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Haldia Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T09:18:08Z

Chinmoyin: created initial data w/ infobox

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Haldia
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Haldia.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Haldia Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| preceded_by = [[Tapasi Mondal]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tamluk Lok Sabha constituency|Tamluk]]
| constituency_no = 209
| established = 2011
| reservation = SC
| abolished =
| mla = Pradip Kumar Bijali
| party = {{Party index link|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| electors = 188,135
}}

'''Haldia Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Purba Medinipur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 209 Haldia Assembly constituency (SC) is composed of the following: [[Haldia]] municipality and [[Sutahata (community development block)|Sutahata]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 6 August 2015| work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Haldia Assembly constituency is part of No. 30 [[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|[[Seuli Saha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Tapasi Mondal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|Pradip Kumar Bijali
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Haldia}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pradip Kumar Bijali|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=132,183|percentage=55.20|change={{Increase}}8.05}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Tapasi Mondal]]|party=Trinamool Congress|votes=83,121|percentage=34.71|change={{Decrease}}5.65}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Asoke Kumar Patra|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=19,121|percentage=7.99|change={{Decrease}}2.28}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Abhimanyu Mondal|party=Indian National Congress|votes=1,617|percentage=0.68|change={{New}}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Keya Rani Das|party=Janata Unnayan Party|votes=1,108|percentage=0.46|change={{New}}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=1,066|percentage=0.45|change={{Decrease}}0.19}}
{{Election box majority||votes=49,062|percentage=20.49|change={{Increase}}13.7}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=239,446|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =BJP
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Haldia}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Tapasi Mondal]]{{efn|Tapasi Mondal was elected as a BJP MLA. However, on 10 March 2025, she defected to the Trinamool Congress}}
|votes = 1,04,126
|percentage = 47.15
|change = {{increase}}40.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Swapan Naskar
|votes = 89,118
|percentage = 40.36
|change = {{increase}}0.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Karpaik Manika
|votes = 22,688
|percentage = 10.27
|change = {{decrease}}39.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Subrata Ghorai
|votes = 1,922
|percentage = 0.87
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Narayan Pramanik
|votes = 1,556
|percentage = 0.7
|change = {{increase}}0.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the Above]]
|votes = 1,413
|percentage = 0.64
|change = {{decrease}}0.54
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 15,008
|percentage = 6.79
|change = {{decrease}}3.85
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,20,823
|percentage = 87.96
|change = {{decrease}}2.46
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Haldia}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Tapasi Mondal]]
|votes = 1,01,330
|percentage = 50.17
|change = {{increase}}5.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Madhurima Mandal
|votes = 79,837
|percentage = 39.53
|change = {{decrease}}11.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Pradip Kumar Bijali
|votes = 13,471
|percentage = 6.67
|change = {{increase}}4.01
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = BHNP
|candidate = Abhimanyu Mondal
|votes = 2,996
|percentage = 1.48
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the Above]]
|votes = 2,383
|percentage = 1.18
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Party of Democratic Socialism (India)
|candidate = Utpal Dalui
|votes = 1,005
|percentage = 0.5
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Narayan Pramanik
|votes = 959
|percentage = 0.47
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 21,493
|percentage = 10.64
|change = {{increase}}3.81
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,01,981
|percentage = 90.42
|change = {{decrease}}2.06
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Haldia<ref>{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25209.htm |title = Haldia |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-17 |archive-date = 16 May 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110516054726/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25209.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=209 |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Haldia |publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-01 |archive-date = 19 May 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120519164909/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=209 |url-status = usurped }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_4th_phase.pdf |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Haldia |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-01 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030612/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_4th_phase.pdf |archive-date = 2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Seuli Saha]]
|votes = 89,573
|percentage = 51.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Nityananda Bera
|votes = 77,649
|percentage = 44.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kalipada Das
|votes = 4,640
|percentage = 2.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National League
|candidate = Basanti Manna (Patra)
|votes = 1,332
|percentage = 0.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Debaprasad Mandal
|votes = 1,275
|percentage = 0.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 11,924
|percentage = 6.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,74,469
|percentage = 92.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
|winner = Trinamool Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Purba Medinipur topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Purba Medinipur district]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2011]]

Suhrawardy ministry

2026-05-05T15:14:45Z

Chinmoyin: article

{{Short description|Fourth and last cabinet of British Bengal}}
{{distinguish|Suhrawardy government}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_name = Ministry of Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy
| cabinet_type = [[Cabinet of Bengal Province|Cabinet]]
| cabinet_number = [[List of Bengal cabinets|4th]]
| jurisdiction = [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]]
| flag = Flag of British Bengal.svg
| flag_border =
| incumbent = 1946–1947
| image =
| caption =
| date_formed = {{Start date|1946|04|24|df=y}}
| date_dissolved = {{End date|1947|08|13|df=y}}

| governor = [[Frederick Burrows]]
| chief_minister = [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]]

| members_number = 11
| former_members_number = 1
| total_number = 12

| political_party =
{{ubl
| {{Color box|{{party color|All-India Muslim League}}|border=darkgray}} [[All-India Muslim League|AIML]]
| {{Color box|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|border=darkgray}} [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
}}

| legislature_status = [[Minority government|Minority]] {{Composition bar|113|250|{{party color|All-India Muslim League}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}

| opposition_cabinet = [[First Ghosh ministry|Ghosh I]]
| opposition_party = {{Color box|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|border=darkgray}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| opposition_leader = [[Kiran Shankar Roy]]

| election = [[1946 Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1946]]
| last_election = [[1937 Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1937]]
| legislature_term = [[2nd Bengal Legislative Assembly]]

| budget =
| advice_and_consent1 =
| advice_and_consent2 =

| incoming_formation =
| outgoing_formation =
| predecessor = [[First Nazimuddin ministry|Nazimuddin I]]
| successor = [[Second Nazimuddin ministry|Nazimuddin II]]
}}
The '''Suhrawardy ministry''', the fourth and last cabinet of [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]] in British India, formed on the eve of the [[partition of India]]. It was constituted in 1946 under the leadership of [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]], the leader of the [[Bengal Provincial Muslim League]] (BPML) and the chief minister of Bengal, and lasted until 1947.<ref name=b>{{cite book|chapter=6 The Politics of Exclusion: 1936–46|title=The Defining Moments in Bengal: 1920–1947|first=Sabyasachi|last=Bhattacharya|year=2014|pages=226|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780199083039|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198098942.003.0006}}</ref> Following the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition of Bengal]], the ministry was succeeded by the [[First Ghosh ministry]] in the [[West Bengal|western part]] and the [[Second Nazimuddin ministry]] in the [[East Bengal|eastern part]].

== Background ==
In 1943, under the leadership of [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]], the parliamentary leader of the [[Bengal Provincial Muslim League]] (BPML), a branch of the [[All-India Muslim League]] (AIML), a [[First Nazimuddin ministry|provincial cabinet]] was formed in [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]] of British India. Around the same time, the [[Lahore Resolution|Pakistan Resolution]] of the AIML was gaining popularity among the Muslims of the province, and the political party itself was growing in influence. Simultaneously, Nazimuddin's cabinet was increasingly criticized by the opposition for administrative corruption and failure to address the [[Bengal famine of 1943]]. As a result, Nazimuddin's influence within the BPML began to wane, while the influence of [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]] started to rise. Although Nazimuddin's ministry enjoyed support from the British authorities, the party lost a no-confidence motion after losing 21 assembly members in 1945. Consequently, [[Syed Nausher Ali]], the Speaker of the [[Bengal Legislative Assembly]], declared the dissolution of the cabinet after a parliamentary vote. Although the BPML won in the [[1946 Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], it failed to secure an absolute majority. Despite attempting to form a coalition cabinet with the Bengal Provincial Congress (BPC), the provincial branch of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), the effort was unsuccessful. Eventually, on 24 April 1946, a cabinet was formed under the leadership of Suhrawardy with seven ministers.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=মুসলিম লীগ মন্ত্রিসভা ও সাম্প্রদায়িক রাজনীতি (১৯৪৩-১৯৪৭) : ১৩৫০-এর দুর্ভিক্ষ, ১৯৪৬-এর দাঙ্গা|title=বাংলার বিধানসভার একশো বছর রাজানুগত্য থেকে গণতন্ত্র|language=bn|first=Satya Brata|last=Dutta|year=2002|pages=161–173|publisher=Progressive Publishers|place=Kolkata}}</ref> Later, on 21 November 1946, with the removal of one and the addition of four members, the cabinet was expanded and responsibilities were redistributed.<ref name=য>{{cite thesis|title=A.K. Fazlul Huq and Bengal Politics Between the Two Partitions (1905–1947): Currents and Cross-Currents|first=Dhananjoy|last=Bhattacharya|year=2017|page=277|publisher=[[University of North Bengal]]|place=[[Siliguri]]|url=https://ir.nbu.ac.in/server/api/core/bitstreams/55e54e9d-d575-4fe2-93df-84e39d76ea3e/content|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601152224/https://ir.nbu.ac.in/server/api/core/bitstreams/55e54e9d-d575-4fe2-93df-84e39d76ea3e/content|archive-date=1 June 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Dissolution ==
In 1947, the INC and the AIML agreed to the [[partition of India]], leading to the creation of the modern states of India and Pakistan. In 20 June of the same year, when an election was held regarding the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|second partition of Bengal]], the majority of votes in the Bengal Legislative Assembly were in favor of the partition. However, at that time, Suhrawardy's cabinet remained in Calcutta, the capital of Bengal Province. In 27 June, an emergency session of the Working Committee of the BPML decided to establish the capital of the proposed Pakistani Bengal in Dacca.<ref name=ম/> In 3 July, under the leadership of [[Prafulla Chandra Ghosh]], the leader of the BPC, a [[First Ghosh ministry|shadow cabinet]] was formed for the future state of [[West Bengal]].<ref name=ছ/> In 18 July, the [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian Independence Act]] was passed in the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] and received royal assent, clearing the way for the partition of Bengal Province into the Indian state of West Bengal and the Pakistani province of [[East Bengal]].<ref name=ম>{{cite book|chapter=অখণ্ড বাংলা গঠনের প্রয়াস ও উপমহাদেশের বিভক্তি, ১৯৪৭|title=স্বাধীন বাংলাদেশের অভ্যুদয়ের ইতিহাস|language=bn|first1=Muntassir|last1=Mamun|first2=Md. Mahbubar|last2=Rahman|pages=49–50|year=2015|orig-year=2014|publisher=Suborna|isbn=9789849069447}}</ref> On 5 August 1947, Suhrawardy lost the parliamentary leadership election of the BPML by 36 votes, and Khawaja Nazimuddin was elected the new leader.<ref>{{cite news|title=পূর্ব্ব-বঙ্গ রাষ্ট্রের লীগ দলপতি বহু ভোটে মিঃ সুরাবর্দ্দীকে পরাজিত করিয়া মিঃ নাজিমুদ্দিন নির্ব্বাচিত|language=bn|page=1|date=6 August 2025|newspaper=[[Jugantar Patrika]]}}</ref> On 15 August 1947, the day after [[Pakistan's independence]], a [[Second Nazimuddin ministry|new cabinet]] was formed in Dacca, the capital of the newly created province of East Bengal, under the leadership of Nazimuddin.<ref>{{cite news|title=হিন্দু-মুশ্লিম সহযোগিতায় ঢাকায় স্বাধীনতা দিবসের উৎসব|language=bn|page=8|date=17 August 1947|newspaper=[[Jugantar Patrika]]}}</ref> On the other hand, following [[India's independence]] on 15 August 1947, the shadow cabinet of West Bengal became the state’s first official government.<ref name=ছ>{{cite journal|title=Role of Dr. Prafulla Chandra Ghosh as Head of the Shadow Ministry and First Ministry of West Bengal (3rd July 1947 - 22nd January 1948) - An Analytical Review.|first=Babulal|last=Bala|volume=10|issue=3|journal=Journal of People's History and Culture|publisher=Garia Society for Studies of Marginal People|place=Kolkata|url=https://gsmp.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/1-1.pdf}}</ref>

== Members ==
The cabinet was composed of the following ministers:<ref>{{cite document|title=Bengal Legislative Assembly Proceedings on Partition of Bengal (The 20th June 1947)|page=VII|orig-year=1947|year=2002|publisher=[[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]}}</ref><ref name=য/>

{{Cabinet table start| hiderefcol = y | hidepartycol = y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Office of the Chief Minister
| minister1 = [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]]
| minister1_termstart = 24 April 1946
| minister1_termend = 13 August 1947
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Department of Finance, Public Health, and Local Self-Government
| minister1 = [[Mohammad Ali Bogra]]
| minister1_termstart = 24 April 1946
| minister1_termend = 13 August 1947
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Department of Education
| minister1 = [[Syed Muazzemuddin Hossain]]
| minister1_termstart = 24 April 1946
| minister1_termend = 13 August 1947
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Department of Agriculture, Forests and Fisheries
| minister1 = [[Ahmed Hossain]]
| minister1_termstart = 24 April 1946
| minister1_termend = 13 August 1947
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Department of Civil Supplies
| minister1 = [[Abdul Gofran]]
| minister1_termstart = 24 April 1946
| minister1_termend = 13 August 1947
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Department of Cooperation, Loans, and Relief
| minister1 = [[Abul Fazal Muhammad Abdur Rahman]]
| minister1_termstart = 24 April 1946
| minister1_termend = 13 August 1947
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Department of Commerce, Labour, and Industry
| minister1 = [[Shamsuddin Ahmed (Pakistani politician)|Shamsuddin Ahmed]]
| minister1_termstart = 24 April 1946
| minister1_termend = 13 August 1947
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Department of Irrigation and Waterways
| minister1 = [[Tarak Nath Mukherjee]]
| minister1_termstart = 21 November 1946
| minister1_termend = 13 August 1947
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Department of Justice and Legislative Affairs
| minister1 = [[Nagendra Narayan Ray]]
| minister1_termstart = 21 November 1946
| minister1_termend = 13 August 1947
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Department of Land, Land Revenue, and Prisons
| minister1 = [[Fazlur Rahman (politician, born 1905)|Fazlur Rahman]]
| minister1_termstart = 21 November 1946
| minister1_termend = 13 August 1947
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Department of Public Works and Housing
| minister1 = [[Dwarikanath Barori]]
| minister1_termstart = 21 November 1946
| minister1_termend = 13 August 1947
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

== Former members ==
The list of former members of the cabinet is given below:<ref>{{cite document|title=Assembly Proceedings Official Report Bengal Legislative Assembly Second Session, 1946|publisher=Bengal Government Press|page=i}}</ref><ref name=য/>
{{Cabinet table start| hiderefcol = y | hidepartycol = y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Department of Judicial and Legislative Affairs, and Public Works and Housing
| minister1 = [[Jogendra Nath Mandal]]
| minister1_termstart = 24 April 1946
| minister1_termend = 21 November 1946
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]]
[[Category:Partition of India]]
[[Category:Cabinets established in 1946]]
[[Category:Cabinets disestablished in 1947]]
[[Category:1946 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:1947 disestablishments in India]]

Sinoy Joseph

2026-05-02T05:56:13Z

Chinmoyin: done

{{Short description|Indian re-recordist and sound designer (b. 1981)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sinoy Joseph
| image = SinoyJoseph2.jpg
| imagesize = 235px
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1981|07|31}}
| birth_place = [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = [[Sound engineer]]
| yearsactive = 2004–present
| spouse = Asha Sinoy
| children = Seraffin, Gabriellah
| website =
}}

'''Sinoy Joseph''' (born 31 July) is an Indian film [[Re-recording mixer|sound mixer]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://in.linkedin.com/in/sinoy-joseph-a5585a68|title=Professional Bio}}</ref> and [[sound designer]]. He won the [[60th National Film Awards]] for the best [[National Film Award for Best Audiography|Re-recordist of the Final Mixed Track]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-18/news-interviews/37813271_1_malayalam-vicky-donor-dekh-indian-circus|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626070437/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-18/news-interviews/37813271_1_malayalam-vicky-donor-dekh-indian-circus|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-06-26|title=60th National Film Awards Winners' list |date=2013-03-18 |work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=2013-03-21}}</ref> for the film ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur]]''. Again he won the [[69th National Film Awards]] for the best [[National Film Award for Best Audiography|Re-recordist of the Final Mixed Track]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-18/news-interviews/37813271_1_malayalam-vicky-donor-dekh-indian-circus|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626070437/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-18/news-interviews/37813271_1_malayalam-vicky-donor-dekh-indian-circus|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-06-26|title=60th National Film Awards Winners' list |date=2013-03-18 |work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=2013-03-21}}</ref> for the film ''[[Sardar Udham]]''. He also won the best sound mixing at the [[49th Kerala State Film Awards]] for the film [[Carbon (2018 film)|Carbon]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/kerala-state-film-awards-2019-winners-list/|title=49th Kerala State Film Awards Winners' list |publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref> He has worked on more than 600 [[feature films]] in almost 25 languages, which includes [[English cinema|English]], [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]], [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Marathi cinema]].

==Early life==
Sinoy Joseph was born in Kudavechoor near [[Vaikom]] in [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]]. He was the youngest of four children. His father worked as a school teacher at '''St. Michael's HSS, Kudavechoor'''. Sinoy did his schooling in the same school. Apart from his studies, Sinoy was active in other extra-curricular activities which included painting, singing and, dancing. He is a trained Classical Dancer and Singer. He was conferred with the [[Kerala School Kalolsavam|Kalaprathibha]] in the Kerala sub-district and District Youth Festival for Four years. He went to '''St. Xavier's College, Vaikom''', to pursue his [[Pre-university course|pre-degree]]. He earned a bachelor's degree in Electronics and Computer Hardware from '''School of Technology and Applied Science''', [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala]]. He then earned a certification in Audio Engineering from '''Chetana Sound Studios''', Thrissur, Kerala.

==Career==

After his Sound Engineering in Chetana Institute, Sinoy moved to [[Mumbai]] in 2005. He started his career as a recordist in Quality Cine Labs, Mumbai. After a few months of working he got an opportunity to work as assistant [[re-recording mixer]] under [[Pramod Thomas]] and Deepan Chatterjee. He became an independent re-recording sound mixer in the year of 2008. Within three years, he became widely recognized in [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] as a sound re-recordist<ref>{{cite news|title=Sinoy in Digital Media|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/10-National-Award-winners-come-together-for-Pink/articleshow/53844488.cms}}</ref> in the [[Cinema of India|Indian film industry]]. He won the [[60th National Film Awards]] for the best re-recordist of the final mixed track<ref>{{cite web|title=ente city kerala news|url=http://entecity.com/news/13-awards-a-proud-moment-for-malayalam-film-industry/}}</ref> for the film ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur - Part 2|Gangs of Wasseypur]]'' in 2012. Again he won the [[69th National Film Awards]] for the best re-recordist of the final mixed track<ref>{{cite web|title=ente city kerala news|url=http://entecity.com/news/13-awards-a-proud-moment-for-malayalam-film-industry/}}</ref> for the film ''[[Sardar Udham]]'' in 2021. He has worked on more than 600 feature films in almost 25 languages in a span of 22 years of his career till date. His major works include [[English Vinglish]], [[Piku]],<ref>{{cite web|title=PIKU mix at QLAB|url=https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:With-Sajith-Rajendran-and-Sinoy-Joseph-67555.jpg}}</ref> [[Pink (2016 film)|Pink]], [[Nanban (2012 film)|Nanban]], [[Lai Bhaari]], [[Rajkahini]], [[Masaan]], [[Sairat]], [[Trapped (2016 Hindi film)|Trapped]], [[Carbon (2018 film)|Carbon]], [[October (2018 film)|October]], and [[Dhadak 2]].

== Awards and recognition ==
– 60th National Film Awards: Best [[National Film Award for Best Audiography|Re-recordist of the Final Mixed Track]] for ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur - Part 2]]'' (2013).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/national-awards-winners/2012/108 |title=60th National Film Awards: Sreejesh Nair |publisher=Times of India |access-date=2025-01-14}}</ref>

– 69th National Film Awards: Best [[National Film Award for Best Audiography|Re-recordist of the Final Mixed Track]] for ''[[Sardar Udham]]'' (2021).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/national-awards-winners/2012/108 |title=60th National Film Awards: Sreejesh Nair |publisher=Times of India |access-date=2025-01-14}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He is married to Asha Sinoy. They have two daughters, Seraffin and Gabriellah.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sinoy with family|url=https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=1639726930}}</ref>

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Language
! Note
! Credit

|-
| 2022
|''[[Ghode Ko Jalebi Khilane Le Ja Riya Hoon]]''
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2022
|''[[Rorschach (film)]]''
| [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2022
|''[[Kooman (film)]]''
| [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
|
| Sound Designer and Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2020
|''[[A: Ad Infinitum]]''
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2019
|''[[Android Kunjappan Version 5.25|Android Kunjappan V 5.25]]''
| [[Malayalam]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2019
|''[[Luca (2019 film)|Luca]]''
| [[Malayalam]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2018
|''[[Njan Prakashan]]''
| [[Malayalam]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2018
|''[[Joseph (2018 film)|Joseph]]''
| [[Malayalam]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2018
|''[[Who (film)|Who]]''
| [[Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
|
| Dolby Atmos Mixer
|-

|-
| 2018
|''[[Neerali]]''
| [[Malayalam]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2018
|''[[October (2018 film)|October]]''
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2018
|''[[Carbon (2018 film)|Carbon]]''
| [[Malayalam]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2016
|''[[Pink (2016 film)|Pink]]''
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/250816/10-national-award-winners-come-together-for-amitabh-bachchans-pink.html|title= 10 National Award winners come together for Amitabh Bachchan’s Pink! | date=25 August 2016 |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |accessdate=29 September 2018}}</ref>
|-

|-
| 2016
|''[[Trapped (2016 Hindi film)|Trapped]]''
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2016
|''[[Sairat]]''
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2015
|''[[Piku]]''
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2013
|''[[Filmistaan]]''
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2013
|''Rela Re''
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2012
|''[[Gangs of Wasseypur - Part 2|Gangs of Wasseypur]]''
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/bombay-velvets-sound-design/article7201333.ece|title= A sound experiment | date=13 May 2015 | first=Athira | last=M. | newspaper=The Hindu |accessdate=29 September 2018}}</ref>
|-

|-
| 2012
|''[[English Vinglish]]''
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2012
|''[[Adaminte Makan Abu]]''
| [[Malayalam]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2012
|''[[Nanban (2012 film)|Nanban]]''
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2012
|''[[Chittagong (film)|Chittagong]]''
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2012
|''Pandoru Kaalath''
| [[Malayalam]]
| [[Short Film]]
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2012
|''Tarkash''
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2012
|''[[Resident Evil: Retribution|Resident Evil]]''
| [[English language|English]]
|
| Version Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2012
|''[[Brave (2012 film)|Brave]]''
| [[English language|English]]
|
| Version Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2012
|''The Good Road''
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2012
|''[[Luv Shuv Tey Chicken Khurana]]''
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Associate Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2012
|''Satya, Savitri Aani Satyavan''
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2012
|''4 Idiots''
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2012
|''[[The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film)|The Amazing Spider-Man]]''
| [[English language|English]]
|
| Version Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2012
|''Mujhe Jeene Do''
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2012
|''Kuch Teri Kuch Meri''
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2012
|''[[John Carter (film)|John Carter]]''
| [[English language|English]]
|
| Version Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2012
|''[[Valentine's Night]]''
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Associate Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2012
|''Golaberji''
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2012
|''Love at First Sight''
| [[English language|English]]
| [[Short Film]]
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2012
|''Last Message''
| [[Hindi]]
| [[Short Film]]
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2012
|''Shree''
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2012
|''Ramat Ravan''
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2012
|''Nomad''
| [[English language|English]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2011
|''Eashwari''
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2011
|''[[Underworld: Endless War]]''
| [[English language|English]]
|
| Version Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2011
|''Found Footage''
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2011
|''[[Immortals (2011 film)|Immortals]]''
| [[English language|English]]
|
| Version Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2011
|''[[Ra.One]]''
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Version Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2011
|''[[Breakaway (2011 film)|Breakaway]] / Speedy Singhs''
| [[English language|English]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2011
|''Mad''
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2011
|''[[Tekken: Blood Vengeance|Tekken]]''
| [[Japanese language|Japanese]]
|
| Version Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2011
|''Ekka Ekka''
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2011
|''[[The Smurfs (film)|The Smurfs]]''
| [[English language|English]]
|
| Version Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2011
|''Case No.913''
| [[Hindi]]
| [[Short Film]]
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2011
|''And Gandhi Goes Missing''
| [[Hindi]]/[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| [[Short Film]]
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2011
|''Professor Shonku''
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2011
|''Kalarippayattu''
| [[Malayalam]]
| [[Documentary film]]
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2011
|''Jaa Bhai Ja''
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2011
|''Rangmanch''
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2011
|''[[Will You Marry Me? (film)|Will You Marry Me?]]''
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2011
|''Gypsi''
| [[Hindi]]
| [[Short film]]
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2011
|''I Am''
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Associate Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2011
|''[[Splice (film)|Splice]]''
| [[English language|English]]
|
| Version Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2011
|''[[Crayon Shin-chan: Fierceness That Invites Storm! Operation Golden Spy|Shin-chan]]''
| [[English language|English]]
|
| Version Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2011
|''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides|Pirates of the Caribbean]]''
| [[English language|English]]
|
| Version Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2011
|''The Green Chic''
| [[English language|English]]
|
| Associate Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2011
|''Haqeeqat''
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2011
|''[[Satrangee Parachute]]''
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2011
|''Chandrapurchi Devi Mahakali''
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
| Associate Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2011
|''[[Battle: Los Angeles]]''
| [[English language|English]]
|
| Version Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2011
|''Raada Rox''
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2011
|''[[The Green Hornet (2011 film)|The Green Hornet]]''
| [[English language|English]]
|
| Version Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2010
|''[[The Tourist (2010 film)|The Tourist]]''
| [[English language|English]]
|
| Version Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2010
|''Ra Pu Jo''
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Associate Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2010
|''Pyar Ka Funda''
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Associate Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2010
|''[[The Warrior's Way]]''
| [[English language|English]]
|
| Version Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2010
|''Faster''
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2010
|''Turang Des''
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Associate Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2010
|''[[Bhoot and Friends]]''
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2010
|''Andardah''
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2010
|''Chutki BajaKe''
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2010
|''Ankur Loves Sidhant''
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2010
|''[[The Sorcerer's Apprentice (2010 film)|The Sorcerer's Apprentice]]''
| [[English language|English]]
|
| Version Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2010
|''Khuda Khushi''
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2010
|''Kabaddi''
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2010
|''Do Dooni Chaar''
| [[Hindi]]
|
| Assistant Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2010
|''Ajab Lagnachi Gajab Gosht''
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
| Re-recording Mixer
|-

|-
| 2005
|''[[Dombivali Fast]]''
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
| Assistant Sound Mixer
|-

|}

==References==
{{reflist|1}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=5353834}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joseph, Sinoy}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kottayam]]
[[Category:Indian sound designers]]
[[Category:Best Audiography National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, alumni]]
[[Category:Film people from Kerala]]
[[Category:Re-recording mixers]]

Sukte clan

2026-05-01T19:46:07Z

Chinmoyin:

{{Short description|Clan of the Kuki people}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
The '''Sukte''' are one of the clans of [[Tedim Chins]] (also called "Zomi")<ref>{{Cite book |last=Giri |first=Ananta Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9cWEAAAQBAJ&dq=sukte+tribe+of+kuki&pg=PA219 |title=Cross-Fertilizing Roots and Routes: Identities, Social Creativity, Cultural Regeneration and Planetary Realizations |date=2021-01-23 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-15-7118-3 |pages=219 |language=en |quote='any '''Kuki'''' in Assam, Meghalaya, and Mizoram about 37 'sub-tribes' each are included under it. Tribes like Gangte, Vaiphei, '''Sukte''', and Thadou which are separately listed as tribes in Manipur came to be subsumed under the category any Kuki' in these states (also vide, Suan 2011).}}</ref> that mainly inhabit the Tedim district in Myanmar, with small numbers in India, in [[Manipur]], [[Meghalaya]] and [[Assam]] states. They are recognized as a [[Scheduled Tribe]] in Manipur. Since 1995, they have been part of the [[Zomi Re-unification Organisation]] in Manipur.<ref>{{citation |last=Suan |first=H. Kham Khan |title=Rethinking 'tribe' identities: The politics of recognition among the Zo in north-east India |journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology |volume=45 |number=2 |pages=157–187 |year=2011 |doi=10.1177/006996671104500201 |ref={{sfnref|Suan, Rethinking 'tribe' identities|2011}}}}</ref>

==Social status==
They were listed as Salhte in the 1947 Constitution{{Clarify|reason=whose constitution? India's? India doesn't have a 1947 constitution.|date=September 2025}} where they are among the groups given [[Adivasi]] status. They are commonly referred to as the Zo by others, but they use the name Sukte for themselves.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Demography of the Manipur |url=http://manipur.nic.in/planning/DraftMSDR/Draft_SDR_pdf/Chapter%203_Demography.pdf |website=www.manipur.nic.in}}</ref>

==Population==
Only five people were counted in this ethnic group in the 1981 census. However, the leader of the youth group for the Zomi claims there are 3,500 Sukte currently.{{Where|date=September 2025}} The Sukte are agriculturalists, growing primarily maize and rice. They are mainly Christian in religion.{{cn|date=October 2023}}

==Notable people==
* [[Pau Cin Hau]], founder of ''Laipian''
==See also==
*[[Sukte language]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ctd

{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Kuki tribes]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Manipur]]
[[Category:Social groups of Manipur]]
[[Category:Social groups of Assam]]

{{India-ethno-stub}}

Rajkot–Rewa Superfast Express

2026-04-30T22:48:45Z

Chinmoyin: added new page v1 - done

{{Short description|Indian Western Railway Train}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Rajkot–Rewa Superfast Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2015|01|05}}
| last =
| operator = [[Western Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Rajkot Junction}} (RJT)
| stops = 22
| end = {{stnlnk|Rewa Terminal}} (REWA)
| distance = {{convert|1601|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 26 hrs 30 mins
| frequency = Weekly {{efn|Runs one day in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering E-catering
| observation = [[LHB coach]]
| entertainment = No
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities= Below the seats
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 22937/22938
| speed = {{convert|56|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 22937/22938 '''Rajkot–Rewa Superfast Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] train belonging to [[Western Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Rajkot Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Rewa Terminal}} in India. It is currently being operated with 22937/22938 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref>[http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=2962&did=1439004144831C790E15D0D32532B4ADDC5E73FEC2525.web103 Cancellation and Diversion of Trains on 9.8.2015 due to derailment on Khandwa-Itarsi Section]</ref><ref>[http://www.freepressjournal.in/western-railway-cancels-22-trains-due-to-khandwa-mishap-heavy-rains/ Western Railway cancels 22 trains due to Khandwa mishap, heavy rains]</ref><ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-harda-twin-train-derailment-western-and-central-railway-cancel-22-and-57-trains-respectively-2112382 Harda twin train derailment: Western and Central Railway cancel 22 and 57 trains respectively]</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/494098/twin-train-mishap-heavy-rains.html | title=Twin train mishap, heavy rains: Western Railway cancels 22 trains | date=8 August 2015 | author=PTI | newspaper=Deccan Herald | accessdate=24 January 2019}}</ref>

==Coach composition==

The train has standard ICF rakes with a maximum speed of 110 km/h. The train consists of 23 coaches:

* 1 AC II Tier
* 5 AC III Tier
* 11 Sleeper coaches
* 4 General Unreserved
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake

==Service==

The 22937/Rajkot–Rewa Superfast Express has an average speed of 58 km/h and covers 1601 km in 27 hrs 30 mins.

The 22938/Rewa–Rajkot Superfast Express has an average speed of 62 km/h and covers 1601 km in 25 hrs 45 mins.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{stnlnk|Rajkot Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Surendranagar Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Nadiad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Anand Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Vadodara Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bharuch Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Surat}}
* {{stnlnk|Nandurbar}}
* {{stnlnk|Jalgaon Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhusaval Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Khandwa Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Itarsi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Jabalpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Katni Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Maihar}}
* {{stnlnk|Satna Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Rewa Terminal}}

==Schedule==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Train number !! Station code !! Departure station !! Departure time !! Departure day !! Arrival station !! Arrival time !! Arrival day
|-
| 22937 || RJT || Rajkot Junction || 13:45 PM || Sun || Rewa || 17:15 PM || Mon
|-
| 22938 || REWA || Rewa || 20:55 PM || Mon || Rajkot Junction || 22:40 PM || Tue
|}

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Vatva|Vatva Loco Shed]]-based [[WDM-3A]] diesel locomotive from Rajkot to [[Ahmedabad]]. From Ahmedabad, trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara|Vadodara Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-4E]] electric locomotive uptil [[Itarsi]]. From Itarsi trains are hauled by an [[Diesel Loco Shed, Itarsi|Itarsi Loco Shed]]-based [[WDM-3A]] diesel locomotive uptil Rewa and vice versa.

==Rake sharing==

The train shares its rake with 20913/20914 [[Rajkot–Delhi Sarai Rohilla Weekly Superfast Express]].

== See also ==

* [[Rewa Terminal railway station]]
* [[Rajkot Junction railway station]]
* [[Rajkot–Delhi Sarai Rohilla Weekly Superfast Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/14940 22937/Rajkot–Rewa Superfast Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/23127 22938/Rewa–Rajkot Superfast Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Western India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajkot-Rewa Superfast Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Rajkot]]
[[Category:Transport in Rewa, Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Superfast Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2015]]

Zafar Agha

2026-04-30T00:44:53Z

Chinmoyin: article...

{{Short description|Indian journalist (1954–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox journalist
| name = Zafar Agha
| birth_date = {{Birth year|1954}}
| birth_place = [[Allahabad]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2024|3|22|1954}}
| death_place = Fortis Hospital, [[New Delhi]], India
| alma_mater = [[University of Allahabad]]
| occupation = Journalist and columnist
| known_for = Chief Editor of [[Qaumi Awaz]], [[Navjivan]]
}}

'''Zafar Agha''' (1954 {{Ndash}} 2024, {{Langx|ur|ظفر آغا}}) was an Indian journalist and columnist. He was the editor of Urdu Newspaper [[Qaumi Awaz]], [[Navjivan (newspaper)|Navjivan]] and former editor of the [[National Herald]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veteran Journalist Zafar Agha Passes Away |url=https://thewire.in/media/zafar-agha-no-more |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-03-22 |title=Veteran journalist Zafar Agha passes away |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/latest-news/veteran-journalist-zafar-agha-passes-away/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=greaterkashmir.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-22 |title=Veteran journalist Zafar Agha dies in Delhi hospital |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/veteran-journalist-zafar-agha-dead-9228152/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==
Agha was born in 1954 in [[Allahabad]], attended Yadgar E Hussaini Intermediate College and [[University of Allahabad|Allahabad University]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kidwai |first=Rasheed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3v5sDwAAQBAJ&dq=zafar+agha&pg=PT239 |title=Neta–Abhineta: Bollywood Star Power in Indian Politics |date=2018-09-05 |publisher=Hachette India |isbn=978-93-5009-803-5 |language=en}}</ref> While studying English literature, he became involved in the progressive student movement at Allahabad University.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vohra |first=Ranbir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3oXLluy2m_MC&dq=zafar+agha&pg=PA308 |title=The Making of India: A Political History |date=2012-12-19 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn=978-0-7656-2985-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nagel |first=Stuart |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bOyYDwAAQBAJ&dq=zafar+agha&pg=PA215 |title=Handbook of Global Economic Policy |date=2019-02-21 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4822-8992-3 |language=en}}</ref> He maintained his allegiance to left and democratic politics for the rest of his life.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first=|date=2024-03-22 |title=Editor-in-chief of National Herald Zafar Agha passes away at 70 |url=https://madhyamamonline.com/india/editor-in-chief-of-national-herald-zafar-agha-passes-away-at-70-1270365 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=madhyamamonline.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hasan |first=Zoya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBl2EAAAQBAJ&dq=zafar+agha&pg=PA148 |title=Ideology and Organization in Indian Politics: Growing Polarization and the Decline of the Congress Party (2009–19) |date=2022-06-20 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-267818-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=RAO |first=PRAHALAD |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wLLSEAAAQBAJ&dq=zafar+agha&pg=PA325 |title=TRUTH ABOUT THE SECURITIES SCAM 1992 |date=2023-08-24 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sitapati |first=Vinay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R2yCDAAAQBAJ&dq=zafar+agha&pg=PT310 |title=Half – Lion: How P.V. Narasimha Rao Transformed India |date=2016-06-27 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-86057-72-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bhushan |first1=K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CC_UokYgZaQC&dq=zafar+agha&pg=PA115 |title=Lal Krishna Advani: Deputy Prime Minister |last2=Katyal |first2=G. |date=2002 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7648-392-6 |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Zafar Agha embarked on his journalism journey in 1979 with the Link magazine, dedicating over 45 years to the profession. Throughout his career, he contributed to publications such as the Patriot and the Business and Political Observer, served as political editor at [[India Today]], and worked with [[ETV Network|ETV]] and the [[The Inquilab|Inquilab Daily]]. Agha's last role was with the [[National Herald|National Herald group]], initially as the editor of the [[Qaumi Awaz]] and subsequently as the editor-in-chief of the National Herald.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pti |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/veteran-journalist-zafar-agha-dies-in-delhi-hospital/1375628 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=www.ptinews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Yog |first=Sri Purushottam Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VljHEAAAQBAJ&dq=zafar+agha&pg=PA418 |title=Writings of Sri Purushottam Singh Yog Volume-11: ESSAYS AND A STORY, SHARIAT AND WE, DECLINE AND FALL OF HINDUISM, BLUE PRINT. |date=2023-06-27 |publisher=Booksclinic Publishing |isbn=978-93-5535-733-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ansari |first1=Yusuf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8sEVs56A6CQC&dq=zafar+agha&pg=PA119 |title=Triumph of Will, Sonia Gandhi |last2=Ansari |first2=Yusuf Ahmad |date=2006 |publisher=Tara-India Research Press |isbn=978-81-87943-93-8 |language=en}}</ref>

Furthermore, Agha actively participated in the Delhi Union of Journalists and held positions as a member and later as the officiating chairman of the National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions until 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-22 |title=Senior journalist Zafar Agha passes away in Delhi |url=https://muslimmirror.com/eng/senior-journalist-zafar-agha-passes-away-in-delhi/ |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Muslim Mirror |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lahiri |first=Ashok |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NS6iEAAAQBAJ&dq=zafar+agha&pg=PT592 |title=India in Search of Glory: Political Calculus and Economy |date=2023-01-23 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5492-837-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sitapati |first=Vinay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUxUDwAAQBAJ&dq=zafar+agha&pg=PA355 |title=The Man who Remade India: A Biography of P.V. Narasimha Rao |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-069285-8 |language=en}}</ref>

== Death ==
Agha died in New Delhi on Friday morning, 22 March 2024, in Fortis Hospital, Vasant Kunj, of a cardiac arrest.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=N. H. |date=2024-03-22 |title=Zafar Agha (1954–2024), upright and outspoken, journalist and gentleman, passes away |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/obituary/upright-and-outspoken-journalist-and-gentleman-zafar-agha-1954-2024-passes-away |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agha, Zafar}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:Indian opinion journalists]]
[[Category:Indian activist journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Journalists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male journalists]]

Bachelor (2021 film)

2026-04-27T18:59:23Z

Chinmoyin:

{{Short description|2021 film by Sathish Selvakumar}}
{{for|the 2021 Telugu film|Most Eligible Bachelor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Bachelor
| image = Bachelor 2021 film.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = Sathish Selvakumar
| director = Sathish Selvakumar
| producer = G. Dillibabu
| starring = {{ubl|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]|[[Divyabharathi]]}}
| music = {{ubl|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]|[[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]]|[[Siddhu Kumar]]|A. H. Kaashif}}
| cinematography = [[Theni Eswar]]
| editing = San Lokesh
| studio = Axess Film Factory
| distributor = {{ubl|Sakthi Film Factory|[[SonyLIV]]}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| runtime = 176 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Certificate detail |url=https://www.ecinepramaan.gov.in/cbfc/?a=Certificate_Detail&i=100030292100001855 |website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]]}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2021|12|03|India}}
}}

'''''Bachelor''''' is a 2021 Indian Tamil-language adult romantic courtroom drama film written and directed by debutant Sathish Selvakumar and produced by G. Dillibabu under the banner of Axess Film Factory. The film stars [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] and debutante [[Divyabharathi]].

The film received mixed reviews from critics, with praise for G. V. Prakash's and Divyabharathi's performances, the lead pair's chemistry, sound design, and music, but criticism for its lengthy duration (176 minutes) and the screenplay in the latter half. Despite the criticism, the film was successful at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2021 |title=GV Prakash and Divyabharathi overjoyed with the success of Bachelor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gv-prakash-and-divyabharathi-over-the-success-of-bachelor/articleshow/88343550.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

It was released on 3 December 2021.<ref name="rd:toi">{{Cite web |date=15 November 2021 |title=GV Prakash Kumar and Divyabharathi's Bachelor to release on December 3 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gv-prakash-kumar-and-divyabharathis-bachelor-to-release-on-december-3/articleshow/87720286.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128095900/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gv-prakash-kumar-and-divyabharathis-bachelor-to-release-on-december-3/articleshow/87720286.cms |archive-date=28 November 2021 |access-date=28 November 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
A reckless and narcissistic 24-year-old man, nicknamed Darling, relocates from his rural home on the outskirts of [[Coimbatore]] to [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] in search of employment. He moves into a shabby dormitory shared by his brother's friends, namely Bhagya a.k.a. "Bucks", Arun, Prem, Shyam, and a few others. His constant amateurism and incompetence in everyday activities create considerable exasperation among his roommates. Nevertheless, they help him secure a job at the IT firm where they work.

One evening, while running an errand, Darling's carelessness results in his friend Nimmi getting injured. While recuperating, Nimmi is visited by his girlfriend Rumi, whose existence had been kept secret from the former. As an apology, Nimmi invites Darling to their flat, where he is introduced to Subbulakshmi a.k.a. "Subbu", the couple's roommate. Instantly attracted to her, he attempts to befriend her. When Nimmi and Rumi decide to emigrate to [[Boston]], Darling convinces them to let him stay with Subbu, albeit under certain conditions.

Initially, Subbu is annoyed by Darling's presence and repeatedly rejects his advances, but she gradually warms to him. Later, when she falls ill, Darling cares for her, and his actions impress her, eventually leading to a romantic relationship. Over the next six months, the two grow closer; however, Darling's arrogance often creates conflict between them. During a visit to Coimbatore for a family function, Subbu informs Darling that she is pregnant, much to his shock. While Subbu wishes to keep the child and start a family, Darling insists on an abortion, wanting to keep the relationship a secret from his family.

Their disagreement over the pregnancy leads to a heated argument, after which Subbu reluctantly agrees to an abortion. However, she changes her mind at the last moment and disappears, leaving Darling and his friends searching for her unsuccessfully. They later discover that she has approached her brother-in-law Rudran, an arrogant lawyer, seeking legal protection for her unborn child. Seeking revenge for a prior insult, Rudran fabricates a case claiming that Darling and Subbu are married and that she has been harassed by his family over dowry.

Based on these allegations, the police arrest Darling's mother, sister, and brother-in-law, leading them to disown him. In court, Darling's lawyer Manoj attempts to prove that Darling and Subbu were only friends; however, Rudran counters by presenting audio recordings of their intimate conversations. Enraged, Darling tries to force Subbu to withdraw the case, but fails. He then attempts to negotiate with Rudran, who refuses.

During subsequent hearings, Manoj exposes inconsistencies in Rudran's claims but confirms Subbu's pregnancy, keeping the case ongoing. As a last resort, Manoj suggests that Darling claim infertility to weaken the case, and he reluctantly agrees. After failed attempts to obtain a fake certificate, Darling undergoes a dubious treatment that renders him temporarily impotent, and he is legally declared infertile. With the case seemingly turning in his favour, Nimmi confronts Darling and criticises his irresponsibility, revealing that Subbu chose to keep the child because she loved him.

At the next hearing, Rudran requests a DNA test to revive the case; however, Subbu, disillusioned by the situation, decides to withdraw it. Meanwhile, Darling has a change of heart and asks for her forgiveness. Subbu refuses, stating that he does not deserve it, and walks away, leaving him devastated.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] as Darling, Subbu's amateurish boyfriend
* [[Divyabharathi]] as Subbulakshmi a.k.a. "Subbu", Darling's girlfriend
* [[Munishkanth]] as Lanthus, Darling's uncle
* [[Bagavathi Perumal]] as Bhagya a.k.a. "Bucks", Darling's roommate and close friend<ref name="cast:toi">{{Cite web |date=23 November 2021 |title='Bachelor' trailer: GV Prakash displays a raw shade of acting |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/bachelor-trailer-gv-prakash-displays-a-raw-shade-of-acting/articleshow/87867109.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123195117/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/bachelor-trailer-gv-prakash-displays-a-raw-shade-of-acting/articleshow/87867109.cms |archive-date=23 November 2021 |access-date=28 November 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Mysskin]] as Father, who renders Darling temporarily infertile (cameo appearance)
* [[Monica Chinnakotla]] as Rumi, Nimmi's girlfriend
* R. K. Vijay Murugan as Rudran, Subbu's arrogant brother-in-law and criminal lawyer
* Jayann as Shyam
* Muthu Prasad Shanmugasundharam as Bhagya
* Nakkalites Arun as Arun, Darling's close friend
* Nakkalites Dhanam as Dhanam, Darling's mother
* Brindha as Brindha, Darling's elder sister
* Victor Nirmal Felix as Nimmi, Darling's close friend
* Manoj Beads as Manoj, Darling's lawyer and defence counsel
* Kotravai as Helen, Subbu's best friend
* Prem Kumar as Prem
* Sasi Kumar as Sasi
* Kiran R as Darling's roommate
* Sriram Manivannan as Darling's roommate
* Sam Isaac as Darling's roommate
* Surya Veerarajan as Darling's roommate
* VJ Mubashir as Subbu's friend
* Mathuram as Subbu's elder sister
* Subash Selvam as Darling's roommate
* Tamizh as a police officer
* Prankster Rahul as a medical store employee
* TSR as a government doctor
* Navya Suji as Rudran's junior assistant
* Mrithula Srini as Subbu's friend
* Madhuri Watts as Subbu's friend
* Melvin Dennis as Subbu's colleague
* Karthik Gunasekaran as a doctor (cameo appearance)
* Shankar as Darling's elder brother
}}

== Production ==
In September 2019, G. V. Prakash Kumar was cast in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 September 2019 |title=Gautham Menon in GV Prakash's next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gautham-menon-in-gv-prakashs-next/articleshow/71114105.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128100644/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gautham-menon-in-gv-prakashs-next/articleshow/71114105.cms |archive-date=28 November 2021 |access-date=28 November 2021 |agency=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

On 13 September 2019, the first look of the film, along with the cast line-up, was revealed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2019 |title=First-look out from GV Prakash Kumar's next titled 'Bachelor' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/first-look-out-gv-prakash-kumar-s-next-titled-bachelor-108864 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128120244/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/first-look-out-gv-prakash-kumar-s-next-titled-bachelor-108864 |archive-date=28 November 2021 |access-date=28 November 2021 |website=The News Minute}}</ref>

Principal photography was completed in October 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2021 |title=GV Prakash's Bachelor gets theatrical release date |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/gv-prakash-s-bachelor-gets-theatrical-release-date-157691 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128095858/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/gv-prakash-s-bachelor-gets-theatrical-release-date-157691 |archive-date=28 November 2021 |access-date=28 November 2021 |website=The News Minute}}</ref>

Although the teaser was released on 13 February 2021, the film's release was delayed due to the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=A. Kameshwari |date=13 February 2021 |title=Bachelor teaser: GV Prakash Kumar plays an obsessive lover |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/bachelor-teaser-gv-prakash-kumar-plays-an-obsessive-lover-7187418/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128110741/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/bachelor-teaser-gv-prakash-kumar-plays-an-obsessive-lover-7187418/ |archive-date=28 November 2021 |access-date=28 November 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Bachelor
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], [[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]], [[Siddhu Kumar]] and A. H. Kaashif
| cover =
| released = 26 November 2021
| recorded = 2021
| genre = Film soundtrack
| length = 21:56
| language = Tamil
| label = [[Think Music India]]
| chronology = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| prev_title = [[Thalaivii]]
| prev_year = 2021
| next_title = [[Maaran (2022 film)|Maaran]]
| next_year = 2022
| misc = {{external music video|header=Official audio
|{{YouTube|vW18A-uiptU|Bachelor – Full Album}}
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]]
| type = soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Kousalya Krishnamurthy]]
| prev_year = 2019
| title = Bachelor
| year = 2021
| next_title = [[Kombu Vatcha Singamda]]
| next_year = 2022
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Siddhu Kumar]]
| type = soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Trip (film)|Trip]]
| prev_year = 2021
| title = Bachelor
| year = 2021
| next_title = [[Anandham Vilayadum Veedu]]
| next_year = 2021
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = A. H. Kaashif
| type = soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Pathinettam Padi]]
| prev_year = 2019
| title = Bachelor
| year = 2021
| next_title = [[Ottu (film)|Ottu]]
| next_year = 2022
}}
}}

The songs were composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], [[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]], [[Siddhu Kumar]] and A. H. Kaashif, while the background score was composed by Siddhu Kumar. The track "Life of Bachelor" is inspired by the song "Angamaly" from the Malayalam film ''[[Angamaly Diaries]]''.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 21:56
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Life of Bachelor
| extra1 = Navakkarai Naveen Prabanjam, A. H. Kaashif, Asal Kolaar
| lyrics1 = Asal Kolaar
| music1 = A. H. Kaashif
| length1 = 2:34
| title2 = Pachigalam Paravaigalam
| extra2 = Navakkarai Naveen Prabanjam
| lyrics2 = Navakkarai Naveen Prabanjam
| music2 = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| length2 = 3:33
| title3 = Adiye
| extra3 = [[Kapil Kapilan]]
| lyrics3 = GKB
| music3 = [[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]]
| length3 = 4:32
| title4 = Kavan
| extra4 = Navakkarai Naveen Prabanjam
| lyrics4 = Navakkarai Naveen Prabanjam
| music4 = Santhosh Sivashanmugam and Sathish Selvakumar (arrangers)
| length4 = 1:32
| title5 = Kaadhal Kanmani
| extra5 = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], Swagatha S Krishnan
| lyrics5 = Nithish
| music5 = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| length5 = 5:02
| title6 = Maalai Nera Theneer Suvai
| extra6 = Lakshmikanthan
| lyrics6 = Thamizhanangu
| music6 = [[Siddhu Kumar]]
| length6 = 1:55
| title7 = Miss You Baby
| extra7 = Aishvarrya Suresh
| lyrics7 = Aishvarrya Suresh
| music7 = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| length7 = 2:48
}}

== Reception ==
The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics, who praised the lead performances and music, but criticised the screenplay and excessive length.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sudevan |first=Praveen |date=3 December 2021 |title='Bachelor' movie review: A labyrinthine romantic tale that tries to delineate love from lust |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bachelor-movie-review-a-labyrinthine-romantic-tale-that-tries-to-delineate-love-from-lust/article37825238.ece |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203142510/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bachelor-movie-review-a-labyrinthine-romantic-tale-that-tries-to-delineate-love-from-lust/article37825238.ece |archive-date=3 December 2021 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

M. Suganth of the ''[[The Times of India|Times of India]]'' gave the film three out of five stars and wrote that it "is an often fascinating, indulgent peek into the life of a deeply flawed character". He praised G. V. Prakash Kumar's performance, stating that "he does a pretty good job in capturing the obnoxiousness of this character". However, he criticised the writing and editing, noting that "both the writing and the editing give the feeling of requiring tighter focus". He also appreciated the use of handheld shots by cinematographer Theni Eswar, stating that they make the audience feel immersed in the characters' lives. He concluded that the ending felt "less impactful despite being a progressive one", as it focused more on the effect on surrounding characters rather than the protagonists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M Suganth |date=3 December 2021 |title=Bachelor Movie Review: Bachelor is a fascinating, indulgent anti-romance involving a flawed character |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/bachelor/movie-review/88065801.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203192942/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/bachelor/movie-review/88065801.cms |archive-date=3 December 2021 |access-date=4 December 2021 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[Cinema Express]]'' noted that "perhaps the only really interesting portion in ''Bachelor'' is when matters of a court come into focus, and a domestic abuse case gets debated".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=3 December 2021 |title=Bachelor Movie Review: A takedown of toxic masculinity that isn't |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2021/Dec/03/bachelor-movie-review-gv-prakash-kumar-divyabharathi-film-rating-28202.html |work=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals, and organisations are listed in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
| 12 March 2022
| Best Female Rising Star
| Divyabharathi
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2022 |title=Divya Bharathi is the rising female star |url=https://twitter.com/divyabarti2801/status/1502674734818897926}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2022 |title=Divya Bharathi grabs gold |url=https://www.newsintv.com/awards/edison-awards-2022-winners-list/}}</ref>
|-
| [[Techofes Awards]]
| 16 May 2022
| Best Debut Actress
| Divyabharathi
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2022 |title=Divya Bharathi wins best debut |url=https://www.trendsmap.com/twitter/tweet/1526037828203069440 |access-date=17 May 2022 |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411152108/https://www.trendsmap.com/twitter/tweet/1526037828203069440 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Radio City Awards]]
| 17 May 2022
| Woman Entertainer of the Year – Cinema
| Divyabharathi
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Divya is the woman entertainer of the year |url=https://www.radiocity.in/videos/divya-bharathi-winner-in-cinema-category-women-entertainer-awards-2022-radiocity-8405}}</ref>
|-
| [[Behindwoods Gold Medals]]
| 21 May 2022
| Best Debut Actor – Female
| Divyabharathi
| {{won}}
| {{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
|-
| [[She India Awards]]
| 28 May 2022
| Sensational Star of the Year
| Divyabharathi
| {{won}}
| {{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row"| [[10th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
! rowspan="3"| 11 September 2022
| Best Debutant Director – Tamil
| Sathish Selvakumar
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2022 |title=SIIMA 2022 winners list |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/siima-awards-2022-check-the-complete-list-of-winners/}}</ref>
|-
| Best Playback Singer (Male) – Tamil
| [[Kapil Kapilan]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Comedian – Tamil
| [[Munishkanth]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
| 6 April 2023
| Best Playback Singer (Male)
| [[Kapil Kapilan]]
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2023 |title=Vikatan awards |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/ananda-vikatan-cinema-awards-2020-21-2022-is-back-126297.html}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt11396290}}

[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]
[[Category:2021 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Chittaranjan Roy

2026-04-24T20:02:12Z

Chinmoyin: adding new article

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Raiganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raiganj]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| term_start = 10 May 2001
| term_end = 17 April 2006
| succeeded =
| profession = Politician, Teacher
| predecessor = Dilip Kumar Das
| office2 = Member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 8 May 2006
| term_end2 = 18 April 2011
| succeeded2 = [[Mohit Sengupta]]
}}

'''Chittaranjan Roy''' was an Indian politician and teacher from [[Raiganj]] in West Bengal. He was a Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from 2001 to 2011, representing the [[Raiganj Assembly constituency|Raiganj Legislative Assembly seat]] on an [[Indian National Congress]] ticket.<ref>[https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3193-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-2001/?do=download&r=7323&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=f461e719b5a5f9545a1652ee676ec660 2001 election details - ECI]</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 April 2005 |title=Relief for students an hour before test |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/relief-for-students-an-hour-before-test/cid/767178 |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-03-31 |title=Dissent in Congress ahead of Bengal Assembly polls |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/latest-news/dissent-in-congress-ahead-of-bengal-assembly-polls/ |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 September 2024 |title=Slapped for refusing to be 'witness' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/slapped-for-refusing-to-be-witness/cid/1572293 |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Chittaranjan}}
[[Category:People from Uttar Dinajpur district]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{WestBengal-INC-politician-stub}}

Thiruveer

2026-04-24T13:00:27Z

Chinmoyin: stub...

