAITH EXPLOSION SEQUENCE.jpg|thumb|1500px|center|Holy Faith H2O Explosion sequence]]

===Position of Golden Kayaloram residents===
A curative petition was filed by the residents of Golden Kayaloram apartment on 10 September 2019. The petition was accepted by the court registry. It listed serious mistakes in 8 May Supreme Court order. The petition pointed out that a three-member technical committee was formed by the three member court appointed committee without the permission of the court.<ref name="Matr1">{{cite news |title=Maradu flats: SC accepts curative petition by flat owners. |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/maradu-flats-sc-accepts-curative-petition-by-flat-owners--1.4112751 |accessdate=14 September 2019 |date=11 September 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914190700/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/maradu-flats-sc-accepts-curative-petition-by-flat-owners--1.4112751 |archivedate=14 September 2019}}</ref>

The NOC was issued to Golden Kayaloram in 1995 (NO.A3.3/95) by the Secretary of Maradu Grama Panchayat and a copy of this was submitted as exhibit P1 in WP(C).No. 23293 of 2007 (W).<ref name="IK1">{{cite web |last1=MOHAN |first1=K. SURENDRA |title=K.V.Jose vs Government Of Kerala on 30 December, 2006 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/133929914/ |website=Indian Kanoon |publisher=THE HIGH COURT OF KERALA AT ERNAKULAM |accessdate=14 September 2019}}</ref> This no objection certificate was issued by the Grama Panchayat before the Coastal Zone Management Plan (CZMP) of Kerala was approved in 1996.<ref name="IK2">{{cite web |title=The Kerala State State Coastal ... vs The State Of Kerala Maradu ... on 8 May, 2019 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/162357936/ |website=Indian Kanoon |accessdate=14 September 2019}}</ref>

The three member committee appointed by the Supreme Court of India had issued a notice to the builders of the apartments to respond about their CRZ status. No resident was asked to respond. The builder of Golden Kayaloram had submitted that "there are no CRZ violations alleged against M/s. Kayaloram Apartments by CZMA or any other authorities. Hence the proceedings with respect to CRZ violations is not sustainable against M/s. Kayaloram Apartments..."<ref name="CR">{{cite book |title=REPORT FILED BY THE COMMITTEE CONSTITUTED AS PER THE INTERIM ORDER DATED 27.11.2018 IN SLP (C) NOS. 4238-4241/2016 AND 4231-4234/2014, BEFORE THE HONOURABLE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA |pages=17}}</ref>

==Maradu and CRZ II and III==

'''CRZ I''' areas are those "areas that are ecologically sensitive and important, such as... wildlife habitats, mangroves,... coral reefs, ...close tobreeding and spawning grounds of fish and other marine life, ...rich in genetic-diversity, ...likely to be inundated due to rise in sea level consequent upon global warming and such other areas as may be declared....."<ref name="crz1991"/>

'''CRZ II''' areas are those "that have already been developed up to or close to the shoreline." "Developed area" is defined as "...area within the municipal limits or in other legally designated urban areas which is already substantially built up and which has been provided with drainage and approach roads and other infrastructural facilities, such as water supply and sewerage mains."<ref name="crz1991"/>

'''CRZ III''' is described as "the areas that are relatively undisturbed and those which do not belong to either Category-I or II. These will include coastal zone in the rural areas (developed and undeveloped) and also areas within Municipal limits or in other legally designated urban areas which are not substantially built up".<ref name="crz1991"/>

Maradu is currently a municipal area and even before it was converted into a municipality, it was a legally designated urban area since it came under the [[Greater Cochin Development Authority]].<ref name="gcda-aboutus">http://www.gcda.kerala.gov.in/ GCDA, Official Web site of GCDA, 'About Us' page</ref>

The DLF property on the same banks of [[Chilavannoor]] lake also is in violation of CRZ norms (CRZ-I). It was first ordered to be demolished in 2012 by the single bench of [[Kerala High Court]], but was stayed by the division bench. Instead, the division bench allowed regularization of the building after imposing a fine of 1 [[crore]]. An appeal went against this overruling to the [[Supreme Court of India]], but the verdict was upheld.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala: Tale of two Coastal Regulation Zone violation cases, two SC rulings|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tale-of-two-coastal-regulation-zone-violation-cases-two-sc-rulings-5998214/|date=2019-09-16|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SC order on DLF project in Kerala could set wrong precedent, say experts|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/AA9yiofIZdceV7X3gnas0O/SC-order-on-DLF-project-in-Kerala-could-set-wrong-precedent.html|last=Nandy|first=Mayank Aggarwal, Madhurima|date=2018-01-11|website=Livemint|language=en|access-date=2020-05-04}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
* '''[[Vidhi (2021 film)|Vidhi]]''' is a 2021 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by [[Kannan Thamarakkulam]], based on the Maradu apartments demolition order.

==Opinions==
A Mumbai-based advocate and the president of National Lawyers Campaign for Judicial Transparency and Reforms said that as per notification issued in 2011 by the central government, Maradu was brought under CRZ II and that even if the buildings were demolished, they could be reconstructed at the same location. Rules are procedural laws brought by the executive for enforcing the acts of parliament. The rules which are applicable to the buildings now are the rules in force today. As CRZ II applies to the buildings in question and there is no violation. The procedure adopted by the Supreme Court in bypassing the Kerala Municipality Act and rules under it was without jurisdiction and shocking.<ref name="TToI1">{{cite news |title=Saving Maradu apartments: A simple solution | date=14 September 2019 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/saving-maradu-apartments-a-simple-solution/articleshow/71103304.cms |accessdate=23 September 2019 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Supreme Court of India cases]]
[[Category:2019 in Kerala]]
[[Category:2020s in Kerala]]

Puratchi Bharatham Katchi

2026-01-25T01:12:08Z

ChloeBrogan:

{{Short description|Indian political party}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|party_name = Puratchi Bharatham Katchi
|colorcode = {{party color|Puratchi Bharatham Katchi}}
|abbreviation = PBK
|president = [[M. Jagan Moorthy]]
|treasurer = M. Maran
|founder = Poovai M. Moorthy
|foundation = {{start date and age|df=y|1978|01|26}}
|headquarters = 13, First Floor, Perum Salai, P.R.C. Complex, [[Poonamallee]], [[Chennai]] – 600056, [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].
|position = [[Syncretic politics|Syncretic]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Waghmore|first=Suryakant|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPenAwAAQBAJ|title=Civility against Caste: Dalit Politics and Citizenship in Western India|date=2013-09-30|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] India|isbn=978-81-321-1886-2|pages=15–19|language=en}}</ref>
|colours = {{colour box|{{party color|Puratchi Bharatham Katchi}}}} [[Blue]]
|eci = Unrecognised Party
|alliance = [[AIADMK-led Alliance|AIADMK front]] (2019-present), 
[[Democratic Progressive Alliance|DPA]] (2006-2011)
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|543|hex={{party color|Puratchi Bharatham Katchi}}}}
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|245|hex={{party color|Puratchi Bharatham Katchi}}}}
| state_seats_name = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|1|234|hex={{party color|Puratchi Bharatham Katchi}}}}
| no_states = {{Composition bar|0|31|hex={{party color|Puratchi Bharatham Katchi}}}}
|party_flag = PBK FLAG.png
|website = [https://thepbk.in/ www.thepbk.in]
|ideology=[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] interests}}
[[File:Puratchi_Bharatham_Katchi_Flag.jpg|thumb|'''Party flag''']]
The '''Puratchi Bharatham Katchi''' ({{translation|Revolutionary India party}}; {{small|abbreviated as}} '''PBK''') is an Indian [[social movement]] and political party active in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] that seeks to combat caste-based [[discrimination]]. It is founded by M. Murthy. The party operates in the states of Tamil Nadu, Puducherry and Andhra Pradesh. [[M. Jagan Moorthy]] is the current president of the party. This party was established for education, employment and economic development of the [[Scheduled Caste]] people.

==History==
It was initially started as the '''Ambedkar Mandram''' in 1978 by Moorthy and later reformed into '''Ambedkar People Liberation Front''' (APLF). In 1998, It became a full-fledged political party on its current form of 'Puratchi Bhartham Katchi'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ibctamilnadu.com/article/puratchi-bharatham-katchi-politicians-list-1660563027|title=புரட்சி பாரதம் கட்சி - ஒடுக்கப்பட்டவர்களுக்காக தொடர்ந்து ஒலிக்குமா?|access-date=25 January 2024|website=[[IBC Tamil]]|language=ta}}</ref> After Poovai Moorthy's death in 2002, his brother [[M. Jagan Moorthy]] became the party leader. The party leader [[M. Jagan Moorthy]] contested in DMK-led [[Democratic Progressive Alliance]] and won the [[Arakkonam Assembly constituency]] in [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] on the DMK symbol.<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref> The party extended its support to the [[AIADMK]] in the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2016/Apr/03/7-more-parties-extend-support-to-aiadmk-919469.html|title=7 More Parties Extend Support to AIADMK|access-date=3 April 2016|website=newindianexpress}}</ref> In the [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021 Tamil Nadu Election]], M. Jagan Moorthy contested on behalf of the [[AIADMK-led Alliance]] in the [[Kilvaithinankuppam Assembly constituency]] on the AIADMK symbol and won 83,989 (48.57%) votes, defeating the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/download/httpseci.gov.infilesfile13680-tamil-nadu-general-legislative-election-2021/10-%20Detailed%20Results.pdf |title=Detailed Result, Tamil Nadu Assembly Election 2021 |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

==Controversy==

There was a case in the court against the usage of [[Ashoka Chakra]] in the middle of the party flag.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 4, 2015 |title=Action likely against political party |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/action-likely-against-political-party/article7280302.ece |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==List of party leaders==
===Presidents===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background:{{party color|Puratchi Bharatham Katchi}};color:white"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background:{{party color|Puratchi Bharatham Katchi}};color:white"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background:{{party color|Puratchi Bharatham Katchi}};color:white"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=3 style="background:{{party color|Puratchi Bharatham Katchi}};color:white"|Term in office
|-
!style="background:{{party color|Puratchi Bharatham Katchi}};color:white"|Assumed office
!style="background:{{party color|Puratchi Bharatham Katchi}};color:white"|Left office
!style="background:{{party color|Puratchi Bharatham Katchi}};color:white"|Time in office
|-
!1
|[[File:Dr.பூவை Moorthiyar.png|100px]]
|'''Poovai M. Moorthy''' (1953–2002)
|26 January 1978
|2 September 2002
|{{age in years and days|1978|01|26|2002|09|02}}
|-
!2
|[[File:Poovai.M.Jagan Moorthy M.L.A.JPG|100px]]
|'''[[M. Jagan Moorthy]]''' (1966–)
|7 September 2002
|Incumbent
|{{age in years and days|2002|09|07}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://thepbk.in/ Official website]

[[Category:1978 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Dalit politics]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1978]]
[[Category:Political parties in Tamil Nadu]]

Vilayati Bhabhi

2026-01-22T12:22:26Z

ChloeBrogan: created new data

{{Short description|Indian Punjabi television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Vilayati Bhabhi.webp
| image_size =
| story = Damini Shetty
| editor = Ashish Pradhan Rajkumar Gupta
| genre = Comedy-drama
| starring = Isha Gupta [[Kanwalpreet Singh (actor)|Kanwarpreet Singh]]
| director = Sahil Kohli
| country = India
| company = Eternal Frame Productions
| language = Punjabi
| num_episodes = 190
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| network = [[Zee Punjabi]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|1|13|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|1|15|df=yes}}
| related = ''[[Lagnachi Wife Weddingchi Bayku]]''
}}

'''''Vilayati Bhabhi''''' ({{Translation|Foreigner Sister in Law}}) is an Indian [[Punjabi language]] television series that premiered from 13 January 2020 on [[Zee Punjabi]]. It stars Isha Gupta and [[Kanwalpreet Singh (actor)|Kanwarpreet Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet the unhappy groom of the town – Nawab|url=https://www.indiannewslive.com/vilayti-bhabhi-meet-the-unhappy-groom-of-the-town-nawab.html|access-date=2023-01-30|website=Indian News Live|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130180038/https://www.indiannewslive.com/vilayti-bhabhi-meet-the-unhappy-groom-of-the-town-nawab.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Punjab ka apna GEC – Zee Punjabi launches on 13th January, 2020 with original Punjabi shows|url=https://www.5dariyanews.com/news/278208-Punjab-ka-apna-GEC-%E2%80%93-Zee-Punjabi-launches-on-13th-January-2020-with-original-Punjabi-show|access-date=2023-01-30|website=5 Dariya News}}</ref> It is an official remake of [[Zee Marathi]]'s TV series [[Lagnachi Wife Weddingchi Bayku]]. It ended on 15 January 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zee Punjabi dethrones regional channels to become No. 1 in Punjab|url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/zee-punjabi-dethrones-regional-channels-to-become-no-1-in-punjab-2273125.html/amp|access-date=2023-01-30|website=[[Zee News]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Sandy and Emily both live in Canada. Sandy as an NRI man marries Emily, who lives in Canada as well. Sandy is a loafer. He returns to his village Punjab with her wife. When Sandy returned to his village and spend few months in Punjab India. The villager want him to return to Canada with his wife and think that why he had gone to Canada for his desire and aim.

== Cast ==
* Isha Gupta as Emily
* [[Kanwalpreet Singh (actor)|Kanwarpreet Singh]] as Sukhwinder "Sandy" Singh
* Sushma Prashant
* Mandeep Mani
* Guru Sevak
* Damini Shetty
* Charanpreet Maan

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:Purple; width:10%;"| Language
! style="background:Purple; width:25%;"| Title
! style="background:Purple; width:20%;"| Original release
! style="background:Purple; width:10%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:Purple; width:10%;"| Last aired
! style="background:Purple; width:10%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Lagnachi Wife Weddingchi Bayku]]'' लग्नाची वाईफ वेडिंगची बायकू
| 21 October 2019
| [[Zee Marathi]]
| 3 April 2020
| Original
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| ''Vilayati Bhabhi'' ਵਿਲਾਇਤੀ ਭਾਭੀ
| 13 January 2020
| [[Zee Punjabi]]
| 15 January 2021
| Remake
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt14558104}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/vilayti-bhabhi/0-6-2414 ''Vilayati Bhabhi''] at [[ZEE5]]

{{Zee Punjabi}}

[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Zee Punjabi original programming]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]
[[Category:Television productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]

Kousalya (singer)

2026-01-22T01:43:26Z

ChloeBrogan: quick update

{{short description|Indian playback singer}}
{{multiple issues|
{{fan POV|date=January 2014}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2010}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Kousalya
| image = Singer_Kousalya.jpg
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_date =
| origin = [[Guntur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| occupation = singer, composer, dubbing artist
| years_active = 1999–present
}}

'''Kousalya ''' is a playback singer and Music Composer from [[South Indian Cinema]]. Did her Masters and PhD in Carnatic Music.
Started playback singing career in the year 1999 with Telugu movie ''Nee Kosam'', music scored by R.P.Patnaik. She rendered more than 400 songs for<ref name=H1>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/the-voice-that-won-a-million-hearts/article6606498.ece|title=The voice that won a million hearts|newspaper=The Hindu |date=17 November 2014 | first=T. Lalith | last=Singh |access-date=8 June 2019}}</ref> [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Kannada]] films.

==Career==
She started playback singing in the year 1999 with the Telugu movie ''Nee Kosam'',<ref name=H1 /> music scored by R.P.Patnaik.

Kousalya rendered her voice for dubbing in three movies, ''Sravanamasam'' for heroine Kalyani, ''Bakara'' for heroine Yashika and "Cheekati Rajyam" for Kamalhassan's wife character. She composed " Sri Annamayya Sankeerthana Sudha " with four new Keerthanas released by [[Aditya Music]]. She won 3 Nandi Awards as a Best Playback Singer where one for own composition on Etv ''Adade Adharam'', daily serial.

==Playback singing==
{{Main|List of songs recorded by Kousalya}}
''Bangarukonda'', ''Nee Kosam'', ''Chitram'', ''Idiot'', ''Itlu Sravani Subramaniam'', ''Nuvvu Leka Nenu Lenu'', ''Avunu Valliddaru Ishtapaddaru'', ''Shivamani'', ''Amma Nanna O Tamil Ammai'','' Gangotri'','' Devadasu'', ''Satyam'', ''[[Adirindayya Chandram]]'', ''Desamuduru'', ''Kabbadi-Kabbadi'', ''Chenna Kesava Reddy'', ''Chakram, Nuvve-Nuvve'', ''Ninne Ishtapaddanu'', ''Narasimhudu'', ''Shock'', ''Sravanamasam'', ''Dhee'', ''Pelli Kani Prasad'', ''Godava'', ''Dubai Srinu'', ''Nagaram'', ''Takkari'', ''Satyabhama'', ''Krishna'', ''Maska'', ''Neninthe'', ''Vengamamba'', ''Mithrudu'', ''Gopi Gopika Godavari'', ''Mayagadu Brahmalokam to yamalokam via Bhulokam'', ''Simha'', ''Golimar'', ''Saradaga Kasepu'', ''Ranga the Donga'', ''Emaindi evela'', ''Poola Rangadu'', ''Srimannarayana'', ''Shiridi Sai'',''Vijetha'',''Chinni Chinni Asha'','' Kiss'', ''Thanu Monne Vellipoyindi'',''Veta'', ''Dictator'', Soggade Chinni Nayana.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://telugustop.com/kousalya-telugu-tollywood-singer-profile-biography-news-videos-pics-photos-albums-biodata-website-wiki-twitter/|title=Singer Kousalya Profile&Biography|publisher=telugustop.com |access-date=17 November 2014}}</ref> Tupaki Ramudu.
Title Song for Siri daily serial

===TV and stage shows===
* Final winner of ''Padutha Theeyaga'' hosted by Sri SP Balasubrahmanyam garu on ETV.<ref name=H1 />
* Hosted ''Sye Singers Challenge'' on ETV, which was to give break for new talents in singing in 2006.
* Worked as a judge along with music director Koti & lyricist Bhuvana Chandra on Zee Telugu channel ''Sarigamapa Little Champs'' 2009.
* Composed Music & sung the Title songs of ''Sye Singers Challenge'', ''Aadade Aadhaaram'' & ''Hrudayam'' daily serials running on ETV.
* Judge cum team leader in ''Super Singers 7'' Presented by Airtel on Maa TV.

