Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Daman District

2026-05-04T05:33:43Z

Chitkarauonlinemba:

'''Daman District''' may refer to:
*[[Daman District, Afghanistan]], in the Kandahar Province, Afghanistan
*[[Daman district, India]], in the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, India

==See also==
*[[Daman (disambiguation)]]

{{geodis}}
[[Category:District name disambiguation pages]]

Udhaw Das Tarachand

2026-04-30T06:35:19Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: Done

{{Orphan|date=September 2023}}

'''Rao Bahadur Udhaw Das Tarachand''' (1870 – January 17, 1943) was an Sindhi British Indian businessman and philanthropist from [[Shikarpur, Sindh]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1264202|title=The beheading of Udhaw Das|first=Akhtar|last=Balouch|date=June 22, 2016|website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawnnews.tv/news/1033203|title=اُدھو داس کی گردن زنی|first=Akhtar|last=Baloch|date=February 9, 2016|website=Dawnnews Television}}</ref> He is known for establishing Rao Bahadur Udhaw Das Tara Chand Hospital in Shikarpur.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/634209/rao-bahadur-udhaw-das-an-eminent-philanthropist/|title=Rao Bahadur Udhaw Das: An Eminent Philanthropist|date=June 30, 2020|website=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]}}</ref>

==Life==
Udhaw Das was born in [[Shikarpur District]] in 1870.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="youlin">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youlinmagazine.com/story/rao-bahadur-udhaw-das-tarachand-the-founder-of-shikarpur-first-modern-hospital/MjQxOQ==|title=Rao Bahadur Udhaw Das Tarachand: The Founder of Shikarpur's First Modern Hospital|website=Youlin Magazine}}</ref> A sugar trader by profession, he became a well-known philanthropist in the later part of his life.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/810445/the-beheading-of-udhaw-das-how-a-philanthropists-statue-in-pakistan-invited-the-ire-of-zealots|title=The beheading of Udhaw Das: How a philanthropist's statue in Pakistan invited the ire of zealots|website=[[Scroll.in]]|date=26 June 2016 }}</ref>

Due to the absence of medical facilities in Shikarpur, his mother died.<ref name="youlin"/> He began making efforts to construct a hospital in the city in order to prevent this from happening again.<ref name="youlin"/> In the start of the 20th century, he partnered with Shikapur Municipal Committee and provided with funds of Rs.100,000 to build a hospital from scratch.<ref name="youlin"/> The hospital's construction began in 1933, and [[Lancelot Graham]], the governor of Sindh, officially opened it in 1937.<ref name="youlin"/> Even after the hospital's official opening, Udhaw Das continued to work for it, and later went to Bombay to collect donations for the hospital, but became gravely ill.<ref name="youlin"/> He died on January 17, 1943, at Sir Hari Kishan Hospital.<ref name="auto1"/> His family emigrated to India after partition.<ref name="youlin"/>

A statue was erected in his honor at the hospital he founded, but due to [[communal violence]] it was shifted to the [[University of Sindh]].<ref name="auto1"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tarachand, Udhaw Das}}
[[Category:1870 births]]
[[Category:1943 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Shikarpur District]]
[[Category:People from Sind Division]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from British India]]
[[Category:Sindhi businesspeople]]
[[Category:Sindhi Hindus]]

Thakurganj Junction

2026-04-30T04:46:24Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: Done...

{{Short description|Railway station in Kishanganj, Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Thakurganj
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = State Highway 63, Thakurganj, Bihar
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.4268|88.1293|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| elevation = {{convert|79|m|ft}}
| line = *[[Katihar–Siliguri line]]
*[[Araria-Thakurganj-Galgalia railway line]]
| other =
| structure = At-grade
| platform = 2
| tracks = 3
| entrances =
| parking = Available
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes (2022)
| accessible = Yes
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = TKG
| zone = Northeast Frontier Railway
| division = {{rwd|Katihar}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| status = Open
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Bihar#India
| map_dot_label = Thakurganj
| map_caption = Location in [[Bihar]]
}}
'''Thakurganj Junction''' serves [[Thakurganj]] town in [[Kishanganj district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. The [[Mechi River|Mechi]] flowing nearby forms the boundary between Nepal and India in the area. On the other side of the border lies [[Prithivinagar]] town of [[Nepal]]. This railway station lies on [[Katihar–Siliguri line]] and [[Araria-Thakurganj-Galgalia railway line]] of [[Indian Railways]].

== Trains==
*[[Mahananda Express|Delhi-Alipurduar Mahananda Express]]<ref name="indiarailinfo3">{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-sikkim-mahananda-express-15484/1569/349/449|title=15484/Sikkim Mahananda Express - Old Delhi to Alipur Duar NFR/Northeast Frontier Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>
*[[Kanchan Kanya Express|Sealdah-Alipurduar Kanchan Kanya Express]]<ref name="indiarailinfo4">{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-kanchan-kanya-express-13149/909/325/449|title=13149/Kanchan Kanya Express (PT) - Sealdah to Alipur Duar ER/Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>
*[[New Jalpaiguri-Arrah Junction Capital Express]]
*[[New Jalpaiguri - Ranchi Weekly Express]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Jalpaiguri Ranchi Weekly Express|url=http://amp.indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-new-jalpaiguri-ranchi-weekly-express-18630/23104/444/384|website=indiarailinfo.com}} </ref>
*[[Kamakhya–Arrah Junction Capital Express]]
*[[Balurghat–Siliguri Intercity Express|Siliguri Junction-Balurghat Express]]<ref> {{Cite web|title=Siliguri Balurghat Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/balurghat-siliguri-intercity-express-15463/|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
*[[Katihar–Siliguri Intercity Express|Siliguri-Katihar Intercity Express (via Barsoi)]]<ref> {{Cite web|title=Siliguri Katihar Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-katihar-siliguri-intercity-express-15719/4179/553/445|website=indiarailinfo.com}} </ref>
*[[Siliguri - Katihar Intercity Express (via Purnea)]]
*[[Siliguri - Radhikapur Express]]
*[[Jogbani–Siliguri Town Intercity Express]]<ref> {{Cite web|title=Siliguri Jogbani Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/siliguri-town-jogbani-intercity-express-15724/7501/1602/3089|website=indiarailinfo.com}} </ref>
* Radhikapur–Siliguri Junction DEMU
* Siliguri Junction–Malda Court DEMU
*Siliguri Junction–Katihar DEMU

==Etymology==
The place is named after [[Rabindra Nath Tagore]] (Rabindra Nath Thakur in Bengali).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://thakurganj.blogspot.in/2009/05/about-thakurganj.html |title = Thakurganj – Bihar – A Lovely Village| access-date = 2013-03-03}}</ref>

==History==
Thakurganj Junction was part of Darjeeling Himalayan Railways, Thakurganj Junction was the connecting point of DHR and Outh Tiruhat Railway.

Work for conversion of the Aluabari–Siliguri section from metre gauge to broad gauge was taken up in 2008, train services in the section was suspended and conversion work completed early in 2011.

Rail Electrification in this line completed on 2022, and New Line project Arariya-Galgalia is under construction.

Manish Kumar joined Thakurganj Station as Station Superintendent in May 2019.
Following Staffs are currently working at Thakurganj Railway Station:

(i) Station Superintendent: Manish Kumar

(ii) Station Master: Naresh Kumar Hembrom

(iii) Station Master: Rahul Saha

(iv) Station Master: Sonu Kumar Choudhary

(v) Commercial Superintendent: Ajay Kumar Singh

(vi) Senior CC: Rajkumar Ray

(vi) Porter: Bhupesh Kumar<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110929/jsp/siliguri/story_14566478.jsp | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130203123826/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110929/jsp/siliguri/story_14566478.jsp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 3 February 2013 |title = Delayed but new route helps trains|work=The Telegraph|date=29 September 2011| access-date = 2011-12-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Railways-to-partially-restore-Siliguri-Bagdogra-service/articleshow/5687796.cms | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130103123716/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-16/patna/28119519_1_kishanganj-railway-station-train-services | url-status = live | archive-date = 3 January 2013 |title = Railways to partially restore Siliguri-Bagdogra service |date=16 March 2010| work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 2011-12-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.kishanganjbihar.com/2011/07/rail-movement-begins-on-kishanganj.html |title = Rail movement begins on Kishanganj–Thakurganj–Siliguri Section|last= Alam|first=Mudassir | publisher= KishanganjBihar.com| access-date = 2013-03-02 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/thakurganj-tkg/5315 Trains at Thakurganj]
{{Adjacent stations|noclear=y
|system=Indian Railways
|line=Northeast Frontier Railway zone|left=Taiabpur|right=Piprithan|type=[[Katihar–Siliguri line]]}}

{{Purnia Division topics}}
{{Railway stations in Bihar}}

[[Category:Katihar railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Kishanganj district]]

{{Bihar-railstation-stub}}

Sanjhauli

2026-04-26T06:01:02Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: Pg...

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sanjhauli
| other_name = Sajhauli
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Sanjhauli block map.png
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.14547|N|84.18392|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="Geonames">{{Cite web|url=https://www.geonames.org/1257731/sajhauli.html|title=Geonames.org. ''Sajhauli ''|accessdate=15 June 2020}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rohtas district|Rohtas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 4.334
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="Geonames"/>
| elevation_m = 97
| population_total = 7608
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011" />
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 82220<ref name="Census 2011" />
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sanjhauli''', also spelled '''Sajhauli''', is a village and corresponding [[community development block]] in [[Rohtas district]] of [[Bihar]], [[India]]. As of 2011, the village of Sanjhauli had a population of 7,608, in 1,269 households, while the entire block had a population of 62,621. The nearest major city is [[Bikramganj]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Bihar District Census Handbook - Rohtas, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=33, 44–70, 620–643, 1191–1192|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/BiharA.html |website=Census 2011 India|accessdate=1 April 2020}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
Sanjhauli is an entirely rural subdistrict, with no major urban centers. Sanjhauli block's population increased from 51,465 in 2001 to 62,621 in 2011, representing a 21.7% increase. In both census years, the block had the second-lowest population in the block, with only [[Suryapura, Rohtas|Suryapura]] having fewer people.<ref name="Census 2011" />

The [[sex ratio]] of Sanjhauli block was 915 in 2011, slightly below the district average of 918. The sex ratio was lower in the 0-6 age group, at 910.<ref name="Census 2011" />

Members of [[scheduled castes]] numbered 10,714 in Sanjhauli block in 2011, making up 17.11% of the population.<ref name="Census 2011" />

[[Literacy]] in Sanjhauli block was slightly above average for Rohtas district in 2011, with 76.47% of the population able to read and write compared to the district average of 73.37%. Literacy was higher in men than in women, with 86.71% of males but only 65.30% of females able to read and write; the corresponding 21.41% literacy gender gap was about average for the district.<ref name="Census 2011" />

=== Employment ===
Most people in Sanjhauli block were engaged in [[agriculture]] in 2011. 37.12% of the workforce were cultivators who owned or leased their own land (the largest proportion in Rohtas), and a further 42.20% were agricultural labourers who worked someone else's land for money. 3.95% of the workforce was employed in household industries, and 16.73% were employed in other forms of work.<ref name="Census 2011" />

== Amenities ==
Sanjhauli does not have [[tap water]], with drinking water instead being supplied by [[hand pump]]. It has [[bus]] service and a [[train station]] along with river-based transport. It has permanent [[Indian vernacular architecture#pukka|pucca roads]], which are connected to [[State highways in India|state]] and [[National highways in India|national highways]]. The village hosts a daily mandi as well as a weekly [[haat]]. It has a [[bank]] with an [[Automated teller machine|ATM]] as well as an [[agricultural credit society]]. There is a [[community centre]], a [[public library]], and [[sports field]]s. There are no [[movie theatre]]s.<ref name="Census 2011" />

On the block level, 32 of the 41 inhabited villages in Sanjhauli block had [[school]]s, serving 93.65% of the population. 2 villages had medical facilities, serving 18.7% of the population. All villages had access to [[drinking water]], although only two, Masauna and Basaura, had access to [[tap water]]. 34 had [[telephone]] coverage, serving 89.45% of the population, and 7 villages had [[post office]]s. 3 villages had [[bank]]s and [[agricultural credit society|agricultural credit societies]], and 33 had transportation communications ([[rail transport|rail]], [[bus]], or navigable waterways). 31 villages had permanent [[Indian vernacular architecture#pukka|pucca roads]]. 39 villages had [[electricity]], serving 98.73% of the block population.<ref name="Census 2011" />

== Villages ==
There are 45 villages in Sanjhauli block, including Sanjhauli itself; 41 are inhabited and 4 are uninhabited.<ref name="Census 2011" />

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-
! Village name
! Total land area (hectares)
! Population (in 2011)
|-
| Amaithi || 283.7 || 3,228
|-
| Masauna || 306.7 || 2,344
|-
| Barauli || 71.3 || 288
|-
| Sikati || 77.3 || 297
|-
| Susari || 241.6 || 2,366
|-
| Samhauta || 108.9 || 1,062
|-
| Dhangaon || 24.3 || 0
|-
| Dhokra || 100.4 || 367
|-
| Udaipur || 414.4 || 4,101
|-
| Chaita Bahori || 110.1 || 1,190
|-
| Chaita || 203 || 1,960
|-
| Chapurwa || 87 || 493
|-
| Chhulkar || 144.4 || 765
|-
| Chauria || 145.2 || 1,171
|-
| Bazidpur || 64.3 || 1,188
|-
| Karma || 22.3 || 0
|-
| Buknawan || 162.3 || 995
|-
| Garura || 106.4 || 1,178
|-
| '''Sanjhauli''' (block headquarters) || 433.4 || 7,608
|-
| Khutaha || 42.9 || 561
|-
| Bairi || 283.7 || 1,501
|-
| Koni || 85.8 || 870
|-
| Khatalpur || 120.2 || 520
|-
| Bagiya || 137.9 || 1,304
|-
| Jigni || 134.7 || 1,102
|-
| Tendua || 169.4 || 1,579
|-
| Karma || 106.4 || 507
|-
| Usra || 44.9 || 462
|-
| Kaithi || 261.1 || 1,516
|-
| Majhauli || 157.8 || 1,636
|-
| Basaura || 122.2 || 1,894
|-
| Siaruwa || 214.4 || 1,858
|-
| Jamuhari || 63.6 || 483
|-
| Motihari || 104.4 || 871
|-
| Tilai || 445.2 || 2,701
|-
| Rajadih || 140 || 1,104
|-
| Misrauliya || 37.6 || 753
|-
| Karmaini || 253 || 2,507
|-
| Aunrai || 145.2 || 1,741
|-
| Tamoli Khap || 70.4 || 0
|-
| Khaira Bhutaha || 225 || 1,343
|-
| Uruwa || 14.2 || 0
|-
| Chandi English || 321.7 || 2,788
|-
| Amadah || 81 || 1,463
|-
| Soni || 93.4 || 956
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rohtas district}}

[[Category:Villages in Rohtas district]]

Ram Prit Paswan (Indian politician)

2026-04-24T19:26:25Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: created new article

{{short description|Indian politician from Bihar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| name = Ram Prit Paswan
| office = Minister of Public Health Engineering Department [[Government of Bihar]]
| term_start = 16 November 2020
| term_end = 9 August 2022
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| predecessor = [[Vinod Narayan Jha]]
| office1 = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Rajnagar, Madhubani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajnagar]]
| term_start1 = 2015
term start2. =2020
| predecessor1 = Ramawatar Paswan
| term_start2 = 2005
| term_end2 = 2010
| predecessor2 = Ram Lakhan Ram Raman
| successor2 = Arun Shankar Prasad
| constituency2 = [[Khajauli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khajauli]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|03|21|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web |title=बिहार विधान सभा सचिवालय - सप्तदश बिहार विधान सभा मे माननीय सदस्यों की जन्म तिथि एवं टर्मवार सूची |url=https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/priority%20List.pdf |website=Bihar Vidhan Sabha |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427090929/https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/priority%20List.pdf |archive-date=27 April 2023 |url-status=live |language=Hindi |trans-title=Bihar Legislative Assembly Secretariat - Date of birth and term wise list of honorable members in Saptadash Bihar Legislative Assembly}}</ref>
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| successor1 = [[Sujit Paswan]]
| term_end1 = 2025
}}
'''Ram Prit Paswan''' (born 21 March 1963) is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]]. He is a two time MLA and also served as a minister of public health engineering department in the [[Government of Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-rampreet-paswan-sworn-in-maithili-rewarded-for-second-consecutive-win-3630876.html |author=Yogesh Yadav |date=16 November 2020|title=रामप्रीत पासवान ने मैथिली में शपथ ली, लगातार दूसरी जीत का इनाम मिला |website=Hindustan |language=hi |trans-title=Rampreet Paswan took oath in Maithili, got the reward of second consecutive victory|access-date=2020-11-16}} - {{Cite news |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/politics/elections/news/checkout-bihar-new-ministers-names-and-complete-list-from-nitish-kumrr-bihar-cabinet/slidelist/79258350.cms |title=Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar inducts a new cabinet — Here's the full list of cabinet ministers and their portfolios |author=Navdeep Yadav |date=17 November 2020 |website=Business Insider |access-date=2020-11-17}}</ref> He won the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from [[Rajnagar, Bihar Assembly constituency|Rajnagar Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community in [[Madhubani district]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/rajnagar.html |title=Rajnagar Assembly Bye Elections 2014 Election Results |publisher=Elections India |accessdate=2017-02-19 }} - {{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/elections/bihar/rajnagar-mla-results |title=RAM PRIT PASWAN RAJNAGAR |website=NDTV |accessdate=2017-02-19 |archive-date=20 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220012036/http://www.ndtv.com/elections/bihar/rajnagar-mla-results |url-status=dead }} - {{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2016/nov/28/bihar-mla-reaches-assembly-in-shorts-and-vest-denied-entry-1543557.html |author=Anand ST Das |title=Bihar MLA reaches Assembly in shorts and vest, denied entry |work=New Indian Express |date=28 November 2016 }} - {{Cite news |title=Rajnagar (SC) Bihar Assembly Election 2021 Results Vote Counting LIVE Updates |date=2 May 2021 |url=https://news.abplive.com/bihar-election/live-election-result-bihar-rajnagar-sc-assembly-election-result-2020-37.html |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=ABP Live }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Paswan is from Rajnagar, Madhubani district, Bihar. He has a doctorate from [[Lalit Narayan Mithila University]], [[Darbhanga]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Soroor Ahmed |date=18 January 2000 |title=Top Bihar leaders join Samata |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2000/jan/18bihar.htm |website=Rediff}}</ref>

== Career ==
Paswan first won as an MLA winning the Rajnagar seat in the [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] defeating Ramawatar Paswan of RJD. He won for a third time in 2020 election..He was also a ''Sabhapati'' (Zero Hour) of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paswan, Ram Prit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Madhubani district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]
[[Category:Samata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Bihar]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Lok Janshakti Party politicians]]

Mohammad Kaleem

2026-04-21T13:12:03Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: Put Up Info.

{{notability|date=April 2026|reason=A few tabloid articles may indicate there is something here, but "world's largest" is certainly unverified, and it is not clear there is anything here to support permanent notability of the subject}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mohammad Kaleem
| birth_date = 2006 or 2007<ref> In August 2015, he was eight years old.</ref>
| known_for = Having unusually large hands due to [[Macrodactyly]]
}}

'''Mohammad Kaleem''' (born 2006 or 2007) is an Indian boy known for having extremely large hands caused by a rare condition called [[Macrodactyly]], also known as localised gigantism.<ref name="mirror">{{cite news |title=Teenager develops rare syndrome which has given him huge 2ft-long ‘Hulk Hands’ |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/teenager-develops-rare-syndrome-given-28716136.amp |work=Daily Mirror |date=12 December 2022}}</ref> The condition causes abnormal growth of bones, skin and tissues, leading to disproportionately large limbs.<ref name="mirror" />

Kaleem was born in a village near [[Bokaro Steel City]] in [[Jharkhand]], [[India]], with hands that were already significantly larger than normal and continued to grow as he aged.<ref name="upi">{{cite news |title=Indian boy with hands larger than his head can't even tie shoes |url=https://www.upi.com/Odd_News/2014/08/20/Indian-boy-with-hands-larger-than-his-head-cant-even-tie-shoes/ |work=UPI |date=20 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="metro">{{cite news |title=Boy with the world’s biggest hands undergoes surgery to have one of them reduced |url=https://metro.co.uk/2015/08/10/boy-with-the-worlds-biggest-hands-undergoes-surgery-to-have-one-of-them-reduced-5335579/amp/ |work=Metro |date=10 August 2015}}</ref> By childhood, his hands measured around 13 inches (33 cm) and weighed several kilograms, making everyday tasks such as feeding himself, dressing, and tying his shoes difficult.<ref name="upi" />

Due to his condition, Kaleem faced social stigma in his community, where he was bullied by other children and referred to as a “devil’s child” by some villagers. He was also denied admission to school because teachers and parents feared that his appearance would frighten other children.{{cn|date=April 2026}}

Kaleem later underwent medical treatment in southern India, where surgeons performed operations to reduce the size of his hands and improve their function.<ref name="metro" /> The procedures were carried out by a team led by [[Raja Sabapathy]] at [[Ganga Hospital]] in [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], who aimed to enhance his mobility and quality of life through staged surgeries and physiotherapy.<ref name="metro" />

Kaleem became known as the “boy with the world’s biggest hands” before undergoing surgery, with his condition causing his hands and arms to grow to very large proportions and making daily activities difficult.<ref name="mirror2">{{cite news |title=Boy with the World's Biggest Hands measuring 33cm has surgery to reduce their size |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/boy-worlds-biggest-hands-measuring-6256920 |work=Daily Mirror |date=14 August 2015}}</ref> His condition also led some villagers to believe he was cursed, contributing to his isolation.<ref name="mirror2" />

Despite the challenges, Kaleem’s case has been widely reported due to the rarity of macrodactyly, which affects only a small number of people worldwide.<ref name="mirror" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Indian children]]
[[Category:People with rare diseases]]
[[Category:2000s births]]

Mahua Maji

2026-04-20T01:44:41Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: Put Up Info.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mahua Maji
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1964|12|10}}
| birth_place = [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]], India
| education =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Jharkhand|Jharkhand]]
| term_start = July 2022
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office2 = Chairperson of the [[Jharkhand State Commission for Women|Jharkhand State Women Commission]]
| term_start2 = 2013
| term_end2 = 2016
| party = [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| spouse = Shri Subodh Kumar Maji
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
| alma_mater = [[Ranchi University]] (BA, MA, Phd)
| profession = [[Politician]]
| image_size = 180
}}
'''Mahua Maji''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]], upper house of the Parliament of India from [[Jharkhand]] as a member of the [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/rajya-sabha-polls-2022-full-list-of-mps-elected-unopposed-to-upper-house-article-91986789 | title=Rajya Sabha Polls 2022: Full list of candidates elected unopposed to Upper House | publisher=Times Now | date=3 June 2022 | accessdate=3 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/jmms-mahua-maji-bjps-aditya-sahu-elected-unopposed-to-rajya-sabha-from-jharkhand | title=JMM's Mahua Maji, BJP's Aditya Sahu elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha from Jharkhand | publisher=Free Press Journal | date=3 June 2022 | accessdate=3 June 2022}}</ref> She is the chairperson of the Women's commission.<ref name="v406">{{cite web | last=| first= | title=Mahua Maji Accident: JMM MP injured in car accident while returning from Maha Kumbh | website=The Times of India | date=26 February 2025 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/jmm-mp-mahua-maji-injured-in-car-accident-while-returning-from-maha-kumbh/articleshow/118572802.cms | access-date=6 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="j315">{{cite web | title=Who is Mahua Majhi? JMM candidate for Rajya Sabha | website=Newsd.in | date=30 May 2022 | url=https://newsd.in/who-is-mahua-manjhi-jmm-candidate-for-rajya-sabha/#google_vignette | access-date=6 April 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maji, Mahua}}
[[Category:Jharkhand Mukti Morcha politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Women members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Women in Jharkhand politics]]

{{Jharkhand-politician-stub}}

Parismita Singh

2026-04-19T17:15:11Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: created bio

{{short description|Indian author, illustrator, and graphic novelist}}
{{Infobox writer
| embed =
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Parismita Singh
| honorific_suffix =
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| native_name =
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| birth_place = [[Assam]], India
| death_date = 
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| occupation = Author, illustrator, graphic novelist, and educator
| language =
| nationality = Indian
| citizenship =
| education = [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]]
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre = Graphic novels, Children's books, Fiction, Non-fiction
| subject = 
| movement =
| notable_works = ''The Hotel at the End of the World'', ''[[Peace Has Come]]''
| spouse = 
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| awards = 2009 [[Shakti Bhatt Prize|Shakti Bhatt First Book Prize]] shortlist
| signature =
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| website = {{URL|www.parismitasingh.com}}
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'''Parismita Singh''' (born 1979/1980<ref>{{cite news |title=Roots and wings |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/238384455 |access-date=22 September 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=March 27, 2010 |id={{ProQuest|238384455}} |quote=Parismita Singh, 30,}}</ref>) is an Indian author, illustrator, graphic novelist, and educator. She is a founding member of the Pao Collective, and her work includes ''The Hotel at the End of the World'', which was shortlisted for the [[Shakti Bhatt Prize|Shakti Bhatt First Book Prize]] and is one of the first graphic novels published in India. She is also the author and illustrator of the short story collection ''[[Peace Has Come]]''.

==Early life and education==
Singh was born in [[Assam]]<ref name="Sharma 2018">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Sanjukta |title=Ceasefire state of mind |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/zHm2Fv4g80rydf8u7PDaKI/Ceasefire-state-of-mind.html |access-date=22 September 2021 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=January 26, 2018}}</ref> and raised in the town of [[Biswanath Chariali]], about six hours away from [[Guwahati]] in Assam, India.<ref name="Anushreemajumdar 2009">{{cite news |last1=Anushreemajumdar |title=Drawing Attention |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/drawing-attention/ |access-date=22 September 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=May 11, 2009}}</ref> Her grandmother, Durgamoni Saikia, would tell traditional folk tales, but adapted to include family members and historical events.<ref name="Anushreemajumdar 2009"/> Singh cites ''[[Maus]]'' as her inspiration for becoming a graphic novelist.<ref name="Anushreemajumdar 2009"/>

Singh attended [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College]] in Delhi.<ref name="Stoll 2013"/>

==Career==
After publishing visual narratives in ''[[Tehelka]]'' and ''Little Magazine'',<ref name="Stoll 2013" /> Singh published her first graphic novel, ''The Hotel at the End of the World'',<ref>{{cite news |title=Inky Fingers All |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/238264788 |access-date=22 September 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=May 9, 2009 |id={{ProQuest|238264788}} |quote=When my generation was growing up, two things were largely invisible: India in comic books, and the Northeast in Indian English writing. Yes, there was that one glorious page of Delhi in Tintin in Tibet - complete with sacred cow and manic driver - and the occasional Commando war-comic in which the heroic Brit or Australian was battling the murderous Jap outside Kohima. The first thing that one thinks about when looking at Parismita Singh's first graphic novel is that, at least, we don't live in those times any more.}}</ref> in 2009,<ref name="Singh 2009">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Saurabh |title=Art therapy: Characters in this graphic novel find solace in the art of storytelling. |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/198668461 |access-date=22 September 2021 |work=[[India Today]] |date=May 25, 2009|id={{ProQuest|198668461}} }}</ref><ref name="Sayeed 2011">{{cite news |last1=Sayeed |first1=Vikhar Ahmed |title=In graphic detail |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30174598.ece#! |access-date=22 September 2021 |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |date=February 25, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Baruah 2018">{{cite news |last1=Baruah |first1=Sanjib |title=Non-citizens and history |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article24702054.ece#! |access-date=27 January 2022 |date=August 31, 2018 |quote=The Assamese graphic novelist Parismita Singh, author of The Hotel at the End of the World (Penguin, 2009), has written touchingly of the experience of villagers near Biswanath Chariali, an area where she grew up. |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]}}</ref> which was one of the first graphic novels published in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=At the end of the world |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/920886495 |access-date=22 September 2021 |work=The Kathmandu Post |date=February 11, 2012|id={{ProQuest|920886495}} }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Kees Ribbens |editor1-last=Berndt |editor1-first=Jaqueline |title=Comics Worlds and the World of Comics: Towards Scholarship on a Global Scale |date=2010 |publisher=International Manga Research Center |location=Kyoto Seika University |isbn=978-4-905187-01-1 |page=219 |chapter=War comics beyond the battlefield:Anne Frank’s transnational representation in sequential art|citeseerx=10.1.1.464.7381 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Betageri |first1=Ankur |title=Graphic Drive [Review of The Hotel at the End of the World, by P. Singh] |journal=Indian Literature |date=July 2009 |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=254–256 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23340179 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi|jstor=23340179 }}</ref> She had spent more than two years developing the novel, and began working for the NGO [[Pratham]] in grassroots education in Assam in 2009.<ref>{{cite news |title=China as metaphor in graphic novel |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/470089951 |access-date=22 September 2021 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |agency=IANS |date=May 14, 2009|id={{ProQuest|470089951}} }}</ref><ref name="Anushreemajumdar 2009" /><ref name="Tulika">{{cite web |title=Mara And The Clay Cows (English) |url=https://www.tulikabooks.com/general-fiction/mara-and-the-clay-cows-english.html |website=Tulika Books |publisher=Tulika Publishers |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref> She then published short stories in ''Time Out'' and comics in ''[[Dinamalar#Supplements|The Siruvar Malar]]'', while also working with the Pao Collective, and later published comics in ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]''.<ref name="Stoll 2013" />

Singh is a founding member of the Pao Collective, with [[Orijit Sen]], [[Sarnath Banerjee]], [[Vishwajyoti Ghosh]], and [[Amitabh Kumar]].<ref name="Stoll 2013"/><ref name="Pisharoty 2012">{{cite news |last1=Pisharoty |first1=Sangeeta Barooah |title=Picture and prose |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/picture-and-prose/article4058688.ece |access-date=22 September 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=November 2, 2012}}</ref><ref name="Overdorf 2010">{{cite news |last=Overdorf |first=Jason |title=India's comics boom: The Pao Collective |url=https://theworld.org/stories/2017/03/10/indias-comics-boom-pao-collective |access-date=22 September 2021 |work=[[GlobalPost]] |date=June 17, 2010 |quote=last year Singh's "The Hotel at the End of the World" reignited the interest of India's literati.}}</ref> In December 2007, as a [[Centre for the Study of Developing Societies]] (CSDS) Sarai programme research fellow, along with Sarai fellow Banerjee, Singh presented "Comix/Comics: A Workshop on Comics and Graphic Novels" organized by the CSDS and the French Information and Resource Center, and met Sen at similar workshops.<ref name="Stoll 2013"/> Over the course of workshops and presentations from 2007 through 2009, the founding members decided to organize a collective to promote comics and support comics artists in India,<ref name="Stoll 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Stoll |first1=Jeremy |title=Bread and Comics: A History of the Pao Collective |journal=[[International Journal of Comic Art]] |date=2013 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=363–382 |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Bread%20and%20Comics%3A%20A%20History%20of%20the%20Pao%20Collective&author=J.%20Stoll&journal=International%20Journal%20of%20Comic%20Art&volume=15&issue=2&pages=363-382&publication_year=2013 |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Kanjilal 2012">{{cite news |last1=Kanjilal |first1=Pratik |title=One Plate Pao Bhaji |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/one-plate-pao-bhaji/ |access-date=22 September 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=September 8, 2012}}</ref> becoming the first organization in India to promote graphic novels<ref>{{cite news |title=Graphic novels find toehold - with Bollywood twist |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/50939/graphic-novels-find-toehold-bollywood.html |access-date=22 September 2021 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |agency=IANS |date=February 5, 2010}}</ref> and help artists "earn their daily bread (''pao'')".<ref>{{cite book |author1=John A. Lent |editor1-last=Woo |editor1-first=Benjamin |editor2-last=Stoll |editor2-first=Jeremy |title=The Comics World: Comic Books, Graphic Novels, and Their Publics |date=2021 |publisher=University Press of Mississippi |isbn=9781496834690 |page=40 |chapter=Women an Asian Comic Art |quote=citing Stoll 2013a, 2013b, 2015; [...] "Comic art collectives that sprouted in parts of India in recent years included a few women, such as Vidyun Sabhaney, cofounder of Captain Bijli Comics in Delhi, Tina Thomas, co-operator of Studio Kokaachi in Cochin, and Parismita Singh of Pao Collective in Delhi.}} - via MUSE</ref><ref name="Overdorf 2010"/> Singh contributed the chapter "Sleepscapes" to ''Pao: The Anthology Of Comics 1'', published in 2012.<ref name="Singh 2012">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Jai Arjun |title=Great repeat value |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/great-repeat-value/article4057903.ece |access-date=22 September 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=November 3, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The comic treasure of thought bubbles |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1159143344 |access-date=22 September 2021 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=November 18, 2012|id={{ProQuest|1159143344}} }}</ref>

Singh wrote and illustrated ''Mara And The Clay Cows'', a children's book based on a [[Tangkhul Naga people|Tangkhul Naga]] folk tale, which was published in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rose |first=Jaya Bhattacharji |title=A spiderweb of yarns |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1732997254 |access-date=22 September 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=November 15, 2015 |id={{ProQuest|1732997254}} |quote=Some other examples of well-told stories are: [...] Parismita Singh's stupendous graphic story retelling the Naga folktale Mara and the Clay Cows (Tulika) [...]}}</ref><ref name="Tulika"/> She also edited the 2018 anthology ''Centrepiece: Women’s Writing and Art from Northeast India''.<ref name="Kalita 2018">{{cite news |last1=Kalita |first1=Nandini |title=Art and narrative that delineate the complexities associated with Northeastern identity |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/afterword/art-narrative-delineate-complexities-associated-northeastern-identity/28705/ |access-date=22 September 2021 |work=[[The Print]] |date=January 14, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Pal 2018">{{cite news |last1=Pal |first1=Deepanjana |title=Faces in the mirror |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/from-india-today-magazine/story/20180212-art-parismita-singh-zubeni-lotha-naga-culture-1160802-2018-02-03 |access-date=22 September 2021 |work=[[India Today]] |date=February 3, 2018}}</ref> Over three years while working in Assam on education projects, she wrote and illustrated a collection of short stories set in Assam titled ''[[Peace Has Come]]'', which was published in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ravi |first1=S. |title=Like a garment caught on a nail… |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/like-a-garment-caught-on-a-nail/article23412689.ece |access-date=23 September 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=April 2, 2018}}</ref>

In 2018 and 2019, she wrote and illustrated the articles "NRC: BJP Is On A Collision Course With Assamese 'Nationalists' Over Citizenship Bill" and "Assam NRC: Who Will Judge The Judges?", and co-wrote and illustrated "NRC Sketchbook: Ahead Of Deadline, One Final Rush For Inclusion In Assam", all published by ''[[HuffPost]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Parismita |title=NRC: BJP Is On A Collision Course With Assamese 'Nationalists' Over Citizenship Bill |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/nrc-bjp-is-on-a-collision-course-with-assamese-nationalists-over-citizenship-bill_a_23613779 |access-date=23 September 2021 |work=[[HuffPost]] |date=December 10, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Parismita |title=Assam NRC: Who Will Judge The Judges? |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/assam-nrc-who-will-judge-the-judges_in_5d3da2bde4b0a6d6374109b3 |access-date=22 September 2021 |work=[[HuffPost]] |date=July 28, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Parismita |last2=Hussain |first2=Shalim M |title=NRC Sketchbook: Ahead Of Deadline, One Final Rush For Inclusion In Assam |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/ahead-of-assam-nrc-final-list-rush-for-inclusion_in_5d68ea92e4b06beb649c6c8c |access-date=22 September 2021 |work=[[HuffPost]] |date=August 30, 2019}}</ref> While writing about the [[National Register of Citizens]] (NRC) and Assam, [[Sanjay Barbora]] stated, "Novelist Parismita Singh’s thoughtful and reflective pieces on the fallout of the NRC allude to the difficulties that such people have had to endure, as well as the potential for violence that it has brought in its wake."<ref name="Barbora 2020">{{cite news |last1=Barbora |first1=Sanjay |title=NRC debate: How Assam's complicated history has shaped its current predicament |url=https://scroll.in/article/948311/nrc-debate-how-assams-complicated-history-has-shaped-its-current-predicament |access-date=22 September 2021 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=January 17, 2020}}</ref>

==Books==
* {{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Parismita |title=The Adventures of Tejimola and Sati Beula |date=2008 |publisher=Parismita Singh |location=Guwahati}}<ref name="Sadokpam 2008">{{cite news |last1=Sadokpam |first1=Dhiren |title=Beyond boxes and borders |url=https://www.academia.edu/4067021 |access-date=1 February 2022 |work=Biblio |date=May 2008 |pages=32–33}}</ref>
* {{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Parismita |title=The Hotel At The End Of The World |date=2009 |publisher=Penguin India |isbn=9780143102946 |url=}}
*{{cite book |author1=Parismita Singh |editor1-last=The Pao Collective |title=Pao: The Anthology Of Comics 1 |date=2012 |publisher=Penguin India |isbn=978-0143417682 |chapter=Sleepscapes}}<ref name="Lobo 2012">{{cite news |last1=Lobo |first1=Joanna |title=Book review: Pao: The Anthology Of Comics 1 |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-book-review-pao-the-anthology-of-comics-1-1741463 |access-date=22 September 2021 |work=[[Zee News#Newspaper|DNA]] |date=September 16, 2012}}</ref><ref name="Jha 2012">{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Aditya Mani |title=An anthology even greater than the sum of its parts |url=https://www.sunday-guardian.com/bookbeat/an-anthology-even-greater-than-the-sum-of-its-parts |access-date=22 September 2021 |work=[[The Sunday Guardian]] |date=September 9, 2012 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112031350/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/bookbeat/an-anthology-even-greater-than-the-sum-of-its-parts |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Parismita |title=Mara And The Clay Cows |date=2015 |publisher=[[Tulika Publishers]] |isbn=978-93-5046-657-5 |url=}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Singh |editor1-first=Parismita |title=Centrepiece: Women's Writing and Art from Northeast India |date=2018 |publisher=Zubaan Books |isbn=9789385932410 |url=}}
* {{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Parismita |title=[[Peace Has Come]] |date=2018 |publisher=Westland |isbn=9789386850508}}