{{Short description|Indian film and stage actor and director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Thiruveer
| image = Thiruveer in 2023.jpg
| birth_name = Tirupathi Reddy
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1988|07|23}}
| birth_place = [[Mamidipally, Ranga Reddy district|Mamidipally]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] (now in [[Telangana]]), India
| occupation = Actor
| relatives =
| website =
| spouse = {{marriage|Kalpana Rao|21 April 2024}}<ref name="Masooda actor Thiruveer marries Kalpana Rao">{{cite news |last1=Deccan Chronicle |first1= |title=Masooda actor Thiruveer marries Kalpana Rao |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/gallery/entertainment/masooda-actor-thiruveer-marries-kalpana-rao-890485 |access-date=22 April 2024 |work= |date=21 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422034930/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/gallery/entertainment/masooda-actor-thiruveer-marries-kalpana-rao-890485 |archive-date=22 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
| yearsactive =
}}

'''Thiruveer''' '''P''' (born 23 July 1988) is an Indian actor and director who works in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu films]] and [[Telugu theatre|theatre]].<ref name="Actor Thiruveer: Theatre and cinema helped me survive">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=Actor Thiruveer: Theatre and cinema helped me survive |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pareshan-telugu-movie-actor-thiruveer-theatre-and-cinema-helped-me-survive/article66910877.ece |access-date=22 April 2024 |date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422103958/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pareshan-telugu-movie-actor-thiruveer-theatre-and-cinema-helped-me-survive/article66910877.ece |archive-date=22 April 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref> His notable works include ''[[George Reddy (film)|George Reddy]]'' (2019), ''[[Palasa 1978]]'' (2020), ''[[Masooda]]'' (2022) and ''[[The Great Pre-Wedding Show]]'' (2025).

== Personal life ==
Thiruveer married Kalpana Rao on 21 April 2024 in an intimate and private wedding ceremony at the holy [[Tirumala Temple]].<ref name="Telugu Actor Thiruveer Ties the Knot in Intimate Ceremony">{{cite news |title=Telugu Actor Thiruveer Ties the Knot in Intimate Ceremony |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/telugu-actor-thiruveer-ties-the-knot-in-intimate-ceremony-874095 |access-date=22 April 2024 |date=22 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422105243/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/telugu-actor-thiruveer-ties-the-knot-in-intimate-ceremony-874095 |archive-date=22 April 2024}}</ref>

== Career ==
He worked as a part-time radio jockey for [[AIR FM Rainbow]] 101.9 Hyderabad in 2012-2013 as RJ Thiru.

== Filmography ==
{{pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2016
|''Bommalaramaram''
| Mallesh
| Debut film
|
|-
| 2017
|''[[Ghazi (film)|Ghazi]]''
| V. Murthy
| Simultaneously shot in [[Hindi]]
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Ye Mantram Vesave]]''
| Hari
|
|
|-
| 2018
|''Subhalekha + Lu''
| Parimal
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''[[Mallesham]]''
| Veeraprathap
|
|
|-
| ''[[George Reddy (film)|George Reddy]]''|| Lalan Singh
|[[Zee Cine Awards Telugu|Zee Cine Award Telugu for Best Performance in a Negative Role]]
|<ref name="Thiruveer is the new villain on the block after 'George Reddy'">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1=Entertainment (Movies) |date=2 December 2019 |title=Thiruveer is the new villain on the block after 'George Reddy' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thiruveer-george-reddy/article30137585.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202160832/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thiruveer-george-reddy/article30137585.ece |archive-date=2 December 2019 |access-date=2 December 2019 |work=The Hindu |publisher=Y. Sunita Chowdhary |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Zee Cine awards Telugu 2020: Samantha Akkineni, Chiranjeevi and Nani win top laurels">{{cite news |last1=Hindustan Times |first1=Regional News |date=12 January 2020 |title=Zee Cine awards Telugu 2020: Samantha Akkineni, Chiranjeevi and Nani win top laurels |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/zee-cine-awards-telugu-2020-samantha-akkineni-chiranjeevi-and-nani-win-top-laurels/story-IIb1IjGUKhrdscXkxVOI2I.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114140133/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/zee-cine-awards-telugu-2020-samantha-akkineni-chiranjeevi-and-nani-win-top-laurels/story-IIb1IjGUKhrdscXkxVOI2I.html |archive-date=14 January 2020 |access-date=15 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[Palasa 1978]]''
| Rangarao
|Nominated – [[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu]] Nominated – [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu]]
|<ref name="SIIMA AWARDS {{!}} 2020 {{!}} Nominations">{{cite news |last1=SIIMA |date=2021 |title=SIIMA AWARDS {{!}} 2020 {{!}} Nominations |work= |url=https://siima.in/2020-nominations.php |access-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906100746/https://siima.in/2020-nominations.php |archive-date=6 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1=Entertainment |date=6 March 2020 |title='Palasa 1978' movie review: The strong script makes it a compelling watch |publisher=Y. Sunita Chowdhary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/director-karuna-kumar-weaves-a-gritty-story-in-palasa-1978/article30999802.ece |url-status=live |access-date=30 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307135859/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/director-karuna-kumar-weaves-a-gritty-story-in-palasa-1978/article30999802.ece |archive-date=7 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Tuck Jagadish]]''
| Tirumala "Tiru" Naidu
|
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Masooda]]''
| Gopi Krishna
|
|
|-
| 2023
|''[[Pareshan]]''
| Isaac
|
|<ref name="Rana Daggubati Presents On Suresh Productions, Thiruveer, Rupak Ronaldson's 'Pareshan', A Fun Video Unveiled">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |title=Rana Daggubati Presents On Suresh Productions, Thiruveer, Rupak Ronaldson's 'Pareshan', A Fun Video Unveiled |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rana-daggubati-presents-on-suresh-productions-thiruveer-rupak-ronaldson-waltair-productions-pareshan-a-fun-video-unveiled/articleshow/99267265.cms?from=mdr |access-date=12 May 2023 |date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512175047/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rana-daggubati-presents-on-suresh-productions-thiruveer-rupak-ronaldson-waltair-productions-pareshan-a-fun-video-unveiled/articleshow/99267265.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=12 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-30 |title=Actor Thiruveer: Theatre and cinema helped me survive |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pareshan-telugu-movie-actor-thiruveer-theatre-and-cinema-helped-me-survive/article66910877.ece |access-date=2023-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530105552/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pareshan-telugu-movie-actor-thiruveer-theatre-and-cinema-helped-me-survive/article66910877.ece |archive-date=2023-05-30 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[The Great Pre-Wedding Show]]''
|Ramesh
|
|<ref name="Thiruveer to play ‘wedding photographer’ in his next film ‘The Great Pre-Wedding Show’">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Thiruveer to play ‘wedding photographer’ in his next film ‘The Great Pre-Wedding Show’ |url=https://telanganatoday.com/thiruveer-to-play-wedding-photographer-in-his-next-film-the-great-pre-wedding-show |accessdate=16 September 2025 |publisher=Telangana Today |date=5 February 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250916181803/https://telanganatoday.com/thiruveer-to-play-wedding-photographer-in-his-next-film-the-great-pre-wedding-show |archivedate=16 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|''[[Papam Prathap]]''
|Pratap
|<ref name="Thiruveer: People still don’t recognise me as a hero">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Thiruveer: People still don’t recognise me as a hero |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Mar/26/thiruveer-people-still-dont-recognise-me-as-a-hero |access-date=10 April 2026 |publisher=Cinema Express |date=26 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260410060448/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Mar/26/thiruveer-people-still-dont-recognise-me-as-a-hero |archive-date=10 April 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Thiruveer confident about Papam Pratap as makers unveil new song">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Thiruveer confident about Papam Pratap as makers unveil new song |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Apr/07/thiruveer-confident-about-papam-pratap-as-makers-unveil-new-song |access-date=10 April 2026 |publisher=Cinema Express |date=7 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260410060413/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Apr/07/thiruveer-confident-about-papam-pratap-as-makers-unveil-new-song |archive-date=10 April 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{TableTBA}}
|{{Pending film|Bhagavanthudu}}
|{{TableTBA}}
|Filming
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-30 |title=Thiruveer’s Bhagavanthudu teaser packs an intense punch |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Jan/30/thiruveers-bhagavanthudu-teaser-packs-an-intense-punch |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{TableTBA}}
|{{Pending film|Oh Sukumari}}
|{{TableTBA}}
|Filming
|<ref name="Oh Sukumari: Title Revealed For Aishwarya Rajesh, Thiruveer’s Upcoming Telugu Film">{{cite news |title=Oh Sukumari: Title Revealed For Aishwarya Rajesh, Thiruveer’s Upcoming Telugu Film |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/regional-cinema/oh-sukumari-title-revealed-for-aishwarya-rajesh-thiruveers-upcoming-telugu-film-ws-l-9746560.html |access-date=3 December 2025 |publisher=News18 |date=3 December 2025 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251203101617/https://www.news18.com/movies/regional-cinema/oh-sukumari-title-revealed-for-aishwarya-rajesh-thiruveers-upcoming-telugu-film-ws-l-9746560.html |archive-date=3 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="Thiruveer-Aishwarya Rajesh's film titled Oh..! Sukumari">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Thiruveer-Aishwarya Rajesh's film titled Oh..! Sukumari |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Dec/03/thiruveer-aishwarya-rajeshs-film-titled-oh-sukumari |access-date=3 December 2025 |publisher=Cinema Express |date=3 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- align="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Network
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020
|''Sin''
| Anand
| rowspan="2" | [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Your Weekend Planner March 27: How to get through a lockdown? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/what-s-hot/story/your-weekend-planner-march-27-how-to-get-through-a-lockdown-1660337-2020-03-27 |access-date=30 March 2020 |work=India Today |date=27 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327191705/https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/what-s-hot/story/your-weekend-planner-march-27-how-to-get-through-a-lockdown-1660337-2020-03-27?utm_source=it_sticky_footer |archive-date=27 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[:te:మెట్రో కథలు|Metro Kathalu]]''
| Chandu
|<ref>{{cite news |work=The Times of India |title=Harish Sankar launches the poster of Karuna Kumar's Metro Kathalu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/harish-sankar-launches-the-poster-of-karuna-kumars-metro-kathalu/articleshow/77387533.cms |access-date=7 August 2020 |date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807081745/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/harish-sankar-launches-the-poster-of-karuna-kumars-metro-kathalu/articleshow/77387533.cms |archive-date=7 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Kumari Srimathi]]''
|Abhinav "Abhi"
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|
|}

=== Theatre ===
==== As actor ====
* ''Gograhanam''<ref name="Women’s woes">{{cite news|last1=The Hindu|first1=FRIDAY REVIEW|title=Women's woes|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/womens-woes/article4148524.ece|access-date=25 August 2016|date=30 November 2012}}</ref>
* ''Barbareekudu''<ref name="Review: Barbareekudu: Tracing the Caste Conflict in the Epic War – Telugu Play">{{cite web|title=Review: "Barbareekudu": Tracing the Caste Conflict in the Epic War – Telugu Play|url=http://mytheatrecafe.com/reviews/theatre-review-barbareekudu-tracing-the-caste-conflict-in-the-epic-war-telugu-play/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730210049/http://mytheatrecafe.com/reviews/theatre-review-barbareekudu-tracing-the-caste-conflict-in-the-epic-war-telugu-play/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=30 July 2016|access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref>
* ''Kayitham Puli''<ref name="Tale about the downtrodden">{{cite news|last1=The Hindu|first1=FRIDAY REVIEW|title=Tale about the downtrodden|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/tale-about-the-downtrodden/article2303279.ece|access-date=25 August 2016|date=29 July 2011}}</ref>
* ''Kidinaap'' (Vijay Tendulkar's missing father)
* ''Annihilation Of Caste''
* ''New Bharat Cafe''
* ''Kalyani''
* ''Zoo Story''
* ''Antigone''
* ''Kishor Shanthabai Kaale''
* ''Tax Free''
* ''Razakar''

==== As a director ====
* ''Amma Cheppina Katha''<ref name="Promoting children’s theatre in Hyderabad">{{cite news|last1=LIFESTYLE, BOOKS AND ART|first1=Deccan Chronicle|title=Promoting children's theatre in Hyderabad|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140323/lifestyle-booksart/article/promoting-children%E2%80%99s-theatre-hyderabad|access-date=23 August 2016|date=24 March 2014}}</ref>
* ''Naa Valla Kaadhu''
* ''Daawat''<ref name='గోల్డెన్ త్రెషోల్డ్ లో "దావత్"'>{{cite web|last1=తెలుగు వన్ ఇండియా|title=గోల్డెన్ త్రెషోల్డ్ లో "దావత్"|url=http://telugu.oneindia.com/sahiti/general/dawat-stage-play-golden-treshold-179113.html|website=telugu.oneindia.com|access-date=25 March 2017|archive-date=15 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615141034/http://telugu.oneindia.com/sahiti/general/dawat-stage-play-golden-treshold-179113.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name='రవీంధ్ర భారతిని నవ్వులలో ముంచెత్తిన "దావత్" : ఆకట్టుకున్న పాప్ కార్న్ థియేటర్ టీమ్'>{{cite web|last1=తెలుగు ఫిల్మీబీట్|title=రవీంధ్ర భారతిని నవ్వులలో ముంచెత్తిన "దావత్" : ఆకట్టుకున్న పాప్ కార్న్ థియేటర్ టీమ్|url=http://telugu.filmibeat.com/news/telangana-yuva-natakotsavam-day-one/slider-pf59033-056292.html|website=telugu.filmibeat.com|date=28 January 2017|access-date=25 March 2017}}</ref>
* ''A Man With a Lump''<ref name="A Man with a Lump">{{cite web|last1=Youtube|title=A Man with a Lump|website=[[YouTube]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYH87BVDsLM|access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref>
* ''Pushpalatha Navvindhi''

== Honors ==
He was felicitated with the J. V. Narasimha Rao young theatre scholar award for the year 2017, from [[Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University]] for his contribution to theatre.<ref name="రంగస్థలానికి ఉజ్వల భవిష్యత్తు">{{cite web|last1=వెబ్ ఆర్కైవ్|first1=సాక్షి (09.05.2017)|title=రంగస్థలానికి ఉజ్వల భవిష్యత్తు|url=http://epaper.sakshi.com/c/18940988|access-date=10 May 2017|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510065818/http://epaper.sakshi.com/c/18940988|archive-date=10 May 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="20 నుంచి జాతీయ నృత్యోత్సవం">{{cite news|last1=ప్రజాశక్తి|first1=హైదరాబాద్‌|title=20 నుంచి జాతీయ నృత్యోత్సవం|url=http://www.prajasakti.com/Article/Telangana/1906459|access-date=10 May 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|5974195}}
* [[:te:%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B %E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81]]

{{commons category|Thiruveer}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Telangana]]
[[Category:Telugu-language dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Telugu writers]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu theatre]]

Nelavoy Dhinakar

2026-04-20T05:56:32Z

Chinmoyin: added initial data more to come - done

{{Short description|Indian judge (born 1944)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable|Hon'ble Chief Justice (Retd.)]]
| name = Nelavoy Dhinakar
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Jharkhand High Court|4th Chief Justice]] of [[Jharkhand High Court]]
| term_start = 4 December 2005
| term_end = 9 June 2006
| nominator = [[Y. K. Sabharwal]]
| appointer = [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
| predecessor = {{ubl|[[Altamas Kabir]]|[[S. J. Mukhopadhaya]] ''(acting)''}}
| successor = {{ubl|[[M. Karpaga Vinayagam]]|[[S. J. Mukhopadhaya]] ''(acting)''|[[M. Y. Eqbal]] ''(acting)''}}
| office1 = Judge of [[Madras High Court]]
| term_start1 = 5 March 1999
| term_end1 = 3 December 2005
| nominator1 = [[A. S. Anand]]
| appointer1 = [[K. R. Narayanan]]
| status2 = Acting Chief Justice
| term_start2 = 11 October 2005
| term_end2 = 11 November 2005
| appointer2 = [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
| predecessor2 = [[Markandey Katju]]
| successor2 = [[Ajit Prakash Shah|A. P. Shah]]
| office3 = Judge of [[Kerala High Court]]
| term_start3 = 30 November 1994
| term_end3 = 4 March 1999
| nominator3 = [[A. M. Ahmadi]]
| appointer3 = [[S. D. Sharma]]
| office4 = Judge of [[Madras High Court]]
| term_start4 = 17 October 1994
| term_end4 = 29 November 1994
| nominator4 = [[M. N. Venkatachaliah]]
| appointer4 = [[S. D. Sharma]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1944|06|10}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| parents =
| education = [[B.A.]] and [[LL.B]]
| alma_mater =
}}
'''Nelavoy Dhinakar''' (born 10 June 1944) is a retired Indian judge and former Chief Justice of [[Jharkhand High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=High Court of Jharkhand, India |url=https://jharkhandhighcourt.nic.in/judges_summary.php?jpi=MzQ= |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=jharkhandhighcourt.nic.in}}</ref>

==Career==
Dhinakar was born in 1944. He passed B.A., B.L. and was enrolled as an advocate on 31 January 1968. Dhinakar practised in the [[Madras High Court]] on criminal and constitutional matters. He was appointed additional public prosecutor, special public prosecutor and Government advocate in the High Court in 1977.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/chief-justice-sworn-in/cid/770094|title=Chief justice sworn in|date=17 September 2006|newspaper=The Telegraph|location=India|access-date=7 June 2019}}</ref> On 17 October 1994 Dhinakar became permanent judge of the Madras High Court. On 30 November 1994 he was transferred to the [[Kerala High Court]] thereafter back to the Madras High Court on 5 March 1999. He also performed as the acting Chief Justice of this High Court.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/2005/10/15/stories/2005101502260400.htm|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=Briefly|date=2005-10-15|access-date=25 February 2019}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> On 4 December 2005 he was appointed the Chief Justice of the [[Jharkhand High Court]] after Justice [[Altamas Kabir]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Justice-Dhinakar-new-Chief-Justice-of-Jharkhand-HC/articleshow/1314683.cms|title=Justice Dhinakar new Chief Justice of Jharkhand HC|access-date=25 February 2019}}</ref> Justice Dhinakar retired on 10 June 2006. He was the Chairperson of [[Kerala State Human Rights Commission]] from 2006 to 2011.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhinakar, Nelavoy}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Jharkhand High Court]]
[[Category:Judges of the Madras High Court]]
[[Category:Judges of the Kerala High Court]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]

Sandhya Purecha

2026-04-19T20:19:12Z

Chinmoyin: entry...

{{Short description|Bharatnatyam dancer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox artist
| honorific_prefix = Dr.
| name = Sandhya Purecha
| image = Sandhya Purecha.jpg
| caption = Profile of Dr. Sandhya Purecha
|
| birth_place = Maharashtra
| education = Ph.D. Dance
| alma_mater = [[University of Mumbai]]
| known_for = Indian Classical Dance form Bharatnatyam
| notable_works = research on Kalasa Karana 2010 Book – Natyashastra Vol I & II
| awards = Sangeet Natak Akademi Award 2017, Maharastra State Cultural Award 2006
| website = www.sandhyapurecha.com
}}

'''Sandhya Purecha''' is a senior [[Bharatanatyam]] exponent, Author and renowned practitioner of [[Indian classical dance]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=amrita |date=2022-12-10 |title=Sandhya, the chair of W20, meets Amma, the chair of C20 |url=https://www.amritapuri.org/83397/22sandhya.aum |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=Amma, Mata Amritanandamayi Devi |language=en-US}}</ref> She is the first person to bring on stage the performance in Bharatnatyam style of the entire Abhinaya Darpan dance treatise as defined by Nandikeshwara in Abhinaya Darpan and as choreographed by her Guru [[Acharya Parvati Kumar|Parvati Kumar]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SANDHYA PURECHA |url=http://www.associationsargam.com/sandhya_purecha.htm |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=www.associationsargam.com}}</ref> Purecha has researched on Kalasa Karana and published it in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Piyal |date=17 December 2021 |title=An Analogy Of Bharata's System Of Śārirabhinaya : Exploring The Metaphysics Of Inner And Outer Space And Time |url=https://www.indica.today/research/conference/an-analogy-of-bharatas-system-of-sarirabhinaya/}}</ref>

She was bestowed with [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for 2017 for Overall Contribution to Performing Arts. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Untitled Page |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.nic.in |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

Purecha is the Chairman of [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indoeuropean.eu/dr-sandhya-purecha-chairperson-of-sangeet-natak-akademi-called-on-dr-vinay-sahasrabuddhep-resident-iccr-today-at-icqrs-in-new-delhi/|title=Dr. Sandhya Purecha Chairperson of Sangeet Natak Akademi called on Dr. Vinay SahasrabuddheP resident ICCR today at ICqrs in New DelhiC|date=14 October 2022}}</ref> and Chairperson of W20 Engagement Group of G20 India 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=india-moving-towards-women-led-development |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/india-moving-towards-women-led-devpt/articleshow/99506991.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref>

Sandhya Purecha is the member of Board of Trustees of [[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Board of trustees |url=https://ignca.gov.in/about-ignca/board-of-trustees/ |website=Ignca.gov.in}}</ref> She represents Government Teachers’ Training Programme at Natyashala on "Rasa" theory since 1994.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afternoonvoice.com/celebrated-danseuse-loyal-patron-arts-dr-sandhya-purecha.html|title=Most celebrated danseuse and a loyal patron of the arts - Dr Sandhya Purecha|date=19 November 2017}}</ref> She was member of prestigious indian [[Padma Awards|padam awards]] committee 2023.[https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-04/PadmaAwardsCommittee_13042023.pdf]

==Education==
Purecha has a PHD (doctorate) in [[Natya Shastra]]. Her topic was Natyashastra Theory and Practice of Angikabhinaya in Bharatanatyam.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.associationsargam.com/sandhya_purecha.htm|title=SANDHYA PURECHA|website=www.associationsargam.com}}</ref>

==Books==
Dr. Sandhya Purecha is the renowned author of scholarly books on dance based on her profound research:
*Abhinayalakshanam - Manuscript on Karanas from Natyshastra translated into English, Hindi and Marathi with critical notes Vol. I
*Translation of Bharata's Natyashastra (languages: [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sarfojicentre.com/publications.html|title=Sarfojiraje Bhosle|website=sarfojicentre.com}}</ref> Research Commission & Publisher: Ashtadashi Project of [[Central Sanskrit University]], New Delhi, 2025
* Natyashastra Vol II - Marathi translation of the treatise with Padadccheda and Anvaya ; Publisher: Maharashtra Rajya Sahitya and Sanskruti Mandal, Govt. of Maharashtra, Mumbai 2022
* Natyashastra Vol I - Gujarati translation of the treatise with Padadccheda and Anvaya ; Publisher: University Grantha Nirman Board, Govt. of Gujarat, Mumbai 2018
* Natyashastra Vol I - Marathi translation of the treatise with Padadccheda and Anvaya ; Publisher: Maharashtra Rajya Sahitya and Sanskruti Mandal, Govt. of Maharashtra, Mumbai 2016
* “Prerana” – An Anthology of Articles Penned by Dr. Sandhya Purecha ;Publisher: [[Kavikulaguru Kalidas Sanskrit University]], Ramtek, Nagpur Silver Jubilee Celebration Issue, 2022
* “Kalasa Karanas & Sthanaka-Mandala Bheda” from Kumbharaja's Nritya Ratna Kosh ; Publisher: BhartiyaVidyaBhavan, Mumbai 2010
* “Acharya Parvatikumar – Nrityaditya” A Compilation of Life-Sketches of Acharya Parvatikumar Publisher: Sarfojiraje Bhosale Centre's Publication House, Mumbai 2010
* “Nrityawishkara” ;Publisher: Sarfojiraje Bhosale Centre's Publication House, Mumbai 2009
* “Nrityadhyaya of Sangita Darpanam of Chatura Damodara” ; Publisher: Sarfojiraje Bhosale Centre's Publication House, Mumbai 2008
* “Theory & Practice of Angikabhinaya” in Bharatanatyam ; Publisher: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Mumbai 2003
*Translation of Chapter 7 – Nrityadhyaya of Chatura Damodara's Sangita Darpanam, [[Acharya Parvati Kumar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://w20india.org/dr-sandhya-purecha/|title=Dr. Sandhya Purecha}}</ref>
* Kalasa Karana 2010 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indica.today/research/conference/an-analogy-of-bharatas-system-of-sarirabhinaya/|title=An Analogy Of Bharata's System Of Śārirabhinaya : Exploring The Metaphysics Of Inner And Outer Space And Time|first=Piyal|last=Bhattacharya|date=17 December 2021}}</ref>

==Presidential Award and Sate Awards==
Dr. Sandhya Purecha has been presented with numerous awards of appreciation and honors for her constant efforts towards classical dance and her lifetime devotion in the field of arts.
List of a few of her distinctive honours:
*In 2024 “[[Kalidas Samman]] Puraskar” by Govt. of Madhya Pradesh
*In 2019 “Academic Excellence Award” presented to Bharata College of Fine Arts & Culture under the Principalship and guidance of Dr. Sandhya Purecha by the Kavikulaguru Kalidas Sanskrit University-Ramtek- Nagpur
*In 2017 Conferred with “SANGEET NATAK AKADEMI Award” for Overall Contribution in the Field of Dance by Sangeet Natak Akademi, Ministry of Culture, New Delhi
*In 2016 “Hirkani Award” by Doordarshan Kendra - Mumbai, Govt. of Maharashtra
*In 2013 “Maharashtra Rajya Mahakavi Kalidas Sanskrit Sadhana Puraskar” by Department of Higher & Technical Education, Govt. of Maharashtra
*In 2007 “Gujarat Gaurav Puraskar” by Gujarat Sangeet Natak Academy, Govt. of Gujarat
*In 2006 “Maharashtra State Cultural Award” by Department of Culture, Govt. of Maharashtra
*In 1977 “Best Child Actress Award” in Hindi Play by Department of Culture, Govt. of Maharashtra

==Other awards and honors ==
*In 2025 “Girvan Bhushan” Title by International Conference of Women Scholars, Delhi
*In 2025 “Certificate of Excellence by Global Book of Excellence - England”
*In 2024 “Kutch Ratna Award” by Kutchi Shakti Samaj on their 45th anniversary.
*In 2024 “Life-time Achievement Girnar Award” by the Bruhad Mumbai Gujarati Samaj
*In 2017 “Artistry Award” by Musicians Federation of India & CRPRM
*In 2015 “Newsmakers Achiever’s Award for Best Bharatanatyam Dancer” by NBC, Mumbai
*In 2014 “Pillar of the Hindustani Society” by TACCI, Mumbai
*In 2012 “Nritya Samahita Award” by R.K. Dance Theatre inc., National Arts Council of South Africa, ICCR
*In 2011 “Sharangdeva Samaroha” by MAHAGAMI, Aurangabad
*In 2011 “Life-time Achievement Award” by Amruta Foundation, Mumbai
*In 2011 “Life-time Achievement Award” by Rotary Club of Mumbai South, Mumbai
*In 2010 “The Artscape Nritya Ratna Award” by NBC, Mumbai
*In 2008 “Maharashtra [[Majha]] Award” Mumbai
*In 2006 “Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Award” by Buddha Dhamma 2550th year Celebration committee
*In 2005 “Eminent Bharata Natyam Artist” by Kala Gurjari, Mumbai
*In 2005 “Nritya Nivedita Title” by Akhil Bharatiya Sanskriti Sangh, Pune
*In 2003 “Lifetime Devotion in the field of Art” by SCZCC & Baroda Municipal Corporation
*In 1998 “Dedication in the field of Art” by Triveni Institute, Baroda
*In 1997 “Bharat Natyam Artist” by Kala Gurjari, Mumbai

==Performances==
Dr. Sandhya Purecha has to her credit over 5000 performances throughout her career spanning over four decades on a national and international platform.
Her choreographic expanse includes traditional solo and group ensembles, research-based productions, thematic dance ballets, jugalbandis and collaborative works, contemporary choreographies and many more..

*Mudra Dance Festival 2023 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.festivalsfromindia.com/festival/mudra-dance-festival/|title=Mudra Dance Festival|website=Festivals From India}}</ref>
*Sanskriti Mahotsav 2017 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianage.com/entertainment/in-other-news/300518/saving-cultural-heritage-with-innovation.html|title=Saving cultural heritage with innovation|first=Sandip|last=Soparrkar|date=30 May 2018|website=The Asian Age}}</ref>
*Elephanta Festival 2012 Organised by the Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation (MTDC)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/festival-weaves-magic/|title=Festival weaves magic|date=27 March 2012}}</ref>
* Khajurao Festival – MP
* Bhojpur Festival – MP
* Shivratri Festival, Mansaur, MP
* Sanskrutik Utsav under “Azadi ka Amrut Mahotsav”, Udipi - SCZCC
* Nritya Sanrachana – Agartala, Sangeet Natak Akademi, Govt. of India
* Poetry Festival – Manipur, [[Sahitya Akademi]], Govt. of India
* Simhastha Kumbha – Ujjain, Govt. of Madhya Pradesh
* Shakti Festival – Ujjain, Govt. of Madhya Pradesh
* Nadhaneerajanam – SVBC TTD, Tirupati
* Annual Natya Festival –Chennai
* 5th Margazhi Festival – Navi, Mumbai
* National Centre for Performing Arts, Mumbai
* Kalaghoda Arts Festival – Mumbai
* Elephanta Festival – Mumbai, Maharashtra
* KalidasMahotsav – Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh
* Khajurao Festival – Madhya Pradesh
* Mahalsadevi Festival – Goa
* Modhera Festival – Ahmedabad, Gujarat
* Taj Festival – Agra, Uttar Pradesh
* Kalaghoda Festival – Mumbai, Maharashtra
* Allaudin Khan Festival – Madhya Pradesh
* Natyanjali Festival – Chidambaram, Tanjavur and Kumbhakonan, Tamil Nadu
* Nrityolsavam – Vadodara
* Pimpri – Chinchwad Municipal Corporation Festival – Pimpri
* Shaniwarwada Dance & Music Festival - Pune
* Konark Festival – Orissa
* Ellora Festival – Aurangabad, Maharashtra
* Hampi Festival – Karnataka
* Anushriti Festival – Madhya Pradesh
* Gorakhpur Festival – Uttar Pradesh
* Vividh Kala Mahotsav – Maharashtra
* Jhansi Festival – Jhansi, Madhya Pradesh
* Bhojpur Mahotsav – Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh
* Sreechitra Festival – Kerala
* Mamallapuram Dance Festival – Tamil Nadu
* Pattadakal Dance Festival - ChalukyaUtsav – Karnataka
* Parampara Festival – New Delhi
* World Dance Alliance – Chennai, Tamil Nadu
* India Habitat Centre – New Delhi
* India International Centre – New Delhi
* IGNCA – New Delhi
* Dance Jathre – Banglore, Karnataka
* Nataraj Pandit Gopi Krishana Jayanti Mahotsav – Nashik, Maharashtra
* Mumbai Festival – Mumbai, Maharashtra
* Navi Mumbai Festival – Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra
* 2550 years Celebration of Buddha Centenary – Gateway of India, Mumbai
* Nehru Centre Classical Dance Festival – Mumbai, Maharashtra
* Lakshman Mela Festival – Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
* Swami Haridas Sangeet Sammelan – Mumbai, Maharashtra
* Satara Uttar Chidambaram Festival – Satara, Maharashtra
* Surabhi Nritya Natya Sangeet Mahotsav – Amravati, Maharashtra
* Sharangadeva Mahotsav – Aurangabad, Maharashtra

=== International Performances===
* Jawaharlal Nehru Cultural Centre of the Embassy of India, Moscow and the Glinka State Museum of Musical Culture.
* R. K. Dance Theatre’s Nritya Mahotsav 2012 at Pietermaritzburg, Pretoria and Johannesburg in association with: Indian Cultural Centre, Johannesburg, High Commission of India, Pretoria, International Relations & Cooperation, Department: Arts & Culture, Republic of South Africa & National Arts Council of South Africa
* Inauguration of Jain Temple – New York
* Nehru Centre – London
* Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan – London
* CORD/WDA/ICKL International Dance Conference – Taiwan
* Patidar Samaj – London
* Sargam Association – London
* Battery Dance Company – New York
* Milap Festival – Liverpool
* Millennium Bharatanatyam Celebration – Canada
* 7th Kala Nidhi International Dance Festival & Conference – Toronto
* Edinburgh Festival – Scotland
* International Youth Festival – Italy

==Choriography==
* Chitrasutra – presentation based on Poetry, Painting, Music & Dance
* Rutuchakra – based on Puranik story of Madana Dahana
* Discovery Of India – based on Jawaharlal Nehru’s Bharat Ek Khoj
* Insaniyat ka Zakhira – based on Performing Arts and Humanity
* R3 – Classical & Contemporary dance based on Raga (Music) Rang (Colour) & Rasa (Dance) Therapy
* Classics Square – on four classical dance forms on Indo-western fusion
* Vedas – fashion show based on Indian culture
* Amar Mukti Aloye Aloye – on poetries of Rabindranath Tagore
* Jagat Parabarer Tire Shishura Kore Khela – on Rabindranath Tagore’s writings of Shishu, Gitanjali and Geetabitan
* Panchamahabhuta – based on the Five Elements Space, Water, Wind, Fire

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.sandhyapurecha.com/ Dr. Sandhya Purecha]

[[Category:Bharatanatyam dancers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1965 births]]

Ghasipura Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:38:08Z

Chinmoyin: adding a details

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Ghasipura}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ghasipura
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 21
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Northen Division
| district = [[Kendujhar district|Kendujhar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Keonjhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Keonjhar]]
| established = 2009
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Badrinarayan Patra.jpg
| mla = [[Badri Narayan Patra]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,31,781{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Ghasipura''' is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha|constituency]] of [[Kendujhar district]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=21 |title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work= empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Ghasipura (21) District : Keonjhar |accessdate= 3 February 2014 |archive-date= 20 February 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140220121413/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=21 |url-status= usurped }}</ref>

Area of this constituency include [[Ghatgaon]], Ghatagaon block, Ghasipura block and 2 [[Gram Panchayat|GP]]s (Dhakotha and Kolimati) of Anandapur block.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf|title=Assembly Constituencies and their Extent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls|title=Seats of Odisha}}</ref>

The constituency was formed in 2008 Delimitation<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delimitation 2008 |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/forms/int1.pdf |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]] |access-date=25 May 2024 |archive-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529075331/https://elections.tn.gov.in/Web/forms/int1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and went for polls in [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 election]].

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|43.96}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|49.98}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|66.03}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|52.85}}
}}

Since its formation in 2009, 4 elections were held till date.

List of members elected from Ghasipura constituency is:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |access-date=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-17 }}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ghasipura Assembly Election Results 2024: Ghasipura Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/ghasipura-constituency-result-18021 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|rowspan=4|[[Badri Narayan Patra]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=4|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=7 October 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners">{{cite news |last1=Zee News |title=Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners |url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |accessdate=8 November 2022 |date=24 May 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108183944/https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |archivedate=8 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ghasipura Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/ghasipura-odisha-assembly-constituency#2014 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2" />
|}

==Election results==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 25 May 2024 in 3rd phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 6th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Badri Narayan Patra]] defeated [[Independent politician|Independent]] candidate [[Niranjan Patnaik]] by a margin of 13,811 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Ghasipura}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Badri Narayan Patra]]
|votes = 82,516
|percentage = 43.96
|change = {{decrease}}6.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=[[Soumya Ranjan Patnaik]]|votes=68,705|percentage=29.64|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Shambhunath Rout|votes=23,813|percentage=10.27|change={{decrease}}5.61}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Debendra Nath Swain|votes=2,897|percentage=1.54|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Subrat Kumar Chakra|votes=2,807|percentage=1.50|change={{decrease}}29.66}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,844|percentage=0.98|change={{increase}}0.07}}
{{Election box majority||votes=13,811|percentage=7.09|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,87,707|percentage=80.98|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing |winner = Biju Janata Dal}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Badri Narayan Patra]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Niranjan Patnaik]] by a margin of 32,668 votes.<ref name="election2019" /><ref name="Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners" />

{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Ghasipura<ref name="TP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-III) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase3/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%283rd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=21 April 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Badri Narayan Patra]]
|votes = 86,816
|percentage = 49.98
|change = {{decrease}}16.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Niranjan Patnaik]]|votes=54,128|percentage=31.16|change={{increase}}23.87}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Prithviraj Kuanr|votes=27,579|percentage=15.88|change={{increase}}3.57}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,579|percentage=0.91|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=32,668|percentage=18.80|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,73,710<ref>{{Cite web|title=Odisha Legislative Assembly Election, 2019|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/|access-date=2021-04-12|website=Election Commission of India|language=en-IN}}</ref>|percentage=78.78|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Badri Narayan Patra]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Satyabrata Panda by a margin of 88,602 votes.<ref name=":1" />

{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Ghasipura <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/ghasipura-odisha-assembly-constituency|title=Ghasipura Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency|website=resultuniversity.com|access-date=2019-05-21}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Badri Narayan Patra]]
|votes = 108900
|percentage = 66.03
|change = {{increase}}13.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Satyabrata Panda|votes=20,298|percentage=12.31|change={{increase}}5.74}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Prithviraj Kuanr|votes=12,018|percentage=7.29|change={{decrease}}28.22}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None|votes=1,856|percentage=1.13|change=}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors =1,97,858
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Badri Narayan Patra]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Niranjan Patnaik]] by a margin of 25,554 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=145 |accessdate=3 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title= 2009 Vidhan Sabha Election: Ghasipura<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Badri Narayan Patra]]
|votes = 77,890
|percentage = ''52.85''
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Niranjan Patnaik]]
|votes = 52,336
|percentage = 35.51
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Santosh Kumar Rout
|votes = 9,689
|percentage = 6.57
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 25,554
|percentage = ''17.34''{{efn|%of total valid votes}}
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,47,411
|percentage = 78.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kendujhar district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coord|21.21|86.11|display=title}}

[[Category:Kendujhar district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2009]]

Fazilnagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:39:42Z

Chinmoyin: adding stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Fazilnagar
| map_image = 332-Fazilnagar.svg
| mla = [[Surendra Kumar Kushwaha]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Kushinagar district|Kushinagar]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| electors = 4,00,053
| constituency_no = 332
}}

'''Fazilnagar''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Fazilnagar in the [[Kushinagar district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.

Fazilnagar is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Deoria Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 332 amongst 403 constituencies.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Fazilnagar Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/fazilnagar.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Ramayan Rai
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Ramdhari Shastri
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}" |
|[[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Ramayan Rai
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Ramesh Naresh Pandey
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|[[Khudadin Ansari]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Shashi Sharma
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| rowspan="4" |Vishwanath
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|Jagdish Mishra
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|Vishwanath
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ganga Singh Kushwaha|Ganga Kushwaha]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Surendra Kumar Kushwaha|Surendra Kushwaha]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 1989 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Fazilnagar]]<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Surendra Kumar Kushwaha]]
|votes = {{formatnum:116029}}
|percentage = 51.61
|change = +3.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Swami Prasad Maurya]]
|votes = {{formatnum:71015}}
|percentage = 31.59
|change = +3.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Iiliyas
|votes = {{formatnum:28237}}
|percentage = 12.56
|change = -3.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sunil Singh Manoj
|votes = {{formatnum:2323}}
|percentage = 1.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1511}}
|percentage = 0.67
|change = -0.66
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:45014}}
|percentage = 20.02
|change = +0.46
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:224836}}
|percentage = 56.2
|change = +0.21
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate [[Ganga Singh Kushwaha]] won in last Assembly election of [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]], defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate '''Vishwanath''' by a margin of 41,922 votes.<ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/fazilnagar.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Fazilnagar<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Ganga
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:102778}}
|percentage = 47.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Vishwnath
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:60856}}
|percentage = 28.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Jagdish Singh
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:34250}}
|percentage = 15.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mohan
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = {{formatnum:2581}}
|percentage = 1.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Peace Party of India
|candidate = Azimullah Alias Guddu
|votes = {{formatnum:2210}}
|percentage = 1.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sunil Alias Manoj Singh
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:1966}}
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2811}}
|percentage = 1.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:41922}}
|percentage = 19.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:214409}}
|percentage = 55.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}

{{coord|26.68|84.05|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kushinagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Paraswada Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:25:20Z

Chinmoyin: added new stub needs work - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Paraswada
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 110
| map_image = 110-Paraswada.svg
| mla = [[Madhu Bhagat]]
| party = {{party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Ramkishor Kaware
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Balaghat district|Balaghat]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Balaghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balaghat]]
| established = 1962
}}
'''Paraswada Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018-1">{{cite web|title=Vidhansabha Seats|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/madhyapradesh/statepc.aspx|website=electionsininda.com|publisher=Election In India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

It is part of [[Balaghat district]].

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Ramniklal Amrutlal Trivedi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Prataplal
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|rowspan=3|Tejlal Tembhre
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Kankar Mujare
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Uma Shankar Munjare
|{{Full party name with color|Krantikari Samajwadi Manch|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="2" | Kankar Munjare
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| Darboosingh Uikey
| {{Full party name with color|Gondwana Ganatantra Party}}
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| Ramkishor Kaware
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Madhu Bhagat]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| Ramkishor Kaware
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Madhu Bhagat]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Paraswada<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2023 Statistical Report |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Madhu Bhagat]]
|votes = {{formatnum:100992}}
|percentage = 51.81
|change = +23.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ramkishor Kaware
|votes = {{formatnum:75044}}
|percentage = 38.5
|change = +4.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Kankar Munjare
|votes = {{formatnum:13542}}
|percentage = 6.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2027}}
|percentage = 1.04
|change = -0.2
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:25948}}
|percentage = 13.31
|change = +7.68
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:194940}}
|percentage = 86.37
|change = +3.61
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Paraswada<ref name="election2018"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ramkishor Kaware
|votes = {{formatnum:57395}}
|percentage = 33.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Kankar Munjare
|votes = {{formatnum:47787}}
|percentage = 28.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Madhu Bhagat]]
|votes = {{formatnum:47476}}
|percentage = 27.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mukesh Bouddh
|votes = {{formatnum:3886}}
|percentage = 2.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shiv Jaiswal
|votes = {{formatnum:3207}}
|percentage = 1.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sanjhi Virasat Party
|candidate = Ashok Kumar Mandlekar
|votes = {{formatnum:2341}}
|percentage = 1.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2110}}
|percentage = 1.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:9608}}
|percentage = 5.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:170574}}
|percentage = 82.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Paraswada<ref name="election2013"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Madhu Bhagat]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 49216
|percentage = 32.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ramkishor Kaware
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 46367
|percentage = 30.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Kankar Munjare
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 35897
|percentage = 23.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Durges Bisen
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 8468
|percentage = 5.53
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|candidate = Darbu Singh
|party = GMS
|votes = 5654
|percentage = 3.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Barelal Uikey
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|votes = 1572
|percentage = 1.03
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Rooplal Kutrahe
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1218
|percentage = 0.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Lokchand Harinkhede
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1216
|percentage = 0.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Pt. Niranjan Sharma
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1046
|percentage = 0.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2543
|percentage = 1.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 153197
|percentage = 82.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box swing with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|22.18|80.30|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Balaghat district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Nanak Chand Rattu

2026-04-09T18:51:44Z

Chinmoyin:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nanak Chand Rattu
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1922|02|06|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sakruli]], [[Punjab, British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2002|09|15|1922|02|06|df=y}}
| occupation = Typist, [[personal assistant|personal secretary]]
| known_for = Companion of [[B. R. Ambedkar]]
| notable_works = ''Reminiscences and rememberances of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar'', ''Last Few Years of Dr Ambedkar''
}}
'''Nanak Chand Rattu''' (1922–2002) was the [[personal assistant]] of [[B. R. Ambedkar]], India's first [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Minister of Law]]. Like Ambedkar, Rattu was born in a [[Dalit]] family that was considered [[untouchability|untouchable]] in the traditional caste-based society. He came from [[Punjab, British India|Punjab]] to [[Delhi]] in search of a job, and became known to Ambedkar as a government employee. Even after Ambedkar resigned from his position, Rattu continued to serve him, and typed most of his writings, including the manuscripts of ''[[The Buddha and His Dhamma]]'' and ''[[Riddles in Hinduism]]''. After Ambedkar's death, he wrote books on Ambedkar's life that were published in the 1990s.