==Awards==
* [[Nandi Award]] for ''Endamaavulu'' ETV Serial’s title song in the year 2002.
* [[Nandi Award]] for "Gundelona" song from ''Satyabhama'' movie 2007.
* [[Nandi Award]] for ''Adade Adharam'' title song as a Best Playback Singer 2011
* Delhi Telugu Academy Television Award for the title songs of ''Siri'' (DD) & ''Endamaavulu'' (ETV) in the year 2004.
* Ugadi Puraskar 2003 & 2006 as Best Playback Singer for ''Avunu Valliddaru Ishtapaddaru'' & ''Shivamani''.
* Bagged Gold Medal in National level solo singing at NCC Republic Day Camp-1992 in New Delhi.
* Cinegoer Award as Best Playback Singer-Female for the years 2002, 2005, and 2006, 2008.
* 2013 TSR-TV9 National Film Awards for the song "Om Sai" from ''Shiridi Sai''.
* MAA TV award for ''Adade Adharam''.
* Santhosham Magazine Awards Best Playback Singer – Female – for the years 2003, 2007 and 2009.
* Cine Maa Award from Maa TV Best Playback Singer – Female – for the year 2004 and 2005.
* ETV Internnal Awards as Best Playback Singer-Female for the years 2006 and 2007.
* Big Ugadi Award as Best Female Singer Of The Year - 2009 for the song "Nuvvakkadunte- Nenikkadunte" from ''Gopi Gopika Godavari''.
* Alapana Music Award for the song "Nuvvakkadunte- Nenikkadunte" from ''Gopi Gopika Godavari'' in 2009.
* MAA TV TEA (Television Entertainment Awards) for ''Adade Adharam'' title song in 2012.
* Cinegoer Award for ''Adade Adharam'' Serial Song as Best Composer.
* T.Chalapathi Rao Award and Title Gandharva Ranjani presented by
Pragnika Arts, November 2018.
* Dr SP Balasubrahmanyam Janmdina Puraskaram by Sruthi Laya Arts, 2019
* P.Leela Sangeetha Puraskaram 2019 by Thrushna Sangeetha Samskruthika Samstha.
* Naari Sakthi 2021 “Women of the decade” Women’s Day Award by Vvogues

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

www.kousalya.in
* http://www.raaga.com/channels/telugu/singers/kousalya.html
* [https://www.facebook.com/Kousalya.Official Facebook]
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/Kousalyaofficial Youtube]
* [http://singerkousalya.blogspot.in/p/awards.html Awards]
* http://www.kousalyamusicacademy.com/

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kousalya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Singers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:People from Guntur]]

Paamban

2026-01-18T21:05:09Z

ChloeBrogan: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[A. Venkatesh]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from film}}
{{R with Wikidata item}}
}}

Village Scene

2026-01-12T03:53:23Z

ChloeBrogan: created a location

{{Short description|1938 painting by Amrita Sher-Gil}}
{{Infobox artwork
| title = Village Scene
| other_language_1 =
| other_title_1 =
| other_language_2 =
| other_title_2 =
| wikidata =
| image = Amrita Sher-Gil Village Scene 1938 Simla.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = ''Village Scene''
| artist = [[Amrita Sher-Gil]]
| year =
| completion_date = 1938
| catalogue =
| medium =
| movement =
| subject =
| height_metric = 62
| width_metric = 84
| length_metric =
| diameter_metric =
| height_imperial = 
| width_imperial =
| length_imperial =
| diameter_imperial =
| dimensions =
| dimensions_ref =
| metric_unit = cm 
| imperial_unit = in 
| weight =
| designation = Private collection
| condition =
| museum =
| city =
| coordinates = 
| owner =
| accession =
| preceded_by = 
| followed_by = 
| module =
| website = 
}}
'''''Village Scene''''' is an [[oil on canvas]] painting depicting Indian village life, completed in 1938 at Simla, India, by Hungarian-Indian artist [[Amrita Sher-Gil]] (1913 – 1941).<ref name=Sundaram2010.808>Sundaram, p. 808</ref><ref name=Sooke2007>{{cite news |last1=Sooke |first1=Alastair |title=Laid bare - the free spirit of Indian art |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/3663362/Laid-bare-the-free-spirit-of-Indian-art.html |access-date=17 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217072608/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/3663362/Laid-bare-the-free-spirit-of-Indian-art.html|archive-date=17 December 2023|work=The Telegraph |date=24 February 2007 |language=en}}</ref>{{efn|An earlier painting titled ''A Village Scene'' was shown at Barada Ukil's exhibition at [[The Cecil]], Simla, held in September 1936.<ref name=Sundaram2010.246>Sundaram, p. 246</ref>}} In March 2006 it was sold for $1.6 million.<ref name=Sooke2007/>

==See also==
*[[List of paintings by Amrita Sher-Gil]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book |last=Dalmia|first=Yashodhara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj3mlgEACAAJ |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Life |date=2013 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=Gurugram |isbn=978-0-14-342026-2 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sundaram |first1=Vivan |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Self-Portrait in Letters and Writings |date=2010 |publisher=Tulika Books |location=New Delhi |volume=1|pages=1–417|isbn=978-81-89487-59-1}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sundaram |first1=Vivan |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Self-Portrait in Letters and Writings |date=2010 |publisher=Tulika Books |location=New Delhi |volume=2|pages=418–821|isbn=978-81-89487-59-1}}

{{Amrita Sher-Gil}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Village Scene}}
[[Category:Paintings by Amrita Sher-Gil]]
[[Category:1938 paintings]]
[[Category:Oil paintings on canvas]]
[[Category:Genre paintings]]

{{1930s-painting-stub}}

Western Bloc

2026-01-05T18:50:19Z

ChloeBrogan: Improved article clarity and structure

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Group of states aligned with the United States during the Cold War}}
{{Distinguish|text=[[Western world]] or [[Western blot]]}}
{{Three worlds}}

[[File:Europe-blocs-49-89x4.svg|thumb|upright=2|Political situation in Europe during the Cold War]]

{{Western Bloc sidebar}}
The '''Western Bloc''', also known as the '''Capitalist Bloc''', the '''Freedom Bloc''', the '''Free Bloc''', and the '''American Bloc''', was an unofficial coalition of countries that were officially allied with the [[United States]] during the [[Cold War]] (1947–1991). While the [[Member states of NATO|NATO member states]], in [[Western Europe]] and [[Northern America]], were pivotal to the bloc, it included many other countries, in the broader [[Asia-Pacific]] region, the [[Middle East]], [[Latin America]], and [[Africa]] with histories of [[anti-Soviet]], [[anti-communist]] and, in some cases [[anti-socialist]], ideologies and policies.

As such, the bloc was opposed to the political systems and foreign policies of communist countries, which were centered on the [[Soviet Union]], other members of the [[Warsaw Pact]], and usually the [[People's Republic of China]]. The name "Western Bloc" emerged in response to and as the antithesis of its [[Communism|communist]] counterpart, the [[Eastern Bloc]]. Throughout the Cold War, the governments and the [[Western media]] were more inclined to refer to themselves as the "[[Free World]]" or the "First World", whereas the Eastern bloc was often referred to as the "Communist World" or less commonly the "[[Second World]]".

== Terminology ==
[[File:Cold War alliances mid-1975.png |thumb|300px|Cold War military alliances in 1975: [[NATO]] and aligned countries (blue) and Warsaw Pact (red)]]

The term ''Western Bloc'' refers to the group of countries aligned politically, economically, and militarily with the United States during the Cold War. These countries opposed the Eastern Bloc led by the Soviet Union and generally embraced [[capitalism]], [[liberal democracy]], and [[anti-communism]]. The Western Bloc was mainly composed of [[NATO]] member states, the [[European Union]], and other allied countries across the globe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cold War History |url=https://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/cold-war-1 |website=History.com |access-date=21 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="Gaddis 2005">{{cite book |last=Gaddis |first=John Lewis |title=The Cold War: A New History |publisher=Penguin Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0143038276}}</ref><ref name="McMahon">{{cite web |last=McMahon |first=Robert |title=The Cold War: A New History |url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/229456/the-cold-war-by-robert-mcmahon/ |website=Penguin Random House |access-date=21 May 2025}}</ref>

The term Free World was frequently used in U.S. and allied [[rhetoric]] to describe the bloc of countries that upheld democratic governance and market economies, contrasting them with the one-party authoritarian states of the Eastern Bloc. This term became prominent in political and media discourse during the Cold War, especially in the context of framing the ideological struggle between democracy and communism. The Free World concept was also invoked to justify military interventions, such as the [[Korean War]] and the [[Vietnam War]], under the belief that the West needed to defend its values against communist expansion.<ref>{{cite web |last=Westad |first=Odd Arne |title=The Cold War: A World History |url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/561096/the-cold-war-by-odd-arne-westad/ |website=Penguin Random House |access-date=21 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Paul |title=The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers |url=https://www.amazon.com/Rise-Fall-Great-Powers-History/dp/0394562437 |website=Amazon |access-date=21 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="Friedman">{{cite web |last=Friedman |first=Thomas L. |title=The Lexus and the Olive Tree: Understanding Globalization |url=https://www.amazon.com/Lexus-Olive-Tree-Understanding-Globalization/dp/0385499347 |website=Amazon |access-date=21 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="Gaddis 2005"/>

The term [[First World]] was another geopolitical term used during the Cold War to classify countries aligned with NATO and the capitalist economic model. This term contrasted the First World with the [[Second World]], which referred to Soviet-aligned communist states, and the [[Third World]], which consisted of non-aligned or developing nations. The categorization was not only political but also economic, with First World countries generally characterized by industrial economies and relatively high standards of living.<ref>{{cite web |title=First World, Second World, Third World |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/First-World |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=21 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="McMahon"/><ref name="Friedman"/><ref name="Gaddis">{{cite web |last=Gaddis |first=John Lewis |title=The Cold War: A New History |url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/561096/the-cold-war-by-odd-arne-westad/ |website=Penguin Random House |access-date=21 May 2025}}</ref>

Another common term was the [[Capitalist Bloc]], which emphasized the Western Bloc's economic orientation toward private property, free markets, and limited government intervention. It was often used by Soviet propaganda to criticize the economic disparities and capitalist exploitation prevalent in Western societies. From the Western perspective, however, the Capitalist Bloc was seen as a defense of free-market economies and private property rights.<ref>{{cite web |title=Capitalism and the Cold War |url=https://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/cold-war-history |website=History.com |access-date=21 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Garton Ash |first=Timothy |title=The File: A Personal History |url=https://www.amazon.com/File-Personal-History-Timothy-Garton/dp/0142002362 |website=Amazon |access-date=21 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hobsbawm |first=Eric J. |title=The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991 |url=https://archive.org/details/ageofextremesshor00hobs |publisher=Pantheon |year=1994 |access-date=21 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="Gaddis"/>

The phrase Democratic West was used to emphasize the political systems of the Western Bloc, which were generally characterized by multiparty democratic systems, free elections, and the rule of law. This contrasted with the authoritarian and totalitarian systems in the [[Eastern Bloc]]. The concept of the Democratic West was a critical component of Western Cold War rhetoric, as it highlighted the ideological divide between the democratic, capitalist societies of the West and the communist, one-party states of the East. It was frequently invoked to justify the establishment of political, military, and economic alliances like NATO and the [[European Economic Community]] (EEC).<ref>{{cite web |title=The Western Alliance in the Cold War |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?164999-1/western-alliance-cold-war |website=C-SPAN |access-date=21 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kissinger |first=Henry |title=World Order |url=https://www.amazon.com/World-Order-Henry-Kissinger/dp/0143109933 |access-date=21 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Schweller |first=Randall L. |title=The Politics of Promise |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2501455 |website=JSTOR |access-date=21 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gaddis |first=John Lewis |title=The Cold War: A New History |url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/561096/the-cold-war-by-odd-arne-westad/ |publisher=Penguin Random House |access-date=21 May 2025}}</ref>

These terms—Western Bloc, Free World, First World, Capitalist Bloc, and Democratic West—were often used interchangeably but carried different nuances depending on the context. They were central to the ideological battle of the Cold War, where both blocs used language to define the moral and political contours of the global struggle.<ref name="Eisenhower">{{cite web |last=Eisenhower |first=Dwight D. |title=The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower |url=https://www.amazon.com/Papers-Dwight-David-Eisenhower-Volume/dp/0801851340 |website=Amazon |access-date=21 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Westad |first=Odd Arne |title=The Cold War: A World History |publisher=Penguin Random House |year=2017 |isbn=978-0141979915}}</ref>

In addition to the formal political and economic terms, other rhetoric such as [[Western world|the West]] and the [[Atlantic Alliance]] was used to define the broader cultural-political unity of the countries in the Western Bloc. These terms were often employed in discussions of [[Transatlantic relations|transatlantic]] unity, emphasizing the shared values and common interests of Western countries, particularly in opposition to the [[Eastern Bloc]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Judt |first=Tony |title=Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 |url=https://archive.org/details/postwarhistoryof00judt |website=Archive.org |publisher=Penguin Press |year=2005 |access-date=21 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="Eisenhower"/><ref name="Ikenberry">{{cite web |last=Ikenberry |first=G. John |title=The End of the Liberal International Order? |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2018-06-14/end-liberal-international-order |website=Foreign Affairs |access-date=21 May 2025}}</ref>

The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 saw a decline in the use of terms like "Western Bloc" as the world moved towards a [[Unipolarity|unipolar]] system dominated by the [[United States]]. However, terms such as "the [[West]]" and "liberal international order" continue to be relevant in current geopolitical discourse, especially in discussions surrounding NATO, the [[European Union]], and Western-led global institutions.<ref name="Ikenberry"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Kagan |first=Robert |title=The World America Made |url=https://www.amazon.com/World-America-Made-Power-Order/dp/0307271860 |website=Amazon |access-date=21 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=McFaul |first=Michael |title=From Cold War to Hot Peace: An American Ambassador in Putin's Russia |url=https://www.amazon.com/Cold-War-Hot-Peace-Ambassador/dp/0399592672 |website=Amazon |access-date=21 May 2025}}</ref>

[[File:Iron Curtain map.svg|thumb|300px|The "Iron Curtain" division of Europe, highlighting the split between Western and Eastern Blocs]]

Overall, the terminology of the Western Bloc served not only as a means of political classification but also as a tool in shaping public opinion and justifying foreign policy decisions throughout the Cold War. These terms played an integral role in how the world viewed itself and the ideological battle between [[democracy]] and [[communism]] that defined the era.

== List of states ==
=== 1947–1991 Western Bloc associations ===
=== NATO ===
{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
* {{flag|Belgium}}*<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.belgium.be/en/foreign_policy/nato |title=Belgium and NATO |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|Canada}}*<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/services/defence.html |title=Canada and NATO |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|Denmark}}*<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fm.dk/en/topics/foreign-policy/defence |title=Denmark and NATO |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|France}}*<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/french-foreign-policy/defence/ |title=France and NATO |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|West Germany|FR Germany}}* (from 1955)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-en/ministries/defence |title=Germany and NATO |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|Greece}}* (from 1952)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mfa.gr/en/issues/defense-cooperation |title=Greece and NATO |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|Iceland}}*<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.government.is/topics/foreign-affairs/defence-policy |title=Iceland and NATO |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|Italy}}*<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.governo.it/en/foreign-policy/defence |title=Italy and NATO |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|Luxembourg}}*<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gouvernement.lu/en/ministere/defense.html |title=Luxembourg and NATO |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|Netherlands}}*<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.government.nl/topics/defence |title=Netherlands and NATO |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|Norway}}*<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.regjeringen.no/en/topics/defense/id2008764/ |title=Norway and NATO |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|Portugal}}*<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mne.pt/en/nato |title=Portugal and NATO |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|Spain}}* (from 1982)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.exteriores.gob.es/Portal/en/PoliticaExteriorCooperacion/Defensa |title=Spain and NATO |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|Turkey}}* (from 1952)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mfa.gov.tr/defense-and-security.en.mfa |title=Turkey and NATO |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|United Kingdom}}*<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/defence |title=United Kingdom and NATO |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|United States}}*<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.defense.gov/Our-Story/NATO/ |title=United States and NATO |access-date=2025-05-22}}{{dead link|date=December 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

{{Small|* Indicates founding [[Member states of NATO|member state]]}}

=== Five Eyes and ANZUS ===
* {{flag|Australia}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/ |title=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade - Australia |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|Canada}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/services/defence-security.html |title=Canada’s National Defence and Security |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|New Zealand}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/ |title=New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|United Kingdom}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/foreign-commonwealth-development-office |title=Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office - UK Government |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|United States}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.state.gov/ |title=U.S. Department of State |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>

=== Anti-Soviet communist or socialist states (until 1989) ===
{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
* {{flagicon|China}} [[History of the People's Republic of China (1976–1989)|China]] (from [[Sino-Soviet split|1961]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.china.org.cn/english/features/Timeline/344711.htm |title=Timeline of China's History |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|Democratic Kampuchea}} (from [[Cambodian–Vietnamese War|1978]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/asia-and-the-pacific/cambodia/democratic-kampuchea |title=Democratic Kampuchea |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
** {{flag|Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea|CGDK}} (from 1982)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Coalition-Government-of-Democratic-Kampuchea |title=Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Romania |title=Romania - History |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia}} (from 1948)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Yugoslavia |title=Yugoslavia |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|Somalia}} [[Somali Democratic Republic]] (from 1977)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/somalia.htm |title=Somalia - GlobalSecurity.org |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