==Illustrated essays==
* {{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Parismita |title=NRC: BJP Is On A Collision Course With Assamese 'Nationalists' Over Citizenship Bill |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/nrc-bjp-is-on-a-collision-course-with-assamese-nationalists-over-citizenship-bill_a_23613779 |work=[[HuffPost]] |date=December 10, 2018}}
* {{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Parismita |title=Assam NRC: Who Will Judge The Judges? |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/assam-nrc-who-will-judge-the-judges_in_5d3da2bde4b0a6d6374109b3 |work=[[HuffPost]] |date=July 28, 2019}}
* {{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Parismita |last2=Hussain |first2=Shalim M |title=NRC Sketchbook: Ahead Of Deadline, One Final Rush For Inclusion In Assam |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/ahead-of-assam-nrc-final-list-rush-for-inclusion_in_5d68ea92e4b06beb649c6c8c |work=[[HuffPost]] |date=August 30, 2019}}

==Honors and awards==
* 2009 [[Shakti Bhatt Prize|Shakti Bhatt First Book Prize]] shortlist (''The Hotel at the End of the World'')<ref>{{cite news |title=Shakti Bhatt First Book Prize shortlist announced |url=https://news.rediff.com/report/2009/aug/26/shakti-bhatt-first-book-prize-shortlist-announced.htm |access-date=22 September 2021 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=August 26, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=For mother of three, a sweet first |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/238365868 |access-date=22 September 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=December 16, 2009 |id={{ProQuest|238365868}} |quote=Koshy beat competition from five other nominees - Chandrahas Choudhury's Arzee the Dwarf, Parismita Singh's The Hotel at the End of the World, Palash Krishna Mehrotra's Eunuch Park, Mimlu Sen's Baulsphere and Anuradha Roy's An Atlas of Impossible Longing.}}</ref>
* ''[[Scroll.in]]'' Best of 2018: Non-fiction books to understand India and the world (''Centrepiece: New Writing and Art from Northeast India'')<ref>{{cite news |title=Best of 2018: Non-fiction books to understand India and the world |url=https://shop.scroll.in/book/907737/best-of-2018-non-fiction-books-to-understand-india-and-the-world |access-date=22 September 2021 |work=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.ndtv.com/video/shows/just-books/the-hotel-at-the-end-of-the-world-91682?rdr=1 The Hotel at the End of the World] ([[NDTV]] video interview, 2009)
* [https://feminisminindia.com/2018/06/11/book-excerpt-centrepiece-new-writing-and-art-from-northeast-india-edited-by-parismita-singh/ Book Excerpt: Centrepiece – New Writing And Art From Northeast India Edited by Parismita Singh] (''Feminism in India'', 2018)
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Parismita}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian women children's book illustrators]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian illustrators]]
[[Category:Indian children's book illustrators]]
[[Category:Indian comics artists]]
[[Category:Indian women comics artists]]
[[Category:Assamese people]]
[[Category:Artists from Assam]]
[[Category:Women artists from Assam]]
[[Category:Women writers from Assam]]
[[Category:Indian graphic novelists]]
[[Category:Assamese literature]]
[[Category:Indian artist groups and collectives]]
[[Category:Comics groups and collectives]]
[[Category:21st century in India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:1970s births]]

Goutam Das

2026-04-19T10:37:55Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: added new entry

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Goutam Das
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1974}}
| birth_place = West Bengal, India
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Gangarampur Assembly constituency|Gangarampur]]
| term_start = 2016
| term_end = 2021
| predecessor = [[Satyendra Nath Ray]]
| successor = Satyendra Nath Ray
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] [[Trinamool Congress]]
| profession = Politician
}}
'''Goutam Das''' (born 1974)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Goutam Das (All India Trinamool Congress (AITC)):Constituency- Gangarampur (SC) (Dakshin Dinajpur) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=1675 |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He is a former member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Gangarampur Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community, in [[Dakshin Dinajpur district]]. He was elected in the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gangarampur Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/gangarampur-west-bengal-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=IndiaVotes AC: West Bengal 2016 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2016/west-bengal/249/9 |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=IndiaVotes Serial No.41}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Das is from [[Gangarampur]], Dakshin Dinajpur district, West Bengal. He is the son of late Gopendra Das. He completed his BA in 1997 at [[Gangarampur College]], which is affiliated with [[University of North Bengal]]. He is into cultivation while his wife is a primary school teacher.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Das was first elected as an MLA from Gangarampur Assembly constituency representing the Indian National Congress in the 2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election. He polled 80,401 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Satyendra Nath Roy of the [[All India Trinamool Congress]], by a margin of 10,733 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Gangarampur Election Result 2021 LIVE: How to check Gangarampur assembly (Vidhan Sabha) election winners, losers, vote margin, news updates - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/gangarampur-election-result-2021-live-how-to-check-gangarampur-assembly-vidhan-sabha-election-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-9146041.htm |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2021 |title=West Bengal Election: Gangarampur Assembly Constituency 2022 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election/gangarampur-1611433305 |access-date=8 May 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Later, he shifted to the Trinamool Congress while Roy joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. Contesting on Trinamool ticket, Das lost the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] to [[Satyendra Nath Ray]], who contested this election on the Bharatiya Janata Party ticket, by a margin of 4,592 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jangpura Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing , Winners West bengal Jangpura Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-jangpura-constituency-41.html |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gangarampur Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Satyendra Nath Ray of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/gangarampur-election-result-2021-live-updates-gangarampur-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3696743.html |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Goutam}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Dakshin Dinajpur district]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]

Gulam Subhany Choudhury

2026-04-19T10:32:57Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: added new stub...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| birth_place =
| alma_mater =
| death_place =
| office = Member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1983
| term_end = 1985
| predecessor = [[Ramendra De]]
| successor = [[Ramendra De]]
| constituency = [[Badarpur, Assam Assembly constituency|Badarpur]]
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| constituency1 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| children =
| source =
}}

'''Gulam Subhany Choudhury''' is an Indian politician from the state of Assam. He was elected to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from [[Badarpur, Assam Assembly constituency|Badarpur]] in the [[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-1983-85.html|title=Assam Legislative Assembly – MLA 1983–85|accessdate=13 September 2019|website=Assam Legislative Assembly
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/assam/assembly-constituencies/1983-election-results.html|title=Assam Assembly Election Results in 1983|accessdate=13 September 2019|website=www.elections.in
}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choudhury, Gulam Subhany}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1983–1985]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Assam-INC-politician-stub}}

Rajendra Patil Yadravkar

2026-04-16T06:29:47Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: created a article

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Resume-like|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajendra Patil Yadravkar
| image = Rajendra Patil Yadravkar.jpg
| caption =
| office = [[Uddhav Thackeray ministry|Minister of State]] [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| term_start = 30 December 2019
| term_end = 27 June 2022
| minister = * [[Ministry of Public Health (Maharashtra)|Public Health and Family Welfare]]
*[[Ministry of Medical Education (Maharashtra)|Medical Education.]]
* [[Ministry of Food and Drug Administration (Maharashtra)|Food and Drug Administration]]
* [[Ministry of Textiles (Maharashtra)|Textiles]]
* [[Ministry of Cultural Affairs (Maharashtra)|Cultural Affairs]]
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
| 2blankname = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|Deputy CM]]
| 2namedata = [[Ajit Pawar]]
| governor = [[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]]
| predecessor =
| office1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]<ref name = Shirol2019/>
| term_start1 = October 2019
| term_end1 =
| constituency1 = [[Shirol (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shirol]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|05|05|df=y}}
| birth_place = Yadrav, [[Shirol|Shirol Taluka]], [[Kolhapur District]]
| death_date =
| party = Rajarshi Shahu Vikas Aghadi
| other_party = [[Nationalist Congress Party]] [[Indian National Congress]]
| predecessor1 = [[Ulhas Patil]]
}}

'''Dr. Rajendra Shamraoji Patil (Yadravkar)''' is a politician from [[Kolhapur district]], [[Maharashtra]] who is currently [[Minister of State]] in the government of Maharashtra. He was appointed Minister of state for Public Health & Family Welfare, Medical Education, Food & Drug Administration, Textile, Culture Affairs in the [[Government of Maharashtra]].<ref name="MaharashtraCabinet" /> He is current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from [[Shirol (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shirol Vidhan Sabha constituency]] as an independent member.<ref name = Shirol2019>{{cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/ConstituencywiseS13168.htm?ac=280 | title = Shirol Vidhan Sabha constituency result 2019}}</ref><ref name = ShirolMLAs>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/shirol.html | title = Sitting and previous MLAs from Shirol Assembly Constituency}}</ref>

== Career ==
His knowledge in sectors like the sugar industry, spinning mills, banks, education, agriculture, and health has helped the financial and material well-being of around 60,000 farmers across 150+ villages in and around [[Shirol]] and [[Hatkanangale|Hatkalanagle]].{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

At the age of 26 he was elected as corporator of [[Jaysingpur|Jaysingpur Municipality]]. Later at the age of 32 he was appointed Chairman of Sharad Sugar Factory. Under his leadership, Sharad Sugar Factory became debt free in five years. He is known for his leadership skills{{citation needed|date=July 2022}} and strong control over administration.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

Rajendra Patil Yadravkar has strong supporter base in Kolhapur and North Karnataka area. His family has been into social service in Shirol and Hatkalanagle since 3 generations.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

Patil has founded several educational institutions, such as the Sharad Institute of Technology College of Engineering and the Sharad Institute of Technology, Polytechnic in Yadrav and the Sharad College Of Agriculture in Jainapur.

He also holds positions in various institutions. He is the president of the All India Federation of Co-op Spinning Mills Ltd., is chairman of Yadrav Co-op bank ltd., Sharad Co-op Sugar Factory, Ltd., Shri Shamrao Patil Yadravkar charitable and educational trust, and Parvati Co-op Industrial Estate Ltd.. He is the director of Kolhapur Zilla Co-op Spinning Mills Ltd., the Kolhapur District Central Cooperative Bank and Parvati Co-op Spinning Mills Ltd..

Parvati Co-operative Industrial Estate is one of the largest industrial estates in Asia.

To provide education to children of farmers he founded Engineering and Polytechnic college in Yadrav (Kolhapur).

Within less span his Engineering college - Sharad Institute of Technology (SITCO) and Sharad Institute of Technology, Polytechnic, Yadrav garnered a reputation in Western Maharashtra.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

He also founded Sharad College of Agriculture, Jainapur in 2013 to promote research and education in development of Agriculture.

==Positions held==
* 2019: Elected to Maharashtra Legislative Assembly<ref name = Shirol2019/><ref name = ShirolMLAs/><ref name="Independents to watch out for in Maharashtra: 8 BJP-Sena rebels, 1 maverick">{{cite news |date=26 October 2019 |title=Independents to watch out for in Maharashtra: 8 BJP-Sena rebels, 1 maverick |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/independents-to-watch-out-for-in-maharashtra-8-bjp-sena-rebels-1-maverick-6088548/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101113438/https://indianexpress.com/elections/independents-to-watch-out-for-in-maharashtra-8-bjp-sena-rebels-1-maverick-6088548/ |archivedate=1 January 2025 |accessdate=1 January 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* 2019: Appointed Minister of State Government of Maharashtra<ref name = Cabinet2019>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/maharashtra-cabinet-expansion-ajit-pawar-takes-oath-as-minister-to-be-deputy-cm/articleshow/73027731.cms | title = Maharashtra Cabinet Expansion}}</ref>
* 2019: Appointed minister of state for Public Health & Family Welfare, Medical Education, Food & Drug Administration, Textile, Culture Affairs in the [[Government of Maharashtra]]<ref name = MaharashtraCabinet>{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/maharashtra-cabinet-portfolios-announced-dy-cm-ajit-pawar-gets-finance-aaditya-thackeray-allotted-tourism-and-environment-ministry-7861731.html |title= Maharashtra Cabinet portfolios announced}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/news/mumbai/maharashtra-cabinet-ministry-list-governor-approved-allocation-of-portfolios-proposed-by-cm-uddhav-thackeray-729069 |title= महाराष्ट्र मंत्रिमंडळ खातेवाटप जाहीर}}</ref>
* 2024: Elected to Maharashtra Legislative Assembly<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Shirol">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Shirol |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13280.htm |access-date=25 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125074308/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13280.htm |archive-date=25 November 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Uddhav Thackeray ministry]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://shivsena.org/leadership/ Shivsena Home Page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901163032/https://shivsena.org/leadership/ |date=1 September 2020 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patil, Rajendra, Yadravkar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]
[[Category:1970 births]]

Sathupalli Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T02:14:16Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: Stub...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sathupalli
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (116-Sathupalli highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Sathupalli Assembly constituency within Telangana
| state = [[Telangana]]
| type = SLA
| established = 1951
| district = [[Khammam district|Khammam]]
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Matta Ragamayee]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = 2,17,162
| constituency_no = 116
| loksabha_cons = [[Khammam Lok Sabha constituency|Khammam]]
}}
'''Sathupalli Assembly constituency''' (also spelled as, '''Sathupalle''') is a constituency of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is one of ten constituencies in [[Khammam district]] and is a part of [[Khammam Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

Matta Ragamayee of [[Telugu Desam Party|Indian National Congress]] is the MLA of the constituency.

==Mandals==
The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following Mandals:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Sathupalli mandal|Sathupalli]]
|-
| [[Penuballi]]
|-
| [[Kalluru]]
|-
| [[Thallada]]
|-
| [[Vemsoor]]
|-
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" |Political party
|-
! colspan=4|[[United Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Jalagam Vengala Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 1979★
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| [[Jalagam Prasada Rao]]
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| [[Thummala Nageswara Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[Jalagam Prasada Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Thummala Nageswara Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| [[Jalagam Venkat Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Sandra Venkata Veeraiah]]<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4054-andhra-pradesh-2009/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
!colspan=4|[[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=election2014/>
| rowspan="2" | [[Sandra Venkata Veeraiah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
|-
| [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Matta Ragamayee]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}
★by-election

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]:<ref name=election2023>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9691-telangana-general-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report/|publisher=[[Election Commission of india]] |title=Election report |access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref>}}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Sathupalli<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9691-telangana-general-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Telangana General Legislative Election 2018 - Statistical Report |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 20 February 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Sandra Venkata Veeraiah]]
| votes = 1,00,044
| percentage = 50.46
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=Ravi Pidamarthy|votes=81,042|percentage=40.87|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Kolikapogu Swamy |votes=7,345|percentage=3.70|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Macharla Bharathi|votes=2,673|percentage=1.35 |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=1,672|percentage=0.84 |change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=19,002|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,98,281|percentage=89.00|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2014]]: Sathupalli<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4055-andhra-pradesh-2014/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Sandra Venkata Veeraiah]]
| votes = 75,490
| percentage = 39.53
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=Matta Dayanand|votes=73,005|percentage=38.23|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Chandra Sekhar Sambhani|votes=30,105|percentage=15.77|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=Ravi Pidamarthy|votes=6,666|percentage=3.49|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=2,485|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,90,949|percentage=87.93|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Trivia==
* [[Jalagam Vengala Rao]], former [[List of Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]] represented the constituency four times.

==See also==
* [[Sathupalli]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
{{coord|17.211|80.832|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Khammam district]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

P. V. R. K. Prasad

2026-04-11T12:42:57Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: created new entry

{{Short description|Indian civil servant (1941–2017)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = P. V. R. K. Prasad
| image = P._V._R._K._Prasad.jpg
| honorific_suffix = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| birth_name = Patri Venkata Rama Krishna Prasad
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1941|08|22}}
| birth_place = [[Siripuram, Guntur district]]
| office1 = Media Advisor to the [[Prime Minister of India]]
| appointer1 =
| term_start1 = 1991
| term_end1 = 1996
| prime_minister1 = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| predecessor1 =
| education = [[Master of Arts]] in [[English language|English]] and [[LL.B.]] (Gold Medallist) from [[Nagpur University]] and Master's degree from [[Cambridge University]]
| alma_mater = [[Nagpur University]] [[Cambridge University]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2017|08|21|1941|08|22}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
| spouse = Gopika Prasad<ref name="deccanchronicle">{{cite news|title=PVRK Prasad, PV Narasimha Rao media adviser, dead|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/220817/pvrk-prasad-pv-narasimha-rao-media-adviser-dead.html|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|date=22 August 2017|access-date=21 February 2020|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630232623/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/220817/pvrk-prasad-pv-narasimha-rao-media-adviser-dead.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| children = Sanjeev, Madhavi
| occupation = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS Officer]]
| profession = [[Civil servant]]
}}
'''P. V. R. K. Prasad''' (22 August 1941 – 21 August 2017), was an Indian civil servant who served as Media Advisor to the [[Prime Minister of India]], [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] from 1991 to 1996.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|title=Retired civil servant PVRK Prasad passes away|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/retired-civil-servant-pvrk-prasad-passes-away/article19536122.ece|date=22 August 2017|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=21 February 2020|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112041612/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/retired-civil-servant-pvrk-prasad-passes-away/article19536122.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Prasad is an [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) officer belonging to 1966 batch of [[Andhra Pradesh]] cadre. He held several important posts in the center and state including media advisor to former Indian prime minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], executive officer (EO) of [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]], and Director General of [[Dr. Marri Channa Reddy Human Resource Development Institute of Telangana]]. He brought a lot of reforms in the management of Tirumala temple to make it more people friendly.<ref>{{cite news|title=5 things you must know about PVRK Prasad|url=https://telanganatoday.com/5-things-you-must-know-about-pvrk-prasad|publisher=Telangana Today|date=21 August 2017|archive-date=21 June 2020|access-date=20 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621122845/https://telanganatoday.com/5-things-you-must-know-about-pvrk-prasad|url-status=live}}</ref> He continued to be an advisor of this temple even after retiring as an executive officer.<ref name="hindustantimes">{{cite web|last1=Apparasu|first1=Srinivasa Rao|title=Retired IAS officer PVRK Prasad, media advisor to P V Narasimha Rao, passes away|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/retired-ias-officer-pvrk-prasad-media-advisor-to-p-v-narasimha-rao-passes-away/story-JT8zNtl8khAazIjY85Ce7M.html|website=hindustantimes.com|publisher=Hindustan Times|access-date=22 August 2017|archive-date=22 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822051741/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/retired-ias-officer-pvrk-prasad-media-advisor-to-p-v-narasimha-rao-passes-away/story-JT8zNtl8khAazIjY85Ce7M.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He wrote several books about his experience working in with P. V. Narasimha Rao and working as an executive officer of Tirumala temple.<ref name="thehindubusinessline">{{cite web|last1=M|first1=Somasekhar|title=Additional Secretary to Narasimha Rao, PVRK Prasad, passes away|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/additional-secretary-to-narasimha-rao-pvrk-prasad-passes-away/article9825086.ece|website=thehindubusinessline.com|publisher=The Hindu|access-date=22 August 2017}}</ref>

==Early life==
Prasad was born on 22 August 1941 in [[Gudur]] in [[Nellore district]] into a [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking [[Deshastha Madhva Brahmin]] family.{{Sfn|Prasad|2008|p=305}} His father Patri Krishna Rao was a head master of a school and his mother Subhadra Devi was a [[Housewife]].<ref>{{cite news|title=PVRK Prasad – combination of sagacious attitude and practical wisdom|url=https://telanganatoday.com/pvrk-prasad-combination-sagacious-attitude-practical-wisdom|publisher=Telangana Today|date=23 August 2017|quote=There was one such gentleman who was known for his sagacious and spiritual attitude and practical wisdom and he was none other than PVRK Prasad – (Patri Venkata Rama Krishna Prasad) — retired IAS officer of the 1966 batch of the Andhra Pradesh cadre. He was born to Patri Krishna Rao, a well-known headmaster and Subhadra Devi on August 23, 1941, in Gudur, Nellore district.|archive-date=21 June 2020|access-date=21 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621132529/https://telanganatoday.com/pvrk-prasad-combination-sagacious-attitude-practical-wisdom|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==
He belongs to 1966 I.A.S Batch. He worked as a collector of [[Khammam district]] and as a secretary to Chief minister.<ref name="asianetnews">{{cite web|last1=Team Asianet|first1=Telugu|title=టిటిడి సలహాదారు పివిఆర్ కె ప్రసాద్ కనుమూత|url=http://telugu.asianetnews.tv/news/pv-media-advisor-pvrk-prasad-paases-away|website=telugu.asianetnews.tv|publisher=Asianet News|access-date=22 August 2017|archive-date=22 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174940/http://telugu.asianetnews.tv/news/pv-media-advisor-pvrk-prasad-paases-away|url-status=live}}</ref> During his tenure as an executive officer with TTD from 1978 to 1982, and later as an advisor took up several reforms and important projects.<ref name="ndtv">{{cite web|title=Media Advisor To Former PM PV Narasimha Rao Dies|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/media-advisor-to-former-pm-p-v-narasimha-rao-dies-1739857|website=ndtv.com|publisher=NDTV|access-date=22 August 2017}}</ref>

=== Posts Held ===
Prasad held several important positions throughout his career, among the most important of them were media advisor of former Indian prime minister P. V. Narasimha Rao, and executive officer of Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams.
* Sub collector, Bhuvanagiri (1968-1969)
* Project Director, Small Farmers Development Board (1969-1971)
* Secretary to Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh (1971-1972)
* Collector, Khammam (1974-1977)
* Executive Officer of Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (1978-1982)
* Commissioner, State Cultural Department (1984-1986)
* Commissioner, Excise Department (1986-1988)
* Chairman of Visakhapatnam Port Trust (1988-1992)
* Media Advisor and Additional Secretary of Prime Minister's Office (1992–96)
* Director General to Marri Chenna Reddy Human Resource Development Institute (1997-2004)
* Chairman of Hindu Dharma Parirakshana Trust

== Personal life ==
===Family===
Prasad is survived by his wife Gopika, a son, and a daughter.<ref name="deccanchronicle"/> Though a Telugu native, he knew Kannada and Tamil.<ref name="asianetnews"/> His son's name is Sanjeev and his daughter's name is Madhavi.{{Sfn|Prasad|2008|p=290}}

===Views===
P. V. R. K. Prasad is a follower [[Dvaita Vedanta]] of [[Hinduism]], and a strong believer of spirituality. Prasad's family belongs to [[Uttaradi Math]], hence he is an ardent devotee of his guru [[Satyapramoda Tirtha]] and [[Satyatma Tirtha]] of [[Uttaradi Math]].{{Sfn|Prasad|2008|p=11}} Their family deity is Lord [[Venkateshwara]] of [[Tirupati]]. He is also a practitioner of rituals prescribed by [[Madhvacharya]] and meditation. Prasad has religiously visited major Hindu temples when he was an IAS officer and also during the latter part of his life; for instance, when he was serving as the EO of [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] he experienced many miracles of Lord [[Venkateshwara]]. He wrote many books on Lord Venkateshwara and Tirumala. The most popular among them is "Naham Kartha Hari Kartha", a Telugu book in which he described the spiritual experience he had in Tirumala. This book was later translated to English, Tamil, Kannada and Hindi as "When I Saw Tirupati Balaji".{{Sfn|Prasad|2008|p=305}}

== Death ==
Prasad died on 21 August 2017 (his 76th birthday) of cardiac arrest in a private hospital in Hyderabad.<ref name="ndtv"/>

== Books ==
* ''Asalem Jarigindante'' (What actually happened): This book is about his experiences in various posts in the center and state administrative divisions. Later this book was translated to English with the title ''Wheels behind the veil'' (CMs, PMs, and beyond).
* ''Sarva Sambhavam-Naham Kartah Hari Kartah'' (I am not the doer, Hari is the doer): This book is about his spiritual experiences when he was working as an executive officer of T.T.D.
''When I Saw Tirupati Balaji'': This book is the English translation of 'Sarva Sambhavam-Naham Kartah Hari Kartah'.
* ''Tirumala Leelamrutham''
* ''Tirumala Charitamrutham''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book|title=When I Saw Tirupati Balaji|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C26lbOuDIbYC|first=P. V. R. K.|last=Prasad|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|year=2008|isbn=978-8121209335}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, P. V. R. K.}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:People from Guntur district]]

D. S. Kapoor

2026-04-07T10:01:37Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: added post

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = D. S. Kapoor
| honorific_suffix =
| image = DS Kapoor.jpg
| caption = Kapoor in 2016
| order =
| title = Officer on Special Duty, [[National Institute of Design]], [[Kurukshetra]]
| term_start = 2016
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| title2 = Principal, [[Government College of Arts, Chandigarh]]
| term_start2 = 2009
| term_end2 = 2012
| title3 = Dean, [[Pandit Lakhmi Chand State University of Performing and Visual Arts]]
| term_start3 = 2012
| term_end3 = 2016
| order2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1954}}
| birth_place = [[Gurugram]], [[Haryana]], India
| alma_mater = [[Government College of Arts, Chandigarh|Government College of Arts]]
| website = {{URL|http://aestheticvision.in}}
| module =
}}

'''D. S. Kapoor''' (born 1954) is an Indian [[art historian]] and educator. He completed a bachelor of arts degree at [[Government College of Arts, Chandigarh]] (GCA) and began a career as a commercial artist. Later, he moved to art education, teaching at St. John's School. In 1990, he became a faculty member of the GCA, and served as the acting principal of the college from 2009 to 2012. After his retirement, he was appointed the dean of the [[Pandit Lakhmi Chand State University of Performing and Visual Arts]], and then as an [[Officer on Special Duty]] at the [[National Institute of Design]], [[Kurukshetra]].

Kapoor designed a replica of the [[Eiffel Tower]] in [[Chandigarh]], to serve as an entrance to the annual Chandigarh Carnival. He authored a [[coffee table book]] on the GCA's 140-year history titled ''History and Heritage, Government College of Art (INDIA)'', which was released in 2018.

==Early life and education==
Kapoor was born in 1954 in [[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]]. His father, Sujan Singh, was a faculty member at the [[Government College of Arts, Chandigarh|Government College of Arts]] (GCA), [[Chandigarh]]. Kapoor completed his primary education at the Lady Irwin School, Shimla, and his secondary education at the [[Government Model Senior Secondary School, Sector-16, Chandigarh|Government Senior Secondary School]]. Though his father wanted him to pursue a career in architecture, Kapoor was interested in the arts. He was accepted into the GCA and graduated from the college with a national diploma degree in 1978. He later pursued a postgraduate diploma in public relations and advertising at the [[Dayanand College of Communication and Management]].<ref name="History & Heritage">{{cite web |title='History & Heritage' – Govt. College of Art, Chandigarh : A Precious History Book on the Prestigious Heritage of GCA |url=http://epaper.earthnews.in/epaperadmin/photos/pdf/6922625488201826582.pdf |website=The Earth News |accessdate=17 March 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317153336/http://epaper.earthnews.in/epaperadmin/photos/pdf/6922625488201826582.pdf |archivedate=17 March 2019 |format=PDF |date=26 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
Kapoor's first job was as an artist at the Central Government's Tractor Training Centre, where he painted signboards. He quit after a month and joined St. John's School as an art teacher. In 1982, he moved to the [[Department of Industries & Commerce, Haryana]], as a commercial artist. He was instrumental in designing the industrial journal, ''Udyog Yog''. In 1988, he designed a postage stamp to commemorate the Silver Jubilee of the [[Bhakra Dam]].<ref name="History & Heritage"/>

[[File:Eiffel Tower Replica in Chandigarh.jpg|upright=1.15|thumb|right|Replica of the [[Eiffel Tower]] in [[Chandigarh]]]]
In 1990, he joined the GCA, as a teacher. His father Sujan Singh, and his grandfather Sunder Singh, also held various positions at the college making him the third generation to teach there. During his years at the college, he introduced computer graphics as a subject and also founded a registered organisation for the college's alumni, ''Kala Maitri''. In 2009, he was nominated to be the principal. During his tenure the college celebrated its diamond jubilee.<ref name="History & Heritage"/> He established a sculpture park on the college campus, which was named after the sculptor [[Dhanraj Bhagat]]. On 15 October 2010, the park was inaugurated by Ram Niwas, then Chief Secretary of Chandigarh.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theindiapost.com/nation/chandigarh/dhanraj-bhagat-sculpture-park-inaugurated/|title=Dhanraj Bhagat Sculpture park Inaugurated|date=15 October 2010|website=Theindiapost.com|accessdate=11 March 2019|archive-date=18 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218081956/https://www.theindiapost.com/nation/chandigarh/dhanraj-bhagat-sculpture-park-inaugurated/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Kapoor designed a replica of the [[Eiffel Tower]] in [[Chandigarh]], which was installed in the Leisure Valley to serve as an entrance to the annual Chandigarh Carnival.<ref name="Eiffel Tower in Chandigarh">{{cite web |title=Eiffel Tower in Chandigarh|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051122/ttlife.htm#13 |website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune India]] |accessdate=18 March 2019}}</ref> He also designed murals for the Delhi Metro.<ref name="History & Heritage"/> In 2011, he curated an exhibition on the works on Sunirmal Chatterjee, titled ''Retrospective of Sunirmal Chatterjee''.<ref name="Strokes from the Past – Art Exhibition of Sunirmal Chatterjee">{{cite web |author1=Sheveta Bhatia |title=Strokes from the Past |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/strokes-from-the-past/843716/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |accessdate=18 March 2019 |date=9 September 2011}}</ref> After his retirement as principal of the GCA in 2012, he was appointed dean of the [[Pandit Lakhmi Chand State University of Performing and Visual Arts]], [[Rohtak]], a position he held until 2016.<ref name="Faculty Institute of Fine Arts SUPVA">{{cite web |title=Faculty Institute of Fine Arts |url=http://supva.ac.in/supva.ac.in/index/2016-02-17-09-15-32.html |website=SUPVA |accessdate=18 March 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516054626/http://supva.ac.in/supva.ac.in/index/2016-02-17-09-15-32.html |archivedate=16 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the same year, he assumed the office of Officer on Special Duty at [[National Institute of Design]], [[Kurukshetra]].<ref name="History & Heritage"/>

In 2014, with the slogan, ''[[Jai Jawan Jai Kisan]]'' ({{langx|en|Hail the Soldier, Hail the Farmer}}), Kapoor launched a national campaign called ''Jai Kalakar'' ({{langx|en|Hail the Artist}}).<ref name="City-based artist launches Jai Kalakar campaign">{{cite web |title=City-based artist launches Jai Kalakar campaign |url=http://abhitaknews.com/news/2470-City-based-artist-launches-Jai-Kalakar-campaign.aspx |website=Abhitak News |accessdate=18 March 2019 |date=23 July 2014 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202205857/http://www.abhitaknews.com/news/2470-City-based-artist-launches-Jai-Kalakar-campaign.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{As of|March 2019}}, he continues to serve as the president of ''Kala Maitri'', the GCA alumni association, which he founded,<ref name="Old and new come together - DS Kapoor Kala Maitri">{{cite web |title=Old and new come together |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060811/ttlife.htm#1 |website=The Tribune India |accessdate=18 March 2019}}</ref> and is an honorary member of the [[Chandigarh Lalit Kala Academy]].<ref name="History & Heritage"/>

==History and Heritage (book)==
Kapoor authored a coffee table book on the history of GCA, titled ''History and Heritage, Government College of Art (INDIA)''. The book outlines the College's 140 year history from its establishment as the Mayo School of Art in 1875 in [[Lahore]] (now in Pakistan). Kapoor began compiling the book in 2009. It was released in March 2018 at a book launch ceremony attended by the [[Governor of Haryana]], [[Kaptan Singh Solanki]], the Vice Chancellor of Punjab University, Arun Kumar Grover, and the former principal of the GCA, Prem Singh.<ref name="CAN">{{cite web | title=History & Heritage Government Art College – coffee table book released |url=https://cityairnews.com/content/%E2%80%98history-heritage-govt-college-art%E2%80%99-%E2%80%93-coffee-table-book-released |website=City Air News |accessdate=18 March 2019 |date=7 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="Book launched to dedicate 140 years of GCA">{{cite web |author1=Arsh Behal |title=Book launched to dedicate 140 years of GCA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/book-launched-to-dedicate-140-years-of-gca/articleshow/63209119.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. |accessdate=18 March 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318062537/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/book-launched-to-dedicate-140-years-of-gca/articleshow/63209119.cms |archivedate=18 March 2019 |date=8 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
*2002, 2005, 2008 – Award by Governor of Punjab-cum-administrators Chandigarh, on Independence Day and Republic Day<ref name="CAN"/>
*2004 – Chandigarh Lalit Kala Akademi award<ref name="CAN"/>
*2006 – First Friday Forum Prestigious Award for Creative Excellence<ref name="CAN"/>
*2008 – Special Award of Honour by the Vice Chancellor of [[Panjab University]] during World Punjabi Conference<ref name="CAN"/>
*[[Tata Steel]] Selenium Award for Innovative Design<ref name="CAN"/>

==See also==
*[[Mayo School of Arts, Lahore]]
*[[The 1947 Partition Archive]]
*[[National College of Arts]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapoor, D. S.}}
[[Category:Artist authors]]
[[Category:Artists from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian art educators]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Gurgaon district]]

Anshuman Singh Bhati

2026-04-04T03:20:19Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: creating initial biography added tags

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Anshuman Singh Bhati
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| office = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = December 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Bhanwar Singh Bhati]]
| successor =
| constituency = [[Kolayat Assembly constituency|Kolayat]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| assembly =
| party = [[BJP|Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| occupation = Politician
| profession =
| source =
}}

'''Anshuman Singh Bhati''' is an Indian [[politician]] currently serving as a member of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|16th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Kolayat Assembly constituency]]. He is a member of the [[Bhartiya Janta Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/kolayat-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470621-2023-12-03|title=Kolayat Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Anshuman Singh Bhati with 101093 defeats INC's Bhanwar Singh Bhati|date=3 December 2023 |publisher=indiatoday.in|access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kolayat Election Result 2023 Live Updates: BJP's Anshuman Singh Bhati Won By 32,933 Votes |url=https://zeenews-india-com.translate.goog/india/kolayat-election-result-2023-live-updates-bjp-s-anshuman-singh-bhati-vs-congress-bhanwar-singh-bhati-2694530.html?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=hi&_x_tr_hl=hi&_x_tr_pto=tc |access-date=2023-12-04 |publisher=ndtv. com}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Following the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/partywisewinresult-369S20.htm|title=General Elections to Assembly Constituencies:Trends & Results Dec-2023|publisher=results.eci.gov.in|access-date = 2023-12-04}}</ref> he was elected as an MLA from the Kolayat Assembly constituency, defeating [[Bhanwar Singh Bhati]], the candidate from the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), by a margin of 32,933 votes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kolayat, Rajasthan Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Anshuman Singh Bhati defeated Bhanwar Singh Bhati on Kolayat seat|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/kolayat-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830390-2023-12-03|publisher=[[Aaj Tak]]|access-date=2023-12-04}}</ref> He attained the distinction of becoming youngest MLA in the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly elections]] alongside [[Ravindra Singh Bhati|Ravindra singh Bhati]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhati, Anshuman Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

Chandayan (poem)

2026-03-25T08:38:34Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: added stub...