== Early life ==

Nanak Chand Rattu was born on 6 February 1922 in the [[Sakruli]] village of [[Hoshiarpur District]] of [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]].<ref name="DCA_1992"/> He belonged to a poor [[Ad-Dharmi]] family, considered untouchable in the traditional caste-based society.<ref name="DCA_1992"/><ref name="SI_2016"/> After passing the [[matriculation exam]] in 1938, he could not find a job in Punjab. In August 1939, he came to Delhi for an interview, but was not selected for the job. He did several odd jobs, including as a gatekeeper in a [[movie theater]] and the [[Delhi Cloth & General Mills|Delhi Cloth Mills]]. In 1940, he got a clerical job at a [[Government of India]] office.<ref name="DCA_1992">{{cite book |author=D. C. Ahir |title=Dr. Ambedkar and Punjab |publisher=B.R. |year=1992 |isbn=9788170187363 |pages=49–52 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ABIAAAAMAAJ }}</ref>

== As Ambedkar's secretary and factotum ==

Rattu served as Amebdkar's secretary for over 17 years, from 3 January 1940 to Ambedkar's death on 6 December 1956.<ref>{{cite book |author=Raosaheb K. Kale |chapter=Ambedkar's Passion for Education—Overcoming Historical Deprivation and Ensuring Provision for the Deprived |title=Mapping Identity-Induced Marginalisation in India |year=2022 |publisher=Springer Nature Singapore |isbn=9789811931284 |page=141}}</ref> Ambedkar served as the [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Minister of Law]] in the [[First Nehru ministry]], and during 1942–1951, Rattu visited Ambedkar's official residence (first 22 [[Prithviraj Road]] and then 1 Hardinge Avenue) several times.<ref name="DCA_1992"/>

In September 1951, Ambedkar resigned from Nehru's cabinet, following the impasse over the [[Hindu Code Bill]]. Since he no longer had any official secretarial staff, he asked Nanak Chand Rattu to be his secretary and factotum, since Rattu had earlier expressed a keen interest in helping him. Rattu, who retained his job as a typist in a central government office, readily agreed. After his resignation, Ambedkar and his wife Savita lived at [[26 Alipur Road]], a rented bungalow. Rattu would come to Ambedkar's residence every evening and work there until well past midnight. He typed nearly all of Ambedkar's writings between October 1951 and December 1956, when Ambedkar died.<ref name="SI_2016">{{cite book |editor1=S. Anand |editor2=Shobhna Iyer |author=B.R. Ambedkar |title=Riddles in Hinduism: The Annotated Critical Edition |year=2016 |publisher=Navayana |isbn=9788189059774 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rgDVjwEACAAJ |pages=8–9 }}</ref> These writings included the manuscripts of the books ''[[The Buddha and His Dhamma]]'' and ''[[Riddles in Hinduism]]''.<ref name="DCA_1992"/>

Like Ambedkar, Rattu eventually converted to [[Buddhism]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Aparna Banerji |title=8,000 Punjab Buddhists, majority loyal to Ambedkar |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/8-000-punjab-buddhists-majority-loyal-to-ambedkar-694124 |date=6 December 2022 |work=The Tribune }}</ref>

== After Ambedkar's death ==

[[Savita Ambedkar]] continued to live at [[Dr. Ambedkar National Memorial|26 Alipur Road]] after her husband's death. Ambedkar's papers, including the ones typed by Rattu, were kept in a storeroom: Rattu would dust and fumigate them occasionally. In 1967, many of these papers were destroyed in rain, after the new owner of the house dumped them in a yard.<ref name="SI_2016"/> After Savita Ambedkar officially evacuated 26 Alipur Road on 31 August 1967, as per a court order, Rattu sheltered her at his own house for a few months.<ref name="VS_2022_letters"/> Later, he helped her sell her [[Mehrauli]] house, when she decided to move to [[Mumbai]]. After she moved to Mumbai, he kept in touch with her via correspondence by mail. He visited Mumbai several times, and treated her with reverence and respect.<ref name="VS_2022_NCRattu"/>

=== Allegations against Savita Ambedkar ===

Despite maintaining cordial relations with Savita Ambedkar, Rattu told biographers of B. R. Ambedkar that he suspected her of poisoning her husband. According to him, she slowly poisoned Ambedkar by giving him insulin overdoses, and a post-mortem would not have revealed this. The writings by these biographers encouraged misgivings against Savita Ambedkar. She was unaware of Rattu's allegations against her, until Vijay Surwade gave her photocopies of Rattu's typed and signed statements to the biographers [[Dhananjay Keer]] and C. B. Khairmode. One day, in 1994 or 1995, when Rattu visited her, she asked him about the allegations. When Rattu denied making any such allegations, she showed him the photocopies. According to her, Rattu was "completely nonplussed": she asked him to leave and never visit her again. The two did not interact again after this incident.<ref name="VS_2022_NCRattu">{{cite book |contributor=Vijay Surwade |contribution=Epilogue - Nanak Chand Rattu (1922-2002) |author=Savita Ambedkar |title=Babasaheb: My Life With Dr Ambedkar |translator=Nadeem Khan |year=2022 |publisher=Penguin Random House India |isbn=9789354927959 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=diyWEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT335 }}</ref>

In his own book, published in the 1990s, Rattu implies that Savita Ambedkar ensured that her husband did not get adequate medical care in the final years of his life, leading to his death.<ref name="SI_2016"/>

=== Later life ===

Rattu retired from government service in February 1980.<ref name="DCA_1992"/> Rattu wrote a book titled ''Reminiscences and rememberances of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar'', published in 1995 by Falcon Books for the Babasaheb Ambedkar Memorial Committee of Great Britain.<ref name="VS_2022_letters">{{cite book |contributor=Vijay Surwade |contribution=Appendix 1: Four unpublished letters written by Dr. Ambedkar to his fiancée Dr Sharada Kabir |author=Savita Ambedkar |title=Babasaheb: My Life With Dr Ambedkar |translator=Nadeem Khan |year=2022 |publisher=Penguin Random House India |isbn=9789354927959 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=diyWEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT342 }}</ref> In 1997, ''Last Few Years of Dr Ambedkar'', another of his books, was published.<ref name="SI_2016"/>

Rattu donated several items to an Ambedkar-themed museum established by Wamanrao Godbole at Shantivan in Chincholi (near [[Nagpur]]). These items had been gifted to him by Savita Ambedkar, and included several things used by the Ambedkars. In 2001, there was a conflict among the museum's committee members, and Rattu learned that Godbole was being ousted from the committee. Rattu decided to demand his donations back, but for this, he needed a certificate from Savita Ambedkar stating that she had gifted these to him. Since he was not on talking terms with her anymore, he drafted the certificate, and requested Vijay Surwade to get her signature on the document. However, Vijay Surwade did not get the document signed because Savita Ambedkar was in an "unbalanced state of mind" at the time.<ref name="VS_2022_NCRattu"/> Rattu died shortly after, on 15 September 2002, and Savita Ambedkar died in 2003.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rattu, Nanak Chand}}
[[Category:B. R. Ambedkar]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Hoshiarpur district]]
[[Category:Converts to Buddhism]]
[[Category:Navayana Buddhists]]
[[Category:Secretaries]]
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Buddhists]]

Sarasvati Pushkaram

2026-03-29T17:47:39Z

Chinmoyin: small changes

{{Short description|Indian river festival}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2015}}

{{Infobox recurring event
| name = Sarasvati Pushkaram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| logo =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| logo_size = 100px
| image = File:Gita Mandir on Triveni Ghat near Somnath Temple Gujrat.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| alt =
| caption = [[Triveni Ghat]] in Somanth is the confluence of three holy rivers namely Kapil, Hiran and a mystical River Saraswathy.
| status = Active
| genre = [[Hindu festivals]]
| begins =
| ends =
| frequency = every 12 years
| venue = [[Triveni Sangam]]
| location = [[Allahabad|Prayag]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| coordinates =
| country = [[India]]
| first =
| founder_name =
| last = May 31, 2013
| prev =
| next = May 15–26, 2025
| participants =
| attendance =
| capacity =
| area = [[North India]]
| budget =
| activity = Holy river dip
| leader_name =
| patron =
| organised = 
| people =
| member =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sarasvati Pushkaram''' is a festival of [[Sarasvati River|River Sarasvati]] that normally occurs once every 12 years. Saraswati River is considered as the "Antarvahini" (invisible river) which flows at Triveni Sangam. This [[Pushkaram]] is observed for a period of 12 days from the time of entry of [[Jupiter (astrology)|Jupiter]] into ''Mithuna'' rasi ([[Gemini (astrology)|Gemini]]).<ref>{{cite book |author=Roshen Dalal |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT921 |date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 |pages=921–}}</ref>

Saraswati Pushkaram or Pushkaralu is a Hindu festival dedicated to the River Saraswati, celebrated once every 12 years when Jupiter (Brihaspati) enters the Zodiac sign Gemini (Mithun). The event holds special spiritual significance and is marked by bathing rituals, religious ceremonies and cultural festivals on the bank of the river Godavari.

== History and significance ==
Pushkaralu festivals are river-based festivals held across India that are associated with a specific river and zodiac sign. Saraswati Pushkaralu is linked to the mystical river Saraswati and is celebrated with great devotion, especially at the Triveni Sangamam in Kaleshwaram. People believe that the three rivers - Godavari, Pranahita and Saraswati meet here.

The Pushkaram period is considered highly auspicious for Hindus. People believe that taking a dip in the river during this period washes away sins and helps in getting freedom from the cycle of birth and death. It is also a good time to pray and offer respect to our ancestors by performing rituals like Tarpan.

== Triveni Sangamam ==
At Kaleshwaram, the [[Triveni Sangam]]am is considered a sacred confluence where devotees gather to perform rituals. The confluence of three rivers makes the site particularly powerful in spiritual terms. People believe that taking a holy dip during Pushkaralu provides spiritual purification and fulfils personal wishes.

During the 12-day festival, a variety of homams, pujas and aarti are conducted at major temples such as the Sri Kaleshwara Mukteswara Swamy Temple and Shri Maha Saraswati Ammavari Temple.↵Common practices include:

* Snanam (Holy Dip) at the Godavari and Saraswati Ghats.
* Tarpanam to honor ancestors.
* Participation in homams for health, knowledge, family welfare and spiritual growth.

== Key Rituals and Homams ==

=== 1. Godavari Ghat, Kaleshwaram ===

* Timings: 5:00 AM to 7:00 PM
* Devotees perform rituals and take a holy dip.

=== 2. Saraswati Ghat (Triveni Sangamam) ===

* Timings: 5:00 AM to 7:00 PM
* The main site of the Triveni Sangam, where three rivers are believed to meet.

== Rivers and Zodiac Signs ==
The Pushkaram festivals are celebrated for 12 sacred rivers, each associated with a zodiac sign:
{| class="wikitable"
!River
!Zodiac Sign
|-
|Ganga
|Aries
|-
|Yamuna
|Cancer
|-
|Saraswati
|Gemini
|-
|Narmada
|Taurus
|-
|Godavari
|Leo
|-
|Krishna
|Virgo
|-
|Kaveri
|Libra
|-
|Bhima
|Scorpio
|-
|Tungabhadra
|Capricorn
|-
|Sindhu
|Aquarius
|-
|Pranahita
|Pisces
|-
|Tapti
|Sagittarius
|}
In 2025, Saraswati Pushkaralu is scheduled to take place from 15 May to 26 May in the town of Kaleshwaram, located in the Jayashankar Bhupalpally district of Telangana, India. It was inaugurated by CM Sri Anumula Revanth Reddy along with Sri Bhatti Vikramarku Mallu, Sri Duddilla Sridhar Babu, Sri Nalamada Uttam Kumar Reddy, Smt. Konda Surekha and Sri Ponnam Prabhakar.{{cn|date=March 2026}}

In 2025, YatraDham.Org<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saraswati Pushkaralu 2025 - Stay, Puja & Package Booking Dharamshala Booking |url=https://yatradham.org/saraswati-pushkaralu-telangana |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=yatradham.org}}</ref> is actively arranging the event, Saraswati Pushkaralu with the officials Saraswati Pushkaralu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SARASWATI PUSHKARALU 2025 – It is believed that the sins committed by humans since birth |url=https://saraswatipushkaralu.com/ |access-date=2025-05-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> Their services aim is to simplify the yatra experience and help devotees focus on their spiritual journey. (YatraDham.Org – Saraswati Pushkaralu Telangana){{cn|date=March 2026}}

==See also==
*[[Kumbh Mela]]
*[[Pushkaram]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Pushkaram}}
{{HinduFestivals|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Religious festivals in India]]
[[Category:Water and Hinduism]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Religious tourism in India]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimages]]
[[Category:Sarasvati River]]

{{Hindu-festival-stub}}

Krishnendu Paul

2026-03-28T23:28:29Z

Chinmoyin: minor adjusted article for clarity also and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1973)}}

{{Multiple issues|
{{Fanpov|date=June 2025}}
{{Tone|date=June 2025}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Krishnendu Paul
| birth_name =
| caption = Paul in 2026
| image =
| imagesize = 180
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|05|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sribhumi]], Assam, India
| residence = Patharkandi Road, P.O- Kanishail, [[Sribhumi district]], [[Assam]]
| death_date =
| death_place =

| office = [[Cabinet Minister]], [[Government of Assam]]
| term_start = 9 December 2024
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
| 2blankname = Departments
| 2namedata = {{bulleted list|Animal Husbandry and Veterinary|Fisheries|Public Works (Roads)}}
| predecessor = {{ubl|[[Atul Bora]] {{small|(Animal Husbandry)}}|[[Keshab Mahanta]] {{small|(Fisheries)}}}}

| office1 = Member, [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Patharkandi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Patharkandi]]
| term_start1 = 2016
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = Monilal Gowala
| successor1 =

| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| otherparty =
| spouse =
| children = 2
| website =
| alma_mater = [[Karimganj College]]
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Krishnendu Paul''' is a Minister in the [[Government of Assam]]. He represents the Patharkandi constituency in the Assam Legislative Assembly and is affiliated with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). His role as a minister involves overseeing key portfolios and contributing to the state's development under the leadership of Chief Minister [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]].

== Career ==
He is known for his grassroots approach. Paul has focused on addressing the specific needs of his constituency and the [[Barak Valley]] region. His efforts are directed towards improving infrastructure, enhancing educational opportunities, and expanding access to healthcare. He has also been instrumental in implementing welfare schemes introduced by the state and central governments, ensuring that benefits reach marginalized and rural populations.{{According to whom|date=June 2025}}

In December 2024, Paul joined the ministerial cabinet.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-07 |title=4 new ministers join Assam cabinet; Sarma to reshuffle portfolios tomorrow |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/new-ministers-inducted-in-assam-cabinet-portfolio-reshuffle-expected-soon/articleshow/116079571.cms |access-date=2025-06-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-07 |title=2 first-time MLAs among 4 inducted into Assam Cabinet as Himanta highlights 'balance of experience, fresh ideas' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/assam-cm-himanta-biswa-sarma-expands-cabinet-4-new-ministers-take-oath-9711634/ |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Paul's ministerial portfolio covers departments for Animal Husbandry and Fisheries.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-12-09 |title=Assam Cabinet Reshuffle, Major Portfolio Changes |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/assam-cabinet-reshuffle-major-portfolio-changes-announced-for-ministers/ |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=Northeast Live |language=en-US}}</ref>

Paul’s style as a public representative is marked by his dedication to the development of his constituency and his ability to connect with the people. As a minister, he has worked on policies that align with Assam’s broader goals of sustainable growth, cultural preservation, and social welfare. His contributions reflect his commitment to improving the quality of life for the citizens of Assam while upholding the values and vision of his party.{{Full citation needed|date=June 2025}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paul, Krishnendu}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:People from Karimganj district]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2021–2026]]

{{Assam-BJP-politician-stub}}

Asian Hockey Federation

2026-03-28T09:25:53Z

Chinmoyin: expanded article after review and improved wording

{{Short description|Asian field hockey governing body}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2014}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = Asian Hockey Federation
|image = Asian Hockey Federation official logo.png
|size = 250px
|caption =
|abbreviation = AHF
|formation = {{start date and age|1958|df=yes}}
|founding_location = [[Tokyo]], Japan
|type = Sports federation
|headquarters = [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]]
|region_served = [[Asia]]
|membership = 34 member associations
|leader_title = Patron
|leader_name = {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Abdullah of Pahang|Al-Sultan Abdullah Sultan Ahmad Shah]]
|leader_title2 = President
|leader_name2 = {{flagicon|Japan}} Dato' Fumio Ogura
|leader_title3 = Secretary
|leader_name3 =
|parent_organization = [[International Hockey Federation]]
|website = {{URL|http://www.asiahockey.org|asiahockey.org}}
}}

The '''Asian Hockey Federation''' (AHF, formerly ASHF) is the governing body for the [[sport]] of [[field hockey]] in [[Asia]]. It now has 34 member associations in 2025. It is affiliated to the [[International Hockey Federation]]. The current president is Fumio Ogura and the patron is [[Abdullah of Pahang|Al-Sultan Abdullah Sultan Ahmad Shah]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive Board |url=http://www.asiahockey.org/about/executive-board/ |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=Asian Hockey Federation }}</ref>

==Member associations==
[[File:Asian Hockey Federation member states.svg|right|thumb|Highlighted are the countries that are part of the Asian Hockey Federation.
{{legend|#E41A1C|Eastern Region}}{{legend|#006D2C|Central Region
}}
{{legend|#0868AC|Southern Region}}{{legend|#FF7F00|South-Eastern Region}}
{{legend|#FFFF33|Western Region}}
]]
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}

===East (8)===
* {{flagicon|People's Republic of China}} [[Chinese Hockey Association|China]] (1981)
* {{flagicon|Chinese Taipei}} [[Chinese Taipei Hockey Association|Chinese Taipei]]
* {{flagicon|Hong Kong}} [[Hockey Hong Kong, China|Hong Kong]] (1933)
* {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Japan Hockey Association|Japan]] (1923)
* {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Korea Hockey Association|Korea]] (1947)
* {{flagicon|North Korea}} [[Hockey Association of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea|Korea (DPR)]]
* {{flagicon|Macau}} [[Macau Hockey Association|Macau]]
* {{flagicon|Mongolia}} [[Mongolian Hockey Association|Mongolia]]
===Central (7)===
* {{flagicon|Afghanistan|2013}} [[National Hockey Association of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]
* {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Iran Hockey Federation|Iran]] (1972)
* {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Kazakhstan Hockey Federation|Kazakhstan]]
* {{flagicon|Kyrgyzstan}} [[Kyrgyzstan Hockey Federation|Kyrgyzstan]] (2024)
* {{flagicon|Tajikistan}} [[Federation of Hockey of Tadjikistan|Tajikistan]]
* {{flagicon|Turkmenistan}} [[Hockey Federation of Turkmenistan|Turkmenistan]]
* {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Uzbekistan Hockey Federation|Uzbekistan]]

===South (5)===
* {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Bangladesh Hockey Federation|Bangladesh]] (1972)
* {{flagicon|India}} [[Hockey India|India]] (1925)
* {{flagicon|Nepal}} [[Nepal Hockey Association|Nepal]] (1954)
* {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan Hockey Federation|Pakistan]] (1948)
* {{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Sri Lanka Hockey Federation|Sri Lanka]]
===Southeast (10)===
* {{flagicon|Brunei}} [[Brunei Darussalam Hockey Association|Brunei]]
* {{flagicon|Cambodia}} [[Cambodian Hockey Association|Cambodia]]
* {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Indonesian Hockey Association|Indonesia]] (2009)
* {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Malaysian Hockey Confederation|Malaysia]] (1953)
* {{flagicon|Myanmar}} [[Myanmar Hockey Federation|Myanmar]]
* {{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Philippine Hockey Association|Philippines]] (2015)
* {{flagicon|Singapore}} [[Singapore Hockey Federation|Singapore]] (1931)
* {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Thailand Hockey Association|Thailand]]
* {{flagicon|Timor Leste}} [[Timor-Leste Hockey Federation|Timor-Leste]]
* {{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Vietnam Hockey Federation|Vietnam]]

===West (4)===
* {{flagicon|Oman}} [[Oman Hockey Association|Oman]]
* {{flagicon|Qatar}} [[Qatar Hockey Federation|Qatar]]
* {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Saudi Hockey Federation|Saudi Arabia]]
* {{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}} [[United Arab Emirates Hockey Federation|United Arab Emirates]]
* {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Jordan Hockey Association|Jordan]] (After 2025)
* {{flagicon|Bahrain}} [[Bahrain Hockey Association|Bahrain]] (After 2025)
{{div col end}}

==Tournaments==
===Outdoor===
; Main
* [[Field hockey at the Asian Games|Asian Games - Men]] (1958)
* [[Field hockey at the Asian Games|Asian Games - Women]] (1982)
* [[Men's Hockey Asia Cup]] (1982)
* [[Women's Hockey Asia Cup]] (1985)
* [[Men's Hockey Junior Asia Cup]] (U21) (1988)
* [[Women's Hockey Junior Asia Cup]] (U21) (1992)
* [[Men's Hockey U18 Asia Cup]] (AHF Youth Asia Cup) (2025)
* [[Women's Hockey U18 Asia Cup]] (AHF Youth Asia Cup) (2025)
* [[Men's Asian Champions Trophy]] (2011)
* [[Women's Asian Champions Trophy]] (2010)
* [[Men's AHF Cup]] (1997)
* [[Women's AHF Cup]] (1997)
* [[Men's Junior AHF Cup]] (2003)
* [[Women's Junior AHF Cup]] (2003)

;Others
* [[Hockey Asian Champions Club Cup]] (1991-2010)
* [[AHF West Asia Cup]] (2014)
* [[AHF Central Asia Cup]] (2019)

===Indoor===
* [[Men's Indoor Hockey Asia Cup]] (2008)
* [[Women's Indoor Hockey Asia Cup]] (2009)
* [[Indoor Hockey Club Asia Cup]] (Proposed)

==Current winners==
{| class=wikitable
|-
!Competition
!Men's
!Women's
|-
! colspan=3|Senior
|-
|'''Asian Games'''
|{{Fh|IND}} ([[Field hockey at the 2022 Asian Games|2022]])
|{{Fhw|CHN}} ([[Field hockey at the 2022 Asian Games|2022]])
|-
|'''Asia Cup'''
|{{Fh|IND}} ([[2025 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2025]])
|{{Fh|CHN}} ([[2025 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2025]])
|-
|'''Asian Champions Trophy'''
|{{Fh|IND}} ([[2026 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2026]])
|{{Fh|IND}} ([[2024 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2024]])
|-
|'''AHF Cup'''
|{{fh|OMA}} ([[2025 Men's AHF Cup|2025]])
|{{fh|SIN}} ([[2025 Women's AHF Cup|2025]])
|-
! colspan=3|Junior
|-
|'''Junior Asia Cup'''
|{{Fhu|21|IND}} ([[2024 Men's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|2024]])
|{{Fhu|21|IND}} ([[2024 Women's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|2024]])
|-
|'''Junior AHF Cup'''
|{{fhu|21|BAN}} ([[2024 Men's Junior AHF Cup|2024]])
|{{fhwu|21|TPE}} ([[2024 Women's Junior AHF Cup|2024]])
|-
! colspan=3|U18
|-
|'''U18 Asia Cup'''
| ([[2025 Men's Hockey U18 Asia Cup|2025]])
| ([[2025 Women's Hockey U18 Asia Cup|2025]])
|-
! colspan=3|Others
|-
|'''AHF Central Asia Cup'''
|{{fh|KAZ}} ([[2025 AHF Men's Central Asia Cup|2025]])
|{{fhw|INA}} ([[2025 AHF Women's Central Asia Cup|2025]])
|-
|'''Asian Champions Club Cup'''
|{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[WAPDA]] ([[Hockey Asian Champions Club Cup 2010|2010]])
|{{n/a}}
|-
|'''Indoor Asia Cup'''
|{{idh|IRI}} ([[2024 Men's Indoor Hockey Asia Cup|2024]])
|{{idhw|THA}} ([[2024 Women's Indoor Hockey Asia Cup|2024]])
|}

==World rankings==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{{#invoke:SportsRankings|list|FIH World Rankings|1|100|select=AHF|style=|caption=Men's FIH Rankings as of INSERT_UPDATE_DATE|rank_header=FIH|footer1=Change from INSERT_LAST_DATE}}
{{col-2}}
{{#invoke:SportsRankings|list|FIH Women's World Rankings|1|100|select=AHF|style=|caption=Women's FIH Rankings as of INSERT_UPDATE_DATE|rank_header=FIH|footer1=Change from INSERT_LAST_DATE}}
{{col-end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://asiahockey.org/}}


{{Asia Men's national field hockey teams}}
{{Asia Women's national field hockey teams}}
{{Asian Sports Federations}}
{{National members of the International Hockey Federation}}
{{International field hockey}}

[[Category:Asian Hockey Federation| ]]
[[Category:Field hockey governing bodies in Asia|Field hockey]]
[[Category:Sports governing bodies in Asia|Field hockey]]
[[Category:International organisations based in Malaysia]]

List of districts of Nagaland

2026-03-26T09:39:55Z

Chinmoyin: slightly enhance structure and updated info

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox subdivision type
| name = Districts of Nagaland
| map =
| category =
| territory = {{flagicon image|}} [[Nagaland]]
| start_date =
| current_number = 17 [[List of districts in India|Districts]]
| number_date =
| population_range =
| area_range =
| government = [[Government of Nagaland]]
| subdivision =
}}

{{Nagaland Districts}}

The Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of '''[[Nagaland]]''', has 17 administrative districts: [[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima]], [[Dimapur district|Dimapur]], [[Kiphire district|Kiphire]], [[Kohima district|Kohima]], [[Longleng district|Longleng]], [[Meluri district|Meluri]], [[Mokokchung district|Mokokchung]], [[Mon district|Mon]], [[Niuland district|Niuland]], [[Noklak district|Noklak]], [[Peren district|Peren]], [[Phek district|Phek]], [[Shamator district|Shamator]], [[Tuensang district|Tuensang]], [[Tseminyü district|Tseminyü]], [[Wokha district|Wokha]] and [[Zünheboto district|Zünheboto]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Districts of Nagaland|url=http://districts.nic.in/disdetails.aspx?str_state=bmw=|work=A Gateway to Districts of India on the Web|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=4 January 2013|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235534/http://districts.nic.in/disdetails.aspx?str_state=bmw=|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

There is ongoing demand for several new districts, especially from the relatively inaccessible remote hilly sub-districts of the larger districts farther away from the existing district headquarters.<ref name=new1/><ref name=new3/>
<ref name=new5/><ref name=new7/><ref name=new8/>

==Administration==

===Commissioner’s Divisions headed by the Divisional commissioner===
{{anchor | DivCom }}

In Nagaland, there is no intermediate administrative tier—such as the [[Divisional commissioner|Commissioner's Divisions]] found in [[Administrative divisions of Haryana|Haryana]], Uttar Pradesh, or West Bengal—functioning between the [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]] and individual district administrations headed by the District Commissioner.<ref>[https://commissioner.nagaland.gov.in/district-administration District Administration in Nagaland], Govt of Nagaland, accessed 6 Feb 2026.</ref> Instead of multiple regional heads, Nagaland utilizes a single State Commissioner who centralizes the supervisory and judicial functions that would typically be split among several Divisional Commissioners in larger states.<ref>[https://commissioner.nagaland.gov.in About the Commissioner's Office], Government of Nagaland, accessed 6 Feb 2026.</ref>

====Civil law authority of the State Commissioner====
{{anchor | CTA | Civil Tribal Authority}}

Under the state's unique customary law framework protected by ''Article 371A of the Constitution of India'', the Commissioner serves as the apex appellate and supervisory authority for a hybrid legal system where Naga customary traditions govern civil and criminal justice.<ref>[https://www.india.gov.in Constitution of India: Special provision with respect to the State of Nagaland], Ministry of Law and Justice, accessed 6 Feb 2026.</ref> This role is distinct because the Commissioner oversees the [[Dobhashi]] Courts and Village Councils, ensuring that traditional tribal adjudication for land disputes and social matters is harmonized with the Rules for Administration of Justice and Police in Nagaland, 1937, effectively acting as the final executive-judicial bridge for the entire state.<ref>[https://www.indiacode.nic.in Rules for Administration of Justice and Police in Nagaland, 1937], India Code, accessed 6 Feb 2026.</ref>

* '''Wide-ranging authority of the State Commissioner in civil and customary tribal court cases''': The division of jurisdiction between customary courts and the formal judiciary is defined by the nature of the offense and the identity of the parties involved. Customary courts, which include Village Councils and [[Dobhashi]] Courts, possess nearly unlimited jurisdiction over civil disputes, particularly those involving land ownership, inheritance, and tribal social practices under the ''Nagaland Village and Tribal Councils Act, 1978''.<ref name="dspace.gipe.ac.in">[https://dspace.gipe.ac.in The Nagaland Village and Tribal Councils Act, 1978], Government of Nagaland, accessed 6 Feb 2026.</ref>
* '''Very limited authority of the State Commissioner only in the petty criminal cases''': In criminal matters, however, their authority is strictly limited to "trifle" or petty offenses. Serious and heinous crimes must be reported to the [[Deputy Commissioner]] and tried only by formal statutory courts to ensure compliance with the [[Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita]].<ref>[https://justiceandlaw.nagaland.gov.in Functions of the Justice and Law Department], Govt of Nagaland, accessed 6 Feb 2026.</ref>

====Territorial multi-district tribal authorities ====
{{anchor | TA | Tribal Authority }}

In Nagaland, territorial and tribal authorities are structured through a hierarchy of customary and statutory bodies that operate from the village level to the regional state level. Traditional governance is legally anchored in the ''Nagaland Village and Tribal Councils Act, 1978'', which recognizes a hierarchy consisting of ''Village Councils'' for local administration and justice, ''Village Development Boards'' (VDBs) for implementing developmental schemes, and individual ''Apex Tribal Councils'' (such as the ''[[Naga Hoho]]'' or tribal ''Sendens'') that manage customary laws for the state's 17 officially recognized major ethnic groups.<ref name="dspace.gipe.ac.in"/> These groups include 15 Naga tribes and the 2 non-Naga tribes as follows:<ref name=trb1/>

* '''15 Naga tribes''': These groups include 15 [[List of Naga ethnic groups|Naga tribes]], [[Angami Naga|Angami]], [[Ao Naga|Ao]], [[Chakhesang Naga|Chakhesang]], [[Chang Naga|Chang]], [[Khiamniungan people|Khiamniungan]], [[Konyak Naga|Konyak]], [[Lotha Naga|Lotha]], [[Phom Naga|Phom]], [[Pochury Naga|Pochury]], [[Rengma Naga|Rengma]], [[Sangtam Naga|Sangtam]], [[Sumi Naga|Sumi]], [[Tikhir Naga|Tikhir]], [[Yimkhiung Naga|Yimkhiung]], and [[Zeliangrong|Zeliang]] (Zeliangrong).<ref name=trb1/>
* '''2 non- Naga tribes''': These groups include 2 non-Naga tribes, [[Kuki people|Kuki]] and [[Kachari people|Kachari]] tribes.<ref name=trb1>[https://nagaland.gov.in Tribes of Nagaland], Government of Nagaland Official Portal, accessed 6 Feb 2026.</ref>

====Frontier Nagaland Territorial Authority - territorial multi-district tribal authority for the Eastern Nagaland ====
{{anchor | FNTA}}

On 5 February 2026, the '''Frontier Nagaland Territorial Authority''' (FNTA) via a tripartite agreement between the [[Government of India]], the Government of Nagaland, and the [[Eastern Nagaland Peoples' Organisation]] (ENPO) was created covering 8 tribes and 6 eastern-most districts of Nagaland on [[India–Myanmar border]].<ref>[https://pib.gov.in Government of India signs historic agreement for Frontier Nagaland Territorial Authority], Press Information Bureau, accessed 6 Feb 2026.</ref> The FNTA provides legislative, executive, and financial autonomy over 46 subjects for six eastern-most districts on India–Myanmar border, (listed north to south) [[Mon district|Mon]], [[Longleng district|Longleng]], [[Tuensang district|Tuensang]], [[Noklak district|Noklak]], [[Shamator district|Shamator]], and [[Kiphire district|Kiphire]] — representing eight tribes including the Konyak, Sangtam, Chang, Khiamniungan, Yimkhiung, Tikhir, Phom, and Sumi.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com Central Government and ENPO ink pact for Eastern Nagaland autonomy], The Hindu, accessed 6 Feb 2026.</ref>

===Districts headed by the District Commissioner===

A district of an Indian state is an administrative geographical unit, headed by a district magistrate or a deputy commissioner, an officer belonging to the [[Indian Administrative Service]]. The district magistrate or the deputy commissioner is assisted by a number of officials belonging to different wings of the administrative services of the state.

A superintendent of police, an officer belonging to the [[Indian Police Service]] is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues at the district level.

==History==

On 1 December 1957, the Naga Hills District of [[Assam]] and Tuensang Frontier Division of the [[North-East Frontier Agency]] (now Arunachal Pradesh) were joined to form the centrally governed Naga Hills Tuensang Area. At that point the previous subdivisions became [[Kohima district|Kohima District]], [[Mokokchung district|Mokokchung District]] and [[Tuensang district|Tuensang District]]. February 1961 saw the renaming of Naga Hills Tuensang Area to "Nagaland", and in December 1963 Nagaland [[Nagaland#Nagaland statehood and late 20th century|became the 16th state]] of India.

19 December 1973 saw the new districts of [[Wokha district|Wokha District]] and [[Zünheboto district|Zünheboto District]] carved out of Mokokchung District, [[Mon district|Mon District]] carved from Tuensang District, and [[Phek district|Phek District]] created out of Kohima District.<ref name="2011Mokokchung-dchb">{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook Mokokchung|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1302_PART_B_DCHB_MOKOKCHUNG.pdf|publisher=Census of India|date=2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114004055/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1302_PART_B_DCHB_MOKOKCHUNG.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2015}}</ref>

On 2 December 1997, [[Dimapur district|Dimapur District]] was carved out from Kohima District and was inaugurated in April 1998.<ref>{{cite web|title=Know Your Districts: Phek - The Morung Express|url=http://morungexpress.com/know-districts-phek/|website=The Morung Express|date=8 June 2016|access-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606205430/http://morungexpress.com/know-districts-phek/|archive-date=6 June 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=About Wokha|url=http://wokha.nic.in/about%20wokha.htm|publisher=Wokha Dist Administration|date=2010}}</ref>

Three more districts were added on 24 October 2003: [[Kiphire district|Kiphire District]], [[Longleng district|Longleng District]] and [[Peren district|Peren District]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Socio-Economic Profile of Rural India (series II) |last1=Patra |first1=S. C. |last2=Vachhani |first2=Ashish |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=2011 |isbn=9788180697241 |page=106 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f7UTH5ROsKAC&pg=PA106 |accessdate=2014-08-06}}</ref> Kiphire and Longleng Districts were carved out from Tuensang District, Peren District was carved from Kohima District.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nagaland: Know Your Districts - An overview -III - The Morung Express|url=http://morungexpress.com/nagaland-know-districts-overview-iii/|website=The Morung Express|date=17 October 2017|access-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520153243/http://morungexpress.com/nagaland-know-districts-overview-iii/|archive-date=20 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Noklak district|Noklak District]] was created on 20 January 2021, previously having been a sub-district of Tuensang District.<ref>{{cite news|title=Noklak is Nagaland's youngest district|url=http://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/noklak-is-nagalands-youngest-district/|work=Eastern Mirror|date=21 December 2017}}</ref>

On 18 December 2021, three new districts were created: [[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]] and [[Niuland district|Niuland District]] carved from Dimapur District and [[Tseminyü district|Tseminyü District]] carved from Kohima District.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nagaland to have 3 more districts|url=http://www.nagalandpost.com/nagaland-to-have-3-more-districts/246940.html|newspaper=[[Nagaland Post]]|date=18 December 2021|access-date=19 December 2021}}</ref>

On 19 January 2022, [[Shamator district|Shamator District]] carved from Tuensang was created as the 16th district of Nagaland.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nagaland govt grants district status to Shamator|url=https://theprint.in/india/nagaland-govt-grants-district-status-to-shamator/807811/|newspaper=[[ThePrint]]|date=19 January 2022|access-date=19 January 2022}}</ref>

In 2024, Meluri sub-division of the Phek district was upgraded to form [[Meluri district]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2024-10-30 |title=Meluri gets district status |url=https://nagalandtribune.in/meluri-gets-district-status/ |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Nagaland Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Districts==

===List of districts===
{{anchor | DistList }}

The seventeen districts of Nagaland, and their headquarters, 2011 census populations,<ref name="2011census-A3">{{cite web|title=Primary Census Abstract |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/default.aspx|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|date=2011|quote="Select State Nagaland, Select District All, Submit"}}</ref> areas and elevations (of the seat) are:
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! District
! class="unsortable"|Headquarter
! Area (km2) !! Elevation (m) !! Population total !! Population rural !! Population urban !! Date created
!Map
|-
|[[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]] || [[Chümoukedima]] || 610 || 171 || 125,400 || 81,884 || 43,516 || 2021
|[[File:Chümoukedima in Nagaland (India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
| [[Dimapur district|Dimapur District]] || [[Dimapur]] || 70 || 145 || 170,000 || 0 || 170,000 || 1997
|[[File:Dimapur in Nagaland (India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
| [[Kiphire district|Kiphire District]] || [[Kiphire]] || 1,130 || 896 || 74,004 || 57,517 || 16,487 || 2004
|[[File:Kiphire in Nagaland (India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
| [[Kohima district|Kohima District]] || [[Kohima]] || 1,207 || 1,444 || 267,988 || 146,900 || 121,088 || 1957
|[[File:Kohima in Nagaland (India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
| [[Longleng district|Longleng District]] || [[Longleng]] || 885 || 1,100 || 50,484 || 42,871 || 7,613 || 2004
|[[File:Longleng in Nagaland (India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
| [[Meluri district|Meluri District]] || [[Meluri]] || 1,011 || n/a || 22,558 || n/a || n/a || 2024
|
|-
| [[Mokokchung district|Mokokchung District]] || [[Mokokchung]] || 1,719 || 1,325 || 194,622 || 138,897 || 55,725 || 1957
|[[File:Mokokchung in Nagaland (India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
| [[Mon district|Mon District]] || [[Mon, India|Mon]]|| 1,786 || 655 || 250,260 || 215,816 || 34,444 || 1973
|[[File:Mon in Nagaland (India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
| [[Niuland district|Niuland District]] || [[Niuland]] || 440 || 154 || 11,876 || 11,876 || 0 || 2021
|[[File:Niuland in Nagaland (India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
| [[Noklak district|Noklak District]] || [[Noklak]] || 1,152 || || 59,300 || 59,300 || 0 || 2017
|[[File:Noklak in Nagaland (India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
| [[Peren district|Peren District]] || [[Peren (town)|Peren]]|| 2,300 || 1,445 || 95,219 || 81,429 || 13,790 || 2004
|[[File:Peren in Nagaland (India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
| [[Phek district|Phek District]] || [[Phek]] || 2,026 || 1,524 || 163,418 || 138,843 || 24,575 || 1973
|[[File:Phek in Nagaland (India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
| [[Shamator district|Shamator District]] || [[Shamator]] || 410 || n/a || 12,726 || n/a || n/a || 2022
|[[File:Shamator in Nagaland (India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
| [[Tseminyü district|Tseminyü District]] || [[Tseminyü]] || 256 || 1,261 || 63,629 || 60,766 || 2863 || 2021
|[[File:Tseminyu in Nagaland (India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
| [[Tuensang district|Tuensang District]] || [[Tuensang]] || 2,536 || 1,371 || 137,296 || 100,522 || 36,774 || 1957
|[[File:Tuensang in Nagaland (India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
| [[Wokha district|Wokha District]] || [[Wokha]] || 1,628 || 1,313 || 166,343 || 131,339 || 35,004 || 1973
|[[File:Wokha in Nagaland (India).svg|150x150px]]
|-
| [[Zünheboto district|Zünheboto District]] || [[Zünheboto]] || 1,255 || 1,852 || 140,757 || 113,160 || 27,597 || 1973
|[[File:Zunheboto in Nagaland (India).svg|150x150px]]
|}

=== Subdivisions ===
{{anchor | SubdivList}}

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" width="98%" style="border:1px solid black"
|- bgcolor="#DAA520"
| width="25%" | '''District (DC headquarter)'''
| width="25%" | '''Sub-districts (ADC headquarters)'''
| width="25%" | '''Sub-divisions (SDO headquarters)'''
| width="25%" | '''Circles (EAC headquarters)'''
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
| Chümoukedima District
| [[Medziphema]]
| [[Chümoukedima]], Dhansiripar
|[[Seithekema]]
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
| Dimapur District
|–
| Kuhuboto
|–
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
| Kiphire District
| Pungro, Seyochung
|–
| Amahator, Khonsa, Kiusam, Longmatra, Sitimi
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
| Kohima District
| [[Chiephobozou]]
| [[Jakhama]], [[Sechü Zubza]]
| [[Botsa]], [[Kezocha]]
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
| Longleng District
| Tamlu
|–
| Bora Namsang, Sakshi, Yachem, Yongnyah
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
| Mokokchung District
| [[Mangkolemba]], [[Tuli Town|Tuli]]
| [[Changtongya]], [[Tzürangkong]]
| Alongkima, [[Chuchuyimlang]], Kobulong, Longchem, Merangmen, [[Ongpangkong]]
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
| Mon District
| Aboi, [[Naginimora]], [[Tizit]], Tobu
| Angjangyang, Chen, Monyakshu, Phomching, Wakching
| Hunta, Longching, Longshen, Mopung, Shangnyu
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
| Niuland District
|–
|–
| Aghunaqa, Nihokhu
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
| Noklak District
|–
| Thonoknyu
| Nokhu, Panso
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
| Peren District
| [[Tening]], [[Jalukie]]
| [[Athibung]]
| Kebai–Khelma, [[Ngwalwa]], [[Nsong]]
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
| Phek District
| [[Chozuba]], [[Meluri]], [[Pfütsero]]
| [[Chizami]]
| [[Sakraba]], Sekrüzu, Phokungri, [[Khezhakeno]], Chetheba, Khuza, Zuketsa, Phor, Lephory, Razeba
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
| Shamator District
|–
| Chessore
| Mangko, Tsurangto
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
| Tuensang District
| Longkhim
| Noksen
| Chare, Chingmei, Ngoungchung, Sangsangnyu, Sotokur
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
| Tseminyü District
|–
|–
| Tsogin
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
| Wokha District
| Bhandari, Sanis
| Ralan
| Aitepyong, Baghty, Champang, Chukitong, [[Englan]], Lotsü, Süngro, Wozhüro
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
| Zünheboto District
| Aghunato, Akuluto, Atoizu, Pughoboto, Satakha
| Suruhuto
| Akuhaito, Asuto, Ghathashi, Hoshepu, Saptiqa, Satoi, V. K
|}

==Demand for new districts==
{{anchor | Demand }}

People of several sub-districts of Nagaland state continue to demand the district status (listed north to south):

* Existing Mon district - from the existing central and southern parts of the existing Mon District:
** [[Aboi Assembly constituency|Aboi]] District from the central part of existing Mon district: The ''Aboi District Demand Committee'' (ADDC) has long campaigned for upgradation, asserting that the sub-division fulfills all administrative criteria, including a significant population and established government departments. The demand gained renewed urgency following the creation of other districts in 2021, which local leaders viewed as an oversight of Aboi's longstanding grievances.<ref name=new1>[https://nagalandpost.com/aboi-dist-demand-adcc-serves-ultimatum-on-cm/ Aboi dist demand: ADCC serves ultimatum on CM], Nagaland Post, 12 Jan 2018.</ref><ref name=new2>[https://nagalandgk.com/districts-of-nagaland/ Brief facts of formation of districts of Nagaland (Updated-2022)], NagalandGK, accessed 6 Feb 2026.</ref>
** [[Tobu Assembly constituency|Tobu]] District from the southern part of existing Mon district: The ''Tobu District Demand Committee'' (TDDC) seeks to separate Tobu and Moka from the current district structure. Advocates highlight the area's extreme remoteness—with some villages located 190 km from the current district headquarters near the Myanmar border—as a primary justification for a separate administrative unit to improve service delivery.<ref name=new3>[https://nagalandpost.com/tddc-reiterates-demand-for-separate-tobu-district/ TDDC reiterates demand for separate Tobu district], Nagaland Post, 26 July 2021.</ref><ref name=new4>[https://eastmojo.com/news/2021/07/27/nagaland-committee-re-affirms-demand-for-separate-tobu-district/ Nagaland: Committee re-affirms demand for separate Tobu district], EastMojo, 27 July 2021.</ref>

* Existing Noklak district - from the southern parts of the existing Noklak District:
** [[Thuonoknyu]] District from the southern parts of the existing Noklak District: There are ongoing local aspirations for the upgradation of the [[Thonoknyu]] sub-division into a separate administrative unit to better serve the [[Khiamniungan people|Khiamniungan]] and [[Tikhir]] populations, particularly given its historical status as an aspirational block with significant developmental deficits.<ref>[https://ipr.nagaland.gov.in/thonoknyu-area-village-chief-gbs-union-customary-court-inaugurated Thonoknyu Area Village Chief GBs Union Customary Court Inaugurated], DIPR Nagaland, accessed 6 Feb 2026.</ref>

* Existing Kiphire district - from the southeastern parts of the existing Kiphire District:
** [[Pungro]] District from the southeastern parts of the existing Kiphire District: Pungro sub-division, which is a critical border area near [[Mount Saramati]], often requires specialized administrative attention due to its geographic isolation.

* Existing Mokokchung district - from the existing northwestern and western parts of the existing Mokokchung District:
** [[Mangkolemba]] District: Mangkolemba is the oldest and largest sub-division of Mokokchung district. Demand for Mangkolemba has seen intensified rallies in late 2025 by the ''District Demand Committee Mangkolemba'' (DDCM). Proponents cite decades of neglect, poor road connectivity, and the economic burden on villagers who must travel up to 80 km to Mokokchung for administrative work.<ref name=new5>[https://nagalandpost.com/nagaland-demand-for-mangkolemba-district-intensifies/ Nagaland demand for Mangkolemba district intensifies], Nagaland Post, 8 Nov 2025.</ref><ref name=new6>[https://nagalandtribune.in/mangkolemba-renews-demand-for-district-status-as-hundreds-join-massive-rally/ Mangkolemba renews demand for district status as hundreds join massive rally], Nagaland Tribune, 8 Nov 2025.</ref>

* Existing Wokha District - from the existing northwestern and western parts of the existing Wokha District:
** [[Bhandari Assembly constituency|Bhandari]] District: Stakeholders in the Bhandari sub-division of Wokha district have frequently raised the need for district status to better manage the region's unique border issues with Assam and to tap into its economic potential in agriculture and livestock.<ref name=new7>[https://ipr.nagaland.gov.in/bhandari/sdpdb-meeting/july-2025 BHANDARI SDPDB MEETING HELD], DIPR Nagaland, 17 July 2025.</ref>

* Existing Phek District - from the existing western and southern parts of the existing Phek District:
** [[Chozuba]] District from the existing western part of the existing Phek District: Demand remains unfulfilled.<ref name=new8/>
** [[Pfütsero Assembly constituency|Pfutsero]] District from the existing southern part of the existing Phek District: Demand remains unfulfilled.<ref name=new8>[https://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/inr-2-9-crore-sanctioned-for-sub-treasury-office-in-chozuba INR 2.9 crore sanctioned for sub-treasury office in Chozuba], Eastern Mirror, 22 Sep 2022.</ref>

* Existing Peren District - from the southern parts of the existing Paren District: :
** [[Tening]] District - from the existing southern parts of the existing Paren District: There have been calls for more localized administration in the remote Tening area to manage land-use and developmental challenges.<ref name=new8/>

==See also==

* [[Local government in Nagaland]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235534/http://districts.nic.in/disdetails.aspx?str_state=bmw= A Gateway to Districts of India]
{{Nagaland}}{{Districts of India}}

[[Category:Districts of Nagaland| ]]
[[Category:Nagaland-related lists|Districts]]
[[Category:Lists of districts in India|Nagaland]]

List of emperors of the Mughal Empire

2026-03-26T07:43:02Z

Chinmoyin: creating bio - done

{{Short description|none}}
{{See also|Emperor of Mughal Empire}}{{Distinguish|Mongol emperors}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}

{{Infobox former monarchy
| royal_title = Emperor
| realm = Hindustan
| native_name = شہنشاہِ ہند
| border = imperial
| coatofarms = {{box|type=transparent|padding=0px|[[File:Seal of Bahadur Shah II of India.png|100px]]}}
| coatofarmscaption = Imperial seal of Bahadur Shah II (1837–1857)
| image2 = {{box|type=transparent|padding=0px|[[File:Bahadur Shah II of India.jpg|260px]]}}
| caption2 = '''Last to reign''' '''[[Bahadur Shah Zafar|Bahadur Shah II]]''' 28 September 1837 – 21 September 1857
| first_monarch = [[Babur]]
| last_monarch = [[Bahadur Shah Zafar|Bahadur Shah II]]
| style = [[Imperial and royal titles of the Mughal emperors|Jahah Panah]] [[Imperial and royal titles of the Mughal emperors|Alam Panah]]
| residence = {{plainlist|
* [[Agra Fort]] (1526–1648)
* [[Red Fort]] (1648–1857)}}
| appointer = Hereditary
| began = [[First Battle of Panipat|21 April 1526]]
| ended = [[Siege of Delhi (1857)|21 September 1857]]
}}

The emperors of the [[Mughal Empire]], who were all members of the [[Timurid dynasty]], ruled the empire from its inception on 21 April 1526 to its dissolution on 21 September 1857.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7sewQQzOHUC&q=mughals |title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture |date=2004 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-86189-185-3 |language=en}}</ref> They were monarchs of the Mughal Empire in the [[Indian subcontinent]], mainly corresponding to the modern day countries of [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Afghanistan]], and [[Bangladesh]]. They ruled many parts of India from 1526 and by 1707, they ruled most of the subcontinent. Afterwards, they declined rapidly, but nominally ruled territories until the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].