[[File:Map of SEATO member countries - en.svg|thumb|350px|Map of SEATO members in 1959, shown in blue]]

=== Compact of Free Association ===
{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
* {{flag|Marshall Islands}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-the-marshall-islands/ |title=U.S. Relations With the Marshall Islands |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|Micronesia}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-the-federated-states-of-micronesia/ |title=U.S. Relations With the Federated States of Micronesia |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|Palau}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-palau/ |title=U.S. Relations With Palau |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|United States}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-the-united-states/ |title=U.S. Relations With the United States |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

=== METO, Baghdad Pact, CENTO (until 1979) ===
{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
* {{flag|Pahlavi Iran|Iran}} (until [[Iranian Revolution|1979]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iran/iran-1979.htm |title=Iran - 1979 Revolution |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|Kingdom of Iraq|Iraq}} (until [[14 July Revolution|1958]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Iraq |title=Iraq - History |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|Pakistan}} (until 1979)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/pakistan-1979.htm |title=Pakistan - 1979 |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|Turkey}} (until 1979)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey |title=Turkey - History |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|United Kingdom}} (until 1979)<ref name="United Kingdom - History">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/United-Kingdom |title=United Kingdom - History |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

=== SEATO (until 1977) ===
{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
* {{flag|Australia}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/history/2020/09/australias-role-in-seato/ |title=Australia's Role in SEATO |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Cambodia|1953}} [[Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)|Kingdom of Cambodia]] ([[1970 Cambodian coup d'état|until 1970]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Cambodia |title=Cambodia - History |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
** {{flag|Khmer Republic}} (1970–[[Fall of Phnom Penh|1975]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/khmer-republic |title=Khmer Republic |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|France}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.history.com/topics/france/france |title=France - History |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|Kingdom of Laos|Laos}} (until 1975)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Laos |title=Laos - History |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|New Zealand}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/countries-and-regions/ |title=New Zealand Foreign Affairs |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|Pakistan}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/pakistan-1970s.htm |title=Pakistan - 1970s |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|Philippines}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/ |title=Official Gazette of the Philippines |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|South Vietnam|Republic of Vietnam}} (until [[Fall of Saigon|1975]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Vietnam/History |title=South Vietnam - History |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|Thailand}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Thailand |title=Thailand - History |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|United Kingdom}}<ref name="United Kingdom - History"/>
* {{flag|United States}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/united-states |title=United States - Cold War History |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

=== Latin America and the Caribbean ===
{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
* {{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.ai/government |title=Government of Antigua and Barbuda |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|Argentina}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Argentina |title=Argentina - History |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|Bahamas}} (from 1982)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/ |title=Government of the Bahamas |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|Barbados}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Barbados |title=Barbados - History |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|Belize}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Belize |title=Belize - History |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|Bolivia}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bolivia |title=Bolivia - History |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|Brazil}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Brazil |title=Brazil - History |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|Chile}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Chile |title=Chile - History |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|Colombia}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Colombia |title=Colombia - History |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|Costa Rica}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Costa-Rica |title=Costa Rica - History |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|Cuba}} (until 1959)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/cuban-revolution |title=Cuban Revolution |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|Dominica}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.dm/ |title=Government of Dominica |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|Dominican Republic}} (until 1990)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Dominican-Republic |title=Dominican Republic - History |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|Ecuador}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ecuador |title=Ecuador - History |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|El Salvador}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/El-Salvador |title=El Salvador - History |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|Grenada}} (1974-1979)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Grenada |title=Grenada - History |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flag|Guatemala}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Guatemala |title=Guatemala - History |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{GUY}} (1966–1980)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Guyana |title=Guyana - History |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Haiti|1859}} [[Republic of Haiti (1859–1957)|Haiti]] (Until 1957)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Haiti |title=Haiti - History |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
** {{flagicon|Haiti|1964}} [[Duvalier family|Duvalier Haiti]] (1957–1986)
* {{flag|Honduras}}
* {{flag|Jamaica}}
* {{flag|Mexico}}
* {{flagicon|Nicaragua}} [[Somoza family|Nicaragua]] (until [[Nicaraguan Revolution|1979]])
* {{flag|Panama}}
* {{flag|Paraguay}}
* {{flag|Peru}} (until [[1968 Peruvian coup d'état|1968]]) ([[Tacnazo|1975]]-1991)
* {{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}
* {{flag|Saint Lucia|1979}}
* {{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}
* {{flag|Suriname}} (1975-[[1980 Surinamese coup d'état|1980]]) (1987-[[1990 Surinamese coup d'état|1990]]) (Sep 16 1991-1991)
* {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}} (from 1967)
* {{flag|Uruguay}}
* {{flag|Venezuela}}
{{div col end}}

=== Middle East/North Africa ===
{{Further|Arab Cold War |Gulf Cooperation Council}}
{{See also|Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict}}
{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
* {{flag|Bahrain}}
* {{flag|Kingdom of Egypt}} (until [[1952 Egyptian revolution|1952]])
** {{flag|Egypt}} (from [[Infitah|1974]])
* {{flag|Pahlavi Iran|Iran}} (until [[Iranian revolution|1979]])
* {{flag|Kingdom of Iraq|Iraq}} (until [[14 July Revolution|1958]])
** {{flagicon|Iraq|1963}} [[First Republic of Iraq|Republic of Iraq]] ([[Ramadan Revolution|Feb 10 1963]]-[[November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état|Nov 18]])
*** {{flag|Ba'athist Iraq|Iraq}} (1979-[[Gulf War|1990]])
* {{flag|Israel}}
* {{flag|Jordan}}
* {{flag|Kuwait}}
* {{flag|Lebanon}}
* {{flag|Kingdom of Libya|Libya}} (until [[1969 Libyan revolution|1969]])
* {{flag|Mauritania}} ([[1984 Mauritanian coup d'état|1984]]-1991)
* {{flag|Morocco}}
* {{flag|Oman}}
* {{flag|Palestine}}
* {{flag|Qatar}}
* {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
* {{flagicon|Sudan|1956}} [[Republic of Sudan (1956–1969)|Republic of Sudan]] (1956-[[1969 Sudanese coup d'état|1969]])
** {{flagicon|Sudan}} [[Sudan]] ([[1971 Sudanese coup d'état|1971]]-1989)
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Syria (1930–1958, 1961–1963).svg}} [[Second Syrian Republic|Syria]] (1946-[[Syrian Crisis of 1957|1957]]) ([[1961 Syrian coup d'état|1961]]-[[1963 Syrian coup d'état|1963]])
* {{flag|Tunisia}}
* {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
* {{flag|Yemen Arab Republic|North Yemen}} (1972–1990)
** {{flagdeco|Yemen|1927}} [[Kingdom of Yemen]] (Until [[North Yemen civil war|1970]])
{{div col end}}

=== East and South Asia ===
{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
* {{flagicon|Afghanistan|1974}} [[Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)]]
** {{flagicon|Afghanistan|1930}} [[Kingdom of Afghanistan]] (1947–1973)
* {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Bangladesh]] (1975–1991)
* {{flag|Bhutan}}
* {{flag|Brunei}} (from 1984)
* {{flagicon|Cambodia|1953}} [[Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)|Kingdom of Cambodia]] (1953–[[1970 Cambodian coup d'état|1970]])
** {{flag|Khmer Republic}} (1970–[[Fall of Phnom Penh|1975]])
* {{flag|Indonesia}}
* {{flag|Japan}}
* {{flag|South Korea}}
* {{flag|Kingdom of Laos|Laos}} (1947–1975)
* {{MDV}}
* {{flag|Malaysia}}
* {{flagicon|Nepal}} [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]]
* {{flag|Pakistan}}
* {{flag|Philippines}}
* {{flag|Singapore}}
* {{flag|South Vietnam}} (1955–[[Fall of Saigon|1975]])
** {{flag|State of Vietnam}} (1948–1955)
*{{SRI}}
* {{flag|Taiwan}}
* {{flag|Thailand}}
* {{flagdeco|Tibet}} [[Tibet (1912-1951)|Tibet]] (1947-1951)
{{div col end}}

=== Oceania ===
{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
* {{flag|Australia}}
* {{flag|Fiji}}
* {{flag|Kiribati}}
* {{flag|Marshall Islands}}
* {{flag|Micronesia}}
* {{flag|Nauru}}
* {{flag|New Zealand}}
* {{flag|Palau}}
* {{flag|Papua New Guinea}}
* {{flag|Samoa}}
* {{flag|Solomon Islands}}
* {{flag|Tonga}}
* {{flag|Tuvalu|1978}}
* {{VAN}}
{{div col end}}

===Sub-Saharan Africa===
{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
* {{flag|Botswana}}
* {{flag|Cameroon}}
* {{CAF}}
* {{flag|Chad}} (1960–1979; 1982–1991)
* {{flag|Comoros|1978}} (1978–1991)
* {{CGO}} (1960–1969)
* {{flag|Dahomey}} (1960–1975)
* {{GEQ}} (1980–1991)
* {{flag|Gabon}}
* {{GAM}}
* {{GHA}} (1966–1991)
* {{flag|Guinea}} (1984–1991)
* {{flag|Ethiopian Empire|Ethiopia}} (until [[1974 Ethiopian coup d'état|1974]])
* {{flag|Ivory Coast}}
* {{flag|Kenya}}
* {{flag|Lesotho|1966}}
* {{SWZ}}
* {{flag|Liberia}}
* {{flag|Rhodesia}} (1965-1979)
* {{flag|Rwanda|1962}}
* {{flag|Madagascar}} (1960–1975)
* {{flag|Malawi}}
* {{MRI}}
* {{NIG}}
* {{NGA}}
* {{flag|Senegal}}
* {{flag|Seychelles|1976}} (1976–1977)
* {{flag|Sierra Leone}}
* {{flagdeco|Somalia}} [[Somali Democratic Republic]] (from [[Ogaden War|1977]])
** {{flagdeco|Somalia}} [[Somali Republic]] (1960–1969)
* {{flagicon|South Africa|1928}} [[Apartheid|South Africa]]
* {{flag|Togo}}
* {{flagdeco|Uganda}} [[History of Uganda (1963–1971)|Sovereign State of Uganda]] (1963-[[Mengo Crisis|1966]])
** {{flagdeco|Uganda}} [[Second Republic of Uganda]] ([[1971 Ugandan coup d'état|1971]]-[[Uganda–Tanzania War|1979]])
*** {{flagdeco|Uganda}} [[History of Uganda (1979–1986)|Third Republic of Uganda]] (1980-[[Ugandan Bush War|1986]])
* {{flag|Burkina Faso}} (1987–1991)
** {{flag|Upper Volta}} (1960–1984)
* {{flag|Zaire}}
**{{flagdeco|DRC|1960}} [[Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)]] (1960-1971)
{{div col end}}

===Others===
* {{flag|Cyprus}}
* {{flag|Ireland}}
* {{flag|Switzerland}}
* {{AND}}
* {{SMR}}
* {{LIE}}
* {{MON}}
* {{VAT}}
* {{MLT}}

=== Post-1991 Western-aligned associations ===
=== NATO ===
{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
* {{flag|Albania}} (from 2009)
* {{flag|Belgium}}*
* {{flag|Bulgaria}} (from 2004)
* {{flag|Canada}}*
* {{flag|Croatia}} (from 2009)
* {{flag|Czech Republic}} (from 1999)
* {{flag|Denmark}}*
* {{flag|Estonia}} (from 2004)
* {{flag|Finland}} (from 2023)
* {{flag|France}}*
* {{flag|Germany}}*
* {{flag|Greece}}*
* {{flag|Hungary}} (from 1999)
* {{flag|Iceland}}*
* {{flag|Italy}}*
* {{flag|Latvia}} (from 2004)
* {{flag|Lithuania}} (from 2004)
* {{flag|Luxembourg}}*
* {{flag|Montenegro}} (from 2017)
* {{flag|Netherlands}}*
* {{flag|North Macedonia}} (from 2020)
* {{flag|Norway}}*
* {{flag|Poland}} (from 1999)
* {{flag|Portugal}}*
* {{flag|Romania}} (from 2004)
* {{flag|Slovakia}} (from 2004)
* {{flag|Slovenia}} (from 2004)
* {{flag|Spain}}*
* {{flag|Sweden}} (from 2024)
* {{flag|Turkey}}*
* {{flag|United Kingdom}}*
* {{flag|United States}}*
{{div col end}}

{{Small|* Indicates pre-1991 [[Member states of NATO|member state]]}}

===[[Major non-NATO ally]] (MNNAs)===
{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
* {{flag|Australia}} (from 1987)
* {{flag|Egypt}} (from 1987)
* {{flag|Israel}} (from 1987)
* {{flag|Japan}} (from 1987)
* {{flag|South Korea}} (from 1987)
* {{flag|Jordan}} (from 1996)
* {{flag|New Zealand}} (from 1997)
* {{flag|Argentina}} (from 1998)
* {{flag|Bahrain}} (from 2002)
* {{flag|Philippines}} (from 2003)
* {{flag|Thailand}} (from 2003)
* ''{{flag|Republic of China (Taiwan)}}'' (de facto, from 2003)
* {{flag|Kuwait}} (from 2004)
* {{flag|Morocco}} (from 2004)
* {{flag|Pakistan}} (from 2004)
* {{flag|Islamic Republic of Afghanistan|IR Afghanistan}} (2012–2021)
* {{flag|Tunisia}} (from 2015)
* {{flag|Brazil}} (from 2019)
* {{flag|Colombia}} (from 2022)
* {{flag|Qatar}} (from 2022)
* {{flag|Kenya}} (from 2024)
{{div col end}}

===Middle East and Africa Partners===
{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
*{{flag|Bahrain}}
*{{BEN}}
*{{BOT}}
*{{BFA}} (1991–2021)
*{{BDI}}
*{{CPV}}
*{{CMR}}
*{{CAF}}
*{{CHA}}
*{{COM}}
*{{COD}}
*{{flag|Republic of the Congo}}
*{{flag|Egypt}}
*{{SWZ}}
*{{GAB}}
*{{GAM}}
*{{GHA}}
*{{flag|Guinea}} (1991–2021)
*{{GBS}}
*{{flag|Iraq}} (from [[Iraq War|2004]])
*{{flag|Israel}}
*{{CIV}}
*{{flag|Jordan}}
*{{KEN}}
*{{flag|Kuwait}}
*{{LIB}}
*{{LES}}
*{{LBR}}
*{{flag|Libya}} (from [[Libyan civil war (2011)|2011]])
*{{MAW}}
*{{MLI}} (1991–2021)
*{{MTN}}
*{{MRI}}
*{{flag|Morocco}}
*{{NIG}} (1991–2023)
*{{NGA}}
*{{flag|Oman}}
*{{flag|Palestine}}
*{{flag|Qatar}}
*{{RWA}}
*{{STP}}
*{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
*{{SEN}}
*{{SEY}}
*{{SLE}}
*{{SOM}}
*{{RSA}}
*{{SSD}} (from 2011)
*{{flag|Sudan}} (2019–2021)
*{{SYR}} (from [[Fall of the Assad regime|2024]])
*{{TOG}}
*{{flag|Tunisia}}
*{{UGA}}
*{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
*{{flag|Yemen}} ([[Cabinet of Yemen|Hadi government]])
{{div col end}}

===Asia-Pacific and Oceania Partners===
{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
*{{flag|Islamic Republic of Afghanistan|Afghanistan}} (2001–2021)
**{{flagicon|Afghanistan|1992}} [[Islamic State of Afghanistan]] (1992–1996)
*{{flag|Australia}}
*{{BAN}}
*{{flag|Bhutan}}
*{{flag|Brunei}}
*{{flag|Cambodia}}
*{{FIJ}}
*{{flag|India}}
*{{flag|Indonesia}}
*{{flag|Japan}}
*{{KIR}}
*{{flag|South Korea}}
*{{flag|Malaysia}}
*{{MDV}}
*{{MHL}}
*{{FSM}}
*{{flag|Mongolia}}
*{{NRU}}
*{{flag|New Zealand}}
*{{flag|Pakistan}}
*{{PLW}}
*{{PNG}}
*{{flag|Philippines}}
* ''{{flag|Republic of China (Taiwan)}}'' (de facto)
*{{SAM}}
*{{flag|Singapore}}
*{{SOL}}
*{{SRI}}
*{{flag|Thailand}}
*{{TON}}
*{{TUV}}
*{{VAN}}
*{{flag|Vietnam}}
{{div col end}}

===Inter-American Partners===
{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
*{{ATG}}
*{{flag|Argentina}}
*{{BAH}}
*{{BAR}}
*{{BIZ}}
*{{flag|Bolivia}} (until 2005)
*{{flag|Brazil}}
*{{flag|Chile}}
*{{flag|Colombia}}
*{{flag|Costa Rica}}
*{{DMA}}
*{{flag|Dominican Republic}}
*{{flag|Ecuador}}
*{{flag|El Salvador}}
*{{GRN}}
*{{flag|Guatemala}}
*{{GUY}}
*{{flag|Honduras}}
*{{JAM}}
*{{flag|Mexico}}
*{{flag|Panama}}
*{{flag|Paraguay}}
*{{flag|Peru}}
*{{SKN}}
*{{LCA}}
*{{VIN}}
*{{SUR}}
*{{flag|Uruguay}}
*{{TTO}}
*{{flag|Venezuela}} (until 1999)
{{div col end}}

===Pacific Squad, [[G7]], C12, and [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue]]===
{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
*{{flag|Australia}}
*{{flag|Brazil}}
*{{flag|Canada}}
*{{flag|France}}
*{{flag|Germany}}
*{{flag|India}}
*{{flag|Italy}}
*{{flag|Japan}}
*{{flag|South Korea}}
*{{flag|Mexico}}
*{{flag|United Kingdom}}
*{{flag|United States}}
{{div col end}}

=== Others ===
{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
*{{flag|Armenia}} (since 2023)
*{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
*{{flag|Austria}}
*{{flag|Andorra}}
*{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
*{{flag|Cyprus}}
*{{flag|Georgia}}
*{{flag|Ireland}}
*{{flag|Kosovo}}
*{{flag|Liechtenstein}}
*{{flag|Malta}}
*{{flag|Moldova}}
*{{flag|Monaco}}
*{{flag|Ukraine}} (since [[Russo-Ukrainian War|2014]])
*{{flag|San Marino}}
*{{flag|Switzerland}}
{{div col end}}

== Foundation history ==

The Western Bloc{{efn|Also referred to as the "Capitalist Bloc" or "Free World" during the Cold War.}} was a coalition of Western-aligned nations formed during the early Cold War to counter the geopolitical influence of the Soviet Union and the spread of communism. It was primarily led by the United States and included countries with market economies and [[liberal-democratic]] political systems. The bloc's foundation was laid by the Truman Doctrine (1947), which asserted American support for countries resisting authoritarian and communist pressures, and the [[Marshall Plan]] (1948), which provided extensive economic assistance for the reconstruction of Western Europe. These efforts were [[institutionalisation|institutionalized]] through the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949, which served as the military backbone of the Western alliance system. In Asia, countries such as Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan also aligned with the Western Bloc, supported by bilateral security agreements and substantial U.S. military presence.