{{Short description|Sufi epic poem written in 1379 by Maulana Daud}}
{{Infobox poem
| name = Chandayan
| author = Maulana Daud
| written = 1379 CE
| language = [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]]
| genre = Sufi epic poem
| form = [[Mathnawi|masnavi]]
| meter = doha and chaupai
}}

'''Chandayan''', or '''The Story of Chanda''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lande |first=Joel B. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/How_Literatures_Begin/Xk4aEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Maulana+Daud&pg=PA88&printsec=frontcover |title=How Literatures Begin: A Global History |last2=Feeney |first2=Denis |date=2021-07-20 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-18652-8 |pages=88 |language=en}}</ref> is the first Hindi literary poem which established the genre of [[Sufism|Sufi]] ''premkhyan'' or love story.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Truschke |first=Audrey |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/India/Pi82EQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=premakhyans&pg=PA238&printsec=frontcover |title=India: 5,000 Years of History on the Subcontinent |date=2025-06-03 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-22122-9 |pages=238 |language=en}}</ref> It was written in 1379 CE by poet Maulana Daud who was a [[Chishti Order|Chishti]] Sufi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Manjhan |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Madhumalati/62vMdziymzgC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Mirig%C4%81vat%C4%AB+(ca.1503)+or+%22The+Magic+Doe%22&printsec=frontcover |title=Madhumalati: An Indian Sufi Romance |date=2001-02-01 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-158751-1 |pages=xiv–xvii |language=en}}</ref> The poem is composed in [[Mathnawi|masnavi]] form (or a poem in couplets)<ref>{{Cite book |last=M. S. Asimov |url=https://archive.org/details/TheAgeOfAchievementA.d.750ToTheEndOfTheFifteenthCentury/page/n399/mode/2up |title=The Age of Achievement A.D. 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century |publisher=UNESCO |year=2000 |isbn=978-9231036545 |pages=400 |language=English}}</ref> and in the [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] dialect, the regional language of the eastern Gangetic plains,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Dāūda |title=The English Translation of Candayan, the Pioneer Indo-Sufi Masnavi of Maulana Daud |date=2023 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-032-52078-0 |location=London |pages=23–41 |translator-last=Hines |translator-first=Naseem Akhtar}}</ref> but was written in the Persian-Arabic script.<ref name=":4" /> Daud had composed the poem for the entertainment of a provincial court in North India.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sheikh |first=Samira |date=2017 |title=Review of Love's Subtle Magic: An Indian Islamic Literary Tradition, 1379–1545 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7817/jameroriesoci.137.3.0634 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=137 |issue=3 |pages=634 |doi=10.7817/jameroriesoci.137.3.0634 |issn=0003-0279}}</ref>

== History ==
Chandayan is recognized as an important literary text in the history of Hindi literature<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Chandayan: A Sufi Tale of Ishq between Languages, Cultures & People |url=https://www.sdmart.org/event/the-chandayan-a-sufi-tale-of-ishq-between-languages-cultures-people/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=San Diego Museum of Art |language=en-US}}</ref> because it pioneered a new genre of literature called ''Awadhi premkatha'' which mixed literary conventions from Persian, [[Apabhraṃśa|Apabhramsha]], and oral Awadhi folk traditions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Orsini |first=Francesca |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/East_of_Delhi/be3DEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=the+chandayan&pg=PA43&printsec=frontcover |title=East of Delhi: Multilingual Literary Culture and World Literature |date=2023 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-765829-1 |pages=28 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Tyler W. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/If_All_the_World_Were_Paper/mmzvEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Cand%C4%81yan+(1379+C.E.)&pg=PT14&printsec=frontcover |title=If All the World Were Paper: A History of Writing in Hindi |date=2024-10-01 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-55875-4 |language=en}}</ref> Traditionally, the masnavis that were composed for the courtly states of India were written in the Persian language and style.<ref name=":1" />
[[File:India, Sultanate, 16th Century - Page from the "Prince of Wales Museum Chandayana" - 1981.55 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif|thumb|manuscript of Chandayan from the Prince of Wales Museum]]
The word ''masnavi'', taken from a Hebrew and Arabic word, means a story that can be interpreted on many levels. As such, Chandayan is an allegory about a man on a spiritual journey who follows the Sufi path to become closer to God as well as a love story about two characters named Chanda (the moon) and Lorik (the sun).<ref name=":1" /> The plot of the story takes inspiration from a popular oral folktale and epic called [[Lorikayan|Candaini]] which was sung by [[Ahir]] singers of northern India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohamed |first=Malik |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Foundations_of_the_Composite_Culture/yPnZEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=the+chandayan&pg=PT196&printsec=frontcover |title=The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India |date=2023-12-01 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-003-83095-5 |language=en}}</ref> Candaini was also a love story about two characters called Lorik and Canva.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shaikh |first=Sanahadbegam |date=2023-05-16 |title=Rare Slides of Chandayan Manuscript now a part of UW Libraries - South Asia Center |url=https://jsis.washington.edu/southasia/news/rare-slides-of-chandayan-manuscript-now-a-part-of-uw-libraries/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120213326/https://jsis.washington.edu/southasia/news/rare-slides-of-chandayan-manuscript-now-a-part-of-uw-libraries/ |archive-date=2025-01-20 |access-date=2025-03-26 |work=South Asia Center |language=en-US}}</ref>

Succeeding poets used Chandayan as a template to create their literary works,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Behl |first=Aditya |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Love_s_Subtle_Magic/HR6hDQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Mirig%C4%81vat%C4%AB+(ca.1503)+or+%22The+Magic+Doe%22&pg=PA109&printsec=frontcover |title=Love's Subtle Magic: An Indian Islamic Literary Tradition, 1379-1545 |date=2016-07-01 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-062882-6 |language=en}}</ref> some of which include Mirigavati, composed in 1503 by Sultan Husain Shah Sharqi of Jaunpur, [[Padmavat]] which was composed in 1540 by [[Malik Muhammad Jayasi]], and [[Madhumalati]] which was composed by Mir Sayyid Manjhan Rajgiri in 1545.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Meri |first=Josef W. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Medieval_Islamic_Civilization_L_Z_index/LaV-IGZ8VKIC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Maulana+Daud&pg=PA620&printsec=frontcover |title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: L-Z, index |date=2006 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-96692-4 |pages=620 |language=en}}</ref>

== Author ==
Chandayan was composed by poet Maulana Daud who was a Chishti Sufi during the reign of [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq|Firoz Shah]]. He lived in the city of Dalmau, present day Rai Bareilli district in [[Bihar]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Behl |first=Aditya |title=Love's subtle magic: an Indian Islamic literary tradition, 1379-1545 |last2=Doniger |first2=Wendy |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-514670-7 |location=New York |pages=36–59}}</ref>

== Structure ==
Daud incorporated an elaborate, structured prologue into the poem that is traditionally found in Persian masnavis. The prologue has 17 stanzas and includes, praise to God (''hamd''), exhalation of the [[Muhammad in Islam|Prophet Muhammad]] (''na't''), eulogies for the four righteous Caliphs and acknowledgement to his patrons and spiritual preceptor.<ref name=":1" />

== Poetic form and prosody ==
The format and structure of Chandayan served as a model for many masnavis that were created later. The poem uses meters and verse forms like [[Doha (poetry)|doha]] and [[Chaupai (poetry)|chaupai]],<ref name=":2" /> and utilizes the four foot [[Apabhraṃśa|Apabhramsha]] meter.<ref name=":1" /> The poem is composed of ''kadavakas'' or stanza like units which were popular in the Awadhi language. Each kadavaka is preceded by an introductory Persian prose phrase or sentence.<ref name=":1" />

== Manuscripts ==
[[File:Chanda talking to a Friend.jpg|thumb|Chanda talking to a Friend, Folio from a manuscript of Laur Chanda. Probably Delhi - Jaunpur belt. Sultanate Period, 1525–1575. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya]]
A complete Chandyan manuscript does not exist and there are only several damaged and incomplete copies which includes five illustrated versions<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sheikh |first=Samira |date=2017 |title=Review of Love's Subtle Magic: An Indian Islamic Literary Tradition, 1379–1545 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7817/jameroriesoci.137.3.0634 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=137 |issue=3 |pages=634–636 |doi=10.7817/jameroriesoci.137.3.0634 |issn=0003-0279}}</ref> and two unillustrated version from the 15th and 16th centuries.<ref name=":2" /> Folios of the manuscript are housed in the [[Berlin State Library|Staatsbibliothek]] in Berlin, [[John Rylands Research Institute and Library]] at the University of Manchester, the [[Bharat Kala Bhavan]], in Benaras,<ref name=":3" /> the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya]] in Mumbai and the [[Lahore Museum]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Bhuyan |first=Avantika |date=2024-05-05 |title='Chandayan': A translation of an epic proportion {{!}} Mint |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/art-and-culture/chandayan-epic-translation-awadhi-to-english-pre-mughal-miniature-paintings-11714882187164.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208105721/https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/art-and-culture/chandayan-epic-translation-awadhi-to-english-pre-mughal-miniature-paintings-11714882187164.html |archive-date=2025-02-08 |access-date=2025-05-11 |work=mint |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Awadhi literature]]
[[Category:Hindi-language literature]]
[[Category:Sufi poetry]]

Siege of Panhala (1701)

2026-03-24T16:13:41Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: Creating...

{{Short description|1701 siege in India by the Mughal Empire}}
{{About|the 1701 siege|other sieges|Siege of Panhala (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = '''Siege of Panhala'''
| width =
| partof = [[Deccan Wars]]
| image =
| image_size = 270px
| alt =
| caption =
| date = January – 28 May 1701
| place = [[Panhala]]
| coordinates = {{coord|16.82|N|74.12|E|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = Maharashtra#India
| map_relief = Yes
| map_size = 290px
| map_marksize = 8
| map_mark = Big battle symbol.svg
| map_caption =
| map_label = Siege of Panhala
| territory = [[Panhala]] and [[Pavangad]] annexed by the [[Mughal Empire]]
| result = Mughal victory<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sardesai|1946|p=345}} "1701 May 28 Aurangzeb captures Panhala"</ref>
| status =
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = [[Mughal Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[Maratha Kingdom]]
| combatant3 =
| commander1 = [[Aurangzeb]] [[Bidar Bakht]] [[Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung|Nusrat Jung]] [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I|Feroze Jung]] Tarbiyat Khan [[Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung|Zulfiqar Khan]] Fath-ullah Khan Hamid-ud-din Khan Muhammad Murad
| commander2 = [[Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi|Parshuram Trimbak]]{{Surrender}} [[Dhanaji Jadhav]] [[Ramchandra Pant Amatya]]
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Later Mughal-Maratha Wars}}
| strength1 = unknown
| strength2 = 10,000 cavalry 2,000 infantry
| casualties1 = heavy
| casualties2 = heavy
}}

The '''Siege of Panhala'''<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Jaques|2006|p=774}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1924|p=173}}</ref> in 1701 was a significant military expedition led by Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]] during his campaign against the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]]. The fort was under the command of Trimbakji, a Maratha leader who was later supported by [[Dhanaji Jadhav]].

== Background ==
The fort of Panhala and its sister fort [[Pavangad]] had been under the possession of [[Sultanate of Bijapur|Bijapur Sultanate]]. The fort of Panhala controlled the main access to Shivaji's area.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Gordon|2007|p=80}}</ref> In 1660, Maratha general [[Shivaji]] killed the Bijapur general [[Afzal Khan (general)|Afzal Khan]] at [[Pratapgad|Pratabgarh]] then [[Siege of Panhala (1660)|captured Panhala]] near [[Kolhapur]], where he was besieged by the Bijapur army under Afzal Khan's son Fazl Khan. In July, Shivaji fled after the fall of nearby Pavangad and Panhala was recaptured when Sultan [[Ali Adil Shah II|Ali Adil Shah]] ({{Reign|1656|1672}}) sent further reinforcements.<ref name=":1">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Jaques|2006|p=774}}</ref>

Following Ali Adil Shah's death in 1672, Sultan's four-year-old son succeeded his father [[Sikandar Adil Shah|Sikander Adil Shah]] ({{Reign|1672|1686}}) under Khawas Khan regency. Shivaji sent [[Annaji Datto Sachiv|Annaji Pant]] to capture Panhala. A Maratha faction under Kondaji Farzand mounted the walls at night took the fortress on 6 March 1673 killing the commander.<ref name=":1" />

== Siege ==
In the autumn of 1700, an advanced Mughal force led by Prince [[Bidar Bakht]] was deployed to the region surrounding the [[Panhala Fort|forts of Panhala]] and Pavangad. The prince established his encampment at the base of Panhala, while his lieutenant, [[Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung|Nusrat Jang]], initiated a siege at the fort's western [[Konkan|Konkan gate]].<ref name=":0">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1924|p=173}}</ref>

=== Dhana Jadav's conflicts with Mughals ===
On January 23, [[Dhanaji Jadhav|Dhana Jadav]] engaged the Mughal army in a fierce battle near the imperial camp, resulting in heavy losses on both sides. The Mughals entrenched at night. Two days later, upon learning Nusrat Jang was approaching from Panhala, Dhana retreated four miles. Hamid-ud-din pursued, but the Marathas fought while retreating, inflicting significant casualties and drawing the Mughals 22 miles from their camp. Battles continued near Raibagh on the following days. By January 29, Dhana rapidly withdrew, and the Mughal general returned to the Emperor.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1924|pp=177–178}}</ref>

On 9 March 1701, [[Aurangzeb]] arrived to personally supervise the campaign, overseeing the establishment of a comprehensive encirclement of both forts, which extended over approximately fourteen miles. Tarbiyat Khan, [[Mughal artillery|artillery]] chief, directed trench and gun platform construction, with bombardment reducing five of Panhala's towers by half. Sappers dug a mine under the fort's gate, featuring a chamber for 20 soldiers with ventilation, windows, and musketry ports.<ref name=":0" />

In the rugged terrain around Panhala Fort, Mughal mining efforts progressed slowly as the rainy season loomed. Rivalries among key generals [[Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung|Nusrat Jang]] and [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I|Firuz Jang]], as well as Tarbiyat Khan and Fath-ullah Khan hindered coordination. Emperor Aurangzeb tasked Fath-ullah Khan with constructing a mine from [[Muhammad Kam Bakhsh|Kam Bakhsh]]’s position, which reached the fort's gate in a month. Tarbiyat Khan, competing, extended his covered lane. However, mutual jealousies among the generals disrupted cooperation, prolonging the siege. Meanwhile, Muhammad Murad, a minor officer from Godra, [[Gujarat]], gained Aurangzeb's favor by independently recruiting 500 cavalry, despite his superior's obstruction, and contributed significantly to the campaign.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1924|p=174}}</ref>

=== Muhammad Murad's assault on Pavangad ===
Muhammad Murad, tasked with attacking Pavangad Fort, pursued enemy forces to a hilltop between Panhala and Pavangad, where he planted his flag and requested reinforcements, planks, and trenching tools to hold the position. Aurangzeb personally ordered generals Ruhullah and Hamid-ud-din to assist, but they refused, deeming Murad's advance reckless and claiming support was impossible. After a day of fruitless messaging, Ruhullah reported the hilltop untenable, warning of potential enemy night attacks. Aurangzeb censured Murad, and courtiers who initially praised him turned to criticism. The next day, Aurangzeb praised Murad in audience but urged Tarbiyat Khan to assault the fort. Tarbiyat Khan sarcastically deferred to Murad, highlighting ongoing rivalries. Several failed escalade attempts followed, and the siege stalled for two months with no progress.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1924|pp=175–176}}</ref>

=== Maratha efforts to lift the siege ===
Nusrat Jang pursued Dhana Jadav, driving him back after an attack beyond [[Chikkodi]], then retreated to Panhala. Dhana resumed operations, sending Krishna Malhar with 10,000 horsemen to raid near Panhala, targeting Mughal supply lines, while he attempted to intercept Mughal artillery at Kararabad. Krishna Malhar attacked Khatau, and [[Ramchandra Pant Amatya|Ramchandra]] and Dado Malhar fought in Konkan against [[Yakut Khan|Siddi Yaqut]] of Danda Rajpuri. On February 4, an infantry of 2,000 escorting provisions to Panhala, was attacked by Nusrat Jang, losing men and supplies but reaching the fort by February 24. Dhana, elusive and pursued by Nusrat Jang, moved between [[Sinhagad|Sinhagarh]] and Mughal territories, sending 15,000 men under Dado Malhar to raid Mughal territories. On April 20, Ranuji approached Panhala with 20,000 men, while [[Bahirji Naik|Baharji]] was captured.<ref name=":3">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1924|pp=178–179}}</ref>

=== Bribe and surrender of the forts ===
Following heavy losses from a mine explosion and a failed assault at [[Satara (city)|Satara]], the Mughal army's morale plummeted during the siege of Panhala. Although two mines were completed at Panhala, the generals hesitated to detonate them, as soldiers refused to storm the breach or expose themselves to enemy fire. Facing impending rains and significant expenditures of time, money, and effort on mining and bombardment, Emperor Aurangzeb resorted to bribery. Through Tarbiyat Khan, secret negotiations secured a large payment to Trimbak Rao, the fort's qiladar, who surrendered Panhala and Pavangarh on 28 May 1701, allowing the garrison to leave with their lives and property. English ambassador [[Sir William Norris, 1st Baronet|Sir William Norris]] witnessed the event.<ref name=":2">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1924|pp=176–177}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
Aurangzeb left on May 29, 1701, for Khatau, but a cyclone devastated the camp, destroying tents and exposing the army.<ref name=":3" /> When Trimbak Rao met [[Ramchandra Pant Amatya|Ramchandra]], the royal minister at [[Vishalgad|Vishalgarh]], he was accused of treachery for betraying his master. Trimbak defended himself, citing a lack of artillery munitions and neglect from his superiors, but was imprisoned for his actions.<ref name=":2" />

== See also ==

* [[Siege of Panhala (1660)]]
* [[Siege of Panhala (1694–1696)|Siege of Panhala (1694–1696)]]

== Citations ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jaques |first=Tony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbLOEAAAQBAJ |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity through the Twenty-first Century [3 volumes] |date=2006-11-30 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-0-313-02799-4 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.513883 |title=History of Aurangzib The Closing Years, 1689-1707 |date=1924 |publisher=M. C. Sarkar & Sons |volume=V |location=Calcutta |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gordon |first=Stewart |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&q=Panhala |title=The Marathas 1600-1818 |date=2007-02-01 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-03316-9 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sardesai |first=Govind Sakharam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lTVuAAAAMAAJ |title=New History of the Marathas: Shivaji and his line (1600-1707 |date=1946 |publisher=Phoenix Publications |language=en |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.505237 |archive-date=2017-01-16}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Military expeditions]]

List of people from Mumbai

2026-03-23T17:17:14Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: updated details

{{short description|Celebrity list}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
This is a list of notable residents of [[Mumbai]], India. Residents may be known as [[Mumbaikar]]s (in [[Marathi language|Marathi]]), or '''Bombayites'''.

{{Dynamic list|date=November 2024}}

==Sport==

===Cricketers===

* [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
* [[Rohit Sharma]]
* [[Sunil Gavaskar]]
* [[Ajinkya Rahane]]
* [[Shreyas Iyer]]
* [[Ajit Agarkar]]
* [[Madhav Apte]]
* [[Pravin Amre]]
* [[Sairaj Bahutule]]
* [[Sameer Dighe]]
* [[Shivam Dube]]
* [[Farokh Engineer]]
* [[Subhash Gupte]]
* [[Wasim Jaffer]]
* [[Vinod Kambli]]
* [[Dhawal Kulkarni]]
* [[Smriti Mandhana]]
* [[Ashok Mankad]]
* [[Sanjay Manjrekar]]
* [[Vijay Manjrekar]]
* [[Vijay Merchant]]
* [[Sandeep Patil]]
* [[Dattu Phadkar]]
* [[Ramesh Powar]]
* [[Punam Raut]]
* [[Jemimah Rodrigues]]
* [[Richard Rutnagur]]
* [[Ravi Shastri]]
* [[Prithvi Shaw]]
* [[Eknath Solkar]]
* [[Leonard Stileman-Gibbard]]
* [[Shardul Thakur]]
* [[Polly Umrigar]]
* [[Dilip Vengsarkar]]
* [[Ajit Wadekar]]
* [[Thomas Wainwright (cricketer)|Thomas Wainwright]]
* [[Suryakumar Yadav]]
* [[Douglas Jardine]]
* [[Arthur Lang]]

===Footballers===
* [[Steven Dias]]
* [[Rahul Bheke]]
* [[Shilton D'Silva]]
* [[Ashutosh Mehta]]

===Field hockey===
* [[Yuvraj Valmiki]]

===Kickboxing===
*Sarah Avraham, Indian-born Israeli kickboxer, 2014 Women's World Thai-Boxing Champion

===Motor racing===
* [[Jehan Daruvala]], Formula 2 racing driver

===Running===
* [[Raj Vadgama]], ultramarathon runner

===Snooker===
* [[Aditya Mehta]], World Games gold medallist

==Business==
[[File:Ajay Piramal at Horasis Global India Business Meeting 2014 crop.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Ajay Piramal]]]]
*[[Anil Agarwal (industrialist)|Anil Agarwal]]
*[[Anil Ambani]]
* [[Mukesh Ambani]]
* [[Nita Ambani]]
* [[Kumar Mangalam Birla]]
* [[Kishore Biyani]]
* [[Ghulam Bombaywala]]
* [[Radhakishan Damani]]
* [[Adi Godrej]]
* [[Sajjan Jindal]]
* [[Uday Kotak]]
* [[Vurjeevandas Madhowdas]]
* [[Anand Mahindra]]
* [[Deena Mehta]]
* [[Ajay Piramal]]
* [[Albert Abdullah David Sassoon]]
* [[David Sassoon (treasurer)|David Sassoon]]
* [[Ronnie Screwvala]]
* [[Ratan Tata]]
* [[Nusli Wadia]]
* [[Sunit Khatau]]

==Film==

===Actors and directors===
* [[Harshad Atkari]]
* [[Avinash Arun]]
* [[Abhishek Bachchan]]
* [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]]
* [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
* [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]], director
* [[Prarthana Behere]]
* [[Manju Bharti]]
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]]
* [[Reshma Bombaywala]]
* [[Ankush Chaudhari]]
* [[David Abraham Cheulkar]]
* [[Ravindra Dave]]
* [[Ileana D'Cruz]]
* [[Ramesh Deo]]
* [[Seema Deo]]
* [[Bobby Deol]]
* [[Ritesh Deshmukh]]
* [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], Bengali actor
* [[Varun Dhawan]]
* [[Madhuri Dixit]]
* [[Sanjay Dutt]]
* [[Waris Hussein]]
* [[Karan Johar]]
* [[Swapnil Joshi]]
* [[Bhalchandra Kadam]], aka Bhau Kadam
* [[Kajol]]
* [[Urmila Kanitkar]]
* [[Arjun Kapoor]]
* [[Kareena Kapoor]]
* [[Karisma Kapoor]]
* [[Ranbir Kapoor]]
* [[Shraddha Kapoor]]
* [[Sonam Kapoor]]
* [[Jahangir Pestonji Khambhata]]
* [[Amruta Khanvilkar]]
* [[Sonali Kulkarni]]
* [[Sonalee Kulkarni]]
* [[Ashmith Kunder]]
* [[Aamir Khan]]
* [[Salman Khan]]
* [[Dada Kondke]]
* [[Mahesh Kothare]]
* [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
* [[Ishaa Koppikar]]
* [[Vierendrra Lalit]], director
* [[Urmila Matondkar]]
* [[Winifred Mayo]]
* [[Amol Palekar]]
* [[Nana Patekar]]
* [[Ameesha Patel]]
* [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]]
* [[Dilip Prabhavalkar]]
* [[Tejashri Pradhan]]
* [[Rinku Rajguru]]
* [[Hrithik Roshan]], actor
* [[Rakesh Roshan]]
* [[Nilesh Sable]]
* [[Ashok Saraf]]
* [[Shruti Seth]]
* [[Manoj Shah]]
* [[Namrata Shirodkar]]
* [[Shilpa Shirodkar]]
* [[Zenobia Shroff]], Indian-American actress and comedian
* [[Ranveer Singh]]
* [[Amruta Subhash]]
* [[Shreyas Talpade]]
* [[Sai Tamhankar]]
* [[Shenaz Treasury]], actress and vlogger
* [[Preity Zinta]]

==Music==

===Conductors===

[[File:Zubin Mehta 1.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Zubin Mehta]]]]
* [[Zubin Mehta]]

===Lyricists, musicians and singers===
* [[Javed Akhtar]]
* [[Aarya Ambekar]]
* [[Asha Bhosle]]
* [[Rahul Dev Burman]]
* [[Ajay–Atul]]
* [[Naezy]] - rapper
* [[Savani Ravindra]]
* [[Rohit Raut]]
* [[Sadhana Sargam]]
* [[Geeta Dutt]]
* [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
* [[Usha Mangeshkar]]
* [[Freddie Mercury]]
* [[Mohammed Rafi]]
* [[Geetika Varde]], classical singer<ref name=hin09>{{cite web | title = United Colours of India | publisher = Hindustan Times | url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/sexandrelationships/united-colours-of-india/article1-371469.aspx | date = 27 January 2009 | access-date = 2014-02-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140313024831/http://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/sexandrelationships/united-colours-of-india/article1-371469.aspx | archive-date = 13 March 2014 }}</ref>
* [[Hridaynath Mangeshkar]]
* [[Rahul Vaidya]]
* [[Vaishali Samant]]
* [[Abhijeet Sawant]]
* [[Bela Shende]]
* [[Aditya Narayan]]
* [[Divine (rapper)|Divine]] - rapper

==Writers and journalists==
{{See also|List of poets from Mumbai}}
*[[Devyani Chaubal]] (1942–1995), film journalist and columnist of the 60s and 70s
* [[Firdaus Kanga]]
* [[B. K. Karanjia]] (1919–2012), film journalist and editor of ''Filmfare'' and ''Screen'', chairman of [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]]
* [[Rudyard Kipling]]
* [[Rohinton Mistry]]
* [[Gregory David Roberts]]
* [[Salman Rushdie]]
* [[Melanie Silgardo]] (born 1956), poet
* [[Rishi Vohra]]
* [[Fareed Zakaria]]
* [[Taran Adarsh]]
* [[Mahinder Watsa]]
* [[Avabai Bomanji Wadia]]
* [[J. Clement Vaz]]
* [[Rohini Nilekani]]
* [[Seshadri Chari]]
* [[Vasudeo Sitaram Bendrey]]

==Others==
*[[Uddhav Thackeray]], ex-CM Maharashtra
*[[Aditya Thackeray]], politician
*[[Sunil Dutt]], politician
*[[Troy Costa]] (born 1975), fashion designer<ref>{{cite web | title = Narendra Modi out to make strong fashion statement in US; hires high-profile designer Troy Costa | publisher = The Economic Times | url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-07-21/news/51831072_1_narendra-modi-signature-modi-jade-blue | date = 21 July 2014 | access-date = 2014-08-02 | archive-date = 7 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160807232225/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-07-21/news/51831072_1_narendra-modi-signature-modi-jade-blue | url-status = dead }}</ref>
* [[Kekoo Gandhy]] (1920–2012), art gallery owner, founded Gallery Chemould in 1963<ref>{{cite web | title = Chemould celebrates fifty years | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/people/Chemould-celebrates-fifty-years/articleshow/21877272.cms | date = 17 August 2013 | access-date = 2014-05-24 | work = [[The Times of India]] | archive-date = 15 October 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221015210732/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/people/Chemould-celebrates-fifty-years/articleshow/21877272.cms | url-status = live }}</ref>
* [[Chandrakala A. Hate]], author, feminist, social worker, and professor
* [[Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy]], merchant and philanthropist
* [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], lawyer, politician, and the founder of Pakistan
* [[Abie Nathan]], humanitarian and peace activist
* [[Shibani Dandekar]], model, anchor and singer
* [[Reshma Bombaywala]], model, actress and jewellery designer
* [[Reshma Qureshi]], model and vlogger
* [[Cowasji Jehangir Readymoney]], community leader, philanthropist and industrialist
* [[Sandra Samuel]], nanny who saved the life of two-year-old Moshe Holtzberg during the November 2008 Mumbai terrorist attacks
* Vidya Chavan, politician, and the founder of Ghar Hakk Jagruti Parishad<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/squatters-seek-closure-of-park-breweries/articleshow/979741.cms|title=Squatters seek closure of park breweries|website=www.timesofindia.com|access-date=23 October 2021|archive-date=21 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121083120/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/squatters-seek-closure-of-park-breweries/articleshow/979741.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/politics/veteran-social-activist-mrinal-gore-changed-my-life-says-vidya-chavan-515756.html|title='पाणीवाली बाई'मुळे आयुष्याला टर्निंग पॉईंट मिळाला; वाचा, कशी आहे विद्या चव्हाणांची राजकीय जडणघडण!|website=www.tv9marathi.com|access-date=22 October 2021|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023120528/https://www.tv9marathi.com/politics/veteran-social-activist-mrinal-gore-changed-my-life-says-vidya-chavan-515756.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/not-here-to-snatch-anything-yogi-adityanath-hits-back-at-uddhav-thackeray-7078476/|title=Not here to snatch anything: Yogi Adityanath hits back at Uddhav Thackeray|access-date=23 October 2021|website=indianexpress.com|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023120527/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/not-here-to-snatch-anything-yogi-adityanath-hits-back-at-uddhav-thackeray-7078476/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Ranvir Shah]], cultural activist and philanthropist<ref name=hindu09>{{cite web | title = Best of three worlds | work = The Hindu | url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/best-of-three-worlds/article40968.ece | date = 30 October 2009 | access-date = 2014-02-24 | first = Shonali | last = Muthalaly | archive-date = 3 March 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140303193449/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/best-of-three-worlds/article40968.ece | url-status = live }}</ref>
* [[Jagannath Shankarshet]], philanthropist and educationalist
* [[Rufus Pereira]], [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[Priesthood in the Catholic Church|priest]] and [[exorcist]]
* [[Karan Singh (magician)|Karan Singh]] (born 1991), Indian magician
* [[Tarun Tahiliani]], fashion designer<ref name=it-designs>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20081117-designs-on-the-bride-738163-2008-11-06|title=Designs on the bride|publisher=India Today|date=2008-11-07|access-date=2014-05-29|archive-date=7 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807192825/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Designs+on+the+bride/1/19518.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Zakir Naik]], physician, Islamic preacher, founder of Islamic Research Foundation (IRF) and [[Peace TV]]
*[[Sameer Wankhede]], Indian officer, worked with NCB
* [[Regan Gurung]] (born 1969), author, social psychologist and professor at [[Oregon State University]]
* [[Faheem Ansari]], charged with involvement in the 2008 Mumbai attacks
* [[Edgar Anstey (psychologist)]]
* [[Urmila Balawant Apte]], founder of the BhartiyaStree Shakti organisation
* [[Pravin Varaiya]], professor
* [[Kamila Tyabji]], lawyer
* [[Ashlesha Thakur]], model
* [[Menaka Thakkar]], dance, teacher
* [[Jagannath Shankarseth]], educationist
* [[Aishwarya Sridhar]], wild life photographer
* [[Matthew Spacie]], rugby player
* [[Karan Singh (magician)]]
* [[Preeti Simoes]], producer
* [[Harsh Vardhan Shringla]], ambassador
* [[Ketaki Sheth]], photographer and author
* [[Surabhi Sharma]], filmmaker and educator
* [[Sheetal Sharma]], fashion and costume designer
* [[Vipul D. Shah]], TV producer
* [[Ashiesh Shah]], architect and designer
* [[Afroz Shah]], lawyer
* [[Leonard John Sedgwick]], civil servant
* [[Anne-Marie Schwirtlich]], Australian librarian
* [[Neela Satyanarayanan]], author and civil servant
* [[Amla Ruia]], social activist
* [[Devika Rotawan]], survivor of the 2008 Mumbai attacks
* [[Judah Reuben]], cricket umpire
* [[Ashish Rajadhyaksha]], film scholar
* [[Rajesh Pullarwar]], artist
* [[Bapsybanoo Pavry]], socialite and aristocrat
* [[Sheela Patel]], activist and academic involved with people living in slums and shanty towns
* [[J.B. Pardiwala]], judge
* [[Aniruddha B. Pandit]], inventor
* [[Marietta Pallis]], ecologist
* Satyajit Padhye, puppeteer
* [[Morobhatt Dandekar]], Hindu pandit
* [[Tarabai Modak]], social worker
* [[Julião Menezes]], freedom fighter
* [[Shankar Subbanarasayya Mantha]], academic and administrator
* [[Akshay Laxman]], stage magician and mentalist
* [[Bina Sheth Lashkari]], doorstep school founder
* [[Johny Lal]], cinematographer
* [[Pradeep Khosla]], computer scientist
* [[Sanjyot Keer]], internet personality
* [[Mumtaz M. Kazi]], Indian train engineer
* [[Kunal Kamra]], standup comedian
* [[Kamal Shedge]], typographer
* [[Pravin Joshi]], stage actor
* [[Rakesh Jhaveri]], spiritual leader
* [[Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy]] Parsi merchant
* [[Kim Jagtiani]], TV host
* [[Dinshah Irani]], lawyer
* [[Princess India of Afghanistan]], Afghan royal
* [[R. P. Goyal]], banker
* [[Rachel Goenka]], chef
* [[Natwar Gandhi]], CFO
* [[Cecil Fforde]], judge
* [[Munawar Faruqui]], standup comedian
* [[Stig Engström (suspected murderer)]]
* [[Vikas Dilawari]], conservation architect
* [[Keshav Desiraju]], bureaucrat
* [[Monty Desai]], cricket coach
* [[Vidya Dehejia]], professor
* [[Percival David]], financier
* [[Souvid Datta]], photographer
* [[Dhunbai Cowasji Jehangir]], philanthropist
* [[Carlos Cordeiro]], sports executive
* [[Darryl Castelino]], air force officer
* [[Bombae]], performer
* [[Bhima of Mahikavati]], king
* [[Jagdish Bhagwati]], economist
* Syed Abdullah Barelvi, freedom fighter
* [[Damodar Bangera]], freedom fighter
* [[Abhijit Banerjee]], economist
* [[Rosalind Ballaster]], scholar
* [[Kelyn Bacon]], judge
* [[Teji Bachchan]], social activist, wife of Hindi poet Harivansh Rai Bachchan and mother of Bollywood actor Amitabh Bachchan
* [[Garima Arora]], first Indian woman to win a Michelin star
* [[Keya Wingfield]], Indian American chef<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the Competitors of Spring Baking Championship Season 10 |url=https://www.foodnetwork.com/shows/spring-baking-championship/photos/meet-the-competitors-of-spring-baking-championship-season-10 |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Food Com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Zubin Mehta]], conductor
* [[Usha Desai]], environmentalist<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-01-02 |title=Two tree chroniclers help Mumbai unearth its natural treasures |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/two-tree-chroniclers-help-mumbai-unearth-its-natural-treasures/articleshow/67342654.cms |access-date=2024-05-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Academics ==

* [[Mahmood Mamdani]] (born 1946)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mumbai topics}}

[[Category:People from Mumbai| ]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian people by populated place|Mumbai]]
[[Category:Mumbai-related lists|People]]
[[Category:Lists of people from Maharashtra|Mumbai]]

J. G. Prince

2026-03-19T16:52:48Z

Chitkarauonlinemba:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP one source|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = J. G. Prince
| citizenship = Indian
| constituency = [[Colachel (State Assembly Constituency)|Colachel]]
| residence = Hebron, 15/173A SamaVillai, Kanjiracode, Kanyakumari District, PIN : 629155, Tamil Nadu, India
| party = Indian National Congress
| children = Donal, Donish
| profession = Farmer, Politician
| office = [[Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| spouse = Helen Joy
| education = M.A., B.L.,
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|5|7|df=y}}
| termend =
| termstart = 13 May 2011
| country = India
| image = JG Prince 01.jpg
| nickname = Prince
}}

'''J. G. Prince''' is an Indian politician and incumbent member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Colachel (State Assembly Constituency)|Colachel constituency]]. He represents the [[Indian National Congress]] party.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=List of MLAs from Tamil Nadu 2011 |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/member_list.pdf |publisher=Govt. of Tamil Nadu |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320103427/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/member_list.pdf |archivedate=2012-03-20 }}</ref> He is one of the pillars of the Kanyakumari district congress. Has been serving the party since the age of 17 without changing loyalty and made the [[Colachel (State Assembly Constituency)|Colachel constituency]] a stronghold for the party. He won the 2011 and 2016 elections in Colachel constituency and in 2016 he was appointed Deputy Leader CLP, Tamil Nadu Assembly Member, AICC. As of 2021, he has 205 criminal cases pending against him.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title= Myneta Profile|url=https://myneta.info/TamilNadu2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=956}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
J. G. Prince was born on 17 May 1958 in Sama Villai, Tamil Nadu, to J. Gnana Silkhamony and V. Gnana Flora Bamy. He did his schooling at LMS School, [[Palliyadi]] and he completed a Bachelor of Law, (B.L.), [[Bangalore University]], and Master of Arts, (M.A.), [[Annamalai University]].

== Achievements as a DCC President ==

* Enrolled l Lakh new members to the party.
* Purchased 23 ¾ cents land for constructing the party office.
* Enrolled 25,000 labourers in the Trade Union.
* Enlarged party base in Kanyakumari District by various social programs.
* The largest party in Kanyakumari District as evidence it won all the 3 contested Assembly Constituencies with the remarkable margin of votes.

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Constituency
!Party
!Result
!Votes
!'''Vote %'''
|-
|[[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|[[Colachal Assembly constituency|Colachel]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|{{Won}}
|58,428
|40.16%
|-
|[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Election Commission of India|date=|title=Tamil Nadu General Legislative Election 2016|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3473-tamil-nadu-general-legislative-election-2016/?do=download&csrfKey=f93c1c52a9dc64f90bf66ec76c1a7de6|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=eci.gov.in/}}</ref>
|[[Colachal Assembly constituency|Colachel]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|{{Won}}
|67,195
|40.19%
|-
|[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS22233.htm?ac=233|title = Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|[[Colachal Assembly constituency|Colachel]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|{{Won}}
|90,681
|49.56%
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prince, J. G.}}
[[Category:Politicians from Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]

{{TamilNadu-INC-politician-stub}}

Young Chico

2026-03-15T17:13:04Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: Done...

{{short description|Indian singer (1952–2019)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Young Chico
| image = File:Young Chico at ceremony (cropped) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Bringel at [[Ravindra Bhavan, Margao]] in 2013
| birth_name = Francisco Xavier Paulino Dias dos Milagres Bringel
| birth_date = {{birth date|1952|1|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mapuçá]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| burial_place = St. Diogo Church cemetery, [[Guirim]], Goa
| death_date = {{death date and age|2019|1|2|1952|1|26|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Goa Medical College]], Bambolim, Goa, India
| occupation = Singer
| children = 2
| spouse = Connie Bringel
| relatives =
| years_active = 1976–2010s
}}

'''Francisco Xavier Paulino Dias dos Milagres Bringel'''{{efn|Bringel's birth certificate in Portuguese, when translated into English, states his name as '''Francisco Xavier Paulino Dios Dos Milagues Bringel''', which appears to contain two [[typo]]s.}} (26 January 1952 – 2 January 2019), known professionally as '''Young Chico''', was an Indian singer known for his work in [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]] and ''[[tiatr]]'' productions.