The Mughal dynasty was founded by [[Babur]] ({{Reign|1526|1530}}), a Timurid prince from the [[Fergana Valley]] (modern-day [[Uzbekistan]]). He was a direct descendant of both [[Timur]] and [[Genghis Khan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Babur and His World: A Culture of Books |url=https://asia-archive.si.edu/learn/discovering-baburs-gardens/writing-my-truth-the-mughal-emperor-babur/babur-and-his-world/ |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=Smithsonian's National Museum of Asian Art |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Mughal emperors had significant Indian and [[Persian people|Persian]] ancestry through marriage alliances as emperors were born to Indian and Persian princesses.<ref>Jeroen Duindam (2015), [https://books.google.com/books?id=5ky2CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 ''Dynasties: A Global History of Power, 1300–1800'', page 105] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206075722/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5ky2CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 |date=6 December 2022 }}, [[Cambridge University Press]]</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Malika|last=Mohammada|title=The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India|publisher=Akkar Books|date=1 January 2007|pages=300|isbn=978-8-189-83318-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwzbYvQszf4C&pg=PA300}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Great Mughals and their India|author=Dirk Collier|publisher=[[Hay House]]|year=2016|page=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40ywDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT15|isbn=9789384544980}}</ref>

During the reign of 6th Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]], the empire, as the world's largest economy and manufacturing power, worth over 25% of global GDP,<ref>"The World Economy (GDP) : [http://www.theworldeconomy.org/MaddisonTables/MaddisontableB-18.pdf Historical Statistics by Professor Angus Maddison"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805201335/http://www.theworldeconomy.org/MaddisonTables/MaddisontableB-18.pdf |date=5 August 2019 }} . World Economy. Retrieved 21 May 2013.</ref> controlled nearly all of the Indian subcontinent, extending from [[Dhaka]] in the east to [[Kabul]] in the west and from [[Mughal Kashmir|Kashmir]] in the north to the [[Kaveri]] River in the south.<ref>
{{cite book
|last=Chandra
|first=Satish
|title=Medieval India: From Sultanate to the Mughals
| page=202
}}
</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Truschke |first=Audrey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGwlDgAAQBAJ&q=aurangzeb+gdp |title=Aurangzeb: The Man and the Myth |date=2018-02-01 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-0-14-343967-7 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Mughal Genealogical Table.svg|thumb|right|Genealogy of the Mughal dynasty. Only principal offspring of each emperor are provided in the chart.]]
Its population at the time is estimated to be around 158,400,000 (a quarter of the world's total population), over a territory of more than 4 million square kilometres (1.5 million square miles).<ref name="Richards1993">{{cite book|last=Richards|first=John F.|title=The Mughal Empire|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0521251198|editor1-first=Gordon|editor1-last=Johnson|editor1-link=Gordon Johnson (historian)|editor2-first=C. A.|editor2-last=Bayly|editor2-link=Christopher Alan Bayly|series=The New Cambridge history of India: 1.5|volume=I. The Mughals and their Contemporaries|location=Cambridge|pages=1, 190|date= 1 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The European Union and Global Social Change|isbn = 9781135255800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0SPAgAAQBAJ&q=mughal+empire+population+1700&pg=PA21|access-date=26 June 2017|last1 = Böröcz|first1 = József|date = 10 September 2009| publisher=Routledge }}</ref> Mughal power rapidly dwindled during the 18th century and the last emperor, [[Bahadur Shah Zafar|Bahadur Shah II]], was deposed in 1857, with the establishment of the [[British Raj]] in India.<ref name=spear>{{Harvnb|Spear|1990|pp=147–148}}</ref>

== Background ==
{{excerpt|Mughal Empire|History|subsections=yes}}

;Titular emperors
Over the course of the empire, there were several claimants to the Mughal throne who ascended the throne or claimed to do so but were actually never recognized.<ref>{{Citation |title=The Mughal emperors in India |date=2016-11-18 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315443249-20 |work=The Caliphate |pages=161–164 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315443249-20 |isbn=978-1-315-44324-9 |access-date=2023-01-07|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Here are the claimants to the Mughal throne historians recognise as titular Mughal emperors.
# [[Shahryar Mirza]] (1627–1628)
# [[Dawar Bakhsh|Dawar Baksh]] (1627–1628)
# [[Muhammad Ibrahim (Mughal emperor)|Jahangir II]] (1719–1720)

== List of Mughal emperors ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! width="10" | No.
! width="100" | Portrait
! width="150" | Titular Name
! width="250" | Birth Name
! width="150" | Birth
! width="200" | Reign
! width="150" | Death
|-
| 1
| [[File:Humayun and Babur (Late Shah Jahan Album) Babur detail.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Babur]] {{Uninastaliq|بابر}}'''
| Zahir ud-Din Muhammad {{Uninastaliq|ظهیر الدین محمد}}
| 14 February 1483 [[Andijan]]
| 21 April 1526 – 26 December 1530 {{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1526|04|21|1530|12|26}})}}
| 26 December 1530 (aged 47) [[Agra]]
|-
| 2
| [[File:Darbar of Humayun, detail, Humayun. Akbarnama, 1602-4, British Library.png|80px]]
| '''[[Humayun]] {{Uninastaliq|همایوں}}'''
| Nasir ud-Din Muhammad {{Uninastaliq|نصیر الدین محمد}}
| 6 March 1508 [[Kabul]]
| 26 December 1530 – 17 May 1540 {{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1530|12|26|1540|05|17}})}}<hr/>22 February 1555 – 27 January 1556 {{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1555|02|22|1556|01|27}})}}
| 27 January 1556 (aged 47) [[Delhi]]
|-
| 3
| [[File:Govardhan. Akbar With Lion and Calf ca. 1630, Metmuseum (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Akbar I]] {{Uninastaliq|اکبر}}'''
| Jalal ud-Din Muhammad {{Uninastaliq|جلال الدین محمد}}
| 15 October 1542 [[Umerkot]]
| 11 February 1556 – 27 October 1605 {{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1556|02|11|1605|10|27}})}}
| 27 October 1605 (aged 63) Agra
|-
| 4
| [[File:Jahangircrop.jpeg|80px]]
| '''[[Jahangir]] {{Uninastaliq|جهانگیر}}'''
| Nur ud-Din Muhammad {{Uninastaliq| نور الدین محمد}}
| 31 August 1569 Agra
| 3 November 1605 – 28 October 1627 {{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1605|11|3|1627|10|28}})}}
| 28 October 1627 (aged 58) [[Bhimber]]<ref name="Allan 1934 p. 398">{{cite book |last1=Allan |first1=J. |last2=Haig |first2=Sir T. Wolsely |last3=Dodwell |first3=H. H. |editor-last=Dodwell |editor-first=H. H. |editor-link=H. H. Dodwell |year=1934 |title=The Cambridge Shorter History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_48AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA398 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=398}}</ref>
|-
| 5
| [[File:Shah Jahan of Mughal empire.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Shah Jahan I]] {{Uninastaliq|شاه جهان}}'''
| Shihab ud-Din Muhammad {{Uninastaliq|شهاب الدین محمد}}
| 5 January 1592 [[Lahore]]
| 19 January 1628 – 31 July 1658 {{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1628|01|19|1658|07|31}})}}
| 22 January 1666 (aged 74) Agra
|-
| 6
| [[File:Aurangzeb (r. 1658-1707).jpg (Cropped).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Aurangzeb]] {{Uninastaliq|اورنگزیب }}'''<hr/>'''Alamgir I {{Uninastaliq|عالمگیر}}'''
| Muhi al-Din Muhammad {{Uninastaliq|محی الدین محمد}}
| 3 November 1618 [[Dahod]], [[Gujarat]]
| 31 July 1658 – 3 March 1707 {{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1658|07|31|1707|03|03}})}}
| 3 March 1707 (aged 88) [[Ahmednagar]]
|-
| 7
| [[File:Azam shah (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Azam Shah]] {{Uninastaliq|اعظم شاه}}'''
| Qutb ud-Din Muhammad {{Uninastaliq|قطب الدين محمد}}
| 28 June 1653 [[Burhanpur]]
| 14 March – 20 June 1707 {{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1707|03|14|1707|06|20}})}}
| 20 June 1707 (aged 53) Agra
|-
| 8
| [[File:Bahadur Shah I of India.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Bahadur Shah I]] {{Uninastaliq|بهادر شاہ}}'''<hr/>'''Shah Alam I {{Uninastaliq|شاه عالم اول}}'''
| Mirza Muhammad Mu'azzam {{Uninastaliq|مرزا محمد معظم}}
| 14 October 1643 Burhanpur
| 19 June 1707 – 27 February 1712 {{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1707|06|19|1712|02|27}})}}
| 27 February 1712 (aged 68) Lahore
|-bgcolor=#66BB55
| 9
| [[File:Jahandar Shah of India.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Jahandar Shah]] {{Uninastaliq|جهاندار شاہ}}'''
| Muiz ud-Din Muhammad {{Uninastaliq|معز الدین محمد }} {{small|First Puppet emperor}}
| 9 May 1661 [[Deccan]]
| 27 February 1712 – 11 February 1713 {{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1712|02|27|1713|02|11}})}}
| 12 February 1713 (aged 51) Delhi
|-bgcolor=#DAF2CE
| 10
| [[File:Farrukhsiyar of India.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Farrukhsiyar]] {{Uninastaliq|فرخ سیر}}'''
| Muin al-Din Muhammad {{Uninastaliq|معین الدین محمد}} {{small|Puppet emperor under the [[Sayyid Brothers|Sayyids of Barha]]}}
| 20 August 1685 [[Aurangabad]]
| 11 January 1713 – 28 February 1719 {{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1713|1|13|1719|02|28}})}}
| style="text-align:center;"|19 April 1719 (aged 33) Delhi
|-bgcolor=#DAF2CE
| 11
| [[File:Rafi ud-Darajat of India.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Rafi ud-Darajat]] {{Uninastaliq|رفیع الدرجات}}'''
| Shams al-Din Muhammad {{Uninastaliq|شمس الدین محمد}} {{small|Puppet emperor under the [[Sayyid Brothers|Sayyids of Barha]]}}
| 1 December 1699
| 28 February 1719 – 6 June 1719 {{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1719|02|28|1719|06|06}})}}
| 6 June 1719 (aged 19) Agra
|- bgcolor=#DAF2CE
| 12
| [[File:Shah Jahan II of India.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Shah Jahan II]] {{Uninastaliq|شاہ جهان دوم}}'''
| Rafi al-Din Muhammad {{Uninastaliq|رفع الدين محمد}} {{small|Puppet emperor under the [[Sayyid Brothers|Sayyids of Barha]]}}
| 5 January 1696
| 6 June 1719 – 17 September 1719 {{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1719|06|06|1719|09|17}})}}
| 18 September 1719 (aged 23) Agra
|- bgcolor=#DAF2CE
| 13
| [[File:Muhammad Shah of India.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Muhammad Shah]] {{Uninastaliq|محمد شاه}}'''
| Nasir al-Din Muhammad {{Uninastaliq|نصیر الدین محمد}} {{small|Puppet emperor under the [[Sayyid Brothers|Sayyids of Barha]]}}
| 7 August 1702 [[Ghazni]]
| 27 September 1719 – 26 April 1748 {{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1719|09|27|1748|04|26}})}}
| 26 April 1748 (aged 45) Delhi
|-
| 14
| [[File:Ahmad Shah Bahadur of India.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Ahmad Shah Bahadur]] {{Uninastaliq|احمد شاہ بهادر}}'''
| Mujahid al-Din Muhammad {{Uninastaliq|مجاهد الدین محمد}}
| 23 December 1725 Delhi
| 29 April 1748 – 2 June 1754 {{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1748|04|29|1754|06|02}})}}
| 1 January 1775 (aged 49) Delhi
|-
| 15
| [[File:Alamgir II of India.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Alamgir II]] {{Uninastaliq|عالمگیر دوم}}'''
| Aziz al-Din Muhammad {{Uninastaliq|عزیز اُلدین محمد}}
| 6 June 1699 Burhanpur
| 3 June 1754 – 29 November 1759 {{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1754|06|03|1759|11|29}})}}
| 29 November 1759 (aged 60) Delhi
|-
| 16
| [[File:Shah Jahan III of India.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Shah Jahan III]] {{Uninastaliq|شاه جهان سوم}}'''
| Muhi al-Millat {{Uninastaliq|محی الملت}}
| 1711
| 10 December 1759 – 10 October 1760 {{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1759|12|10|1760|10|10}})}}
| style="text-align:center;"|1772 (aged 60–61)
|-
| 17
| [[File:Ali Gauhar of India.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Shah Alam II]] {{Uninastaliq|شاه عالم دوم}}'''
| Jalal al-Din Muhammad Ali Gauhar {{Uninastaliq|جلال الدین علی گوهر}}
| 25 June 1728 Delhi
| 10 October 1760 – 31 July 1788 {{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1760|10|10|1788|07|31}})}}
| 19 November 1806 (aged 78) Delhi
|-
| 18
| [[File:Mughal Emperor Mahmud Shah Bahadur.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Mahmud Shah Bahadur|Shah Jahan IV]] {{Uninastaliq|جهان شاه چهارم}}'''
| Bidar Bakht Mahmud Shah Bahadur Shah Jahan IV {{Uninastaliq| بیدار بخت محمود شاه بهادر جهان شاہ }}
| 1749 Delhi
| 31 July 1788 – 11 October 1788 {{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1788|07|31|1788|10|11}})}}
| 1790 (aged 40–41) Delhi
|- bgcolor="#F5DEB3"
| 17*
| [[File:Ali Gauhar of India.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Shah Alam II]] {{Uninastaliq|شاه عالم دوم}}'''
| Jalal al-Din Muhammad Ali Gauhar {{Uninastaliq|جلال الدین علی گوهر}} {{small|Puppet emperor under the [[Scindias of Gwalior]]}}
| 25 June 1728 Delhi
| 16 October 1788 – 19 November 1806 {{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1788|10|16|1806|11|19}})}}
| 19 November 1806 (aged 78) Delhi
|- bgcolor="#F2D4CE"
| 19
| [[File:Akbar Shah II of India.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Akbar II|Akbar Shah II]] {{Uninastaliq|اکبر شاه دوم}}'''
| Muin al-Din Muhammad {{Uninastaliq|میرزا اکبر}} {{small|Puppet emperor under the [[East India Company]]}}
| 22 April 1760 [[Mukundpur]]
| 19 November 1806 – 28 September 1837 {{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1806|11|19|1837|09|28}})}}
| 28 September 1837 (aged 77) Delhi
|-
| 20
| [[File:Bahadur Shah II of India.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Bahadur Shah II]] Zafar {{Uninastaliq|بهادر شاه ظفر}}'''
| Abu Zafar Siraj al-Din Muhammad {{Uninastaliq|ابو ظفر سراج اُلدین محمد}}
| 24 October 1775 Delhi
| 28 September 1837 – 21 September 1857 {{small|({{Age in years, months, and days|1837|09|28|1857|09|21}})}}
| 7 November 1862 (aged 87) [[Rangoon]]
|}

== Family tree of Mughal emperors ==
{{Mughal family tree}}

==See also==
* [[Timurid family tree]]
* [[Mughal-Mongol genealogy]]
* [[List of Mughal empresses]]

== References ==

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Asher |first1=Catherine B. |title=India before Europe |last2=Talbot |first2=Cynthia |year=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-80904-5 |oclc=61303480}}
* {{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R.C. |year=1974 |title=The Mughul Empire |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |author-link=R.C. Majumdar|url=https://archive.org/details/mughal-empire-r.-c.-majumdar-1974}}
* {{Cite book |last=Richards |first=John F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA202 |title=The Mughal Empire |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |author-link=John F. Richards }}
* {{Citation |last=Robb |first=Peter |title=A History of India |year=2011 |publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education |isbn=978-0-230-34424-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GJNKEAAAQBAJ}}
* {{Citation |last=Stein |first=Burton |title=A History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC |year=2010 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4443-2351-1 |authorlink=Burton Stein |access-date=15 July 2019 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Truschke |first=Audrey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUUkDwAAQBAJ |title=Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-5036-0259-5}}
* [[John Keay|Keay, John]], ''India, a History'', 2000, HarperCollins, {{ISBN|0002557177}}
* {{Citation| last1=Spear| first1=Percival| author-link=Percival Spear| year=1990| orig-year=First published 1965| title=A History of India, Volume 2| publisher=New Delhi and London: Penguin Books. Pp. 298| isbn=978-0-14-013836-8| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K2H_v0t5jTkC&pg=PA147}}.
* {{Country study}} – [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/intoc.html India] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120714040603/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/intoc.html |date=14 July 2012 }} [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/pktoc.html Pakistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629162528/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/pktoc.html |date=29 June 2015 }}
{{refend}}

{{Mughal Empire}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mughal Emperors}}
[[Category:Emperors of the Mughal Empire| ]]
[[Category:India history-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian monarchs|Mughal]]

Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960

2026-03-25T23:28:48Z

Chinmoyin: added a post with sources

{{Short description|Act of the Parliament of India}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox legislation|
| short_title = Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| image =
| imagealt = Scale of justice 2.svg
| caption =
| long_title = An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
| territorial_extent = [[India]]
| citation = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/11237/1/the_prevention_of_cruelty_to_animals_act%2C_1960.pdf THE PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO ANIMALS ACT, 1960 ]{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Exception for the erstwhile State of Jammu and Kashmir omitted by [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019]]}}
| enacted_by =
| date_enacted =
| enacted_by2 =
| date_enacted2 =
| date_assented =
| date_commenced = 1 April 1974
| bill =
| bill_citation =
| bill_date =
| introduced_by =
| 1st_reading =
| 2nd_reading =
| 3rd_reading =
| white_paper =
| repeals =
| related = [[Wildlife Protection Act, 1972]]
| summary =
| keywords =
| status = in force amended
}}

The '''Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960''', is an [[Act of Parliament|Act]] of the [[Parliament of India]] enacted in 1960 to prevent the infliction of unnecessary pain or suffering on animals and to amend the laws relating to the prevention of cruelty to animals. The act defines "animal" as 'any living creature other than a human being'.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://moef.nic.in/modules/rules-and-regulations/animal-welfare/ |title=Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India - Animal Welfare |access-date=14 May 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715133931/http://moef.nic.in/modules/rules-and-regulations/animal-welfare/ |archive-date=15 July 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview of Animal Laws in India {{!}} Animal Legal & Historical Center |url=https://www.animallaw.info/article/overview-animal-laws-india#id-5 |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=www.animallaw.info}}</ref><ref name=":0">Government of India, THE PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO ANIMALS ACT, 1960. 26th December, 1960. Retrieved from Legislative Department of India : https://legislative.gov.in/actsofparliamentfromtheyear/prevention-cruelty-animals-act-1960</ref>

Chapter II of the Act details the establishment of a governing body to promote and enforce the Act. As per the provisions of the law, in 1962, the [[government of India]] formed the [[Animal Welfare Board of India]] and appointed noted humanitarian and acclaimed dancer [[Rukmini Devi Arundale|Rukmani Devi Arundale]] as steward.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Animal Welfare Board of India |url=http://awbi.gov.in/view/index/introduction |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=awbi.gov.in}}</ref>

Chapter III of the Act lists different forms of cruelty that are banned by the Act, including those related to work animals, captivity, ownership, abuse, mutilation or killing.

Chapter IV of the Act deals with experimentation on animals. While it does not make it unlawful to perform experiments on animals for the advancement of knowledge, it does allow the Board to advise the Central Government to create a committee for the "purpose of controlling and supervising experiments on animals".<ref name=":0" /> The formed committee can then be authorized to inspect any institution or place that is suspected of violating the rules set out under chapter 17 of the Act, and subject to penalties detailed in section 20 upwards to the amount of 200 rps (approx. $2.46).<ref name=":0" />

Chapter V outlines the restrictions, procedures for registration, offences to and exemptions for performing animals. It does not expressly prohibit any animal from exhibition or training, but allows the Central Government to deem an animal prohibited through the notification in the Official Gazette. However, in individual cases, a court or magistrate can prohibit a person from these activities, if it has proven that "the training or exhibition of any performing animal has been accompanied by unnecessary pain or suffering". Penalties for offences of chapter V are a maximum of 500 rps (approx. $6.14) fine or up to three months imprisonment. Exemptions are made for the use of trained animals by the military and police and animals kept in zoos or on display for other educational and scientific purposes.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=IN - Cruelty - THE PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO ANIMALS ACT, 1960 {{!}} Animal Legal & Historical Center |url=https://www.animallaw.info/statute/cruelty-prevention-cruelty-animals-act-1960 |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=www.animallaw.info}}</ref>

The act however makes a provision under heading [Chapter VI, Heading 28]: "Saving as respects manner of killing prescribed by religion: Nothing contained in this Act shall render it an offence to kill any animal in a manner required by the religion of any community." Chapter VI also includes regulations on the seizing of animals from owners, treatment and care of those seized animals, the limits of prosecution and the delegation of powers of the Central Government to enforce this Act.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Corner |first=Law |date=2021-06-25 |title=Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960 - An Overview |url=https://lawcorner.in/prevention-of-cruelty-to-animals-act-1960-an-overview/ |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=Law Corner |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Recent events ==
In late 2022, the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying, submitted a draft Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Amendment) Bill 2022 for public comment. The draft includes 61 amendments that aim to further clarify the law and make punishments more stringent.<ref>{{Cite web |last=shanKariasacademy |title=Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Amendment) Bill, 2022 {{!}} GS I {{!}} Current Affairs |url=https://www.iasparliament.com/current-affairs/gs-i/prevention-of-cruelty-to-animals-amendment-bill-2022 |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=www.iasparliament.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Draft for amendment to Prevention of Cruelty to Animal Act ready, public comments sought: 3-year jail for gruesome cruelty, 5 for killing |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/draft-for-amendment-to-prevention-of-cruelty-to-animal-act-ready-public-comments-sought-3-year-jail-for-gruesome-cruelty-5-for-killing |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gopakumar |first=K. C. |date=2022-11-27 |title=Draft Bill makes punishment for cruelty to animals more stringent |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/draft-bill-makes-punishment-for-cruelty-to-animals-more-stringent/article66191926.ece |access-date=2022-12-05 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The amendment includes 'bestiality' as crime, under the new category of 'gruesome cruelty', while increasing the penalties for violation from the current (first time) fines of Rs 10 - 50 (approx $0.12 - $0.61), to Rs 50,000 - 75,000 ($614.00 - $921.50), 'or the cost of the animal, whichever is more or with the imprisonment of one year to 3 years or with both'. The draft Bill also allows for many offences to be made cognizable, which allows for arrests without an arrest warrant and in cases of killing an animal, a maximum punishment of up to five years in jail.<ref>{{Cite web |last=shanKariasacademy |title=Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Amendment) Bill, 2022 {{!}} GS I {{!}} Current Affairs |url=https://www.iasparliament.com/current-affairs/gs-i/prevention-of-cruelty-to-animals-amendment-bill-2022 |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=www.iasparliament.com}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-11-24 |title=Coming, a tough law to prevent cruelty to animals. Why is it needed? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/tough-law-prevent-cruelty-animals-needed-8287522/ |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

These updates were created after the [[Supreme Court of India]] instructed Parliament to update the law to 'make proper amendment of the ''PCA Act'' to provide an effective deterrent to achieve the object and purpose of the Act', in the case of ''Animal Welfare Board of India (AWBI) vs A Nagaraja & Ors'' (2014).

In the following years, and after numerous high-profile animal cruelty cases in the media,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-18 |title=In Past 10 Yrs India Saw Nearly 5 Lakh Cases Of Animal Cruelty, Unreported Could Be Much Higher |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/animal-cruelty-cases-india-overall-534574.html |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=IndiaTimes |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The History of 'Animal Cruelty' Cases in India |url=https://wildlife-conservation.org/the-history-of-animal-cruelty-cases-in-india/ |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=wildlife-conservation.org |language=en-US}}</ref> animal welfare organisations and political leaders called for the law to be amended, including Kishanganj MP Mohammed Jawed in 2020, Kendrapara MP [[Anubhav Mohanty]] in 2021, and in 2020 'a group of MPs cutting across party lines wrote to then Animal Husbandry Minister [[Giriraj Singh]], urging that the punishment in the 1960 Act be increased'.<ref name=":1" />

Also included is an outline of the five freedoms guaranteed to animals: freedom from thirst, hunger and malnutrition; freedom from discomfort due to environment; freedom from pain, injury and diseases; freedom to express normal behaviour for the species; freedom from fear and distress.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

Public comments are collected until 7 December 2022, and once the bill is final, it could be brought to the Parliament in either their Winter Session or Budget Session.<ref name=":1" />

==Additional resources==
Naresh Kadyan, Chief National Commissioner along with Mrs. Sukanya Berwal, Commissioner on Education, Scouts & Guides for Animals & Birds, introduced two legal books, related to PCA Act, 1960 in Hindi along with mobile app: Scouts & Guides for Animals & Birds. Abhishek Kadyan, along with Mrs. Suman Kadyan, also contributed from Canada.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist|30em}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1547 Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960, The}}
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1960]]
[[Category:Animal welfare and rights in India]]
[[Category:Animal welfare and rights legislation]]
[[Category:1960 in Indian law]]

Jay Soni

2026-03-20T04:38:50Z

Chinmoyin:

{{short description|Indian television actor (born 1986)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jay Soni
| image = Jai Soni at the Star Parivaar Awards 2023.jpg
| caption = Soni in 2023
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|12|25|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Surat]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|host}}
| years_active = 2004–present
| known_for = ''[[Sasural Genda Phool]]'' ''[[Lamboo Rastoo]]''
| spouse = {{marriage|Pooja Shah|2014}}
| children = 1
| relatives = {{ubl|Harsh Soni (brother)|Neerav Soni (brother)|Kiran Soni (mother)}}
}}

'''Jay Soni''' (born 1986) is an Indian actor and host who is known for his work in Hindi television.<ref name="toi1">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/TV-has-a-wider-reach-than-Bwood-any-day-Jay-Soni/articleshow/17954776.cms TV has a wider reach than B'wood any day Jay Soni – The Times of India]</ref><ref name="toi2">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Jay-wants-to-start-a-restaurant/articleshow/3085861.cms Jay wants to start a restaurant – The Times of India]</ref> He is mainly known for his role in television show ''[[Sasural Genda Phool]]''.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Im-not-as-patient-as-Ishaan-Jay/articleshow/6474183.cms I'm not as patient as Ishaan Jay – The Times of India]</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Jay-Soni-gets-engaged/articleshow/24254153.cms Jay Soni gets engaged – The Times of India]</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Katrina-Kaif-slaps-Jay-Soni/articleshow/9860001.cms Katrina Kaif slaps Jay Soni – The Times of India]</ref> He was also a contestant on reality shows like ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 5]]'' and ''[[Nach Baliye 7]]''. He made his digital debut with [[Vikram Bhatt]]'s web series ''Twisted 3''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jay Soni to make his web debut in Twisted 3 |agency=RealityPost |ref=}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004
| ''[[Fida]]''
|
| rowspan="4" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/TV-has-a-wider-reach-than-Bwood-any-day-Jay-Soni/articleshow/17954776.cms|title=TV has a wider reach than B'wood any day: Jay Soni - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dil Maange More]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007
|''[[MP3: Mera Pehla Pehla Pyaar]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Buddha Mar Gaya]]''
| Pawan
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Lamboo Rastoo]]''
| Dhaivat Yagnik
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2005–2008
| ''[[Baa Bahoo Aur Baby]]''
| Jigar Thakkar
| Supporting Role
|
|-
|2005
|[[Remix (TV series)|Remix]]
|Karan
|Supporting role
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Raavan (TV series)]]''
| raavan
| Teenage version of raavan
|
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan]]''
| Samar Singh
| Negative Role
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Jay-wants-to-start-a-restaurant/articleshow/3085861.cms|title=Jay wants to start a restaurant - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref>
|-
| 2010–2012
| ''[[Sasural Genda Phool]]''
| Ishaan Kashyap
| Main Lead
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/sasural-genda-phool-actor-jay-soni-shares-first-picture-of-his-baby-girl-aradheea-as-she-turns-one-968194|title=Jay Soni shares first picture of his baby girl Aradheea as she turns one!|last=Kumar|first=Aakash|date=2019-04-18|website=news.abplive.com|language=en|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref>
|-
| 2013–2014
| ''[[Sanskaar – Dharohar Apnon Ki]]''
| Jay kishan Vaishnav
| Main Lead
|
|- | 2015 | ‘’[[Killerr Karaoke Atka Toh Latkah]]’’ | Guest
| rowspan = "4" | 2016
| '' [[Santoshi Maa (TV series)|Santoshi Maa]]''
| rowspan = "4" | [[Krishna]]
| rowspan = "4" | Cameo
| <ref name="TOI">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jay-soni-to-play-lord-krishna-in-four-shows/articleshow/53653976.cms|title=Jay Soni to play Lord Krishna in four shows|access-date=2016-08-13}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Gangaa]]''
| <ref name="TOI" />
|-
| '' [[Waaris (2016 TV series)|Waaris]]''
| <ref name="TOI" />
|-
| ''[[Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain!]]''
| <ref name="TOI" />
|-
| 2016–2017
| ''[[Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi]]''
| Dr. Ritwik Sen
| Cameo
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Jay-Soni-opposite-Erica-in-Kuch-Rang-Pyar-Ke-Aise-Bhi/articleshow/53755292.cms|title=Jay Soni opposite Erica in 'Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi' - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Bhaag Bakool Bhaag]]''
| Bakool "Dhollu" Vasavda
| Main Lead
| <ref>{{cite magazine |date=April 21, 2018 |title=Congratulations! Bhaag Bakool Bhaag actor Jay Soni becomes father to a baby girl |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/congratulations-bhaag-bakool-bhaag-actor-jay-soni-becomes-father-to-a-baby-girl-1216948-2018-04-21 |magazine=India Today |language=en |access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| '' [[Laal Ishq (Indian TV series)|Laal Ishq]]'' – Best Friend
| Dushyant (Episode 12)
| Episodic Role
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Gudiya Hamari Sabhi Pe Bhari]]''
| Hulchul Pandey
| Cameo
|
|-
| 2021–2022
| ''[[Sasural Genda Phool 2]]''
| Ishaan Kashyap
| Main Lead
|
|-
| 2022–2023
| ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
| Abhinav Sharma
| Main lead
|
|-
|2025
| ''[[Dilwali Dulha Le Jayegi]]''
| Kartik "KK" Kaushal
| Main Lead
|
|}

===Web Series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
|2020
|''Twisted 3''
|Karan Sabharwal
|Debut
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/web-series/twisted-3-now-i-am-quite-comfortable-doing-kissing-scenes-jay-soni-aka-karan-sabarwal-1719387/|title=Twisted 3: 'Now I am quite comfortable doing kissing scenes,' Jay Soni aka Karan Sabarwal [Exclusive]|website=BollywoodLife|date=11 November 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan ="4" | 2025
|Qaid S1
|Aarav
|Rocket Reels
|
|-
|Phir Se Restart
|Neel Gupta
|Pocket TV
|
|-
|Hacker King S1
|Arjun Bankar (Popularly known as "Digi King")
|Story TV
|
|-
|Love Station S1
|Nachiket Nath alias "Love Guru"
|Gujarati series
|
|-
| rowspan ="4" | 2025
|Hacker King S2
|Arjun Bankar (Popularly known as "Digi King")
|Story TV
|
|-
|London Return Dulha
|Armaan
|Story TV
|
|}

=== Reality shows ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Notes
! References
|-
| rowspan ="2" | 2011
| ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2011]]''
| Host
|
|
|-
| '' [[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 4)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 4]]''
| Guest
|
|
|-
| 2012
| '' [[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 5)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 5]]''
| Contestant-Not Selected
| Week 7: "Wild Card Special"
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Dil Hai Chota Sa Choti Si Asha]]''
| Host
|
|
|-
| rowspan = "3" | 2015
| ''[[Killerr Karaoke Atka Toh Latkah]]''
| Guest
|
|
|-
| '' [[Nach Baliye 7#Season 7|Nach Baliye 7]]''
| Contestant
| 11th place
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Rashami-Desai-And-Jay-Soni-injured/articleshow/47013300.cms|title=Rashami Desai And Jay Soni injured - Times of India ►|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-04-21}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Comedy Superstar]]''
| Host
|
|
|-
| 2017
| ''Rasoi Ki Jung Mummyon Ke Sung''
| Guest
|
|
|}

=== Dubbing roles ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Film title
!Actor
!Character
!Dub language
!Original language
!Original year release
!Dub year release
!Notes
|-
|[[Agent (film)|''Agent'']]
|[[Akhil Akkineni]]
|Ramakrishna "Ricky" alias "Wild Saala"
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2023
|2024
|
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Show
!Result
|-
|2010
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards|ITA Awards]]
|Best Actor Critics
|rowspan="2" | ''[[Sasural Genda Phool]]''
|{{Won}}
|-
|2012
|[[Indian Telly Awards]]
|Best Actor Critics
|{{Nom|Nominated}}
|-
|2019
|[[CAMA Awards]]
|Best Actor Debut
|Lamboo Rastoo
|{{Won}}
|-
|2023
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards|ITA Awards]]
|Best Actor Popular
|[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]
|{{Nom|Nominated}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian television actors]]
* [[List of Indian film actors]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|nm2086798}}
{{Nach Baliye 7}}
{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Jay Soni
| list =
{{Indian Television Academy Award Best Lead Actor}}
}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Soni, Jay}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Gujarati actors]]
[[Category:People from Navsari district]]
[[Category:Male actors from Gujarat]]
[[Category:1986 births]]

C. K. Nayudu

2026-03-19T16:09:40Z

Chinmoyin: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{short description|Indian cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = C. K. Nayudu
| image = CK Nayudu 1930s.jpg
| fullname = Cottari Kanakaiya Nayudu
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1895|10|31}}
| birth_place = [[Nagpur]], [[Central Provinces]], [[British India]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/0/597/597.html |title=CK Nayudu |website=CricketArchive |url-access=subscription |access-date=2019-10-06 |archive-date=14 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914124757/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/0/597/597.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1967|11|14|1895|10|31|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| height = 6 ft 2 in<ref name=colossus>{{Cite news |last=Borde |first=Chandu |author-link=Chandu Borde |date=2014-01-12 |title=C.K. Nayudu — Indian cricket's original colossus |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/ck-nayudu-indian-crickets-original-colossus/article5571881.ece |access-date=2023-04-18 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=12 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412175438/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/ck-nayudu-indian-crickets-original-colossus/article5571881.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm slow-medium
| columns = 2
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 7
| runs1 = 350
| bat avg1 = 25.00
| 100s/50s1 = 0/2
| top score1 = 81
| deliveries1 = 858
| wickets1 = 9
| bowl avg1 = 42.88
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 3/40
| catches/stumpings1= 4/–
| column2 = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| matches2 = 207
| runs2 = 11,825
| bat avg2 = 35.94
| 100s/50s2 = 26/58
| top score2 = 200
| deliveries2 = 25,798
| wickets2 = 411
| bowl avg2 = 29.28
| fivefor2 = 12
| tenfor2 = 2
| best bowling2 = 7/44
| catches/stumpings2= 170/1
| country = India
| international = true
| internationalspan = 1932–1936
| testcap = 7
| testdebutagainst = England
| testdebutdate = 25 June
| testdebutyear = 1932
| lasttestdate = 15 August
| lasttestagainst = England
| lasttestyear = 1936
| club1 = [[Hindus cricket team|Hindus]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|1916/17–1940/41}}
| club2 = [[Madras cricket team|Madras]]
| year2 = 1926/27
| club3 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| year3 = 1931/32
| club4 = [[Central Provinces and Berar cricket team|Central Provinces-Berar]]
| year4 = 1932/33–1938/39
| club5 = [[Central India cricket team|Central India]]
| year5 = 1934/35–1937/38
| club6 = [[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]
| year6 = 1941/42–1952/53
| club7 = [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]]
| year7 = 1953/54
| club8 = [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| year8 = 1956/57
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/31811.html ESPNcricinfo
| date = 10 May
| year = 2020
}}

'''[[Colonel]] Cottari Kanakaiya Nayudu''' (31 October 1895 – 14 November 1967) was an Indian cricketer and cricket administrator who served as the first captain of the [[India national cricket team|Indian national cricket team]]. He is widely regarded as one of India's greatest cricketers.{{Refn|<ref name=":2" />{{sfn|Chaturvedi|2009|p=45}}<ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Barnes |first=Simon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LWR3CwAAQBAJ&dq=ck+nayudu+greatest+cricketers&pg=PP28 |title=Wisden India Almanack 2016 |date=2016-02-26 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |isbn=978-93-84898-28-1 |editor-last=Menon |editor-first=Suresh |editor-link=Suresh Menon (sports writer) |language=en |quote=But you can't have a list of great Indian cricketers without CK Nayudu. |author-link=Simon Barnes |access-date=12 May 2023 |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801132846/https://books.google.com/books?id=LWR3CwAAQBAJ&dq=ck+nayudu+greatest+cricketers&pg=PP28 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":28">{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=Boria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UGFFG_deJy4C&dq=Nayudu+universally+one+greatest+cricketers+ever+lived&pg=PA50 |title=Once Upon a Furore: Lost Pages of Indian Cricket |date=2004 |publisher=[[Yoda Press]] |isbn=978-81-902272-0-9 |pages=50 |language=en |quote=C. K. Nayudu is today universally acknowledged as one of the greatest Indian cricketers that ever lived. |author-link=Boria Majumdar |access-date=12 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604140450/https://books.google.com/books?id=UGFFG_deJy4C&dq=Nayudu+universally+one+greatest+cricketers+ever+lived&pg=PA50 |url-status=live }}</ref>|name=OG}} Nayudu's [[first-class cricket]] career spanned 47 years, from 1916 to 1963, a world record.<ref name=":17" /> He was a right-handed batsman, an accurate medium pace bowler, and a fine fielder. Known for his aggressive batting style, his ability to hit long sixes sent crowds into a frenzy and became legendary in Indian cricket folklore.{{Refn|<ref name=":16">{{Cite book |last=Haigh |first=Gideon |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zghkDgAAQBAJ&dq=six+ck+nayudu&pg=PT45 |title=The Shorter Wisden 2017: The Best Writing from Wisden Cricketers' Almanack 2017 |date=2017-04-06 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-4729-3523-6 |editor-last=Booth |editor-first=Lawrence |editor-link=Lawrence Booth (cricket writer) |language=en |chapter=The story of the six |quote=The pre-war batsman of stature most notable for hitting was an outsider. C. K. Nayudu was a straight hitter of withering force. A six out of Chepauk in December 1920 ended up near a coconut tree 50 yards beyond the ground. Six years later, 11 sixes in a two-hour 153 against MCC at Bombay Gymkhana advanced India's case for Test recognition. And one of Nayudu's 32 sixes on India's 1932 tour of England, at Edgbaston, was said to have cleared the county, crossing the River Rea, which then formed the boundary between Warwickshire and Worcestershire. Including Nayudu among the Five Cricketers of the Year, ''Wisden'' reported: "Possessed of supple and powerful wrists and a very good eye, he hit the ball tremendously hard but, unlike the modern Australian batsmen, he lifted it a fair amount." Most did not: Hobbs hit eight sixes in 61 Tests, Bradman six in 52, Walter Hammond 27 in 85. Nayudu was even an outlier among his countrymen: Vijay Merchant's best first-class score, an unbeaten 359, was unaided by a single six; B. B. Nimbalkar's record-breaking unbeaten 443 included just one. |author-link=Gideon Haigh |access-date=12 May 2023 |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801132823/https://books.google.com/books?id=zghkDgAAQBAJ&dq=six+ck+nayudu&pg=PT45 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":29">{{Cite book |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hslnO7LGdRMC&dq=nayudu&pg=PA227 |title=An Anthropologist Among the Marxists and Other Essays |date=2001 |publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]] |isbn=978-81-7824-001-5 |pages=225 |language=en |quote=In the popular imagination, Nayudu is remembered most of all as a legendary hitter of sixes. In Hyderabad, they will tell you of a six he hit out of the Secunderabad Gymkhana into the Plaza Cinema. In Madras, they still speak of a straight drive that sailed out of Chepauk, clearing the tall trees that then ringed the ground to land beyond the canal outside. Urban Indians of an older generation are wont to remember two things: where they were when Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated, and their first sight of C.K. at bat. |author-link=Ramachandra Guha |access-date=12 May 2023 |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801132822/https://books.google.com/books?id=hslnO7LGdRMC&dq=nayudu&pg=PA227 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YeGBAAAAMAAJ&q=six+hit+out+of+its+premises+nayudu++Ramachandra+Guha |title=The States of Indian Cricket: Anecdotal Histories |date=2005 |publisher=Permanent Black |isbn=978-81-7824-108-1 |pages=153 |language=en |quote=Just as every district in India takes pride in a legendary visit of Rama and Sita, so every cricket ground has a story of a famous six hit out of its premises by C. K. Nayudu. |author-link=Ramachandra Guha |access-date=12 May 2023 |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801132824/https://books.google.com/books?id=YeGBAAAAMAAJ&q=six+hit+out+of+its+premises+nayudu++Ramachandra+Guha |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Astill |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6IRVMNzNJpIC&dq=ck+nayudu+greatest+cricketers&pg=PT19 |title=The Great Tamasha: Cricket, Corruption and the Turbulent Rise of Modern India |date=2013-07-04 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-4081-9220-7 |language=en |quote=He was a wonderful striker of a cricket ball, famous across India for the massiveness of his hits. |access-date=12 May 2023 |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801132853/https://books.google.com/books?id=6IRVMNzNJpIC&dq=ck+nayudu+greatest+cricketers&pg=PT19 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":34">{{Cite book |last=Ramaswami |first=N. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B2jahLUFvlQC&dq=agamemnon+nayudu&pg=PA128 |title=Indian Cricket A Complete History |date=1976 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-044-0 |pages=128 |language=en |quote=The earliest personality the game threw up was C. K. Nayudu. There were heroes before Agamemnon, but he came to stand for Indian cricket as a whole. It was fortunate for Indian cricket that there was a C.K. Nayudu in the initial stages of its first-class development to make it popular among the masses. His was a commanding presence, and he utilised it to make the game popular among the people. It seems strange that the "patron saint" of Indian cricket should have been of a temper so very different from the generality of Indian batsmen. Nayudu always strove to establish his mastery over the bowling and, with his natural gifts, he often succeeded. Hence the innumerable sixes with which his memory will always be connected. It was this which made not only him but also the game popular. |author-link=N. S. Ramaswami |access-date=12 May 2023 |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801132826/https://books.google.com/books?id=B2jahLUFvlQC&dq=agamemnon+nayudu&pg=PA128 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Charles |date=July 2016 |title=The longest shot |url=https://www.thecricketmonthly.com/story/1026113/the-longest-shot |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=The Cricket Monthly |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |quote=Nayudu was an exception among his compatriots when it came to six-hitting; there were only four sixes by Indian batsmen in Tests in large Australian grounds in 20 Tests from 1947 to 1990. |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419130055/https://www.thecricketmonthly.com/story/1026113/the-longest-shot |url-status=live }}</ref>|name=sixes}} Nayudu was named one of the [[Wisden Cricketers of the Year]] in 1933 and, in 1956, became the first cricketer to receive the [[Padma Bhushan]] from the [[Government of India]].{{Sfn|Chaturvedi|2009|p=48}}

Nayudu's prime days were with the [[Hindus cricket team|Hindus]] team in the [[Bombay Quadrangular]] tournament in the 1920s and 1930s, where he was the highest run-scorer in the history of the tournament.{{Sfn|Bhushan|2019|p=105}} His standout performance came in 1926–27 when he scored 153 runs in 116 minutes, hitting 14 fours and 11 sixes, then a world record, against the visiting [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] (MCC), which paved the way for India's elevation to [[Test status]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Varma |first=Amit |date=20 March 2010 |title=India's entry into Test cricket |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/cricket-s-turning-points-india-s-entry-into-test-cricket-452545 |access-date=2023-04-11 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411191409/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/cricket-s-turning-points-india-s-entry-into-test-cricket-452545 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Rajneesh |date=1 July 2014 |title=Relive India's first ever Test match... against England in 1932! |url=https://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/slide-show-1-relive-indias-first-ever-test-match-against-england-in-1932-rajneesh-gupta/20140701.htm |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=[[Rediff]] |language=en |quote=Nayudu's majestic personality and his dashing century against Arthur Gilligan’s MCC side paved the way for India’s baptism in international cricket. ..... But his hard-hitting for The Hindus at the Bombay Gymkhana impressed Gilligan, who carried the message to the authorities in England that India was ready to play Test cricket. |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425093419/https://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/slide-show-1-relive-indias-first-ever-test-match-against-england-in-1932-rajneesh-gupta/20140701.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Nayudu led India in their first-ever Test match in the [[Indian cricket team in England in 1932|1932 England tour]]. He was the leading run-getter for India in the tour and also picked up 65 wickets as a bowler. He also led the Indian team in three more Tests when the England team visited India for their [[English cricket team in India in 1933–34|first official tour]] in 1933–34.

After retiring from Test cricket, Nayudu led the [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Holkar team]] to eight [[Ranji Trophy]] finals in nine years, winning four titles. His career-best score of 200 came at the age of 51, making him one of the few players to score a double century in first-class cricket after turning 50.<ref name=":25" /> Beyond his playing career, Nayudu served as vice-president of the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) and the chairman of the [[India national cricket team selectors|national selection committee]]. He was also instrumental in establishing the [[Andhra Cricket Association]] and served as its founder president.<ref name=":110"/><ref name=":18">{{Cite book |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WCocAAAAIAAJ&q=ck+Andhra |title=Wickets in the East: An Anecdotal History |date=1992 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-562809-8 |pages=155 |language=en |access-date=12 May 2023 |archive-date=31 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531204906/https://books.google.com/books?id=WCocAAAAIAAJ&q=ck+Andhra |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1923, the [[Tukojirao Holkar III|ruler]] of [[Indore State|Holkar State]] invited Nayudu to stay in [[Indore]] and conferred upon him the rank of [[colonel]] in the state's army. Nayudu is generally considered as 'India's first cricket superstar'.<ref name=":26" /> Historian [[Ramachandra Guha]] noted of him, "C. K. Nayudu was the first Indian cricketer to be a popular hero, whose appeal transcended the barriers of caste, class, gender and religion. Each of his sixes was interpreted as a nationalist answer to the [[British Raj]]." In recognition of his legacy, the BCCI instituted the [[C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award]] in 1994, and the [[C. K. Nayudu Trophy]], an under-25 domestic cricket competition, is named in his honour.