=== Post-War Context and the Onset of the Cold War ===

After the end of [[World War II]] in 1945, Europe was divided among the Allied powers into zones of occupation. In the subsequent years, the Soviet Union established socialist regimes across Eastern Europe, which increasingly alarmed Western powers. On 5 March 1946, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill delivered his "[[Iron Curtain]]" speech in Fulton, Missouri, declaring that an "iron curtain has descended across the Continent."<ref>{{cite web |title=The Sinews of Peace ('Iron Curtain' Speech) |url=https://winstonchurchill.org/resources/speeches/1946-1963-elder-statesman/the-sinews-of-peace/ |website=Winston Churchill |access-date=20 May 2025}}</ref>

=== The Truman Doctrine (1947) ===

In March 1947, U.S. President Harry S. Truman announced the [[Truman Doctrine]], pledging military and economic assistance to nations threatened by communist subversion, starting with Greece and Turkey. This policy marked the beginning of the U.S. strategy of containment, which would define Western foreign policy for decades.<ref>{{cite book |last=Leffler |first=Melvyn P. |title=A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War |year=1992 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0804722186}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Truman Doctrine, 1947 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/truman-doctrine |publisher=U.S. Department of State |access-date=20 May 2025}}</ref>

=== The Marshall Plan (1948) ===

The Marshall Plan, officially the European Recovery Program, was proposed in June 1947 and enacted in April 1948. It delivered over $13 billion (approximately $150 billion today) in U.S. aid to help Western Europe recover economically and politically from the devastation of World War II. The program also aimed to reduce the appeal of [[communist parties]], particularly in France and Italy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hogan |first=Michael J. |title=The Marshall Plan: America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947–1952 |year=1987 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521378406}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Marshall Plan |url=https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/marshall-plan-1 |website=History.com |access-date=20 May 2025}}</ref>

=== Formation of NATO (1949) ===

On 4 April 1949, twelve countries signed the [[North Atlantic Treaty]], forming the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The alliance was based on collective defense—Article 5 of the treaty stated that an attack on one member would be regarded as an attack on all. NATO became the Western Bloc’s primary military alliance during the Cold War.<ref>{{cite web |title=The North Atlantic Treaty |url=https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_17120.htm |website=NATO |access-date=20 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kaplan |first=Lawrence S. |title=NATO 1948: The Birth of the Transatlantic Alliance |year=2007 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0742539174}}</ref>

=== The Soviet Response: The Warsaw Pact (1955) ===

In response to NATO, and particularly the admission of West Germany in 1955, the Soviet Union formed the Warsaw Pact, a military alliance composed of Eastern Bloc [[List of non-communist socialist states|socialist republics]]. This pact formalized the East–West military divide that defined the Cold War period.<ref>{{cite book |last=Roberts |first=Geoffrey |title=The Soviet Union in World Politics: Coexistence, Revolution and Cold War, 1945–1991 |year=1999 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0415144353}}</ref>

== Western Bloc during the Cold War ==
The bloc's foundation was laid by the Truman Doctrine (1947), which asserted American support for countries resisting [[authoritarian]] and communist pressures, and the Marshall Plan (1948), which provided extensive economic assistance for the reconstruction of [[Western Europe]].<ref name="Hogan1987">{{cite book |last=Hogan |first=Michael J. |title=The Marshall Plan: America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947–1952 |year=1987 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521378406}}</ref><ref name="Miscamble2007">{{cite book |last=Miscamble |first=Wilson D. |title=From Roosevelt to Truman: Potsdam, Hiroshima, and the Cold War |year=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521678261}}</ref> These efforts were institutionalized through the formation of the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] (NATO) in 1949, which served as the military backbone of the Western alliance system.<ref name="Kaplan2004">{{cite book |last=Kaplan |first=Lawrence S. |title=NATO Divided, NATO United: The Evolution of an Alliance |year=2004 |publisher=Praeger |isbn= 978-0275983772}}</ref> In Asia, countries such as [[Japan]], [[South Korea]], and [[Taiwan]] also aligned with the Western Bloc, supported by bilateral security agreements and substantial U.S. military presence.<ref name="Brands1993">{{cite book |last=Brands |first=H. W. |title=The Devil We Knew: Americans and the Cold War |year=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0195078220}}</ref><ref name="LaFeber1997">{{cite book |last=LaFeber |first=Walter |title=America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945–1996 |edition=8th |year=1997 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0070360648}}</ref><ref name="LefflerWestad2010">{{cite book |last1=Leffler |first1=Melvyn P. |last2=Westad |first2=Odd Arne |title=The Cambridge History of the Cold War |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521837200}}</ref><ref name="Gaddis2005">{{cite book |last=Gaddis |first=John Lewis |title=The Cold War: A New History |year=2005 |publisher=Penguin Press |isbn=978-1594200625}}</ref>

The Western Bloc's geopolitical strategy, known as [[containment]], was designed to limit Soviet expansion through a combination of military alliances, economic assistance, and ideological influence.<ref name="Kennan1947">{{cite journal |last=Kennan |first=George F. |title=The Sources of Soviet Conduct |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=25 |issue=4 |year=1947 |pages=566–582}}</ref><ref name="Hitchcock2010">{{cite book |last=Hitchcock |first=William I. |title=The Struggle for Europe: The Turbulent History of a Divided Continent, 1945–2002 |year=2010 |publisher=Anchor Books |isbn=978-0385497985}}</ref> Western-aligned institutions such as the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF), the [[World Bank]], and the [[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]] (GATT) fostered economic stability and integration among bloc members while reinforcing liberal economic norms.<ref name="Eichengreen2008">{{cite book |last=Eichengreen |first=Barry |title=Globalizing Capital: A History of the International Monetary System |edition=2nd |year=2008 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0691139371}}</ref><ref name="Ikenberry2001">{{cite book |last=Ikenberry |first=G. John |title=After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order After Major Wars |year=2001 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0691050911}}</ref> These efforts were part of what scholars have described as a form of "informal empire," where the United States exercised global influence not through colonization but through economic, cultural, and military hegemony.<ref name="Aron1966">{{cite book |last=Aron |first=Raymond |title=Peace and War: A Theory of International Relations |year=1966 |publisher=Doubleday |isbn=978-0765805041}}</ref><ref name="Maier2006">{{cite book |last=Maier |first=Charles S. |title=Among Empires: American Ascendancy and Its Predecessors |year=2006 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=
978-0674021891}}</ref>

The Western Bloc's dominance extended across [[Western Europe]], parts of [[East Asia]], [[Latin America]], [[Oceania]], and [[Africa]], where it frequently competed with Soviet-aligned movements, particularly during the wave of post-war [[decolonization]].<ref name="Westad2005">{{cite book |last=Westad |first=Odd Arne |title=The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times |year=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521703147}}</ref><ref name="Painter1999">{{cite book |last=Painter |first=David S. |title=The Cold War: An International History |year=1999 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0415153164}}</ref> While the bloc was presented as a defender of freedom and democracy, critics have noted its support for authoritarian regimes that were deemed strategically important, such as those in [[Iran]] (1953), [[Chile]] (1973), and [[South Vietnam]].<ref name="Kinzer2003">{{cite book |last=Kinzer |first=Stephen |title=All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror |year=2003 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0470185490}}</ref><ref name="Hitchens2001">{{cite book |last=Hitchens |first=Christopher |title=The Trial of Henry Kissinger |year=2001 |publisher=Verso |isbn=978-1859846315}}</ref><ref name="Blum2004">{{cite book |last=Blum |first=William |title=Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II |year=2004 |publisher=Zed Books |isbn=978-1842773697}}</ref>

Core members of the Western Bloc included:
* The United States
* Canada
* United Kingdom
* France
* West Germany
* Italy
* Japan (post-1952)
* Australia and New Zealand
* Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg
* Norway, Denmark, Iceland
* Turkey and Greece (after 1952)

Most of these countries were members of [[NATO]], formed in 1949 to provide collective defense.<ref>{{cite web |title=The North Atlantic Treaty |url=https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_17120.htm |publisher=NATO |access-date=2025-05-20}}</ref>

=== Strategic and military alignment ===
The Western Bloc's military strategy centered on [[containment]], a doctrine developed by [[George F. Kennan]] to prevent the spread of communism.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kennan |first=George F. |title=The Sources of Soviet Conduct |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=25 |issue=4 |year=1947 |pages=566–582}}</ref> The Truman Doctrine (1947) formalized U.S. support for nations resisting communist subjugation, beginning with aid to [[Greece]] and [[Turkey]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Truman Doctrine |url=https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/truman-doctrine |publisher=U.S. National Archives |access-date=2025-05-20}}</ref>

In 1948, the Marshall Plan allocated over $13 billion to rebuild Western European economies, prevent Soviet influence, and promote U.S. strategic interests.<ref name="Hogan1987">{{cite book |last=Hogan |first=Michael J. |title=The Marshall Plan: America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947–1952 |year=1987 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521378406}}</ref>

In Asia, similar principles were applied through the U.S.–Japan Security Treaty (1951), military support to [[South Korea]], and alignment with anti-communist regimes across the Pacific.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brands |first=H.W. |title=The Devil We Knew: Americans and the Cold War |year=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0195078220}}</ref>

=== Economic integration and institutions ===
The Western Bloc promoted economic integration through institutions such as:
* The [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF)
* The [[World Bank]]
* The [[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]] (GATT), precursor to the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO)

These institutions were intended to stabilize the global economy and prevent a repeat of the Great Depression, which was seen as a contributing factor to political extremism.<ref name="Ikenberry2001">{{cite book |last=Ikenberry |first=G. John |title=After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order After Major Wars |year=2001 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0691050911}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Eichengreen |first=Barry |title=Globalizing Capital: A History of the International Monetary System |year=2008 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0691139371}}</ref>

=== Criticism and debates ===
While the Western Bloc framed itself as a coalition of free nations, it was also criticized for backing authoritarian regimes that opposed communism, such as in Iran (1953), Chile (1973), and South Vietnam.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kinzer |first=Stephen |title=All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror |year=2003 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0470185490}}</ref><ref name="Hitchens2001" />

Historians such as [[Raymond Aron]] and [[John L. Gaddis]] have described the Western Bloc as a form of "informal empire" or "imperial republic," led by the United States, not through colonization but through military, economic, and cultural dominance.<ref name="Aron1966" /><ref name="Gaddis2005"/> Other scholars, like [[Odd Arne Westad]], have emphasized the ideological and interventionist nature of Western policies in the Global South.<ref name="Westad2005" />

=== Legacy ===
The Western Bloc was instrumental in shaping the post-World War II global order. Its institutions, alliances, and economic models had a lasting influence beyond the Cold War. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 was widely interpreted as a validation of Western capitalist democracy, though newer multipolar dynamics have emerged in the 21st century.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fukuyama |first=Francis |title=The End of History? |journal=The National Interest |year=1989 |issue=16 |pages=3–18}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Zakaria |first=Fareed |title=The Post-American World |year=2008 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0393062359}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Div col|small=yes}}
* [[List of Western Bloc defectors]]
**[[Martin and Mitchell defection]]
**[[List of American and British defectors in the Korean War]]
* [[Allies of World War II]]
* [[Axis powers]]
* [[Eastern Bloc]]
* [[Free World]]
* [[First World]]
* [[Second World]]
* [[Third World]]
* [[Operation Condor]]
* [[Partnership for Peace]]
* [[Western betrayal]]
*[[Western European and Others Group]]
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*Matloff, Maurice. Makers of Modern Strategy. Ed. Peter Paret. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1971. 702.
*Kissinger, Henry. Diplomacy. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994. 447,454.
*Lewkowicz, Nicolas. [https://www.amazon.com/United-States-Geopolitical-Implications-Origins/dp/1783087994/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1539978367&sr=8-1&keywords=Nicolas+Lewkowicz&dpID=51DYy%252BX5bKL&preST=_SY291_BO1,204,203,200_QL40_&dpSrc=srch ''The United States, the Soviet Union and the Geopolitical Implications of the Origins of the Cold War''] New York and London: Anthem Press, 2018.

{{Cold War}}
{{Western world}}

[[Category:Anti-communism]]
[[Category:Cold War organizations]]
[[Category:Cold War terminology]]
[[Category:Country classifications]]
[[Category:Politics by region]]
[[Category:Politics of Europe]]
[[Category:Pro-Americanism]]
[[Category:Spheres of influence]]

Javadhu Hills

2026-01-05T15:06:54Z

ChloeBrogan:

{{short description|Hills Station in Vellore,Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Javadhu Hills
| native_name = {{native name|ta|ஜவ்வாது மலை}}
| other_name = Vellore's Ooty
|| elevation_m = 1350
| translation = Jawadhu Malai
| type = [[Massif]] [[Hills]]
| language = [[Tamil Language|Tamil]]
| location =
[[Vellore District]]
[[Tiruvannamalai District]] and
[[Tirupattur District]]

Nearest City - [[Vellore]]
| range = [[Eastern Ghats]]
}}
[[File:Javadi Hills.jpg|thumb|Javadhu Hills as seen from Parvathamalai]]

[[File:Scenic landscapes of Jawadhu Hills, Tamil Nadu,Amirdhi Zoo, featuring forests, waterfalls, and Kavalur Observatory..jpg|thumb]]

The '''Javadhu Hills''' (also Javadi Hills, Jawadhu Hills, and Jawadhu Malai) are an extension of the Eastern Ghats spread across parts of Vellore, Tirupattur and Tiruvannamalai districts in the northern part of the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] in south-eastern [[India]]. The hills separate Vellore, Tirupattur and Tiruvannamalai districts: [[Tirupattur district]], with its towns of [[Tiruppattur, Tirupattur district|Tirupattur]], [[Vaniyambadi]] and [[Ambur]], lie on the north-western side; Vellore district with the city of [[Vellore]] and Amirthi forest are located on the North-eastern side.
and Tiruvannamalai district with the towns of [[Chengam]] and [[Polur]] are located on the south-eastern side. The town of [[Jamunamarathoor]] and the [[Kavalur Observatory]] are located within.

The hills consist of bluish-grey granites, with peaks averaging 3,800–4,000 feet (1,300–1,350 m). About 50 miles (80 km) wide and 20 miles (32 km) long, they are bisected into eastern and western sections by the Cheyyar and Agaram rivers, tributaries of the Palar.<ref>le Fanu, Henry "A Manual of the Salem district in the presidency of Madras". 2 vols. Volume 2. Madras: Government Press, 1883</ref> During the British colonisation of India, the Javadhu Hills appeared occasionally in government gazetteers and manuals,<ref>Garstin, John H."Manual Of The South Arcot District". Madras: Lawrence Asylum Press, 1878</ref> ethnographies,<ref>[[Thurston, Edgar]] ''Castes and Tribes of Southern India''. 6 vols. Volume 4. Madras: Government Press, p.408, 1909</ref> and travelers' accounts. Henry le Fanu, writing in 1883, admired the beauty of the Jawadhi hills.

==Cultivation==
The hills are sparsely populated; the majority of the inhabitants are Malayali tribes people, though other castes are also present.<ref>Parthasarathy, Jakka ''Division of Labour and Women: A Case Study of the Malayali of Jawadhi Hills, Tamil Nadu''. In "Social Science and Social Concern: Felicitation Volume in Honour of Professor B.K. Roy Burman". S.B. Chakrabarti, ed: Mittal Publications, 1988</ref>

Malayali tribes people grow a variety of trees on their patta land, including [[tamarind]], [[jackfruit]], [[gooseberry]], [[guava]], [[pomegranate]], [[mango]], [[lemon]], [[coconut]], [[Plantain (cooking)|plantain]], [[Rice#Harvesting, drying and milling|Paddy]], [[Panicum sumatrense|Saamai]] etc.<ref>Parthasarathy, Jakka ''Division of Labour and Women: A Case Study of the Malayali of Jawadhi Hills, Tamil Nadu''. In "Social Science and Social Concern: Felicitation Volume in Honour of Professor B.K. Roy Burman". S.B. Chakrabarti, ed: Mittal Publications, 1988</ref>

The trees of the Javadhi Hills also produce a range of forest products. These include [[millettia pinnata]], [[Smilax regelii]], [[Castor oil plant]]

They are noted both for their fruit bearing trees, medicinal and for their [[sandalwood]]. Presently (2012), there are no sandalwood trees remaining due to [[illegal logging]]. This theft was going on for many years.