Team Café of ''[[O Heraldo]]'' writes, Bringel, known as the "Man with Golden Voice," was a devoted admirer of ''[[tiatr]]'' from an early age. He gained fame for his singing talent and was particularly known for his melodious renditions of [[Konkani language|Konkani]] songs, notably his acclaimed piece titled "Nouro". Throughout his career, Bringel collaborated with esteemed figures in the tiatr industry, including directors [[C. Alvares]], [[M. Boyer]], Remmie Colaco, [[Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)|Prem Kumar]], [[Alfred Rose (singer)|Alfred Rose]], Bab Peter, Tony Martin, [[Chris Perry (musician)|Chris Perry]], and [[Kid Boxer]], among others.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=TAG condoles Young Chico's Death |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/TAG-condoles-Young-Chico%E2%80%99s-Death/140792 |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=2024-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101144131/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/TAG-condoles-Young-Chico%E2%80%99s-Death/140792 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Besides his vocal contributions, Bringel also ventured into music production, releasing numerous audio cassettes. He showcased his own compositions as well. ''The Goan Everyday'' writes, with Bringel's distinctive [[bass voice]] and timeless tracks such as "Milenna", "Christalina", and "Nouro", his commitment to professionalism and selfless dedication elevated ''tiatr'' performances, making them both meaningful and brilliant.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Young Chico no more |url=https://www.thegoan.net//young-chico-no-more/48030.html |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en |archive-date=2021-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628104741/https://www.thegoan.net//young-chico-no-more/48030.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life==
Francisco Xavier Paulino Dias dos Milagres Bringel<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2019 |title=Directorate of Planning, Statistics and Evaluation and Office of the Chief Registrar of births and deaths |url=https://rbd.goa.gov.in/Certificate/DeathCertificate.aspx#bSearch |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=Goa Online |archive-date=23 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123154022/https://rbd.goa.gov.in/ErrorPage/500.htm?aspxerrorpath=/Certificate/DeathCertificate.aspx#bSearch |url-status=dead }}</ref> was born on 26 January 1952, in [[Mapuça]], [[Goa]], which was then a part of [[Portuguese India]] during the era of the [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India). He belonged to a [[Goan Catholic]] family and was the son of Emerico Luis Bringel (later known as Emerico Luis Carlos Sebastiao Bringel), a [[proprietor]], and Ida Carolina Dias Bringel, a [[homemaker]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2006 |title=Registo De Nascimento |url=https://goaonline.gov.in/Appln/UIL/BirthDeathCertificate_af?__Key=&_Mode=B&__cscKey= |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=Goa Online |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810131321/https://goaonline.gov.in/HomePage |url-status=live}}</ref> His lineage included his poet grandfather, Paulino Dias.<ref name=":1" />

From an early age, Bringel demonstrated musical talent. During his school years, he participated in concerts, attracting audiences with his singing. His performances were met with applause, as his voice captivated listeners until the final note. This foundation led to his early involvement in a band that performed at weddings and other celebratory occasions.<ref name=":2" />

At the age of 13, he made his debut on the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]], participating in village ''[[tiatrs]]'' and delivering renditions primarily composed by [[Alfred Rose (singer)|Alfred Rose]].<ref name=":0" /> Bringel admired Rose, who was recognized as the "Melody King of Goa" and had achieved success in the ''tiatr'' domain. Bringel's vocal tone was similar to that of his idol, Alfred Rose.<ref name=":2" />

==Career==
Bringel's journey in the world of music began when he joined the [[Beat music|English beat]] group Imaginations hailing from his own village. After performing with the group for a number of years, Bringel made a significant decision to devote himself entirely to the ''[[tiatr]]'' stage. It was in 1976 that he made his professional ''tiatr'' debut with the play ''Seza Pai'', written and directed by Vincent de Curtorim, widely recognized as [[Star of Curtorim]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title="Young Chico's legacy will live on forever" |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/%E2%80%9CYoung-Chico%E2%80%99s-legacy-will-live-on-forever%E2%80%9D/140793 |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=2022-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029232821/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/%E2%80%9CYoung-Chico%E2%80%99s-legacy-will-live-on-forever%E2%80%9D/140793 |url-status=live }}</ref> During this ''tiatr'' production, Bringel assumed the stage name "Young Chico"<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=N. T. |date=2019-01-03 |title=Young Chico no more – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2019/01/03/goanews/young-chico-no-more/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029234325/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2019/01/03/goanews/young-chico-no-more/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and showcased his vocal prowess through two [[solo (music)|solos]]. The play ''Seza Pai'' achieved great success, with Bringel's solos contributing significantly to its acclaim. The audience, astounded by Bringel's performance, warmly embraced him and bestowed upon him the endearing title of "Junior Alfred Rose".<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2019-01-04 |title=Young Chico: A singer par excellence |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/young-chico-a-singer-par-excellence/articleshow/67373364.cms |access-date=2024-01-01 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202192057/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/young-chico-a-singer-par-excellence/articleshow/67373364.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Bringel's singing abilities soon caught the attention of ''tiatr'' writers and directors, who eagerly sought his contribution to their productions. He swiftly garnered a reputation as the most sought-after singer of his time. Initially relying on others to compose songs for him, Bringel eventually expanded his creative horizons. His collaborations with prominent directors such as Jacint Vaz, [[M. Boyer]], Remmie Colaco, Fr Freddy J da Costa, [[Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)|Prem Kumar]], [[C. Alvares]], [[Patrick Dourado]], Anil Pednekar, Anthony Sylvester, [[Alfred Rose (singer)|Alfred Rose]], Inacio de Canacona, Anthony San, and others provided ample opportunities for him to showcase his singing skills and captivate the hearts of the audience.<ref name=":0" /> Furthermore, his collaborations with performers such as Shalini and [[Ophelia (actress)|Ophelia]] elevated the standards of the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''[[Tiatr#Songs|kantar]]'' genre, leaving a lasting impact on the musical landscape.<ref name=":2" />

Bringel extended his musical prowess beyond live performances by lending his voice to numerous [[audio cassette]]s and [[CD]]s produced by various artists.<ref name=":2" /> Demonstrating his versatility, he garnered attention from multiple producers involved in the production of Konkani [[audio album]]s. His performances transcended geographical boundaries, as he graced musical shows not only in [[Goa]] but also in prominent cities such as [[Delhi]], [[Pune]], [[Kolkata]], [[Mumbai]], [[Kuwait]], [[Dubai]], [[Abu Dhabi]], and [[Doha]]. During a performance in Dubai, Bringel's profound songs left a lasting impression on the audience, leading them to bestow upon him the [[honorary title]] of the "Man with a Golden Voice." His contributions to the theatrical realm were recognized by the esteemed [[Kala Academy]], which honored him on Tiatr Day for his invaluable services to the ''tiatr'' stage. Furthermore, Bringel showcased his vocal talents in the [[Konkani cinema|Konkani film]] ''Adeus Moga'', directed by his daughter Bushka, and lent his voice to the film ''Girestkai''.<ref name=":0" />

During a performance in the ''tiatr'' production titled ''Sounsar Sudhorlo'' by M. Boyer in Delhi, Bringel had an encounter with Connie, who would later become his spouse. Connie, known for her affiliation with renowned jazz singers Joe and Babush who had established themselves as figures in the national music scene. Bringel's compositions, such as "Milena" written by [[Tomazinho Cardozo]] and "Novro", have continued to captivate audiences through the airwaves of [[FM radio]] stations.<ref name=":1" /> In the 1980s, his creations received recognition on [[All India Radio]]'s program 'Manajogtim Gitam, where his songs "Milena," "Hanv Poddiam Mogan," "Maim," and "Novro" garnered popularity. These tunes also garnered a listenership on the acclaimed [[Radio Ceylon]].<ref name=":0" />

==Personal life==
Bringel encountered his future spouse, Connie, during a theatrical tour in [[Delhi]]. Connie is the sister of [[Jazz singing|jazz singer]]s Joe and Babush.<ref name=":1" /> The couple went on to have two children: a son named Anthony, professionally known as Junior Chico, who plays [[percussion]] for The Syndicates, and a daughter named Bushka, who has carved out her own successful career as a singer.<ref name=":4" />

==Awards==
Hailing from the [[census town]] of [[Guirim]],<ref name=":0" /> Bringel has received numerous awards for his singing abilities. His achievements include the "Kala Gaurav Puraskar" from the Directorate of Art and Culture, bestowed upon him by the [[Government of Goa]]. The [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] recognized his enduring contributions with the "TAG's Lifetime Contribution to Tiatr award". Additionally, Bringel was honored by the [[Kala Academy]] Goa and the 125th Anniversary of Tiatr Celebration Committee for his significant impact on [[Goan]] ''[[tiatr]]''.<ref name=":2" /> He also received the esteemed "Golden Voice Award" from [[Abu Dhabi]].<ref name=":1" />

==Death==
On 2 January 2019, Bringel died at the [[Goa Medical College]] while undergoing treatment for a [[hip replacement]]. The cause of death was reported as a [[cardiac arrest]].{{efn|According to reports from Team Café of ''[[O Heraldo]]'', Bringel's death was attributed to a short-term illness.''The Goan Everyday'' stated that, based on information from family sources, he had been homebound for the past few years.<ref name=":4" />}} Following his demise, a funeral service was held two days later at St. Diogo Church in [[Guirim]].<ref name=":1" />

===Reactions===
Anthony San, a fellow performer who frequently shared the ''[[tiatr]]'' stage with Bringel, recalled their professional collaboration dating back to 1975. In various productions, both artists would often commence the performances with an opening song. Notably, in the ''tiatr'' titled ''Ekuch Ghor'' (One House), the trio of [[Alfred Rose (singer)|Alfred Rose]], Bringel, and Anthony San would take center stage.<ref name=":0" />

Anthony San revealed the shared aspiration he and Bringel harbored for recording their voices together. This aspiration was ultimately realized in 1979, when they seized the opportunity to record for the [[Konkani cinema|Konkani film]] ''Girestkai'' (Weath), produced by Das. The recording session took place at [[Mumbai]]'s renowned Navrang studio, featuring lyrics penned by Rosario Rodrigues and music composed by Emiliano D'Cruz. Despite Anthony San's own accolades in the realm of singing, he consistently held an appreciation for Bringel's melodious vocal abilities. Furthermore, Anthony San acknowledged Bringel's talent in singing across multiple languages, including English, [[Konkani language|Konkani]], and Portuguese. He further added, while Bringel's absence on the ''tiatr'' stage will undoubtedly leave a void, his enduring legacy of musical contributions ensures his continued presence in our collective memory.<ref name=":0" />

Joe Rose who was closely associated with the singer, acknowledged the significant impact of Bringel's performances on his first [[audio cassette]], titled "Top Konkani Hits." In particular, Bringel's rendition of Joe Rose's compositions "Nouro" and "Maim" greatly contributed to the immense success of the album. Their professional collaboration extended beyond the recording studio, as they embarked on several ''tiatr'' tours across various cities including [[Goa]], [[Mumbai]], [[Delhi]], [[Calcutta]], and the [[Gulf countries]]. During these tours, they shared moments of light-hearted camaraderie with the rest of the troupe, engaging in jovial pranks that fostered a vibrant atmosphere.<ref name=":0" />

[[Hortencio Pereira]], another artist of the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]], expressed his profound shock upon learning of Bringel's passing. Notably, Pereira had the privilege of collaborating with Bringel on multiple occasions, where they performed duets together in various dramas. Bringel's vocal contributions played a pivotal role in four of Hortencio Pereira's cassettes and [[CD]]s, earning him great respect as a singer, akin to the renowned Alfred Rose. Pereira offered his prayers for Bringel's soul and extends his wishes for strength to the grieving family.<ref name=":0" />

The passing of Bringel is a significant loss for the Konkani ''tiatr'' stage, as expressed by [[Wilson Mazarello]], who described him as a highly talented tiatrist and an exceptional singer. Another ''[[tiatrist]]'', [[Fatima D'Souza]], shared her personal connection with Bringel and reminisced about the memorable experiences they had together, including their travels, shared jokes, and time spent on stage.<ref name=":0" />

The [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] (TAG), representing the ''tiatr'' community and enthusiasts, extended its sincere condolences to the grieving family of Bringel. They mourned his death and expressed their heartfelt sympathies on behalf of the entire ''tiatr'' fraternity.<ref name=":0" />

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Young Chico}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Musicians from North Goa district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]

The International School, Bangalore

2026-03-12T03:42:56Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: Creating...

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = The International School Bangalore
| image = TISB academic block.JPG
| logo = The International School Bangalore logo.png
| location = [[Bangalore]], Karnataka
| country = India
| type = International day-and-[[boarding school]]
| motto = Life is for learning
| established = 2000
| dean = Santhamma Gopalkrishna
| chairman = Dr K. P. Gopalkrishna
| director = Dr Bindu Hari
| principal = Mrs Kate Reynolds
| age_range = 3 years to 18 years
| alumni = {{URL|https://alumni.tisb.org/}}
| website = {{URL|www.tisb.org}}
| language = English
| image_size = 144px
| enrollment = 1200+
}}

'''The International School Bangalore''' (TISB) is a private educational institution located on [[Sarjapura]] [[Varthur]] road in [[Bangalore]], India. TISB offers both International Baccalaureate and [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education]] (IGCSE) education.

== Academic Programmes ==
Students of TISB take the [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education]] (IGCSE) examinations at the end of the 10th grade, followed by the 2-year course in the [[IB Diploma Programme|IB Diploma]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hindu |first=The |date=2025-07-09 |title=IB Diploma Programme results announced |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/ib-diploma-programme-results-announced/article69791746.ece |access-date=2025-09-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

TISB has both day schooling and [[Boarding school|boarding]], and is a [[Mixed-sex education|Co-Ed]] institution.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

== History ==
It was founded in 2000 by K. P. Gopalkrishna, and is a sister school to the [[National Public Schools, Bangalore (disambiguation)|National Public Schools, Bangalore]].The school is managed under the NAFL Trust, which oversees multiple educational institutions across India.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

== After-School Programs ==
The International School Bangalore (TISB) offers a variety of after-school programs. These include clubs and activities such as economics and entrepreneurship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TISB student Ashwat Prasanna building affordable AI-powered smart glasses called Eyesight for the Visually Impaired – Education21 |url=https://education21.in/tisb-student-ashwat-prasanna-building-affordable-ai-powered-smart-glasses-called-eyesight-for-the-visually-impaired/ |access-date=2025-09-18 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Vivum fest ==
TISB hosts an annual student-run cultural and academic fest, ''Vivum by students of class 12th'' .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charity Events {{!}} The International School Bangalore |url=https://www.tisb.org/outside-the-classroom/charity-events |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=tisb.org |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards and Rankings ==

* Awarded "International School of the Year" at the BSA Awards 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boyden |first=Lily |date=2024-05-08 |title=WINNERS OF THE BSA SUPPORTING EXCELLENCE AWARDS 2024 ANNOUNCED {{!}} The Boarding Schools' Association |url=https://www.boarding.org.uk/2024/05/08/winners-of-the-bsa-supporting-excellence-awards-2023-announced-2/ |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=www.boarding.org.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* Ranked 38th globally among IB schools and 3rd in India for the 2024 cohort.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Top IB Schools |url=https://ib-schools.com/league-tables/global-top-ib-schools? |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=IB-Schools |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India League Tables |url=https://www.ib-schools.com/india-league-tables |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=IB-Schools |language=en}}</ref>
* In the 2024–25 rankings by ''EducationWorld'', the school was ranked first in the '''International Day-cum-Boarding School''' category<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.educationworld.in/ew-india-school-rankings-2024-25-top-best-schools-in-india/?school=International%20Day%20Cum%20Boarding |access-date=2025-06-03 |website=www.educationworld.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons}}
* [http://www.tisb.org Official website]

{{International schools in India}}

{{coord|12|53|29.21|N|77|45|0.67|E|region:IN-KA_type:edu_scale:50|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:International School Bangalore The}}
[[Category:International schools in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Cambridge schools in India]]
[[Category:Private schools in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2000]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Karnataka]]

{{Karnataka-school-stub}}

Hyderabad Pharma City

2026-03-09T18:02:24Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: started basic place v1...

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hyderabad Pharma City
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Pharmaceuticals]] [[industrial park]]
| image_skyline = Pavilion structure.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Please note that this is a image of the proposed park
| pushpin_map = India Telangana
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17|01|N|78|31|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ranga Reddy]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = [[K. T. Rama Rao]]
| named_for =
| area_total_km2 = 77
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Hyderabad Pharma City''', is a large [[pharmaceuticals]] [[industrial park]] being established [[Mucherla]] near [[Hyderabad]], [[India]] by the Government of [[Telangana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/ground-breaking-for-hyderabad-pharma-city-likely-soon-says-ktr/article66128647.ece|title=Ground breaking for Hyderabad Pharma City likely soon, says KTR}}</ref> Spread over {{convert|19000|acre|km2|adj=on}}, the Park is touted to be biggest of its kind industrial cluster for the [[pharmaceuticals]] for pharmaceutical companies in manufacturing and development needs.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|title=Pharma city to come up on 19,000 acres|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/pharma-city-to-come-up-on-19000-acres/article23337233.ece|access-date=2018-03-24|website=The Hindu|date=23 March 2018 }}</ref>

[[Government of Telangana|Telangana Government]] has embarked on this project. It is expected to attract USD 9.7 billion Investment and generate employment to 560,000 people.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 September 2019|title=Hyderabad Pharma City to attract Rs 64k investments: T'gana Min|work=Economic Times|url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/pharma/hyderabad-pharma-city-to-attract-rs-64k-investments-tgana-min/71204929|access-date=28 September 2020}}</ref>

It is a controversial project because of the potential impact on the surrounding environment that has already been polluted by the existing pharmaceutical factories in Hyderabad.<ref>https://www.arte.tv/en/videos/113917-000-A/arte-reportage/</ref>
[[File:Proposed digitally rendered image of the Hyderabad Pharma City.jpg|thumb]]

==History==
The Park is an initiative of the IT and Industries Minister, [[Government of Telangana]], [[K. T. Rama Rao]]. It was announced on 24 March 2018. [[Hyderabad]], the capital of [[Telangana]] State and has been an industrial capital and major economic hub. Pharmaceuticals is one of the major industries in and around Hyderabad in addition to Information Technology. Contributing to more than 40% of the bulk drug production in the country, Hyderabad has been named as "Bulk Drug Capital of India"<ref>{{Cite web|last=M|first=Srinivas|date=12 April 2020|title=Telangana proving its worth as bulk drug capital|url=https://telanganatoday.com/telangana-proving-its-worth-as-bulk-drug-capital|access-date=2020-09-20|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US}}</ref> and "Vaccine Capital of the World".<ref>https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabad-vaccine-capital-of-the-world-ktr</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Telangana Today|date=25 July 2020|title=Hyderabad vaccine capital of the world: KTR|url=https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabad-vaccine-capital-of-the-world-ktr|access-date=2020-09-20|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US}}</ref>

In December 2019 the [[Government of India]] granted National Investment Manufacturing Zone (NIMZ) status to the project<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 January 2020|title=Pharma City to be launched this year|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/pharma-city-to-be-launched-this-year/article30452887.ece|access-date=2020-09-20|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> (NIMZ) status to the project and has recognized the project as a Project of National Importance. A Special Purpose Vehicle "Hyderabad Pharma City Ltd" has been set up to implement the project.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HYDERABAD PHARMA CITY LIMITED - Company, directors and contact details {{!}} Zauba Corp|url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/HYDERABAD-PHARMA-CITY-LIMITED/U74999TG2017SGC115902|access-date=2020-09-20|website=www.zaubacorp.com}}</ref>

==Location==
The Park is coming up in [[Mucherla]] near [[Hyderabad]].<ref name="thehindu2">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/biocon-to-spread-wings-in-telangana/article22839715.ece|title=Biocon to spread wings in Telangana|website=The Hindu|date=23 February 2018 |access-date=2018-03-24}}</ref><ref name="thehindu3">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/action-plan-to-boost-life-sciences-sector-on-anvil/article22953733.ece|title=Action plan to boost life sciences sector on anvil|website=The Hindu|date=6 March 2018 |access-date=2018-03-24}}</ref>

The proposed Hyderabad Pharma City is situated in Kandukur, yacharam and kadthal Mandals of Ranga Reddy District in the State of Telangana. Project site is located around [[Mucherla]] Village, [[Kadthal]] Village, [[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]] District at a distance of approximately 25 km from [[Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad|Hyderabad Outer Ring Road]] (ORR) and ~ 29 km from [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad International Airport]].

==Companies presence==
The companies that committed to have presence are [[Biocon]], [[Dr. Reddy's Laboratories]], [[Novartis]].<ref name="thehansindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2018-02-24/Biocon-to-set-up-RD-unit-in-Hyderabad/361272|website=thehansindia.com|title=Biocon to set up R&D unit in Hyderabad|date=24 February 2018 |access-date=2018-03-24}}</ref>

GoTS announced that the project will be operationalized in 2020. A total of 350 companies had approached the government seeking land in Pharma City, and 150 of them will be allotted land in phase I.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mahesh|first=Koride|date=3 January 2020|title=Hyderabad: 150 industries to get land in phase 1 of Pharma City - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyderabad-150-industries-to-get-land-in-phase-1-of-pharma-city/articleshow/73080281.cms|access-date=2020-09-20|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Genome Valley]]
* [[Financial District, Hyderabad]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:2018 establishments in Telangana]]
[[Category:Economy of Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Telangana]]
[[Category:Industrial parks in India]]
[[Category:Science parks in India]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:High-technology business districts in India]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical industry in India]]

Square Yards (company)

2026-03-04T05:53:38Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: Details

{{Short description|Indian real estate and financial technology company}}
{{Undisclosed paid|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Square Yards
| logo =
| type = Private
| industry = [[Proptech]], [[Real estate]], [[Fintech]]
| founded = 2014
| founders = [[Tanuj Shori]], Kanika Gupta Shori
| area_served = Global (primarily India, UAE, Canada, Australia)
| key_people = Tanuj Shori ([[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]])
| revenue = {{INR}} 1,410 crore (FY2025)
| num_employees = c. 8,000 (2025)
| subsid = Urban Money, Interior Company, Azuro, PropsAMC
| website = {{URL|https://www.squareyards.com/}}
| headquarters = [[Gurugram]], [[Haryana]], India
}}

'''Square Yards''' is an Indian real estate and financial technology company headquartered in [[Gurgaon|Gurugram]]. Its operations include real estate brokerage, mortgage aggregation, and the development of property management software.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=Arushi |date=2016-12-13 |title=Square Yards targets overseas sales to supply 30% of revenue |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/rvcZeKHvEEnCa5dUKr8GtI/Real-estate-startup-Square-Yards-targets-overseas-sales-to.html |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> The company operates in India, the United Arab Emirates, Australia, and Canada.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamal |first=Priyanshu |title=Square Yards crosses Rs 1,400 Cr revenue in FY25, gross profit surge 52% |url=https://entrackr.com/fintrackr/square-yards-crosses-rs-1400-cr-revenue-in-fy25-gross-profit-surge-52-9083107 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=entrackr.com |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Founded in 2014 by Tanuj Shori and Kanika Gupta Shori,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bradshaw |first=Della |date=May 10, 2018 |title=MBA graduates head back to business school |url=https://www.ft.com/content/260e4540-48b9-11e8-8c77-ff51caedcde6 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Financial Times}}</ref> the company initially focused on primary residential sales and the non-resident Indian (NRI) market in the Persian Gulf.<ref name="Canvas_History">{{cite web |date=24 July 2025 |title=Brief History of Square Yards Company |url=https://canvasbusinessmodel.com/blogs/brief-history/square-yards-brief-history |access-date=3 February 2026 |website=Canvas Business Model}}</ref> Early venture capital included a $6 million pre-Series A round in 2015 from [[Singapore]] and [[Hong Kong]] investors.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Priya |date=2016-11-09 |title=Property search aggregator Square Yards raises $12 mn |url=https://www.techcircle.in/2016/11/09/property-search-aggregator-square-yards-raises-12-mn-from-fairwinds |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Techcircle |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhanjal |first=Swaraj Singh |date=2022-01-03 |title=Proptech startup Square Yards plans to go public {{!}} Company Business News |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/start-ups/proptech-startup-square-yards-plans-to-go-public-11641151905957.html |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

The company entered the mortgage sector between 2016 and 2019, eventually consolidating these operations under the Urban Money brand.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 26, 2016 |title=Square Yards forays into fintech with mortgage arm Square Capital |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/square-yards-forays-into-fintech-with-mortgage-arm-square-capital-116072600764_1.html |work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Putzier |first=Konrad |date=2017-07-10 |title=Black's money: A bizarre co-working scheme and the global rise of online real estate fraud |url=https://therealdeal.com/new-york/2017/07/10/blacks-money-a-bizarre-co-working-scheme-and-the-global-rise-of-online-real-estate-fraud/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=The Real Deal |language=en}}</ref>

During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the company expanded into the home interior and rental management sectors via its subsidiaries Interior Company and Azuro.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Rawat |first=Aman |date=2020-02-06 |title=Square Yards Acquires Azuro To Tap Property Rental, Management Biz |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/square-yards-acquires-azuro-to-enter-property-rental-management-biz/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}</ref> Its software-as-a-service (SaaS) platform, Edge, was released in 2019 for third-party real estate sales management.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Athavale |first=Om |date=2019-06-19 |title=Reliance Group-backed Square Yards rolls out AI platform for real-estate sales and marketing |url=https://www.techcircle.in/2019/06/19/reliance-group-backed-square-yards-rolls-out-ai-platform-for-real-estate-sales-and-marketing |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Techcircle |language=en}}</ref>

In January 2022, [[Mint (newspaper)|''Mint'']] reported that Square Yards had begun preparations for an [[initial public offering]], appointing Axis Capital as lead banker.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dhanjal |first1=Swaraj Singh |title=Proptech startup Square Yards plans to go public {{!}} Company Business News |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/start-ups/proptech-startup-square-yards-plans-to-go-public-11641151905957.html |work=Mint |date=3 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> In July 2025, ''Inc42'' reported that the company planned to file a Draft Red Herring Prospectus (DRHP) for an IPO targeting.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sil |first=Debarghya |date=2025-07-07 |title=Exclusive: Square Yards To File DRHP For INR 2,000 Cr IPO By March 2026 |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/exclusive-square-yards-to-file-drhp-for-inr-2000-cr-ipo-by-the-end-of-fy26/ |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}</ref>

== Acquisitions ==
In 2015, Square Yards acquired LUXE, a property agency based in Singapore,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sapam |first=Bidya |date=2015-06-24 |title=Square Yards acquires Singapore-based property consultant LUXE Real Estate |url=https://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/hd7mzyX3fVfi7suPUbKrzI/Square-Yards-acquires-Singaporebased-property-consultant-LU.html |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> and the Indian property search portal Realizing.in, which was integrated into its platform.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chathurvedula |first=Sadhana |date=2015-06-16 |title=Square Yards acquires Realizing.in |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/r2le5re7o6T79EQdLzvMQM/Square-Yards-acquires-Realizingin.html |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

The company later acquired Oryden Tech Labs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Babar |first=Kailash |date=October 19, 2015 |title=Realty startup Square Yards acquires Oryden Tech Labs |url=http://realty.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/realty-startup-square-yards-acquires-oryden-tech-labs/49454258 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref> In 2020, Square Yards acquired Azuro, a Mumbai-based rental housing and property management company.<ref name=":0" /> In 2021, it acquired PropVR, a 3D visualisation platform,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhatla |first=Prabhjeet |date=2021-03-18 |title=Square Yards Acquires AI-based 3D Visualization Platform PropVR {{!}} Entrepreneur |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/growth-strategies/square-yards-acquires-ai-based-3d-visualization-platform/367376 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250914190749/https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/growth-strategies/square-yards-acquires-ai-based-3d-visualization-platform/367376 |archive-date=2025-09-14 |access-date=2026-02-03 |work=Entrepreneur |language=en}}</ref> as well as PropsAMC, a real estate data and analytics firm.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=February 19, 2021 |title=Square Yards acquires PropsAMC |url=https://realty.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/allied-industries/square-yards-acquires-propsamc/81112629 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Funding and financials ==
Total equity funding as of 2025 is approximately $140 million, with backing from [[Reliance Group]], [[The Times Group|BCCL]], and Smilegate Investment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Soni |first=Yatti |date=2019-09-19 |title=Square Yards Raises $20 Mn From BCCL, Genkai Capital And Others |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/square-yards-raises-20-mn-from-bccl-genkai-capital-and-others/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}</ref> In late 2025, it closed a $35 million round led by Smilegate.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramanan |first=Arundathi |date=2025-12-06 |title=Square Yards nears unicorn status with $35 million fundraise, eyes larger $100 million round - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/business/startup/square-yards-fundraise-unicorn-status-india-real-estate-tech-19782899.htm |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> For the fiscal year ending March 31, 2025, the company reported revenue of ₹1,410 crore and an [[Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization|EBITDA]] of ₹46 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Haidar |first=Faizan |date=2025-05-16 |title=Square Yards reports Rs 1,410 crore revenue in FY25 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/square-yards-reports-rs-1410-crore-revenue-in-fy25/articleshow/121205740.cms |access-date=2026-02-03 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
* '''2020-2025''': [[Financial Times]]–Statista Asia-Pacific High-Growth Companies rankings.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Maxine |date=April 21, 2020 |title=FT ranking: Asia-Pacific High-Growth Companies 2020 |url=https://www.ft.com/high-growth-asia-pacific-ranking-2020 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Maxine |date=March 31, 2021 |title=FT ranking: Asia-Pacific High-Growth Companies 2021 |url=https://www.ft.com/high-growth-asia-pacific-ranking-2021 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bell |first=Amy |date=March 17, 2022 |title=FT ranking: Asia-Pacific High-Growth Companies 2022 |url=https://www.ft.com/high-growth-asia-pacific-ranking-2022 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kilby |first=Nathalie |date=March 15, 2023 |title=FT ranking: High-Growth Companies Asia-Pacific 2023 |url=https://www.ft.com/high-growth-asia-pacific-ranking-2023 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 18, 2025 |title=FT ranking: High-Growth Companies Asia-Pacific 2025 |url=https://www.ft.com/content/98982fa6-e6cc-4e3d-85b6-fce9adc50252 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Financial Times}}</ref>
* '''2025''': [[Forbes India]]’s DGEMS 200 list.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forbes India DGEMS'25 - Select 200 Companies With Global Business Potential |url=https://ms.forbesindia.com/dgems-forbes/select-200-of-2025/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Forbes India |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Real estate in India]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Companies based in Gurgaon]]
[[Category:Indian real estate websites]]

Ashadh Ka Ek Din (film)

2026-03-03T23:40:14Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: creating the entry and citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ashadh Ka Ek Din
| image = Ashadh Ka Ek Din film poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Mani Kaul]]
| producer =
| writer = [[Mohan Rakesh]]
| starring =Rekha Sabnis Arun Khopkar [[Om Shivpuri]]
| music = [[Jaidev]]
| cinematography = [[K. K. Mahajan]]
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1971}}
| runtime = 114 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Ashadh Ka Ek Din''''' ({{translation|A Day of Ashadh}}, English title: '''''One Day Before the Rainy Season''''') is a 1971 Hindi film based on [[Ashadh Ka Ek Din|play]] of the same name by [[Mohan Rakesh]].<ref name="wkaeman1988jkf">{{Citation | title=World Film Directors: 1945-1985| author=John Wakeman | year=1987 | publisher=H.W. Wilson, 1988 | isbn=9780824207632 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8aEYAAAAIAAJ | quote=''... His second film, Ashad ka ek din (A Monsoon Day, 1971), was based on a play by Mohan Rakesh, a well-known contemporary Hindi ...''}}</ref> The film was directed by [[Mani Kaul]] starring Rekha Sabnis, Arun Khopkar and [[Om Shivpuri]].

The film's story as in play is centered on a love triangle between [[Sanskrit]] poet [[Kalidas]], Mallika and Priyangmanjari.

It went on to win [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie]] in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/filmfare-awards-1972-174.html|title=Filmfare Critics Award|access-date=2 July 2015|publisher=Awards and Shows}}</ref>

==Cast==
*Rekha Sabnis as Mallika
*Arun Khopkar as Kalidasa/Dev Matrugupt
*[[Om Shivpuri]] as Vilom
*Uma Sahaay as Ambika
*[[Anuradha Kapur]] as Princess Priyangmamjari
*Pinchu Kapoor as Matul
*Hemant Bose
*Sharma
*Vishnu Mathur

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0066787}}

{{Mani Kaul}}
{{FilmfareCriticsAwardBestMovie}}

[[Category:1971 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mani Kaul]]
[[Category:1971 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1971 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about Kalidasa]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Ethir Neechal (2013 film)

2026-03-03T03:28:06Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: brief enhance article as per guidelines additionally and improved wording for clarity

{{Short description|2013 Indian film by R. S. Durai Senthilkumar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Ethir Neechal 2013 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[R. S. Durai Senthilkumar]]
| writer = R. S. Durai Senthilkumar
| producer = [[Dhanush]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Sivakarthikeyan]]
*[[Priya Anand]]
*[[Nandita Swetha]]
}}
| cinematography = [[R. Velraj]]
| editing = [[Kishore Te]]
| music = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| studio = [[Wunderbar Films]]
| distributor = [[Vendhar Movies]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|05|01}}
| runtime = 122 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Ethir Neechal''''' ({{translation|Swimming against the tide}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Sports film|sports]] [[comedy drama]] film written and directed by [[R. S. Durai Senthilkumar]] in his directorial debut. The film stars [[Sivakarthikeyan]], [[Priya Anand]] and [[Nandita Swetha]]. Produced by [[Dhanush]] under [[Wunderbar Films]], it follows a man who seeks to change his life by competing in the [[Chennai Marathon]].

[[Principal photography]] took place between July 2012 and February 2013. The music was composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]], with cinematography performed by [[R. Velraj]] and editing by [[Kishore Te]]. The film was released on 1 May 2013 and became a commercial success.

== Plot ==
In 1985, in rural [[Thanjavur]], a woman named Sivagami has [[Childbirth#Complications|complications while giving birth]]. Sivagami's husband prays to his native deity that if she delivers his baby successfully, he will name the baby after the deity. The baby is born without any problems, and as per the wish, they name the baby Kunjithapadham. As a boy, Kunjithapadham faces many problems and embarrassments due to his name, as his peers call him "Kunju" or "Kunji" (the private part of the male body). He decides to change his name, but his mother falls severely ill, and he prays to God that he will never change his name. His mother recovers, and they move to [[Chennai]].

Years later, Sivagami dies. Kunjithapadam's friend Peter advises him to change his name to have a change in his life. After meeting an astrologer, Gunasekara Raja, he legally renames himself "Harish." He also changes his residence and job. Luck starts to favour him from that day onwards. He falls in love with Geetha, a schoolteacher, and succeeds in winning her heart. He later gets a job, and life goes smoothly for him. One day, his lottery ticket hits victory, and he must cash it in for a television set as a prize. However, the lottery has registered his earlier name as "Kunjithapadham." He gets the television set using Peter, but Geetha finds out his true name and berates him for lying to her. She tells him that he needs to succeed at something in life to win her heart.

Harish decides to participate in the coming [[Chennai Marathon]]. He meets a trainer, J. Prakash, alias JP, who takes him to his former student Valli, who had quit athletics. She agrees to train Harish. Later, he sees her crying on the terrace with a photo of her deceased father. Harish asks her to tell her past. Valli was a naturally talented athlete from her young days. Her father supported her talent and spoke with many men to get her past many tournaments. She got into a state-level tournament where she beat the rookie of a corrupt coach, Raja Singh. Infuriated, Raja Singh accused Valli of failing a [[Sex verification in sports|gender verification test]]. The board punished Valli and stopped her from participating. Heartbroken, Valli's father died of a heart attack. JP then met with an accident.