{{TOC limit|3}}

== Background ==

=== Family history ===
C. K. Nayudu's ancestors belonged to [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking <ref name=":52">M. L. Kantha Rao (July 1999), [https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/25437/ ''A Study of the Socio-Political Mobility of the Kapu Caste in Modern Andhra''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613225657/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/25437/ |date=13 June 2023 }}. [[University of Hyderabad]]. Chapter 6. p. 301–303. hdl:10603/25437</ref><ref name=":35">{{Cite book |last1=A. Vijaya Kumari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r-ffeWmj2JUC&q=kapu&pg=PA89 |title=Social Change Among Balijas: Majority Community of Andhra Pradesh |last2=Sepuri Bhaskar |date=1998 |publisher=M.D. Publications |isbn=978-81-7533-072-6 |pages=14 |language=en |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=10 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510103917/https://books.google.com/books?id=r-ffeWmj2JUC&q=kapu&pg=PA89 |url-status=live }}</ref> people from [[Machilipatnam]] in [[Krishna district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayudu |first=Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0PeBAAAAMAAJ&q=Andhra |title=C.K. Nayudu, a Daughter Remembers |date=1995 |publisher=Rupa |isbn=978-81-7167-283-7 |pages=3 |language=en |author-link=Chandra Nayudu |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=10 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510103913/https://books.google.com/books?id=0PeBAAAAMAAJ&q=Andhra |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Naidu |first=T. Appala |date=2018-06-29 |title=Row over C.K. Nayudu's statue |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/row-over-ck-nayudus-statue/article24286482.ece |access-date=2023-04-11 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411092250/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/row-over-ck-nayudus-statue/article24286482.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Nayudu's great-grandfather moved from Machilipatnam to [[Hyderabad]], where he worked as an interpreter to the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]].{{Sfn|Bhushan|2019|p=95}} Nayudu's grandfather, Cottari Narayanaswamy Nayudu settled in Nagpur. Narayanaswamy studied law there and became a well-known lawyer in the city. He was also a landlord and an early member of the [[Indian National Congress]].{{Sfn|Bhushan|2019|p=95}}

Narayanaswamy was affluent enough to send both his sons to [[England]] for further studies.<ref name="b1">{{cite book |last1=Nayudu |first1=Prakash |title=CK. Nayudu Cricketer-Skipper-Patriarch |publisher=Print Vision |location=Indore |page=4}}</ref> The younger son, Surya Prakash Rao Nayudu, C. K. Nayudu's father, studied law at [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]], where he was a contemporary of [[Ranjitsinhji]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTq7DQAAQBAJ&dq=nayudu+moderately+well+to+do+family+uncle+ranji&pg=PT146 |title=A Corner of a Foreign Field: The Indian History of a British Sport |date=2016-11-24 |publisher=Random House India |isbn=978-93-5118-693-9 |language=en |access-date=12 May 2023 |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801133849/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTq7DQAAQBAJ&dq=nayudu+moderately+well+to+do+family+uncle+ranji&pg=PT146 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=15 April 1933 |title=CK Nayudu: India's First Test Captain. Wisden Almanack |url=https://wisden.com/almanack/ck-nayudu-indias-first-test-captain-who-made-a-big-impression-in-england-almanack |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=Wisden |language=en-GB |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415192301/https://wisden.com/almanack/ck-nayudu-indias-first-test-captain-who-made-a-big-impression-in-england-almanack |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, he came back to Nagpur and practiced there as a lawyer.{{Sfn|Bhushan|2019|p=95}} After his return from England, he also brought the sport of cricket to the city. The Nayudus are considered as the pioneers of cricket in Nagpur.{{Sfn|Bhushan|2019|p=95}}<ref name=":27">{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=Boria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jA1xAAAAMAAJ&q=C.K.+Nayudu+grandfather+distributed+copper+coins+to+mark+his+grandson%E2%80%99s+birth. |title=The Illustrated History of Indian Cricket |date=2006 |publisher=Lustre Press, Roli Books |isbn=978-81-7436-449-4 |pages=39 |language=en |author-link=Boria Majumdar |access-date=12 May 2023 |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801133849/https://books.google.com/books?id=jA1xAAAAMAAJ&q=C.K.+Nayudu+grandfather+distributed+copper+coins+to+mark+his+grandson%E2%80%99s+birth. |url-status=live }}</ref> He was a Justice in High Court of [[Holkar State]] for some years.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |date=2021-11-13 |title=50 ఏళ్ళ వయసులో డబుల్ సెంచరీ.. 62 ఏళ్లప్పుడు చివరి మ్యాచ్, క్రికెట్ చరిత్రలో సీకే నాయుడు |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/sports/cottari-kanakaiya-nayudu-indian-cricket-team-in-test-matches-first-captain-ck-nayudu-life-story-9780 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=[[ABP Desam]] |language=te |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420130855/https://telugu.abplive.com/sports/cottari-kanakaiya-nayudu-indian-cricket-team-in-test-matches-first-captain-ck-nayudu-life-story-9780 |url-status=live }}</ref> He had four sons and two daughters.<ref name="b1" />

=== Early life ===
Cottari Kanakaiya Nayudu was born on 31 October 1895 in [[Nagpur]], [[Central Provinces]] to the [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking [[Kapu (caste)|Kapu]] family of Cottari Surya Prakash Rao Nayudu and Mahalaxmi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherji |first=Raju |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-fpQAQAAIAAJ&q=Telugu |title=Cricket in India: Origin and Heroes |date=2005 |publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors |isbn=978-81-7476-508-6 |pages=13 |language=en |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418095439/https://books.google.com/books?id=-fpQAQAAIAAJ&q=Telugu |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayudu |first=Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0PeBAAAAMAAJ&q=narayanswamy |title=C.K. Nayudu, a Daughter Remembers |date=1995 |publisher=[[Rupa Publications|Rupa]] |isbn=978-81-7167-283-7 |pages=3 |language=en |author-link=Chandra Nayudu |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418095442/https://books.google.com/books?id=0PeBAAAAMAAJ&q=narayanswamy |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":22" /> In 1896, at a cricket match played between soldiers and the Nayudu Club XI, Narayanaswamy distributed copper coins to mark the birth of his grandson.<ref name=":27" /> C. K. Nayudu was the eldest of four brothers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Unwalla |first=Shiamak |date=31 October 2016 |title=CK Nayudu: 15 interesting things to know about Indian cricket's first legend |url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/criclife/ck-nayudu-15-interesting-things-to-know-about-indian-crickets-first-legend-509709 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=[[Cricket Country]] |language=en |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422212719/https://www.cricketcountry.com/criclife/ck-nayudu-15-interesting-things-to-know-about-indian-crickets-first-legend-509709 |url-status=live }}</ref> He was drafted into the school team at the age of seven, and showed promise for a bright future.<ref name=":7" /> He studied at [[St. Francis De'Sales High School, Nagpur, Maharashtra|St. Francis De'Sales High School]] and later joined [[Hislop College]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayudu |first=Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0PeBAAAAMAAJ&q=hislop |title=C.K. Nayudu, a Daughter Remembers |date=1995 |publisher=Rupa |isbn=978-81-7167-283-7 |pages=16, 60 |language=en |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418112305/https://books.google.com/books?id=0PeBAAAAMAAJ&q=hislop |url-status=live }}</ref>

Nayudu captained his school and college at cricket. He also excelled in [[Field hockey|hockey]] and [[association football|football]].<ref name=":9" /> He reportedly ran {{Convert|100|yd|m}} in 11 seconds in his youth.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Arunabha |date=28 September 2015 |title=CK Nayudu: India's first world class cricketer |url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/ck-nayudu-india-rsquo-s-first-world-class-cricketer-32945 |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=[[Cricket Country]] |language=en |archive-date=12 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412203911/https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/ck-nayudu-india-rsquo-s-first-world-class-cricketer-32945 |url-status=live }}</ref> While still in high school, he became the captain of Modi Cricket Club. In his early playing days, he received coaching from R. Rajanna.<ref name=":9" /> Initially, Nayudu had been a defensive batsman. But, his father, Surya Prakash Rao, changed his outlook and encouraged him to attack more.<ref name=":6" />

== Career ==

=== Early career ===
Nayudu made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut in 1916 in the [[Bombay Quadrangular]].<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=C. K. Nayudu Profile |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/profiles/5508/cknayudu |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=[[Cricbuzz]] |language=en |archive-date=12 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412203909/https://www.cricbuzz.com/profiles/5508/cknayudu |url-status=live }}</ref> Playing for the [[Hindus cricket team|Hindus]] against the Europeans, he came in to bat at No. 9 with his team tottering at 79 for 7. His first scoring shot was a six.<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |date=3 February 2022 |title=The Indian Cricketer Of The Century |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/the-indian-cricketer-of-the-century/216564 |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |quote=CK Nayudu was India's first homegrown cricketing hero. His first scoring shot in first-class cricket was a six. |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420130856/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/the-indian-cricketer-of-the-century/216564 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":21">{{Cite web |last=Bhushan |first=Aditya |date=31 October 2018 |title=Tribute to Indian cricket's first superstar - Col. CK Nayudu |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/tribute-to-indian-cricket-s-first-superstar-col-ck-nayudu |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=[[Sportskeeda]] |language=en-in |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419203058/https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/tribute-to-indian-cricket-s-first-superstar-col-ck-nayudu |url-status=live }}</ref> But, he only managed 37 runs in the two innings – 27 in the first and 10 in the second. As a bowler, he picked up four wickets for 97 runs.<ref name=":4" />

In 1917, he hit an unbeaten 80 in the final of the Bombay Quadrangular against the [[Parsis cricket team|Parsis]]. In 1918, he scored his first hundred playing for an Indian XI against [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon|Lord Willingdon]]'s England side at [[Mumbai|Bombay]]. He scored 122 as the hosts [[Win by an innings|won by an innings]].<ref name=":6" /> He represented the Central Provinces in 1919 and Madras in 1920.<ref name=":9" />

Over the next few years, his consistent big hitting became a part of the Indian cricket folklore. In December 1920, he scored 120 runs against the [[Europeans cricket team|Europeans]] in [[Chennai|Madras]].<ref name=":6" /> One of the sixes cleared the boundary wall of the [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|Chepauk]] compound and landed {{Convert|50|yd|m}} beyond the ground.<ref name=":16" /> The six was estimated to be about {{Convert|150|yd|m}}.<ref name=":6" />

=== Knock against the MCC ===
{{Quote box
| quote = An innings which terrified the fieldsmen, dazzling everybody's eyes. It broke all rules of batting science and logic and stirred the crowd to wonder and delight.
| source = — [[Berry Sarbadhikary]] on Nayudu's knock of 153 against the MCC{{Sfn|Chaturvedi|2009|p=47}}
| align = right
| width = 27%
}}

Nayudu burst onto the cricketing scene with his knock of 153 in 116 minutes at the [[Bombay Gymkhana]], playing for [[Hindus cricket team|Hindus]] against the visiting [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] (MCC) led by [[Arthur Gilligan]] in 1926–27.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":10" /> MCC's bowling attack included the likes of [[Maurice Tate]], [[George Geary]], and [[Bob Wyatt]].<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=2012-11-16 |title=The Nayudu effect |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/the-nayudu-effect/article29711020.ece |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=[[Sportstar]] |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418113753/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/the-nayudu-effect/article29711020.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> His century came in just 65 minutes.{{Sfn|Chaturvedi|2009|p=47}} The knock included 11 sixes which was a new world record in first-class cricket.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First-Class Most Sixes by a Batsman in an Innings |url=https://stats.acscricket.com/Records/First_Class/Overall/Batting/Most_Innings_Sixes.html |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=[[Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422212728/https://stats.acscricket.com/Records/First_Class/Overall/Batting/Most_Innings_Sixes.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":20" /> As per the statistician [[Anandji Dossa]], "Nayudu took 16 scoring strokes to get to fifty, 17 more to reach his century and another 16 to get to his final score." MCC presented a silver bat to Nayudu for his spectacular innings.<ref name=":6" />

[[Simon Barnes]] writing for ''Wisden India Almanack 2016'' remarked on Nayudu's innings as follows:<blockquote>"Here was an innings that changed sporting history and perhaps affected real history as well. Certainly it subverted the archetype of the Indian cricketer, at least as viewed by the English, as someone under-sized, meek, and rather devious. Here was an innings that stood for extravagance, high spirits and flamboyance."<ref name=":10" /></blockquote>Gilligan was an influential person in English cricket and he lobbied for India's entry into [[Test cricket]].<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":32" /> His efforts bore fruit and led to the formation of the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|Indian cricket board]] in 1928 and India was granted Test status.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Subhas Ranjan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zdfdAAAAQBAJ&dq=c.+k.+nayudu&pg=PT139 |title=The Politics of Sport in South Asia |last2=Chakrabarti |first2=Shantanu |last3=Chatterjee |first3=Kingshuk |date=2013-09-13 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-99836-5 |language=en |access-date=12 May 2023 |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801133849/https://books.google.com/books?id=zdfdAAAAQBAJ&dq=c.+k.+nayudu&pg=PT139 |url-status=live }}</ref> Nayudu's innings paved way for India's elevation to Test status.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":32" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhushan |first=Aditya |date=2 December 2018 |title=Col. CK Nayudu's 153: An innings which laid the foundation stone for India's Test Status |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/col-ck-nayudu-s-153-an-innings-which-laid-the-foundation-stone-for-india-s-test-status |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=[[Sportskeeda]] |language=en-in |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418093705/https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/col-ck-nayudu-s-153-an-innings-which-laid-the-foundation-stone-for-india-s-test-status |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":13" />

=== Test career ===

==== Captaining the first Indian Test Team ====
India gained Test status in 1931 and a national team representing India was set to tour England in 1932 as part of their first Test series. In the immediate months before the England tour, the [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]], [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon|Lord Willingdon]] believed that the team ought to be captained by an English player.<ref name=":12" /> It was suggested that an Englishman playing in India, like [[Alec Hosie]], [[C. P. Johnstone]] or [[Reginald Lagden]], should captain the team, to placate the factions within the tour party. [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] resolved that the captain would be an Indian.<ref name=":33">{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Rajneesh |date=1 July 2014 |title=Relive India's first ever Test match... against England in 1932! |url=https://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/slide-show-1-relive-indias-first-ever-test-match-against-england-in-1932-rajneesh-gupta/20140701.htm |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=[[Rediff]] |language=en |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425093419/https://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/slide-show-1-relive-indias-first-ever-test-match-against-england-in-1932-rajneesh-gupta/20140701.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Indian cricket at the time was financially patronised by princes and various people of royal background were lobbying for the captaincy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramaswami |first=N. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RwxvY6D8TssC&dq=nayudu&pg=PA17 |title=Indian Cricket: A Complete History |date=1976 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |pages=15 |language=en |author-link=N. S. Ramaswami |access-date=12 May 2023 |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801133849/https://books.google.com/books?id=RwxvY6D8TssC&dq=nayudu&pg=PA17 |url-status=live }}</ref> By this time, Nayudu was already considered a legend in Indian cricket.<ref name=":6" /> Despite Nayudu's overwhelming credentials to captain the side, the [[Bhupinder Singh of Patiala|Maharaja of Patiala]] and the [[Ghanshyamsinhji Daulatsinhji Jhala|Prince of Limbdi]] were appointed as captain and deputy captain respectively.<ref name=":4" /> [[Maharajkumar of Vizianagram|Maharajkumar of Vizianagaram]] "Vizzy" was made the deputy vice-captain.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2018 |title=Royalty on the cricket field |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/691775 |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=[[International Cricket Council]] |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404042858/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/691775 |url-status=live }}</ref> Two weeks before the tour, Maharaja of Patiala withdrew, being busy with his state affairs, and the [[Natwarsinhji Bhavsinhji|Maharaja of Porbander]] was appointed as the captain.<ref name=":4" /> Vizzy withdrew from the tour apparently on reasons of health and form.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=Boria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0mkeAAAACAAJ |title=Twenty-two Yards to Freedom: A Social History of Indian Cricket |date=2004 |publisher=Viking |isbn=978-0-670-05794-8 |pages=43 |language=en |author-link=Boria Majumdar |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418112307/https://books.google.com/books?id=0mkeAAAACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:1932 Indian Test Cricket team.jpg|thumb|The 1932 Indian national team which toured England. C. K. Nayudu can be seen seated in the middle row, second from left.|left]]

Maharaja of Porbander relinquished captaincy on the English tour and it was passed on to Prince of Limbdi, who was injured on the eve of the first Test. The captaincy was finally passed down to Nayudu.<ref name=":33" /> However, some of the Indian players protested the decision. In the middle of the night, they had woken up the tour captain, the Maharajah of Porbandar, and told him they only wanted to be led by royalty and not by a 'commoner' like Nayudu.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Abhishek |date=2022-06-22 |title=Challenging the British at Cricket: Parsees to Vijay Merchant, Part 1: 1721–1947 |url=https://www.thequint.com/sports/cricket/indian-society-and-cricketing-ties-with-england-part-one |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=[[The Quint]] |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418074541/https://www.thequint.com/sports/cricket/indian-society-and-cricketing-ties-with-england-part-one |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Howat |first=Gerald |author-link=Gerald Howat |date=July 2002 |title=Captains galore |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketer/content/story/143983.html |access-date=2023-04-18 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423071454/https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketer/content/story/143983.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Cables were exchanged with officials in India and the Maharaja of Patiala ordered the players to accept Nayudu's captaincy.<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Peel |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VsxHEAAAQBAJ&dq=six+hitting+ck+nayudu&pg=PT92 |title=Never Surrender |date=2021-08-16 |publisher=Pitch Publishing |isbn=978-1-78531-999-0 |language=en |author-link= |access-date=12 May 2023 |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801133850/https://books.google.com/books?id=VsxHEAAAQBAJ&dq=six+hitting+ck+nayudu&pg=PT92 |url-status=live }}</ref> Thus, Nayudu became the first ever captain of the Indian national team in Test cricket.<ref name=":4" /> He was 36 by the time of his test debut. Despite a painful hand injury while fielding, he top scored with 40 in the first innings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2018 |title=CK Nayudu, India's first Test captain, was born today in 1895 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ck-nayudu-birth-anniversary-1379200-2018-10-31 |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415193903/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ck-nayudu-birth-anniversary-1379200-2018-10-31 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":12" /> He also took the key wickets of [[Douglas Jardine]] and [[Eddie Paynter]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scorecard - 1932 England v India - 25th June, 1932 |url=http://www.howstat.com/cricket/statistics/matches/MatchScorecard.asp?MatchCode=0219 |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=HowSTAT |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418130246/http://www.howstat.com/cricket/statistics/matches/MatchScorecard.asp?MatchCode=0219 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Cricketer]]'' wrote of Nayudu's bowling as, "Nayudu is a clever bowler. Medium pace he flights the ball, can spin it from the off and sends down a faster delivery."<ref name=":33" />

Earlier in the tour, Nayudu recorded a century scoring 118 not out on his first appearance at [[Lord's]], against the [[Marylebone Cricket Club|MCC]].<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-06-22 |title=Memorable debut |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/memorable-debut/article29702607.ece |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=[[Sportstar]] |language=en |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415184411/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/memorable-debut/article29702607.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> He had a great run throughout the tour. He was the leading run-getter for India in the tour aggregating 1,618 runs, with five [[Century (cricket)|centuries]], at an [[Batting average (cricket)|average]] of over 40. As a bowler, he took 65 wickets at an [[Bowling average|average]] of 25 runs per wicket and his best performance came when he took five wickets for 21 runs against [[Leicestershire County Cricket Club|Leicestershire]].<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":33" /> Only strike bowlers [[Mohammad Nissar]] and [[Amar Singh (cricketer)|Amar Singh]] took more wickets on the tour. One of Nayudu's sixes at [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]], was said to have cleared the county, crossing the [[River Rea]], which then formed the boundary between [[Warwickshire]] and [[Worcestershire]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Charles |date=July 2016 |title=The longest shot |url=https://www.thecricketmonthly.com/story/1026113/the-longest-shot |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=The Cricket Monthly |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |quote=In Edgbaston in 1932, India's captain CK Nayudu hit a ball "into the next county", clearing the River Rea which runs by the ground. The landing point is not described, but 110 to 115 metres would be sufficient to clear the river. |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419130055/https://www.thecricketmonthly.com/story/1026113/the-longest-shot |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":16" /> Overall, 26 matches were played in the tour with India winning 9 matches, losing 9, and 8 matches ending up as a draw.<ref name=":4" /> His leadership skills and all-round performances on the tour led [[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|''Wisden'']] to name him as one of their five '[[Wisden Cricketers of the Year|Cricketers of the Year]]' for 1933. This made him the first cricketer who played for India to be honoured by ''Wisden''.{{Sfn|Chaturvedi|2009|p=47}}

==== Final Tests ====
[[File:CK Nayudu 1930s scan.jpg|thumb|Nayudu in the 1930s|210x210px]]Nayudu also led the Indian team in three more Tests when the England team captained by [[Douglas Jardine]] visited India for their [[English cricket team in India in 1933–34|first official tour]] in 1933–34.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Sabyasachi |date=7 November 2016 |title=Recalling all England tours to India |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/recalling-all-our-england-tours-to-india |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=[[Sportskeeda]] |language=en-in |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418123011/https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/recalling-all-our-england-tours-to-india |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":11" /> In the first Test at Bombay, [[Lala Amarnath]] and Nayudu put up a partnership of 186 for the third wicket.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scorecard - 1933-1934 India v England - 15/12/1933 |url=http://www.howstat.com/cricket/statistics/matches/MatchScorecard.asp?MatchCode=0230 |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=HowSTAT |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424133734/http://www.howstat.com/cricket/statistics/matches/MatchScorecard.asp?MatchCode=0230 |url-status=live }}</ref> Nayudu scored 67, while Amarnath became the first Indian batsman to score a Test century with a knock of 118 runs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2021 |title=On This Day: December 17, 1933 - Lala Amarnath Scores India's First Ever Test Century |url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/on-this-day-december-17-1933-lala-amarnath-scores-indias-first-ever-test-century-4563827.html |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=[[News18]] |language=en |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421185721/https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/on-this-day-december-17-1933-lala-amarnath-scores-indias-first-ever-test-century-4563827.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Nayudu was the captain of India in their first four Test matches, losing three and drawing one at [[Eden Gardens]] in 1934.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Test matches individual list captains |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/individual-list-captains/india-6/test-matches-1 |access-date=2023-05-31 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=31 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531203445/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/individual-list-captains/india-6/test-matches-1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Nayudu was also a part of the Indian team that [[Indian cricket team in England in 1936|toured]] England in 1936. However, the captaincy had passed to Maharajkumar of Vizianagaram who got the role through lobbying and manipulation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Veera |first=Sriram |date=2016-11-20 |title=Maharajakumar of Vizianagaram — Portrait of a Gamekeeper |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/india-vs-england-test-visakhapatnam-vizag-maharajakumar-of-vizianagaram-portrait-of-a-gamekeeper-4384962/ |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421185721/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/india-vs-england-test-visakhapatnam-vizag-maharajakumar-of-vizianagaram-portrait-of-a-gamekeeper-4384962/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=Boria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UGFFG_deJy4C&dq=Nayudu+universally+one+greatest+cricketers+ever+lived&pg=PA50 |title=Once Upon a Furore: Lost Pages of Indian Cricket |date=2004 |publisher=[[Yoda Press]] |isbn=978-81-902272-0-9 |pages=32 |language=en |access-date=12 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604140450/https://books.google.com/books?id=UGFFG_deJy4C&dq=Nayudu+universally+one+greatest+cricketers+ever+lived&pg=PA50 |url-status=live }}</ref> Nayudu played his last Test match in the tour. In that match, despite a painful blow from [[Gubby Allen]], he scored 81 runs{{Em dash}}his highest score in Test cricket.{{Sfn|Chaturvedi|2009|p=48}}<ref name=":15">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X02nBAAAQBAJ&dq=Dicky+Rutnagur+ck+nayudu&pg=PP64 |title=The Shorter Wisden India Almanack 2014 |date=2014-10-23 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-4729-1718-8 |language=en |access-date=12 May 2023 |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801134342/https://books.google.com/books?id=X02nBAAAQBAJ&dq=Dicky+Rutnagur+ck+nayudu&pg=PP64 |url-status=live }}</ref> He scored 1,102 runs at an [[Batting average (cricket)|average]] of over 26, and captured 51 wickets at an [[Bowling average|average]] of 31.78 runs per wicket in the tour.{{Sfn|Chaturvedi|2009|p=47}} ''Wisden'' noted about his performance as'','' "So brilliant a success on his previous visit to England, C. K. Nayudu disappointed both himself and his friends." But, Nayudu bowled well, and took the largest number of wickets next only to Nissar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brookes |first=Wilfrid |title=The Indian team in England 1936 - Wisden Almanack archive |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/155214.html |access-date=2023-04-21 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424234631/https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/155214.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Later years ===
Nayudu led [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Holkar]] to eight Ranji Trophy finals in nine years, out of which they won four.{{Sfn|Chaturvedi|2009|p=49}} In 1944–45 season, the cricket board celebrated his [[Golden jubilee|50th birth anniversary]] by organising a match between the [[Cricket Club of India]] and CK Nayudu's XI. [[Gul Mohammad]] and [[Denis Compton]] played for Nayudu's team in the match.<ref name=":6" /> In the next season, Nayudu scored 101 against [[Karnataka cricket team|Mysore]] and 200 against [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]] in back to back matches. He led Holkar to a win in the 1952–53 Ranji finals against [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] and retired from first-class cricket. He also resigned from his post as a Colonel of Holkar state.<ref name=":6" />

However, in 1956–57, Nayudu was asked to come out of retirement to assist [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]] in their Ranji Trophy campaign. Early in the season he had made 84 against [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]], striking [[Vinoo Mankad]] for two sixes.<ref name=":2" /> He made his last appearance in Ranji Trophy in the same season, aged 62, scoring 52 in his last innings against [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Raman |first=Yashaswee |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dy5lEAAAQBAJ&dq=ck+nayudu++Colonel+in+Army&pg=PT30 |title=Test of Times: Reliving Indian Cricket History |date=2022-02-28 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=979-8-88555-991-1 |language=en |chapter=Chapter 3: Colonel CK Nayudu |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=10 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510103919/https://books.google.com/books?id=dy5lEAAAQBAJ&dq=ck%20nayudu%20%20Colonel%20in%20Army&pg=PT30 |url-status=live }}</ref> His final outing was in a charity match in 1963–64. Aged 68, he played for the Maharashtra Governor's XI against the Maharashtra Chief Minister's XI.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |last=Williamson |first=Martin |date=2 August 2007 |title=Ripe old age |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/columns/content/story/304620.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=|quote=CK Nayudu (last match: 1963-64): One of India's greatest cricketers and one of a handful to have played in six decades. |access-date=24 May 2011 |archive-date=13 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113005723/http://www.espncricinfo.com/columns/content/story/304620.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

He played for various domestic teams in his career including [[Hindus cricket team|Hindus]], [[Madras cricket team|Madras]], [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]], [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Central India]], Holkar, [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]], [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]].{{Sfn|Chaturvedi|2009|p=48}} He made over 12,000 runs in first class cricket. He holds the world record for the longest first-class career lasting over 47 years.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |title=First-Class Longest Career |url=https://stats.acscricket.com/Records/First_Class/Overall/Players/Longest_Career.html |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=[[Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419203109/https://stats.acscricket.com/Records/First_Class/Overall/Players/Longest_Career.html |url-status=live }}</ref> His career-best innings was 200 in the Ranji Trophy, made at the age of 51.<ref name=":4" /> He was one of the few batsmen in first-class cricket to have scored a double century after the age of 50.<ref name=":25">{{Cite web |title=First-Class Oldest Batsman to Score a Double Hundred |url=https://stats.acscricket.com/Records/First_Class/Overall/Batting/Oldest_Batsman_to_Score_Double_Hundred.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=[[Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419203109/https://stats.acscricket.com/Records/First_Class/Overall/Batting/Oldest_Batsman_to_Score_Double_Hundred.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He made 2,567 runs with five centuries in the Ranji Trophy at an average of 36.67.{{Sfn|Bhushan|2019|p=106}} He was also the highest run-scorer in the history of the [[Bombay Quadrangular]] tournament with 2,156 runs at an average of 45.87.{{Sfn|Bhushan|2019|p=105}}

==== Cricket Administrator ====
Post-retirement, Nayudu served as the chairman of the [[India national cricket team selectors|national selection committee]], vice-president of the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]], and as a radio commentator.{{Sfn|Chaturvedi|2009|p=50}}<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Nayudu |first=Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0PeBAAAAMAAJ&q=bcci+vice+president++ck+nayudu |title=C.K. Nayudu, a Daughter Remembers |date=1995 |publisher=Rupa |isbn=978-81-7167-283-7 |pages=66 |language=en |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418095447/https://books.google.com/books?id=0PeBAAAAMAAJ&q=bcci+vice+president++ck+nayudu |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":22" /> As the chairman of the selection committee, he personally conducted selection trials for promising first-class cricketers. Though in his late 50s, he would face the young bowlers without [[Pads|leg guards]], abdomen and thigh guards, and would ask them to bowl at full pace.<ref name=":15" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-10-05 |title=Borde recalls Col. C.K. Nayudu |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/borde-recalls-col-ck-nayudu/article5204517.ece |access-date=2023-04-18 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418205945/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/borde-recalls-col-ck-nayudu/article5204517.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

He was instrumental in the formation of [[Andhra Cricket Association]] and was its founder president.<ref name=":110">{{Cite news |date=2016-11-16 |title=The land of Vizzy & C K Nayudu finally to host a test match |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/the-land-of-vizzy-c-k-nayudu-finally-to-host-a-test-match/articleshow/55444069.cms |access-date=2023-04-24 |issn=0971-8257 |quote=“It was February 1953 when Col CK Nayudu, the first captain of the Indian team, became the founder president of ACA,” local cricketologist Prof Prasanna Kumar told TOI. “He was 58-years-old when he led Andhra in their first Ranji match against Mysuru and coming to bat in the middle, smote a huge six off pacer Kasturirangan,” Prof Kumar reminisced.“Col Nayudu and his brother CS Nayudu played in Guntur and taught the boys discipline, from how to don the flannels to doing their laces; they instilled the quintessence of cricket in Andhra boys,” he added. |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424174514/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/the-land-of-vizzy-c-k-nayudu-finally-to-host-a-test-match/articleshow/55444069.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":18" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=History of ACA |url=https://andhracricket.org/history-ACA.php |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=[[Andhra Cricket Association]] |language=en |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801134401/https://andhracricket.org/history-ACA.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":26" /> He and his brother, C. S. Nayudu, played in [[Guntur]] and mentored the local Andhra cricketers.<ref name=":31">{{Cite web |last=A. Prasanna Kumar |date=October 2010 |title=International Cricket at Vizag |url=http://aprasannakumar.org/pdf%20files/Cricket_at%20Vizag.pdf |access-date=25 April 2023 |pages=9, 16 |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424190611/http://aprasannakumar.org/pdf%20files/Cricket_at%20Vizag.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Aged 58, C. K. Nayudu led the [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]] team in its first [[Ranji Trophy]] match against [[Karnataka cricket team|Mysore]] in the [[1953–54 Ranji Trophy|1953–54]] season.<ref name=":110"/><ref name=":31" /> He also scored the team's first-ever fifty in that match.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mysore v Andhra 1953-54 |url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1950S/1953-54/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/MYSORE_AP_RJI_28-30NOV1953.html |access-date=28 February 2021 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=11 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911023637/http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1950S/1953-54/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/MYSORE_AP_RJI_28-30NOV1953.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Style and technique ==
{{Quote box
| quote = The pre-war batsman of stature most notable for hitting was an outsider. C. K. Nayudu was a straight hitter of withering force. A six out of [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|Chepauk]] in December 1920 ended up near a coconut tree 50 [[yards]] beyond the ground. Six years later, 11 sixes in a two-hour 153 against [[Marylebone Cricket Club|MCC]] at [[Bombay Gymkhana]] advanced India's case for Test recognition. And one of Nayudu's 32 sixes on [[Indian cricket team in England in 1932|India's 1932 tour of England]], at [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]], was said to have cleared the county, crossing the [[River Rea]], which then formed the boundary between [[Warwickshire]] and [[Worcestershire]].
| author = — [[Gideon Haigh]] on Nayudu's six-hitting prowess<ref name=":16"/>
| width = 30%
}}

Nayudu played in an era when hitting lofted shots was considered risky and transgressive.<ref name=":16" /> But, he was always ready to go for his shots. He was particularly known for hitting long sixes.{{refn|name=sixes}} His ability to hit sixes nonchalantly sent crowds into a frenzy.<ref name=":4" /> His very-first scoring shot in first-class cricket was a six.<ref name=":21" /> According to him, batting should involve the use of entire body and it's not just about 'elbow up' and 'left leg forward' alone as mentioned in cricket manuals.{{Sfn|Chaturvedi|2009|p=48}} [[Bob Wyatt]], who played against Nayudu, noted that he was not a mere slogger, for 'his perfect poise, high backlift in a long pendulum swing brought beauty to his strokes'.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hslnO7LGdRMC&dq=c.+k.+nayudu&pg=PA227 |title=An Anthropologist Among the Marxists and Other Essays |date=2001 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-7824-001-5 |pages=224 |language=en |access-date=12 May 2023 |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801134344/https://books.google.com/books?id=hslnO7LGdRMC&dq=c.+k.+nayudu&pg=PA227 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Nayudu taught himself to bear physical pain. In one Ranji Trophy match, he was struck on the mouth by a ball which broke two front teeth. He refused medical assistance, brushed the teeth off the wicket with his bat.<ref name=":4" /> He requested his rival captain, [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]'s [[Madhav Mantri]] to instruct the bowler [[Dattu Phadkar]] to continue bowling fast. In the [[The Oval|Oval]] Test of 1936, despite receiving a painful blow from [[Gubby Allen]], he made a successful attempt to continue batting and hooked the next ball to the [[Boundary (cricket)|boundary]].<ref name="colossus" /> He scored 81 runs{{Em dash}}his highest score in Test cricket and denied England an [[Win by an innings|innings victory]].{{Sfn|Chaturvedi|2009|p=48}} He was tough and expected others to have the same kind of toughness.<ref name="colossus" />

== Personal life ==
[[File:Nayudu brothers c1934.jpg|thumb|Left-right: C. K. Nayudu, [[C. S. Nayudu]], and C. L. Nayudu in [[Indore]] {{Circa|1934}}. All three brothers played competitive cricket.|177x177px|left]]Nayudu moved with his family from [[Nagpur]] to [[Indore]] after he was commissioned by the ruler of [[Indore State|Holkar State]], [[Tukojirao Holkar III]], with the rank of a [[captain]] in his state's army.{{Sfn|Chaturvedi|2009|p=47}}<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |last=Tarun Shridhar |date=8 April 2023 |title=Remembering The Trailblazers, The Playing Eleven Of India's First Test Match |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/remembering-the-trailblazers-the-playing-eleven-of-india-first-test-match-weekender_story-276767 |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |quote=Nayudu, in fact, had the title given to him by the King of Holkar. The king, a fan of his, invited him to stay in Indore and honoured him first with the rank of a Captain and later a Colonel in his state’s army. Nayudu is also credited with being the first cricketer to endorse a consumer product — Bathgate Liver Tonic. |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419232531/https://www.outlookindia.com/national/remembering-the-trailblazers-the-playing-eleven-of-india-first-test-match-weekender_story-276767 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":22" /> His home had a Telugu milieu even though they were based outside [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]].<ref name=":22" /> He was a strict [[Discipline|disciplinarian]] both on the field and with his family too.{{Sfn|Bhushan|2019|p=96}}<ref name=":24">{{Cite web |last=Nayudu |first=Chandra |author-link=Chandra Nayudu |date=2007-06-25 |title=1932, an Indian summer |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/1932-an-indian-summer/story-qWiwgQqWfUtBomrOmo02sI.html |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801134354/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/1932-an-indian-summer/story-qWiwgQqWfUtBomrOmo02sI.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On off days between matches, he would regularly host his teammates at his house and would regale them with stories from his cricketing career.<ref name=":24" /> He was a [[Chain smoking|chain smoker]].{{Sfn|Bhushan|2019|p=101}} He was also eccentric on particular issues. He routinely asked players to not consume water in the drinks break as he thought it wasn't good for their fitness.<ref name="colossus" />

His first wife, Chandramma died only a few years after their wedding. He later married Gunawati.{{Sfn|Bhushan|2019|p=100}} He had nine children from his two marriages{{Em dash}}seven daughters and two sons.{{Sfn|Bhushan|2019|p=95}} His son, [[Prakash Nayudu]] was a sportsperson who represented [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team]] and was a National Junior [[Table tennis|Table Tennis]] champion.{{Sfn|Bhushan|2019|p=100}} Prakash was also an [[Indian Police Service]] officer. His other son, C. N. Nayudu also played first-class cricket for Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CN Nayudu Profile |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/cn-nayudu-32047 |access-date=2023-04-22 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801134855/https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/cn-nayudu-32047 |url-status=live }}</ref> His daughter, [[Chandra Nayudu]] was India's first female cricket commentator.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=4 April 2021 |title=Commentator Chandra Nayudu, daughter of CK Nayudu, passes way |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/rip-chandra-nayudu-dead-commentator-ck-nayudu-daughter-illness-age-88/article34238970.ece |access-date=2021-12-05 |website=Sportstar |language=en |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801134859/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/rip-chandra-nayudu-dead-commentator-ck-nayudu-daughter-illness-age-88/article34238970.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> His grandson, Vijay Nayudu represented Madhya Pradesh in the Ranji Trophy.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-10-23 |title=Nayudu lineage didn't hinder Vijay |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/new-zealand-in-india-2016/top-stories/nayudu-lineage-didnt-hinder-vijay/articleshow/24559294.cms |access-date=2023-04-14 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801134901/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/new-zealand-in-india-2016/top-stories/nayudu-lineage-didnt-hinder-vijay/articleshow/24559294.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> His granddaughter Manjula Rao is an advocate and served as a special public prosecutor in the [[Best Bakery case]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vyas |first=Hetal |date=26 January 2008 |title=PP who nailed Zahira still waits for fees |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/cover-story/pp-who-nailed-zahira-still-waits-for-fees/articleshow/15780543.cms |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |language=en |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801134858/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/cover-story/pp-who-nailed-zahira-still-waits-for-fees/articleshow/15780543.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 February 2012 |title=30 Indian women role models: From an investment banker to a singer to an infotech warrior |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20060424-30-indian-women-role-models-785538-2006-04-23 |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=[[India Today]] |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801134923/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20060424-30-indian-women-role-models-785538-2006-04-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> His younger brother, [[C. S. Nayudu]] also played [[Test cricket]] for India.<ref name="Bio2">{{Cite web |title=C. S. Nayudu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/31813.html |access-date=24 May 2020 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801134900/https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/c-s-nayudu-31813 |url-status=live }}</ref> His other younger brothers {{Em dash}} C. L. Nayudu and C. R. Nayudu were first-class cricketers.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web |title=CK Nayudu |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/31811.html |access-date=10 May 2020 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801135404/https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/c-k-nayudu-31811 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A few months before his 72nd birthday, Nayudu suffered a stroke. It left him unconscious and he was confined to a bed from then on till his death half-a-year later. He lost his speech during his last days and visitors were not allowed to meet him.<ref name=":6" /> He died on 14 November 1967 in Indore at the age of 72.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=1 March 2023 |title=Colonel CK Naydu: Team India's first Test cricket captain's statue unveiled at the Holkar stadium in Indore |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/sports-gallery/colonel-ck-naydu-team-indias-first-test-cricket-captain-8472760/ |access-date=3 March 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801135404/https://indianexpress.com/photos/sports-gallery/colonel-ck-naydu-team-indias-first-test-cricket-captain-8472760/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1968 |title=Obituaries in 1967 |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/228444.html |access-date=2019-10-06 |website=Wisden Cricketers' Almanack |via=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801135405/https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/228444.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[D. B. Deodhar]] attributed Nayudu's death to his habit of chain-smoking.{{Sfn|Bhushan|2019|p=101}}

== Reputation and legacy ==
{{Quote box
| quote = C. K. Nayudu was the first truly mass hero of subcontinental sport, each of his sixes was interpreted as a nationalist answer to the British Raj. He was the first Indian cricketer to be a popular hero, whose appeal transcended the barriers of caste, class, gender and religion.
| source = — [[Ramachandra Guha]] on C. K. Nayudu<ref name=Guhaquote>{{Cite book |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTq7DQAAQBAJ&dq=CK+Nayudu+was+the+first+truly+mass+hero+of+subcontinental+sport,+each+of+his+sixes+was+interpreted+as+a+nationalist+answer+to+the+British+Raj&pg=PT16 |title=A Corner of a Foreign Field: The Indian History of a British Sport |date=2016-11-24 |publisher=Random House India |isbn=978-93-5118-693-9 |language=en |author-link=Ramachandra Guha |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801135413/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTq7DQAAQBAJ&dq=CK+Nayudu+was+the+first+truly+mass+hero+of+subcontinental+sport,+each+of+his+sixes+was+interpreted+as+a+nationalist+answer+to+the+British+Raj&pg=PT16 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 25%
}}Nayudu is widely regarded as one of India's greatest cricketers.{{refn|name=OG}} He was the first Indian cricketer to endorse a brand in 1941.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Ranit |date=31 October 2017 |title=When CK Nayudu, India's first captain, endorsed a brand way back in 1941 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ck-nayudu-birthday-1078975-2017-10-31 |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801135411/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ck-nayudu-birthday-1078975-2017-10-31 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":23" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTq7DQAAQBAJ&dq=nayudu+almost+certainly+first+Indian+cricketer+liver+tonic&pg=PT494 |title=A Corner of a Foreign Field: The Indian History of a British Sport |date=2016-11-24 |publisher=Random House India |isbn=978-93-5118-693-9 |language=en |access-date=12 May 2023 |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801135424/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTq7DQAAQBAJ&dq=nayudu+almost+certainly+first+Indian+cricketer+liver+tonic&pg=PT494 |url-status=live }}</ref> His name was even used to promote movies. [[V. Shantaram]]'s [[Kunku|''Duniya Na Mane'']] (1937) featured Nayudu's name in hoardings to advertise the film.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hslnO7LGdRMC&dq=nayudu&pg=PA227 |title=An Anthropologist Among the Marxists and Other Essays |date=2001 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-7824-001-5 |pages=227, 230 |language=en |access-date=12 May 2023 |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801132822/https://books.google.com/books?id=hslnO7LGdRMC&dq=nayudu&pg=PA227 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Government of India]] awarded Nayudu [[Padma Bhushan]], the third highest civilian honour, in 1956.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |date=2015 |title=Padma Awards |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |df=dmy}}</ref> He was the first ever cricketer to be conferred the award.{{Sfn|Chaturvedi|2009|p=48}}<ref name=":14" /> In 2006, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] instituted an award named the [[C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award|Col C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award]], given to individuals for their unparalleled lifetime contribution to Indian cricket.<ref name="DH">{{cite news|last=|first=|date=25 December 2015|title=Col CK Nayudu award for Kirmani|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/519448/col-ck-nayudu-award-kirmani.html|newspaper=Deccan Herald|access-date=11 December 2022|archive-date=1 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801135417/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/519448/col-ck-nayudu-award-kirmani.html|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Bhushan|2019|p=67}} From the 1973–74 season, India's under-25 domestic tournament has been known as [[C. K. Nayudu Trophy]].{{sfn|Bhushan|2019|p=67}} One of the banquet halls in [[Cricket Club of India]], the C. K. Nayudu Hall is named after him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Banquet details - C. K. Nayudu Hall |url=https://www.thecricketclubofindia.com/userfacilities/banquetdetails/8/ |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=[[Cricket Club of India]] |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801135931/https://www.thecricketclubofindia.com/userfacilities/banquetdetails/8/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=CCI's revamped library looks beyond books |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/ccis-revamped-library-looks-beyond-books-101670439611793.html |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801135931/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/ccis-revamped-library-looks-beyond-books-101670439611793.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He was inducted into the Wisden India Hall of Fame in 2014.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X02nBAAAQBAJ&dq=Wisden+India+Hall+of+Fame+nayudu&pg=PP13 |title=The Shorter Wisden India Almanack 2014 |date=2014-10-23 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-4729-1718-8 |language=en |access-date=12 May 2023 |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801140003/https://books.google.com/books?id=X02nBAAAQBAJ&dq=Wisden+India+Hall+of+Fame+nayudu&pg=PP13 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In Nayudu's birthplace [[Nagpur]], a street has been named after him and a bronze [[Bust (sculpture)|bust]] with his likeness stands in the premises of the [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raiji |first=Vasant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s7MyAAAAIAAJ&q=ck+Nayudu++Nagpur,+a+street+has+been+named+after+him |title=C.K. Nayudu, the Shahenshah of Indian Cricket |date=1989 |publisher=Marine Sports |isbn=978-81-85361-00-0 |pages=63 |language=en |author-link=Vasant Raiji |access-date=12 May 2023 |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801135932/https://books.google.com/books?id=s7MyAAAAIAAJ&q=ck+Nayudu++Nagpur,+a+street+has+been+named+after+him |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2020 |title=VCA celebrates 125th Birth Anniversary of Col CK Nayudu |url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2020/11/2/VCA-celebrates-125th-Birth-Anniversary-of-Col-CK-Nayudu.html |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=[[The Hitavada]] |language=en |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801135934/https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2020/11/2/VCA-celebrates-125th-Birth-Anniversary-of-Col-CK-Nayudu.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Nehru Stadium, Indore|Nehru Stadium]] in [[Indore]] sports a statue of Nayudu, outside its main entrance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nehru Stadium |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58151.html |access-date=2023-04-21 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801140006/https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricket-grounds/nehru-stadium-indore-58151 |url-status=live }}</ref> One of its stands and a pavilion block in the same stadium were also named after him.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-02-12 |title=Their names live on at the Holkar stadium |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/their-names-live-on-at-the-holkar-stadium/article2886474.ece |access-date=2023-04-22 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801140512/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/their-names-live-on-at-the-holkar-stadium/article2886474.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Another statue was installed at the [[Holkar Stadium]], Indore in 2023.<ref name=":1" />

{{Quote box
| quote = C. K. Nayudu is India's greatest cricketer. Whether it was bowling, batting, fielding, captaincy, physical fitness, positive approach to the game, there will never be Nayudu's equal among Indians. Nayudu's name will be cherished and remembered as long as cricket is played in this country.
| source = — [[Vijay Merchant]] on C. K. Nayudu<ref>{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=Boria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UGFFG_deJy4C&dq=Nayudu+universally+one+greatest+cricketers+ever+lived&pg=PA50 |title=Once Upon a Furore: Lost Pages of Indian Cricket |date=2004 |publisher=[[Yoda Press]] |isbn=978-81-902272-0-9 |pages=43 |language=en |access-date=12 May 2023 |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801140453/https://books.google.com/books?id=UGFFG_deJy4C&dq=Nayudu+universally+one+greatest+cricketers+ever+lived&pg=PA50 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| align = left
| width = 25%
}}

A road was named after him in his ancestral hometown [[Machilipatnam]] by the then [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]] [[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Gurdeep |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dmgFAAAAMAAJ&q=Masulipatam |title=Cricket in Northern India |date=1966 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |pages=61, 62 |language=en |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801140509/https://books.google.com/books?id=dmgFAAAAMAAJ&q=Masulipatam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":22" /> In 2018, a statue of Nayudu was inaugurated in Machilipatnam by the former Indian team captain [[Anil Kumble]].<ref name="IE">{{cite news|last=McNally|first=Frank|date=24 July 2018|title=Anil Kumble unveils CK Nayudu's statue in Machilipatnam|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/anil-kumble-unveils-ck-nayudus-statue-in-machilipatnam-5274151/|newspaper=Indian Express|access-date=12 December 2022|archive-date=1 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801140446/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/anil-kumble-unveils-ck-nayudus-statue-in-machilipatnam-5274151/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 4 April 2005, a bronze statue of Nayudu titled 'The Colossus of Cricket' was unveiled near the entrance of the [[Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy International Cricket Stadium|ACA-VDCA Stadium]] in [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sporting Statues Project: CK Nayudu: ACA-VDCA Stadium, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh |url=https://offbeat.group.shef.ac.uk/statues/STCKT_Nayudu_CK_2.htm |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=[[University of Sheffield]] |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421204935/https://offbeat.group.shef.ac.uk/statues/STCKT_Nayudu_CK_2.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundaresan |first=Bharat |date=19 October 2010 |title=Focus shifts to picturesque Vizag |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/focus-shifts-to-picturesque-vizag/699280/0 |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=[[Indian Express]] |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801140945/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/focus-shifts-to-picturesque-vizag/699280/0 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Cricket historian [[Ramachandra Guha]] called Nayudu 'the first great Indian cricketer'.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hslnO7LGdRMC&q=nayudu |title=An Anthropologist Among the Marxists and Other Essays |date=2001 |publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]] |isbn=978-81-7824-001-5 |language=en |author-link=Ramachandra Guha |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418095440/https://books.google.com/books?id=hslnO7LGdRMC&q=nayudu |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2001, Guha included him in his All-Star Eleven team of great Indian cricketers with a countrywide popularity whose stardom persisted beyond retirement. Nayudu was also chosen as the captain of the team.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hslnO7LGdRMC&dq=nayudu&pg=PA227 |title=An Anthropologist Among the Marxists and Other Essays |date=2001 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-7824-001-5 |pages=234, 235 |language=en |access-date=12 May 2023 |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801132822/https://books.google.com/books?id=hslnO7LGdRMC&dq=nayudu&pg=PA227 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Various other commentators have remarked on him as 'India's first cricket superstar',<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Indians in Wisden - Cottari Kanakaiya Nayudu |url=https://www.rediff.com/cricket/2002/jul/26wisden.htm |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411092249/https://www.rediff.com/cricket/2002/jul/26wisden.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":26">{{Cite journal |last=Naha |first=Souvik |date=2012-03-01 |title=Producing the First Indian Cricketing Superhero: Nationalism, Body Culture, Consumption and the C.K. Nayudu Phenomenon |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2012.658190 |journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=562–582 |doi=10.1080/09523367.2012.658190 |s2cid=145667240 |issn=0952-3367 |access-date=11 April 2023 |archive-date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801140947/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09523367.2012.658190 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":34" /> and as 'the first world-class cricketer from India'.<ref name=":6" /> [[Dicky Rutnagur]], the sports journalist, once wrote that schoolboys left their classes and businessmen stopped trading to be at [[Bombay Gymkhana]] when they heard that C. K. Nayudu had arrived at the crease.<ref name=":15" /> [[Syed Mushtaq Ali]] rated him as the best captain he had played under.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2001 |title=The Rediff Interview: 'Unfortunately, they don't look for talent today' - Mushtaq Ali |url=https://www.rediff.com/cricket/2001/dec/17mush.htm |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415184408/https://www.rediff.com/cricket/2001/dec/17mush.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Commentator [[Ravi Chaturvedi]] wrote of him, "It was his lyrical style that made him one of the greatest players that the country has ever produced. He gave the game the grace of a [[ballet]] that was applauded by its spectators, who otherwise used to witness it as a combat."{{sfn|Chaturvedi|2009|p=45}} [[Vasant Raiji]] called Nayudu 'the Shahenshah of Indian Cricket' ({{Translation|The Emperor of Indian Cricket}}).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-13 |title=Vasant Raiji, India's oldest first-class cricketer, dies at 100 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/vasant-raiji-indias-oldest-first-class-cricketer-dies-at-100-6456608/ |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415184409/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/vasant-raiji-indias-oldest-first-class-cricketer-dies-at-100-6456608/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
'''Citations'''
{{Reflist}}
'''Bibliography'''
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |last=Bhushan |first=Aditya |title=A Colonel Destined to Lead |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eiTyDwAAQBAJ |year=2019 |publisher=StoryMirror |isbn=9789387269279 |access-date=21 March 2023 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418095444/https://books.google.com/books?id=eiTyDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{citation |last=Chaturvedi |first=Ravi |author-link=Ravi Chaturvedi |title=Legendary Indian Cricketers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=95EkBQAAQBAJ |year=2009 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=9788184300758 |access-date=13 April 2023 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418112305/https://books.google.com/books?id=95EkBQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
*Eskari, ''C. K. Nayudu: A Cricketer of Charm'', Calcutta: Illustrated News, 1945.
*[[A. F. S. Talyarkhan]], ‘C. K. Nayudu As We Knew Him’, in ''On with the Game'', Bombay: Hind Kitabs, 1945.
*[[Gerald Howat]], [http://content.cricinfo.com/cricketer/content/story/143983.html Captains galore—India's first official Test match, at Lord's in 1932], ''[[The Cricketer]]'', July 2002
*[[Vasant Raiji]], ''C.K. Nayudu: the Shahenshah of Indian Cricket'', Mumbai: Marine Sports, 1989.
*[[Mihir Bose]], ''A History of Indian Cricket'', London: Andre Deutsch, 1990.
*L.N. Mathur, ''C.K. Nayudu – Legend in His Life Time'', Udaipur: Shiva Publishers, 1996.
*[[Ramachandra Guha]], ‘The First Great Indian Cricketer: C. K. Nayudu’, in ''An Anthropologist among the Marxists and Other Essays'', Delhi: Permanent Black, 2001.
*Souvik Naha, ‘Producing the First Indian Cricketing Superhero: Nationalism, Body Culture, Consumption and the C.K. Nayudu Phenomenon', ''International Journal of the History of Sport'' volume 29, no. 4, 2012, {{doi|10.1080/09523367.2012.658190}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{ESPNcricinfo|id=31811}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1954–59}}
{{Indian Test Cricket Captains}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayudu, C. K.}}
[[Category:1895 births]]
[[Category:1967 deaths]]
[[Category:Telugu cricketers]]
[[Category:India Test cricket captains]]
[[Category:Hyderabad cricketers]]
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in sports]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:People from Machilipatnam]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Nagpur]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Indore]]
[[Category:Wisden Cricketers of the Year]]
[[Category:Hindus cricketers]]
[[Category:Central India cricketers]]
[[Category:Holkar cricketers]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh cricketers]]
[[Category:East Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Central Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Andhra cricketers]]
[[Category:Roshanara Club cricketers]]

Administration of Salem district

2026-03-19T02:42:14Z

Chinmoyin: made location...

{{Short description|Local government in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}

'''Local government in [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]''' comprises three tiers of administration in the west district of [[Tamil Nadu]], below the central government of [[India]]. [[Salem district]] was the first district created in India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Local Bodies {{!}} Salem District, Government of Tamil Nadu|url=https://salem.nic.in/local-bodies/|access-date=2021-05-16|language=en-US}}</ref>

Salem district consists of one [[municipal corporation]], seven [[Municipality|municipalities]] and 33 [[Nagar panchayat|town panchayats]].

== Municipal corporation ==
There is one corporation in Salem district, namely [[Salem City Municipal Corporation]].

Larger cities of Tamil Nadu are governed by city municipal corporations (Tamil: மாநகராட்சிகள்). This city alone houses one-third of the urban population of the state. The Corporation consists of a council of elected councillors from each ward and a presiding officer, the Mayor, who is also an elected representative. Apart from them, an executive authority referred as Corporation Commissioner is also vested with administrative powers.

== Municipalities ==
There are six municipalities in Salem district.
*[[Attur, Salem|Attur]]
*[[Mettur]]
*[[Edappadi]]
*[[Narasingapuram, Salem|Narasingapuram]]
*[[Edaganasalai]]
*[[Tharamangalam]]
*[[Sangagiri]]

Municipalities (Tamil: நகராட்சிகள்) fall next to the city corporations. Municipalities have four categories based on their annual income and population. These include special-grade municipalities, selection-grade municipalities, grade I and grade II municipalities. Their elected representatives include ward councillors and a presiding officer, Municipal Chairperson. The Municipal Commissioner is the executive authority.

== Town panchayats ==
There are 33 town panchayats in Salem district.

*[[Arasiramani]]
*[[Ayothiapattinam]]
*[[Attayampatti]]
*[[Belur, Tamil Nadu|Belur]] (Thiruvelviyur(a) Belur)
*[[Elampillai]]
*[[Ethapur]] (Yethapur)
*[[Gangavalli]]
*[[Jalakandapuram]]
*[[Kadayampatti]]
*[[Kannankurichi]]
*[[Karuppur, Salem|Karuppur]]
*[[Keeripatti]]
*[[Kolathur, Salem|Kolathur]]
*[[Konganapuram]]
*[[Mallur, Salem|Mallur]]
*[[Mecheri]]
*[[Nangavalli]]
*[[Omalur]]
*[[P. N. Patti]]
*[[Panaimarathupatti]]
*[[Pethanaickenpalayam]]
*[[Poolampatti]]
*[[Sentharapatti]]
*[[Thalaivasal]]
*[[Thammampatti]]
*[[Thedavur]]
*[[Thevur]]
*[[Vanavasi]]
*[[Vazhapadi]]
*[[Veeraganur]]
*[[Veerakkalpudur]]
*[[Yercaud]]
*[[Manivilundhan]]

Town panchayat ({{langx|ta|பேரூராட்சிகள்}}) is the body of government for areas in transition form ‘rural’ to ‘urban’. Tamil Nadu is the first state to introduce such a classification in urban local bodies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/introduction.htm |title=About Us |publisher=Directorate of Town Panchayats, Govt. of Tamil Nadu |accessdate=13 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122073525/http://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/introduction.htm |archivedate=22 January 2012 }}</ref> The state has 561 town panchayats.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/townpanchayats.pdf | title=List of Town Panchayats | publisher=Directorate of Town Panchayats, Govt. of Tamil Nadu | accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> Town panchayats are upgraded to Grade III municipalities if they are found to be eligible. They are categorised in a similar way to that of Municipalities depending on the income criteria and population. Town panchayat councils include elected ward councillors and their presiding officer, Town panchayat chairperson. The Executive Officer is the executive authority for town panchayats.

== Elections ==

{{Main|Local elections in Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu State Election Commission}}

Elections to the local bodies in Tamil Nadu, held once in five years, are conducted by [[Tamil Nadu State Election Commission]]. Both direct and indirect elections apply for local bodies.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://tnsec.tn.nic.in/elections/conduct%20of%20election.html | title=Conduct of Elections | publisher=Tamil Nadu State Election Commission | accessdate=13 November 2011}}</ref> Direct election posts include:

* Urban bodies
# Corporation Mayor
# Municipality/Town Panchayat Chairperson
# Corporation/Municipality/Town Panchayat Councillor
* Rural bodies
# Village Panchayat President
# District Panchayat councillor
# Panchayat Union councillor
# Village Panchayat Ward Member

Indirect election posts include Chairpersons of District panchayats and Panchayat unions, Deputy Mayor of corporations, Vice-Chairpersons of Municipalities and Town panchayats. Various statutory/standing committees are also elected by the way of indirect elections.