==Archaeological excavations==

In March 2024, more than 100 megalithic burials were unearthed inside Pattarakadu Reserve Forest atop Jawadhu Hills. The burials were located in Keel Cheppili and Mel Cheppili villages near Jamunamarathur. This was hailed as a rare and significant find.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-24 |title=In a rare find, archaeologists discover megalithic burials atop Jawadhu Hills in Tiruvannamalai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/in-a-rare-find-archaeologists-discover-megalithic-burials-atop-jawadhu-hills-in-tiruvannamalai/article67987986.ece |access-date=2024-08-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Earlier, in 2021, a large number of [[Neolithic]] tools had been found in the area also.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sivakumar |first=R. |date=2021-06-08 |title=Neolithic stone tools worshipped at tribal hamlets in Tamil Nadu's Jawadhu Hills |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/Jun/08/neolithic-stone-tools-worshipped-at-tribal-hamlets-in-tamil-nadus-jawadhu-hills-2313415.html |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

{{commons category|Javadi Hills}}
{{Authority control}}
{{coord|12|35|N|78|50|E|display=title|region:IN_type:mountain_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Hills of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests]]

Tiriti Bazaar

2025-12-14T21:37:24Z

ChloeBrogan: created new stub

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tiriti Bazaar
| official_name =
| other_name = Tiretta Bazaar, Old Chinatown, Kolkata Chinatown, Tereti Bazaar
| native_name = {{lang|zh-Hans-CN|蒂雷塔集市}} টিরিটি বাজার
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Neighbourhoods in Kolkata Metropolitan Area|Neighborhood of Kolkata]]
| image_skyline = Chinese New Year 2014 in Kolkata - Dragon Collecting Money.jpg
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| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type3 = City
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kolkata]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]
| subdivision_type5 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Central metro station, Kolkata|Central]] and [[Mahakaran metro station|Mahakaran]]
| subdivision_type6 =
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| seat_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| seat = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
| parts_type = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|KMC]] ward
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| parts = [[Ward No. 44, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|44]]
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| population_total = For population see linked KMC ward pages
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| coordinates = {{coord|22|34|26|N|88|21|18|E|display=inline,title}}
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 700073
| area_code = +91 33
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
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| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Chowranghee (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chowranghee]]
| website =
}}

{{Infobox Chinese
| pic =
| t = 蒂雷塔集市
| s = 蒂雷塔集市
| p = Dì léi tǎ jí shì
| h = Di luiˇ tabˋ xib sii
| showflag = h
| altname = Old China Market
| t2 = 舊中國市場
| s2 = 旧中国市场
| h2 = Kiu zungˊ guedˋ sii congˇ
| p2 = Jiù zhōngguó shìchǎng
}}

'''Tiriti Bazaar''', also known as '''Chinatown''',<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/travel/a-walk-through-kolkata-s-chinatown-news-185282 |title=A Walk Through Kolkata's Chinatown |date=5 March 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/lifestyle-culture/article/3209089/indian-chinatowns-forgotten-history-comes-alive-kolkata-walking-tours |title=Indian Chinatown's 'forgotten' history comes alive in Kolkata walking tours |date=5 February 2023 |access-date=18 August 2023 |archive-date=18 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818233910/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/lifestyle-culture/article/3209089/indian-chinatowns-forgotten-history-comes-alive-kolkata-walking-tours |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/kolkatas-old-chinatown-makes-it-to-the-world-monuments-fund-watch-list-for-2022/articleshow/89988853.cms |title=Kolkata's Old Chinatown makes it to the World Monuments Fund watch list for 2022 |newspaper=The Times of India |archive-date=18 August 2023 |access-date=18 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818233910/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/kolkatas-old-chinatown-makes-it-to-the-world-monuments-fund-watch-list-for-2022/articleshow/89988853.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> & also spelled as '''Tiretta Bazaar''' is a neighborhood near [[Lalbazar]] in Central [[Kolkata]]. It is usually called '''Old China Market'''. The locality was once home to 20,000 ethnic [[Chinese community in India|Chinese Indian]] nationals, but now the population has dropped to approximately 2,000.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120818231627/http://business.blogs.cnn.com/2012/08/17/kolkatas-vanishing-chinatown/ Kolkata's vanishing Chinatown] - CNN, 17 August 2012</ref> Most of the [[Hakka people|Hakka Chinese people]] in the area moved closer to [[Tangra, Kolkata|Tangra]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Tiretta Bazaar in Kolkata |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/culture/food/open-at-5am-tiretti-bazaar-in-kolkata-is-a-paradise-for-every-authentic-chinese-food-lover-321337.html |archive-date=13 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713055143/https://www.indiatimes.com/culture/food/open-at-5am-tiretti-bazaar-in-kolkata-is-a-paradise-for-every-authentic-chinese-food-lover-321337.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=31 July 2004 |title=Calcutta's Chinatown facing extinction over new rule |newspaper=[[Taipei Times|The Taipei Times]] |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2004/07/31/2003181147 |access-date=13 November 2015 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107040217/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2004/07/31/2003181147%20 |url-status=live }}</ref> The traditional occupation of the Chinese Indian community in Kolkata had been working in the nearby [[Tanning (leather)|tanning]] industry as well as in Chinese restaurants. The area is still noted for the Chinese restaurants where many people flock to taste traditional Chinese and [[Indian Chinese cuisine|Indian Chinese]] cuisine.

==History==
{{Main|Chinese community in India}}
The [[bazaar]] is named after [[Edoardo Tiretta]],<ref>{{cite journal |date=5 April 2022 |first=Alessandro |last=Mastro Magno |journal=Il Gazzettino |title=Il conte Edoardo Tiretta, grande seduttore trevigiano di Calcutta (che gli dedica un mercato) |url=https://www.ilgazzettino.it/nordest/treviso/edoardo_tiretta_conte_seduttore_calcutta_mercato_bazar_trebaseleghe-6609381.html?refresh_ce |archive-date=8 November 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108140134/https://www.ilgazzettino.it/nordest/treviso/edoardo_tiretta_conte_seduttore_calcutta_mercato_bazar_trebaseleghe-6609381.html?refresh_ce |url-status=live }}</ref> an Italian immigrant from [[Venice]], who was a land surveyor and owner in the area during late 18th-century.<ref>{{cite news |title=Streetwise Kolkata: Tiretta Bazaar, a Chinatown named after an Italian |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/streetwise-kolkata-tiretta-bazaar-a-chinatown-names-after-an-italian-6176952/ |date=20 December 2019 |first=Neha |last=Banka |newspaper=[[Indian Express]] |archive-date=10 December 2021 |access-date=9 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210205855/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/streetwise-kolkata-tiretta-bazaar-a-chinatown-names-after-an-italian-6176952/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the time of [[Warren Hastings]], the first governor-general of [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], a businessman by the name of Tong Achew established a sugar mill, along with a sugar plantation at Achipur, {{convert|33|km}} from Calcutta, on the bank of the [[Hooghly River]] near the town of [[Budge Budge]].<ref name="Tong">{{cite news |last=Datta |first=Rangan |date=19 March 2006 |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060319/asp/calcutta/story_5983329.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060527095038/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060319/asp/calcutta/story_5983329.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 May 2006 |title=Next weekend you can be at ... Achipur |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|Telegraph]] |access-date=13 November 2015 }}</ref> A temple and the grave of Tong Achew still remain and are visited by many Chinese Indians, who arrive from the city to celebrate [[Chinese New Year]].<ref name="Tong" />

One of the earliest records of immigration to India from China can be found in a short treatise from 1820. This records hints that the first wave of immigration was of [[Hakka people|Hakkas]] but does not elaborate on the professions of these immigrants. According to a later police census, there were 362 Chinese in Calcutta in 1837. A common meeting place was the Temple of [[Guan Yu|Lord Guan]], the Martial God of Loyalty & Righteousness, located in the Chinese quarter near [[Dharmatolla]].<ref name="Banglapedia">{{cite web |last=Haraprasad |first=Ray |date=16 November 2014 |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Chinese,_The |title=The Chinese |work=[[Banglapedia]] |access-date=13 November 2015 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023407/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Chinese,_The |url-status=live }}</ref> A certain C. Alabaster mentions in 1849 that Cantonese carpenters congregated in the Bow Bazar Street area.<ref name="Banglapedia"/> As late as 2006, [[Bow Bazar]] is still noted for carpentry, but few of the workers or owners are now Indians of Chinese origin.

According to Alabaster, there were lard manufacturers and shoemakers in addition to carpenters. Running tanneries and working with leather were traditionally not considered "respectable" professions among [[caste system|upper-caste]] [[Hindus]], and work was relegated to the so-called "lower caste" ''muchis'' and ''[[chamar]]s''. Nevertheless, there was a significant demand for high quality leather goods in [[British Raj|colonial India]], which Chinese Indians were able to fulfill. Alabaster also mentions "licensed" [[opium]] dens, run by "native Chinese" and a "''Cheena Bazaar''", where "[[contraband]]" was readily available. Opium, however, was not illegal until after [[Partition of India|India's Independence]] from Great Britain in 1947. Immigration continued freely through the turn of the century and during [[World War I]] partly due to political upheavals in China, including the [[First Opium War|First]] and [[Second Opium War]]s, the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] and the [[Boxer Rebellion|Yihetuan Movement]]. Around the time of the First World War, the first Chinese-owned tanneries sprang up.<ref name="Banglapedia"/>

==Transport==
===Road===
[[Chittaranjan Avenue]] (C.R. Avenue) and Rabindra Sarani pass through the area from north to south. [[Bepin Behari Ganguly Street]] (B.B. Ganguly Street) and [[Kshirode Prasad Vidyavinode|Kshirode Vidyavinode]] Avenue (New CIT Road{{clarify|date=June 2020|reason=what does CIT stand for?}}) pass through the area from east to west. Many bus routes follow these roads.<ref>Google maps</ref>

===Train===
[[Sealdah Station]] and [[B.B.D Bag railway station]] are the nearest railway stations of Tiretta Bazaar.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Chinese New Year in Chinatown, Tangra, Kolkata, India.png|The Chinese New Year celebrated in Chinatown
File:KolkataChinaTownOld.jpg|An [[opium den]] in the Chinatown, Kolkata, 1945
File:Chinese New Year Kolkata.jpg|Chinese New Year Celebration, [[Kolkata]]
File:Morning Chinese Breakfast at Old Chinatown ~ Tiretta Bazar, Calcutta 02.JPG|Morning Chinese Breakfast at Tiriti Bazaar
File:Achipur.jpg|Chinese New Year Celebration, Achipur, near [[Kolkata]]
File:CNY3.jpg|The Chinese New Year celebrated in [[Kolkata]]
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Chinese temples in Kolkata]]
* [[Chinese of Calcutta]]
* [[Tangra, Calcutta]]
* [[Indian Chinese cuisine]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}

* [http://www.KolkataChinaTown.com Kolkata ChinaTown]
* [http://www.rangan-datta.info/photo/thumbs.php?gallery=27 Photos of Chinese New Year, Calcutta]
* [http://www.rangan-datta.info/photo/thumbs.php?gallery=49 Photos of Chinese Temple, Tiretta Bazar, Calcutta]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/business-11994406 Trade changes Indo-Chinese relations - BBC.co.uk]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120818231627/http://business.blogs.cnn.com/2012/08/17/kolkatas-vanishing-chinatown/ Kolkata's Vanishing Chinatown]

{{Asia Chinatown}}
{{Kolkata topics}}

[[Category:Chinese-Indian culture]]
[[Category:Ethnic enclaves in India]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Chinatowns in Asia|Kolkata]]
[[Category:Restaurant districts and streets in India]]
[[Category:India–Italy relations]]

Bharat Chettri

2025-11-25T05:38:25Z

ChloeBrogan: cleanup

{{short description|Indian field hockey player|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
|name= Bharat Chettri
|image=The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind presenting the Dhyan Chand Award, 2018 to Shri Bharat Kumar Chetri for Hockey, in a glittering ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on September 25, 2018.JPG
|birth_date= {{birth date and age|df=yes|1981|12|15}}
|birth_place=[[Kalimpong]], [[West Bengal]], India
|death_date=
|death_place=
|height=
|position=[[Goalkeeper (field hockey)|Goalkeeper]]
|currentclub=
|youthclubs1=
|youthyears1=
|clubs1=Services
|years1=
|caps(goals)1=
|clubs2=[[Punjab Warriors]]
|years2=2013–present
|caps(goals)2=14 (0)
|nationalteam1=[[India men's national field hockey team|India]]
|nationalyears1=2001–present
|nationalcaps(goals)1=
|updated=
|medaltemplates={{MedalSport | Men's [[field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry | {{flagu|India}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Field hockey at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2002 Asian Games|2002 Busan]]|[[Field hockey at the 2002 Asian Games|Team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2010 Asian Games|2010 Guangzhou]]|[[Field hockey at the 2010 Asian Games|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Hockey Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2011 Asian Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2011 Ordos City]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Field hockey at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2010 Commonwealth Games|2010 Delhi]]|[[Field hockey at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Team]]}}
}}

'''Bharat Kumar Chettri''' (born 15 December 1981 in [[Kalimpong]], [[West Bengal]])<ref name="Bharat" /> is an Indian [[field hockey]] player.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I see a lot of potential in GTA, north Bengal region, says Bharat Chhetri |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/i-see-a-lot-of-potential-in-gta-north-bengal-region-says-bharat-chhetri/cid/1907421 |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref> He is the [[goalkeeper (field hockey)|goalkeeper]] of the [[India men's national field hockey team|Indian hockey team]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bag |first=Sanchita Aich |date=2023-04-13 |title=Siliguri: Richa Ghosh, Bharat Chhetri to get civic reception on April 22 |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/siliguri-richa-ghosh-bharat-chhetri-to-get-civic-reception-on-april-22-515085 |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Chettri's professional career in field hockey began after he joined the [[Sports Authority of India]]'s Centre of Excellence in [[Bangalore]] in 1998.<ref name="Bharat">{{cite web|title= Profile: Bharat Chetri|url= http://sports.ndtv.com/olympics-2012/india/profiles/193250-london-olympics-2012-bharat-chetri-hockey|publisher= NDTV|date= 19 November 2012|accessdate= 8 September 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140610175603/http://sports.ndtv.com/olympics-2012/india/profiles/193250-london-olympics-2012-bharat-chetri-hockey|archive-date= 10 June 2014|url-status= dead}}</ref> He made his debut in international hockey in 2001 playing in the Prime Minister's Gold Cup tournament in [[Dhaka, Bangladesh]]. He was first appointed the captain of the Indian national team in October 2011 for the four-nation [[Super Series]] and an international tournament in [[Australia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/hockey-india-punishes-rajpal-appoints-chhetri-as-captain-142360-2011-09-29|title=Hockey India appoints Bharat Chhetri as captain for Australia tour|publisher=India Today|date=30 September 2011|access-date=1 July 2012}}</ref> He was the captain of the 18-member Indian squad at the [[2012 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup]] in [[Malaysia]], which won the bronze medal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/hockey/item/191209-india-grabs-bronze-at-the-sultan-azlan-shah-cup|title=India grabs bronze at the Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|publisher=NDTV Sports|accessdate=1 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707073117/http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/hockey/item/191209-india-grabs-bronze-at-the-sultan-azlan-shah-cup|archive-date=7 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Chettri led the 16-member Indian hockey squad in the [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012 Olympic Games]] in London.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/london-olympics/Chetri-to-lead-Indian-hockey-team-in-Olympics/articleshow/14025027.cms|title=Chetri to lead Indian hockey team in Olympics|work=The Times of India|date=11 June 2012|accessdate=1 July 2012}}</ref>

Following poor performances at the Olympics, Chettri, [[Sandeep Singh]] and [[Shivendra Singh]] were dropped from the squad.<ref>{{cite news |title= Champions Trophy: Sandeep Singh, Bharat Chetri dropped from team |url= http://www.firstpost.com/sports/champions-trophy-sandeep-singh-bharat-chetri-dropped-from-team-515377.html |publisher= First Post (India) |date= 5 November 2012}}</ref>

===Hockey India League===
In the auction of the first edition of the [[Hockey India League]], Chettri was bought by [[Punjab Warriors]] for $19,000<ref>{{cite news |title= Hockey India League Auction: the final squads list| url= http://ibnlive.in.com/news/hil-auction-as-the-teams-shape-up/310745-5-136.html | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121219014754/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/hil-auction-as-the-teams-shape-up/310745-5-136.html | url-status= dead | archive-date= 19 December 2012 |publisher= CNN-IBN |date= 16 December 2012 |accessdate= 13 January 2013}}</ref> with his base price being $18,500. He went unsold in the first round<ref>{{cite news |title= Former captain Bharat Chettri goes unsold at HIL auction |url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-16/top-stories/35851301_1_reserve-price-hockey-india-league-hil |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130216071629/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-16/top-stories/35851301_1_reserve-price-hockey-india-league-hil |url-status= dead |archive-date= 16 February 2013 |date= 16 December 2012 |work= [[The Times of India]] |accessdate= 13 January 2013}}</ref> and was bought in the second round of auction.