Hearing Valli's story, Harish is moved and decides to win the marathon. Geetha also urges him to win it for the sake of Valli. During the marathon, Harish faces stiff competition from one of Raja Singh's rookies, but he eventually wins the race and tells the media about Valli's innocence. Raja Singh is found guilty and arrested, and Valli resumes athletics. Harish later opens and runs a training academy under his original name, Kunjithapadham. A man named Dinakaran, acting on Harish's advice, proposes his love to Valli, and she accepts.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Sivakarthikeyan]] as Kunjithapadham alias Harish
* [[Priya Anand]] as Geetha
* [[Nandita Swetha]] as Valli
* [[Sathish]] as Peter
* [[Suza Kumar]] as Kunjithapatham's love interest
* [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Coach J. Prakash (JP)
* [[Ravi Prakash]] as Raja Singh
* [[Sharath Lohithaswa]] as Valli's father (dubbed by [[M. S. Bhaskar]])
* [[Manobala]] as Numerologist Gunasekara Raja
* [[Madhan Bob]] as Kunjithapatham's manager
* [[Swaminathan]] as Paavadaisamy, later changed by Numerologist as [[Google]]
* [[Bava Lakshmanan]]
* [[Aarthi (actress)|Aarthi]] as lady at cinema
* Surekha Vani as Sivagami, Kunjithapatham's mother
* Gemini Rajeshwari
* Pasanga Sivakumar as Kunjithapatham's father
* Nithya Sree as Geetha's friend
* [[RJ Balaji]] as himself (host of Chennai Marathon)
* [[Dhanush]] as Soup boy (special appearance)
* [[Nayanthara]] as dancer (special appearance in the song "Local Boys")
* [[Anirudh Ravichander]] as Bar Waiter (cameo appearance)
* [[Attakathi Dinesh]] as [[Attakathi|Dinakaran]] (guest appearance)
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
''Ethir Neechal'' is the directorial debut of [[R. S. Durai Senthilkumar]], a former assistant of [[Vetrimaaran]]. It was produced by [[Dhanush]] via [[Wunderbar Films]]. Senthilkumar initially wanted him as the lead actor, but [[Sivakarthikeyan]] was instead cast.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=31 May 2012 |title=Priya Anand in Dhanush's home production |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/priya-anand-in-dhanushs-home-production-news-tamil-mf5iSTejcef.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601045023/http://www.sify.com/movies/Priya-Anand-in-Dhanushs-home-production-news-tamil-mf5iSTejcef.html |archive-date=1 June 2012 |access-date=4 October 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2024 |title=Not Sivakarthikeyan, This Actor Was Durai Senthilkumar's First Choice For Ethir Neechal |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/not-sivakarthikeyan-this-actor-was-durai-senthilkumars-first-choice-for-ethir-neechal-8913561.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241104011143/https://www.news18.com/movies/not-sivakarthikeyan-this-actor-was-durai-senthilkumars-first-choice-for-ethir-neechal-8913561.html |archive-date=4 November 2024 |access-date=4 November 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Priya Anand]], the lead actress, revealed that ''Ethir Neechal'' is a city-based story without cheap comedy, vulgar dialogues or inappropriate scenes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jeshi |first=K. |date=17 March 2013 |title=In a happy place |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/in-a-happy-place/article4517306.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323200002/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/in-a-happy-place/article4517306.ece |archive-date=23 March 2013 |access-date=22 April 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film's title was derived from the 1968 film [[Edhir Neechal (1968 film)|of the same name]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhanush's 'Ethir Neechal' has Siva Karthikeyan |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/dhanushs-ethir-neechal-has-siva-karthikeyan-news-tamil-mk0mKTeifcjsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804075717/https://www.sify.com/movies/dhanushs-ethir-neechal-has-siva-karthikeyan-news-tamil-mk0mKTeifcjsi.html |archive-date=4 August 2021 |access-date=4 August 2021 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> It was reported that [[Sai Dhanshika|Dhansika]] was cast as the second heroine;<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-07-27 |title=Dhansika likely in 'Ethir Neechal' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/Jul/27/dhansika-likely-in-ethir-neechal-391317.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241103231159/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/Jul/27/dhansika-likely-in-ethir-neechal-391317.html |archive-date=3 November 2024 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> however [[Nandita Swetha]] was signed on.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jeshi |first=K. |date=4 October 2012 |title=A good start |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/a-good-start/article3964818.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017090330/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/a-good-start/article3964818.ece |archive-date=17 October 2012 |access-date=4 October 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Anirudh Ravichander]] was hired as the music composer, after his debut film ''[[3 (2012 Indian film)|3]]''. The technical crew includes [[R. Velraj|Velraj]] as the cinematographer, [[Kishore Te]] as the editor, G. Durairaj handling the art direction, [[Anu Parthasarathy]] as the costume designer, [[Stunt Silva]] choreographing the action sequences,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Manigandan |first=K. R. |date=9 June 2012 |title=Cool connect |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3509367.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030742/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cool-connect/article3509367.ece |archive-date=3 October 2023 |access-date=4 October 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and [[Baba Bhaskar]] as dance choreographer.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] commenced on 23 July 2012, with the first shot taken by [[Balu Mahendra]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=24 July 2012 |title=Balu Mahendra directs Sivakarthikeyan! |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Balu-Mahendra-directs-Sivakarthikeyan/articleshow/15117954.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225083737/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-24/news-interviews/32826632_1_sivakarthikeyan-manam-kothi-paravai-vetri-maaran |archive-date=25 February 2013 |access-date=4 October 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Dhanush and [[Nayanthara]] appeared in a special appearance, dancing together in the [[dappankuthu]] number "Sathiyama Nee Enakku (Local Boys)", with Nayanthara designing costumes for herself. The song was shot in [[Nagercoil]] at a [[Punjabi dhabha]] restaurant.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 April 2013 |title=Nayanthara designs her own costume |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Nayanthara-designs-her-own-costume/articleshow/19797516.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720144454/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Nayanthara-designs-her-own-costume/articleshow/19797516.cms |archive-date=20 July 2020 |access-date=28 June 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Principal photography [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] on 22 February 2013,<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 February 2013 |title=Ethir Neechal shooting wrapped up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ethir-Neechal-shooting-wrapped-up/articleshow/18624270.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030751/https://gum.criteo.com/syncframe?origin=publishertag&topUrl=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |archive-date=3 October 2023 |access-date=28 June 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> with the post-production activities being commenced after the shoot which was completed on 24 April 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 April 2013 |title=Ethir Neechal nearing completion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ethir-Neechal-nearing-completion/articleshow/19318940.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030747/https://gum.criteo.com/syncframe?origin=publishertag&topUrl=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |archive-date=3 October 2023 |access-date=28 June 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Ethir Neechal (soundtrack)}}

The soundtrack features six songs that belonged to varied genres; [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]], [[Dhanush]] and [[R. S. Durai Senthilkumar]] penned lyrics for two songs each. For the title track "Ethir Neechal" composer Anirudh hired [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] rapper [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=Nov 9, 2012 |title=Anirudh introduces new talent in Tamil |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Anirudh-introduces-new-talent-in-Tamil/articleshow/17152908.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122133308/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Anirudh-introduces-new-talent-in-Tamil/articleshow/17152908.cms |archive-date=22 January 2022 |access-date=28 June 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2012 |title=Listen: Honey Singh raps for Tamil film 'Ethir Neechal' |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/listen-honey-singh-raps-for-tamil-film-ethir-neechal-527272.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629222734/https://www.news18.com/news/india/listen-honey-singh-raps-for-tamil-film-ethir-neechal-527272.html |archive-date=29 June 2020 |access-date=28 June 2020 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> and Adhi from the duo [[Hiphop Tamizha]], to croon the rap versions of the song.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=Nov 16, 2012 |title=Aadhi raps for Anirudh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Aadhi-raps-for-Anirudh/articleshow/17228833.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719212631/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Aadhi-raps-for-Anirudh/articleshow/17228833.cms |archive-date=19 July 2020 |access-date=28 June 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The album's final mixing took place in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=Nov 21, 2012 |title=Ethir Neechal final mix in Mumbai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ethir-Neechal-final-mix-in-Mumbai/articleshow/17307461.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122133309/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ethir-Neechal-final-mix-in-Mumbai/articleshow/17307461.cms |archive-date=22 January 2022 |access-date=28 June 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

It was announced that [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]] had brought the marketing rights for the film's soundtrack album.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2012 |title=Ethir Neechal: Sony Entertainment bags audio rights |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/ethir-neechal-sony-entertainment-bags-audio-rights-525446.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615065804/https://www.news18.com/news/india/ethir-neechal-sony-entertainment-bags-audio-rights-525446.html |archive-date=15 June 2020 |access-date=28 June 2020 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> The making of the album was launched by the film's crew members, prior to the audio launch.<ref>{{Cite news |date=Dec 6, 2012 |title=Ethir Neechal's funny audio making |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ethir-Neechals-funny-audio-making/articleshow/17503028.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720083435/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ethir-Neechals-funny-audio-making/articleshow/17503028.cms |archive-date=20 July 2020 |access-date=28 June 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
The distribution rights of ''Ethir Neechal'' were secured by [[Vendhar Movies]]. The film was initially scheduled to release in April 2013,<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 March 2013 |title=Ethir Neechal ready for a summer release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ethir-Neechal-ready-for-a-summer-release/articleshow/18789161.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030814/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/onbadhula-guru-ready-for-a-big-opening/articleshow/false |archive-date=3 October 2023 |access-date=28 June 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> but later pushed to 1 May.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=19 April 2013 |title=Ethir Neechal on Ajith's birthday! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ethir-Neechal-on-Ajiths-birthday/articleshow/19628714.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720031548/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ethir-Neechal-on-Ajiths-birthday/articleshow/19628714.cms |archive-date=20 July 2020 |access-date=28 June 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethir Neechal confirms release on May 1 |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/iethir-neechali-confirms-release-on-may-1-imagegallery-kollywood-ne0mN4ciiccsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615101459/https://www.sify.com/movies/iethir-neechali-confirms-release-on-may-1-imagegallery-kollywood-ne0mN4ciiccsi.html |archive-date=15 June 2020 |access-date=28 June 2020 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> It was given a [[U certificate (India)|U (unrestricted) certificate]] by the [[Central Board of Film Certification|censor board]] with no cuts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethir Neechal censored with U! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/ethir-neechal-censored-with-u-news-tamil-nexjrBdifgasi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804065415/https://www.sify.com/movies/ethir-neechal-censored-with-u-news-tamil-nexjrBdifgasi.html |archive-date=4 August 2021 |access-date=4 August 2021 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref>

''Ethir Neechal'' was released in 300 screens across Tamil Nadu, clashing with ''[[Soodhu Kavvum]]'' and ''[[Moondru Per Moondru Kadal]]''.<ref name=":0" /> Apart from the Tamil Nadu release, the film was simultaneously released in the United States by Gramaphone LLC.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 April 2013 |title=Ethir Neechal to release in the US |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ethir-Neechal-to-release-in-the-US/articleshow/19673229.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030737/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ethir-Neechal-to-release-in-the-US/articleshow/19673229.cms |archive-date=3 October 2023 |access-date=28 June 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical reception ===
M Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars, stating, "The first half of ''Ethir Neechal'' follows the current Tamil cinema formula of 'laughs first, plot next'."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=2 May 2013 |title=Ethir Neechal |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Ethir-Neechal/movie-review/19839727.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014231401/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Ethir-Neechal/movie-review/19839727.cms |archive-date=14 October 2014 |access-date=29 December 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] for ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Sivakarthikeyan looks like he's getting there — he's not yet a star, at least in the leading-man sense,[sic] he gets a feature-length platform to display his comic chops".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=5 May 2013 |title=Run culture |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/run-culture/article4684762.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413150021/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/run-culture/article4684762.ece |archive-date=13 April 2014 |access-date=26 June 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' stated "''Ethir Neechal'' is a mild passable entertainer".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=4 May 2013 |title=Ethir Neechal (Tamil) |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Ethir-Neechal-Tamil/2013/05/04/article1573679.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708214844/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Ethir-Neechal-Tamil/2013/05/04/article1573679.ece |archive-date=8 July 2013 |access-date=26 June 2013 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> [[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] stated, "The film starts off like every other romantic-comedy with adequate amount of comedy and drama, but there's hardly anything spectacular to rave about, including the story."<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2013 |title=Tamil review: 'Ethir Neechal' nothing exceptional, yet watchable |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/tamil-review-ethir-neechal-nothing-exceptional-yet-watchable-606977.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923085457/https://www.news18.com/news/india/tamil-review-ethir-neechal-nothing-exceptional-yet-watchable-606977.html |archive-date=23 September 2022 |access-date=28 June 2020 |website=[[News18]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> S. Saraswathi of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stating "''Ethir Neechal'' is a simple city-based romantic comedy that is guaranteed to provide some wholesome family entertainment."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saraswathi |first=S |date=May 3, 2013 |title=Review: ''Ethir Neechal'' is an absolute delight |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-ethir-neechal-is-an-absolute-delight/20130503.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626223953/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-ethir-neechal-is-an-absolute-delight/20130503.htm |archive-date=26 June 2021 |access-date=28 June 2020 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
The film opened 80 – 90% occupancy on first day collected {{INRConvert|4|c}}.<ref name="zeenews.india.com">{{Cite web |date=3 May 2013 |title='Ethir Neechal' spells profit for Dhanush |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/regional/ethir-neechal-spells-profit-for-dhanush_133546.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201204151/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/regional/ethir-neechal-spells-profit-for-dhanush_133546.html |archive-date=1 February 2014 |access-date=17 August 2014 |website=[[Zee News]]}}</ref> The film collected {{INRConvert|17.97|l}} in UK and {{INRConvert|10.60|l}} in United States in first weekend. The film collected {{INRConvert|5.51|l}} in United States in first day, {{INRConvert|9.12|l}} in three days including Thursday previews, around {{INRConvert|1.5|l}} on 5 April and total collection of {{INRConvert|17.97|l}}.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=330738612423499776 |user=taran_adarsh |title=Tamil film #EthirNeechal USA Fri $ 5,696 from 6 locations. Total: $ 10,234 [Rs 5.51 lacs]. |first=Taran |last=Adarsh |author-link=Taran Adarsh |access-date=19 September 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240919100533/https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/330738612423499776 |archive-date=19 September 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film's success was celebrated at the [[Victoria Hall (Geneva)|Victoria Hall]] in [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 May 2013 |title=Vendhar Movies to hold four functions in Switzerland |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Vendhar-Movies-to-hold-four-functions-in-Switzerland/articleshow/20260990.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030745/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Vendhar-Movies-to-hold-four-functions-in-Switzerland/articleshow/20260990.cms |archive-date=3 October 2023 |access-date=28 June 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of films about the sport of athletics]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{R. S. Durai Senthilkumar}}
{{Wunderbar Films}}

[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s sports comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2013 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2013 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by R. S. Durai Senthilkumar]]
[[Category:Films produced by Dhanush]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anirudh Ravichander]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Indian sports comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Sport of athletics films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language sports comedy films]]

Palasvihir State

2026-02-28T16:37:43Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: created info

{{Short description|Princely state}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name =Palasvihir State
|common_name =Palasvihir
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]
|era =
|year_start =
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1948
|date_end =
|event_end= [[Independence of India|Accession to the Union of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map = Surat Agency with all princely states with labels British India 1880-1933.svg
|image_map_caption = Location of Palasvihir in the Dang region
|stat_area1 =5.2318
|stat_year1 =1931
|stat_pop1 =289
|footnotes =
}}
'''Palasvihir State''' was a minor [[princely state]] during the [[British Raj]] in what is today [[Gujarat State]] India. It was initially administered by the [[Surat Agency]] <ref>"Memoranda On The Indian States 1930", p. 290 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275346/page/n311/mode/2up</ref> and then by the [[Western India States Agency]]. The state had a population of 289 and an area of 2.02 sq miles.<ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1940, p. 20, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35376/page/n37/mode/2up</ref>

It was more specifically classified as one of the 14 minor princely states of the Dangs, in the [[Dang district, India]].<ref>"The golden book of India; a genealogical and biographical dictionary of the ruling princes, chiefs, nobles, and other personages, titled or decorated, of the Indian empire, with an appendix for Ceylon", P. 51 https://archive.org/details/goldenbookofindi00lethrich/page/40/mode/2up</ref>

== History ==

The area of Khandesh became a British possession in 1818 following the defeat of [[Peshwa]] [[Baji Rao II]] during the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]]. The neieghbouring Dang principalities were seen as separate states and conducted routine raids into the Khandesh territories. In 1825 the [[Gaekwar]] of [[Baroda]] sent a force of 10 000 men to subdue the Dangs but were defeated, the Dang states omly subjugated in 1839. In 1842 parts of the Dang teak forests, surrounding 446 villages, were leased by the Government in Bombay, the lease extended in perpetuity and to the whole territory in 1862. Some time after 1842 the tribute demanded of the Dang states by the Desmukh of Mulher lead to heavy disturbances, which resulted in the British Government deducting the Desmukh's tribute from the sum paid to the Dang chiefs for leasing their forests.<ref>Reorganization scheme for the establishment of direct political relations between the govt. and India and states in the Bombay presidency, 1931, p. 25-26 https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/Category/ItemDetails/ItemDetails?itemId=e9609138-b62c-4dea-a28d-ffabfa4480ee</ref>

In 1880 the state had a yearly revenue of ca. 24 £ (240 Rupees) <ref>BK 353 -Gazetteer Of Bombay Presidency Vol 12 Khandesh, p. 606 https://archive.org/details/1880GazetteerOfBombayPresidencyVol12Khandesh353D/page/626/mode/2up</ref>

==Rulers==

The Rulers had the title of Naik <ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1940, p. 30, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35376/page/n37/mode/2up</ref> The Dang Chiefs held the power to settle criminal and civil disputes, including being able to issue fines, have witches sentenced to be burnt alive and other capital offenders being killed by being shot by arrows.<ref>BK 353 -Gazetteer Of Bombay Presidency Vol 12 Khandesh, p. 603, https://archive.org/details/1880GazetteerOfBombayPresidencyVol12Khandesh353D/page/622/mode/2up</ref>

* Navas Jeriya fl. 1880 <ref>BK 353 -Gazetteer Of Bombay Presidency Vol 12 Khandesh, p. 606 https://archive.org/details/1880GazetteerOfBombayPresidencyVol12Khandesh353D/page/626/mode/2up</ref>
* Naik Nawsa walad Firia (b. 1830) fl. 1893 <ref>"The golden book of India; a genealogical and biographical dictionary of the ruling princes, chiefs, nobles, and other personages, titled or decorated, of the Indian empire, with an appendix for Ceylon", p. 398 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.529478/page/n421/mode/2up</ref>
* Naik Gondu walad Laksha (b. October 12, 1890) February 9, 1896-fl. 1940 <ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1940, p. 20, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35376/page/n37/mode/2up</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948]]

Rilli Chamar

2026-02-27T22:43:45Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: created new info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
'''Rilli Chamar''' was an [[India]]n politician. In the [[1952 Vindhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] Rilli was elected unopposed from the Scheduled Castes reserved seat for the [[Tikamgarh Assembly constituency]], running as a [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]] candidate.<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150425134156/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_VP.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1951 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF VINDHYA PRADESH]''</ref><ref>''[https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/indiandailymail19511221-1.2.28 UNCONTESTED RETURNS]''.''Indian Daily Mail'', 21 December 1951, p. 2</ref>

Rilli contested the [[Tikamgarh Lok Sabha constituency]] in the [[1962 Indian general election]], as the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate. He finished in third place with 57,555 votes (25.98%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150508192259/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1962 TO THE THIRD LOK SABHA – VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS & DETAILED RESULTS)]''</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rilli}}
[[Category:Vindhya Pradesh MLAs 1951–1956]]
[[Category:People from Tikamgarh]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]

Nashik Municipal Corporation

2026-02-25T05:50:20Z

Chitkarauonlinemba:

{{short description|Governing elected body of the city of Nashik, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Nashik Municipal Corporation
| house_type = Municipal Corporation
| foundation = {{Start date and age|7 November 1982}}
| coa_pic =
| coa_res = 150px
| coa_alt = Seal of the NMC
| coa_caption = [[Seal (emblem)|Seal]] of the Nashik Municipal Corporation
| preceded_by = Nashik Municipal Council (1864–1982)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nashik.gov.in/about-district/history/#:~:text=Before%201982%20both%20the%20city,has%20changed%20to%20Nashik%20City |title=History of Nashik|access-date=12 September 2021|publisher=National Informatics Centre}}</ref>
| body = Nashik
| leader1_type = Mayor
| leader1 = Himgauri Aher
| party1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| leader2_type = [[Municipal commissioner]] and administrator
| leader2 = Manisha Khatri [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=कुलकर्णी |first1=मुकुल |date=26 December 2024 |title=फडणवीसांच्या मर्जीतील मंत्र्याची वक्रदृष्टी भोवली, राहुल कर्डिलेंची नियुक्ती रद्द, मनीषा खत्री |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/news/nashik/rahul-kardile-appointment-cancelled-manisha-khatri-becomes-new-municipal-commissioner-of-nashik-maharashtra-marathi-news-1335141 |work=ABP News |language=mr |access-date=26 December 2024}}</ref>
|leader3_type = Deputy mayor
| leader3 = Vilas Shinde
| party3 = [[Shiv Sena ]]
| members = 122
| structure1 =
| structure1_res =
| structure1_alt =
| political_groups1 = '''Government (98)'''
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (72)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}}} [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]] (26)

'''Opposition (24)'''
:*{{Party legend|Shiv Sena (UBT)|15}}
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party|5}}
:*{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|3}}
:*{{Party legend|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|1}}

| last_election1 = [[2025–26 Maharashtra local election|15 January 2026]]<ref>{{cite web |title=BMC, 28 other municipal corporations to go for polls on January 15; result on January 16 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/maharashtra/maharashtra-bmc-28-other-municipal-corporations-to-go-for-polls-on-january-15-result-on-january-16-latest-updates-2025-12-15-1021804 |publisher=India TV News |date=15 December 2025}} </ref>
| next_election1 = 2031
| session_room =
| session_res = 250px
| session_alt =
| meeting_place = Rajiv Gandhi Bhavan, Sharanpur Road, [[Nashik]]-422002<ref>{{cite web |title=Headquarter| url=https://nmc.gov.in/home/getfrontpage/132/94/M |website=nmc.gov.in |access-date=15 March 2022}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://nmc.gov.in/}}
}}

The '''Nashik Municipal Corporation'''('''NMC'''), is the governing body of the city of [[Nashik]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]]. The [[municipal corporation]] consists of democratically elected members, is headed by a [[mayor]] and administers the city's infrastructure, public services and police. Members from the state's leading political parties such as the [[Nationalist Congress Party]], [[Indian National Congress]], [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]], [[Bhartiya Janata Party]], [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] and the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] hold elected offices in the corporation.
Nashik municipal corporation (NMC) is located in [[Nashik]]. Nashik Municipal Corporation has been formed with [[Municipal corporation (India)#Functions|functions]] to improve the infrastructure of town.

==Jurisdiction==
The city comes under the [[Nashik District]], Maharashtra. The [[District Collector (India)|Collector]] is in charge of property records and revenue collection for the [[Government of India|Central government]]. Appointed by the [[Government of Maharashtra|State government]], the Collector also function as the election officer and conducts [[Elections in India|general]] as well as [[State Assembly elections in India|state]] elections in the city.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Indian Public Administration: Institutions and Issues|last=Arora|first=Ramesh K.|publisher=New Age|year=2011|isbn=978-8122434460}}</ref> The Nashik City Police is the law enforcement agency in the city and answers to the Ministry of Home Affairs of the [[Government of Maharashtra|GoM]]. It is headed by a Police Commissioner, an [[Indian Police Service]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.careerlauncher.com/upsc/whatdotheydo/|title=Role of Civil Servants | IAS Officers, IPS Officers, IFS Officers - What Do They Do?|website=www.careerlauncher.com}}</ref> (IPS) officer.

== Administration ==

The NMC is headed by an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer who serves as Commissioner, wielding executive power. A quinquennial election is held to elect corporators, who are responsible for basic civic infrastructure and enforcing duty. The [[Mayor]], usually from the majority party, serves as head of the house.

{| class="wikitable"
|+City officials
!Title
!Incumbent
!Since
!Appointed/Elected
!References
|-
|[[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal commissioner]] and administrator
|Manisha Khatri
| 26 December 2024
| rowspan="2" |Appointed by the [[Government of Maharashtra|GoM]]
|
|-
|[[Police commissioner|Commissioner of Police]]
| [[Sandeep Karnik]]
| 24 November 2023
|
|-
|[[Mayor]]
| Himgauri Aher
| 6 February 2026
| Elected
|
|-
|Deputy Mayor
| Vilas Shinde
| 6 February 2026
| Elected
|-
|Leader of the House
| Vacant
| -
|
|-
|President of the Standing Committee
| Machindra Sanap
| 25 February 2026
|Elected
|}

== Revenue sources ==

The following are the Income sources for the corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="Na11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Na12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Na13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.

== Election results ==

===2026 results===
Seats (122)
Election 2026 results.<ref>{{Cite news|title= Municipal Corporation final party wise result |url=https://mahasec.maharashtra.gov.in/Site/Upload/PDF/Municipal%20Corporations%20final%20party%20wise%20position.pdf|access-date=28 January 2026|work=government website |language=en}}</ref> Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)72 Shiv Sena (SHS)26 Indian National Congress (INC)3 Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS)1 Nationalist Congress Party (NCP)4 Shivsena (UBT) 15
Independents 1

=== 2017 results ===
Election 2017 results.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dangwal|first=Sandhya|date=23 February 2017|title=NMC Nashik Election Results 2017: Setback for Raj Thackeray as MNS routed out, BJP makes big gains|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/nmc-nashik-election-results-2017-live-news-updates-will-raj-thackerays-mns-regain-power-1862978/|access-date=21 April 2021|work=India News|language=en}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2"|Party
! Seats
! +/-
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)'''
| '''66'''
| '''{{Increase}} 52'''
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
| [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] (SHS)
| 35
|{{Increase}} 16
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP)
| 6
|{{Decrease}} 14
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
| 6
|{{Decrease}} 9
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}" |
| [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] (MNS)
| 5
|{{Decrease}} 35
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |
| Independents
| 3
|{{Decrease}} 2
|-
| colspan="2"|{{center|'''Total'''}}
| '''122'''
|}

=== 2012 results ===
The results of Election 2012 are as follows.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=15 March 2012|title=Backed by BJP, MNS bags Nashik mayor's post|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/backed-by-bjp-mns-bags-nashik-mayors-post/article2998669.ece|access-date=21 April 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2"|Party
! Seats
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}" |
| [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] (MNS)
| 40
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP)
| 20
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
| [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] (SHS)
| 19
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
| 15
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
| 14
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPIM)
| 3
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |
| Independents
| 11
|-
|colspan="2"|{{center|'''Total'''}}
| '''122'''
|}

== List of mayors of Nashik Municipal Corporation ==

{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No. !! Name (Party)
! colspan="2" |Party!! From !! To
|-
| colspan = 6 align = center style="background: #ffdead;"|Administrative Rule from 7 March 1982 to 7 March 1992.
|-
| 01 || Shantarambapu Kondaji Wavare
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|| {{dts|format=dmy|1992|03|07}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1994|03|12}}
|-
| 02 || Pandit Sahadev Khaire
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|| {{dts|format=dmy|1994|03|12}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1995|03|19}}
|-
| 03 ||Uttamrao Nathuji Dhikale
|style="background-color: {{party color|Others}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]|| {{dts|format=dmy|1995|03|20}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1996|03|17}}
|-
| 04 || Prakash Shankarrao Mate
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|| {{dts|format=dmy|1996|03|18}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1997|03|14}}
|-
| 05 || Vasant Nivrutti Gite
|style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]|| {{dts|format=dmy|1997|03|15}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1998|03|16}}
|-
| 06 || Ashok Namdeo Dive
|style="background-color: {{party color|Others}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]|| {{dts|format=dmy|1998|03|17}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1999|03|19}}
|-
| 07 || [[Bachhav Shobha Dinesh]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]|| {{dts|format=dmy|1999|03|20}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2002|03|15}}
|-
| 08 || Dashrath Dharmaji Patil
|style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]|| {{dts|format=dmy|2002|03|15}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2005|02|18}}
|-
| 09 || [[Balasaheb Mahadu Sanap]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|| {{dts|format=dmy|2005|02|18}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2007|03|14}}
|-
| 10 || Vinayak Kishor Pande
|style="background-color: {{party color|Others}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]|| {{dts|format=dmy|2007|03|15}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2009|12|06}}
|-
| 11 || Nayana Babanrao Gholap
|style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]|| {{dts|format=dmy|2009|12|07}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2012|03|14}}
|-
| 12 || Yatin Raghunath Wagh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}" |
|[[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|MNS]]|| {{dts|format=dmy|2012|03|15}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2014|09|12}}
|-
| 13 || Ashok Devram Murtadak
|style="background-color: {{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}" |
|[[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|MNS]]|| {{dts|format=dmy|2014|09|12}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|03|15}}
|-
| 14 || Ranjana Popat Bhansi
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|| {{dts|format=dmy|2017|03|15}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2019|11|13}}
|-
| 15 || Satish Laxmanrao Kulkarni
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|| {{dts|format=dmy|2019|11|13}} ||{{dts|format=dmy|2022|03|13}}
|-
| 16 || Himgauri Balasaheb Aher
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|| {{dts|format=dmy|2026|02|06}} ||
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Municipal Corporations in Maharashtra}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Nashik Municipal Corporation| ]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Nashik]]

R. S. Bhaskar

2026-02-16T19:14:31Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: created a pg

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
'''R. S. Bhaskar''' is an Indian writer known for his work in the [[Konkani language]]. He won the 2020 [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in Konkani for ''Yugparivartanacho Yatri'', a collection of poems.<ref name="TOIBag21">{{Cite news |date=2021-03-13 |title=Three Konkani works bag Sahitya Awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/three-konkani-works-bag-sahitya-awards/articleshow/81475042.cms |access-date=2026-01-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He is a native of [[Fort Kochi]] and works at [[CUSAT]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-25 |title=Kendra Sahitya Akademi award for R.S. Bhaskar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/kendra-sahitya-akademi-award-for-rs-bhaskar/article34163555.ece |access-date=2026-01-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Awards and accolades==
* [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]] (2003) for translating [[Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]]'s Malayalam novel, ''Entuppuppakkoran-entarnu'', into Konkani, titled, ''Mhaja Aajak Eki Hasti Aashilli''<ref>{{Cite web |title=..:: SAHITYA : Akademi Awards ::.. |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/anuvad_samman_suchi.jsp |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2020) for ''Yugparivartanacho Yatri'', a collection of poems.<ref name="TOIBag21" />
* Vimala V Pai Vishwa Konkani Poetry Award (2024)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-18 |title=Vishwa Konkani Poetry Award: R S Bhaskar receives honour |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2024/Feb/18/vishwa-konkani-poetry-award-r-s-bhaskar-receives-honour |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* Madhav Manjunath Shanbhag Konkani Bhasha Seva Puraskar (2025) by the [[Goa Konkani Akademi]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-21 |title=Konkani awards for Kochi-based writers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/konkani-awards-for-kochi-based-writers/article69123730.ece |access-date=2026-01-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhaskar, R. S.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Kochi]]
[[Category:Konkani-language writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Konkani]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation into Konkani]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Russell Mehta

2026-02-10T03:10:31Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: minor edit

{{short description|Indian businessman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Russell Mehta
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Russell Arunbhai Mehta
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Businessman
| known for =
| title = Managing director, [[Rosy Blue]] India
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| boards =
| spouse = Mona Mehta
| children = 3
| parents = [[Arunkumar Mehta]]
| relatives =
| website =
}}
'''Russell Arunbhai Mehta''' is an Indian businessman. He is the managing director of Rosy Blue India, the Indian arm of the family-owned Indian conglomerate with interests in retail, media, real estate, financial services and diamonds [[Rosy Blue]].

==Early life==
Russell Mehta is the son of [[Arunkumar Mehta]], a co-founder of B. Arunkumar & Co, founded in 1960 in Mumbai, and which later became Rosy Blue.<ref name="auto"/>

==Career==
Mehta is the managing director of the Indian arm, Rosy Blue India, of the family-owned Indian conglomerate with interests in real estate, financial services, retail and diamonds Rosy Blue.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/biz-entrepreneurship/indias-six-diamond-kings-six-entrepreneurs-minting-money-in-rs-70000-crore-industry/russell-mehta-rosy-blue-india/slideshow/18346601.cms|title=India's six diamond kings: Six entrepreneurs minting money in Rs 70,000 crore industry - India's diamond kings: Six entrepreneurs minting money in Rs 70,000 crore industry|author=|date=|website=The Economic Times|accessdate=6 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/asia/india/ambani-scion-akash-to-be-betrothed-to-diamantaire-s-daughter-shloka-mehta-1.2182662|title=Ambani scion Akash to be betrothed to diamantaire's daughter Shloka Mehta?|last=IANS|date=4 March 2018|website=gulfnews.com|accessdate=6 March 2018}}</ref>

Rosy Blue is ranked in the top diamond companies of India.<ref name="auto"/>

==Personal life==
Russell Mehta is married to Mona and they have three children.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="telegraphindia.com">{{cite news |title=Diamonds are a boy's best friend too |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/diamonds-are-a-boy-s-best-friend-too/cid/1337516 |access-date=10 August 2022 |work=The Telegraph |date=5 March 2018}}</ref>

Mehta's son Viraj Mehta married to Nisha Sheth, daughter of Bharat Sheth of Great Eastern Shipping family in 2012.

In May 2017 in [[Bahrain]], their youngest daughter Diya Mehta married Ayush Jatia, son of Amit Jatia who holds the [[McDonald's]] franchise for the west and south of India through his company, Hardcastle Restaurants.<ref name="telegraphindia.com"/>

Their other daughter, Shloka Mehta is a director of the Rosy Blue Foundation, and is married to Akash Ambani, the son of [[Mukesh Ambani]], in March 2019.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="telegraphindia.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/india/who-is-shloka-mehta-rumoured-fianc-e-of-akash-ambani-2086776.html|title=Who is Shloka Mehta – rumoured fiancée of Akash Ambani|author=|date=5 March 2018|website=india.com|access-date=6 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=PTI |author2=Divyanshu Dutta Roy |title=Akash Ambani, Shloka Mehta's Dazzling Wedding: See Pictures |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/akash-ambani-wedding-akash-ambani-shloka-mehtas-dazzling-wedding-see-pictures-2005308 |accessdate=10 March 2019 |work=[[NDTV]] |date=10 March 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, Russell}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]
[[Category:People named in the Panama Papers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian Jains]]

Hooghly industrial region

2026-01-29T14:25:18Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: started new pg nd citations...

{{Short description|Industrial belt in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hooghly Industrial Belt
| image_skyline = River Hooghly-1-Kolkata-India.jpg
| nickname = Kolkata Industrial Belt
| area_total_km2 = 2000
| subdivision_type = Main Industry
| subdivision_name = {{unbulleted list|Jute|Textile|Heavy engineering|Leather|Information Technology}}
| subdivision_type2 = Cities
| subdivision_name2 = {{unbulleted list|[[Kolkata]]|[[Howrah]]|[[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]|[[Haldia]]}}
}}

The '''Hooghly Industrial Belt'''<ref>{{cite news|title= INDUSTRY OF BENGAL|url= http://bangla.eenaduindia.com/Economy/Industries/2014/08/18200420/INDUSTRY-OF-BENGAL.vpf|access-date= 27 June 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170903205725/http://bangla.eenaduindia.com/Economy/Industries/2014/08/18200420/INDUSTRY-OF-BENGAL.vpf|archive-date= 3 September 2017|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title =Industrial Regions: 8 Major Industrial Regions of India |url=http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/industries/industrial-regions-8-major-industrial-regions-of-india/14159/}}</ref> or '''Kolkata Industrial Belt''' is India's oldest and second largest Industrial area (''Silpancalasilpancalati'') the banks of the [[Hooghly River]] in the north to the south of [[Triveni Sangam|Triveni]]-[[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]], [[Uluberia]]-Biralapura 100 km long and 15–10 km wide zone to the industrial development of the [[Kolkata district]] and some part of [[North 24 Parganas]], [[South 24 Parganas]], [[Nadia district|Nadia]], [[Hooghly district]] and [[Howrah district]].

The industrial belt has 8,746 registered large factories in 1989. Besides 33,749 registered small factories in 1990. Of the total 2 million industrial workers 1.27 million are engaged in transport and tertiary services, 240,000 lakh in jute industry, and 220,000 in engineering and cotton textile industries. On the basis of the value of industrial output, transport and tertiary industry comes on the top ({{Indian rupee}}1.327 billion), followed by jute manufacturing ({{Indian rupee}}1.323 billion), manufacturing ({{Indian rupee}}950 million), chemicals ({{Indian rupee}}542 million), iron and steel ({{Indian rupee}}444 million), non-jute textiles ({{Indian rupee}}255 million), and food products ({{Indian rupee}}168 million).<ref>Bose, 1965</ref>

==Main industries==
===Jute industry===
The main industry is the jute industry of Hoogly industrial area. The first jute mill of the country was established in this region. Currently, there are 60 jute mills in this industrial area. 74 percent of the total jute mills in India is located here. The jute mills are mainly developed in Budge Budge, Birkhalur, Uluberia, Sankrail, Titagarh, Jagaddal, Kankinara, Bhadreswar, Agarpara and Bali areas have been developed. Most jute mills are in Titagarh, Uluberia, Bali and Bawajj areas. Jute of low Ganges valley, Coal of Raniganj, Hooghly river water, CESC and WBSEB power and local cheap workers. Industry has been helpful.<ref>{{cite news |title = ধর্মঘটে স্তব্ধ হবে হুগলী শিল্পাঞ্চল,প্রস্তুতি ঘরে ঘরে |url = http://ganashakti.com/bengali/current_news_details.php?nrws_id=1924 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Textile or artificial weaving industry===
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2017}}
There are about 40 pieces of textile in the Hughli industrial area. This call is available in Gulhahora, Sodapur, Kakinara, belaghariya, Shayamnagar and Panihati uthecheei up in huge demand in the region, South India and West India amadanakrta cotton, has helped to develop local capital funds in this [[textile mill]].

===Heavy engineering industry===
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2017}}
Heavy engineering is one of the most important industries in the Hoogly industrial area. The heavy engineering industries of this industrial area-
* Construction of motor vehicles – Hindustan Motors Limited (Hindmotor) (Closed), Zaneti (Chinsura)
* Shipbuilding Factory- [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]] ([[Garden Reach]])
* Cranes, wagons, rail coaches, weaving industries Construction of the building is done by JSP and Company Limited (Dumdum), Textile Machinery Corp Ltd (Behala), Braithwaite and Company Limited (Howrah), Burn Standard Company Limited (Howrah)
* Electric Fan and Sewing Cloth – Usha Company (Tollygunge)
* Railway Engine Repair Factory – Lilua and Kanchrapara

===Paper industry===
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2017}}
The paper industry is used as the raw material of the industrial area of Bamboo and ''sabaighas''' in Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh.This paper is mainly made of writing paper and tissue paper in the factories. The factories are –
* Emami Paper Mills (Dakshineswar)
* Tribeni Tissues Limited (Tribeni) – Under ITC.

===Chemical industry===
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2017}}
Kolkata and adjoining areas, chemical industries have been established. They mainly produce coastal soda, sulfuric acid and soda as well. They also make color polythene, plastic medicines. Principal factory-
* Bengal Chemical (Panihati),
* Dez Medical (Calcutta).
* Alkalie and Chemical Corporation of India Limited (RISHA), under ICI.<3

===Leather industry===
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2017}}
The leather industry has been set up in the Banatola's [[Kolkata Leather Complex]] and Botanagar in Badajnagar. The Tannery and Tiljala have been shifted to Bantalaya. The booth company of Batangarh is famous for its shoes. Currently there is a shoe factory in Bantalay.

===IT industry===
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2017}}
IT industry has a total of 100 IT companies in the industry. The eligible companies are – RS Software, CCS, Globusin Technology etc. The Software Technology Park in Salt Lake has been developed.