== Village panchayats ==
There are 385 [[Village Panchayats in Uttar Pradesh|village panchayats]] of 20 blocks in [[Salem district]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Village Panchayats {{!}} Salem District, Government of Tamil Nadu |url=https://salem.nic.in/village-panchayats/|access-date=2021-05-16|language=en-US}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |'''1. Thalaivasal Block'''
|-
|1
|1 [[Aragalur]]
|-
|2
|2 Arathi Agraharam
|-
|3
|3 Deviyakurichi
|-
|4
|4 East Rajapalayam
|-
|5
|5 [[Govindhampalayam|Govindampalayam]]
|-
|6
|6 Iluppanatham
|-
|7
|7 Kamakkapalayam
|-
|8
|8 Kattukottai
|-
|9
|9 Kavarpanai
|-
|10
|10 Ladduvadi
|-
|11
|11 Manivilundan
|-
|12
|12 Navakurichi
|-
|13
|13 Navalur
|-
|14
|14 Pagadapady
|-
|15
|15 Pattuthurai
|-
|16
|16 Periyeri
|-
|17
|17 Puliankurichi
|-
|18
|18 Punavasal
|-
|19
|19 Puthur
|-
|20
|20 Sadasivapuram
|-
|21
|21 Sarvoy
|-
|22
|22 Sarvoy Pudur
|-
|23
|23 Sathappady
|-
|24
|24 Siruvachur
|-
|25
|25 Sitheri
|-
|26
|26 [[Thalaivasal]]
|-
|27
|27 Thenkumarai
|-
|28
|28 Thittacheri
|-
|29
|29 Thiyaganur
|-
|30
|30 Unathur
|-
|31
|31 Vadakumarai
|-
|32
|32 Varagur
|-
|33
|33 Vellaiyur
|-
|34
|34 Veppampoondi
|-
|35
|35 Veppanatham
|}
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |'''2. Attur Block'''
|-
|36
|1 Akkichettipalayam
|-
|37
|2 [[Ammapalayam, Salem|Ammampalayam]]
|-
|38
|3 Appamasamudram Salem
|-
|39
|4 Arasanatham
|-
|40
|5 [[Chokkanathapuram, Tamil Nadu|Chokkanathapuram]]
|-
|41
|6 Eachampatty
|-
|42
|7 Kallanatham
|-
|43
|8 Kalpaganur
|-
|44
|9 Koolamedu
|-
|45
|10 Kothampadi
|-
|46
|11 Malliakarai
|-
|47
|12 Manjini
|-
|48
|13 Paithur
|-
|49
|14 Pungavadi
|-
|50
|15 [[Ramanaickenpalayam]]
|-
|51
|16 Seeliampatty
|-
|52
|17 Thandavarayapuram
|-
|53
|18 Thennakudipalayam
|-
|54
|19 Thulukanur
|-
|55
|20 Valaiyamadevi
|}
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |'''3. Gangavalli Block'''
|-
|56
|1 Anaiyampatti
|-
|57
|2 Belur
|-
|58
|3 Goodamalai
|-
|59
|4 Jangamasamudram
|-
|60
|5 Kadambur
|-
|61
|6 Kondayampalli
|-
|62
|7 Krishnapuram
|-
|63
|8 Manmalai
|-
|64
|9 Naduvalur
|-
|65
|10 Nagiyampatti
|-
|66
|11 Odhiyathur
|-
|67
|12 Pachamalai
|-
|68
|13 Thagarapudur
|-
|69
|14 [[Ulipuram]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |'''4. Pethanaickenpalayam Block'''
|-
|70
|1 A. Karadipatti
|-
|71
|2 A. Komarapalayam
|-
|72
|3 Ariyapalayam
|-
|73
|4 B. Karadipatti
|-
|74
|5 C. Kalrayan Therkku Nadu
|-
|75
|6 C. Kalrayan Vadakku Nadu
|-
|76
|7 Chinnakrishnapuram
|-
|77
|8 Dhalavaipatti
|-
|78
|9 Edayapatti
|-
|79
|10 Gopalapuram
|-
|80
|11 Kalarampatti
|-
|81
|12 Kalleiripatti
|-
|82
|13 Kalyanaigiri
|-
|83
|14 Kottavadi
|-
|84
|15 M. Udayampalayam
|-
|85
|16 Muthagoundanoor
|-
|86
|17 Oddapatti
|-
|87
|18 Olappadi
|-
|88
|19 P. Kalrayan Hills Keelnadu
|-
|89
|20 P. Kalrayan Hills Melnadu
|-
|90
|21 Palaniyapuri
|-
|91
|22 Panamadal
|-
|92
|23 Pappinaickenpatti
|-
|93
|24 Periyakrishnapuram
|-
|94
|25 Puthiragoundampalayam
|-
|95
|26 Sekkadipatti
|-
|96
|27 Thamayanur
|-
|97
|28 Thandanur
|-
|98
|29 Thennampillaiyur
|-
|99
|30 Thumbal
|-
|100
|31 Umayalpuram
|-
|101
|32 Vadugathampatti
|-
|102
|33 Vaithigoundanpudur
|-
|103
|34 Veeragoundanoor
|-
|104
|35 Vellalapatti
|-
|105
|36 West Rajapalayam
|}
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |'''5. Valapady Block'''
|-
|106
|1 Athanurpatti
|-
|107
|2 Chandrapillaivalasu
|-
|108
|3 Chinnamanaickenpalayam
|-
|109
|4 Kattuveppilaipatti
|-
|110
|5 Kolathukombai
|-
|111
|6 Komarapalayam
|-
|112
|7 Kurichi
|-
|113
|8 Mannaickenpatti
|-
|114
|9 Mannarpalayam
|-
|115
|10 Muthampatti
|-
|116
|11 Neermullikuttai
|-
|117
|12 Ponnarampatti
|-
|118
|13 Puzhuthikuttai
|-
|119
|14 [[Singipuram]]
|-
|120
|15 Somampatti
|-
|121
|16 Thekkalpatti
|-
|122
|17 Thirumanur
|-
|123
|18 Thukkiyampalayam
|-
|124
|19 Veppilaipatti
|-
|125
|20 Vilaripalayam
|}
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |'''6. Ayothiyapattinam Block'''
|-
|126
|1 A. N. Mangalam
|-
|127
|2 Achankuttapatty
|-
|128
|3 Adhikaripatti
|-
|129
|4 Aladipatti
|-
|130
|5 Anupur
|-
|131
|6 Chinnagoundapuram
|-
|132
|7 Chinnanur
|-
|133
|8 D. Perumapalayam
|-
|134
|9 Dasanaickenpatti
|-
|135
|10 Karipatti
|-
|136
|11 Karumapuram
|-
|137
|12 Kootathupatti
|-
|138
|13 Korathupatti
|-
|139
|14 Kullampatti
|-
|140
|15 Kuppanur
|-
|141
|16 M. Palapatti
|-
|142
|17 M. Perumapalayam
|-
|143
|18 M. Thathanur
|-
|144
|19 [[Masinaickenpatti]]
|-
|145
|20 Mettupatti
|-
|146
|21 [[Minnampalli]]
|-
|147
|22 Pallipatti
|-
|148
|23 Periyagoundapuram
|-
|149
|24 Poovanoor
|-
|150
|25 S. N. Mangalam
|-
|151
|26 Sukkampatti
|-
|152
|27 Thailanur
|-
|153
|28 Udayapatti
|-
|154
|29 Valaiyakaranur
|-
|155
|30 Valasaiyur
|-
|156
|31 Veeranam
|-
|157
|32 Vellalagundam
|}
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |'''7. Yercaud Block'''
|-
|158
|1 Manjakuttai
|-
|159
|2 Maramangalam
|-
|160
|3 Nagalur
|-
|161
|4 Semmanatham
|-
|162
|5 Thalaisolai
|-
|163
|6 Vazhavanthi
|-
|164
|7 Vellakkadai
|-
|165
|8 Velur
|-
|166
|9 [[Yercaud]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |'''8. Salem Block'''
|-
|167
|1 Andipatti
|-
|168
|2 Ayyamperumampatti
|-
|169
|3 Chettichavadi
|-
|170
|4 [[Dalavaipatti|Dhalavaipatti]]
|-
|171
|5 Erumapalayam
|-
|172
|6 Inamvedugathampatti
|-
|173
|7 Kondappanaickenpatti
|-
|174
|8 Majaragollapatti
|-
|175
|9 [[Mallamooppampatti|Mallamoopampatti]]
|-
|176
|10 Sanyasigundu
|-
|177
|11 Sarkargollapatti
|-
|178
|12 Selathampatti
|-
|179
|13 Thirumalaigiri
|-
|180
|14 Vattamuthampatti
|}
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |'''9. Panamarathupatti Block'''
|-
|181
|1 Amani Kondalampatti
|-
|182
|2 [[Ammapalayam, Salem|Ammapalayam]]
|-
|183
|3 Dasanaickenpatti
|-
|184
|4 Ervadivaniyampadi
|-
|185
|5 Gajjalnaickenpatti
|-
|186
|6 Kammalapatti
|-
|187
|7 Kuralnatham
|-
|188
|8 Mookkuthipalayam
|-
|189
|9 Nazhikkalpatti
|-
|190
|10 Neikkarapatty
|-
|191
|11 Nilavarapatti
|-
|192
|12 Pallitherupatti
|-
|193
|13 Parapatti
|-
|194
|14 Peramanur
|-
|195
|15 Santhiyur
|-
|196
|16 Santhiyur Attayampatty
|-
|197
|17 Thammanaickenpatty
|-
|198
|18 Thippampatty
|-
|199
|19 Thumbalpatti
|-
|200
|20 Vazhakkuttapatti
|}
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |'''10. Veerapandi Block'''
|-
|201
|1 Akkarapalayam
|-
|202
|2 Anaikuttapatti
|-
|203
|3 Ariyagoundampatti
|-
|204
|4 Chennagiri
|-
|205
|5 Ettimanickampatti
|-
|206
|6 Inambiroji
|-
|207
|7 Kadathur Agr.
|-
|208
|8 Kalparapatti
|-
|209
|9 Keerapappambadi
|-
|210
|10 Maramangalathupatti
|-
|211
|11 Marulayampalayam
|-
|212
|12 Mooduthurai
|-
|213
|13 Murungapatti
|-
|214
|14 Pappaarapatti
|-
|215
|15 Periya Seeragapadi
|-
|216
|16 Perumagoundampatti
|-
|217
|17 Perumampatti
|-
|218
|18 Poolavari
|-
|219
|19 Puthur Agr.
|-
|220
|20 Rajapalayam
|-
|221
|21 Rakkipatti
|-
|222
|22 Senaipalayam
|-
|223
|23 Uthamasolapuram
|-
|224
|24 [[Veerapandi, Salem|Veerapandi]]
|-
|225
|25 [[Vembadithalam]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |'''11. Magundanchavadi Block'''
|-
|226
|1 A. Pudur
|-
|227
|2 Agr. Thalaiyur
|-
|228
|3 Egapuram
|-
|229
|4 Gudalur
|-
|230
|5 Kaligoundampalayam
|-
|231
|6 Kanagagiri
|-
|232
|7 Kandarkulamanickam
|-
|233
|8 Kannanderi
|-
|234
|9 Mac. Donald Choultry
|-
|235
|10 Naduvaneri
|-
|236
|11 Thappakuttai
|-
|237
|12 Vaikundam
|}
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |'''12. Sankari Block'''
|-
|238
|1 Alathur
|-
|239
|2 Annathanapatti
|-
|240
|3 Chinnagoundanur
|-
|241
|4 Devannagoundanur
|-
|242
|5 Irugalur
|-
|243
|6 Iveli
|-
|244
|7 Katheri
|-
|245
|8 Kaveripatti
|-
|246
|9 Kaveripatti Agraharam
|-
|247
|10 Koneripatti
|-
|248
|11 Koneripatti Agrm.
|-
|249
|12 Kottavaradhampatti
|-
|250
|13 Morur East
|-
|251
|14 Morur West
|-
|252
|15 Mottaiyanur
|-
|253
|16 Olakkachinnanur
|-
|254
|17 Pullagoundampatti
|-
|255
|18 Pullagoundampatti Agrm.
|-
|256
|19 Sanyasipatti Agraharam
|-
|257
|20 Sungudivaradhampatti
|-
|258
|21 Vadugapatti
|-
|259
|22 Veerachipalayam
|}
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |'''13. Konganapuram Block'''
|-
|260
|1 Erumaipatti
|-
|261
|2 Katchupalli
|-
|262
|3 Konasamudram
|-
|263
|4 Koranampatti
|-
|264
|5 Kurumbapatti
|-
|265
|6 Pudupalayam
|-
|266
|7 Samudram
|-
|267
|8 Thangayur
|-
|268
|9 Vellalapuram
|}
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |'''14. Edappadi Block'''
|-
|269
|1 [[Adaiyur, Salem|Adaiyur]]
|-
|270
|2 Avaniperur East
|-
|271
|3 Chettimankurichi
|-
|272
|4 Chithoor
|-
|273
|5 Dadhapuram
|-
|274
|6 Iruppali
|-
|275
|7 Nedungulam
|-
|276
|8 Pakkanadu
|-
|277
|9 Vellarivelli
|-
|278
|10 [[Vembaneri]]
|}
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |'''15. Kolathur Block'''
|-
|279
|1 [[Alamarathupatti]]
|-
|280
|2 Chithiraipattipudur
|-
|281
|3 Dhinnapatti
|-
|282
|4 Kannamoochi
|-
|283
|5 Karungallur
|-
|284
|6 Kaveripuram
|-
|285
|7 Kolnaickenpatti
|-
|286
|8 Lakkampatti
|-
|287
|9 Moolakkadu
|-
|288
|10 Navapatti
|-
|289
|11 Palamalai
|-
|290
|12 Pannavadi
|-
|291
|13 Sampalli
|-
|292
|14 Singiripatti
|}
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |'''16. Mecheri Block'''
|-
|293
|1 Amaram
|-
|294
|2 Aranganoor
|-
|295
|3 Banapuram
|-
|296
|4 Bukkampatti
|-
|297
|5 Koonandiyur
|-
|298
|6 Koppampatti
|-
|299
|7 Kuttapatti
|-
|300
|8 M. Kalipatti
|-
|301
|9 M. N. Patti
|-
|302
|10 Mallikundham
|-
|303
|11 Olaipatti
|-
|304
|12 Pallipatti
|-
|305
|13 Pottaneri
|-
|306
|14 Sathapadi
|-
|307
|15 Thethigiripatti
|-
|308
|16 Vellar
|-
|309
|17 Virudasampatti
|}
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |'''17. Nangavalli Block'''
|-
|310
|1 Avadathur
|-
|311
|2 Chinnasoragai
|-
|312
|3 Gonur
|-
|313
|4 Karikkapatti
|-
|314
|5 Periyasoragai
|-
|315
|6 Sanarapatti
|-
|316
|7 Surapalli
|-
|317
|8 Thoramangalam
|-
|318
|9 Veerakkal
|}
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |'''18. Tharamangalam Block'''
|-
|319
|1 Alagusamudram
|-
|320
|2 Amaragundhi
|-
|321
|3 Ariyampatti
|-
|322
|4 Arurpatti
|-
|323
|5 Desavilakku
|-
|324
|6 Duttampatti
|-
|325
|7 Edayapatti
|-
|326
|8 Elavampatti
|-
|327
|9 Karukkalvadi
|-
|328
|10 Kurukkupatti
|-
|329
|11 Mallikuttai
|-
|330
|12 Manathal
|-
|331
|13 Panikkanur
|-
|332
|14 Pappampadi
|-
|333
|15 Ramireddipatti
|-
|334
|16 Selavadai
|-
|335
|17 T. Konagapadi
|}
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |'''19. Omalur Block'''
|-
|336
|1 Balbakki
|-
|337
|2 Ettikuttapatti
|-
|338
|3 Gollapatti
|-
|339
|4 Kamalapuram
|-
|340
|5 Kottagoundampatti
|-
|341
|6 Kottamariammankoil
|-
|342
|7 Kottamettupatti
|-
|343
|8 M. Chettipatti
|-
|344
|9 Manguppai
|-
|345
|10 Moogilpadi
|-
|346
|11 Muthunaikenpatti
|-
|347
|12 Nallagoundampatti
|-
|348
|13 Naranampalayam
|-
|349
|14 Pachanampatti
|-
|350
|15 Pagalpatti
|-
|351
|16 Periyeripatti
|-
|352
|17 Pottipuram
|-
|353
|18 Puliampatti
|-
|354
|19 S. Chettipatti
|-
|355
|20 Saminaikenpatti
|-
|356
|21 Sangeethapatti
|-
|357
|22 Sellapillaikuttai
|-
|358
|23 Semmankoodal
|-
|359
|24 Sikkampatti
|-
|360
|25 Sikkanampatti
|-
|361
|26 Thathiyampatti
|-
|362
|27 Thekkampatti
|-
|363
|28 Thindamangalam
|-
|364
|29 Tholasampatti
|-
|365
|30 Thumbipadi
|-
|366
|31 U. Maramangalam
|-
|367
|32 Vellakkalpatti
|-
|368
|33 Vellalapatti
|}
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |'''20. Kadayampatti Block'''
|-
|369
|1 Bommiyampatti
|-
|370
|2 Danishpet
|-
|371
|3 Deevattipatti
|-
|372
|4 Dharapuram
|-
|373
|5 Gundakkal
|-
|374
|6 Kanavaipudur
|-
|375
|7 Kanjanaickenpatti
|-
|376
|8 Karuvalli Salem
|-
|377
|9 [[Kongupatty|Kongupatti]]
|-
|378
|10 Kookkuttapatti
|-
|379
|11 Mookkanur
|-
|380
|12 Nadupatti
|-
|381
|13 Pannapatti
|-
|382
|14 Poosaripatti
|-
|383
|15 Semmandapatti
|-
|384
|16 Umblikkampatti
|-
|385
|17 Veppilai
|}

== Functions ==

Local bodies are completely responsible for the developmental administration in the state. Maintenance of clean environment, primary health facilities gain the foremost importance. Apart from them water supply, roads and buildings, storm-water drains, street lighting, solid waste management, sanitation and bus-stands cum commercial complexes etc are the prime duties of the local bodies.[19]{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} Centrally sponsored schemes like Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS), Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY), Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS), etc, and State-funded Schemes like Tamil Nadu Village Habitation Improvement Scheme (THAI), Member of Legislative Assembly Constituency Development Scheme (MLACDS), Self-Sufficiency Scheme, Solar-Powered Green-House Scheme are also undertaken by the local bodies.[20]{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} Sources of revenue for these local bodies are mainly from central and state governments. Local bodies also have the power of taxation which include house tax, profession tax, property tax etc. Apart from these they levy fees for specific building plan and layout approvals, water charges, sewerage charges etc.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Salem district]]
[[Category:Local government in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Salem, Tamil Nadu-related lists]]

Prahlad Singh Patel

2026-03-16T16:33:15Z

Chinmoyin:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Prahlad Singh Patel
| image = Prahlad Singh Patel.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Singh in 2023
| office = [[Mohan Yadav ministry|Cabinet Minister]] in [[Government of Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]]
| 1blankname = [[List of chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Mohan Yadav]]
| 2blankname = Ministry & Departments
| 2namedata = *Panchayat & Rural Development
*Labour
| termstart = 25 December 2023
| termend =
| predecessor = [[Brijendra Pratap Singh]]
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Narsingpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narsinghpur]]
| termstart1 = 2023
| predecessor1 = [[Jalam Singh Patel]]
| office2 = [[Ministry of Jal Shakti|Union Minister of State for Jal Shakti]]
| primeminister2 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| term_start2 = 7 July 2021
| term_end2 = 6 December 2023
| minister2 = [[Gajendra Singh Shekhawat]]
| predecessor2 = [[Rattan Lal Kataria]]
| office3 = [[Ministry of Food Processing Industries|Union Minister of State for Food Processing Industries]]
| primeminister3 = Narendra Modi
| term_start3 = 7 July 2021
| term_end3 = 6 December 2023<ref name="10 of 12 BJP MPs who won state elections resign from Lok Sabha">{{cite news |last1=India Today |title=10 of 12 BJP MPs who won state elections resign from Lok Sabha |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/assembly-election-results-2023-bjp-mps-who-won-polls-resign-from-lok-sabha-2472653-2023-12-06 |access-date=10 December 2023 |date=6 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210092905/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/assembly-election-results-2023-bjp-mps-who-won-polls-resign-from-lok-sabha-2472653-2023-12-06 |archive-date=10 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
| minister3 = [[Pashupati Kumar Paras]]
| predecessor3 = [[Rameswar Teli]]
| successor3 = [[Shobha Karandlaje]]
| office4 = [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Union Minister of State (''Independent Charge'') for Culture]]
| primeminister4 = Narendra Modi
| deputy =
| term_start4 = 30 May 2019
| term_end4 = 7 July 2021
| predecessor4 = [[Mahesh Sharma]]
| successor4 = [[G. Kishan Reddy]]
| office5 = [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Union Minister of State (''Independent Charge'') for Tourism]]
| primeminister5 = Narendra Modi
| term_start5 = 30 May 2019
| term_end5 = 7 July 2021
| predecessor5 = [[Alphons Kannanthanam]]
| successor5 = G. Kishan Reddy
| office6 = [[Ministry of Coal (India)|Union Minister of State for Coal]]
| primeminister6 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| term_start6 = 24 May 2003
| term_end6 = 22 May 2004
| office7 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start7 = 2014
| term_end7 = 2023
| predecessor7 = [[Shivraj Singh Lodhi]]
| constituency7 = [[Damoh Lok Sabha constituency|Damoh, Madhya Pradesh]]
| term_start8 = 1999
| term_end8 = 2004
| predecessor8 = [[Gaurishankar Bisen]]
| successor8 = Gaurishankar Bisen
| constituency8 = [[Balaghat Lok Sabha constituency|Balaghat, Madhya Pradesh]]
| term_start9 = 1996
| term_end9 = 1998
| predecessor9 = [[Vimla Verma]]
| successor9 = Vimla Verma
| constituency9 = [[Seoni Lok Sabha constituency|Seoni, Madhya pradesh]]
| term_start10 = 1989
| term_end10 = 1991
| predecessor10 = [[Gargi Shankar Mishra]]
| successor10 = Vimla Verma
| constituency10 = [[Seoni Lok Sabha constituency|Seoni, Madhya Pradesh]]
| birthname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|06|28|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Narsinghpur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| citizenship =
| nationality = Indian
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| otherparty = 
| spouse = {{marriage|Pushpalata Singh Patel|1991}}
| children = 3
| residence = {{ubl|B-7, Civil Lines, Bhopal}}
| alma_mater = [[Government Science College, Jabalpur]] [[University of Jabalpur]]
| height = 6 ft 3 inches
| occupation = {{hlist|Agriculturist|politician}}
| cabinet =
| portfolio =
| website = http://prahladsinghpatel.com/
}}
'''Prahlad Singh Mulayam Singh Patel''' (born 28 June 1960) is an Indian politician who is currently Madhya Pradesh Minister. He is the former [[Ministry of Food Processing Industries|Minister of State for Food Processing Industries]] and [[Ministry of Jal Shakti|Jal Shakti of India]] from 7 July 2021 till 3 December 2023. He is a Member of Parliament from Damoh Loksabha Constituency in Madhya Pradesh. He was minister of state for coal in [[Third Vajpayee Ministry]]. He was first elected to 9th Lok Sabha in 1989 and again re-elected to 11th Lok Sabha in 1996 (2nd term), 13th Lok Sabha in 1999 (3rd term) from [[Balaghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balaghat]], 16th Lok Sabha in 2014 (4th term) and 17th Lok Sabha in 2019 (5th term) from [[Damoh (Lok Sabha constituency) | Damoh]]. He was born in [[Narsinghpur]] and is an advocate by profession. He is a graduate of the [[Government Science College, Jabalpur]].

==Career==

[[File:Prahalad Patel Oath Ceremony As Member Of Parliament 2014-03-13 22-58.jpg|thumb|Patel taking oath as Minister of State at a Swearing-in-Ceremony in New Delhi on May 24, 2003.]]
Prahlad Singh Patel who is BJP Representative was elected as MP for first time from Madhya Pradesh constituency. In May 2019, Patel became the Minister of State (Independent Charge) for [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Culture]] and [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Tourism]].<ref>{{citation |title=PM Modi allocates portfolios. Full list of new ministers |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/pm-modi-allocates-portfolios-full-list-of-new-ministers-1559288502067.html |work=[[Live Mint]] |date=31 May 2019 }}</ref><ref name="Prahlad Singh Patel Takes Charge as Culture Minister in Modi Government">{{cite news |title=Prahlad Singh Patel Takes Charge as Culture Minister in Modi Government |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/prahlad-singh-patel-takes-charge-as-culture-minister-in-modi-government-3676937/ |access-date=8 April 2022 |work= |date=1 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408114903/https://www.india.com/news/india/prahlad-singh-patel-takes-charge-as-culture-minister-in-modi-government-3676937/ |archive-date=8 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] from [[Damoh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Damoh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] in the [[2019 Indian general election]] as member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/damoh-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2155159.html | title=Damoh Election Results 2019 Live Updates: Prahalad Singh Patel of BJP Wins| publisher=News 18 | date=23 May 2019 | access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.indiaculture.nic.in/prahlad-singh-patel Ministry of Culture biography]
* [http://tourism.gov.in/senior-officer-profile/928 Ministry of Tourism]
* [https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/prahlad-singh-patel Parliament of India page]
* [https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/whos-who/council-ministers Cabinet list]y

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Royal Philharmonic Orchestra

2026-03-14T20:23:19Z

Chinmoyin: updated citations for consistency

{{Short description|British orchestra based in London, England}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox orchestra
| name = Royal Philharmonic Orchestra
| type = <nowiki />
| short_name = RPO
| image = Cadogan Hall, Sloane Terrace, SW1 - interior - geograph.org.uk - 1805137.jpg
| caption = The RPO at [[Cadogan Hall]], its home since 2004
| image_size = 300px
| location = [[London]], England, UK
| founded = {{Start date and age|1946}}
| concert_hall = [[Cadogan Hall]] [[Royal Albert Hall]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.rpo.co.uk}}
|logo=File:Royal Philharmonic Orchestra logo.svg}}
The '''Royal Philharmonic Orchestra''' ('''RPO''') is a British symphony [[orchestra]] based in [[London]], England.

The RPO was established by [[Thomas Beecham]] in 1946. In its early days, the orchestra secured profitable recording contracts and important engagements including the [[Glyndebourne Festival Opera]] and the concerts of the [[Royal Philharmonic Society]]. After Beecham's death in 1961, the RPO's fortunes declined steeply. The RPO battled for survival until the mid-1960s, when its future was secured after a report by the [[Arts Council of Great Britain]] recommended that it should receive public subsidy. A further crisis arose in the same era when it seemed that the orchestra's right to call itself "Royal" could be withdrawn.

In 2004, the RPO acquired its first permanent London base, at [[Cadogan Hall]] in [[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]]. The RPO also gives concerts at the [[Royal Festival Hall]], the [[Royal Albert Hall]] and venues around the United Kingdom and other countries. Since the start of the 2021–2022 season, the orchestra's musical director has been [[Vasily Petrenko]].

==History==

===Origins===
[[File:RPO-arms.jpg|thumb|Arms of the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra]]
In 1932, [[Sir Thomas Beecham]] had founded the [[London Philharmonic Orchestra]] (LPO), which, with the backing of rich supporters, he ran until 1940, when finances dried up in wartime. Beecham left to conduct in Australia and then the US; the orchestra continued without him after reorganising itself as a self-governing body. On Beecham's return to England in September 1944 the LPO welcomed him back and, in October, they gave a concert together that drew superlatives from the critics.<ref>[[William Glock|Glock, William]], "Music", ''[[The Observer]]'' 8 October 1944, p. 2; and "Sir T. Beecham's Return", ''The Times'', 9 October 1944, p. 8</ref> Over the next months, Beecham and the orchestra gave further concerts with considerable success, but the LPO players, now their own employers, declined to give him the unfettered control he had exercised in the 1930s. If he were to become chief conductor again, it would be as a paid employee of the orchestra.<ref>Reid (1961), p. 230</ref> Beecham responded, "I emphatically refuse to be wagged by any orchestra ... I am going to found one more great orchestra to round off my career."<ref name=reid231>Reid (1961), p. 231</ref> In 1945 he conducted the first concert of [[Walter Legge]]'s new [[Philharmonia Orchestra]], but was not disposed to accept a salaried position from Legge, his former assistant, any more than from his former players in the LPO.<ref name=reid231/>{{#tag:ref|Of the 75 players who constituted the LPO in 1944 only 18 had been in the LPO that Beecham left in 1940.<ref>Lucas, p. 306</ref>|group= n}} His new orchestra to rival the Philharmonia would, he told Legge, be launched in "the most auspicious circumstances and ''éclat''".<ref>Osborne, p. 248</ref>

In 1946, Beecham reached an agreement with the [[Royal Philharmonic Society]]: his orchestra would replace the LPO at all the Society's concerts.<ref name=reid231/> He thus gained the right to name the new ensemble the "Royal Philharmonic Orchestra", an arrangement approved by [[George VI of the United Kingdom|George VI]].<ref>"Orchestra Refuse to Drop 'Royal' from Title, '' The Times'', 19 August 1964, p. 10</ref>{{#tag:ref|The Society had its own orchestra from its foundation in 1813 until 1932, when it agreed with Beecham that the new LPO would play at all its concerts.<ref>Three Orchestras", ''The Times'' 24 September 1932, p. 8; and "The Royal Philharmonic", ''The Manchester Guardian'', 21 August 1946, p. 3</ref> The new Royal Philharmonic Orchestra was granted the right to use the name when playing for the Society or at any other performance conducted by or under the artistic control of Beecham.<ref>[[George Baker (record singer)|Baker, George]]. "Royal Philharmonic Orchestra", ''The Times'', 4 July 1964, p. 9</ref>|group= n}} Beecham arranged with the [[Glyndebourne Festival]] that the RPO should be the resident orchestra at Glyndebourne seasons. He secured backing, including that of record companies in the US as well as Britain, with whom lucrative recording contracts were negotiated.<ref name=reid231/> The music critic Lyndon Jenkins writes:

{{blockquote|Naturally, it quickly became known that he was planning another orchestra, at which the cry "He'll never get the players!" went up just as it had done in 1932. Beecham was unmoved: "I always get the players," he retorted. "Among other considerations, they are so good they refuse to play under anybody but me".<ref>Jenkins (2005), p. 99</ref>|}}

===Beecham's orchestra===
Beecham appointed [[Victor Olof]] as his orchestral manager, and they started recruiting. At the top of their list were leading musicians with whom Beecham had worked before the war. Four had been founder members of the LPO fifteen years previously: [[Reginald Kell]] (clarinet), [[Gerald Jackson]] (flute), James Bradshaw (timpani) and Jack Silvester (double-bass). From the current LPO they engaged the oboist Peter Newbury. Beecham persuaded the veteran bassoonist [[Archie Camden]], who had been pursuing a solo career, to return to orchestral work.<ref>Archie Camden. ''Blow by Blow: the memories of a musical rogue and vagabond'', Thames Publishing, London, 1982</ref> The cellos were led by Raymond Clark, enlisted from the [[BBC Symphony Orchestra]]. The principal horn player was [[Dennis Brain]], who already held the same post in Legge's Philharmonia, but managed to play for both orchestras.<ref name=j99/> Jenkins speculates that as Beecham knew all Britain's orchestral [[Concertmaster|leaders]] at first hand he decided not to try to lure any of them away. His choice was John Pennington, who had been first violin of the [[London String Quartet]] from 1927 to 1934, and had then had a career in the US as concertmaster, successively, of the [[San Francisco Symphony]], [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]] and [[Paramount Pictures]] orchestras.<ref name=j99>Jenkins (2005), pp. 99–100</ref><ref>Lucas, p. 317</ref>

[[File:Sir-Thomas-Beecham-US-1948.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Beecham rehearsing in 1948]]
On 11 September 1946, the Royal Philharmonic assembled for its first rehearsal.<ref name=j99/> Four days later it gave its first concert, at the Davis Theatre, [[Croydon]].<ref>"Sir Thomas Beecham's New Orchestra", ''The Times'', 12 September 1946, p. 6</ref> Beecham telegraphed a colleague, "Press virtually unanimous in praise of orchestra. First Croydon concert huge success".<ref>Cardus et al, p 4</ref> Beecham and the orchestra played a series of out-of-town engagements before venturing a first London concert on 26 October. ''[[The Times]]'' then spoke of "a hall filled with golden tone which enveloped the listener".<ref>"Delius Festival", ''The Times'', 28 October 1946, p. 6</ref> Before its London debut the orchestra made its first recording and, within two years, had made more than 100.<ref name=potts8/>

Within a few months, Pennington was forced to resign when the British [[Musicians' Union (UK)|Musicians' Union]] discovered that he was not one of its members.<ref>Lucas, p. 319</ref>{{#tag:ref|At the time, union membership was compulsory for players in British orchestras.<ref>Orchestral Politics", ''The Times'', 26 August 1949, p. 8</ref>|group= n}} He was succeeded by his deputy Oscar Lampe, "a man who eschewed most social graces but played the violin divinely", according to Jenkins.<ref>Jenkins (2005), p. 100</ref> In the early days, the orchestra comprised 72 players, all on yearly contract to Beecham, giving him first call on their services, subject to reasonable notice, but not otherwise restricting their freedom to play for other ensembles.<ref name=potts8>Potts, p. 8</ref> A review of the London orchestral scene of the late 1940s said of the RPO and its main rival: "The Philharmonia and Royal Philharmonic share a very serious disability: that neither is a permanently constituted orchestra. Both assemble and disperse more or less at random ... there is no style which is distinctively RPO or Philharmonia."<ref>Hill, p. 214</ref>

Brain continued to play first horn for both orchestras; otherwise, from the early 1950s, there was generally more stability of orchestral personnel. {{anchor|RPO-royal-family}}In particular, the RPO became celebrated for its regular team of woodwind principals, in which Jackson was joined by [[Jack Brymer]] (clarinet), [[Gwydion Brooke]] (bassoon) and [[Terence MacDonagh]] (oboe).<ref>Jenkins (2000), p. 5</ref> ''[[The Independent]]'' described them as "arguably the finest ever wind section ... [they] became known as 'The Royal Family'."<ref>Melville-Mason, Graham. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/gwydion-brooke-6148964.html "Gwydion Brooke – Bassoonist in Sir Thomas Beecham's 'Royal Family'"], ''The Independent'', 5 April 2005</ref>{{#tag:ref|Jackson left the orchestra in 1958 and was succeeded by [[Geoffrey Gilbert]], whom ''The Times'' called "the most influential British flautist of the twentieth century". The quartet of woodwind soloists continued to be generally known as "the Royal Family"<ref>"Geoffrey Gilbert", ''The Times'', 22 May 1989, p. 20</ref>|group= n}}

The RPO toured the United States in 1950, the first British orchestra to visit America since the [[London Symphony Orchestra]] (LSO) in 1912. This was a long-cherished plan of Beecham's, who had been unable to take the LPO to the US in the 1930s. He arranged 52 concerts in 45 cities in 64 days. The tour was described by Brain's biographers Gamble and Lynch as a huge success.<ref name=gamble/> It began on 13 October in [[Hartford, Connecticut]] and finished on 15 December in [[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania]]. The concerto soloists were the pianist [[Betty Humby Beecham]] (the conductor's second wife) and orchestral principals: [[David McCallum, Sr.|David McCallum]] (violin), [[Anthony Pini]] (cello) and the four members of the "Royal Family".<ref name=gamble>Gamble and Lynch, p. 60</ref> In ''[[The New York Times]]'', [[Olin Downes]] wrote of "magnificent music-making by Sir Thomas Beecham and the Royal Philharmonic".<ref>Downes, Olin. [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B12F9395914728FDDAD0994DA415B8089F1D3 "Beecham Superb in Concert Here; Conducts Royal Philharmonic in Stirring Concert"], ''The New York Times'', 14 December 1950, p. 50 {{subscription required}}</ref> The following year, assessing all the London orchestras, [[Frank Howes]], music critic of ''The Times'', concluded that the RPO "comes nearest in quality and in consistency of style to the great international orchestras".<ref>Howes, Frank. "London Orchestras", ''The Times'', 8 June 1951, p. 6</ref>

The orchestra's first appearance at the [[the Proms|Proms]] took place in August 1952, conducted by [[Basil Cameron]].<ref>Cardus et al, p. 4</ref> Beecham made his Proms debut two years later, conducting the RPO in a programme of music by [[Hector Berlioz|Berlioz]], [[Franz Schubert|Schubert]] and [[Jean Sibelius|Sibelius]]; ''The Times'' commented on "an evening of magnificent playing".<ref>"Promenade Concert – Sir Thomas Beecham's Début", ''The Times'', 6 September 1954, p. 9</ref> In 1957, Beecham and the RPO made a European tour, beginning at the [[Salle Pleyel]] in Paris and ending at the [[Musikverein]] in Vienna.<ref>Lucas, pp. 331–332</ref>

Beecham conducted the RPO in his last concert, given at [[Portsmouth Guildhall]] on 7 May 1960. The programme, all characteristic choices, comprised the ''[[Magic Flute]]'' Overture, Haydn's [[Symphony No. 100 (Haydn)|''Military'' Symphony]], Beecham's own [[George Frideric Handel|Handel]] arrangement ''Love in Bath'', Schubert's [[Symphony No. 5 (Schubert)|Fifth Symphony]], ''On the River'' by [[Frederick Delius|Delius]], and the ''Bacchanale'' from [[Camille Saint-Saëns|Saint-Saëns]]'s ''[[Samson and Delilah (opera)|Samson and Delilah]]'', with Delius's ''Sleigh Ride'' as an encore.<ref>Lucas, p. 338</ref> Beecham suffered a heart attack the following month, from which he did not recover; he died in March 1961.<ref>Lucas, p. 339</ref>

===1961–2000===
{{quote box
|Gentlemen, there are four other orchestras in London; you can always go and work for them.
|fontsize=90%
|width=27%
|border=1px
|quoted=yes
|bgcolor=#ECCEF5
|source=Lady Beecham to RPO members, 1963<ref name=lives>"Lives Remembered", ''The Times'', 2 October 2003, p. 41</ref>
|salign = right}}
[[Rudolf Kempe]], who had been appointed associate conductor in 1960, became principal conductor in 1961 and music director in 1962.<ref>[http://www.rpo.co.uk/rpo_conductor.php?cid=17 "Rudolf Kempe"], Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. Retrieved 2 June 2013</ref> Beecham's widow{{#tag:ref|Shirley, ''née'' Hudson, Beecham's third wife and former secretary, whom he married in 1959, a year after Betty Humby Beecham died.<ref>Reid (1961), p. 241</ref>|group= n}} ran the affairs of the orchestra as best she could, but some senior players including Brymer and MacDonagh were unhappy with the management and they left.<ref name=lives/> The orchestra reorganised itself in 1963 as a self-governing limited company, but almost immediately encountered difficulties.<ref>Peacock, p. 9</ref> The Royal Philharmonic Society decided not to engage the RPO for its concerts; Glyndebourne booked the LPO instead of the RPO from 1964 onwards. The RPO was also excluded from the London Orchestral Concert Board's schedule of concerts, which meant that it was denied the use of London's main concert venue, the [[Royal Festival Hall]]. Kempe resigned, although he returned shortly afterwards. Helped by strong support from [[Malcolm Sargent|Sir Malcolm Sargent]], the orchestra successfully mounted its own concerts at a cinema in [[Swiss Cottage]], {{convert|3.5|mi}} to the north-west of the Festival Hall.<ref>Reid (1968), pp. 429–434</ref> A 1965 report to the [[Arts Council]] by a committee chaired by [[Alan T. Peacock|Alan Peacock]] recommended that all four independent London orchestras should receive adequate public subsidy.<ref name=c6>Cardus et al, p. 6</ref>

The severance of the tie with the Royal Philharmonic Society in 1963 turned out to be temporary,{{#tag:ref|The RPS resumed its association with the orchestra from the 1966–67 season.<ref>Potts, p. 11</ref>|group= n}} but for three years it threatened to deprive the RPO of the "Royal" in its title. The matter was resolved in 1966, when, on the advice of [[Roy Jenkins]] who, as [[Home Secretary]], had responsibility for such matters, [[Elizabeth II|the Queen]] conferred the title unconditionally on the orchestra.<ref>"Orchestra Wins Royal Fight", ''The Times'', 16 July 1966, p. 12</ref>

[[File:Clifford-Curzon.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Clifford Curzon]], soloist at the RPO's Silver Jubilee concert]]
The RPO celebrated its [[silver jubilee]] in 1971. On 15 September, the orchestra returned to Croydon, where it had made its debut 25 years earlier. The theatre in which it had first played had been demolished and the anniversary concert was therefore given at the [[Fairfield Halls]]. The programme consisted of the overture to ''[[The Marriage of Figaro]]'', [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]'s [[Piano Concerto No. 5 (Beethoven)|''Emperor'']] Concerto, and [[Gustav Holst|Holst]]'s ''[[The Planets]]''. [[Adrian Boult|Sir Adrian Boult]] conducted, and [[Clifford Curzon]] was the soloist.<ref>Cardus et al, pp. 12–13</ref> Five members of the original orchestra were still in the RPO for the jubilee concert: Leonard Brain (brother of Dennis), principal cor anglais; Lewis Pocock, co-principal timpani; Ernest Ineson, double bass; John Myers, viola; and Albert Pievsky, violin.<ref name=c6/>

The RPO gave Kempe the title of "Conductor for Life" in 1970. Kempe stepped down from the orchestra in 1975, the year before his death. [[Antal Doráti]] succeeded Kempe as chief conductor from 1975 to 1978. As in his earlier spells with the LSO and BBC Symphony Orchestra, he was not greatly liked by his players, but raised their standard of playing and imposed discipline.<ref>"Great Orchestra's Predicament", ''The Times'', 28 June 1963, p. 18; and "Antal Dorati", ''The Times'', 16 November 1988, p. 18</ref>

In 1984, a new threat to the orchestra emerged, where a review carried out on behalf of the Arts Council by the journalist [[William Rees-Mogg]] opined that England lacked "a great eastern symphony orchestra": the suggestion was that the RPO should move to [[Nottingham]]. Another Arts Council report of the same period recommended that the RPO should supplement the LSO as resident orchestra at the [[Barbican Centre]]; neither proposal came to fruition.<ref>Morrison, p 152</ref> During the 1980s, the British government imposed strict constraints on public spending; to make up for lost revenue, the RPO, in common with the other self-governing London orchestras, was forced into increased reliance on business sponsorship as a primary source of funds. The ''[[Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians]]'', recording this, comments, "Such sponsorship is, however, subject to changing circumstances and thus less secure in the long term."<ref>[[Nicholas Temperley|Temperley, Nicholas]], et al. [http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/16904pg7 "London (i)]", ''[[Grove Music Online]]'', Oxford University Press. Retrieved 8 June 2013 {{subscription required}}</ref>

Since 1993, the RPO has had a community and education programme, later given the title of "RPO Resound". It aims to increase "access to and engagement with world-class music-making."<ref name=about/> It has worked in venues including homeless shelters, hospices, youth clubs and prisons.<ref name=about>[http://www.rpo.co.uk/history.php "About the orchestra"], Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. Retrieved 4 June 2013</ref>

On 7 April 1994, the RPO, with guest leader [[Hugh Bean]], was joined by the [[Cappella Giulia]] of Saint Peter's Basilica and the [[Accademia Filarmonica Romana]], cellist [[Lynn Harrell]] and actor [[Richard Dreyfuss]], in the [[Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah]], conducted by [[Gilbert Levine]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tagliabue|first=John|date=April 8, 1994|title=Holocaust Lamentations Echo at Vatican|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/08/world/holocaust-lamentations-echo-at-vatican.html}}</ref> This concert was attended by [[Pope John Paul II]], Chief Rabbi of Rome [[Elio Toaff]], and President of Italy [[Oscar Luigi Scalfaro]], and was broadcast throughout Europe via Eurovision and on [[PBS]] stations throughout the United States. It was released on CD by Justice Records<ref>{{Cite web|title=Audio CD: Papal Concert to Commemorate Holocaust|website=Amazon|url=https://www.amazon.com/Papal-Concert-Commemorate-Holocaust/dp/B01KARVHAO}}</ref> and as video by Time-Warner.<ref>{{Cite book|title=VHS: Papal Concert to Commemorate the Holocaust|asin=6303277020}}</ref>

===21st century===
[[File:Cadogan Hall, Sloane Terrace, SW1 - geograph.org.uk - 1804955.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Cadogan Hall]], the RPO's home since 2004]]
The orchestra gives an annual series of concerts at the Festival Hall and, since 2004, has had a permanent home at [[Cadogan Hall]], a former church in [[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]], converted into a 900-seat concert hall and rehearsal space.<ref>Binney, Marcus. [http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:UKNB:LTIB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=103CD83210A68E70&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=102CDD40F14C6BDA "Music's coming home – royally"], ''The Times'' 12 July 2044</ref> At the [[Royal Albert Hall]] in London, the RPO gives performances ranging from large-scale choral and orchestral works to evenings of popular classics.<ref name=about/>

The RPO returned to international television on 29 July 2005, when it was joined by the [[London Philharmonic Choir]] and soloists Bozena Harasimowicz, [[Monica Groop]], [[Jerry Hadley]], and [[Franz-Josef Selig]] performing Beethoven's [[Missa solemnis (Beethoven)|Missa Solemnis]] under the baton of [[Gilbert Levine]] in [[Cologne Cathedral]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 July 2005|title=Message of greeting from Pope Benedict XVI|work=Presseportal. WDR West German Broadcasting|url=https://www.presseportal.de/pm/7899/707233}}</ref> This performance was televised by [[Westdeutscher Rundfunk]] (WDR), [[3sat]] and [[PBS]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=October 16, 2008|title=From Heart To Heart: Beethoven's Plea For Peace|work=WQED Pressroom|url=https://www.wqed.org/pressroom/releases/heart-heart-beethovens-plea-peace}}</ref> and was released on DVD by [[Arthaus Musik]].