== Awards ==

* Banga Ratna in 2015<ref>{{Cite news |title=AWARD SHOWER FOR NORTH SPORTSTARS AT UTTAR BANGA UTSAB Comments Feed |work=timesofnorth |url=https://timesofnorth.in/2015/01/21/award-shower-for-north-sportstars-at-uttar-banga-utsab/}}</ref>
* Banga Bibhushan in 2016<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Indian skipper Bharat Chhetri proposes hill hockey academy |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/former-indian-skipper-bharat-chhetri-proposes-hill-hockey-academy/cid/1939173 |access-date=2023-06-19 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120301000144/http://kricket2011.com/tag/bharat-chettri Bharat Chettri's interview on ESPN-Star Sports]
* [http://weloveteamindia.blogspot.in/2012/07/indian-team-hockey-captain-bharat.html Short Biography of Bharat Chettri]
*{{sports links}}
* {{Sports-Reference}}

{{Navboxes
|title=India squads
| bg = #0077FF
| fg = #FFFF40
|list1=
{{India FH Squad 2002 Asian Games}}
{{India FH Squad 2002 Champions Trophy}}
{{India FH Squad 2006 World Cup}}
{{India FH Squad 2006 Commonwealth Games}}
{{India FH Squad 2010 Asian Games}}
{{India FH Squad 2010 Commonwealth Games}}
{{India FH Squad 2012 Summer Olympics}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chettri, Bharat}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:People from Kalimpong district]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from West Bengal]]
[[Category:World Series Hockey players]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Indian Gorkhas]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2002 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2006 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Indian male field hockey players]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2002 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2010]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2006 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Dhyan Chand Award]]
[[Category:2006 Men's Hockey World Cup players]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in field hockey]]

Bahu Fort

2025-11-18T05:33:42Z

ChloeBrogan: small corrected details based on references and corrected details for clarity

{{Short description|Fort in Jammu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox military installation
|name = Bahu Fort
|partof = [[Forts in India]]
|location = [[Jammu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|J&K]], India
|image = [[File:Bahu Fort, Jammu, India.jpg|250px]]
|caption = '''Bahu Fort'''
|map_type = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
|map_size = 300
|map_caption = Fort in [[Jammu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|J&K]], India
|type = [[Fort]] & [[Temple]]
|coordinates = {{coord|32.7261|74.8803|type:landmark|display=inline}}
|code =
|built =
|builder = Maharaja of Parmar Rajputs, and repaired by [[Jambu Lochan|Bahu Lochan]].
|materials = [[Sandstone]] [[rock (geology)|Stones]]
|height =
|used =
|demolished =
|condition = Good
|open_to_public = Yes
|controlledby = [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir|J&K Government]]
|garrison =
|current_commander =
|commanders =
|occupants = Temple
|battles =
|events =
|image2 =
|caption2 =
}}
The '''Bahu Fort''' is a historic [[fort]] in the city of [[Jammu]], the [[winter capital]] of the Indian [[union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].

Maharaja of [[Parmar (Rajput clan)|Parmar]] [[Rajput|Rajputs]] constructed the ancient fort on the banks on [[Tawi River]], is believed to have been repaired by Bahu Lochan - brother of the traditional founder of Jammu, [[Jambu Lochan]]. It is believed that the first renovation of this fort was undertaken during [[Dogra dynasty|Dogra Rule]] in 18th century.<ref name=Bahu>{{Cite web|url=http://jammukashmir.nic.in/tourism/jammu/bahufrt.htm|title=Bahu Fort/Temple|access-date=2010-04-07|publisher=National Informatics centre|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020621105716/http://jammukashmir.nic.in/tourism/jammu/bahufrt.htm|archive-date=21 June 2002|url-status=dead}}</ref> The fort is a religious place, and within its precincts has a temple dedicated to the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[goddess]] [[Kali]]. The temple is known locally as the "''Bawe Wali Mata temple''".<ref name=Bahu/><ref name= Jeratha>{{Cite book|last= Jeratha|first= Aśoka|title= Forts and palaces of the Western Himalaya|pages=59–65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l2oZiyOqReoC&q=Bahu+fort&pg=PA59|publisher= Indus Publishing|year=2000|isbn= 81-7387-104-3}}</ref>

==Legend==
The building of the city of Jammu and the Bahu Fort <ref>{{Cite web|last=Adnan|first=Ahazz|date=2020-09-04|title=Stunning Bahu Fort [ Exciting Place To Visit Now In 2020]|url=https://www.forttrek.com/bahu-fort-complete-travel-guide/|access-date=2020-10-13|website=Fort Trek|language=en}}</ref> are linked to a legend. Raja [[Jambu Lochan]], when on a hunting trip, witnessed a curious scene of a tiger and a goat drinking water side by side at the same location in the Tawi River, without the tiger attacking. The Raja considered this a divine direction to establish his new capital here, as the scene he witnessed at this site represented peaceful coexistence. His brother, Bahu Lochan, is credited with building the fort.<ref name= Jeratha/><ref name=Silas>{{Cite book|last=Silas|first=Sandeep|title= Discover India by Rail|page=47|access-date=2010-04-07|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gL7pGaL3vooC&q=Bahu+Fort&pg=PT157|publisher= Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|year=2005|isbn=81-207-2939-0}}</ref>

==Topography==
The fort is located on a high plateau land overlooking the [[Tawi River]] on its rocky left bank with an average elevation of 325m. The forest area that surrounds the fort has been developed into a well laid out park called the "Bagh-e-Bahu", from where a commanding view of the city of Jammu could be seen. The garden attracts a large number of visitors.<ref name=Bahu/>

The fort, the temple, and the Bagh-e-Bahu garden are located {{convert|5|km|mi}} from the Jammu city centre.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jammukashmir.nic.in/tourism/jammu/bahufrt.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020621105716/http://jammukashmir.nic.in/tourism/jammu/bahufrt.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2002-06-21 |title=The Official Website of Jammu & Kashmir Government, India |date=2002-06-21 |access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref> The city road to Surinsar was widened for providing approach to an Oil drilling exploration project. However, this project was shelved and consequently the widened new road provided better access to the fort and the temple, and the number of visitors to these places has since increased.<ref name="Travel, p.17">{{Cite book|title=Travel in Jammu and Kashmir|publisher=Pustak Sansar|location=Jammu|year=2007}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:National Museum in Delhi 18 - map of the city of Jammu (42236738694).jpg|thumb|left|Map of the city of [[Jammu]] in 1890]]
The earliest historical recorded link to the fort is that of Raja [[Jambu Lochan]] and his brother Bahu Lochan, sons of a powerful ruler Agnigarbha II of the Jammu dynasty of [[Suryavansha|Suryavanshi]] kings. Bahu, the eldest of Agnigarbha's 18 sons, is credited with establishing the Jammu city and building the fort. The earlier fort structure was modified over the years to a stronger fortified structure. The present fort was rebuilt, probably at the same location as the ancient fort, by Autar Dev, the grandson of Kapoor Dev in 1585. Over the years the fort underwent demolitions and reconstructions from time to time, until during [[Sikh Empire]] the then new Governor/Raja of Jammu [[Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Maharaja Gulab Singh]] reconstructed the present fort in the 19th century, which was further refurbished during the rule of [[Ranbir Singh (Maharaja)|Maharaja Ranbir Singh]]. They first established temples for their tutelary deities; the image of [[Mahakali]] deity in the temple in the fort was brought from [[Ayodhya]].<ref name= Jeratha/><ref name=Mittal>{{Cite book|last=Mittal|first=J.P.|title= History of Ancient India: From 4250 BC to 637 AD|pages=397–398|access-date=2010-04-07|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrh4tY3v2A4C&q=Bahu+Fort&pg=PA398|publisher= Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|year=2006|isbn=81-269-0616-2}}</ref>

== Bahu fort ==
The fort structure is located at an elevation of {{convert|325|m|feet}}, opposite,, to the old town of Jammu. The fortified structure has thick walls made of sandstones built with lime and brick mortar. It has eight octagonal towers or turrets connected by thick walls. The towers have enclosures to house guards. The main entry is fit to allow passage of elephants into the fort. A water tank with access for pilgrims to take bath is located on the left entry into the fort. This tank or pond is 6.1× in size and has a water depth of {{convert|4.6|m|ft}}. A pyramidal structure is on the right flank (with very thick walls to withstand any gun attack) of the fort was an ammunition store. An underground chamber here was used a prison. This chamber has a secret exit to escape from the fort in case of any emergencies. The first floor is lavishly built with arches and decorated with floral designs like a [[Baradari (building)|Baradari]] or a palace.<ref name= Jeratha/><ref name=Tawi>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ignca.nic.in/bangru05.htm|title=Ancient Temples of Jammu|access-date=2010-04-07|publisher=National Informatics Centre|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410035245/http://ignca.nic.in/bangru05.htm|archive-date=10 April 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Gupta>{{Cite book|last=Gupta|author2=Anil K. Verma |author3=V. K. Gupta |title= Perspectives in Animal Ecology and Reproduction, Volume 2|page =202|access-date=2010-04-07|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CbVtNswjNuAC&q=Bahu+Fort&pg=PA202|publisher= Daya Books|year= 2004|isbn=81-7035-322-X}}</ref>

To the right of the temple, there are a few halls which were used in the past as assembly halls and offices of the ''Quiledar'' (master of the fort). However, they are not maintained at all. The royal stables were also located within this fort. Substantial renovation and additions to attract visitors have been added during recent years.

;Mahakali temple
It is a renowned Shakti temple built within the fort during the 8th century. It has been built in white marble on a raised platform of {{convert|1.2|m|ft}} height. While it is claimed that it was built during 8th or 9th century, the temple as built looks modern. It is a small temple which can accommodate only a few worshippers at a time at the [[Mandapa]], outside the sanctum sanctorum. In the past, animal sacrifice was practiced at this temple, which has since been discontinued. Today, a priest performs a few rites uttering some religious incantations and sprinkles holy water over the animal (usually a sheep or goat) and then lets it go free. Other food offering made by devotees is a sweet dish called ''Kadah'' (pudding), after their wishes placed before the deity are fulfilled.<ref name="Travel, p.17"/><ref name=Sharma>{{Cite book|last=Sharma|first= Shiv Chander |title= Antiquities, history, culture, and shrines of Jammu|page =65|access-date=2010-04-07|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEtuAAAAMAAJ&q=Bahu+Fort|publisher= Vinod Publishers & Distributors|year=1997|isbn=81-85599-46-7}}</ref>

Another special feature seen in the temple precincts is the presence of a large group of [[Rhesus monkeys]], the largest such group in Jammu and Kashmir State. The monkeys are fed by devotees with sweets, gram etc.<ref name="Travel, p.17"/><ref name=Gupta/>

==Development works==
The fort, which is a heritage site declared by the state government, is proposed to be linked with a rope way running from the [[Mubarak Mandi Palace]], another heritage site in the city. The immediate surroundings have been converted into park with fountains and a small lake for boating. Considering the heritage status of the fort, further conservation works have been planned at a cost of Rs 6.97 million.<ref name=fort>{{Cite web|url=http://jammukashmir.nic.in/view/january02.htm|title=Bahu Fort to be developed as major tourist attraction|access-date=2010-04-07|publisher=National Informatics Centre|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125193559/http://jammukashmir.nic.in/view/january02.htm|archive-date=25 January 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Festivals==
A popular Hindu festival is known as "Bahu Mela"<ref>{{cite web|title=Mela Bahu Fort|url=http://www.jammu.com/jammu/fairs/bahu_fort.htm}}</ref> is held during the [[Navaratra]]s in the fort area, twice a year, during March–April and September–October. This attracts a very large number of pilgrims to the fort and the temple located within it. Every week, Tuesday and Sunday are special days of worship at the temple. During the main festival time, special stalls are opened near the fort area selling paraphernalia such as sweets, flowers, incense, coconuts, red cloth and so forth, to make special offerings to the deity in the temple.<ref name="Travel, p.17"/>

==Demolition due to heavy rains==
On 18 August 2013, a portion of the fort wall collapsed due to many days of heavy rains. No casualties were reported.<ref name="jmtrib">
{{Cite web
|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130818/jmtrib.htm
|title=Bahu Fort wall collapse shocks city
|work=tribuneindia.com
|publisher=Jammu Tribune
|date=17 August 2013
|access-date=30 November 2013
}}</ref><ref name="freepresskashmir">{{Cite web
|url=http://freepresskashmir.com/portion-of-historic-bahu-fort-collapses-in-jammu-185317/
|title=Portion of Historic Bahu Fort Collapses in Jammu
|work=freepresskashmir.com
|publisher=Free Press Kashmir
|date=17 August 2013
|access-date=30 November 2013
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203202833/http://freepresskashmir.com/portion-of-historic-bahu-fort-collapses-in-jammu-185317/
|archive-date=3 December 2013
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref name="gsigov">{{Cite web
|url=http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/gsiImages/information/bahu%20fort_final_nr.pdf
|title=A Geotechnical Note on the Failure of Northwestern Part of Bahu Fort During Recent Rains, Jammu District, J&K
|work=portal.gsi.gov.in
|publisher=Geological Survey of India
|access-date=30 November 2013
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003718/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/gsiImages/information/bahu%20fort_final_nr.pdf
|archive-date=3 December 2013
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths=160px heights=130px>
File:View of Bahu Fort from approach road.jpg|A complete view of the fort from the Sansar road
File:Another view of Bahu Fort from the garden.jpg|Another view of the fort
File:View of Right flank of Bahu Fort.jpg|View of right flank of the fort
File:View of the Bagh-e-Bagh.jpg|View of the garden and the lake around the fort
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
{{Commons category|Bahu Fort}}

*{{Cite book|last=Gupta|author2=Anil K. Verma |author3=V. K. Gupta |title= Perspectives in Animal Ecology and Reproduction, Volume 2|page =202|access-date=2010-04-07|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CbVtNswjNuAC&q=Bahu+Fort&pg=PA202|publisher= Daya Books|year= 2004|isbn=81-7035-322-X}}
*{{Cite book|last= Jeratha|first= Aśoka|title= Forts and palaces of the Western Himalaya|pages=59–65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l2oZiyOqReoC&q=Bahu+fort&pg=PA59|publisher= Indus Publishing|year=2000|isbn= 81-7387-104-3}}
*{{Cite book|last=Mittal|first=J.P.|title= History of Ancient India: From 4250 BC to 637 AD|pages=397–398|access-date=2010-04-07|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrh4tY3v2A4C&q=Bahu+Fort&pg=PA398|publisher= Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|year=2006|isbn=81-269-0616-2}}
*{{Cite book|last=Sharma|first= Shiv Chander |title= Antiquities, history, culture, and shrines of Jammu|page =65|access-date=2010-04-07|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEtuAAAAMAAJ&q=Bahu+Fort|publisher= Vinod Publishers & Distributors|year=1997|isbn=81-85599-46-7}}
*{{Cite book|last=Silas|first=Sandeep|title= Discover India by Rail|page=47|access-date=2010-04-07|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gL7pGaL3vooC&q=Bahu+Fort&pg=PT157|publisher= Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|year=2005|isbn=81-207-2939-0}}
*{{Cite book|title=Travel in Jammu and Kashmir|publisher=Pustak Sansar|location=Jammu|year=2007}}

{{Forts in India}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Jammu (city)]]
[[Category:Forts in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Jammu (city)]]
[[Category:Rajput architecture]]
{{Hindu Temples in Jammu and Kashmir}}

India at the 1990 Commonwealth Games

2025-11-15T22:14:24Z

ChloeBrogan: small fix formatting per sources and added references

{{infobox country at games
| CGA = IND
| CGAname = [[Indian Olympic Association]]
| games = Commonwealth Games
| year = 1990
| flagcaption =
| oldcode =
| website = {{url|olympic.ind.in }}
| location = [[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]]
| competitors =
| sports =
| flagbearer = Opening: Closing:
| rank = 5
| gold = 13
| silver = 8
| bronze = 11
| officials =
| app_begin_year = 1934
| app_end_year =
| seealso =
}}
This was the tenth time '''[[India]]''' participating in the [[Commonwealth Games]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thecgf.com/ |title=Home |website=thecgf.com}}</ref> India ranked 5th in the final medal tally.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thecgf.com/results/games/3042/28/all|title=India Auckland 1990|access-date=15 October 2022|archive-date=15 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015155307/https://thecgf.com/results/games/3042/28/all|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Medalists==
===Gold medalists===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Medal
! width=350px| Name
!Sport
!Event
!Date
|-
| {{Gold medal}} || [[Ashok Pandit]] || [[Shooting sports|Shooting]] || [[Shooting at the 1990 Commonwealth Games|Centre-Fire Pistol]] ||
|-
| {{Gold medal}} || [[Chandersekaran Raghavan]] || [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]] || [[Weightlifting at the 1990 Commonwealth Games|Flyweight-Snatch]] ||
|-
| {{Gold medal}} || [[Chandersekaran Raghavan]] || [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]] || [[Weightlifting at the 1990 Commonwealth Games|Flyweight-Clean and Jerk]] ||
|-
| {{Gold medal}} || [[Chandersekaran Raghavan]] || [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]] || [[Weightlifting at the 1990 Commonwealth Games|Flyweight-Overall]] ||
|-
| {{Gold medal}} || [[Rangaswamy Punnuswamy]] || [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]] || [[Weightlifting at the 1990 Commonwealth Games|Bantamweight-Snatch]] ||
|-
| {{Gold medal}} || [[Rangaswamy Punnuswamy]] || [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]] || [[Weightlifting at the 1990 Commonwealth Games|Bantamweight-Clean and Jerk]] ||
|-
| {{Gold medal}} || [[Rangaswamy Punnuswamy]] || [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]] || [[Weightlifting at the 1990 Commonwealth Games|Bantamweight-Overall]] ||
|-
| {{Gold medal}} || [[Parvesh Chander Sharma]] || [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]] || [[Weightlifting at the 1990 Commonwealth Games|Featherweight-Clean and Jerk]] ||
|-
| {{Gold medal}} || [[Parvesh Chander Sharma]] || [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]] || [[Weightlifting at the 1990 Commonwealth Games|Featherweight-Overall]] ||
|-
| {{Gold medal}} || [[Paramjit Sharma]] || [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]] || [[Weightlifting at the 1990 Commonwealth Games|Lightweight-Snatch]] ||
|-
| {{Gold medal}} || [[Paramjit Sharma]] || [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]] || [[Weightlifting at the 1990 Commonwealth Games|Lightweight-Clean and Jerk]] ||
|-
| {{Gold medal}} || [[Paramjit Sharma]] || [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]] || [[Weightlifting at the 1990 Commonwealth Games|Lightweight-Overall]] ||
|-
| {{Gold medal}} || [[Karnadhar Mondal]] || [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]] || [[Weightlifting at the 1990 Commonwealth Games|Middleweight-Snatch]] ||
|}