===Other industry===
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2017}}
Other industries are:

* Cement Construction – Dankuni
* Wrestling Construction Industry – Kashipur, Dumdum and Ichapur
* Yarn Factory – [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
* Aluminum Factory – Belur
* Rubber Factories – Dunlop,
* Lilium and Calcium Carbide Factories – Beerlapur
* Jewellery Industry – Masonry, [[Bidhannagar|Salt Lake]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|West Bengal}}

[[Category:Economy of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Jute industry in India]]
[[Category:Tea industry in India]]
[[Category:Manufacturing in India]]

Muhkam Singh

2026-01-29T02:18:34Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: content update

{{Short description|Chieftain of Sinsini from 1721 to 1722}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Raja Muhkam Singh
| title =
| image =
| caption =
| succession = Chieftain of Sinsini
| reign = 20 September 1721 – 18 November 1722
| coronation =
| predecessor = [[Churaman]]
| successor = [[Badan Singh]]
| spouse =
| issue = [[Badan Singh]]
| royal house = [[Sinsinwar]]
| father = [[Churaman]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 18 November 1722
| death_place =
| place of burial =
}}

'''Raja Muhkam Singh''' was a [[Tribal chief|chieftain]] and son of [[Churaman]]. He succeeded his father to the leadership of [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]] from 20 September 1721 to 18 November 1722. Fransoo, while giving the genealogy of the Bharatpur rulers, mentions him as the first [[Raja]], who set up his Raj at Thoon (in [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]] in modern day [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]). It appears, however, that he himself adopted the title of the Raja.<ref>Dow, Hindustan, II, 352</ref>{{primary source inline|date=February 2024}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dwivedi|first=Girish Chandra|title=The Jat : their role in the Mughal Empire|date=2003|publisher=Originals|others=Vir Singh|isbn=81-88629-08-1|location=Delhi|pages=88|oclc=57436527}}</ref>

== Life ==
Muhkam was a capable leader{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}, he had proved his martial ability by defeating and killing the deputy [[Subahdar|subedar]] of [[Agra]] and by defeating [[Saadat Ali Khan I|Saadat Khan]], the [[Viceroy]] of Agra. Muhkam had also challenged [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] authority by helping rebels like [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Ajit Singh]] of Mewar and [[Chhatrasal]]. The [[Muhammad Shah|Mughal Emperor]] had no choice but to send [[Sawai Jai Singh|Jai Singh II]] of [[Amber, India|Amber]] against the Rajput. Badan Singh joined Jai Singh prepared an army of 14,000 men and marched towards the Jat strongholds. Muhkam Singh attacked Jai Singh's army at night several times leading to heavy losses on both sides. Badan Singh who was with the army of Rajah Jai Singh pointed out the weak spots and helped in the reduction of two fortified outworks. After conducting the defence for about two months, Muhkam fled to [[Jodhpur]] where he paid the [[Kingdom of Marwar|Jodhpur]] [[Maharaja]] Ajit Singh three lakh rupees to help him against Jai Singh. A Jodhpur army was sent under Bijairaj Bhandari to save Thoon, however by the time the Jodhpur army reached [[Jobner]], it was too late as most of the Jat strongholds had fallen and many smaller forts had been dismantled. Muhkam had no choice but to go into exile, a Mughal army was sent to chase him, however he was saved by the Maharaja of Jodhpur. Badan Singh was thus made the Thakur of Bharatpur by Jai Singh.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&q=maharaja+surajmal+jaipur Jadunath Sarkar, History of Jaipur: C. 1503-1938, pg171]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Muhkam}}
[[Category:18th-century Indian people]]

Family of Mahatma Gandhi

2026-01-26T14:42:58Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: minor update

{{Short description|none}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2023}}
{{distinguish|Nehru–Gandhi family}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox family
| name = Family of Mahatma Gandhi
| crestcaption = 6th october
| caption = Gandhi and his group of associates
| region = India
| early_forms =
| origin = [[Gujarat]], India
| members = {{ubl|[[Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi|K. U. Gandhi]] (father)|[[Putlibai Gandhi]] (mother)|'''[[M. K. Gandhi]]'''|[[Kasturba Gandhi]] (wife)|[[Harilal Gandhi]] (son)|[[Manilal Gandhi]] (son)|[[Ramdas Gandhi]] (son)|[[Devdas Gandhi]] (son)}}
| connectedmembers = {{ubl|[[Rajmohan Gandhi]] (grandson)|[[Gopalkrishna Gandhi]] (grandson)|[[Ramchandra Gandhi]] (grandson)|[[Arun Manilal Gandhi]] (grandson)|[[Tushar Gandhi]] (great-grandson)|[[Shanti Gandhi]] (great-grandson)}}
| otherfamilies = [[C. Rajagopalachari]], Mashruwala, Kapadia, Dhupelia, Bhattacharjee, Menon
| distinctions = (Mahatma Gandhi)
| traditions = [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]], [[Hindu]]
| heirlooms =
| estate = [[Gandhi Smriti]]
| meaning =
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Gandhi family''' is the family of [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]] (2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948), commonly known as '''''Mahatma Gandhi'''''; Mahatma meaning "high souled" or "venerable" in Sanskrit; <ref name="Mahatma name">{{cite news|title=Mahatma name|publisher=behindthename.com|access-date=5 January 2017|url=http://www.behindthename.com/name/mahatma}}</ref> the particular term 'Mahatma' was accorded Mohandas Gandhi for the first time while he was still in South Africa, and not commonly heard as titular for any other civil figure even of similarly rarefied stature or living or posthumous presence.<ref name="Mahatma title to Bapu">{{cite news|title=Mahatma title to Bapu|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=5 January 2017|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Scribe-not-Tagore-gave-Mahatma-title-to-Bapu/articleshow/50989682.cms}}</ref>

Mohandas Gandhi was the leader of the [[Indian independence movement]] in [[British Raj|British-ruled India]]. Mohandas Gandhi has been called contemporary, post-colonial sovereign India's [[Father of the Nation]], a title first given to him by [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] on 6 July 1944 during Bose's address on the Singapore Radio. On 28 April 1947, [[Sarojini Naidu]] too referred to Gandhi with the title ''Father of the Nation''.<ref name="Father of The Nation">{{cite news|title=Father of The Nation|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=5 January 2017|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/who-named-mahatma-gandhi-father-of-nation-govt-foxed/story-w1Mo525w6QoETwc93nf3QI.html}}</ref> Mohandas Gandhi is also referred to as '''Bapu''' ([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: endearment for "father") in India, as prime minister Nehru called him at his funeral. In common parlance in India he is often called '''Gandhiji'''; 'ji' being a honorific suffix. Gandhi has also been referred to (mostly by British officials) as Gae-ndy or Ga-ndhi as in Hindi the a makes an "ah" sound.

In 1883, Mahatma Gandhi married [[Kasturba Gandhi|Kasturba]] (née Kasturbai Makhanji Kapadia).<ref name="Mohanty20113">{{cite journal |last1=Mohanty |first1=Rekha |year=2011 |title=From Satya to Sadbhavna |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2011/Jan/engpdf/january.pdf#page=58 |journal=Orissa Review |issue=January 2011 |pages=45–49 |access-date=23 February 2012}}</ref> They had their first baby in 1885, who survived only a few days.<ref name="ReferenceC">Guha 2015, p. 29</ref> The Gandhi couple had four more children, all sons: [[Harilal Gandhi|Harilal]], born in 1888; [[Manilal Gandhi|Manilal]], born in 1892; [[Ramdas Gandhi|Ramdas]], born in 1897; and [[Devdas Gandhi|Devdas]], born in 1900. Mohandas and Kasturba being third generation members of the cogent strata of this clan in a modern continuous descent, following upon a notable first generation progenitor who was first in the family to hold the office of full Diwan, Prime Minister as the Mahatma translates it, in a princely state, their issue now has notable and active members in their family's seventh generation and continue to be steadily prolific. The Mahatma writes that "The Gandhis belong to the Bania caste and seem to have been originally grocers."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gandhi |first1=Mohandas Karamchand |title=Memoir of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00litlinks/gandhi/part1/101chapter.html |website=Chapter 10: Birth and Parentage |publisher=Columbia University |access-date=27 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="Mohanty2011">{{cite journal |last1=Mohanty |first1=Rekha |year=2011 |title=From Satya to Sadbhavna |journal=Orissa Review |issue=January 2011 |pages=45–49 |url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2011/Jan/engpdf/46-50.pdf#page=58 |access-date=23 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101071619/http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2011/Jan/engpdf/46-50.pdf#page=58 |archive-date=1 January 2016 }}</ref>

Prior to the Mahatma's grandfather being a Prime Minister in two different monarchial states, after a principled falling out with a royal faction in his first state, several generations of the Gandhi men had been Deputy Prime Ministers, if their career status is considered sufficiently notable in this family of political officials, then numeration of their generations as a 'dynasty' of ministers would be several numbers higher. Five generations before the Mahatma's grandfather, Lalji Gandhi (born circa 1674) was the first of 5 successful generations of Naib Diwans of the Princely state of Porbander.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lalji Gandhi |url=https://www.geni.com/people/Lalji-Gandhi/6000000009442164328 |website=Geni |publisher=Geni.com |access-date=27 December 2022}}</ref>

[[File:Gandhi family tree.jpg|thumb|right|Family tree of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and Kasturba Gandhi. Source: Gandhi Ashram Sabarmati]]

The '''[[Nehru-Gandhi family]]''', India's other significant family with surname Gandhi, is unrelated by biology and marriage to the family of Mahatma Gandhi, however the same spelling of 'Gandhi' came into the Nehru-Gandhi family when [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]'s daughter [[Indira Gandhi|Indira]] married politician [[Feroze Gandhi]] who had changed the spelling of his surname Ghandy to Gandhi precisely to match that of [[Mahatma Gandhi|Mahatma Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]], revered as the 'father of the Indian nation'.<ref name="Guha">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FKepYC6wzwC&pg=PA33|title=India after Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy|last=Guha|first=Ramachandra|publisher=Pan Macmillan|year=2011|isbn=978-0330540209|at=p. 33, footnote 2 (chapter 14)}}: "Feroze Gandhi was also from the Nehrus' home town, Allahabad. A Parsi by faith, he at first spelt his surname 'Ghandy'. However, after he joined the national movement as a young man, he changed the spelling to bring it in line with that of Mahatma Gandhi."
</ref><ref name="Gandhi">{{cite book|title=Idea Exchange: Opinion Makers, Critical Issues, Interesting Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mkjhctAvaRAC&pg=PA87|last=Vishnu|first=Uma|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=2010|isbn=978-0670084890|page=87}}
</ref>

==Etymology==
Gandhi: "perfume seller," from [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] ''gandh'', "[[sandalwood]]"<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-1zAgAAQBAJ&q=++perfume&pg=PA149|title=Mindfulness in the Modern World: How Do I Make Meditation Part of Everyday Life?|date=8 April 2014|publisher=St. Martin's Publishing Group|isbn=9781466847323 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

The Gandhi surname came into the separate Nehru-Gandhi family from [[Feroze Gandhi]], a politician of [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] [[Parsi]] ancestry, who, after joining the [[Indian independence movement|independence movement]], changed the spelling of his surname from Ghandy to Gandhi, to match that of the family of Mahatma Gandhi despite not being related biologically nor by marriage nor formal adoption.<ref name="Guha">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FKepYC6wzwC&pg=PA33|title=India after Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy|last=Guha|first=Ramachandra|publisher=Pan Macmillan|year=2011|isbn=978-0330540209|at=p. 33, footnote 2 (chapter 14)}}: "Feroze Gandhi was also from the Nehrus' home town, Allahabad. A Parsi by faith, he at first spelt his surname 'Ghandy'. However, after he joined the national movement as a young man, he changed the spelling to bring it in line with that of Mahatma Gandhi."
</ref><ref name="Gandhi">{{cite book|title=Idea Exchange: Opinion Makers, Critical Issues, Interesting Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mkjhctAvaRAC&pg=PA87|last=Vishnu|first=Uma|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=2010|isbn=978-0670084890|page=87}}
</ref><ref>Lyon, Peter (2008) ''Conflict Between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia''. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 64. {{ISBN|978-1576077122}}. "Feroze Gandhi was no relation of Mahatma Gandhi."</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ashhali |first1=Varma |title=Was the Gandhi name adopted for convenience? (July 20, 2015) |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/no-free-lunch/was-the-gandhi-name-adopted-for-convenience/ |website=India Times |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. |access-date=26 December 2022}}</ref>

In the case of the '''Mahatma Gandhi''', Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi: ''Mahatma'', Sanskrit, "high souled" or "venerable"<ref name="Mahatma name">{{cite news|title=Mahatma name|publisher=behindthename.com|access-date=5 January 2017|url=http://www.behindthename.com/name/mahatma}}</ref> is the particular term accorded Mohandas Gandhi for the first time while he was still in South Africa, and not commonly heard as titular for any other civil figure even of similarly rarefied stature or living or posthumous presence.<ref name="Mahatma title to Bapu">{{cite news|title=Mahatma title to Bapu|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=5 January 2017|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Scribe-not-Tagore-gave-Mahatma-title-to-Bapu/articleshow/50989682.cms}}</ref> Mohandas Gandhi is also referred to as '''Bapu''' ([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: endearment for "father") in India, as prime minister Nehru called him at his funeral. In common parlance in India he is often called '''Gandhiji'''; 'ji' being a honorific suffix. Gandhi has also been referred to (mostly by British officials) as Gae-ndy or Ga-ndhi as in Hindi the a makes an "ah" sound. Mohandas Gandhi has been called contemporary, post-colonial sovereign India's [[Father of the Nation]], a title first given to him by [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] on 6 July 1944 during Bose's address on the Singapore Radio. On 28 April 1947, [[Sarojini Naidu]] too referred to Gandhi with the title ''Father of the Nation''.<ref name="Father of The Nation">{{cite news|title=Father of The Nation|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=5 January 2017|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/who-named-mahatma-gandhi-father-of-nation-govt-foxed/story-w1Mo525w6QoETwc93nf3QI.html}}</ref>

==First generation==
* Uttamchand Gandhi, husband of Laxmiba Gandhi, father of Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi, called 'Ota' by his grandson Mahatma Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, first in this family to hold the office of full, not deputy Diwan of Porbandar<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gandhi |first1=Mohandas Karamchand |title=Memoir of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00litlinks/gandhi/part1/101chapter.html |website=Chapter 1: Birth and Parentage |publisher=Columbia University |access-date=27 December 2022}}</ref> then after a principled falling out with the Queen's faction in his first princely state, Diwan of Junagadh instead, a colorful, daring character who hid condemned politicians and even returned to Porbander when the Queen died, giving service anew, but declining the Prime Minister's title in favor of his son holding that office<ref>{{cite web |title=About Uttamchand Gandhi |url=https://www.geni.com/people/Uttamchand-Gandhi/6000000013404606490 |website=Geni |publisher=Geni.com |access-date=27 December 2022}}</ref>
* Laxmiba Gandhi, wife of Uttamchand Gandhi, mother of Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi

==Second generation==
* [[Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi]] (1822–1885), nickname Kaba, fifth of six sons of Uttamchand and Laxmiba Gandhi,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gandhi |first1=Mohandas Karamchand |title=Memoir of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00litlinks/gandhi/part1/101chapter.html |website=Chapter 1: Birth and Parentage |publisher=Columbia University |access-date=27 December 2022}}</ref> with 4th wife Putlibai Gandhi (1844 — 12 June 1891) father of Laxmidas (male), Raliatbehn (female), Karsandas (male), and Mohandas Karamchand (male) Gandhi, Diwan of [[Porbandar]], Member of the Rajasthanik Court, and Diwan of [[Rajkot]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gandhi |first1=Mohandas Karamchand |title=Memoir of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00litlinks/gandhi/part1/101chapter.html |website=Chapter 1: Birth and Parentage |publisher=Columbia University |access-date=27 December 2022}}</ref>
* Tulsidas Gandhi, sixth of six sons of Uttamchand and Laxmiba Gandhi,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gandhi |first1=Mohandas Karamchand |title=Memoir of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00litlinks/gandhi/part1/101chapter.html |website=Chapter 1: Birth and Parentage |publisher=Columbia University |access-date=27 December 2022}}</ref> Diwan of [[Porbandar]] following the term of his older brother Karamchand Uttamchand<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gandhi |first1=Mohandas Karamchand |title=Memoir of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00litlinks/gandhi/part1/101chapter.html |website=Chapter 1: Birth and Parentage |publisher=Columbia University |access-date=27 December 2022}}</ref>

==Third generation==
* [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]] (Mahatma Gandhi) (2 October 1869 — 30 January 1948), son of Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi and 4th wife Putlibai Gandhi, youngest brother of Laxmidas (male), Raliatbehn (female), and Karsandas (male) Gandhi, married Kasturba Gandhi, father of Harilal, Manilal, Ramdas and Devdas Gandhi, Indian subcontinent autonomy and multiculturalism leader acclaimed as ''Father of the Nation'' of modern India and as ''Mahatma'', Sanskrit, 'Great Soul', civil rights champion in South Africa, attorney with law degree formally through Inner Temple and informal auditing at University College, University of London, barrister called to the bar 1891 at age 22
* [[Kasturba Gandhi]] (née Kasturbai Gokuldas (or Makhanji) Kapadia) (11 April 1869 – 22 February 1944), wife of Mahatma Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi through arranged marriage when she was 14 and he was 13, mother of Harilal, Manilal, Ramdas and Devdas Gandhi, ''National Safe Motherhood Day'' is observed on April 11 every year in India, coinciding with her birthday

==Fourth generation==
* [[Maganlal Gandhi]] (1883–1928)
* [[Harilal Gandhi]] (1888–1948)
* [[Manilal Gandhi]] (1892–1956)
* [[Ramdas Gandhi]] (1897–1969)
* [[Samaldas Gandhi]] (1897–1953)
* [[Devdas Gandhi]] (1900–1957)

==Fifth generation==
* [[Kanu Gandhi]] (1917–1986), photographer, several scenes from [[Richard Attenborough]]'s biopic ''Gandhi'' were shot on the basis of Kanu's photographs, his wife Abha was one of the companions with Mahatma Gandhi at Birla House Delhi, when Godse shot Mahatma Gandhi
* [[Kanu Gandhi (scientist)]] (1928–2016), scientist, MS.Civil Engineering [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] 1963, worked for NASA and United States Department of Defense on aircraft design, his wife Shivalaxmi was a professor and researcher in [[Boston Biomedical Research Institute]], no issue.
* [[Arun Manilal Gandhi]] (1934–2023), father of Tushar Gandhi
* [[Rajmohan Gandhi]] (1935–), brother of Gopalkrishna and Ramchandra Gandhi and Tara Gandhi Bhattacharjee (née Gandhi)
* [[Ramchandra Gandhi]] (1937–2007), son of Devdas Gandhi (Mahatma Gandhi's youngest son) and Lakshmi (daughter of Rajaji), brother of Rajmohan Gandhi, Gopalkrishna Gandhi and Tara Gandhi Bhattacharjee, father of [[Leela Gandhi]], PhD Philosophy, Oxford University, founded the philosophy department at the [[University of Hyderabad]], taught at [[Visva-Bharati University]], [[Panjab University]], [[California Institute of Integral Studies]] in San Francisco, California, and [[Bangalore University]]
* [[Ela Gandhi]] (1940–), daughter of Manilal Gandhi and Sushila Mashruwala, Member of Parliament in South Africa from 1994 to 2004, former Chancellor of Durban University of Technology, chairs the Mahatma Gandhi Salt March Committee and the Mahatma Gandhi Development Trust which she founded
* [[Gopalkrishna Gandhi]] (1945–), son of Devdas and Lakshmi Gandhi, brother of Rajmohan, Ramchandra Gandhi and Tara Gandhi Bhattacharjee (née Gandhi), 22nd Governor of [[West Bengal]] serving from 2004 to 2009, served as Secretary to the President of India and as High Commissioner to South Africa and Sri Lanka, younger brother of Rajmohan Gandhi, Ramchandra Gandhi, and Smt. Tara Bhattacharjee (Gandhi), has 2 daughters with his wife Tara
* [[Sumitra Kulkarni]] (née Gandhi) (1929–), daughter of Ramdas and Nirmala Gandhi, Member of [[Rajya Sabha]] (1972–1978), married Gajanan Raghunath Kulkarni, has twin sons Shriram and Shrikrishna and a daughter, Sonali<ref name=":0">{{cite book |url=https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/ElectronicPublications/Member_Biographical_Book.pdf |title=RAJYA SABHA MEMBERS BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 1952-2019 |publisher=RAJYA SABHA SECRETARIAT, NEW DELHI |year=2019 |page=244}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Kalappa |first=Bansy |date=2019-06-08 |title=Godse talk won’t dent Gandhi’s image: Mahatma's granddaughter Sumitra |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2019/Jun/08/godse-talk-wont-dent-gandhis-image-mahatmas-granddaughter-sumitra-1987791.html |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Sreenivasa Raghavan |first=T. S. |date=2010-10-08 |title=Gandhi kin to tie the knot with Microsoft boss |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/gandhi-kin-to-tie-the-knot-with-microsoft-boss/articleshow/21763695.cms |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=}}</ref>

==Sixth generation==
* [[Shanti Gandhi]] (1940–), son of Kantilal and Saraswati Gandhi, married Susan Gandhi, father of Ann, Anita and Anjali Gandhi, surgeon and [[US]] [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican party]] member of the [[Kansas House of Representatives]], representing the 52nd District from 2013 to 2015.
* [[Kirti Menon]] (1959–) (née Dhupelia), daughter of Sita (nee Gandhi) and Shashikant Dhupelia, married Sunil Menon, mother of Sunita Menon, Senior Director at the [[University of Johannesburg]] and chairman of the Gandhi Centenary Committee, South Africa, known for reforming the policy environment in post-secondary education sector in South Africa.
* [[Tushar Arun Gandhi]] (1960–), son of Arun Manilal Gandhi and {{ill|Sunanda Gandhi|ml|സുനന്ദ_ഗാന്ധി}}, married Sonal (née Desai) Gandhi, father of Vivan Gandhi (male) and Kasturi Gandhi (female), a Director of the Gandhi Research Foundation in [[Jalgaon]], [[Maharashtra]].
* [[Leela Gandhi]] (1966–), daughter of [[Ramchandra Gandhi]], John Hawkes Professor of Humanities and English, author and director of the [[Pembroke Center for Teaching and Research on Women]] at [[Brown University]].
* [[Sonali Kulkarni (businesswoman)|Sonali Kulkarni]], daughter of Sumitra and Gajanan Raghunath Kulkarni, CEO of [[FANUC|Fanuc]] India and married [[Ravi Venkatesan]], a business executive.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-13 |title=Sonali Kulkarni: Leading the Robo-Charge |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/specials/most-powerful-women-in-business/story/sonali-kulkarni-leading-the-robo-charge-315341-2021-12-13 |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Sreenivasa Raghavan |first=T. S. |date=2010-10-08 |title=Gandhi kin to tie the knot with Microsoft boss |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/gandhi-kin-to-tie-the-knot-with-microsoft-boss/articleshow/21763695.cms |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
* Shrikrishna Kulkarni, son of Sumitra and Gajanan Raghunath Kulkarni, [[Chief operating officer|COO]] of [[Panasonic]] India and director of Cybernetic Research Labs, chairperson of [[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta|IIM Culcutta]], trustee of [[Gujarat Vidyapith]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-21 |title=Ex-minister Bhupendrasinh Chudasama, Mahatma Gandhi’s great-grandson now Gujarat Vidyapith trustees |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/ex-minister-bapus-great-grandson-now-vidyapith-trustees/articleshow/99654606.cms |access-date=2024-01-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
* Shriram Kulkarni, son of Sumitra and Gajanan Raghunath Kulkarni<ref name=":1" />

==Family tree (partial, generations 2 through 6)==
{{Family tree of Mahatma Gandhi}}

==External links==
* Photo essay on [https://www.merepix.com/2013/03/mohandas-karamchand-mahatma-gandhi-family.html 'Four Generations Of Mahatma Gandhi Family Photos | Rare & Old Vintage Photos | Real-Life Photos"] illustrating the Gandhi family members. Although titled '4 generations', actually 6 generations are shown, as noted via ArunGandhi.net.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Arun |first1=Gandhi |title=Six Generations of Gandhi |url=https://www.arungandhi.net/six-generations-of-gandhi/ |website=Arun Gandhi, 5th Grandson of Mahatma Gandhi: Legacy of Love |publisher=Arun Gandhi |access-date=27 December 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Portal bar|India|History}}
{{reflist}}

{{Mohandas K. Gandhi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Family of Mahatma Gandhi}}
[[Category:Family of Mahatma Gandhi| ]]
[[Category:Indian families]]
[[Category:Hindu families]]
...

Triphala

2026-01-13T22:01:26Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: brief adjusted citations for accuracy and added references after review

__NOTOC__
{{Short description|South and East Asian drink}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{italics title}}
{{chinese
|pic=
|picsize=
|piccap=
|t={{linktext|三|勒|漿}}
|s=三勒浆
|p=Sānlèjiāng
|w=San-lê-chiang
|l=Three Myrobalan Juice
}}

'''{{translit|hi|Triphala}}''' ({{langx|hi|त्रिफला}}; {{langx|sa|त्रिफला}}, {{translit|sa|triphalā}}, "three fruits") is a [[fruit drink]]{{sfnp|Chen|2021|p=1}} or [[infusion]] produced from [[Terminalia chebula|chebulic myrobalan]] ({{langx|sa|{{linktext|हरीतकी}}}}, {{translit|sa|harītakī}}; {{langx|hi|हरीतकी}}, {{translit|hi|haritaki}}), [[Terminalia bellirica|beleric myrobalan]] ({{langx|sa|विभीतकी}}, {{translit|sa|vibhītakī}}; {{langx|hi|बिभीतकी}}, {{translit|hi|bibhitaki}}), and [[Phyllanthus emblica|emblic myrobalan]] ({{langx|sa|आमलकी}}, {{translit|sa|āmalakī}}; {{langx|hi|आँवला}}, {{translit|hi|ā̃vlā}}). Containing [[vitamin C]], it is considered an [[Ayurvedic]] [[rasayana]] formula when the dried and powdered fruit are prepared in a 1:1:1{{sfnp|O'Mathuna|2011}} or 1:2:3 ratio.{{sfnp|Parveen & al.|2018}} It is one of the most common Ayurvedic treatments in the world.{{sfnp|O'Mathuna|2011}} Less prominently, as '''{{translit|zh|sanlejiang}}''', the drink has a 1200-year history as a kind of [[fruit wine]] in [[China]]{{sfnp|Chen|2021|p=3}} with the non-alcoholic form now being marketed there as a [[traditional Chinese medicine|traditional herbal remedy]].{{sfnp|Chen|2021|p=2}}

{{Multiple image
|total_width = 600
| align = center
| height = 400
| caption_align = center
| image1 = A view of Honey Terminalia chebula (Kadukkaai).jpg
| alt1 = chebulic myrobalan
| caption1 = chebulic myrobalan
| image2 = Bahera (Terminalia bellirica) fruits.jpg
| alt2 = beleric myrobalan
| caption2 = beleric myrobalan
| image3 = Fruits de Phyllanthus emblica à Pushkar (Rajasthan) (2).jpg
| alt3 = emblic myrobalan
| caption3 = amla, emblic myrobalan
}}

==History==
The earliest record of {{translit|hi|triphala}} in [[China]] is [[Li Zhao (Tang dynasty)|Li Zhao]]'s {{c.|820}} ''Supplement to the [[New Book of Tang|Book of Tang]]'' ({{translit|zh|Tangguoshi Bu}}), which lists it in a section on domestic and foreign alcohol available in the [[Tang Empire|Tang]] capital [[Chang'an]].{{sfnp|Chen|2021|p=3}} It states the Chinese formulation was based on a recipe from [[Iranian Intermezzo|Persia]].{{sfnp|Chen|2021|p=3}} One such recipe is included in [[Han E (scholar)|Han E]]'s mid- or late-Tang ''Summary of the Four Seasons'' {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|《四時纂要》}},}} {{translit|zh|Sì Shí Zuǎnyào}}), first published in 996: pulverize 3 [[liang (unit)|liang]] (about {{convert|120|g|oz|sp=us|disp=or|0}}) of the pits of each of the 3 fruits to a [[sesame seed]] consistency; thoroughly mix 1 [[dou (unit)|dou]] (about {{convert|2|liter|USgal|sp=us|disp=or|1}}) of clear honey with 2 dou of fresh clear water before adding the pulverized seeds; seal tightly with clean paper; open, stir, remove internal condensation, and reseal to allow [[fermentation]] to proceed; and reopen and consume after thirty days.{{sfnp|Chen|2021|pp=4-5}} Han praised the sweet resulting wine as a [[digestif]], [[deflatulent]], and mild [[laxative]].{{sfnp|Chen|2021|p=5}} The [[Ming-era]] encyclopedist [[Gao Lian (dramatist)|Gao Lian]] copied much of this in his ''Eight Treatises on Nurturing Life'' {{nowrap|({{lang|zh|《遵生八笺》}},}} {{translit|zh|Zūnshēng Bā Jiān}}) but emended the recipe to use 3 liang total in the mixture.{{sfnp|Chen|2021|p=5}} Commenters varied as to whether preparation in the 8th or 9th [[Chinese month|lunar month]] (normally September or October) produced the best results.{{sfnp|Chen|2021|p=6}}

==See also==
* [[Ayurveda]] & [[Rasayana]]
* [[Traditional Chinese medicine]] & [[Chinese alcohol]]
* [[Herbal medicine]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}
===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |last=Chen |first=Ming |author-mask=Ming Chen |contribution-url=https://glorisunglobalnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/hualin4.2_chen.pdf |contribution='Method from Persia': Study of the Origins of the 'Three Myrobalan Decoction' |editor=Jack Hargreaves |display-editors=0 |title=Hualin International Journal of Buddhist Studies |volume=4, no. 2 |date=2021 |pp=1-78 |publisher= |location= }}.
* {{citation |last=O'Mathuna |first=Donal |contribution=Does It Work? Can Triphala Act as an Antimicrobial? |contribution-url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/health/does-it-work-can-triphala-act-as-an-antimicrobial-1.570237 |date=12 April 2011 |title=Irish Times |publisher= |location= }}
* {{citation |last1 = Parveen |first1 = Romana |last2 = Shamsi |first2 = Tooba Naz |last3 = Singh |first3 = Gurjeet |last4 = Athar |first4 = Teeba |last5 = Fatima |first5 = Sadaf |display-authors=1 |ref={{harvid|Parveen & al.|2018}} |date = March 2018 |contribution = Phytochemical Analysis and In-Vitro Biochemical Characterization of Aqueous and Methanolic Extract of Triphala, a Conventional Herbal Remedy |title= Biotechnology Reports |publisher = [[Elsevier]] |location= |volume = 17 |pages = 126–136 |doi = 10.1016/j.btre.2018.02.003 |doi-access = free |pmc = 5881245 |pmid = 29619331}}.
{{refend}}

{{alt-med-stub}}
[[Category:Ayurvedic medicaments]]
{{Hinduism-stub}}

Veer Shivaji

2026-01-03T19:59:21Z

Chitkarauonlinemba:

{{more citations needed|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Veer Shivaji poster.jpg
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Historical drama]]
| creator = [[Abhimanyu Singh (producer)|Abhimanyu Singh]]
| developer =
| story = Pratap Gangawane
| screenplay = Faizal Akhtar Virendra Singh Patyal '''Dialogues''' Mairaj Zaidi
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| judges =
| voices =
| narrator =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer = [[Sunny Bawra]] [[Inder Bawra]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 182
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Abhimanyu Singh
| location =
| cinematography = Veerdhaval Puranik
| editor = Rochak Ahuja Ayaz Ahmad Shadab {{small|(online)}}
| camera = Multi-camera
| runtime = 20 minutes (approximately)
| company = [[Contiloe Entertainment]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2011|9|2}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2012|5|25}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Veer Shivaji to end|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-27/tv/31411259_1_generation-leap-channel-end|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130127234614/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-27/tv/31411259_1_generation-leap-channel-end|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 January 2013|last=TNN|date=27 April 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=16 December 2012}}</ref>
| related =
| channel = [[Colors TV]]
}}

'''''Veer Shivaji''''' ({{Translation|''Brave Shiva''}}) is an Indian historical drama series that aired on [[Colors TV]] from 2 September 2011 to
25 May 2012. The show focuses on the life of [[Shivaji]], the 17th century founder of the [[Maratha Empire]].

==Plot==
{{No plot|date=November 2024}}

== Cast ==

* [[Paras Arora]] as [[Shivaji|Chhatrapati Shivaji Raje Bhosle]] - Jijabai and Shahaji Bhosle's son, Sambhaji Bhosle's brother and Saibai and Soyarabai Bhosle's husband and become first Maratha Chhatrapati (Emperor).
** [[Amol Kolhe]] as [[Shivaji|Chhatrapati Shivaji Raje Bhosle]]
* [[Shilpa Tulaskar]] as [[Jijabai|Jijabai Bhosale]] - Shahaji's first wife; [[Sambhaji Shahaji Bhosale]] & [[Shivaji|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj's]] mother.
* [[Palak Jain (actress, active since 2003)|Palak Jain]] as [[Maharani Saibai|Saibai Bhosle]] (née Sai Nimbalkar) - Shivaji's first and beloved wife, Mother of [[Sambhaji]], Daughter of Mudhoji Rao and sister of Bajaji Rao.
** Sonia Sharma as Elder [[Sai Bhonsale]]
* Ayesha Kaduskar as [[Soyarabai|Soyarabai Bhosle]] - (née Soyara Mohite) Shivaji's second wife and Rajaram and Balibai 's mother.
** [[Ruchita Jadhav]] as Elder [[Soyarabai|Soyarabai Bhosle]]
* [[Milind Gunaji]] as [[Shahaji|Shahaji Raje Bhosale]] - Jijabai's husband; [[Sambhaji Shahaji Bhosale]] & [[Shivaji|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj's]] father
* Mandar Jadhav as [[Sambhaji Shahaji Bhosale|Sambhaji Raje Bhosale]] / Sambhaji Shahaji Bhosale - Shivaji's elder brother
* Smita Shewale as [[Putalabai|Putalabai Bhosle]] - third wife of Shivaji
* [[Hemant Choudhary]] as Shyamraj Nilkant Pant- Prime Minister in Shivaji's Darbar
* Ritesh Mobh as Elder Sambhaji Raje Bhosle
* [[Alihassan Turabi]] as [[Mohammed Adil Shah: Sultan of Bijapur|Mohammed Adil Shah]]
* Natasha Sinha as Begum Huzur - Sultan Adil Shah's mother
* [[Amit Behl]] as Sonopant Pingle
* Kumar Hegde as Baji Pasalkar
* Alok Narula as [[Rustam Zaman]]
* [[Chetan Hansraj]] as Inayat Khan
* Behzaad Khan as Noor Khan
* [[Nawab Shah (actor)|Nawab Shah]] as [[Afzal Khan (general)|Afzal Khan]]
* [[Sonia Singh]] as Rambha Naikin / Janabai - A famous dancer and courtesan.
* Manoj Kumar as [[Aurangzeb]]
* [[Aarav Chowdhary]] as [[Dara Shikoh]]
* Amit Mohanrao Deshmukh as Bhimaji "Bhimya" Wagh
* [[Jasveer Kaur]] as Gauhar - Inayat Khan's mistress
* [[Dinesh Sharma (actor)|Dinesh Sharma]] as [[Tanaji Malusare]]
* [[Ravi Bhatia]] as [[Jiva Mahala]]
* [[Ishita Vyas]] as Janakibai
* Romanch Mehta as [[Jaswant Singh of Marwar|Jaswant Singh]]
* Yuri Suri as Sujat Khan
* Manoj Verma as [[Fateh Khan]]
* [[Amit Pachori]] as [[Netaji Palkar]]
* [[Gopal Singh (actor)|Gopal Singh]] as [[Bahirji Naik]]
* [[Raza Murad]] as [[Shah Jahan]]
* Sonia Sharma as Elder [[Maharani Saibai|Saibai Bhosle]]
*[[Devdatta Nage]] as [[Tanaji Malusare]]
* Zaffar Beg as Sharhaan Singh
* Rishabh Jain as [[Raghoji]]
* Brownie Parashar as Krishnaji Bhatt
* [[Mahendra Ghule]] as Sayyad Banda

==Extension==
Due to the instant success and popularity and with TRP of more than 2.60,{{citation needed|date=May 2012}} the show timing were extended to five days a week (Monday to Friday at 8:30 pm) from 3 October 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Veer Shivaji|url=http://colors.in.com/in/shows/veer-shivaji-69.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527142905/http://colors.in.com/in/shows/veer-shivaji-69.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 May 2012|publisher=colors.in.com|access-date=16 December 2012}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Colors Programmes}}

[[Category:2011 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:2012 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Shivaji]]
[[Category:Indian historical television series]]
[[Category:Television series set in the 17th century]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Shivaji]]

Punjab Northern State Railway

2025-12-28T07:37:19Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: created initial data needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox company
|name = Punjab Northern State Railway
|logo =
|type =
|foundation =1876
|location_city = [[Lahore]]
|location_country = [[British Raj]]
|location =
|locations = 
|key_people =
|area_served = [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Northwest Frontier Province]]
|industry = [[Railways]]
|products =
|services = [[Rail transport]]
| predecessor =
| successor = [[North Western State Railway]] (NWR)
|revenue =
|operating_income =
|net_income =
|num_employees =
|parent =
|divisions =
|subsid =
|slogan =
|homepage =
|dissolved = 1885
|footnotes =
|intl =
}}

The '''Punjab Northern State Railway''' {{reporting marks|PNSR}}, opened in 1876, was a railway line between [[Lahore]] and [[Peshawar]].

==History==
[[File:Triumphal Arch on the Alexandra Railway Bridge at Wuzeerabad ILN 1876.jpg|thumb|Triumphal Arch on the Alexandra Railway Bridge at Wuzeerabad in 1876]]
The route of what became the Punjab Northern State Railway, was first surveyed in 1857. Years of political and military debate followed as described under the "Lahore & Peshawar Railway". The Punjab Northern State Railway was created in 1870-71 to construct and operate the railway between [[Lahore]] and [[Peshawar]]. The first section of the line was opened in 1876 from [[Lahore]] to [[Peshawar]] and in 1883 <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ETIxCLujm30C&dq=Punjab+Northern+State+Railway&pg=PA84 Google Books "Engines of Change: The Railroads that Made India" by Ian J. Kerr, page 84] Retrieved on 12 Jul 2016</ref> the [[Attock Bridge]] over the [[Indus River]] was completed. Francis Joseph Edward Spring was deployed from the Imperial Civil Service's engineering section in 1873 as consulting engineer for the survey of the PNSR and the construction of various parts of that railway and bridges. He remained attached to the PNSR until 1878. Several major bridges required construction to complete the PNSR line between from [[Lahore]] and [[Peshawar]]:

* [[Jhelum Bridge]], over the [[Jhelum River]] at [[Jhelum]]. Construction began in 1871 by William St. John Galwey and opened in 1873.
* Alexandra Bridge, over the [[Chenab River]] between [[Wazirabad]] and [[Gujrat City|Gujrat]]. Construction began in 1871 by Francis Joseph Edward Spring and opened in 1876 by [[King Edward VII]].
* Ravi Bridge, over the [[Ravi River]] situated between Sadiqpura, [[Lahore]] and [[Shahdara Bagh]]. Construction began in 1871 by Francis Joseph Edward Spring and completed in 1876.
* [[Attock Bridge]], over in Indus River. Construction began in 1880 by Francis Langford O'Callaghan and completed 1883.