The orchestra maintains a regional touring programme, taking in venues throughout the UK, and has established residencies in [[Aylesbury]], [[Crawley]], Croydon, [[Dartford]], [[High Wycombe]], [[Ipswich]], [[Lowestoft]], [[Northampton]] and [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]].<ref name="about" />{{#tag:ref|The number of towns and cities in which the RPO regularly plays is reflected in the sobriquet adopted in some of the orchestra's marketing: "The Nation's Favourite Orchestra".<ref>[http://www.rpo.co.uk/organisations.php "Support – Organisations"], Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. Retrieved 10 June 2013</ref>|group= n}} The RPO regularly tours overseas; since 2010 it has played in Azerbaijan, Canada, China, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, Spain, Turkey<ref name=":0">{{YouTube|title=Sezen Aksu & The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra – 'Hayat Sana Teşekkür Ederim' (11.12.2015 – Zorlu PSM) |id=h1gOL8Ywq4A}} {{Retrieved|access-date=3 January 2023}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{YouTube|eoQoLyh9Jsw|Sezen Aksu & The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra Full}} {{Retrieved|access-date=3 January 2023}}</ref> and the US. In 2010–11 and two subsequent seasons the RPO was the resident orchestra for a series of concerts in [[Montreux]], Switzerland.<ref name="about" /> In 2010 the orchestra toured England, with a repertoire preponderantly of Beethoven, including the [[Violin Concerto (Beethoven)|Violin Concerto]] in which [[Pinchas Zukerman]] was both soloist and conductor.<ref>[http://www.rpo.co.uk/news_item.php?n_id=23 "Inaugural UK Tour for Pinchas Zukerman with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra"], Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. Retrieved 8 June 2013</ref> In the same year, another tour featured [[Maxim Shostakovich]] conducting the music of his father, [[Dmitri Shostakovich]].<ref>[http://www.rpo.co.uk/news_item.php?n_id=21 " Shostakovich conducts Shostakovich with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra"], Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. Retrieved 8 June 2013</ref> The RPO continues to feature at the Proms. In December 2015, RPO gave a concert with [[Sezen Aksu]] at [[Zorlu PSM]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> In November 2019, the Royal Albert Hall announced the RPO as its official associate orchestra, with an initial contract of 5 years.<ref>{{cite press release | title=2020 Vision: Royal Albert Hall and Royal Philharmonic Orchestra join forces | url=https://www.royalalberthall.com/about-the-hall/news/2019/november/2020-vision-royal-albert-hall-and-royal-philharmonic-orchestra-join-forces/ | publisher=Royal Albert Hall | date=8 November 2019 | access-date=2021-09-20}}</ref>

The orchestra's community and education activities have continued into the 21st century. In May 2013, six youth ensembles from London boroughs and a 3,500-strong choir of children from local primary schools were given the chance to perform alongside members of the RPO at the Albert Hall. They played a piece composed by participants from all six musical ensembles.<ref>[http://www.rpo.co.uk/news_item.php?n_id=31 "Pass the Torch"], Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. Retrieved 8 June 2013</ref>

In November 2022, three performances by the orchestra were released on streaming service On Air. Recorded at [[Television Centre, London|BBC Television Centre]], performances of ''[[The Rite of Spring|The Rite Of Spring]]'', ''[[The Firebird]]'' and ''[[Petrushka (ballet)|Petrushka]]'' by [[Igor Stravinsky]] were captured.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2022 |title=BBC Studio – Stream Live Concerts, Shows & Events {{!}} On Air |url=https://onair.events/venue/bbc-studios-london |website=On Air}}</ref> In 2023, RPO musicians were selected to play at the [[coronation of Charles III and Camilla]].<ref>{{cite web |date=16 April 2023 |title=Buckingham Palace is pleased to announce further details of the twelve new compositions that have been written for the Coronation of Their Majesties The King and The Queen Consort at Westminster Abbey on Saturday 6th May 2023. |url=https://www.royal.uk/coronation-music-commissions |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416081854/https://www.royal.uk/coronation-music-commissions |archive-date=16 April 2023 |access-date=11 May 2023 |work=The Royal Family}}</ref>

In March 2024, the RPO announced the appointment of Sarah Bardwell as its next managing director, in succession to James Williams.<ref>{{cite press release | url=https://www.rpo.co.uk/news-and-press/80-news/871-rpo-announces-new-managing-director | title=RPO announces new Managing Director | publisher=Royal Philharmonic Orchestra | date=5 March 2024 | access-date=2024-03-06}}</ref>

==Players and conductors==
Among the well-known musicians who have been RPO principals in the mid-1950s and later, string players include [[Steven Staryk]] (leader, 1957–1959), [[Raymond Cohen]] (leader, 1959–1966), [[Alan Loveday]] (leader, 1967–1971), [[Erich Gruenberg]] (leader, 1972–1976), [[Barry Griffiths (violinist)|Barry Griffiths]] (leader, 1976–1989), [[Jonathan Carney]] (leader, 1991–1994), [[Clio Gould]] (leader, 2002-2016)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thestrad.com/clio-gould-steps-down-as-royal-philharmonic-orchestra-concertmaster/1604.article | title=Clio Gould steps down as Royal Philharmonic Orchestra concertmaster }}</ref> and [[Frederick Riddle]] (viola, 1953–1977). Among the woodwind principals have been [[Geoffrey Gilbert]] (flute, 1957–1961), [[James Galway]] (flute, 1967–1969), [[Antony Pay]] (clarinet, 1968–1978) and [[Michael Chapman (bassoonist)|Michael Chapman]] (bassoon, 1978–1999). Principals in the brass section have included [[Alan Civil]] (horn, 1952–1955), [[Philip Jones (musician)|Philip Jones]] (trumpet, 1956–1960), [[Elgar Howarth]] (trumpet, 1963–1969) and [[Martin Owen]] (horn, 1998–2008).<ref>Potts, pp. 13 and 19; [http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/search_results?size=100&search=quick&q=RPO&_start=1 "RPO"], Oxford University Press. Retrieved 8 June 2013 {{subscription required}}; and [http://www.ram.ac.uk/find-people?pid=283 Martin Owen"], Royal Academy of Music. Retrieved 10 June 2013</ref>

[[File:RPO-conductors.jpg|thumb|Clockwise from top left: [[Yehudi Menuhin|Menuhin]], [[Charles Mackerras|Mackerras]], [[Charles Dutoit|Dutoit]] and [[Vladimir Ashkenazy|Ashkenazy]]]]

Chief conductors since Dorati have been [[Walter Weller]] (1980–1985), [[André Previn]] (1985–1992), [[Vladimir Ashkenazy]] (1987–1994), [[Yuri Temirkanov]] (1992–1998) and [[Daniele Gatti]] (1996–2009).<ref name=past>[http://www.rpo.co.uk/rpo_past_conductors.php "Past conductors"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091023123847/http://www.rpo.co.uk/rpo_past_conductors.php |date=23 October 2009 }}, Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. Retrieved 2 June 2013</ref> [[Charles Dutoit]] was artistic director and principal conductor from 2009 until January 2018, when he resigned after allegations of sexual misconduct.<ref>{{cite press release | url=https://www.rpo.co.uk/news-and-press/80-news/270-royal-philharmonic-orchestra-responds-to-accusations-made-about-charles-dutoit-2 | title=Charles Dutoit Steps Down Early as Artistic Director and Principal Conductor of the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra | publisher=Royal Philharmonic Orchestra | date=10 January 2018 | access-date=2024-04-08}}</ref>

From 1992 to 2000, [[Peter Maxwell Davies]] was associate conductor and composer to the RPO.<ref name=past/> Other conductors with close ties to the orchestra have included [[Charles Groves|Sir Charles Groves]], [[Vernon Handley]], [[Charles Mackerras|Sir Charles Mackerras]], [[Yehudi Menuhin]], [[Gennady Rozhdestvensky]] and [[Leopold Stokowski]]. Pinchas Zukerman became the RPO's principal guest conductor in 2009. In January 2015, after several guest conducting appearances, [[Alexander Shelley]] was appointed Principal Associate Conductor of the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, taking over the position from [[Grzegorz Nowak (conductor)|Grzegorz Nowak]], who had served in the role since 2008.<ref name="RPO2015">Royal Philharmonic Orchestra press release, 20 January 2015</ref>

[[Vasily Petrenko]] first guest-conducted the RPO in March 2016. In July 2018, the RPO announced the appointment of Petrenko as its new music director, with an initial contract of five years from the 2021–2022 season.<ref>{{cite press release | url=https://www.rpo.co.uk/news-and-press/95-press/300-royal-philharmonic-orchestra-announced-vasily-petrenko-as-music-director-from-2021-22-season | title=Royal Philharmonic Orchestra Announced Vasily Petrenko as Music Director from 2021–22 Season | publisher=Royal Philharmonic Orchestra | date=2 July 2018 | access-date=2018-07-02}}</ref> In April 2024, the RPO announced the appointment of [[Joe Hisaishi]] as its next composer-in-association.<ref>{{cite press release | url=https://www.rpo.co.uk/news-and-press/879-joe-hisaishi-composer-in-association | title=RPO appoints Joe Hisaishi as Composer-in-Association | publisher=Royal Philharmonic Orchestra | date=2 July 2018 | access-date=2018-07-02}}</ref> In April 2024, the RPO announced the extension of Petrenko's contract as its music director through the 2029-2030 season.<ref>{{cite press release | url=https://www.rpo.co.uk/news-and-press/888-vasily-petrenko-contract-extension-2030 | title=Vasily Petrenko extends RPO Music Director Contract to 2030 | publisher=Royal Philharmonic Orchestra | date=24 April 2024 | access-date=2024-07-12}}</ref>

==Recordings==
{{Main|Royal Philharmonic Orchestra discography}}
[[File:The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra at Abbey Road Studios in 2015.jpg|right|thumb|The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra recording a special classical segment for TV, film and advertising at Abbey Road Studios]]

From the RPO's earliest days to the end of Beecham's life, they made numerous recordings for [[His Master's Voice (British record label)|His Master's Voice]], [[Columbia Records|CBS]] and [[RCA Victor]]. Among the works they recorded EMI chose several to be reissued at the end of the twentieth century in its "Great Recordings of the Century" series. They included a Delius programme; a [[Edvard Grieg|Grieg]] programme; French ballet music; short works by [[Georges Bizet|Bizet]], [[Emmanuel Chabrier|Chabrier]], [[Gabriel Fauré|Fauré]] and Saint-Saëns; Tchaikovsky's [[Symphony No. 4 (Tchaikovsky)|Symphony No 4]] and ''[[The Nutcracker|Nutcracker]]'' Suite; Mozart's [[Symphony No. 41 (Mozart)|''Jupiter'']] Symphony, [[Clarinet Concerto (Mozart)|Clarinet Concerto]] (Brymer) and [[Bassoon Concerto (Mozart)|Bassoon Concerto]] (Brooke); and Schubert's [[Symphony No. 3 (Schubert)|3rd]], 5th and [[Symphony No. 6 (Schubert)|6th]] Symphonies.<ref>[http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/listPage.jsp;jsessionid=268CC5C50E2BB471E973F5875DE62D5C?&list_id=455&start_list=101 "EMI Great Recordings of the Century"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929120841/http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/listPage.jsp;jsessionid=268CC5C50E2BB471E973F5875DE62D5C?&list_id=455&start_list=101 |date=29 September 2015 }}, Archiv music. Retrieved 3 June 2013</ref>

After Beecham's death, the RPO made many recordings for [[Decca Records|Decca]], sometimes under pseudonyms such as the "Beecham Symphony Orchestra", the "London Festival Orchestra" and the "Metropolitan Symphony Orchestra".<ref name=decca>Stuart, Philip. [http://images.cch.kcl.ac.uk/charm/liv/pubs/DeccaComplete.pdf ''Decca Classical 1929–2009'']. Retrieved 4 June 2013</ref> In the 1960s, the RPO also recorded commercially with such conductors as [[John Barbirolli|Sir John Barbirolli]], [[Fritz Reiner]], [[Charles Munch (conductor)|Charles Munch]], [[Georges Prêtre]], Kempe, Previn and Stokowski.<ref name=decca/> Soloists included [[Earl Wild]], [[Shura Cherkassky]], Alan Civil and [[Luciano Pavarotti]].<ref name=decca/>

[[Igor Stravinsky]] recorded his opera ''[[The Rake's Progress]]'' with the RPO in 1964.<ref name=golding/> [[Colin Davis]] made some of his earliest recordings with the orchestra, including Mozart and [[Gioacchino Rossini|Rossini]] overtures, Beethoven's [[Symphony No. 7 (Beethoven)|Seventh Symphony]],<ref>Blyth, p. 52</ref> and Stravinsky's ''[[Oedipus rex (opera)|Oedipus rex]]''.<ref>[http://www.rpo.co.uk/reviews.php "Press reviews"], Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. Retrieved 3 June 2013.</ref> From 1964 to 1979 the RPO was engaged by Decca to record [[Gilbert and Sullivan]] operas with the [[D'Oyly Carte Opera Company]].<ref name=decca/> The orchestra has also recorded for [[Deutsche Grammophon]], [[Lyrita]], [[Philips Records|Philips]], [[Pye Records|Pye]] and [[Unicorn-Kanchana]].<ref name=decca/><ref>Cardus et al, pp. 22–23</ref>

In 1986, the orchestra launched RPO Records, claimed to be "the world's first record label to be owned by a symphony orchestra".<ref name=golding>Golding and Beales, pp. 2–3</ref> Recordings available on the RPO label in 2013 ranged from core symphonic repertoire and Tchaikovsky ballet scores to film music by various composers, light music by [[Burt Bacharach]] and [[Richard Rodgers]], and an album called "Symphonic Rock", described as "Over 3 hours of classic rock anthems and pop tracks with an orchestral twist".<ref>[http://www.orchidclassics.com/rpo.htm "RPO Records"], Orchid Classics. Retrieved 4 June 2013.</ref>

==Non-classical work==
As well as performing works from the classical repertoire, the RPO has recorded a number of film scores, including those for [[Michael Powell|Powell]] and [[Emeric Pressburger|Pressburger]]'s ''[[The Red Shoes (1948 film)|The Red Shoes]]'' and ''[[The Tales of Hoffmann (1951 film)|The Tales of Hoffmann]]''. Other scores recorded by the RPO are [[Laurence Olivier|Olivier]]'s ''[[Richard III (1955 film)|Richard III]]'', ''[[The Bridge on the River Kwai]]'', and ''[[The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes]]''.<ref>Cardus et al, p. 17</ref>

With Tony Bremner, Royal Philharmonic Orchestra rerecorded symphonic suites from various episodes of ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series]]''. These recordings were released in 1985 under Label "X" in two volumes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/master/view/775589 |title=Star Trek Symphonic Suites Arranged From The Original Television Scores |website=[[Discogs]] |date=1985 |access-date=2021-03-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.discogs.com/master/view/775589 |title=Star Trek Volume 2 – Symphonic Suites Arranged From The Original Television Scores |website=[[Discogs]] |date=1985 |access-date=2021-03-22}}</ref>

In 1987, the RPO established a sister ensemble, the Royal Philharmonic Concert Orchestra, which plays lighter classics. It succeeded a similar group, the Royal Philharmonic Pops Orchestra.<ref name=golding/> In 1989, the RPO recorded the flamenco album "Soy Gitano" (I am a gipsy man) with [[Camarón de la Isla]].

RPO players have been involved with many performances away from the classical repertory. In the 1960s, they pioneered the "mixed media" concert, appearing with [[The Nice]] rock band.<ref>Cardus et al, p. 7</ref> Later non-classical ventures included ''[[Live at the Acropolis|Yanni Live at the Acropolis]]'', a concert held in Greece in 1993, conducted by [[Shahrdad Rohani]];<ref name="AllmusicAcropolis">Widran, Jonathan, [http://www.allmusic.com/album/live-at-the-acropolis-mw0000108919 "Yanni / Live at the Acropolis / review"] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20120712141034/http://www.allmusic.com/album/live-at-the-acropolis-mw0000108919 WebCite archive]), [[AllMusic]], 1994 or later.</ref> In 1992 [[UEFA]] commissioned the orchestra and the [[Academy of St Martin in the Fields]] chorus to record the [[UEFA Champions League Hymn]].<ref name=UEFAanthem>[http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/music/index.htm "UEFA Champions League anthem"], UEFA. Retrieved 13 July 2012</ref> [[Jamaican people|Jamaican]] [[reggae]] singers [[John Holt (singer)|John Holt]] and [[Freddie McGregor]] performed with the orchestra in 2003 at the [[Hammersmith Apollo]] in London.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Macleod |first1=Erin |title=Reggae Legend John Holt Dead at 69 |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/reggae-legend-john-holt-dead-at-69-228997/ |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=20 October 2014 |access-date=12 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Freddie McGregor |url=https://www.laphil.com/musicdb/artists/3510/freddie-mcgregor|publisher=[[Los Angeles Philharmonic]]|access-date=12 September 2020}}</ref>

==Notes and references==
;Notes
{{Reflist|group=n|colwidth=40em}}
;References
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
;Sources
{{div col|colwidth=45em}}
* {{cite book | last= Blyth | first= Alan|author-link=Alan Blyth|year= 1972| title= Colin Davis | location= London | publisher= Ian Allan | oclc=675416}}
* {{cite book | last= Cardus| first=Neville|author-link=Neville Cardus| year=1971 | title=25 Years of the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra| location=London | publisher=Fabbri | oclc=22592704|display-authors=etal}}
* {{cite book | last=Golding | first=Robin |author2=Brendan Beales | year=1994 | title=''Notes to'' Grieg Piano Concerto in A minor and Lyric pieces | location= London| publisher= Tring| oclc=36052553 }}
* {{cite book | editor-last=Hill | editor-first=Ralph | title=Music 1951 | location=Harmondsworth, England | publisher=Penguin Books | year=1951 | oclc=26147349}}
* {{cite book | last=Jenkins | first=Lyndon | year= 2000| title=''Notes to'' Bizet Symphony in C and L'Arlésienne Suites | location=London | publisher=EMI | oclc=271816594 }}
* {{cite book | last=Jenkins | first=Lyndon | year=2005 | title=While Spring and Summer Sang: Thomas Beecham and the music of Frederick Delius | location=Aldershot | publisher=Ashgate | isbn= 0-7546-0721-6 }}
* {{cite book | last=Lucas| first=John|title=Thomas Beecham: An Obsession with Music | location=Woodbridge|publisher=Boydell Press | year=2008| isbn=978-1-84383-402-1}}
* {{cite book | last=Morrison| first=Richard| title=Orchestra| location=London | publisher=Faber| year=2004| isbn=0-571-21584-X}}
* {{cite book|last= Osborne |first= Richard |year= 1998|title= Herbert von Karajan: A Life in Music |location= London |publisher= Chatto and Windus |isbn= 1-85619-763-8}}
* {{cite book | last= Peacock|first=Alan (chairman)| title=Report on Orchestral Resources in Great Britain | location=London | publisher= Arts Council of Great Britain | year=1970 | isbn=0-11-981062-X }}
* {{cite book | last= Potts| first=Joseph E | year=1967 | title=The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, 1946–67 | location=London | publisher=RPO | oclc= 9215763}}
* {{cite book | last=Reid | first=Charles | title=Thomas Beecham: An Independent Biography | location=London | publisher=Victor Gollancz | year=1961|oclc=500565141}}
* {{cite book | last=Reid | first=Charles | title=Malcolm Sargent: a biography | location=London | publisher=Hamish Hamilton | year=1968 | isbn=0-8008-5080-7 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/malcolmsargentbi0000reid }}
{{div col end}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.rpo.co.uk}}
* {{discogs artist|The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra}}
* {{imdb name|1099157}}

{{RPO principal conductors}}
{{London orchestras}}
{{Portal bar|Classical music|London}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Royal Philharmonic Orchestra| ]]
[[Category:British symphony orchestras]]
[[Category:Orchestras from London]]
[[Category:Organisations based in London with royal patronage]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 1946]]
[[Category:1946 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Film music]]
[[Category:Cedille Records artists]]
[[Category:Thomas Beecham]]

Pithapuram

2026-03-13T22:58:17Z

Chinmoyin: cleaned up layout for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pithapuram
| other_name = Pishtapura
| settlement_type = city
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 280
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/1
| image1 = Visakhapatnam - Sainagar Shirdi Weekly Express enters Pithapuram train station 01.jpg
| image2 = View of fields near Pithapuram1.jpg
}}
| image_caption = '''Top''': Pithapuram Railway Station '''Bottom''': Paddy fields near Pithapuram
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.1167|N|82.2667|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kakinada district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipal
| governing_body = Municipality
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=civicbody>{{cite web|title=Municipalities, Municipal Corporations & UDAs|url=http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf|website=Directorate of city and Country Planning|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=28 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128175528/http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2016}}</ref>
| area_rank = 10
| area_total_km2 = 112.6
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 10
| population_total = 154,859
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 10
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=626388|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 533450
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle Registration]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India|AP05 (Former)]] AP39 (from 30 January 2019)<ref>{{cite news |title=New 'AP 39' code to register vehicles in Andhra Pradesh launched |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203234146/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jan/31/new-ap-39-code-to-register-vehicles-in-state-launched-1932417.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=9 June 2019 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2019 |location=Vijayawada}}</ref>
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name = Pithapuram
}}

'''Pithapuram''' (also spelled as '''Pitapuram''') is a city and [[municipality]] in the [[Kakinada district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. With a history spanning over 1,500 years, it is one of the oldest towns in the state. Pitapuram served as the capital for various kingdoms of Andhra, dating back to the 4th century CE, and continues to be an important pilgrimage destination.

The city is renowned for the [[Kukkuteswara Temple]] complex, which also houses the Puruhutika Devi Temple, one of the eighteen [[Shakta pithas|Maha Shakti Pithas]], considered among the most significant pilgrimage destinations in [[Shaktism]].<ref name="profile">{{cite web |title=Constitution of Godavari Urban Development Authority with headquarters at Godavari |url=http://urban.ap.gov.in/MAUD/Gazettee%20No.818.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118222806/http://urban.ap.gov.in/MAUD/Gazettee%20No.818.pdf |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=9 November 2016 |website=Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh}}</ref> Pitapuram is also the birthplace of [[Sripada Sri Vallabha]], a prominent 14th-century [[Hinduism|Hindu]] saint.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Sree Pada Sree Vallabha | Sree Datta Vaibhavam |url=https://www.sreedattavaibhavam.org/sree-pada-sree-vallabha/}}</ref> The town holds significant historical and religious significance, being mentioned in ancient texts such as the ''[[Skanda Purana]]'' and [[Srinatha|Srinatha's]] [[Bhimeswara Puranam|''Bheemeswara Puranam'']] ({{Circa|15th century}}).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=P. R. Ramachandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HIvrAAAAMAAJ&q=Kukkuteswara+Temple |title=The Splendour of Andhra Art |date=2005 |publisher=Akshara |pages=82 |language=en}}</ref>

Historically, Pitapuram has roots dating back to ancient times as a sovereign Town .<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Hemingway F. R. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.1427 |title=Madras District Gazetteers Godavari (1915) |date=1915}}</ref> It is referenced in [[Samudragupta]]'s [[Allahabad Pillar#Samudragupta inscription|Prayaga inscription]] ({{Circa|350 CE}})<ref name=":1">[[:File:Allahabad stone pillar inscription of Samudragupta.jpg|Full inscription]], {{cite book |last1=Fleet |first1=John Faithfull |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49403 |title=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol. 3 |date=1888 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49403/page/n197 1]-17}}</ref> under the name Pishtapura, during the reign of King Mahendra.<ref name="Asvini_1989">{{cite book |author=Ashvini Agrawal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&pg=PA315 |title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1989 |isbn=978-81-208-0592-7 |page=109}}</ref> In the 7th century CE, it served as the initial capital of the [[Eastern Chalukyas]] before they moved their capital to Vengi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&dq=Eastern+Chalukyas+pishtapura&pg=PA362 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |date=1999 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0 |pages=362 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lnBDAAAAYAAJ&q=pishtapura |title=Epigraphia Indica |publisher=Manager of Publications |year=1987 |volume=29 |pages=46 |language=en |orig-date=1888}}</ref> Over time, Pitapuram later became one of the administrative divisions, or Rāṣṭras, of the Eastern Chalukyas.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2014-07-31 |title=Role of Chalukyas of Vengi and its Polity During Post-Gupta Period |url=https://www.historydiscussion.net/gupta-period/role-of-chalukyas-of-vengi-and-its-polity-during-post-gupta-period/2000 |access-date=2020-10-04 |website=History Discussion |language=en-US}}</ref> During the late 12th century, [[Pruthviswara]] ({{Reign|1186|1207}}) of the [[Velanati Chodas]] ruled from Pitapuram. In the 12th and 13th centuries, the Pitapuram Chalukyas, a collateral branch of the Chalukyas, controlled the surrounding region, including [[Rajahmundry|Rajamahendravaram]], Pitapuram, and [[Draksharamam]]. By the 18th century, Pitapuram became the centre of the [[Pithapuram Estate|Pitapuram Estate]], which covered an area of {{Convert|393|sqmi|sqkm}} by 1903.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |year=1915 |title=Glory of the Pithapuram Estate |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.1427/page/n256/mode/1up?q=vegayammapeta}}</ref>

== History ==
Pitapuram, originally known as Pishtapura, is first mentioned around 350 CE<ref name=":1" /> in the [[Allahabad Pillar#Samudragupta inscription|Prayaga Pillar inscription]] of the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] emperor [[Samudragupta]], which records his victory over King Mahendra of Pishtapura.<ref name="Asvini_1989" /><ref name=":0" /> Inscriptions from the 4th and 5th centuries by the [[Vasishtha dynasty|Vasishtha]] and [[Mathara dynasty|Mathara]] dynasties refer to Pishtapura as part of the [[Kalinga (region)|Kalinga]] region.<ref name="Asvini_1989" /><ref>{{cite book |author=S. Sankaranarayanan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHFAAAAAMAAJ |title=The Vishṇukuṇḍis and Their Times: An Epigraphical Study |publisher=Agam Prakashan |year=1977 |page=51}}</ref>

In the 7th century, [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya]] king [[Pulakeshin II]] annexed Pishtapura into his kingdom.<ref name="Asvini_1989" /> The Town initially served as the capital of the [[Eastern Chalukyas]] before they shifted their capital to Vengi.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Desikachari |first=T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lNx31XT747wC&dq=Eastern+Chalukyas+Pishtapura&pg=PA39 |title=South Indian Coins |date=1991 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0155-0 |pages=39 |language=en |orig-date=1933}}</ref><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nigam |first=M. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRtQAAAAMAAJ&q=Pishtapura |title=Sculptural Heritage of Andhradesa |date=1975 |publisher=Booklinks Corporation |pages=16 |language=en}}</ref> Subsequently, Pitapuram became one of the administrative divisions, or Rastras, under the Chalukyas.<ref name=":2" />

During the late 12th century, [[Pruthviswara]] ({{Reign|1186|1207}}), of the [[Velanati Chodas]] ruled from Pitapuram.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=B. S. L. Hanumantha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GkNuAAAAMAAJ |title=Socio-cultural History of Ancient and Medieval Andhra |date=1995 |publisher=Telugu University |isbn=978-81-86073-08-7 |pages=67 |language=en}}</ref> The Town was later governed by the Pitapuram Chalukyas, a [[cadet branch]] of the Chalukyas, who controlled the area around [[Rajahmundry|Rajamahendravaram]], Pitapuram, and [[Draksharamam]] during the 12th and 13th centuries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical Background |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/144085/8/08_chapter%202.pdf}}</ref> Inscriptions from 1186 to 1391 CE also highlight its significance under the rule of the Konas and the [[Reddi Kingdom|Reddi]] kings.<ref name=":0" />

The Pitapuram Zamindar [[Pithapuram Estate]] family arrived in the [[Godavari District]] in 1571 and was granted the [[jagir]] of [[Anaparthi]]. They served as [[Sardar|Sardars]] of [[Rajahmundry|Rajamahendravaram]], commanding 4,000 troops, and received the Zamindari sanad in 1749 from Rustum Khan, a general of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]. In 1802, they established a permanent settlement with the British. By 1903, their estate covered {{Convert|393|sqmi|sqkm}} and generated a revenue of ₹9,14,000, with a peskash of ₹2,44,000.<ref name=":3" />

The Pitapuram Rajas were notable patrons of education and healthcare. They sponsored the classical [[Telugu language|Telugu]] dictionary [[Suryaraya Andhra Nighantuvu|''Sri Suryarayandhra Nighantuvu'']] and commissioned the first Telugu typewriter.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Blackburn |first1=Stuart H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2N046vzK824C&dq=karanam&pg=PA163 |title=India's Literary History: Essays on the Nineteenth Century |last2=Dalmia |first2=Vasudha |date=2004 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-7824-056-5 |pages=157 |language=en}}</ref> They founded the [[PR Government College Kakinada|Pithapur Raja's Government College]] (PR Government College) in Kakinada and supported the establishment of the [[Christian Medical Centre]] (CMC) by the [[Canadian Baptist Mission]], which has been renowned for its medical services since the eighteenth century.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=About Pithapuram Municipality |url=https://cdma.ap.gov.in/en/about-pithapuram-municipality |website=Commissioner & Director of Municipal Administration, Government of Andhra Pradesh}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Pitapuram is located at {{Coord|17.1167|N|82.2667|E|}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Pithapuram.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Pithapuram, India|website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref> It has an average elevation of {{convert|10|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}}. The town is approximately 20 kilometres from the district headquarters, [[Kakinada]], and 75 kilometres from [[Rajahmundry]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Pithapuram |url=https://eastgodavari.ap.gov.in/gallery/pithapuram/ |website=East Godavari District Web Portal}}</ref> In 1957, Pitapuram was designated as a [[List of urban local bodies in Andhra Pradesh|2nd grade]] [[Municipality]] and an [[Municipal governance in India|urban local body]] (ULB). It is spread over an area of 19.57 square kilometres.<ref name=":7" />

Pitapuram is landlocked but is located near several beaches, although none are within the town itself. Most of its economic activity is centered in Kakinada.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}} Notable neighborhoods in Pitapuram include C.B.M. Christian Medical Centre, Jaggayya Cheruvu, Drivers Colony, Pada Gaya Junction, Agraharam, and Satellite Town.

=== Climate ===
Pitapuram experiences a tropical climate, with winters extending from November to February and summers from March to June. The town receives an annual rainfall of 178 mm, predominantly during the monsoon season from July to September.<ref name=":7" />

== Religious sites ==
Pitapuram, an important pilgrimage destination, is renowned for its religious significance and historical temples. The town hosts the [[Kukkuteswara Temple]] complex, which houses several significant shrines, including the Puruhutika Devi Temple—one of the eighteen [[Shakta pithas|Maha Shakti Peethas]]. This temple is venerated in [[Shaktism]] as a major pilgrimage site, marking it as the 10th Shakti Peetha. The Kukkuteswara Temple, dedicated to [[Shiva|Lord Siva]] in the form of a self-originating ([[Svayambhu|Swayambhu]]) [[Lingam]], and the Puruhutika Devi Temple are central to the town's religious landscape.<ref name=":8" />

Additionally, Pitapuram is known for its other notable temples, such as the Kunthimadhava Swamy Temple and the Sri Pada Vallabha Anagha Datha Kshethram. The town is also famous for the Pada Gaya Sarovar, a [[Sacred waters|sacred pond]] believed to grant salvation to those who bathe in it, and for performing "Pinda Pradanam" (last rites), which is considered as auspicious as performing them in [[Varanasi]]. The town is closely associated with [[Sripada Sri Vallabha]], an important 14th-century [[Hindus|Hindu]] saint, believed by his followers to be an incarnation of [[Dattatreya]], further adding to its religious prominence.<ref name=":6" />

== Demographics ==
As per the [[2011 census of India|2011 Indian Census]], the Town had a population of 54,859. The average literacy rate stands at 75.00% with {{formatnum:35434}} literates, higher than the national average of 73.00%.<ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=626388|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chapter–3 (Literates and Literacy rate) |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/India/Chapter-3.pdf|publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref>

== Transport ==
Pithapuram Town is situated on [[NH 216]]. Pithapuram railway station is located on [[Duvvada-Vijayawada section]] of [[Howrah-Chennai main line]]. [[Rajahmundry Airport]] is located {{cvt|55|km}} from Pithapuram.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vijayawada Division – A Profile|url=http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1448370249434-Division%20Profile.pdf|website=South Central Railway|access-date=19 January 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128163230/http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1448370249434-Division%20Profile.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2016}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable" width="350px"
! width="50px" |Year
! width="600px" |Candidate
! width="100" |Party
|-
|2024{{En dash}}Present
|[[Konidela Pawan Kalyan]]
|[[Janasena Party]]
|}

== Notable residents ==

* [[Devulapalli Krishnasastri|Devulapalli Krishnasastry]] (1897–1980), [[Telugu language|Telugu]] poet and playwright, brought up in Pitapuram
* [[Dronamraju Krishna Rao]] (1937–2020), geneticist, born in Pitapuram

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kakinada district}}
{{Municipalities of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Shaktism}}
{{Hindu holy cities}}
{{Hindu temples in Andhra Pradesh}}

{{Commons category|Pithapuram}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Shakta pithas|*]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Kakinada district]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian cities]]
[[Category:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindu holy cities]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]

Kak

2026-03-11T16:45:01Z

Chinmoyin: created basic details initial version

{{wiktionarypar|kak}}

'''Kak''' or '''KAK''' may refer to:

==People==
*[[Ram Chandra Kak]] (1893–1983), Indian politician, chief minister of Jammu and Kashmir
*[[Amar Nath Kak]] (1889–1963), Indian writer, brother of Ram
*[[Siddharth Kak]], Indian film and television director
*[[Subhash Kak]], Indian computer scientist

==Other==
*[[Kak (title)]]
*[[Kak (surname)]]
*[[Kak (commune)]], Bar Kaev, Cambodia
*[[Kak (band)]]
* ''Kak'', a [[List of South African slang words|South African slang word]]
* [[Royal Automobile Club (Sweden)]]
*[[Football Association of Greenland]] (''Kalaallit Nunaanni Isikkamik Arsaattartut Kattuffiat'' in Greenlandic)
*[[Kak (Kishi Kak)]], a lake in Kazakhstan
*[[Kak (Ulken Kak)]], a lake in Kazakhstan
*[[Kugelamphoren-Kultur]], an archaeological culture in Europe

==See also==
* [[Kaak (disambiguation)]]

{{disambig|surname}}
[[ru:Как]]

Kirron Kher

2026-03-10T08:38:13Z

Chinmoyin:

{{Short description|Indian actress and politician *born 1952)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Kiron kher colors indian telly awards.jpg
| caption = Kher at ''[[Indian Telly Awards]]'' in 2012
| name = Kirron Kher
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1952|6|14|df=y}}
| birth_name = Kiran Thakar Singh Sandhu
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Mysore State]], India<ref name="Members : Lok Sabha">{{Cite web |url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4775 |title=Members : Lok Sabha |access-date=5 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510150538/http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4775 |archive-date=10 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|television personality|entertainment producer|singer|politician|socio-political activist}}
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 16 May 2014
| term_end = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Pawan Kumar Bansal]]
| successor = [[Manish Tewari]]
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Gautam Berry|1979|1985|end=divorce}}
* {{marriage|[[Anupam Kher]]|1985}}
}}
| children = [[Sikandar Kher]]
| constituency = [[Chandigarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandigarh]]
}}
'''Kirron Anupam Kher''' (also '''Kiran'''<ref name=r1>{{cite web |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=17407 |title=Always there, from tiny steps to big leaps |access-date=29 November 2008 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210084755/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=17407 |archive-date=10 December 2008}} ''[[Indian Express]]'', 12 May 2002.</ref> or, '''Kiron''',<ref name=r2/><ref name=daily/> born 14 June 1952) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] politician, actress, television personality, singer, and entertainment producer. She is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and was a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] in the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of [[Indian Parliament]], from [[Chandigarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandigarh]], from 2014 to 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Election results: BJP's Kirron Kher wins from Chandigarh, Naveen Jindal finishes third – Times of India ► |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Election-results-BJPs-Kirron-Kher-wins-from-Chandigarh-Naveen-Jindal-finishes-third/articleshow/35213795.cms |website=The Times of India |date=16 May 2014 |access-date=18 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Here's why Kirron Kher not contesting 2024 Lok Sabha elections|url=https://theprint.in/feature/heres-why-kirron-kher-not-contesting-2024-lok-sabha-elections/2044235/|website=ThePrint|date=2024-04-16|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en-US|last=ANI}}</ref> Through her film career, she is the recipient of two [[National Film Awards]] and a [[Lux Style Award]], and has received four [[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Award]] nominations.

==Early life==
Kiran Thakar Singh Sandhu was born on 14 June 1952 in [[Bangalore]], [[Mysore State]], [[India]]<ref name="Members : Lok Sabha">{{Cite web |url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4775 |title=Members : Lok Sabha |access-date=5 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510150538/http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4775 |archive-date=10 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> into a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] [[Jat]] family and grew up in [[Chandigarh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Sikandar-is-blessed-to-have-Anupam-as-his-stepfather-Kirron-Kher/articleshow/30949698.cms |title=Sikandar is blessed to have Anupam as his stepfather: Kiran Kher |work=The Times of India |date=25 February 2014 |access-date=28 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227213303/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Sikandar-is-blessed-to-have-Anupam-as-his-stepfather-Kirron-Kher/articleshow/30949698.cms |archive-date=27 February 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://alumni.puchd.ac.in/distinguished-alumni.php |title=Distinguished Alumni |publisher=Panjab University |access-date=15 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004174538/http://alumni.puchd.ac.in/distinguished-alumni.php |archive-date=4 October 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> During the period of her first marriage to Gautam Berry, she was known as 'Kiran Berry'. When she married [[Anupam Kher]], she resumed her maiden name and also added her latest husband's surname, being known as 'Kiran Thakar Singh Kher'. In later life, she developed a firm belief in [[numerology]], and in 2003 (aged 51), she changed her name from "Kiran" to "Kirron" based on numerological calculations,<ref>[https://archive.today/20130628041118/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-08-20/mumbai/27181064_1_suniel-shetty-numerology-bust Numerology: Bust or boom?] ''The Times of India'', 20 August 2003.</ref> dropped her maiden names, and came to be known as 'Kirron Kher.' She is sometimes known as 'Grandma India.'

Kirron has one brother and two sisters. Her brother, the artist Amardeep Singh Sandhu, died in 2003.<ref name=his>[http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/08/19/stories/2004081900290300.htm All love and Kher] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210083847/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/08/19/stories/2004081900290300.htm |date=10 December 2008 }} ''[[The Hindu]]'', 19 August 2004.</ref> One of her sisters is the [[Arjuna Award]]–winning badminton player, [[Kanwal Thakar Singh|Kanwal Thakar Kaur.]] Her other sister, Sharanjit Kaur [[Sandhu]], is the wife of a retired senior officer of the [[Indian Navy]].

Kirron went to school in [[Jabalpur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shifting roles, yet 'keeping it real' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/shifting-roles-yet-keeping-it-real/story-uY0Xn00Sw5k56LMZClRI6O.html |date=3 April 2014 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207015656/https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/shifting-roles-yet-keeping-it-real/story-uY0Xn00Sw5k56LMZClRI6O.html |archive-date=7 February 2019 |access-date=4 June 2019}}</ref> and completed her school education in Chandigarh, and then graduated from the Department of Indian Theatre of [[Panjab University, Chandigarh]].

== Career ==
Kirron made her film debut in 1983 in the Punjabi feature film ''Aasra Pyar Da''<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2023-06-13 |title=Birthday special: Rewind to some of best performances by Kirron Kher |url=https://theprint.in/feature/birthday-special-rewind-to-some-of-best-performances-by-kirron-kher/1625106/ |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>''.'' After this, she took a hiatus from films until 1996.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/Display_news.asp?section=World_News&subsection=India&month=April2008&file=World_News2008042863016.xml |title=Films are to entertain, not preach: Kirron Kher |access-date=29 November 2008 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330012052/http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/Display_news.asp?section=World_News&subsection=India&month=April2008&file=World_News2008042863016.xml |archive-date=30 March 2009}} ''[[The Peninsula (newspaper)|The Peninsula]]'', 28 April 2008.</ref> Between 1983 and 1996, she appeared in one film, ''[[Pestonjee]]'' (1987), in which she acted in a small role alongside her second husband Anupam Kher.

Her return to acting came in the mid–1990s, through theatre, with the play ''Saalgirah'' written by playwright [[Javed Siddiqui]] and directed by [[Feroz Abbas Khan]].<ref name=r2>{{cite web |url=http://www.desimatch.com/desi-planet/desi-archive/magazine25b.html |title=Once more, with feeling |access-date=20 September 2009 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210062753/http://www.desimatch.com/desi-planet/desi-archive/magazine25b.html |archive-date=10 December 2008}}. desimatch.com</ref> She then hosted three television shows, starting with the short–lived ''Purushkshetra'' on [[Zee TV]] which got attention for bringing out the discussion of alternative sexuality for the first time, while also highlighting women's issues.<ref>''The Making of Neoliberal India: Nationalism, Gender, and the Paradoxes of Globalization'', by Rupal Oza, Published by CRC Press, 2006. {{ISBN|0-415-95186-0}}. ''Page 63''.</ref> ''Kirron Kher Today'' and ''Jagte Raho with Kirron Kher'', before doing Hindi films.<ref name=toi>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Kirron_Khers_stock_zooms_higher/articleshow/3509851.cms Kirron Kher’s stock zooms higher!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026051621/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Kirron_Khers_stock_zooms_higher/articleshow/3509851.cms |date=26 October 2008 }} ''[[Times of India]]'', 22 September 2008.</ref>

Her comeback film was ''[[Sardari Begum]]'' (1996), directed by [[Shyam Benegal]]. Her performance received high critical acclaim and earned her the [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (feature film)]].

She then appeared in film director [[Rituparno Ghosh]]'s [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film ''[[Bariwali]]'' (1999), to critical acclaim.<ref name=daily/> When she won the [[National Film Award for Best Actress]] for the film, a controversy arose as a Bangla film actress, [[Rita Koiral]], claimed that she had dubbed for the character of Kirron, making her an equal claimant to the award. Kirron refuted the charges claiming she spent hours rehearsing for her dialogue delivery, and the award was eventually not shared.<ref name=daily/>

In 2002, Kher appeared in [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]'s [[Historical drama|period]] [[Romantic Drama film|romantic drama]] ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'' (2002), alongside [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]], [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan|Aishwarya Rai]] and [[Madhuri Dixit]] in which her performance received widespread critical acclaim, receiving her first nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]].

In ''[[Khamosh Pani]]'' (''Silent Waters'') (2003),<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030818/world.htm 56th Locarno International Film Festival in Switzerland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905204010/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030818/world.htm |date=5 September 2008 }} ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'', 18 August 2003.</ref> a film that portrays the plight of a woman abducted during [[partition of India]], her character not only refused to kill herself as suggested by her family, but marries her abductor and, after his death, makes an earning teaching [[Quran]] to local children. It shows how her life changes dramatically when her son takes up Islamic extremism in 1979 during the rule of [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia–ul–Haq]] and his process of [[Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization|Islamization of Pakistan]].<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/oct/08kher.htm Kiron Kher's film releases in New York] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210103915/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/oct/08kher.htm |date=10 December 2008 }} [[Rediff.com]], 8 October 2004.</ref> She won the Best Actress Award at the [[Locarno International Film Festival]], [[Switzerland]], the [[Karachi International Film Festival]], [[Karachi]], and International Festivals at Ciepie in Argentina,<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/784794.cms Visiting Pakistan was like a pilgrimage: Kiron Kher] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050317084159/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/784794.cms |date=17 March 2005 }} ''Times of India'', 20 July 2004.</ref> and [[Cape Town]] in [[South Africa]]<ref name=daily>[http://www.thedailystar.net/2003/12/03/d31203140289.htm 'Art knows no boundary'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210075900/http://www.thedailystar.net/2003/12/03/d31203140289.htm |date=10 December 2008 }} ''[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|Daily Star]]'', 3 December 2003.</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/887374.cms Mrs Kher comes calling – page 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050508000645/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/887374.cms |date=8 May 2005 }} Times of India, 16 October 2004.</ref> while the film won the Best Film – Golden Leopard, Festival Grand Prize at Locarno.<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/12/02/stories/2004120200920200.htm Silent waves, still waters] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210083854/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/12/02/stories/2004120200920200.htm |date=10 December 2008 }} ''The Hindu'', 2 December 2004.</ref>

The 2004 [[Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles]] (IFFLA) paid tribute to Kher during its annual festival.<ref>[http://www.indianfilmfestival.org/film04.html IFFLA 2004 Film Schedule, 8:00pm: Tribute to Kirron Kher] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116020741/http://www.indianfilmfestival.org/film04.html |date=16 January 2009 }} ''[[Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles]]'' (IFFLA).</ref><ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040322/main7.htm a tribute to award-winning actress Kiron Kher] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210142226/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040322/main7.htm |date=10 December 2008 }} ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] '', 22 March 2004.</ref>

In October 2004, Kher made a guest appearance, along with her husband, in the American TV series ''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]'' playing [[Parminder Nagra]]'s mother, Mrs. Rasgotra, in the episode "[[ER (season 11)#Episodes|Damaged]]".{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}

In 2005, she played the role of Sunanda in the tele-serial ''Prratima'' on [[Sahara One]] channel, before which she had appeared in TV series like ''Dil Na Jaane Kyon'' ([[Zee TV]]), ''Isi Bahane'', and ''Chausath Panne''.<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/01/31/stories/2005013100510300.htm Many shades, same delight ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210083859/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/01/31/stories/2005013100510300.htm |date=10 December 2008 }} ''The Hindu'', 31 January 2005.</ref>

Despite playing mostly supporting roles, her successful films include ''[[Main Hoon Na]]'' (2004), ''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]'' (2004), ''[[Veer-Zaara]]'' (2004), and ''[[Mangal Pandey: The Rising]]'' (2005), where her performance drew rave reviews.<ref>[http://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/kiron_kher/ Kiron Kher] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080811020753/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/kiron_kher/ |date=11 August 2008 }} at [[Rotten Tomatoes]].</ref> Her work in ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'' (2006) was also acclaimed with her performance earning her a second nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress. Her role in ''[[Fanaa (2006 film)|Fanaa]]'' (2006) and ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]'' (2006) also received appreciation, receiving her third nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress for the latter.

[[File:Anupam Kher, Kirron Kher at Esha Deol's wedding reception 12.jpg|thumb|right|Kirron with husband [[Anupam Kher|Anupam]] in 2012|150px]]
Adding to her list of comical roles in 2008 she appeared in ''[[Singh Is Kinng]]'', ''[[Saas Bahu Aur Sensex]]'' and ''[[Dostana (2008 film)|Dostana]]'', receiving her fourth nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress for the lattermost. In 2009, she appeared as judge on ''[[India's Got Talent]]'', the Indian franchise of the [[Got Talent series|''Got Talent'' series]].

== Socio-political activism ==
Kirron Kher has been involved with non-profit movements such as Laadli (a campaign against [[female infanticide]]) and Roko Cancer (a campaign for awareness of [[cancer]]).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kirron-kher-prefers-social-work-to-politics-1126684 |title=Kirron Kher prefers social work to politics |newspaper=DNA |date=10 October 2007 |access-date=16 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316063805/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kirron-kher-prefers-social-work-to-politics-1126684 |archive-date=16 March 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/A-walk-against-cancer/articleshow/12156300.cms |title=A walk against cancer |date=6 March 2012 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=16 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927034620/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/A-walk-against-cancer/articleshow/12156300.cms |archive-date=27 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> She joined the [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kiran Kher joins BJP |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kiran-Kher-joins-BJP/articleshow/4451462.cms?referral=PM |date=26 April 2009 |access-date=16 May 2014 |work=The Times of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521045722/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kiran-Kher-joins-BJP/articleshow/4451462.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=21 May 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> She campaigned for the party in across the country during the elections, including in Chandigarh for the 2011 municipal corporation elections.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/chandigarh/bjp-to-take-partymen-s-view-on-kirron-kher-s-chandigarh-ticket/article1-1178451.aspx |title=BJP to take partymen's view on Kirron Kher's Chandigarh ticket |date=30 January 2014 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |author=Surender Sharma |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316080310/http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/chandigarh/bjp-to-take-partymen-s-view-on-kirron-kher-s-chandigarh-ticket/article1-1178451.aspx |archive-date=16 March 2014}}</ref> She has been a vocal admirer of BJP's Prime Ministerial candidate [[Narendra Modi]] since long before his candidature was announced.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z65aIyXRu90&t=45s |title=YouTube |via=YouTube |access-date=1 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607020129/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z65aIyXRu90&t=45s |archive-date=7 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP) declared her as the Lok Sabha candidate from Chandigarh for [[2014 Indian general election|General Elections, 2014]]. Subsequently, in May 2014, she won the seat with 1,91,362 votes, defeating sitting MP, Congress leader [[Pawan Bansal]] who received 1,21,720 votes, while AAP's [[Gul Panag]] came in third position with 1,08,679 votes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kirron Kher wins Chandigarh |work=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/kirron-kher-wins-chandigarh/ |date=16 May 2014 |access-date=16 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516102931/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/kirron-kher-wins-chandigarh/ |archive-date=16 May 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Election results: BJP's Kirron Kher wins from Chandigarh, Naveen Jindal finishes third |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/Election-results-BJPs-Kirron-Kher-wins-from-Chandigarh-Naveen-Jindal-finishes-third/articleshow/35213795.cms |date=16 May 2014 |access-date=16 May 2014 |work=The Times of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516142954/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/Election-results-BJPs-Kirron-Kher-wins-from-Chandigarh-Naveen-Jindal-finishes-third/articleshow/35213795.cms |archive-date=16 May 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

As a [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of parliament]] from [[Chandigarh]] and having connection with the film industry, Kirron promised a film city for [[Chandigarh]]. After winning the seat, she said that she had difficulty in acquiring land in [[Chandigarh]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/trying-to-get-film-city-for-chandigarh-soon-kirron-kher-114082500941_1.html |title=Trying to get Film City for Chandigarh soon: Kirron Kher | Business Standard News |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=25 August 2014 |access-date=1 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113120346/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/trying-to-get-film-city-for-chandigarh-soon-kirron-kher-114082500941_1.html |archive-date=13 November 2014 |url-status=live |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> However, her proposal was accepted by the Chandigarh Administration and the film city is proposed to be set up in Sarangpur, [[Chandigarh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chandigarh.gov.in/admn_new_init_filmcity.htm |title=Official Website of Chandigarh Administration |publisher=Chandigarh.gov.in |access-date=1 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112185824/http://chandigarh.gov.in/admn_new_init_filmcity.htm |archive-date=12 November 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Kirron Kher, [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] candidate, won in [[2019 Indian general election]] [[Chandigarh]] constituency by a margin of 46,970 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/lok-sabha-election-results-live-updates-bjp-leading-in-348-seats-upa-at-94/1532677 |title=Lok Sabha Election Results Live UPdates: BJP leading in 348 seats, UPA at 94 |date=24 May 2019 |website=Freepressjournal : Latest Indian news,Live updates |language=en-US |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012040315/https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/lok-sabha-election-results-live-updates-bjp-leading-in-348-seats-upa-at-94 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newsnation.in/election/lok-sabha-election-2019/from-sunny-deol-to-urmila-matondkar-heres-how-star-candidates-fared-in-lok-sabha-polls-article-225290.html |title=From Sunny Deol to Urmila Matondkar, here's how star candidates fared in Lok Sabha Polls |date=24 May 2019 |website=News Nation |language=en |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524112411/https://www.newsnation.in/election/lok-sabha-election-2019/from-sunny-deol-to-urmila-matondkar-heres-how-star-candidates-fared-in-lok-sabha-polls-article-225290.html |archive-date=24 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
After a woman was gang raped by an auto rickshaw driver and his accomplices in Chandigarh in 2017, she suggested that women should avoid traveling with strangers, earning widespread criticism from the opposition and social media.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/slammed-for-comment-on-gang-rape-survivor-kirron-kher-clarifies-1781968 |title=Never Blamed Or Shamed Gang-Rape Survivor, Says Kirron Kher After Outrage |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210230120/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/slammed-for-comment-on-gang-rape-survivor-kirron-kher-clarifies-1781968 |archive-date=10 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/301117/kirron-kher-shames-rape-victim-enraged-twitterati-erupt.html |title=Kirron Kher shames Chandigarh rape victim, enraged Twitterati erupt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209185150/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/301117/kirron-kher-shames-rape-victim-enraged-twitterati-erupt.html |archive-date=9 December 2017}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Kirron married Gautam Berry, a Mumbai–based businessman, in first week of March 1979, and had a son, [[Sikandar Kher]].<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/02kher.htm Kiran Kher on her son, Sikander] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210103925/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/02kher.htm |date=10 December 2008 }} [[Rediff.com]], 2 June 2008.</ref>

In Mumbai, Kirron tried throughout the 1980s to get a foothold in the film industry, but without success. While visiting producer after producer seeking a role in films, Kirron renewed her acquaintance with [[Anupam Kher]], who was also a similarly struggling actor, and whom she had known slightly at university in Chandigarh.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Anupam Kher visits dept of theatre, remembers old days - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Anupam-Kher-visits-dept-of-theatre-remembers-old-days/articleshow/33529743.cms |website=The Times of India |date=10 April 2014 |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> Moving in the same theatre circles, they worked together in a play called ''Chandpuri Ki Champabai''. In 1985, after Anupam had secured a break in films with ''[[Saaransh]]'' (1984), Kirron divorced her first husband.{{cn|date=March 2025}}

== Filmography ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2014 || ''[[Punjab 1984]]'' || Satwant Kaur (Shiva's mother) || Punjabi ||
|-
| ''[[Khoobsurat (2014 film)|Khoobsurat]]'' || Manju (Mili's mother) || rowspan="6" | Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Total Siyapaa]]'' || Asha's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Gunday]]'' || Courtesan (Deleted scene) ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Ajab Gazabb Love]]'' || Rashmi Grewal ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Mummy Punjabi]]'' ||Baby R. Arora||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2010 || ''[[Action Replayy]]'' || Bholi Devi ||
|-
| ''[[Milenge Milenge]]'' || Tarot Card Reader
||
|-
| ''[[Alexander the Great (2010 film)|Alexander the Great]]'' || || [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009 || ''[[Kurbaan (2009 film)|Kurbaan]]'' || Nasreen Aapa || rowspan="13" | Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Kambakkht Ishq]]'' || Aunt Dolly ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2008 || ''[[Dostana (2008 film)|Dostana]]'' || Mrs. Seema Acharya (Sam's mother) ||Nominated – [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]]
|-
| ''[[Saas Bahu Aur Sensex]]''|| Binita Sen ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/kirron-kher-no-longer-the-punjabi-woman/364395/ |title=Kirron Kher no longer the Punjabi woman - Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Singh Is Kinng]]'' || Rose Lady (Sonia's mother) ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2007 || ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'' || Bela Makhija (Om's mother) ||
|-
| ''[[Apne]]'' || Raavi B. Choudhary ||
|-
| ''[[Just Married (2007 film)|Just Married]]'' || Shobha Chaturvedi ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2006 || ''[[I See You (2006 film)|I See You]]'' || Mrs. Dutt ||
|-
| ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]'' || Kamaljit 'Kamal' Saran ||Nominated – Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress
|-
| ''[[Fanaa (2006 film)|Fanaa]]'' || Nafisa Ali Begum (Zooni's mother) ||
|-
| ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'' || Mitro (DJ's Mother) ||Nominated – Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005 || ''[[Mangal Pandey: The Rising]]'' || Lol Bibi ||
|-
| ''It Could Be You'' || Mrs. Dhillon || [[English language|English]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2004 || ''[[Veer-Zaara|Veer–Zaara]]'' || Mariam Hayaat Khan (Zaara's mother) || rowspan="3" | Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]'' || Parminder 'Bobby' Prakash (Rhea's mother) ||
|-
| ''[[Main Hoon Na]]'' || Madhu Sharma||
|-
| ''[[Khamosh Pani]]'' || Veero/Ayesha Khan || Punjabi, [[Urdu]] || [[Lux Style Awards|Lux Style Award for Best Film Actress]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2002 || ''[[Karz: The Burden of Truth]]'' || Savitri Devi || rowspan="3" | Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'' || Sumitra Chakraborty ||Nominated – Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Ehsaas: The Feeling]]'' || Antra's mother ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Bariwali]]'' || Banalata || [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || [[National Film Award for Best Actress]]
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Darmiyaan: In Between]]'' || Zeenat Begum || Hindi / [[Assamese language|Assamese]] ||
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Sardari Begum]]'' || Sardari Begum|| rowspan="2" | [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|| [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (feature film)]]
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Pestonjee]]'' || Soona Mistry || credited as ''Kirron Thakursingh–Kher''
|-
| 1983 || ''Aasra Pyaar Da'' || Sheela || [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] ||
|}