===Silver medalists===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Medal
! width=350px| Name
!Sport
!Event
!Date
|-
| {{Silver medal}} || [[Surinder Marwah]] || [[Shooting sports|Shooting]] || [[Shooting at the 1990 Commonwealth Games|Centre-Fire Pistol]] ||
|-
| {{Silver medal}} || [[Velu Govindraj]] || [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]] || [[Weightlifting at the 1990 Commonwealth Games|Flyweight-Snatch]] ||
|-
| {{Silver medal}} || [[Velu Govindraj]] || [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]] || [[Weightlifting at the 1990 Commonwealth Games|Flyweight-Overall]] ||
|-
| {{Silver medal}} || [[Gopal Maruthachelam]] || [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]] || [[Weightlifting at the 1990 Commonwealth Games|Bantamweight-Clean and Jerk]] ||
|-
| {{Silver medal}} || [[Parvesh Chander Sharma]] || [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]] || [[Weightlifting at the 1990 Commonwealth Games|Featherweight-Snatch]] ||
|-
| {{Silver medal}} || [[Karnadhar Mondal]] || [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]] || [[Weightlifting at the 1990 Commonwealth Games|Middleweight-Clean and Jerk]] ||
|-
| {{Silver medal}} || [[Karnadhar Mondal]] || [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]] || [[Weightlifting at the 1990 Commonwealth Games|Middleweight-Overall]] ||
|-
| {{Silver medal}} || [[Soronomathu Ramaswamy]] || [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]] || [[Weightlifting at the 1990 Commonwealth Games|Light Heavyweight-Clean and Jerk]] ||
|}

===Bronze medalists===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Medal
! width=350px| Name
!Sport
!Event
!Date
|-
| {{Bronze medal}} || [[Dharmendar Yadav]] || [[Boxing]] || [[Boxing at the 1990 Commonwealth Games|Light Flyweight]] ||
|-
| {{Bronze medal}} || [[Narender Singh (judoka)|Narender Singh]] || [[Judo]] || [[Judo at the 1990 Commonwealth Games|Extra Lightweight]] ||
|-
| {{Bronze medal}} || [[Rajinder Dhanger]] || [[Judo]] || [[Judo at the 1990 Commonwealth Games|Middleweight]] ||
|-
| {{Bronze medal}} || [[Soma Dutta]] || [[Shooting sports|Shooting]] || [[Shooting at the 1990 Commonwealth Games|Small Bore Rifle Three Positions]] ||
|-
| {{Bronze medal}} || [[Ashok Pandit]] [[Surinder Marwah]] || [[Shooting sports|Shooting]] || [[Shooting at the 1990 Commonwealth Games|Centre-Fire Pistol pairs]] ||
|-
| {{Bronze medal}} || [[Soma Dutta]] [[Bhagirath Samai]] || [[Shooting sports|Shooting]] || [[Shooting at the 1990 Commonwealth Games|Air Rifle pairs]] ||
|-
| {{Bronze medal}} || [[Velu Govindraj]] || [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]] || [[Weightlifting at the 1990 Commonwealth Games|Flyweight-Clean and Jerk]] ||
|-
| {{Bronze medal}} || [[Gopal Maruthachelam]] || [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]] || [[Weightlifting at the 1990 Commonwealth Games|Bantamweight-Overall]] ||
|-
| {{Bronze medal}} || [[Kumarasan Sudalaimani]] || [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]] || [[Weightlifting at the 1990 Commonwealth Games|Featherweight-Snatch]] ||
|-
| {{Bronze medal}} || [[Kumarasan Sudalaimani]] || [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]] || [[Weightlifting at the 1990 Commonwealth Games|Featherweight-Clean and Jerk]] ||
|-
| {{Bronze medal}} || [[Kumarasan Sudalaimani]] || [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]] || [[Weightlifting at the 1990 Commonwealth Games|Featherweight-Overall]] ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{country at games navbox|India|Commonwealth Games|1934}}
{{Associations at the 1990 Commonwealth Games}}

[[Category:Nations at the 1990 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:India at the Commonwealth Games|1990]]
[[Category:1990 in Indian sport]]
[[Category:India–New Zealand sports relations|1990]]

List of Marathi films of 2000

2025-10-23T17:35:55Z

ChloeBrogan: cleanup

{{Short description|None}}
{{Marathi films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
A list of films produced by the Marathi language film industry based in [[Maharashtra]] in the year 2000.
==2000 Releases==
A list of Marathi films released in 2000.
{| class ="wikitable sortable collapsible"
! Year
! Film
! Director
! class="unsortable" |Cast
! Release date
! class="unsortable" |Producer
! class="unsortable" |Notes
! class="unsortable" |Source
|-
| rowspan = "5" align="center" | 2000
|''[[Astitva ]]'' || [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]|| [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], [[Sachin Khedekar]], [[Mohnish Bahl]] || 6 October 2000 (India) || Friends India, [[Jhamu Sughand]] Productions, Satyashwami Entertainment Ltd. || [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi]] in 2000.Talented actress [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]'s [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] debut ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2000-10-12 |title=Film Review: ''Astitva'' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/film-review-astitva/article28048420.ece |access-date=2023-04-24 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|''Mrugjal... Ek Naslela Astitva''||[[Satish Rajwade]] || [[Sachin Khedekar]], [[Tushar Dalvi]], [[Resham Tipnis]] || || Blaze Music ||[[Satish Rajwade]]'s directorial debut. ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0273849/|title=Mrugjal... Ek Naslela Astitva (2000)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
|''Khatarnak ''|| [[Mahesh Kothare]]|| [[Mahesh Kothare]], [[Laxmikant Berde]], [[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]] || || || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0273707/|title=Khatarnak (2000)|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
|''Lekroo''|| [[Shrabani Deodhar]] || Sania Jhankar, [[Mrinal Kulkarni]], [[Sachin Khedekar]] || || Prabhavi Nirmitee || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0267667/|title=Lekroo (2000) - IMDb|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
|''No Problem''|| Mandar Shinde || [[Vijay Chavan]], [[Jeetendra Joshi]], Savita Malpekar || 26 December 2000 (India) || Everest Entertainment || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3360080/|title=No Problem (2000)|date=26 December 2000|work=IMDb}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{2000 films|state=collapsed}}
{{Indian film list|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marathi Films Of 2000}}
[[Category:Lists of 2000 films by language]]
[[Category:2000 in Indian cinema| Marathi]]
[[Category:Lists of Marathi films by year|2000]]
[[Category:2000s Marathi-language films| ]]

Mukundapur, Kolkata

2025-10-05T18:09:57Z

ChloeBrogan: add article for clarity

{{Other uses|Mukundapur (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement


| name = Mukundapur 
| official_name =
| other_name = মুকুন্দপুর
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood in Kolkata (Calcutta)
| total_type = 
| motto = 
| image_skyline = Mukundapur, a Neighbourhoods under the Kolkata Metropolitan Area 11.jpg
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| image_caption = Mukundapur tower
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| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = City
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kolkata]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]<ref>{{cite news |title=South 24 Parganas district|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/ACName?DCID=10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Electors Details As On 30-10-2010|url=http://www.s24pgs.gov.in/election/doc/electors%20details.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529011629/http://www.s24pgs.gov.in/election/doc/electors%20details.pdf|archive-date=29 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=KMC Wards in South 24 Parganas|url=http://s24pgs.gov.in/s24p/page.php?nm=SubDivision}}</ref>
| subdivision_type4 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Jyotirindra Nath Nandi metro station|Jyotirindra Nath Nandi]] and [[Satyajit Ray metro station|Satyajit Ray]]
| seat_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| seat = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
| parts_type = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|KMC]] ward
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| parts = [[Ward No. 109, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|109]]
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| population_total = For population see linked KMC ward page
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| coordinates = {{coord|22.494121|N|88.408516|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[West Bengal]]}}|display=inline,title}}
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| postal_code = 700099, 700100, 700120
| area_code = +91 33
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
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| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Jadavpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mukundapur''' is a locality of [[East Kolkata]] in [[West Bengal]], India. It is located at the south-eastern fringe of the city and marks the limit of [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|KMC]] area.

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map 
| coord = {{coord|22.494121|88.406516}} 
| zoom = 14 
| label = Mukundapur
| mark-coord = {{coord|22.494121|88.406516}}
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===Police district===
Purba Jadavpur police station is part of the [[Divisions of Kolkata Police|East division]] of [[Kolkata Police]]. It is located at 305, Mukundapur Main Road, Kolkata-700 099.<ref name="police">{{cite web| url = http://kolkatapolice.gov.in/division.asp?ID=11&Division=F |title = Kolkata Police |work = East Division | publisher= KP| access-date = 15 March 2018}}</ref>

Jadavpur, Thakurpukur, Behala, Purba Jadavpur, Tiljala, Regent Park, Metiabruz, Nadial and Kasba police stations were transferred from South 24 Parganas to Kolkata in 2011. Except Metiabruz, all the police stations were split into two. The new police stations are Parnasree, Haridevpur, Garfa, Patuli, Survey Park, Pragati Maidan, Bansdroni and Rajabagan.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/1110901/jsp/calcutta/story_14449897.jsp| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121102181555/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110901/jsp/calcutta/story_14449897.jsp| url-status = dead| archive-date = 2 November 2012|title = Midnight change of guard – 17 more police stations come under Lalbazar | publisher= The Telegraph, 1 September 2011| access-date = 2 April 2018}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
[[File:RTIICS_-_Buiding_Image.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Rabindranath Tagore International Institute of Cardiac Sciences]]]]
[[File:Medica Superspecialty Hospital - 127 Mukundapur - EM Bypass - Kolkata 20180428154601.jpg|thumb|Medica Superspecialty Hospital]]
[[File:AMRI Hospital - 230 Barakhola Lane - Mukundapur - EM Bypass - Kolkata 20180428171637.jpg|thumb|[[AMRI Hospital]], Mukundapur]]
Mukundapur has developed as a [[Healthcare in Kolkata|hospital neighbourhood]], with a number of varied medical facilities:
*[[Apollo Hospitals]] launched a platform Ask Apollo to book an instant appointment online with the doctors in Kolkata at Apollo Gleneagles Hospitals Kolkata. It is a 510-bed hospital including a 50-bedded surgical unit.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.askapollo.com/physical-appointment/doctorsearch/kolkata |title = best doctors in Kolkata | publisher= askapollo | access-date = 15 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.askapollo.com/physical-appointment/doctorsearch/kolkata |title = Apollo Hospitals Kolkata | publisher= askapollo | access-date = 15 September 2018}}</ref>
*[[AMRI Hospitals|AMRI Hospital]], earlier known as Vision Care Hospital, was established in 1962, as a 150-bed multi-speciality hospital.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.credihealth.com/hospital/amri-hospital-mukundapur/overview |title = AMRI Hospital, Mukundapur | publisher= credihealth| access-date = 15 March 2018}}</ref>
*Medica Superspecialty Hospital, Kolkata, established in 2010, is a 500-bed tertiary care hospital with the latest medical care facilities.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.credihealth.com/hospital/medica-superspecialty-hospital-kolkata/overview |title = Medical Superspeciality Hospital, Kolkata | publisher= credihealth| access-date = 15 March 2018}}</ref>
*[[Rabindranath Tagore International Institute of Cardiac Sciences]], a unit of [[Narayana Health]] group, established in 2000, is a 500-bed multi-specialty hospital.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.narayanahealth.org/hospitals/kolkata/rabindranath-tagore-international-institute-cardiac-sciences |title = Rabindranath Tagore International Institute of Cardiac Sciences | publisher= Narayana Health| access-date = 15 March 2018}}</ref>
*Sankara Nethralaya, Kolkata, an eye hospital, was established in 1978.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.sankaranethralaya.org/laboratory-test-snk.html|title = SN Kolkata |work = Profile of Sankara Nethralaya | publisher= Sankara Nethralaya | access-date = 15 March 2018}}</ref>

==Real Estates==
Mukundapur has been witnessing a property development boom. Compared with other neighbourhoods of Kolkata, prices are in the mid/higher mid range and has been going up steadily.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.magicbricks.com/Property-Rates-Trends/Multistorey-Apartment-rates-Mukundapur-in-Kolkata|title = Property rates in Mukundapur, Kolkata | publisher= magicbricks| access-date = 15 March 2018}}</ref>

Utalika Luxury ~ The Condoville and Utalika Efficiency and Comfort, an Ambuja Neotia <ref>{{Cite web | title=Ambuja Neotia – One of the Top Real Estate Companies in Kolkata | url=https://www.ambujaneotia.com/ | access-date=2025-10-05 | website=www.ambujaneotia.com}}</ref> Luxury project is currently under construction. It is a premier luxury housing complex of more than 1000 simplex, duplex, penthouse (triplex) apartments in 6 Buildings (namely: Prathama, Dwitiya, Tritiya, Chaturthi, Panchami and Efficiency & Comfort) and 2 private ponds, at Mukundapur. The towers are 25 storied tall, having surrounded by schools like South Point School <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.southpoint.edu.in/the-new-campus/|title=The New Campus – SOUTH POINT SCHOOL|work=SOUTH POINT SCHOOL }}</ref> and Birla High School at Mukundapur, institutes, hospitals, star hotels, restaurants, department stores and malls; just off EM Bypass, it is located right behind AMRI, RN Tagore and BHS Mukundapur.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Best CBSE School in Kolkata {{!}} BHS Mukundapur | url=https://bhs-mukundapur.birlahighschool.com/ | access-date=2025-10-05 | website=bhs-mukundapur.birlahighschool.com}}</ref> The Future development zone consisting of a partly residential and partly commercial towers with facilities such as residential apartments, retail, offices, hotel, serviced apartments, club, banquets, restaurants, lounge bar, sporting and leisure facilities, time share units, spa and fitness center are also supposed to come up.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.utalikaluxury.com/about-utalika/|title=About Utalika|access-date=19 September 2021|archive-date=19 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919072920/https://www.utalikaluxury.com/about-utalika/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Bengal Peerless Housing Development Company, a joint venture company of West Bengal Housing Board and Peerless General Finance and Investment Company Limited has already constructed Avidipta Phase I, a large complex of 1,068 apartments in 15 blocks, at Mukundapur.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://bengalpeerless.com/about-bphdc/|title = About Bengal Peerless – an Overview| publisher= Bengal Peerless | access-date = 15 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://bengalpeerless.com/residential-projects-completed/avidipta-phase1/|title = Avidipta I | publisher= Bengal Peerless| access-date = 5 March 2018}}</ref> As of 2018, the company is launching Avidipta II HIG, consisting of 2 forty-six storied towers<ref>{{cite web| url = http://avidipta2hig.bengalpeerless.co.in/about-avidipta-phase-2-hig/|title = The Twin Towers and the Neighbourhood |work = Avidipta II | publisher= Bengal Peerless| access-date = 15 March 2018}}</ref> and Avidipta II MIG (G+29).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://avidipta2.bengalpeerless.co.in/avidipta-phase-2-mig/|title = Avidipta Phase II | publisher= Bengal Peerless | access-date = 5 March 2018}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[Jyotirindra Nath Nandi metro station]], under construction on the Kavi Subhas-Biman Bandar route ([[Kolkata Metro Orange Line]]), would serve Mukundapur, [[Santoshpur, Kolkata|Santoshpur]], [[Ajoy Nagar]] and [[Survey Park]] areas lying close to the [[E.M. Bypass]] section of the city. It has been named in honour of the Bengali writer [[Jyotirindranath Nandi]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,375,379 |title= Road ahead, projects sanctioned |work= New Garia to Biman Bandar via Rajarhat|access-date = 4 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="metrocalendar">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/metro-prepares-completion-calendar-for-city-projects/articleshow/59463303.cms|title=Metro prepares completion calendar for city projects|publisher= Times of India|access-date=6 July 2017}}</ref> Besides [[Satyajit Ray metro station]] (named in honour of the Bengali film-director [[Satyajit Ray]]) would also serve these areas.