Along with several other railways, the Punjab Northern State Railway was merged with the [[Scinde, Punjab & Delhi Railway]] in 1886 to form the [[North Western State Railway]].<ref>[http://searcharchives.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?vid=IAMS_VU2 “British Library Archives and Manuscripts Catalogue” - Search]; Retrieved 27 Apr 2016</ref>

==Personnel==
The following from the railway branch of the public works department were deployed to the PNSR:
* Henry Francis Storey: (1868–78), employed on the construction of the [[Alexandra bridge (Chenab river)|Alexandra bridge]] over the [[Chenab river]]<ref>[http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Henry_Francis_Storey "Grace's Guide - Henry Francis Storey”]; Retrieved on 30 May 2016</ref>
*Henry Thomas Geoghegan: (1868), executive engineer<ref>[https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=b2NPAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&hl=en_GB&pg=GBS.PA501 Google Books " India List and India Office List, 1905" page 501 (pdf page 464)] Retrieved on 18 May 2016</ref>
*Robert Trefusis Mallet: (1868), executive engineer<ref>[https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=b2NPAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&hl=en_GB&pg=GBS.PA560 Google Books " India List and India Office List, 1905" page 560 (pdf page 523] Retrieved on 30 May 2016</ref>
*Hugh Lewin Monk: (1870–73), assistant engineer<ref name=ior>[http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/indiaofficeselect/PhotoShowDescs.asp?CollID=2811 British Library - "Photographs Album details for shelfmark Photo 1085/9"]; Retrieved 30 May 2016</ref>
*[[Horace Bell]]: (1874), executive engineer during construction<ref>[http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Horace_Bell "Grace's Guide - Horace Bell”]; Retrieved on 30 May 2016</ref>
*Joseph Bonus: (1877–81), superintending engineer and engineer-in-chief for the construction from Rawalpindi-Peshawar section<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=b2NPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA444= Google Books "India List and India Office List -1905" page 444]; Retrieved on 19 Aug 2016</ref>
*James Condor: (1875), executive engineer<ref>[https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=b2NPAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&hl=en_GB&pg=GBS.PA465 Google Books " India List and India Office List, 1905" page 465 (pdf page 428)] Retrieved on 30 May 2016</ref>
*Thomas Gracey Col. R.E.: (1879), engineer-in-chief of the Rawalpindi-Kohat section<ref name=name>[https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=b2NPAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&hl=en_GB&pg=GBS.PA506 Google Books " India List and India Office List, 1905" page 506 (pdf page 469)] Retrieved on 30 May 2016</ref>
*Frederick Lewis Dibblee: (1879–80), PNSR engineer-in-chief (Jhelum division) and later superintending engineer of Rawalpindi section<ref>[http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/jo/genealogy/dibblee/fred1.htm Biography "Life of Frederick Lewis Dibblee"]; Retrieved on 30 May 2016</ref>
*Ernest Lindsay Marryat: (1880–86), PNSR manager.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=b2NPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA562= Google Books "India List and India Office List -1905" page 562]; Retrieved on 19 Aug 2016</ref>
*Richard Arthur Sargeaunt: (1884–87), PNSR office manager.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=b2NPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA607= Google Books "India List and India Office List -1905" page 607]; Retrieved on 19 Aug 2016</ref>

== See also ==
* [[History of rail transport in Pakistan]]
* [[Indus Valley State Railway]]
* [[North Western State Railway]]
* [[Pakistan Railways]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Pakistan Railways}}

[[Category:1876 establishments in British India]]

Beatles Ashram

2025-12-27T14:52:42Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: creating a data w/ refs.

{{Short description|Ashram in India}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2010}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Coord|30.109745|78.312774|format=dms|display=title}}
'''Beatles Ashram''' (बीटल्स आश्रम), also known as '''Chaurasi Kutia''' (चौरासी कुटिया), is an [[ashram]] close to the north Indian city of [[Rishikesh]] in the state of [[Uttarakhand]]. It is located on the eastern bank of the [[Ganges]] river, opposite the [[Muni Ki Reti]] area of Rishikesh, in the foothills of the [[Himalayas]]. During the 1960s and 1970s, as the '''International Academy of Meditation''', it was the training centre for students of [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]], who devised the [[Transcendental Meditation technique]]. The ashram gained international attention between February and April 1968 when the English rock band [[the Beatles]] studied meditation there, along with celebrities such as [[Donovan]], [[Mia Farrow]] and [[Mike Love]]. It was the setting for the band's most productive period as songwriters, where they composed most of the songs for their [[The Beatles (album)|self-titled double album]], also known as the "White Album".

The site was abandoned in the 1990s and reverted to the local forestry department in 2003, after which it became a popular visiting place for fans of the Beatles. Although derelict and overrun by jungle, the site was officially opened to the public in December 2015. It is now known as Beatles Ashram and held an exhibition in February 2018 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Beatles' arrival in Rishikesh.

==Background and location==
[[File:View of rishikesh from beach.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|View of Jonk, the village on the eastern side of [[Lakshman Jhula]] footbridge]]
[[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]] leased the site from the state forestry department of [[Uttar Pradesh]] in 1961.{{sfn|Shumsky|2018|p=42}} It sits on a {{convert|150|ft|m}}-high cliff overlooking the [[Ganges]] river, on a hill known as Manikoot, and comprises {{convert|14|acre|m2|adj=}} of land surrounded by jungle.{{sfn|Shumsky|2018|p=42}} The facility was built in 1963 with a $100,000 gift from American heiress [[Doris Duke]].{{sfn|Cooke de Herrera|1992|p=124}} Referred to locally as the Chaurasi Kutia ashram,<ref name="Kimothi/Pioneer">{{cite news|first=Paritosh|last=Kimothi|title=Ayush Gram to come up on Mahesh Yogi ashram site|work=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]]|date=26 January 2011|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/313293/Ayush-Gram-to-come-up-on-Mahesh-Yogi-ashram-site.html|archive-date=6 April 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406204906/http://www.dailypioneer.com/313293/Ayush-Gram-to-come-up-on-Mahesh-Yogi-ashram-site.html|access-date=8 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="Bag/LiveMint">{{cite news|first=Shamik|last=Bag|title=The Beatles' magical mystery tour of India|work=[[Live Mint]]|date=20 January 2018|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/ShOyoU6g0Rs5TPKxfOgwxK/The-Beatles-magical-mystery-tour-of-India.html|access-date=29 April 2018}}</ref> and by some meditators as Shankaracharya Nagar,{{sfn|Shumsky|2018|p=42}}{{sfn|Giuliano|Giuliano|2005|p=128}} it was named the "International Academy of Meditation" by the Maharishi. It was one of many ashrams in the Rishikesh area, which is a place of religious significance{{sfn|Oldmeadow|2004|p=136}} and known as the "yoga capital of the world".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/uttarakhand/rishikesh-s-identity-as-yoga-capital-to-be-maintained/48548.html|title=Rishikesh's identity as yoga capital to be maintained|author=Tribune News Service|newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|date=2 March 2015|access-date=3 April 2018|archive-date=6 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506212519/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/uttarakhand/rishikesh-s-identity-as-yoga-capital-to-be-maintained/48548.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The ashram is located due east of the [[Muni Ki Reti]] area of Rishikesh, in the north of the city, and on the opposite bank of the river. In the late 1960s, access to the cliff-top facility was possible via the [[Lakshman Jhula]] footbridge, {{convert|5|km}} north-east of the centre of Rishikesh, at the village of Tapovan, followed by a 2-mile walk back downriver and a steep climb up the rocky path to Manikoot. Alternatively, a ferry service was available, from close to what is now the [[Ram Jhula, Rishikesh|Ram Jhula]] suspension bridge, built in 1986. Before the opening of Ram Jhula, vehicles crossed the Ganges over the narrow bridge at [[Haridwar]], south of Rishikesh, and then travelled 13 miles along a twisty and potholed dirt road to the ashram.{{sfn|Shumsky|2018|p=42}}

In November 2020, the Janki Setu (or Sita Pul) bridge opened to the public. The 274-metre bridge allows access for two-wheelers and pedestrians, and further reduces the distance to the ashram.<ref>Statesman News Service/Dehradun (20 November 2020). [https://www.thestatesman.com/india/rishikesh-gets-new-suspension-bridge-set-become-selfie-hotspot-1502936402.html "Rishikesh gets new suspension bridge, all set to become selfie hotspot"]. ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]''. Retrieved 1 April 2021.</ref>
{{Clear}}

==Facilities==
[[File:Beatles ashram.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|Rooftop meditation dome (pictured in 2017)]]
The training centre was designed to suit Western habits and was described variously as "luxurious" and "seedy".<ref name=Nossiter>{{cite news|title=In Yogi Land|first=Bernard|last=Nossiter|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=18 February 1968|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Preacher of Peace|date=22 January 1968|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> It was built to accommodate several dozen people and each of its stone bungalows contained five rooms.{{sfn|Lennon|2005|p=207}} According to author Susan Shumsky, a TM devotee whose first retreat at the ashram was in 1970, the facility was "under constant construction".{{sfn|Shumsky|2018|p=43}} In addition to several stone huts, there were accommodation blocks, known as ''puri'', each containing six self-contained rooms.{{sfn|Paytress|2003|p=13}} The Maharishi's residence was a long, modern-style bungalow located away from the other buildings.{{sfn|Brown|Gaines|2002|p=260}} According to journalist Raymond Zhong, who visited the site in 2015, the name Chaurasi Kutia is [[Hindi]] for "84 Huts".<ref name="Zhong/WSJ">{{cite news|first=Raymond|last=Zhong |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2015/12/10/look-inside-the-beatles-ashram-now-reopened-to-the-public/|title=Look Inside the Beatles' Ashram, Now Reopened to the Public|publisher=[[The Wall Street Journal|wsj.com]]|date=10 December 2015|access-date=27 April 2018}}</ref> He also comments on the less traditional design aspects: "One four-story building has a stepped pyramid design and multifoil arches above the doorways, and on the roof there are massive white structures shaped like ostrich eggs ..."<ref name="Zhong/WSJ" /> Shumsky writes that the Maharishi's bungalow was a "simple brick, concrete, and stone" building, and far from the lavish accommodation commonly depicted in the media in the aftermath to [[the Beatles]]' stay at the ashram.{{sfn|Shumsky|2018|p=217}}{{refn|group=nb|Following his visit to the abandoned site in the late 1990s, Beatles biographer [[Geoffrey Giuliano]] wrote: "It was not at all the 'million-dollar staccato house' to which [[John Lennon]] had referred ... What struck me was how often writers like myself, without any first-hand knowledge, exaggerated John's description that this house was some kind of great mansion with a helipad!"{{sfn|Giuliano|Giuliano|2005|pp=xiii–xiv}}}}

The compound was surrounded by a wire fence,<ref name=Lelyveld>{{cite news|title=Beatles' Guru Is Turning Them into Gurus with a Cram Course|first=Joseph|last=Lelyveld|date=23 February 1968|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|page=13}}</ref><ref name="MalEvansDiaryExtracts">{{cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.com/sunday-times-rich-list/profile/article/diary-extracts-03j7xvq00rb |title=Mal Evans' diary extracts |work=[[The Sunday Times]]|date=20 March 2005 |access-date=8 May 2011 |first1=Tom |last1=Coghlan |first2=Laura |last2=Pitel |first3=Sadie |last3=Gray}}</ref> which served as a barrier against the abundant wildlife in the interior. Beyond the fence, the forest was thick with teak, guava and {{lang|hi-Latn|sissoso}}{{huh|date=January 2023}} trees, while inside were gardens filled with flowerbeds of red hibiscus.{{sfn|Paytress|2003|p=13}} At the entrance to the site, there was a gatehouse, signposted as the "Inquiry Office", and a white picket fence inside the wire fence.{{sfn|Paytress|2003|p=13}} Along the cliff edge, a path led down to the shoreline.

The Maharishi addressed his students in the two-storey lecture hall. This high-ceilinged structure had long windows that, as with its roof, provided a popular [[habitat]] for birds and monkeys. The kitchen block was towards the rear of the site.{{sfn|Paytress|2003|p=13}} Meals were taken communally in an open dining area, over which stood a wooden trellis.{{sfn|Shumsky|2018|p=157}}

For the Beatles' stay in early 1968, according to one of the Maharishi's aides at the time, Ravindra Damodara, four small stone-covered buildings were constructed along the path down from the main centre to the ashram gates. These dome-shaped "caves" included a raised platform, accessed by ladder, on which each Beatle could engage in advanced meditation.{{sfn|Giuliano|Giuliano|2005|p=xiv}} During the same period, the Maharishi was negotiating with the Indian government to convert some nearby parkland into an airstrip for a [[Beechcraft]] aeroplane{{sfn|Syman|2010|p=198}} that he had been given.<ref name=Nossiter/> Several thousand landless peasants objected to this deal, as they had been denied the use of the land for farming.<ref>{{cite news|title=Yogi Undisturbed by Resistance to Airfield|first=Arthur J.|last=Dommen|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=1 April 1968|page=29}}</ref>

==The Beatles' stay==
{{Main|The Beatles in India}}
[[File:Laxmanjhula.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|Lakshman Jhula footbridge, pictured from the village of Tapovan]]
The Beatles' decision to study Transcendental Meditation in India brought international renown to the ashram{{sfn|Goldberg|2010|p=156}}<ref name="Duttagupta/IndiaToday">{{cite magazine|first=Samonway|last=Duttagupta|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/travel/travel-buzz/story/uttarakhand-reopens-the-beatles-ashram-in-rishikesh-as-an-eco-friendly-tourist-spot-276299-2015-12-09 |title=Uttarakhand reopens 'The Beatles' ashram in Rishikesh as an eco-friendly tourist spot|magazine=[[India Today]]|date=9 December 2015|access-date=29 April 2018}}</ref> and to Rishikesh.<ref name="Schultz/NYT">{{cite news|first=Kai|last=Schultz|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/14/world/asia/beatles-museum-india-ashram.html|title=Rebuilding on the Beatles, an Ashram in India Hopes for Revival|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=14 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114184305/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/14/world/asia/beatles-museum-india-ashram.html|archive-date=14 January 2018|access-date=29 April 2018}}</ref> The band and their entourage travelled there in two separate groups.{{sfn|Paytress|2003|p=12}} [[George Harrison]] and [[John Lennon]], together with their respective wives, [[Pattie Boyd]] and [[Cynthia Lennon]], and Boyd's sister [[Jenny Boyd|Jenny]], arrived in [[Delhi]] on 16 February 1968.{{sfn|Shumsky|2018|pp=155–56}} They then travelled the {{convert|150|mi|km|adj=}} to Rishikesh by taxi,{{sfn|Miles|2001|p=293}} a six-hour journey.{{sfn|Winn|2009|p=158}} Recalling their arrival, Harrison said: "Rishikesh is an incredible place, situated where the Ganges flows out of the Himalayas into the plains between the mountains and Delhi. There is quite a hefty flow of water coming out of the Himalayas, and we had to cross the river by a big swing suspension bridge [the Lakshman Jhula]."{{sfn|The Beatles|2000|p=281}} The Beatles were followed by a retinue of reporters and photographers, who were mostly kept out of the fenced and gated compound.<ref name=Spencer>{{cite news |title=Maharishi Mahesh Yogi: Spiritual leader who introduced millions, including The Beatles, to transcendental meditation |first=Spencer |last=Leigh |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/maharishi-mahesh-yogi-spiritual-leader-who-introduced-millions-including-the-beatles-to-transcendental-meditation-779109.html |date=7 February 2008 |access-date=15 March 2010}}</ref><ref name="Cynthia/SundayTimes">{{cite news|title=The Beatles, the Maharishi and me |first=Cynthia |last=Lennon |newspaper=[[The Sunday Times]]|date=10 February 2008 |url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article3340963.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516010101/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article3340963.ece|archive-date=16 May 2008|url-status=dead |access-date=28 April 2018}}</ref> Scottish singer-songwriter [[Donovan]] arrived soon after the Beatles,{{sfn|Saltzman|2000|p=87}} and [[Mia Farrow]], [[Mike Love]] of [[the Beach Boys]] and jazz flautist [[Paul Horn (musician)|Paul Horn]]{{sfn|Giuliano|Giuliano|2005|p=131}} were among the dozens of other meditators, all of them Europeans or Americans.<ref name=Lelyveld/>{{sfn|Boyd|2007|p=115}}{{refn|group=nb|Love recalled crossing the Ganges on "a little scow, not even really a boat". He said of the atmosphere in Rishikesh: "The area around us was called the Valley of the Saints, with the Himalayas rising up around it ... You could feel that this was a place where people had been coming to meditate since ancient times."<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Mike|last=Love|title=The Ashram Where the Beatles Sought Enlightenment|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/beatles-ashram-sought-enlightenment-180967494/|magazine=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]|date=January 2008|access-date=28 April 2018}}</ref>}} One of the Beatles' friends, [[Magic Alex|Alexis "Magic Alex" Mardas]], an electronics engineer and inventor,{{sfn|Brown|Gaines|2002|p=242}} was summoned to Rishikesh in the hope of providing the ashram with a high-power radio transmitter to broadcast the Maharishi's message.{{sfn|Paytress|2003|p=17}}

The bungalows allotted to the Beatles were equipped with electric heaters, running water, toilets, and English-style furniture.{{sfn|Brown|Gaines|2002|p=260}} According to [[Nancy Cooke de Herrera]], an American devotee who was assigned to look after the Western celebrities, the Maharishi obtained many "special items" from a nearby village so that the Beatles' rooms would have mirrors, wall-to-wall carpeting, wall coverings, foam mattresses and bedspreads.{{sfn|Cooke de Herrera|1992|p=219}}{{refn|group=nb|Cooke de Herrera later wrote that, compared to the other students' bungalows, the Beatles' residences "looked like a palace".{{sfn|Cooke de Herrera|1992|p=219}}}} [[Ringo Starr]] later compared the ashram to "a kind of spiritual [[Butlins]]", a low-cost British holiday camp.{{sfn|Miles|1997|p=397}} The Beatles adopted native dress, and the ashram had a tailor on the premises to make clothes for the students.{{sfn|Boyd|2007|pp=115–16}} Members of their party shopped in local towns and bought [[sari]]s for themselves{{sfn|Lennon|2005|p=209}} and material to be made into shirts and jackets for the men.{{sfn|Cooke de Herrera|1992|p=222}} These towns included [[Dehradun]] and [[Mussoorie]], where markets were held by Tibetans who had been driven out of their homeland by Chinese encroachment into [[Tibet]].{{sfn|Boyd|2007|p=117}}

[[File:TheBeatles68LP.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.9|alt=A mostly plain white album cover, with the words "the Beatles" towards the center and a serial number towards the lower right corner|The cover of ''[[The Beatles (album)|The Beatles]]'']]
Having ordered several Indian instruments for delivery from Delhi,{{sfn|Leitch|2005|pp=203, 207}} Harrison commandeered one of the bungalows for a music room. He invited all the students to participate, and musical get-togethers took place on the roof of the building.{{sfn|Shumsky|2018|p=167}} The stay at the ashram turned out to be the Beatles' most creative period for song writing.{{sfn|Paytress|2003|p=14}} Many of their new songs were inspired by nature and reflected the simplicity of the surroundings.{{sfn|Turner|2006|pp=146–47}} With Lennon and [[Paul McCartney]] especially productive during the retreat,{{sfn|Miles|1997|pp=421–22}} the songs later comprised the bulk of the band's 1968 double album ''[[The Beatles (album)|The Beatles]]'', also known as the "White Album".{{sfn|Goldberg|2010|p=161}}{{refn|group=nb|Among the songs written at the ashram but not recorded by the Beatles, Harrison wrote "Dehradun" about the nearby town.{{sfn|Madinger|Easter|2000|p=433}}<ref name="TNN/50Years" /> Lennon subsequently paid tribute to their time at the ashram in "The Happy Rishikesh Song"{{sfn|Madinger|Easter|2000|p=122}} and "[[India, India]]".<ref name="Bag/LiveMint" />}} In the 2021 documentary film ''[[The Beatles and India]]'', TM devotee Nick Nugent recalls the band performing a rooftop concert at the ashram, anticipating their well-known concert on top of the [[Apple Corps]] building in January 1969.<ref name="Paphides/Uncut">{{cite magazine|first=Pete|last=Paphides|url=https://www.uncut.co.uk/reviews/dvd/the-beatles-and-india-134288/|title=The Beatles and India: The Maharishi, Magic Alex and some myths unravelled| magazine=[[Uncut (magazine)|Uncut]]|date=8 October 2021|access-date=27 October 2021}}</ref>

Harrison and Lennon were the most dedicated of the Beatles to meditation, and they were the last members of the band to depart from the ashram. They left on 12 April amid an atmosphere of recrimination towards the Maharishi, based on rumours of his alleged impropriety with some of the female students,{{sfn|Syman|2010|pp=201–02}} and the two band members' misgivings that he was taking advantage of the Beatles' fame. Despite their subsequent repudiation of the Maharishi, the Beatles' stay at the ashram generated wide interest in Transcendental Meditation, which encouraged the study of Eastern spirituality in Western popular culture.{{sfn|Lavezzoli|2006|p=180}}{{sfn|Goldberg|2010|pp=7–8}}<ref name="Hussain/Uplift">{{cite web|first=Sara|last=Hussain|url=https://upliftconnect.com/beatles-ashram/|title=Sacred Murals Transform Beatles Ashram| publisher=Uplift| date=26 June 2016| access-date=28 April 2018}}</ref> Asked if he forgave the Beatles for their slight on his reputation, following Harrison's personal apology in 1991, the Maharishi replied, "I could never be upset with angels."{{sfn|Quantick|2002|p=136}}
{{Clear}}

==Abandonment and development proposals==
[[File:Meditation chambers at the old Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Ashram, now in ruins, Muni Ki Reti.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|Stone meditation "caves" at the former International Academy of Meditation (pictured in 2006)]]
The Maharishi stopped using the ashram during the 1970s.<ref name="Iyengar/Time">{{cite web |url=https://time.com/4142308/beatles-ashram-india-rishikesh-1968-open-public/ |first=Rishi|last=Iyengar|title=The Ashram in India Where the Beatles Stayed in 1968 Is Now Open to the Public|date=9 December 2015|publisher=[[Time (magazine)|time.com]]|access-date=9 April 2018}}</ref> With the lease having expired in 1981, the land was reclaimed by the government in the mid 1990s as part of what is now [[Rajaji National Park|Rajaji Tiger Reserve]].<ref name="Kimothi/Pioneer" /> The former ashram then fell into disrepair,<ref name="Trivedi/HT">{{cite news|first=Anupan|last=Trivedi|title=Beatles fans will be treated with rare photos at Chaurasi Kutia from today|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/dehradun/beatles-fans-will-be-treated-with-rare-photos-at-chaurasi-kutia-from-today/story-DASNXo9OHuKRWNBI1RVwpK.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=18 February 2018|access-date=9 April 2018}}</ref> as a result of vandalism and the encroachment of the jungle.<ref name="Schultz/NYT" /> In 2003, [[Jerry Hall]] produced a television series for the [[BBC]] titled ''Gurus'', which included interviews with TM initiates such as Cooke de Herrera, and a visit to the ashram in Rishikesh.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2003/08_august/21/bbcthree_art.pdf|title=Jerry Hall's Gurus|date=8 August 2003|publisher=[[BBC]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050905192025/http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2003/08_august/21/bbcthree_art.pdf|archive-date=5 September 2005}}</ref> In 2007, Canadian actress [[Maggie Blue O'Hara]] announced plans to renovate and convert the property into a home for the street children of New Delhi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.azcentral.com/offbeat/articles/1219oddbeatles.html |title=Beatles' ashram in Indian decaying| date=19 December 2007|newspaper=[[The Arizona Republic]]|access-date=15 March 2010}}</ref>

The future of the site became a topic of political debate at the state and national levels.<ref name="Srivastava/Telegraph" /> In 2011, a plan was announced by the state government of [[Uttarakhand]] to build an [[sanatorium|Ayush Gram]] there.<ref name="Kimothi/Pioneer" /> Its potential as a tourist attraction was a popular campaign issue for several candidates during the 2012 [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] election. In the [[2009 Indian general election]], [[Satpal Maharaj]] had raised the importance of retaining "the rich spirituality of the area" and in 2013 he vowed to preserve the "glorious history of the Beatles" represented by Chaurasi Kutia.<ref name="Srivastava/Telegraph">Srivastava, Piyush (14 February 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170917113216/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170214/jsp/nation/story_135706.jsp "Beatles forgotten in poll war – No word on ashram where the band stayed"]. ''[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]'' (India). Retrieved 24 April 2018.</ref>

==Public opening and adoption as Beatles Ashram==
[[File:Beatles Ashram Satsang Hall Rishikesh.JPG|thumb|left|upright=1.6|"Beatles Cathedral" artists in the ashram's dilapidated lecture hall, in 2012]]
From the 1990s, trespassers on the ashram site had taken to leaving [[graffiti]] as a tribute to the Beatles.<ref name="Hussain/Uplift" /> In 2012, [[street artist]] Pan Trinity Das founded "The Beatles Cathedral Gallery" with the aim of "re-activating" Satsang Hall, the property's former lecture hall,<ref name="Bag/LiveMint" /><ref name="Zhong/WSJ" /> but his and others' efforts were curtailed by officials from the forestry department.<ref name="Hussain/Uplift" />

In early December 2015, the ashram was officially opened to the public,<ref name="Iyengar/Time" /><ref>{{cite news|first=Robert|last=Booth|title=Indian retreat where Beatles learned to meditate opened to public |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/dec/09/indian-retreat-where-the-beatles-learned-to-meditate-is-opened-to-the-public |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=10 December 2015|access-date=10 April 2018}}</ref> with an entrance fee of 150 rupees for Indian people and 650 rupees for other nationalities.<ref name="Bose/HuffPost" /> Coinciding with this event, the director of the Rajaji Tiger Reserve stated his intention to preserve the existing buildings as "[[Cultural heritage|heritage]] structures" while [[Dinesh Agrawal]], the foreign minister for Uttarakhand, said: "Our aim is to ensure that visitors don't simply come for the Beatles connection but to learn the magic of nature, meditation and yoga."<ref name="Bose/HuffPost">{{cite news|first=Adrija|last=Bose|title=The 'Beatles Ashram' in Rishikesh Is Now Open to Public as a Tourist Spot|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/12/09/beatles_0_n_8755590.html |work=[[HuffPost|The Huffington Post]]|date=9 December 2015|access-date=29 April 2018}}</ref> Aside from viewing the ashram ruins, nature walks and bird-watching tours were available to visitors.<ref name="Duttagupta/IndiaToday" /> Reporting on the opening for ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', Raymond Zhong described the ashram as "One of the most storied locations in Beatles lore". He said that the Cathedral Gallery was the "main attraction" and a "showcase for some accomplished graphic art".<ref name="Zhong/WSJ" /> As of March 2025 the entrance fee for foreigners is 1200 rupees. When entering one collects a ticket from the guard at the gate, which then must be returned when exiting the ashram. Also, there are no walks nor bird-watching tours available.

In February 2016, the Cathedral Gallery initiative was reborn as the Beatles Ashram Mural Project, when four artists, including Das,<ref>{{cite news|first=Maggie|last=Hiufu Wong|title=Visit the 'Beatles Ashram' in India's yoga retreat of Rishikesh |url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/the-beatles-ashram-india/index.html |publisher=[[CNN Travel]]|date=15 February 2016|access-date=28 April 2018}}</ref> were invited to produce a series of murals for the hall.<ref name="Hussain/Uplift" /> Another of the artists, Miles Toland, said he sought to pay tribute to the Maharishi in his work, which depicts spiritually themed scenes he first photographed in Rishikesh.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Jennie|last=Rothenberg Gritz|title=How Graffiti Artists Used iPhones and Paint to Transform the Beatles' Ashram|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/how-graffiti-artists-used-iphones-and-paint-to-transform-the-beatles-ashram-180967794/ |magazine=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]|date=11 January 2018|access-date=28 April 2018}}</ref>{{refn|group=nb|Among the works contributed by Das and others in 2012, and retained by the forestry department for the ashram opening three years later, were [[pop art]] images, pictures of the four Beatles, and a portrait of the [[Dalai Lama]].<ref name="Duttagupta/IndiaToday" />}}

In February 2018, the 50th anniversary of Lennon and Harrison's arrival in Rishikesh was marked by the opening of a two-year exhibition titled ''The Beatles in India'' at the [[The Beatles Story|Beatles Story]] museum in [[Liverpool]].<ref name="Parthsarathi/TheWeek" /><ref name="Thorpe/Observer">Thorpe, Vanessa (21 January 2018). [https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/jan/21/beatles-ashram-rishikesh-india-paul-saltzman "Revealed: Lucky break that led lovelorn traveller to a fling in India with the Beatles"]. ''[[The Observer]]''{{hair space}}/[[The Guardian|theguardian.com]]. Retrieved 9 April 2018.</ref> A similar celebration took place at Chaurasi Kutia, now known as Beatles Ashram,<ref name="Trivedi/HT" /><ref name="Parthsarathi/TheWeek" /> further to the announcement of plans for a full renovation of the site and the founding of a museum dedicated to the Beatles and the Maharishi.<ref name="Schultz/NYT" />{{refn|group=nb|January 2018 also marked the 100th anniversary of the late Maharishi's birth. Among the measures announced in September 2017 by the forestry department was to secure the boundary with the tiger reserve, as a barrier against the intrusion of tigers, elephants and leopards. Satpal Maharaj, as state tourism minister, said he hoped to stage a concert beside the Ganges as a tribute to the Beatles.<ref name="Scott/Bloomberg">{{cite web|first=Patrick|last=Scott|title=Beatles Fans, Start Planning Your Pilgrimage to India Now|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-09-13/you-can-now-stay-at-the-beatles-ashram-in-rishikesh|publisher=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg.com]]|date=13 September 2017|access-date=29 April 2018}}</ref>}} The exhibition in Liverpool featured memorabilia, photographs from the 1968 retreat by [[Paul Saltzman]], a sitar courtesy of the Ravi Shankar Foundation, and video contributions from Pattie and Jenny Boyd.<ref name="Parthsarathi/TheWeek">{{cite news|first=Mona|last=Parthsarathi|title=Displays to mark 50 years of Beatles' arrival in India|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/displays-50-years-beatles-arrival-rishikesh.html|work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|date=24 January 2018|access-date=9 April 2018}}</ref> The 2018 International Yoga Festival, held in Rishikesh from 1 March, dedicated three days of its program to acknowledge the anniversary of the Beatles' visit.<ref name="TNN/50Years">{{cite news|author=Times News Network|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/beatless-rishikesh-trip-50-yrs-ago-changed-their-lives/articleshow/62987874.cms|title=Beatles's Rishikesh trip 50 yrs ago changed their lives|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 February 2018|access-date=28 April 2018}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Graffiti in the abandoned Mahesh Yogi's Ashram Muni-ki-Reti mostly by Beatles fans DSCN0008.jpg|Mural created by visiting artists for the Beatles Ashram Mural Project
File:Graffiti in the abandoned Mahesh Yogi's Ashram Muni-ki-Reti mostly by Beatles fans DSCN0011.jpg|More artwork in the abandoned ashram
File:Meditation chambers at the old Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Ashram, now in ruins, Muni Ki Reti DSCN9892.jpg|Meditation "caves" built in 1976–1978 using stones from the Ganges
File:Meditation chambers at the old Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Ashram, now in ruins, Muni Ki Reti DSCN9891.jpg|Information sign in front of the meditation caves
File:Graffiti in the abandoned Mahesh Yogi's Ashram Muni-ki-Reti mostly by Beatles fans DSCN0010.jpg|Another mural created in the 2010s
File:Graffiti in the abandoned Mahesh Yogi's Ashram DSCN9887Lennon.jpg|Graffiti on the ceiling of meditation cave remembering [[John Lennon]] and [[Yoko Ono]]'s love
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

'''Sources'''
{{Refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite book|author=The Beatles|author-link=The Beatles|title=The Beatles Anthology|publisher=Chronicle Books|location=San Francisco, CA|year=2000|isbn=978-0-8118-2684-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/beatlesanthology0000unse}}
* {{cite book|last1=Boyd|first1=Pattie|author-link=Pattie Boyd|last2=with Junor|first2=Penny|year=2007|title=Wonderful Today: The Autobiography|location=London|publisher=Headline Review|isbn=978-0-7553-1646-5|ref={{SfnRef|Boyd|2007}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Peter|author-link=Peter Brown (music industry)|last2=Gaines|first2=Steven|author-link2=Steven Gaines|title=The Love You Make: An Insider's Story of the Beatles|publisher=New American Library|location=New York, NY|year=2002|orig-year=1983|isbn=978-0-4512-0735-7}}
*{{cite book|last=Cooke de Herrera|first=Nancy|author-link=Nancy Cooke de Herrera|title=Beyond Gurus: A Woman of Many Worlds|publisher=Blue Dolphin|year=1992|isbn=978-0-931892-49-3|url=https://archive.org/details/beyondguruswoman00herr}}
*{{cite book|last1=Giuliano|first1=Geoffrey|last2=Giuliano|first2=Avalon|author-link1=Geoffrey Giuliano|title=Revolver: The Secret History of the Beatles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=usR5AAAACAAJ|year=2005|publisher=John Blake|location=London|isbn=978-1-84454-160-7}}
*{{cite book|last=Goldberg|first=Philip|title=American Veda: From Emerson and the Beatles to Yoga and Meditation – How Indian Spirituality Changed the West|publisher=Harmony Books|location=New York, NY|year=2010|isbn=978-0-385-52134-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b3Mdr3IMgW0C&q=Beatles }}
*{{cite book|last=Kane|first=Larry|author-link=Larry Kane|title=Lennon Revealed|year=2005|publisher=Running Press|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-7624-2364-4|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/lennonrevealed0000kane_p2o7}}
*{{cite book|first=Peter|last=Lavezzoli|title=The Dawn of Indian Music in the West|publisher=Continuum|location=New York, NY|year=2006|isbn=978-0-8264-1815-9}}
*{{cite book|last=Leitch|first=Donovan|author-link=Donovan|title=The Autobiography of Donovan: The Hurdy Gurdy Man|year=2005|publisher=St. Martin's Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-312-35252-3}}
*{{cite book|last=Lennon|first=Cynthia|author-link=Cynthia Lennon|title=John|year=2005|publisher=Three Rivers Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-307-33856-3}}
* {{cite book|last1=Madinger|first1=Chip|last2=Easter|first2=Mark|title=Eight Arms to Hold You: The Solo Beatles Compendium|publisher=44.1 Productions|location=Chesterfield, MO|year=2000|isbn=0-615-11724-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Miles|first=Barry|author-link=Barry Miles|title=[[Paul McCartney: Many Years from Now]]|publisher=Henry Holt and Company|location=New York, NY|year=1997|isbn=0-8050-5249-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Miles|first=Barry|title=The Beatles Diary Volume 1: The Beatles Years|year=2001|publisher=Omnibus Press|location=London|isbn=0-7119-8308-9}}
*{{cite book|last=Oldmeadow|first=Harry|title=Journeys East: 20th Century Western Encounters with Eastern Religious Traditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vC1qAj6RbRQC |year=2004|publisher=World Wisdom|location=Bloomington, IN|isbn=978-0-941532-57-0}}
* {{cite book|first=Mark|last=Paytress|chapter=A Passage to India|year=2003|title=[[Mojo (magazine)#Special editions|Mojo Special Limited Edition]]: 1000 Days of Revolution (The Beatles' Final Years – Jan 1, 1968 to Sept 27, 1970)|location=London|publisher=Emap|pages=10–17}}
*{{cite book|last=Quantick|first=David|author-link=David Quantick|title=Revolution: The Making of The Beatles' White Album|year=2002|publisher=A Cappella Books|location=Chicago, IL|isbn=978-1-55652-470-7}}
*{{cite book|last=Saltzman|first=Paul|author-link=Paul Saltzman|title=The Beatles in Rishikesh|publisher=Viking Press|location=New York, NY|year=2000|isbn=978-0-670-89261-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Shumsky|first=Susan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mrRJDwAAQBAJ&q=Rosalyn+Bonas&pg=PT217 |title=Maharishi & Me: Seeking Enlightenment with the Beatles' Guru|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing|location=New York, NY|year=2018|isbn=978-1-5107-2268-2}}
*{{cite book|last=Syman|first=Stefanie |author-link=Stefanie Syman |title=The Subtle Body: The Story of Yoga in America|url=https://archive.org/details/subtlebodystoryo0000syma|url-access=registration|access-date=17 June 2011|year=2010|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-374-23676-2}}
*{{cite book|last=Turner|first=Steve|author-link=Steve Turner (writer)|title=The Gospel According to the Beatles|date=2006|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|location=Louisville, KY|isbn=978-0-664-22983-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Winn|first=John C.|year=2009|title=That Magic Feeling: The Beatles' Recorded Legacy, Volume Two, 1966–1970|publisher=Three Rivers Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-3074-5239-9}}
{{Refend}}

{{Portal|1960s}}

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PiAhzpGO1Qk Paul Saltzman's Beatles in India Interview on VVH-TV]

{{The Beatles main}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ashrams]]
[[Category:The Beatles and India]]
[[Category:Transcendental Meditation]]
[[Category:Rishikesh]]

Rajkumar Sharma (cricketer)

2025-12-14T15:05:34Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: created new bio

{{Short description|Indian cricketer and coach (born 1965)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Rajkumar Sharma
| image =
| caption =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[Off break]]
|club1 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
|year1 = 1986–1991
| source = {{cricinfo|ref=india/content/player/33408.html}}
| date =
| year =
}}

'''Rajkumar Sharma''' is a [[cricket]] [[Coach (sport)|coach]] and a former [[Ranji Trophy]] player. He was born in [[Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh]] on 18 June 1965.