===Bus routes===
*1 Mukundapur - [[Garden Reach|Ramnagar]]
*1A Mukundapur - [[Garden Reach|Ramnagar]]
*24A/1 Mukundapur - [[Howrah station]]
*SD-16 Mukundapur - Shirakole

==Commute by car==
AIRPORT
* 21 km (55 min) from [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]]
MALLS
* 100 m (1 min) from [[Metro Cash & Carry]]
* 1 km (5 min) from [[Metropolis Mall]]
* 4 km (15 mins) from Acropolis Mall
* 5 km (20 mins) from [[South City Mall]]
* 8 km (30 mins) from [[Quest Mall]]
* 10 km (32 min) from [[Forum Mall (Kolkata)|Forum Mall]]
* 11 km (35 min) from [[Mani Square]]
* 13 km (40 min) from [[City Center-1]]
HOSPITALS
* 100 m (1 min) from [[Rabindranath Tagore International Institute of Cardiac Sciences]]
* 100 m (1 min) from [[AMRI Hospital]]
* 100 m (1 min) from Medica Super Speciality Hospital
* 100 m (1 min) from Aditya Birla Sankara Nethralaya
* 2 km (10 mins) from Peerless Hospital
* 3 km (12 mins) from Ruby General Hospital
* 3.5 km (13 mins) from Fortis Hospital
* 3.2 km (13 mins) from Desun Hospital And Heart Institute
* 10 km (32 mins) from Apollo Multispeciality Hospitals
* 11 km (35 mins) from Woodlands Multispeciality Hospital
SCHOOLS
* 100 m (1 min) from Birla High School
* 200 m (2 min) from South Point School
* 3.5 km (12 min) from Calcutta International School
* 3.5 m (12 min) from The Heritage School, Kolkata
* 4 km (13 min) from Delhi Public School (DPS) Ruby Park
* 4.5 km (14 min) from [[Garden High School]]
* 5 km (20 mins) from South City International School

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage inline|Kolkata/East}} – it includes a list of guest houses in Mukundapur

{{Neighbourhoods in Kolkata}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]

Ronnie Govender

2025-10-05T03:45:16Z

ChloeBrogan: starting

{{Short description|South African playwright (1934–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use South African English|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Ronnie Govender
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=ZAR|OIS}}
| birth_name = Sathiseelan Gurilingam Govender
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1934|05|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Durban]], [[Natal (province)|Natal]], [[Union of South Africa]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|04|29|1934|05|16|df=y}}
| death_place =
| occupation = Playwright and theatre director
| language = English
| notable_works = {{hlist|''At the Edge and other Cato Manor Stories''|''Black Chin White Chin''}}
| awards = [[Order of Ikhamanga]] (Category II: Silver)
| image = Ronnie Govender.jpg
}}

'''Sathiseelan Gurilingam''' "'''Ronnie'''" '''Govender''' {{post-nominals|country=ZAR|OIS}} (16 May 1934{{spnd}}29 April 2021) was a South African playwright, theatre director and activist known for his community theatre efforts. He was known as a pioneer of Indian South African theatre in the country. Some of his notable works included ''Black Chin White Chin, Song of the Atman,'' and ''At the Edge and Other Cato Manor Stories''. ''At the Edge'' won the 1997 [[Commonwealth Writers' Prize]] for best first book, ''Africa''.

Govender received the government of South Africa's [[Order of Ikhamanga]] in 2008 for his contributions to democracy, peace and justice in the country through theatre.

== Early life ==

Sathiseelan Gurilingam Govender was born on 16 May 1934<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ngcoya |first=Zama |date=June 7, 2023 |title=prolific-writer-and-activist-ronnie-govender-hailed-as-instrumental-in-fight-for-liberation |url=https://www.iol.co.za/sunday-tribune/news/prolific-writer-and-activist-ronnie-govender-hailed-as-instrumental-in-fight-for-liberation-efe99517-20f3-496d-abcf-5831b769903b}}</ref> in [[Cato Manor]], an [[Indian South Africans|Indian]] neighbourhood of [[Durban]].<ref name=":0" /> His father was also born in Cato Manor, while his mother was born in Fynnlands, another part of Durban. His grandparents on both sides of the family came from South India. After completing their [[Indian indenture system|term of indenture]], his grandparents settled in Cato Manor. Like other Indian families in South Africa, they bought a small plot of land to grow vegetables. His maternal grandfather became a court interpreter. His father was a truck driver and his mother a housewife. Govender had ten brothers and sisters.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ronnie Govender {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/ronnie-govender|access-date=29 April 2021|website=www.sahistory.org.za}}</ref>

== Career ==

After finishing his primary and secondary education, Govender began studying at the [[University of Cape Town]] (UCT), and took on a job as a [[Sports journalism|sportswriter]] for the [[New Age (South African newspaper)|''New Age'']] to pay his fees.<ref name=":0" /> In line with the paper's stance against [[apartheid]], Govender encouraged the Indian community to boycott segregated sporting events.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Krueger|first=Anton|date=8 June 2008|title=Recording a petulant soul|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2008-06-08-recording-a-petulant-soul/|access-date=29 April 2021|website=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> However, the newspaper was closed by the authorities one year after Govender joined. Unable to support himself in [[Cape Town]], he returned to Durban and entered Springfield Training College to become a teacher.<ref name=":0" />

After he became a teacher, Govender began his career as a writer. His first play ''Beyond Calvary'' (1962) received praise from critics.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=19 March 2007|title=Ronnie Govender (South Africa)|url=http://www.ukzn.ac.za/cca/images/tow/TOW2007/bios/Govender.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014045649/http://www.ukzn.ac.za/cca/images/tow/TOW2007/bios/Govender.htm|archive-date=14 October 2008|access-date=30 April 2021|website=Centre for Creative Arts, [[University of KwaZulu-Natal]]}}</ref> In 1964, with Muthal Naidoo and Bennie Bersee,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Orkin|first=Martin|title=Drama and the South African State|publisher=[[Manchester University Press]]|year=1991|isbn=0-7190-2576-1|pages=[[iarchive:dramasouthafrica0000orki/page/120/mode/1up|120]]|oclc=23752813}}</ref> he founded a theatre company called the Shah Theatre Academy in opposition to the liberal theatre of the day.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hansen|first1=Thomas Blom|date=2000|title=Plays, Politics and Cultural Identity among Indians in Durban|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2637493|journal=Journal of Southern African Studies|volume=26|issue=2|page=259|doi=10.1080/03057070050010101 |jstor=2637493 |s2cid=145407397 |issn=0305-7070|access-date=29 April 2021|url-access=subscription}}</ref> He went on to write other plays, including ''The Lahnee's Pleasure'' (1972),<ref>{{Cite web|last=Moodley|first=Janine|date=26 April 2018|title=Friends for 50 years: Ali pays tribute to Essop Khan|url=https://www.iol.co.za/thepost/news/friends-for-50-years-ali-pays-tribute-to-essop-khan-14658653|access-date=29 April 2021|website=www.iol.co.za|language=en}}</ref> one of South Africa's longest-running plays.<ref>{{cite news|date=13 August 2009|title=Collection of plays from South Asian diaspora|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/13/stories/2009081357502000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816195348/http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/13/stories/2009081357502000.htm|archive-date=16 August 2009}}</ref> Although Govender received invitations to tour ''The Lahnee's Pleasure'' abroad and in mainstream South African theatres, he refused as part of the cultural boycott of apartheid. His short story collection ''At the Edge and Other Cato Manor Stories'' won the 1997 [[Commonwealth Writers' Prize]] for best first book, Africa.<ref name=":0" /> The book built on stories from his childhood growing up in [[Cato Manor]], an Indian neighbourhood of Durban. The book was later adapted to a one-woman performance portrayed by actress [[Jailoshini Naidoo]].<ref name=":2" /> The play ''1949'' (1994), also based on Govender's childhood in Cato Manor, discusses the life of the Indian community in South Africa following the [[Group Areas Act]].<ref name=":3" /> His 2007 book ''Black Chin White Chin'' was shortlisted for the 2007 Commonwealth Prize.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chatterjee|first1=M.N.|date=2008|title=Review of Black Chin, White Chin|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23348373|journal=Indian Literature|volume=52|issue=5 (247)|page=197|jstor=23348373 |issn=0019-5804|access-date=29 April 2021}}</ref> Critics have described Govender's writing style as unadorned, and have said that his works evoke the identity of the Indian community with its vitality, humour, and resilience in a difficult environment. His works have been considered important in constructing the South African national identity.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Bose|first=Neilesh|date=4 May 2015|title=Performing History and Constructing 'Culture': Ronnie Govender's 1949 and the Romanticism of Historical Memory|journal=[[African Studies (journal)|African Studies]]|volume=74|issue=2|pages=235–246|doi=10.1080/00020184.2015.1045716|s2cid=162011336 |issn=0002-0184}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chetty|first=Rajendra|title=At the edge : the writings of Ronnie Govender|date=2017|publisher=[[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]]|isbn=978-1-4331-4642-8|location=New York|oclc=1015309682}}</ref>

The South African government awarded him the [[Order of Ikhamanga]] in 2008 "for [his] excellent contribution to democracy and justice in South Africa through the genre of theatre".<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Orders awards 28 October 2008|url=https://www.gov.za/about-government/national-orders-awards-28-october-2008|access-date=1 May 2021|publisher=[[Government of South Africa]]}}</ref> In 2014, the [[Durban University of Technology]] also awarded Govender an honorary doctorate "for his contribution to literature and the arts in general as well as his contribution to democracy, peace and justice in South Africa through theatre".<ref name=":0" />

== Personal life ==

His daughter, [[Pregs Govender]], is a human rights activist and former [[Parliament of South Africa|South African member of parliament]].<ref name="Pregs Govender">{{cite web | url=http://www.literarytourism.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=638:pregaluxmi-pregs-govender&catid=13:authors&Itemid=28 | title=Pregs Govender | publisher=Literary Tourism www.literarytourism.co.za | accessdate=22 November 2014}}</ref>

Govender died on 29 April 2021, from age-related illnesses. He was 86.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Legendary activist and playwright Ronnie Govender has died|url=https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/celebrity-news/local/legendary-activist-and-playwright-ronnie-govender-has-died-d74f99d6-caac-4af7-af46-1a9a95480069|access-date=29 April 2021|website=www.iol.co.za|language=en}}</ref>

== Works ==

* ''An Edition of the Collected Plays of Ronnie Govender'', University of Natal, 1991
* {{cite book| title=The Lahnee's Pleasure| publisher=Ravan Press| year= 1992| isbn=978-0-86975-087-2}}
* ''At the Edge and Other Cato Manor Stories'', Manx, 1996
* ''Song of the Atman'', Jacana Media, 2006, {{ISBN|978-17-7009-186-3}}
* ''Interplay: A Collection of South African Plays'', MANX, 2006, {{ISBN|978-1-919690-97-1}}
* ''Black Chin White Chin'', HarperCollins, 2007, {{ISBN|978-81-7223-690-8}}
* ''In the Manure: Memories and Reflections'', David Philip, 2008, {{ISBN|978-0-86486-720-9}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/ronnie-govender-interview Interview for the "Voices of Resistance" project (2002)] at the [[University of Durban-Westville]]
*[https://scnc.ukzn.ac.za/doc/B/Gs/Biography_GOs/Govender_Ronnie.pdf Excerpt from "Brothers of the Spirit" (1996)]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sGizwwAuzfw Jailoshini Naidoo performing ''<nowiki/>'At The Edge' and Other Cato Manor Stories'' (2014)]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H50j1hO026s Premiere of "At the Edge" (1990)]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Govender, Ronnie}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century South African dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:South African educators]]
[[Category:South African people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:South African people of Tamil descent]]
[[Category:South African politicians of Indian descent]]
[[Category:South African theatre directors]]
[[Category:South African theatre managers and producers]]
[[Category:Tamil writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Durban]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Ikhamanga]]
[[Category:21st-century South African dramatists and playwrights]]

Meghalaya State Election Commission

2025-07-21T05:56:00Z

ChloeBrogan: creating new stub - done

{{Short description|Election regulatory body of the Indian state of Meghalaya}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Meghalaya State Election Commission
| nativename =
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| logo =
| logo_width =
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| seal =
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| preceding1 =
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| jurisdiction = [[Meghalaya]]
| headquarters = State Election Commission, Shri K.G. Nongrum,Address: Office of theChief Electoral Officer,
Meghalaya, Shillong.Additional Secretariat, Room No : 128.<ref name="ma ref1">{{cite web |title=Contact Officials: Office of the Chief Election Commissioner |url=http://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/contact.html |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name =
| minister1_pfo =
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo =
| chief1_name = Sri FR Kharkongor.
| chief1_position = Chief Electoral Officer.
| chief2_name =
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'''Meghalaya State Election Commission''' is an [[Autonomy|autonomous]] and [[statutory]] body constituted in [[India]]n state of [[Meghalaya]] for ensuring that [[Elections in Meghalaya|elections]] in are conducted in free, fair and unbiased way. [[Constitution of India]] with provisions as per Article 243K and 243 ZA and Article 324 ensures creation and safeguarding of the powers of [[States Election Commission (India)|State Election Commissions]]. Meghalaya State Election Commission is responsible for conducting elections for [[Municipal governance in India|Urban Local Bodies]] like [[Municipality|Municipalities]], [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporations]], [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]]s and any other specified by [[Election Commission of India]]. Meghalaya State Election Commissioner is appointed by [[Governor (India)|Governor]] of Meghalaya.

== History and administration ==
Meghalaya State Election Commission was formed in accordance with powers of Election Commission of India, which was constituted in year 1950<ref name="sec ref1">{{cite news |title=What is election commission of India (ECI)? |url=https://www.business-standard.com/about/what-is-election-commission-of-india#collapse |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=Business Standard India}}</ref> to supervise state level elections.<ref name="sec ref3">{{cite news |title=State election panels: Independent of central EC, with similar powers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/state-election-panels-independent-of-central-ec-with-similar-powers-5132220/ |access-date=6 December 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=12 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref> State election commissioner is appointed by governor.<ref name="sec ref2">{{cite news |title=India Code: Section Details |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_18_21_00005_199426_1517807320414&sectionId=42788&sectionno=98&orderno=98 |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=www.indiacode.nic.in}}</ref><ref name="sec ref6">{{cite news |title=State Election Commissioner Conditions of Service Rules, 1994 |url=http://www.bareactslive.com/HRY/HL534.HTM |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=www.bareactslive.com}}</ref> To ensure the autonomy of the position, the Meghalaya state election commissioner cannot be removed from office except on the grounds and manner specified for [[judge]] of [[high courts of India|high court]].

In 2021, the Election Commission of India awarded office of the chief electoral officer, Meghalaya, with National Best Electoral Practices Awards-2020, in recognition of implementing [[information technology]] applications in elections.<ref name="ma ref7">{{cite news |last1=Arora |first1=Sumit |title=Meghalaya wins National Award for Best Electoral Practices 2020 |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/meghalaya-wins-national-award-for-best-electoral-practices-2020/ |access-date=22 December 2021 |publisher=adda247 |date=28 January 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Powers and responsibilities ==

Meghalaya State Election Commission is responsible for the following:<ref name="sec ref1" /><ref name="sec ref7">{{cite news |title=Election Commission directs all state electoral officers to immediately redress all pending voter applications |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/election-commission-directs-state-electoral-officers-immediately-redress-pending-voter-applications-1503026387.html |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=The Statesman |date=23 November 2021}}</ref>

* Releasing election schedule.<ref name="ma ref6">{{cite news |title=Election Commission issues Meghalaya Assembly election notification |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/election-commission-issues-meghalaya-assembly-election-notification-31365 |access-date=22 December 2021 |publisher=WION |date=31 January 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
* Issue notification containing guidelines for conducting elections for municipal corporations in state.
* Conducting elections for municipal corporations in state.
* Issue notification containing guidelines for conducting elections for conducting elections for municipal panchayats in state.
* Conducting elections for municipal panchayats in state.
* Laying guidelines for persons eligible to contest in elections for municipal corporations in state.
* Model [[code of conduct]] are following in elections for local bodies.
* Updating electoral rolls with new additions.
* Updating electoral rolls with removals, if any.
* Declaration of results of elections held for municipal corporations in state.
* Declaration of results of elections held for municipal panchayats in state.
* Ordering repoll if needed.
* Making arrangements for statewide polls.<ref name="ma ref2">{{cite news |title=Election Commission announces by-election to three Assembly seats in Meghalaya on Oct 30 |url=https://newsonair.gov.in/News?title=Election-Commission-announces-by-election-to-three-Assembly-seats-in-Meghalaya-on-Oct-30&id=427026 |access-date=22 December 2021 |publisher=newsonair.gov.in |date=28 September 2021}}</ref>
* Monitoring poll expenditure for panchayat polls.<ref name="ma ref3">{{cite news |title=Election Commission team to visit Meghalaya on Wednesday |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/election-commission-team-visit-meghalaya-wednesday.html |access-date=22 December 2021 |publisher=Northeast now |date=12 December 2017}}</ref>
* Laying guidelines for issue of opinion polls.
* Decision on conducting elections.<ref name="ma ref5">{{cite news |title=Ensure Fair Voting In Tripura, Meghalaya, Nagaland: Election Commission |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ensure-fair-voting-in-tripura-meghalaya-nagaland-election-commission-1813549 |access-date=22 December 2021 |publisher=NDTV.com |date=16 February 2018}}</ref>
* Ensure proper counting of votes polled in local body polls.
* Declaring results of local body polls.
* Municipal and Panchayat constituencies delimitation exercise.
* Countermanding elections in case of malpractice.
* Issuing guidelines for voting in local body elections.
* Organising demonstration of electronic [[voting machine]] and VVPAT.
* Encouraging public to participate in elections.<ref name="ma ref4">{{cite news |title=Meghalya election commission ropes in Usha Uthup to motivate young voters - inside me|url=https://www.insidene.com/meghalaya-election-commission-ropes-usha-uthup-motivate-young-voters/ |access-date=22 December 2021 |publisher=insideme |date=1 February 2018}}</ref>

== Composition ==

Meghalaya State Election Commission is headed by chief election commissioner and as many members as specified in the state act. State election commissioners are independent persons not holding position or office in any central or state government organisations.<ref name="sec ref5">{{cite news |title=State election commissioners should be independent, says SC |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/state-election-commissioners-should-be-independent-says-sc/cid/1809411 |access-date=20 December 2021 |publisher=telegraphindia.com |date=20 December 2021}}</ref>

Sri FR Kharkongor is the chief electoral officer of Meghalaya State Election Commission.<ref name="ma ref2" /> His period of service will be 5 years or attaining an age of 65 years whichever is earlier.

== Constitutional requirements ==

Meghalaya State Election Commission was formed after amendment of constitution with 73rd and 74th declaration.<ref name="sec ref4">{{cite news |title=India State Election - Find information of all State elections in India |url=https://www.elections.in/state-elections.html |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref> State election commissions were formed as per Article 243K of the Constitution, similar to setting up of election commission of India as per Article 324.<ref name="sec ref3" />

== See also ==
* [[Election Commission of India]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://ceomeghalaya.nic.in Official Website]

{{Authority control}}


[[Category:State election commissioners of India]]
[[Category:Government of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Elections in Meghalaya]]