Sharma was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm [[off break]] bowler. He represented Delhi in [[First Class Cricket]] (1986-1991) matches and also some [[List A]] matches.

On 29 September 2016, He was awarded the [[Dronacharya Award]] for his coaching.<ref>[https://www.firstpost.com/sports/virat-kohli-congratulates-coach-raj-kumar-sharma-for-dronacharya-award-2971958.html/amp/ Virat Kohli congratulates coach Raj Kumar Sharma for dronacharya award]</ref>

He appointed coach of [[Malta national cricket team]] for [[2019 Spain Triangular T20I Series]] from 29 to 31 March 2019.<ref>[https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/virat-kohlis-childhood-coach-rajkumar-sharma-appointed-head-coach-of-malta-national-cricket-team-6319201.html Virat Kohli's childhood coach Rajkumar Sharma appointed head coach of Malta national cricket team]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/cricket/raj-kumar-sharma-to-coach-malta-cricket-team20190324191429/ |title=Raj Kumar Sharma to coach Malta cricket team |access-date=6 May 2019 |archive-date=28 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428165220/https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/cricket/raj-kumar-sharma-to-coach-malta-cricket-team20190324191429/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Rajkumar Sharma is now a bowling coach of the senior men’s team of the [[Delhi & District Cricket Association|Delhi & District Cricket Association (DDCA)]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.india.com/sports/kp-bhaskar-appointed-delhis-head-coach-rajkumar-sharma-bowling-coach-3759716/ | title=KP Bhaskar Appointed Delhi Head Coach, Rajkumar Sharma Bowling Coach | date=29 August 2019 }}</ref>

Sharma founded West Delhi Cricket Academy on 30 May 1998. The academy is known for training batsmen like [[Virat Kohli]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{cricinfo|ref=india/content/player/33408.html}}
*[http://www.westdelhicricketacademy.com/ West Delhi Cricket Academy]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Rajkumar}}
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Delhi cricketers]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Dronacharya Award]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1960s-stub}}

St. Mary's Cathedral, Tiruchirappalli

2025-12-11T14:22:45Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: New...

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox church
| name = St. Mary's Cathedral, Tiruchirappalli
| image =
St Mary's Church - Trichy.jpg
| caption = St. Mary's Cathedral, Tiruchirapalli
| pushpin map = Tamil Nadu
| pushpin map alt =
| map caption = St. Mary's Cathedral, [[Tiruchirapalli]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10.805372|N|78.691547|E|display=inline,title}}
| location = Convent Road, Melapudur, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu
| country = [[India]]
| denomination = Roman Catholic
| bull date =
| founded date = 1839
| founder =
| dedication = St. Mary
| dedicated date = 1841
| connected date =
| status =
| functional status = functioning
| architect =
| architectural type =
| style = Gothic and Romanesque
| groundbreaking =
| completed date =
| archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tiruchirapalli]]
| website = [https://www.stmaryscathedraltrichy.org/]
| footnotes =
}}

'''St. Mary's Cathedral, Tiruchirappalli''' is a [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic church]] situated in [[Tiruchirappalli]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=St. Mary’s Cathedral - Catholic cathedral - Tiruchirappalli - Tamil Nadu |url=https://yappe.in/tamil-nadu/tiruchirappalli/st-marys-cathedral/437648 |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=yappe.in}}</ref> district of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in the peninsular [[India]]. This cathedral is dedicated to St. Mary who is also called as 'Mother of Good Health' here.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-15 |title=St. Mary’s Cathedral, Tiruchirapalli, Tamilnadu, India |url=https://catholiconline.in/st-marys-cathedral-tiruchirapalli-tamilnadu-india/ |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=Catholic Online |language=en-US}}</ref> This church was started building in the year 1839 and completed and dedicated in the year 1841.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-27 |title=St.Mary’s Cathedral Church in Trichy - Digital Trichy |url=https://www.digitaltrichy.com/st-marys-cathedral-church-in-trichy/ |access-date=2024-02-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> This cathedral lies at the heart of the city of Tiruchirapalli. The church is constructed in a combination of Gothic and Romanesque styles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=St.Mary's Cathedral in Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu Tourism |url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.com/attractions/churches/st-mary-catholic-church.php |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=www.tamilnadutourism.com}}</ref> This cathedral is the episcopal seat of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tiruchirapalli|Diocese of Tiruchirapalli]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics of Tiruchirapalli Diocese |url=https://www.ucanews.com/directory/amp/parishes-stations/india-tiruchirapalli/129 |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=www.ucanews.com}}</ref><ref>[https://gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/tiru0.htm GCatholic.org: Diocese of Tiruchirapalli, India]</ref>

== Location ==
St. Mary's Cathedral is located with the [[Coordinate system|geographic coordinates]] of ({{coord|10.805372|N|78.691547|E}}) at an altitude of about {{convert|99.51|m|ft}} above the mean sea level, in Tiruchirappalli.

{{Location map many | Tamil Nadu
| width = 200
| float = middle
| label1 = St. Mary's Cathedral, Tiruchirappalli
| pos1 = bottom
| bg1 = cyan
| label1_width = 14
| mark1size = 6
| coordinates1 = {{coord|10.805372|N|78.691547|E}}
}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
[https://www.stmaryscathedraltrichy.org/ St. Mary's Cathedral official website]

[[Category:Churches in Tiruchirappalli district]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic cathedrals in Tamil Nadu]]

Rayannapalem

2025-12-02T16:59:04Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: created stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rayannapalem
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Eluru district|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 =
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4758
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 534403
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Rayannapalem''' is a village in [[Eluru district]] of the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in Pedavegi mandal of Eluru revenue division, about 11 miles from [[Eluru]].<ref>{{cite book | last=General | first=India. Office of the Registrar | title=Census of India, 1961: Andhra Pradesh | publisher=Manager of Publications | series=Census of India, 1961 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2tAcAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Rayannapalem%22 | pages=3, 222}}</ref> The nearest railway station is POWERPET railway station and ELURU railway station located at a distance of more than 10 Km.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011 [[census of India]], Rayannapalem has a population of 4,758 of which 2,382 are males and 2,376 are females.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|16|50|N|81|03|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Villages in Eluru district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Culture of Chennai

2025-11-12T02:11:37Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: improved article

{{Short description|none}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{AI-generated|date=December 2024}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2012}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}

[[File:Dosa with chutney and sambar traditionally served in banana leaf.jpg|thumb|Dosai with chutney and sambar traditionally served in banana leaf]]

The '''culture of [[Chennai]]''', popularly called the "Gateway to the South India",<ref>{{cite web | title=Chennai | url=http://citypatriots.com/asia/india/tamil-nadu/chennai | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722213705/http://citypatriots.com/asia/india/tamil-nadu/chennai | archive-date=22 July 2015 | url-status=usurped}}</ref> is distinct from that of any other Indian city. Chennai continues to be traditional and conventional in certain ways. Traditional music, dance and all other art forms of [[Tamil Nadu]] are very popular in the city.

== Music, dance and drama ==
[[File:Bharatanatyam danseuse.jpg|thumb|150px|upright|A [[Bharata natyam]] concert]]
[[File:Abhishek Raghuram at Sri Krishna Gana Sabha.jpg|thumb|200px|Carnatic music concert at Sri Krishna Gana Sabha]]
The city is known for its classical music shows.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lifeinchennai.com/chennai_culture.htm|title=Chennai|publisher=lifeinchennai.com|access-date=2009-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090808031331/http://www.lifeinchennai.com/chennai_culture.htm|archive-date=8 August 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> Every December, Chennai holds a five-week-long ''[[Madras Music Season|Music Season]]'', which has been described as one of the world's largest cultural events.<ref>{{cite news |title=Music Musings |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/music-musings/article27310094.ece |work=The Hindu |date=2 February 2005 |language=en-IN}}</ref>{{unreliable source|date=August 2025|reason=Original URL at http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/03/stories/2005020301281000.htm reveals that this is an opinion article and subject to [[WP:RSOPINION]]}} The Music Season encompasses performances (''kacheries'') of traditional Carnatic music by hundreds of artists in and around the city. This happens during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''[[Tamil calendar#Months|Mārgaḻi]]'' and this period is a festive and joyous time in Chennai. The mercury lies in the low twenties and the music rendered by the great musicians is soul-stirring and sensational. Carnatic music makes the December season a must-experience for visitors to Chennai.

Chennai is also known for the classical Indian dance, the [[Bharatanatyam]], which is also the official dance of Tamil Nadu. An important cultural centre for Bharatanatyam is [[Kalakshetra]] ([[Sanskrit]] for "place of the arts"), located on the beach in the south of the city.

Though Chennai is the epicenter for Carnatic music and Bharatanatyam, the participation in terms of audience and performers for both of these is from a very small minority of people belonging to the upper caste and upper class, excluding the majority of the city's people.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Music for the Chennai masses amid Margazhi season |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2020/dec/23/music-for-the-chennai-masses-amidmargazhi-season-2239780.html |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=The New Indian Express|date=23 December 2020 }}</ref> Musical forms like [[Gaana]], which originated in slums of Chennai, and other art forms were given a large platform through the annual music festival, Margazhiyil Makkal Isai (people's music in Margazhi month), started by film director [[Pa. Ranjith]]'s Neelam Panpaattu Maiyam in 2020.<ref name=":0" /> The festival showcases hundreds of musicians and dance artists, predominantly from the marginalised classes and castes performing various forms of music like oppari, parai, thappaattam, gaana, naattuppuram, themmangu<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-16 |title=Margazhiyil Makkalisai is back |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/margazhiyil-makkalisai-is-back/article37970051.ece |access-date=2023-05-26 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> which are traditionally the music of the Tamil masses, and other forms like [[Rapping]] and [[Hip hop music]] which have been adapted and imbibed into Chennai's culture.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-27 |title=Makkalisai gets a stage during this Margazhi music season |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/makkalisai-gets-a-stage-during-this-margazhi-music-season/articleshow/88508433.cms |access-date=2023-05-26 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In 2007, much before Margazhiyil Makkalisai, [[Chennai Sangamam]], a Tamil cultural festival was started with similar goals of secularising and democratising public spaces and traditional artforms.<ref name="TwoSangamams" >{{cite web |title=A Tale of Two Sangamams |url=https://thewire.in/culture/a-tale-of-two-sangamams |publisher=The Wire |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201054420/https://thewire.in/culture/a-tale-of-two-sangamams |access-date=1 February 2024|archive-date=1 February 2024 }}</ref> Usually held around [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] festival, in January, the event showcases artforms like Thappattam, [[Karakattam]], Devarattam, Kaniyan Koothu, [[Kavadi Aattam]], Thodar Nadanam, Amba Paatu, Villupaatu, Sakkaikuchiyattam.<ref name="TwoSangamams" /> It was discontinued for ten years, from 2012, during the AIADMK regime, and restarted in 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chennai Sangamam cultural festival to make a comeback |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/chennai-sangamam-cultural-festival-to-make-a-comeback-1176809.html |access-date=1 February 2024 |work=Deccan Herald|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201050609/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/chennai-sangamam-cultural-festival-to-make-a-comeback-1176809.html |archive-date=1 February 2024 }}</ref> In addition to Tamil-Dravidian art forms, the 2024 edition featured artistes from Odisha, West Bengal and Punjab showcasing their traditional and tribal music and dance too.<ref name="TwoSangamams" />

Chennai has a vibrant theatre scene, with a large number of Tamil plays being performed. Political satire, slapstick comedy, history, mythology and drama are some of the popular genres of Tamil plays. Prominent theatre personalities include Pammal Sambanda Mudaliar,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/01/14/stories/2002011400120300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030630031952/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/01/14/stories/2002011400120300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 June 2003|title=He bestrode the Tamil stage|date=14 January 2002|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2007-09-22}}</ref> K.S. Nagarajan,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/10/10/stories/2003101001310600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031122183919/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/10/10/stories/2003101001310600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 November 2003|title=Undiminished passion for the stage|date=10 October 2003|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2007-09-22}}</ref> Cho Ramaswamy,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/07/17/stories/2003071700060100.htm|title=The Sultan of sarcasm|newspaper=The Hindu|date=17 July 2003|access-date=2007-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230073420/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/07/17/stories/2003071700060100.htm|archive-date=30 December 2008|url-status=usurped}}</ref> Indira Parthasarathy,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/04/16/stories/1316078p.htm|title=A firm grasp on theatre|date=16 April 2000|work=The Hindu|access-date=2007-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129011233/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/04/16/stories/1316078p.htm|archive-date=29 November 2007|url-status=usurped}}</ref> R.S. Manohar,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/11/stories/2006011115150700.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060114050053/http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/11/stories/2006011115150700.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 January 2006|title=Actor R.S. Manohar dead|date=11 January 2006|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2007-09-22}}</ref> N. Muthuswamy,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/09/14/stories/2007091451170100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105072010/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/09/14/stories/2007091451170100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2007|title=Strong faith in rural innocence|date=14 September 2007|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2007-09-22}}</ref> English theatre is also popular in Chennai.[http://www.evam.in Evam], a popular English theatre company is based in Chennai. They are the logistics partners of The Metroplus Theatre festival<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080805182727/http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/02/stories/2008080250710200.htm Curtains up - Chennai Theatre Fest 2008]</ref> held by a leading newspaper of the city, ''The Hindu'', every year around July and August. A number of other English theatre companies like Unarviyam, [http://www.strayfactory.com Stray Factory], [http://theatrey.com Theatre Y], ASAP productions, Still Water Productions, Boardwalkers, [[Masquerade (Theatre Group)|Masquerade]] - the performance group, Theatre Nisha, Alchemy Theatres, [http://www.rebelz.in Rebelz], Stagefright Productions and last but not the least, India's oldest English theatre company,[http://www.themadrasplayers.org/ Madras Players] stage plays throughout the year. Over the last four years{{when|date=January 2012}}, Chennai has become active in theatre activities. School and college cultural festivals (locally called ''[[culfest]]s'') play an important role by providing platforms for the city's youth to indulge in art and culture. These culfests attract participants from around India. Some of the larger culfests in the city are ''[[Instincts (festival)|Instincts]]'' ([[SSN College of Engineering]]), ''[[Saarang]]'' ([[IIT Madras|IITM]]), ''[[Techofes]]'' ([[College of Engineering, Guindy]]), ''[[Deep Woods]]'' ([[Madras Christian College|MCC]]), ''[[Kalakrithi]]'' ([[Alagappa College of Technology|ACT]]), ''[[Mitafest]]'' ([[Madras Institute of Technology|MIT]]) ''[[Down Sterling]]'' ([[Loyola College, Chennai|Loyola]]) and ''[[Srishti (festival)|Srishti]]'' ([[Ethiraj College for Women]], 'Alchemy Kids Theatre Annual Graduation').

In the mid-2000's, western style bands began to grow in popularity. Predominantly these are 'student bands', although there are professional bands such as [[The LBG]]. While the student bands are most visible in cultural fests and other competitions, pro-events like the ''June Rock Out'', organised by the Unwind Centre, are dominated by professional bands.<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/06/16/stories/2007061651910800.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071206142403/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/06/16/stories/2007061651910800.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 6 December 2007
| title = Brainstorm at JRO
| date = 16 June 2007
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 2007-09-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2004/07/14/stories/2004071400220100.htm
| title = Riffs and rhythms
| newspaper = The Hindu
| date = 14 July 2004
| access-date = 2007-09-22
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071128100024/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2004/07/14/stories/2004071400220100.htm
| archive-date = 28 November 2007
| url-status = usurped
}}</ref>

The mylapore webportal dedicated to Arts & Culture of Chennai, music, drama, awards and events.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mylapore {{!}} Margazhi Isai Festival - Local, News, Events, Updates, margazhi isai festival |url=http://mylapore.net/ |url-status=dead |access-date=2016-12-13 |website=Mylapore {{!}} Margazhi Isai Festival |language=en-US |archive-date=5 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105034632/http://mylapore.net/ }}</ref>

==Cinema==
{{main|Tamil cinema}}
Chennai is the base for the large Tamil movie industry, known as the [[Kollywood]]. The industry is, especially, attributed to the locality of [[Kodambakkam]], where most of the movie studios are located. The industry makes about 100 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] movies a year, and its [[film soundtrack]]s dominate the music scene in the city. Kollywood is the second biggest revenue generating Movie Industry in India only after Bollywood. Tamil movies and personalities are followed worldwide. Some of most technologically advanced movie studios of India are located in Chennai. Chennai also conducts Movie Fairs every year, attracting movies from worldwide. The Chennai film industry produced the first nationally distributed film across India in 1948 with Chandralekha. They have one of the widest overseas distribution, with large audience turnout from the Tamil diaspora. They are distributed to various parts of Asia, Africa, Western Europe, North America and Oceania. It is estimated by the Manorama Yearbook 2000 (a popular almanac) that over 5,000 Tamil films were produced in the 20th century.

==People==
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2012}}

The majority of residents in Chennai are native Tamilians and descendants of settlers from different part of Tamil Nadu. There are also sizeable migrant [[Malayalee]], [[Telugu people|Telungu]], [[Sri Lankan Tamil]] communities in the city. A regional hub since British times, other prominent communities are the [[Anglo Indian]], [[Bengali people|Bengali]], [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]], [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] and [[Marwaris|Marwari]] communities and people from [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]]. Chennai also has a growing expatriate population especially from the [[United States]], [[Europe]] and [[East Asia]] who work in the industries and [[Information Technology|IT]] centres.

[[Tamil language|Tamil]] is the city's first language. [[Indian English|English]] is spoken widely in South Chennai and Central Chennai, (Kanchipuram and Chennai districts) and is used almost exclusively in business, education and other [[White-collar worker|white collar]] professions. Tamil spoken in Chennai uses [[English language|English]] words liberally, so much so that it is often called ''[[Madras bhashai]]'' (Tamil for "Madras language"). Other languages spoken in the city include [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Urdu]] and they contribute to the vocabulary of Madras bhashai as well.

Chennai celebrates a number of festivals. Pongal, celebrated in the month of January, is the most important festival of and is celebrated over a period of five days. Pongal has been designated the "State Festival" for its unique celebration that is typical of Tamil Nadu. Though a [[harvest]] festival it is still celebrated widely in the city. Tamil New Year's Day signifying the beginning of the Tamil calendar usually falls on 14 April and is celebrated widely. Being a cosmopolitan city, almost all major religious festivals like [[Diwali|Deepavali]], [[Eid ul-Fitr|Eid]] and [[Christmas]] are celebrated here.

==Cuisine==
{{further|Street food of Chennai}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Society}}
* [[Religion in Chennai]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Chennai Topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Culture Of Chennai}}
[[Category:Culture of Chennai| ]]

Raibag (village)

2025-10-12T20:07:14Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: created new place

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Raibag
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Kannada
| other_name =
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| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
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| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.48|N|74.78|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Belagavi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
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| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Raybag
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| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
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| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
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| population_total = 10732
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
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| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
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| footnotes =
}}

'''Raibag''' is a large village in the southern Indian state of [[Karnataka]].<ref name="censusindia">Village code= 24500 {{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx|title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2008-12-18}}</ref><ref name="yahoomaps">{{cite web|url=http://in.maps.yahoo.com|title=Yahoomaps India : Raibag (Rural), Belgaum, Karnataka|access-date=2008-12-18}}</ref> It is located in [[Raybag taluk]] of [[Belagavi district]].

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Raybag (Rural) had a population of 10,732, Comprising 5,548 males and 5,184 females.

==History==
In ancient days Raybag was called Poobaagi, which means ''hoovina baagi'' (flowers place). The [[Ratta dynasty|Ratta dynasty]] ruled Poobaagi for centuries, it was Ancient Hub of [[Jainism]]. Jain Basadi, Somanath temple and Narasimha temple are historical places in the town.

[[Rajaditya (mathematician)|Rajaditya]], a Jain mathematician who served as a court mathematician of the [[Hoysala kingdom]], was originally from this village.

== Notables ==
Rajaditya was a mathematician from Poobaagi.<ref name="censusindia" />

==See also==
* [[Belgaum]]
* [[Districts of Karnataka]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Cite web |title=ಬೆಳಗಾವಿ ಜಿಲ್ಲೆ,ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಸರ್ಕಾರ {{!}} ಕುಂದಾ ನಗರಿ ಬೆಳಗಾವಿ {{!}} India |url=https://belagavi.nic.in/ |access-date=2025-07-26 |language=kn-IN}}

{{Settlements in Belgaum district}}

[[Category:Villages in Belagavi district]]

Dikval

2025-10-08T15:21:04Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: added a details

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement

| name = Dikwal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = 
| settlement_type = Location
| image_skyline =
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| image_caption =
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| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position =
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| coordinates = {{coord|16.122924|73.610907|region:IN-MH_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sindhudurg]]
| subdivision_type3 = Taluka
| subdivision_name3 = [[Malvan]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = MAP
| subdivision_type4 = Village
| subdivision_name4 = Dikwal
| founder = Not Known
| seat_type =
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| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric


| area_footnotes =
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| area_total_ha =
| area_land_ha = 560
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| postal_code = 416603
| area_code_type =
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}}

[[File:Dikwal Map.jpg|thumb|Dikwal Map]]
'''Dikval''' or '''Dikwal''' is a village in Golvan-Kumame panchayat,<ref>[https://civicatlas.in/gram-panchayat-golvan-kumame-190710 Civicatlas.in: Golvan-Kumame panchayat]</ref> [[Malvan]] [[taluka]] in the [[Sindhudurg district|district of Sindhudurg]],<ref name="malvan">[https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/566578-dikval-maharashtra.html Census2011.co.in: Dikval]</ref> [[Maharashtra]], India, about {{Convert|10|km|mi}} from the [[Arabian Sea]].<ref>[http://wikimapia.org/#lang=en&lat=16.121398&lon=73.608828&z=15&m=b&search=Dikwal "Dikwal"]</ref> In 2011 it had a population of 325.<ref name="malvan" /> Its total area is about 560 hectares.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} The local spoken language is [[Malvani people|Malvani]].{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

The village land supports excellent crop-growing, including pineapples.<ref>Suresh Dasharath Shinde: ''Agriculture in an Underdeveloped Region: A Geographical Survey''. Himalaya Publishing House, 1980 ([https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OHksAAAAMAAJ&q=dikval&dq=dikval&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjYnoSX9_2PAxXuQEEAHVgEPAYQ6AF6BAgIEAM online version])</ref>

==Origin of the name==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2025}}
This village had a large area of water, so it was muddy, and while walking in this area mud used to stick to the legs, so the area was named ''dik'' which means "gum" (sticky glue) and ''wal'' meaning "wet". In this way, the area is known as Dik-wal, i.e. Dikwal.

In another explanation, as per the old and official record, the village of Dikwal had plenty of the plant called ''dinda''. In front of the temple of the local deity Gangeshwar, villagers traditionally played a game called ''bhavai'' on every day of the new moon. They used to dig deep in soil where a man sat with a coconut in his hand and others were taken away or snatched away and then went to be washed in the stream. Then they came back to play a game, the beginning of the religious rituals, called ''dindwal'', i.e., a game played with the stalks of the ''dinda'' plant, a group of which was called ''dindwan'', which became ''Dindwal'', then ''Dikwal''.

==History, economy, education, religion==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2025}}
The village started developing in 1971, when the government started to look after it, with the efforts of villagers. Villagers were able to build roads which helped to develop transport facilities. Now students can go to school with State Transport Bus (MSRTC).

The nearest railway station is [[Sindhudurg railway station]], situated on the route of the [[Konkan Railway]]. This station area is also known as Oras.<ref>[http://wikimapia.org/#lang=en&lat=16.107380&lon=73.693328&z=15&m=b&search=sindhudurg Wikimapia: Oras]</ref>

Villagers residing in this village are all farmers. Rice is a primary crop and supporting crops are taken with gardening, i.e. plantation. Most of the people work in a city like Mumbai, Pune, or Delhi. Some of them are doing business. Most of them visit their native place in the month of May, a month of hot summer when in India it is a holiday for school students.

Education is also one of the reasons which make people move to the cities. The school at Dikwal teaches up to 4th standard. For further studies, students have to walk more than one and a half hours to [[Katta, Sindhudurg|Katta]], on the way to Malwan via Kasal, where they can study up to twelfth standard. The nearest market to Dikwal is also in Katta.

In the month of December, the villagers perform a festival for the worship of God called ''Dahikalo''. On this occasion all villagers come together to enjoy the celebration. Dahikalo is a drama based on happenings in the life of God. Different stories are performed in the front of the temple on a permanent stage built for this purpose.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Sindhudurg district]]

Bam Bidya Pith High School

2025-10-01T14:54:08Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Silchar#Education]]
{{R to section}}
{{R with history}}

P. K. Koru

2025-09-13T22:05:07Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: created new data

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = P. K. Koru
|birth_date = 15 January 1890
|death_date = 16 January 1968
|office = Member of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
|constituency = [[Guruvayur Assembly constituency|Guruvayur]]
|term_start =
|predecessor =
|term_end =
|successor =K.G Karunakara Menon
}}
'''Koru Kooliyat''', popularly known as '''P. K Koru''' (15 January 1890 – 16 January 1968) was an Indian politician.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members - Kerala Legislature |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m296.htm |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=www.niyamasabha.org}}</ref> He represented [[Guruvayur Assembly constituency|Guruvayur]] in the first [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala legislative assembly]]. He entered the first Kerala Legislative Assembly as an independent with the support of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party of India (CPI)]]. Koru worked as a teacher in his early days contested as an independent with the support of the Communist Party and won with a margin of 2635 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-23 |title=ബ്രണ്ണന്റെ കോരു കേരള നിയമസഭയുടെ ആദ്യ അംഗം |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/kannur/kazhcha/-malayalam-news-1.1057983 |access-date=2022-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923153412/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/kannur/kazhcha/-malayalam-news-1.1057983 |archive-date=23 September 2021 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:P.K Koru}}
[[Category:1890 births]]
[[Category:1968 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1957–1959]]

Kolata

2025-09-11T09:05:20Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Traditional folk dance of the state of Karnataka, India}}
{{for|the village in Poland|Kołata}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{More sources needed|date=March 2021}}
'''Kolata''' is the traditional [[folk dance]] of the state of [[Karnataka]], located in Southern India on the western coast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kolata - Secular dances of Karnataka |url=https://www.webindia123.com/karnataka/Art/kolata.htm |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=Webindia123.com |language=en}}</ref> Unlike its North Indian counterpart Dandiya Ras, it comes in two forms. First, it is performed with coloured sticks and usually involves both men and women dancing together. Second, very rigorous play of sticks only by men dancing to folk songs. Sticks here are thick and hard to sustain strong play.

'Cheluvayya Cheluvo Tani tandana', 'Kolu kolanna kolu kole' are very popular music for the soft kolata dance of Karnataka. Kolata of men uses 'Indara Gandhi kondavanna', 'Belisalagonda kare beeja' etc. sung vocally along with the dance.

Cheluvayya Cheluvo Tani tandana kolata is performed by Kannada Kootas around the world for their [[Ugadi]] and Kannada Rajyotsava programmes.

There are many types of Kolata, like jade ( ja - day) kolata which means plait Kolata. People here jumble themselves holding long scarves. This jumbling forms a plait.there are many types of jade Kolata including fishtail.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Folk dances of Karnataka]]

{{India-dance-stub}}
{{Karnataka-stub}}

Ajay Mahawar

2025-08-08T16:07:26Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: creating a page basic info.

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ajay Mahawar
| office = [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Member of the Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 16 February 2020
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Ghonda Assembly constituency|Ghonda]]
| parents = J.P. Mahawar
| profession = Businesses
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| predecessor = [[Shri Dutt Sharma]]
}}

'''Ajay Mahawar''' is an Indian politician from Delhi. He is a member of the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from Ghonda Assembly constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Delhi Elections 2020, Ajay Mahawar Profile: Ghonda Constituency Bharatiya Janata Party Candidate Full Profile {{!}} Vidhan Sabha Chunav Date, Results|url=https://www.firstpost.com/assembly-elections-2020/delhi/ajay-mahawar-ghonda-candidate-u05a066c001|access-date=2022-02-07|website=Firstpost|language=en}}</ref><ref name="In 2020 riot-hit NE Delhi, BJP bags 3 seats, AAP 1; Kapil Mishra among winners">{{cite news |date=9 February 2025 |title=In 2020 riot-hit NE Delhi, BJP bags 3 seats, AAP 1; Kapil Mishra among winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/in-riot-hit-northeast-delhi-it-is-bjp-3-aap-1-kapil-mishra-has-highest-lead-in-all-of-delhi-9824701/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211043850/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/in-riot-hit-northeast-delhi-it-is-bjp-3-aap-1-kapil-mishra-has-highest-lead-in-all-of-delhi-9824701/ |archive-date=11 February 2025 |access-date=11 February 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Ajay Mahawar is from Ghonda, North East Delhi District. He is the son of J.P. Mahawar. He completed his M.A. in political science in 2015 at [[Janardan Rai Nagar Rajasthan Vidyapeeth University]], Udaipur, Rajasthan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajay Mahawar(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- GHONDA(NORTH-EAST) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=http://myneta.info/Delhi2025/candidate.php?candidate_id=132 |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Mahawar won from [[Ghonda Assembly constituency]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=Ghonda Election Results 2025 Live: BJP’s Ajay Mahawar wins against AAP’s Gaurav Sharma |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/ghonda-delhi-assembly-election-results-2025-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-9823095/ |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He polled 79.987 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Gaurav Sharma of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]], by a margin of 26,058 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-08 |title=Ghonda election results 2025 highlights: Ajay Mahawar of BJP wins against AAP's Gaurav Sharma |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/ghonda-election-results-2025-highlights-gaurav-sharma-of-aap-ajay-mahawar-of-bjp-and-bhisham-sharma-of-the-inc/articleshow/118046414.cms |access-date=2025-02-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=Ghonda Election Results 2025 Live: BJP’s Ajay Mahawar wins against AAP’s Gaurav Sharma |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/ghonda-delhi-assembly-election-results-2025-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-9823095/ |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He first became MLA winning the [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghonda Election Result 2025: Ajay Mahawar of BJP Wins, Defeats Gaurav Sharma of AAP |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/ghonda-election-result-2025-live-updates-highlights-winner-leading-mla-margin-9218873.html |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Ghonda Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Ghonda Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2020}}

== References ==

<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahawar, Ajay}}
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2025–2030]]

{{Delhi-BJP-politician-stub}}

Ramniwas Surjakhera

2025-08-02T04:45:36Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: created new details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
'''Ram Niwas Surjakhera''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]] from [[Narwana (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narwana]] in the [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of the [[Jannayak Janta Party]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/haryana/jjp
|title=Haryana - JJP Election Result 2019
|accessdate=29 October 2019
|website=Times Now
|archive-date=24 October 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024024507/https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/haryana/jjp
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref name="Haryana election result winners full list: Names of winning candidates of BJP, Congress, INLD, JJP">{{cite news |last1=India Today |date=2019 |title=Haryana election result winners full list: Names of winning candidates of BJP, Congress, INLD, JJP |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/haryana-assembly-election/story/haryana-election-result-winners-full-list-names-of-winning-candidates-of-bjp-congress-inld-jjp-1612526-2019-10-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403104052/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/haryana-assembly-election/story/haryana-election-result-winners-full-list-names-of-winning-candidates-of-bjp-congress-inld-jjp-1612526-2019-10-24 |archivedate=3 April 2023 |accessdate=3 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Haryana Election Results 2019: Full list of winners">{{cite news |last1=India TV |first1= |last2= |date=24 October 2019 |title=Haryana Election Results 2019: Full list of winners |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/haryana-assembly-polls-2019-haryana-assembly-election-results-2019-full-winners-list-names-of-winning-candidates-bjp-congress-others-558754 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241107072435/https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/haryana-assembly-polls-2019-haryana-assembly-election-results-2019-full-winners-list-names-of-winning-candidates-bjp-congress-others-558754 |archivedate=7 November 2024 |accessdate=7 November 2024 |work= |language=en}}</ref><ref>[http://myneta.info/haryana2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=8571 Myneta]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Surjakhera, Ramniwas}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jannayak Janta Party politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Lok Dal politicians]]
[[Category:People from Jind district]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Firozpur Fort

2025-06-23T13:59:36Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: added new stub...

{{Short description|14th-century fortress in Punjab, India}}
[[File:"Ferozepore (Firozpur) – the Fort," from the Illustrated London News, 1851.jpg|thumb|"Ferozepore – the Fort" from the ''[[The Illustrated London News|Illustrated London News]]'', 1851]]
The '''Firozpur Fort''' is a hexagonal-shaped fortress located in the city of [[Firozpur]] in Punjab, India, near the Indo-Pakistani border. It is purported to have originally been constructed during the reign of [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq|Feroze Shah Tughlaq]] (r. 1351–1388).<ref>{{Cite book |title=Punjab District Gazetteers: Firozpur |publisher=Controller of Print. and Stationery, Government of Punjab, India |year=1999 |pages=13}}</ref> Other sources claim the fortress was constructed during the Sikh-period.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=5 June 2025 |title=Ferozepur Fort In Punjab Reopens To Public After 200 Years |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/News/ferozepur-fort-in-punjab-reopens-to-public-after-200-years |access-date=6 June 2025 |work=Outlook Traveller}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Anirudh |date=2 June 2025 |title=Colonial-era Ferozepur Fort that Hitler envied for its ammo reserves opens to public after 200 years |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/colonial-era-ferozepur-fort-that-hitler-envied-for-its-ammo-reserves-opens-to-public-after-200-years/ |access-date=6 June 2025 |work=The Tribune}}</ref> After the death of Lachhman Kaur and the lapsing of the [[Ferozepore (jagir)|Ferozepore Jagir]] into direct British-control in 1835, the Duke of Wellington ordered that the British take-over the fort and turn it into a garrison by 1839.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> In 1844, the British were erecting fortress constructions in Ferozepore, which annoyed the Sikh Empire to the north.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |title=Panjab on the Eve of First Sikh War: A Documentary Study of the Political, Social, and Economic Conditions of the Panjab as Depicted in the Daily Letters Written Chiefly from Lahore by British Intelligencers ... During the Period from 30 December 1843 to 31 October 1844 |publisher=Publication Bureau, Panjab University |year=1975 |isbn=9780883866535 |edition=2nd |pages=92}}</ref> By 1858, the fort was producing different kinds of munitions from its arsenal.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> At any given time, there were around 10,000 bullocks, an equivalent amount of horses, and 150 camels at the fort.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The fort was later converted into a base depot that supplied weapons, ammunition, and trained animals.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The fortress was later referenced by [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] in his ''[[Mein Kampf]]'', who later viewed the fort as a key target during World War II.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The fort continued to be used as an arsenal until 1941 when the ammunition was shifted to Kasubegu.<ref name=":1" />

The historical Ferozepore Fortress has recently been re-opened to the public by the Indian Army's Golden Arrow Division.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references />

{{Sikh Empire}}

{{coord|30.946|74.598|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Forts in Punjab, India]]

Keokradong

2025-06-16T04:14:29Z

Chitkarauonlinemba: quick update

{{Short description|Mountain in Bangladesh}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Keokradong
| photo = Goodmorning Keokaradang (6830453822).jpg
| photo_caption = Keokradong
| elevation_m = 986
| elevation_ref =
| prominence_m = 400
| prominence_ref = <ref>[[SRTM]] data</ref>
| map = Bangladesh
| map_caption = Location in Bangladesh, near the border with Myanmar
| label_position = left
| listing = [[List of mountains of Bangladesh]]
| location = [[Ruma Upazila]], [[Bandarban]]
| range =
| coordinates = {{coord|21|56|59|N|92|30|51|E|type:mountain_region:BD_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| range_coordinates =
| coordinates_ref =
| topo =
| type = [[Mountain]]
| age =
| first_ascent =
| easiest_route =
}}
'''Keokradong''' ({{langx|bn|কেওক্রাডং}}) is a peak located in [[Bandarban]], [[Bangladesh]], with an elevation of {{convert|986|m}}.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003330/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2020.html Elevation extremes], CIA: the World Factbook.</ref> Some sources claim it as the highest point of Bangladesh.

On the top of Keokradong there is a small shelter and a signboard put up by Bangladesh Army proclaiming the elevation to be {{convert|967|m}}. Meanwhile, the height measured by handheld GPS shows it is {{convert|986|m}} with 3m accuracy.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110725042031/http://www.banglatrek.org/?p=223 Keokradong, Banglatrek]}}, Banglatrek.org.</ref>

There is a debate over the highest point of Bangladesh, and some sources indicate [[Saka Haphong]] as the most elevated peak of the country.<ref>{{cite peakbagger|pid=10949|title=Mowdok Mual, Bangladesh}}</ref> However, [[Tazing Dong]] is officially recognized as the highest point of Bangladesh.

Keokradong is a popular tourist attraction in [[Bangladesh]] for mountaineers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-03-17|title=A Hiker's Guide to Keokradong|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/shout/hikers-guide-keokradong-792409|access-date=2020-08-21|work=The Daily Star|language=en}}</ref> Keokradong is one of the cloudiest places in Bangladesh.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Keokradong.jpg|Eastern face of Keokradong
File:Keokradong, Ruma, Bandarban, Bangladesh (cropped).jpg|Panorama from the top of '''Keokradong'''.|alt=
File:Keokaradong Milestone (6822592268).jpg|Keokradong Milestone
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Geography of Bangladesh]]
* [[List of mountains of Bangladesh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline}}

[[Category:Mountains of Bangladesh|Keokradong]]
[[Category:Bandarban District]]

{{Chittagong-geo-stub}}