===Television===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Program
! Language
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2009–2023 || ''[[India's Got Talent]]'' || Hindi || Judge||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004 || ''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]'' || English || Mrs. Rasgotra || Episode: ''Damaged''
|-
| ''[[Prratima]]'' || Hindi || Sunanda Sukumar Roy ||
|-
| 1999–2000 || ''[[Kanyadaan (1999 TV series)|Kanyadaan]]'' || Hindi || ||
|-
| 1999 || ''Gubbare''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99sep05/sunday/filmtv.htm |title=Tribuneindia... Film and tv |website=The Tribune}}</ref> || Hindi || ||
|-
| 1988 || ''Isi Bahane'' || Hindi || ||
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{{BLP sources section|date=March 2023}}
* [[44th National Film Awards|1997]]: [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (feature film)]]: ''[[Sardari Begum]]''
* [[47th National Film Awards|2000]]: [[National Film Award for Best Actress]]: ''[[Bariwali]]''
* [[48th Filmfare Awards|2003]]: [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]]: ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'' (Nominated)
* [[4th IIFA Awards|2003]]: [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress]]: ''Devdas''
* 2003: [[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress]]: ''Devdas'' (Nominated)
* 2003: [[Bollywood Movie Award – Best Supporting Actress|Bollywood Movie Award for Best Supporting Actress]]: ''Devdas''
* 2003: [[Sansui Viewers' Choice Movie Awards|Sansui Viewers' Choice Movie Award]] for Best Supporting Actress: ''Devdas'' (Nominated)
* 2003: [[Locarno Festival|Locarno International Film Festival]]: [[Best Actress Award (Locarno International Film Festival)|Best Actress]]: ''[[Khamosh Pani]] (Silent Waters)''{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
* 2003: [[Karachi International Film Festival]]: Best Female Actor in a Leading Role: ''Khamosh Pani (Silent Waters)''<ref>[http://www.karafilmfest.com/pastkaras_2003/pastkaras_2003_awardcitations.shtml Award Citations – 2003 Kara Awards] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828141135/http://www.karafilmfest.com/pastkaras_2003/pastkaras_2003_awardcitations.shtml|date=28 August 2008}} ''[[Karachi International Film Festival]]'' Official website.</ref>
*2003: [[Lux Style Awards|Lux Style Award]] for Best Film Actress: ''Khamosh Pani (Silent Waters)''
*2005: Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress: [[Hum Tum (film)|''Hum Tum'']] (Nominated)
*2005: [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female]]: ''Hum Tum'' (Nominated)
*2005: [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]: ''Hum Tum'' (Nominated)
*2005: [[Stardust Award for Best Supporting Actress]]: ''[[Veer-Zaara]]''
*[[52nd Filmfare Awards|2007]]: Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress: ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]'' (Nominated)
*[[8th IIFA Awards|2007]]: IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress: ''Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna'' (Nominated)
*2007: Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress: ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'' (Nominated)
*2007: IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress: ''Rang De Basanti'' (Nominated)
* [[13th Screen Awards|2007]]: Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress: ''Rang De Basanti''
* 2007: Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female: ''Rang De Basanti'' (Nominated)
* 2007: Stardust Award for Best Supporting Actress: ''Rang De Basanti'' (Nominated)
* 2007: Bollywood Movie Award for Best Supporting Actress: ''Rang De Basanti''
* [[54th Filmfare Awards|2009]]: Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress: [[Dostana (2008 film)|''Dostana'']] (Nominated)
* [[10th IIFA Awards|2009]]: IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress: ''Dostana'' (Nominated)
* 2010: Stardust Award for Best Supporting Actress: ''Dostana'' (Nominated)
* 2010: Stardust Award for Best Supporting Actress: [[Kurbaan (2009 film)|''Kurbaan'']]
* 2010: Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role: ''Kurbaan''
* 2015: [[PTC Punjabi Film Awards]]: Best Actress (Critics): ''[[Punjab 1984]]''

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0451601|name=Kiron Kher}}

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{{s-bef|before=[[Pawan Kumar Bansal]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Chandigarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandigarh]] |years=2014}}
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{{s-end}}

{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Kirron Kher
| list =
{{National Film Award for Best Actress}}
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}}
{{16th Lok Sabha members from Union territories |state=expanded}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Kher, Kirron}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Urdu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television talk show hosts]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate actresses in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Screen Awards winners]]
[[Category:Panjab University alumni]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Best Actress National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Women in Chandigarh politics]]
[[Category:Indian Sikhs]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Special Jury Award (feature film) National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]
[[Category:Lux Style Award winners]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:National Democratic Alliance candidates in the 2019 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]

College of Engineering, Poonjar

2026-03-09T12:30:23Z

Chinmoyin: rd

#REDIRECT [[List of educational institutions in Palai]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Medha Manjrekar

2026-03-09T09:07:05Z

Chinmoyin:

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Medha Manjrekar
| birth_name = Megha Chaphekar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1968|4|28}}<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Medha Manjrekar Birthday: सेटवर आलेल्या मेधा यांना पाहताच प्रेमात पडले होते महेश मांजरेकर! ‘अशी’ होती क्युट लव्हस्टोरी.. |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/happy-birthday-medha-manjrekar-know-about-medha-and-mahesh-manjrekar-s-love-story-141682648084543.html |access-date= |website=Hindustan Times Marathi |language=mr}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]]
| image = Medha Manjrekar (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| occupation = Actress
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Mahesh Manjrekar]]|1995}}
| children = [[Saiee Manjrekar]], [[Gauri Ingawale]]
}}

'''Medha Manjrekar''' (born 28 April 1968) is an Indian actress in [[Marathi cinema]], known for ''[[Natsamrat]]'' (2016), ''[[Kaksparsh]]'' (2012) and ''[[De Dhakka]]'' (2008).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Sankhayan |title=The man, the stage, and his kingdom |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/entertainment/the-man-the-stage-and-his-kingdom/article8047775.ece |work=The Hindu |date=31 December 2015}}</ref> She played lead role opposite [[Nana Patekar]] in 2016 Marathi film ''[[Natsamrat]]'', the highest-grossing film in [[Marathi cinema]] at the time.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

== Personal life ==
She is married with [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] in 1995, with whom she had a daughter named [[Saiee Manjrekar]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tilekar |first1=Swapnal |title=Medha replaces Reema in Manjrekar's Natsamrat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Medha-replaces-Reema-in-Natsamrat/articleshow/46864121.cms |work=The Times of India |date=10 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Pooja |title=Mahesh Manjrekar to shift base to Pune |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Mahesh-Manjrekar-to-shift-base-to-Pune/articleshow/18644403.cms |work=The Times of India |date=24 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mahesh and Medha Manjrekar to present double roles with a difference |url=http://www.zeetalkies.com/celebs-speak/mahesh-and-medha-manjrekar-to-present-double-roles-with-a-difference.html |publisher=Zee Talkies |access-date=27 April 2016 |archive-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806021119/http://www.zeetalkies.com/celebs-speak/mahesh-and-medha-manjrekar-to-present-double-roles-with-a-difference.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"

! Year
! Film
! Role
!Language !! Ref.
|-
|1994
|''Yadnya''
|Megha
| rowspan="10" |[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|-
|1995
|''Aai''
|Prajakta Pradhan
|
|-
|2008
|''[[De Dhakka]]''
|Sumati Jadhav
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Medha Manjrekar's must-watch Marathi movies |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/photofeatures/medha-manjrekars-must-watch-marathi-movies/photostory/64474820.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-12-25 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2009
|''[[Me Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy]]''
|Usman's wife
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Fakta Ladh Mhana]]''
|Madhusudan's wife
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Kaksparsh]]''
|Tara Damle
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016
|''[[Natsamrat]]''
|Kaveri/Sarkar
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-13 |title=Medha replaces Reema in Manjrekar's Natsamrat |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/medha-replaces-reema-in-natsamrat/articleshow/46864121.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bandh Nylon Che]]''
|Mangal Raghunath Jogalekar
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahesh and Medha Manjrekar playing double role in Bandh Nylon Che |url=http://www.zeetalkies.com/gossip/mahesh-and-medha-manjrekar-to-play-double-roles-in-bandh-nylonche.html}}</ref>
|-
|''[[FU: Friendship Unlimited]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|''[[Bhai: Vyakti Ki Valli 2]]''
|Sadhana Amte
|
|-
|''Remember Amnesia''
|Dr. Rani
| rowspan="3" |Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Dabangg 3]]''
| Janki
| <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Dabangg 3: Debutant Saiee Manjrekar To Share Screen With Parents Mahesh Manjrekar-Medha Manjrekar In The Film! |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/dabangg-3-debutant-saiee-manjrekar-to-share-screen-with-her-parents-mahesh-manjrekar-medha-manjrekar-in-salman-khans-film-1117552 |access-date= |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[The Power (2021 Indian film)|The Power]]''
|Uma Kalidas Thakur
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-14 |title=The Power movie review: Vidyut Jammwal and Shruti Haasan are powerless in the face of a generic, dated script |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/the-power-movie-review-vidyut-jammwal-and-shruti-haasan-are-powerless-in-the-face-of-a-generic-dated-script-9202391.html/amp |access-date= |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
|''[[Panghrun]]''
|Janaki
| rowspan="5" |Marathi
|<ref>{{Citation |title=पांघरूण पाहून मेधा मांजरेकर भावुक {{!}} PANGHRUN {{!}} Medha Manjrekar {{!}} Mahesh M. {{!}} Gauri Ingawale |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QRC-UU-PY8E |access-date=2023-12-25 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[De Dhakka 2]]''
|Sumati Jadhav
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=दे धक्का २ : महेश मांजरेकरांनी पोस्टरवर उलगडली पत्नी मेधाची व्यक्तिरेखा! |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/de-dhakka-2-new-poster-release-with-director-mahesh-manjrekar-wife-medha-character/articleshow/93163064.cms |access-date= |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''BhauBali''
|Ramabai Awalaskar
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=BhauBali Movie Review: A good story marred by average execution |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/bhaubali/movie-review/94263232.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220918130502/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/bhaubali/movie-review/94263232.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=2022-09-18 |access-date= |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Juna Furniture]]''
|Suhas Pathak
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Juna Furniture Movie (2024): Cast, Trailer, OTT, Songs, Release Date {{!}} जुनं फर्निचर {{!}} Exclusive 2024 - Rang Marathi |url=https://rangmarathi.com/juna-furniture-movie/ |website=Rang Marathi |access-date=20 March 2024 |date=20 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Ek Radha Ek Meera]]''
|Manasvi's Mother
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=मेढे |first=जयदीप |date=2024-10-08 |title=व्हेनियामध्ये दिग्दर्शित झालेला पहिला मराठी सिनेमा, ‘एक राधा एक मीरा’ चित्रपटाचा टीझर प्रदर्शित |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/mahesh-manjarekar-ek-radha-ek-mira-marathi-movie-teaser-release-movie-will-be-release-on-10-january-2025-entertainment-news-in-marathi-1317992 |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=marathi.abplive.com |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|3874979}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manjrekar, Medha}}
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Palanivel

2026-03-09T04:02:38Z

Chinmoyin: added new post first draft

{{Infobox given name
| name = Palanivel பழனிவேல்
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| pronunciation = Paḻaṉivēl
| gender = Male
| meaning = [[Vel]] of [[Palani]]
| region = Southern India North-eastern Sri Lanka
| language = Tamil
| origin =
| alternative spelling = Palanivelu
| nickname =
| variant forms =
| related names = [[Ganavel]] [[Rajavel]] [[Thangavel]] [[Vetrivel (name)|Vetrivel]] [[Veeravel]]
| name day =
| derived = [[Murugan]]
| languageorigin =
| variant =
| shortform =
| petname =
| cognate =
| derivative =
| seealso =
| popularity =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Palanivel''' ({{langx|ta|பழனிவேல்|translit=Paḻaṉivēl}}) or '''Palanivelu''' ({{langx|ta|பழனிவேல்லு|translit=Paḻaṉivēlu}}) is a [[Tamils|Tamil]] male [[given name]]. Due to the [[Tamil name|Tamil tradition]] of using [[patronymic surname]]s it may also be a [[surname]] for males and females.

Notable people with the name include:

*[[P. T. R. Palanivel Rajan]] (1932–2006), Indian politician
**[[Palanivel Thiagarajan]] (born 1966), his son, Indian politician
*[[G. Palanivel]] (born 1949), Malaysian politician and government minister
*[[Haridwaramangalam A. K. Palanivel]] (born 1948), Indian percussionist
*[[N. Palanivel]], Indian politician in the 1970s and 1980s

{{given name}}
[[Category:Tamil masculine given names]]
[[Category:Masculine given names]]

Didda

2026-03-09T00:06:18Z

Chinmoyin:

{{Short description|Ruler of Kashmir from 980 to 1003}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title =
| name = Didda
| image = Queen Didda coin.jpg
| caption = Copper coin featuring Queen Didda
| succession = [[List of monarchs of Kashmir#Utpala dynasty (c. 855–1012 CE)|Queen of Kashmir]]
| reign = 980 – 8 August 1003
| predecessor = Bhimagupta ({{abbr|r.|reigned}} 975 – 980)
| successor = [[Samgrāmarāja]] ({{abbr|r.|reigned}} 1003–1028)
| reign-type2 = [[Regency]]
| reign2 = 958 – 980
| succession2 = [[Regent]] of [[Utpala dynasty|Kashmir]]
| pre-type2 = Monarch
| predecessor2 = {{Plainlist|
* Abhimanyu II ({{abbr|r.|reigned}} 958 – 972)
* Nandigupta ({{abbr|r.|reigned}} 972 – 973)
* Tribhuvanagupta ({{abbr|r.|reigned}} 973 – 975)
* Bhimagupta ({{abbr|r.|reigned}} 975 – 980)
}}
| successor2 = 
| house = {{plainlist|
* [[Lohara dynasty]] (by birth)
* [[Utpala dynasty]] (by marriage)
}}
| birth_date = {{circa|924}}
| father = Simharaja, King of Lohara
| mother =
| module = {{Infobox person
| child=yes
| relatives = [[Hindu Shahi#Bhimadeva: confrontations with Alp-Tegin and loss of Kabul|Bhimadeva Shahi]] (maternal grandfather) Udayaraja (brother) [[Samgrāmarāja]] (nephew)
}}
| spouse = Kshemagupta
| issue = Abhimanyu II
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1003|8|8|924|||df=yes}}<ref name="n439">{{cite web | title=The Hindu Sahis of Afghanistan and the Punjab | last = Mishra | first = Yogendra | url=https://ia800604.us.archive.org/14/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.99741/2015.99741.The-Hindu-Sahis-Of-Afghanistan-And-The-Punjab_text.pdf | access-date=22 October 2025 | page = 61}}</ref>
| death_place =
| burial_place =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| regnal name =
}}

'''Didda''' ({{circa|924}} – 8 August 1003), also known as '''The Catherine of Kashmir''',<ref name=Cathy /> was the last ruler of the [[Utpala Dynasty]] of Kashmir from 980 to 1003.<ref>Upinder Singh book</ref> She first acted as [[regent]] for her son and various grandsons from 958 to 980, and from 980 as sole ruler and [[monarch]]. Most knowledge relating to her is obtained from the ''[[Rajatarangini]]'', a work written by [[Kalhana]] in the twelfth century.

== Early life ==
Didda was a daughter of Simharāja, the King of Lohara, and a granddaughter on her maternal side of [[Hindu Shahi#Bhimadeva: confrontations with Alp-Tegin and loss of Kabul|Bhimadeva Shahi]], one of the [[Hindu Shahi]] of Kabul. Lohara lay in the [[Pir Panjal]] range of mountains, on a trade route between western [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and Kashmir.{{sfnp|Stein|1989b|pp=293-294|ps=}}{{sfnp|Stein|1989a|p=104|ps=}}

At the age of 26,<ref name=live>{{Cite web |url=https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/herstory/kashmirs-ruthless-queen-didda/ |title=Kashmir's 'Ruthless' Queen Didda |access-date=25 July 2021 |archive-date=8 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208122945/https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/herstory/kashmirs-ruthless-queen-didda/ |url-status=live }}</ref> she married the King of Kashmir, Ksemagupta, thus uniting the Kingdom of Lohara with that of her husband. Even prior to becoming regent, Didda had considerable influence in state affairs, and coins have been found which appear to show both her name and that of Ksemagupta.{{sfnp|Ganguly|1979|pp=68-69|ps=}}

=== As regent ===
When Ksemagupta died following a fever contracted after a hunt in 958, he was succeeded by his son, Abhimanyu II. As Abhimanyu was still a child, Didda acted as regent and effectively exercised sole power.{{sfnp|Stein|1989a|p=105|ps=}} Compared to other societies of the period, women in Kashmir were held in high regard.{{sfnp|Kaw|2004|p=91|ps=}}

Her first task was to rid herself of troublesome ministers and nobles, whom she drove from office only to have them rebel against her. The situation was tense and she came close to losing control, but having asserted her position with support from others, including some whom she bribed, Didda displayed a ruthlessness in executing not only the rebels who had been captured but also their families. Further trouble erupted in 972, when Abhimanyu died. He was succeeded by his son, Nandigupta, still a young child himself, and this caused restlessness among the [[Damara (feudal landlord)|Dāmaras]], who were [[feudatory]] landlords and later to cause huge problems for the [[Lohara dynasty]] which Didda founded.{{sfnp|Stein|1989a|p=105|ps=}}

In 973, she 'disposed of' Nandigupta, in Stein's phrase, and then did the same to Tribhuvanagupta, his younger brother, in 975. This left her youngest grandson, Bhimagupta, on the throne, again with Didda as regent. Her desire for absolute power became untrammeled, especially after the death of Phalunga, a counsellor who had been prime minister of her husband before being exiled by Didda after Ksemagupta's death and then brought back into her fold when his skills were required. She also took a lover called Tunga at this time, and although he was a mere herdsman, this provided her with a sense of security sufficient that in 980 she arranged for Bhimagupta to be tortured to death and assumed unfettered control for herself, with Tunga as her prime minister.{{sfnp|Stein|1989a|p=105|ps=}}

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=== As monarch ===
Didda ruled as [[Queen regnant]] from 980 until her death in 1003, at the age of 79.<ref name=live /> She is one of the very few female monarchs in Indian history.{{sfnp|Kalia|1994|p=21|ps=}} She is sometimes called the ''Catherine of Kashmir'', referring to the ruthless [[Catherine the Great]] of Russia, who ruled long and well with the help of her favourites, whom she periodically purged.<ref name=Cathy>{{cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/kashmirs-women-rulers|title=Kashmir's Women Rulers |work=Greater Kashmir |date=4 August 2016 |access-date=26 June 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=18 January 2021 |title=Queen Didda: Between facts and fantasy |url=https://freepresskashmir.news/2021/01/18/queen-didda-between-facts-and-fantasy/ |work=Free Press Kashmir |access-date=25 January 2021}}</ref>

Although there remained some discontent among the Dāmaras, Didda and Tunga were able to resolve the issues by force and by diplomacy, causing Stein to comment that {{blockquote|The statesmanlike instinct and political ability which we must ascribe to Didda in spite of all the defects of her character, are attested by the fact that she remains the last in peaceful possession of the Kashmir throne, and was able to bequeath it to her family in undisputed succession.{{sfnp|Stein|1989a|p=106|ps=}}}}

Vigraharaja had assumed control after he had murdered her parents. Udayaraja had to flee. She adopted a nephew, [[Lohara dynasty#Samgrāmarāja|Samgrāmarāja]], Udayaraja's eldest son to be her heir in Kashmir. From this decision arose the Lohara dynasty of Kashmir, although Vigraharāja even during her lifetime made attempts to assert his right to that area as well as Lohara. Her reign ended in 1003.{{sfnp|Stein|1989a|p=106|ps=}}{{sfnp|Stein|1989b|p=294|ps=}}

[[Mahmud of Ghazni]] did not raid Kashmir as far as 1013, while Didda died in 1003, ten years before [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] invaded.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thekashmirwalla.com/2021/01/did-didda-fight-ghaznavi-kangana-ranaut-is-wrong/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115143015/https://thekashmirwalla.com/2021/01/did-didda-fight-ghaznavi-kangana-ranaut-is-wrong/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=15 January 2021|title=Did Didda fight Ghaznavi? Kangana Ranaut is wrong.}}</ref><ref name=fch>{{cite web|url=https://freepresskashmir.news/2021/01/15/fact-check-queen-didda-did-not-defeat-mehmood-ghaznavi-twice-as-claimed-by-film-makers/|title=FACT CHECK: Queen Didda did not face Ghaznavi in battle}}</ref> Didda did not embark on any adventure involving a conflict with any neighboring ruler during her rule.<ref name=fch /> It was during her successor [[Samgrāmarāja]]'s rule that [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] invaded Northern India. In 1015, Ghazni's expedition to Kashmir failed, due to the inability to capture the fort of Loharkot, inclement weather and mountainous geography of the region.{{sfn|Chandra|2006|p=18}}<ref name="Mohibbul Hasan">{{cite book|author=Mohibbul Hasan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUlwmXjE9DQC|title=Kashmīr Under the Sultāns pp31|publisher=Aakar Books|year= 2005|isbn=9788187879497|pages=31}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
* Ashish Kaul's historical fiction ''Didda: The Warrior Queen of Kashmir'' is based on Didda's life and legends.<ref name=ak>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/amitabh-bachchan-unveils-didda--the-warrior-queen-of-kashmir-by-ashish-kaul/1706473|title=Amitabh Bachchan unveils ''Didda – The Warrior Queen of Kashmir'' by Ashish Kaul}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ianslife.in/entertainment/amitabh-bachchan-unveils-didda-warrior-queen-kashmir-ashish-kaul|title=Amitabh Bachchan unveils 'Didda – The Warrior Queen of Kashmir' by Ashish Kaul|access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122213504/https://ianslife.in/entertainment/amitabh-bachchan-unveils-didda-warrior-queen-kashmir-ashish-kaul|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* In January 2021, [[Kangana Ranaut]] announced that she would be making a movie ''[[Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi|Manikarnika Returns: The Legend of Didda]]'' on Queen Didda.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/kangana-ranaut-announces-manikarnika-returns-the-legend-of-didda-to-play-kashmiri-warrior-queen-101610616611739.html|title=Kangana Ranaut announces Manikarnika Returns: The Legend of Didda, to play Kashmiri warrior queen|access-date=17 January 2021|archive-date=17 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117225118/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/kangana-ranaut-announces-manikarnika-returns-the-legend-of-didda-to-play-kashmiri-warrior-queen-101610616611739.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
'''Citations'''
{{reflist|30em}}
'''Bibliography'''
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |first=Satish |last=Chandra |author-link=Satish Chandra (historian) |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) Part 1 |publisher=Har-Anand Publication Pvt Ltd |year=2006}}
*{{citation |title=Aspects of ancient Indian administration |first=Dilip Kumar |last=Ganguly |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mWgbE3r0aYcC |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1979 |isbn=978-81-7017-098-3}}
*{{citation |first=Ravi |last=Kalia |title=Bhubaneswar: From a Temple Town to a Capital City |publisher=Southern Illinois University Press |year=1994 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2YSPiKbmHkC |isbn=978-0-8093-1876-6 }}
*{{citation |title=Kashmir and its people: studies in the evolution of Kashmiri society |first=M. K. |last=Kaw |publisher=APH Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-7648-537-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QpjKpK7ywPIC}}
*{{citation |first=Mark Aurel |last=Stein |author-link=Mark Aurel Stein |title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini: a chronicle of the kings of Kasmir, Volume 1 |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1989a |orig-year=1900 |isbn=978-81-208-0369-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-dfT2D8mnukC}}
*{{citation |first=Mark Aurel |last=Stein |title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini: a chronicle of the kings of Kasmir, Volume 2 |edition=Reprinted |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1989b |orig-year=1900 |isbn=978-81-208-0370-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KzxTkI9iAxkC}}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Didda, Queen}}
[[Category:Indian female royalty]]
[[Category:Regents in India]]
[[Category:10th-century queens regnant]]
[[Category:Queens regnant of Kashmir]]
[[Category:11th-century queens regnant]]
[[Category:10th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:10th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:1003 deaths]]
[[Category:10th-century women regents]]
[[Category:10th-century regents]]
[[Category:Utpala dynasty]]

Bindiya Ke Bahubali (TV series)

2026-03-08T20:32:17Z

Chinmoyin:

{{Infobox television
| image = Bindiya Ke Bahubali.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Action fiction|Action]] [[Comedy]] [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| based_on =
| creator = {{ubl|[[Raj Amit Kumar]]}}
| director = {{ubl|[[Raj Amit Kumar]]}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Saurabh Shukla]]
* [[Ranvir Shorey]]
* [[Seema Biswas]]
* [[Sheeba Chaddha]]
* [[Tannishtha Chatterjee]]
* [[Sushant Singh]]
}}
| writer = {{ubl|[[Raj Amit Kumar]]|Sankalp Rawal|Damon J. Taylor<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bindiya-ke-bahubali-director-raj-amit-kumar-exploring-touchy-topics-on-screen-has-become-a-difficult-task-but-9076667 |title= Bindiya Ke Bahubali Director Raj Amit Kumar: "Exploring Touchy Topics On Screen Has Become A Difficult Task, But..." |website=NDTV |access-date=September 3, 2025}}</ref>}}
| theme_music_composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_episodes = 12
| location = {{ubl|[[India]]}}
| cinematography = Mohna Krishna Agapu John Jacob Payyapalli Harsh Waghdhare Mustafa Shabbir
| editor = Chandrashekhar Prajapati
| network = [[MX Player]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|08|08|df=yes}}
| last_aired = present
| company = [[MX Player|Amazon MX Player]]
| executive_producer =
| producer = Ninad Raikar Sumeet Mishra Gautam Talwar
| runtime = 35–50 min
| num_seasons = 2
| list_episodes =
| related =
}}

'''''Bindiya Ke Bahubali''''' is 2025 Indian Hindi-language OTT series written and directed by [[Raj Amit Kumar]] and starring [[Saurabh Shukla]], [[Ranvir Shorey]], [[Seema Biswas]], and [[Sheeba Chaddha]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/bindiya-ke-bahubali/bindiya-ke-bahubali-season-1/seasonreview/123187369.cms |title=Bindiya Ke Bahubali Season 1 Review: Small-Town Mafia Drama Stuck in First Gear |last=Kotecha |first=Ronak |access-date=2025-08-10 |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-01 |title=Bindiya Ke Bahubali trailer: Saurabh Shukla plays mafia head in dysfunctional family drama |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/bindiya-ke-bahubali-trailer-saurabh-shukla-ranvir-shorey-mafia-family-drama-23587586 |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>

== Premise ==
Bindiya Ke Bahubali explores the aftermath of a mafia don's arrest during an election campaign. Based in fictional town of Bindiya, India, a volatile battle over legacy and power is ignited when Bada Davan of Davan family (Saurabh Shukla) is detained, and his ambitious son, Chhote Davan (Ranvir Shorey) attempts to seize control.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pareek |first=Ruchika |date=2025-08-09 |title=Bindiya Ke Bahubali Review: An Analysis Of The Mafia Drama's Narrative Flaws |url=https://www.oneindia.com/entertainment/bindiya-ke-bahubali-review-an-analysis-of-the-mafia-dramas-narrative-flaws-011-7824909.html |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-06 |title=Bindiya Ke Bahubali OTT {{!}} Bindiya Ke Bahubali OTT Release Date {{!}} Bindiya Ke Bahubali OTT Cast {{!}} Bindiya Ke Bahubali OTT Story Line {{!}} Bindiya Ke Bahubali OTT Platform {{!}} When And Where To Watch Bindiya Ke Bahubali OTT – FilmiBeat |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/top-listing/bindiya-ke-bahubali-ott-when-and-where-to-watch-saurabh-shuklas-upcoming-comedy-drama-2-5446.html |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=www.filmibeat.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Saurabh Shukla]] as Badaa Davan
* [[Ranvir Shorey]] as Chhota Davan
* [[Seema Biswas]] as Sanka Davan
* [[Sheeba Chaddha]] as Dharavi
* [[Alok Pandey]] as Babban
* [[Tannishtha Chatterjee]] as Imali Davan
* [[Sushant Singh]] as DSP Murli Majhi
* [[Sai Tamhankar]] as Ajji Davan
* [[Vineet Kumar]] as Chacha Davan
* [[Tannishtha Chatterjee]] as Imali Davan
* Aakash Dahiya as Kisna Davan
* [[Govind Namdeo]] as Angad Singh
* [[Kranti Prakash Jha]] as Babu Davan
* [[Kallirroi Tziafeta]] as Sasha

== Release ==
The series was released on [[MX Player|Amazon MX Player]] on 8 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saurabh Shukla and Ranvir Shorey lead dysfunctional dynasty in Amazon MX Player's dark gangster comedy series Bindiya Ke Bahubali – Trailer out now |url=https://orissadiary.com/saurabh-shukla-and-ranvir-shorey-lead-dysfunctional-dynasty-in-amazon-mx-players-dark-gangster-comedy-series-bindiya-ke-bahubali-trailer-out-now/}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]

Kothapallilo Okappudu

2026-03-03T09:09:39Z

Chinmoyin: created some info w/ refs

{{Short description|2025 Indian Telugu-language film by Praveena Paruchuri}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kothapallilo Okappudu
| image = Kothapallilo Okappudu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Praveena Paruchuri
| writer =
| story = Guru Kiran Bathula
| producer = {{plainlist|
* Gopalakrishna Paruchuri
* Praveena Paruchuri
* [[Rana Daggubati]] ('''presenter''')
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Manoj Chandra
* Monika T.
* Usha Bonela
}}
| cinematography = Petros Antoniadis
| editing = Kiran R.
| music = '''Score:''' [[Varun Unni]] '''Songs:''' [[Mani Sharma]]
| studio = Paruchuri Vijaya Praveena Arts
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2025|07|18|df=y}}
| runtime = 123 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Kothapallilo Okappudu''''' ({{Translation|Once upon a time in Kothapalli}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy drama]] film directed by Praveena Paruchuri.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Baahubali' Gave Me The Courage To Return To India: Praveena Paruchuri On Directing 'Kothapallilo Okappudu' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/baahubali-gave-me-the-courage-to-return-to-india-praveena-paruchuri-on-directing-kothapallilo-okappudu |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en |archive-date=16 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716210039/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/baahubali-gave-me-the-courage-to-return-to-india-praveena-paruchuri-on-directing-kothapallilo-okappudu |url-status=live }}</ref> The film features Manoj Chandra, Monika T and Usha Bonela in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=2025-07-18 |title=Kothapallilo Okappudu review: Ambitious attempt stumbles despite thoughtful themes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/kothapallilo-okapudu-movie-review-ambitious-attempt-stumbles-despite-thoughtful-themes-2757773-2025-07-18 |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

The film was released on 18 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-07-10 |title=Kothapallilo Okappudu Trailer: A freak incident rattles the belief system of an entire village |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jul/10/kothapallilo-okappudu-trailer-a-freak-incident-rattles-the-belief-system-of-an-entire-village |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=19 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250719081913/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jul/10/kothapallilo-okappudu-trailer-a-freak-incident-rattles-the-belief-system-of-an-entire-village |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Ramakrishna works for a moneylender in the village of Kothapalli. He is in love with a girl named Savitri. Their friend Andham supports their relationship and tries to help them meet. One day, Ramakrishna plans to meet Savitri near a haystack, but unexpected events take place, causing problems for both of them. The rest of the story shows what happens next and how they deal with the situation.

== Cast ==
* Manoj Chandra as Ramakrishna
* Monika T as Savitri
* Usha Bonela as Aadhilakshmi "Andham"
* [[Ravindra Vijay]] as Appanna
* [[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]] as Reddy
* Bongu Satti
* Phani
* Prem Sagar Rajulapati as Gandubabu
* Praveena Paruchuri
* [[Babu Mohan]] as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]

== Music ==
The soundtrack is composed by [[Mani Sharma]], while background score is composed by [[Varun Unni]].

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_music =
| title1 = Ranga Nayaki
| length1 = 3:59
| lyrics1 = Chaitanya Prasad
| extra1 = [[Dhanunjay Seepana]]
| title2 = Biscuit Biscuit
| length2 = 3:14
| lyrics2 = Hareesh Chakravarthy
| extra2 = Sai Shivani
| title3 = Yelo Yennello
| length3 = 3:42
| lyrics3 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| extra3 = [[Ramya Behara]]
| title4 = Jai Bolo
| length4 = 3:16
| lyrics4 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| extra4 = [[Sweekar Agasthi]], Ramya Behera
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Kothapallilo Okappudu'' was released on 18 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-07-11 |title=Rana's Spirit Media unveils intriguing trailer of rural drama 'Kothapallilo Okappudu' |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/ranas-spirit-media-unveils-intriguing-trailer-of-rural-drama-kothapallilo-okappudu-987253 |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2025-07-16 |title=Rana Daggubati: VFX and AI have made scaling up easier, but human stories matter |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rana-daggubati-vfx-and-ai-have-made-scaling-up-easier-but-human-stories-matter/article69813666.ece |access-date=2025-07-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=18 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718114550/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rana-daggubati-vfx-and-ai-have-made-scaling-up-easier-but-human-stories-matter/article69813666.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' was positive with performances of the cast and stated, "They say destruction is easy and creation is hard. But what if the reverse were true? ''Kothapallilo Okappudu'' explores this inversion with conviction".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2025-07-18 |title='Kothapallilo Okappudu' movie review: A bittersweet tale to savour, ponder and debate |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kothapallilo-okappudu-movie-review-the-telugu-film-is-directed-by-praveena-paruchuri-and-presented-by-rana-daggubati/article69818243.ece |access-date=2025-07-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> BH Harsh of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 and praised the direction, cinematography and performances of the cast.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-07-17 |title=Kothapallilo Okappudu Movie Review: An exuberant satire that explores bold ideas |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2025/Jul/17/kothapallilo-okappudu-movie-review-an-exuberant-satire-that-explores-bold-ideas |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave a rating of 2.5 out of 5 praising performances, and themes whereas criticizing its narration, and underdeveloped subplots.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kothapallilo Okappudu Movie Review: Raw, rooted, but stumbles in its storytelling |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/kothapallilo-okappudu/movie-review/122779031.cms |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=28 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250728060430/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/kothapallilo-okappudu/movie-review/122779031.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|37501723}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Telugu-language comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2025 comedy-drama films]]

Asuran (1995 film)

2026-03-03T05:02:03Z

Chinmoyin: small changes

{{No plot|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Asuran (1995 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Velu Prabhakaran]]
| writer = Ma. Pandarinathan '''(Dialogue)'''
| screenplay = [[R. K. Selvamani]]
| story = R. K. Selvamani '''original story by''' [[Jim Thomas (screenwriter)|Jim Thomas]]''' (uncredited)''' [[John Thomas (screenwriter)|John Thomas]] '''(uncredited)'''
| producer = R. K. Selvamani
| starring = [[Arun Pandian]] [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]]
| cinematography = Velu Prabhakaran
| editing = V. Udhayashankar
| music = [[Adithyan]]
| studio = Motherland Movies International
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1995|07|21|ref1=}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
}}

'''''Asuran''''' ({{translation|Demon}}) is a 1995 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Science fiction film|science fiction]] [[action horror film]], photographed and direction by [[Velu Prabhakaran]] and written and produced by [[R. K. Selvamani]]. The film stars [[Arun Pandian]] and [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]], while [[Radha Ravi]], [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]], and [[Senthil]] play supporting roles and [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] reprises his role from ''[[Captain Prabhakaran]]''. The film released on 21 July 1995 and became a box office failure.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sitaraman |first=Sandya |date=9 January 1996 |title=Tamil Movie News--1995 Review(Cont.) |url=https://groups.google.com/g/soc.culture.tamil/c/DkYZjPTDnMU |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310153148/https://groups.google.com/g/soc.culture.tamil/c/DkYZjPTDnMU |archive-date=10 March 2023 |access-date=13 July 2023 |website=[[Google Groups]]}}</ref> The film is an unsanctioned amalgamation of various Hollywood films, including ''[[Predator (film)|Predator]]'' (1987).<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2016 |title=சுட்ட படம் |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/124524-sutta-padam-asuran-predator |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610093642/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/124524-sutta-padam-asuran-predator |archive-date=10 June 2022 |access-date=10 June 2022 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Arun Pandian]] as DSP Prasad
* [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] as Parvathi (Voice dubbed by [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]])
* [[Radha Ravi]] as Rajasekhar
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as DGP Raghupathi
* [[Senthil]] as Srinivasan
* [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] as Veerabhadran
* [[Thiyagu]] as Krishnaswamy
* [[Thalapathi Dinesh]] as Chandru
* [[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]]
* [[S. N. Lakshmi]]
* [[Vichithra]] as Balamani
* Krishnamoorthy
* Krishnaraj Muthuramalingam as Krishna
* Naga Kannan
* [[Kalyan (choreographer)|Kalyan]] as main dancer in "Vathikuchu Pathikuchu"
* [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]] as Marthayan (guest appearance)
}}

==Soundtrack==
Music was composed by [[Adithyan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Asuran (1995) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0000523.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210233618/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0000523.html |archive-date=10 February 2012 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> The programming of the song "Chakku Chakku Vathikuchi" was done by [[Harris Jayaraj]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2022 |title=Did you know the Harris Jayaraj connection in Kamal Haasan's Vikram? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-harris-jayaraj-connection-in-kamal-haasans-vikram/articleshow/92057630.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609001945/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-harris-jayaraj-connection-in-kamal-haasans-vikram/articleshow/92057630.cms |archive-date=9 June 2022 |access-date=10 June 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The song was also featured in the 2022 film ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]'' where it became a trend in India after its release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2022 |title=How Lokesh Kanagaraj Brilliantly Uses Old Songs in His Movies |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/how-lokesh-kanagaraj-brilliantly-uses-old-songs-in-his-movies-5334187.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609135215/https://www.news18.com/news/india/how-lokesh-kanagaraj-brilliantly-uses-old-songs-in-his-movies-5334187.html |archive-date=9 June 2022 |access-date=9 June 2022 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=3 June 2022 |title=Vikram Movie Review: Fulfilling action saves this ambitious multi-starrer |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/jun/03/vikram-movie-reviewfulfilling-action-saves-this-ambitious-multi-starrer-31934.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716173014/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/jun/03/vikram-movie-reviewfulfilling-action-saves-this-ambitious-multi-starrer-31934.html |archive-date=16 July 2022 |access-date=17 July 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Chakku Chakku Vathikuchi" || [[Adithyan]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]] || [[Piraisoodan]] || 04:27
|-
| "Kukku Kukku" || Priya || [[Kamakodiyan]]|| 04:02
|-
| "Moham Pathikichu" || Gayathri || rowspan=2|[[Palani Bharathi]]|| 04:28
|-
| "O Saali" || Adithyan, [[Sangeetha Sajith]] || 04:40
|-
| "O Vaanmathi" || [[P. Unnikrishnan]], Sangeetha Sajith || Piraisoodan || 05:32
|}

==Reception==
Thulasi of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote since there is no such thing as story, most of the grandeur did not work out; if the viewer watches it without thinking about logic, they will get the satisfaction of watching ''Arabian Nights''.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=துளசி |date=20 August 1995 |title=அசுரன் |url=https://ibb.co/0hvDHQQ |url-status=usurped |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=Ta |page=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712140612/https://ibb.co/0hvDHQQ |archive-date=12 July 2023 |access-date=12 July 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Velu Prabhakaran}}

[[Category:1990s action horror films]]
[[Category:1990s monster movies]]
[[Category:1995 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:1995 Indian films]]
[[Category:1995 science fiction action films]]
[[Category:1995 science fiction horror films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Velu Prabhakaran]]
[[Category:Films scored by Adithyan]]
[[Category:Films set in forests]]
[[Category:Films set in jungles]]
[[Category:Indian action horror films]]
[[Category:Indian monster movies]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction action films]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction horror films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language science fiction action films]]

Badava

2026-03-03T02:22:05Z

Chinmoyin: made new post

{{Short description|2025 Tamil film by KV Nandha}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Badava poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = KV Nandha
| writer = KV Nandha
| producer = [[John Peter (composer)|M. John Peter]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]]
* [[Soori (actor)|Soori]]
* Shrita Rao
* [[Ramachandra Raju]]
}}
| cinematography = Ramalingam
| editing = Vinoth Kanna
| music = M. John Peter
| studio = J Studio International
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|3|7}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Badava''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action comedy]] film written and directed by KV Nandha, starring [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] and [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] in the lead roles alongside Shrita Rao, [[Ramachandra Raju]], [[Devadarshini]], [[Namo Narayana]], Senthil, [[Vinodhini Vaidyanathan]], [[Saravana Sakthi]] and others in important roles. The film is produced by John Peter under his J Studio International banner.

''Badava'' released in theatres on 7 March 2025 to mixed reviews.

== Plot ==
A jobless troublemaker is forced to move to Malaysia for work, only to lose his job and return home. Meanwhile, a powerful brick kiln owner enslaves the local population. The story follows how the hero rises to the challenge, using his courage to free the people and restore joy to the community.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] as Velan
* [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] as Urappu
* Shrita Rao as Shrita
* [[Ramachandra Raju]] as Valava
* [[Devadarshini]] as Selvi
* [[Namo Narayana]] as Selvi's husband
* [[Vinodhini Vaidyanathan]] as Collector
* [[Saravana Sakthi]] as Village Man
* KPY Ramar as Mani
* [[Chaams]] as Bar customer
}}

== Production ==
After the success of the long-shelved film ''[[Madha Gaja Raja]]'' (2025), the [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]]-[[Soori (actor)|Soori]] starrer film ''Badava'' written and directed by KV Nandha was planned to release in 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-30 |title=Vimal's 6-year-old 'Badava' inspired by Vishal's 'Madha Gaja Raja' gets a release date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vimals-6-year-old-badava-inspired-by-vishals-madha-gaja-raja-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/117732377.cms |access-date=2025-03-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-29 |title=Badava {{!}} விமல் நடிப்பில் வெளியாக உள்ள படவா படத்தின் ரிலீஸ் தேதி அறிவிப்பு |url=https://tamil.news18.com/entertainment/cinema-vimal-starrer-badava-movie-release-date-nw-kls-ws-b-1714066.html |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=tamil.news18.com |language=ta}}</ref> The film that got production completed six years ago is produced by John Peter under his J Studio International banner,<ref>{{Cite web |last=manimegalai.a |title=6 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு பிறகு திரைக்கு வரும் படவா! விஷால் போல் விமல் சாதனை படைப்பாரா? |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/vimal-badava-movie-to-be-released-after-6-years-mma-sqt1fw |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=Asianet News Tamil |language=ta}}</ref> starring [[Ramachandra Raju]], Shrita Rao, [[Devadarshini]], [[Namo Narayana]], Senthil,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-28 |title=Vemal-Soori's Long-Delayed Film Badava Gets A Release Date |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/vemal-and-sooris-delayed-film-badava-gets-a-release-date-article-117617551 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206191850/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/vemal-and-sooris-delayed-film-badava-gets-a-release-date-article-117617551 |archive-date=6 February 2025 |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> [[Vinodhini Vaidyanathan]], [[Saravana Sakthi]] and others in important roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2025-01-27 |title=விமல் - சூரி நடித்துள்ள 'படவா' படத்தின் ரிலீஸ் தேதி அறிவிப்பு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/vimal-soori-starrer-badava-release-date-announced-1141213 |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref> The technical team consists of M. John Peter as the music composer,<ref>{{Cite web |last=DIN |date=2023-09-14 |title=படவா படத்தின் டிரெய்லர் வெளியானது |url=https://www.dinamani.com/videos/video-cinema/2023/Sep/14/badava-official-trailer--vimal--soori--shrita-rao--kgf-ram--new-movie-trailer--bravo-music-14014.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006112339/https://www.dinamani.com/videos/video-cinema/2023/sep/14/badava-official-trailer--vimal--soori--shrita-rao--kgf-ram--new-movie-trailer--bravo-music-14014.html |archive-date=6 October 2024 |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=Dinamani |language=ta}}</ref> Ramalingam as the cinematographer, Vinoth Kanna as the editor, Saravana Abiraman as the art director, Dinesh, Sreedhar, and Dheena handling the dance choreography and 'Siruthai' Ganesh handling the stunt choreography.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-01-27 |title=Vemal-Soori's Badava to get a Valentine's Day release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/27/vemal-sooris-badava-to-get-a-valentines-day-release |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215123711/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/27/vemal-sooris-badava-to-get-a-valentines-day-release |archive-date=15 February 2025 |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
The film has music composed by [[John Peter (composer)|M. John Peter]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2023 |title=Badava (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/badava-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1706788371 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Retta Jadayila
| length1 = 3:34
| lyrics1 = M. John Peter
| extra1 = Harihara Sudhan
| title2 = Onnum Thonala
| length2 = 3:56
| lyrics2 = [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
| extra2 = [[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]], Deepak Blue
| title3 = Achcham Naanam Vittu Poga
| length3 = 3:50
| lyrics3 = Viveka
| extra3 = [[Vijay Yesudas]], Vinaitha
| title4 = Aruvala Eduda
| length4 = 4:19
| lyrics4 = [[Kabilan Vairamuthu]]
| extra4 = Pavan, Vallavan, Velu
| title5 = Badava Badava
| length5 = 3:08
| lyrics5 = Ilaya Kamban
| extra5 = [[Velmurugan]], Rajini Babu
| title6 = Kottudhe Vaanam
| length6 = 3:25
| lyrics6 = Swarnalatha
| extra6 = Velu, Rathi Sangar
| total_length = 22:12
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Badava'' released in theatres on 7 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=manimegalai.a |title=March 7th Theatrical Release: கிங்ஸ்டன் முதல் படவா வரை; மார்ச் 7-ஆம் தேதி திரையரங்கில் வெளியாகும் 9 படங்கள்! |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/kingston-astharam-badava-and-9-movies-theatrical-release-in-march-7th-in-tamil-mma-sshfjl |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250317190325/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/kingston-astharam-badava-and-9-movies-theatrical-release-in-march-7th-in-tamil-mma-sshfjl |archive-date=17 March 2025 |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=Asianet News Tamil |language=ta}}</ref> Initially the film was planned to release in October 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-10-02 |title=Vemal-Soori's Badava gets a release window |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/02/vemal-sooris-badava-gets-a-release-window |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003021956/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/02/vemal-sooris-badava-gets-a-release-window |archive-date=3 October 2024 |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> but was later scheduled for 14 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-05 |title=Vemal, Soori's Badava to have its release on Valentine's Day |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/vemal-sooris-badava-to-have-its-release-on-valentines-day-821913 |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref> A critic of ''[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]]'' reviewed the film lauding it for its social message about protecting [[Mesquite|Mesquite trees]], while criticizing the screenplay and illogical sequences.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-09 |title=படவா: திரை விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1353672-badava-movie-review-1.html |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref> The film was also reviewed by ''[[Dinamalar]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினமலர் |title=Badava Movie Review {{!}} Vimal {{!}} Soori {{!}} Dinamalar Cinema |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/videos/tamil-cinema-videos/badava-movie-review/308943 |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>
== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=35598093}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:2025 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by John Peter (composer)]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Hindu Shahis

2026-02-23T10:30:32Z

Chinmoyin: Refined content and updated sections

{{Short description|Medieval Dynasty in North Western South Asia (c. 843–1026)}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Hindu Shahis
| common_name = Shahis
| status = Empire
| era = Early Middle Ages
| capital = {{ubl|[[Kabul]] (843–870)|[[Hund (village)|Udabhandapura]] (870–1001){{Sfn|Mishra|1972|p=125}}|[[Nandana Fort|Nandana]] (1002–1014){{Sfn|Mishra|1972|p=185}}|[[Hastinapur|Hastika]]{{efn|Hastika is possibly [[Hastinapur]]{{Sfn|Mishra|1972|p=190}}}} (1014–1026)| Al Lahawar{{Efn|In [[Mardan District]]{{Sfn|Mishra|1972|p=256}}}} (Summer capital)}}
| year_leader1 = {{circa|843 CE}}
| leader1 = Kallar
| year_leader2 = {{circa|850 CE}}
| leader2 = Samanta
| year_leader3 = {{circa|880 CE}}
| leader3 = Lalliya
| year_leader4 = {{circa|903 CE}}
| leader4 = Toramana
| year_leader5 = {{circa|921 CE}}
| leader5 = Bhimadeva
| year_leader6 = 964– 1001
| leader6 = [[Jayapala]]
| year_leader7 = {{circa|1002 CE}}
| leader7 = Anandapala
| year_leader8 = {{circa|1010 CE}}
| leader8 = Trilocanapala
| year_leader9 = {{circa|1021 CE}}
| leader9 = Bhimapala
| event1 = [[Battle of Peshawar (1001)]]
| date_event1 = 27 November 1001
| event2 = [[Battle of Chach]]
| date_event2 = 31 December 1008
| event3 = [[Battle of Nandana]]
| date_event3 = March 1014
| year_start = {{circa|843 CE}}
| year_end = 1026 CE
| event4 = [[Battle of River Tausi]]
| date_event4 = March 1014
| event5 = Annexed by the [[Ghaznavids]]
| date_event5 = 1026
| p1 = Turk Shahi
| p2 =
| s1 = Ghaznavids
| s2 =
| s3 =
| flag_type =
| image_coat =
| image_map = {{Continental Asia in 1000 CE|center||{{Annotation|120|85|[[File:Hindu Shahis territory.png|25px]]}}||none}}
| image_map_caption = Location of the Hindu Shahis, and contemporary polities, {{circa|1000}}
| image_map2 = {{Location map+
|Hindu Shahis
|float = center
|border = none
|width = 300
|caption =
|nodiv = 1
|mini = 1
|relief=yes
|places =
{{location map~ |Hindu Shahis |lat=39.7|N |long=66.983333|E |label=[[Samarkand|Samarkand]] |position=right |label_size=90|mark=Button Icon White.svg|marksize=7}}
{{location map~ |Hindu Shahis |lat=34.341944|N |long=62.203056|E |label=[[Herat|Herat]] |position=right |label_size=90|mark=Button Icon White.svg|marksize=7}}
{{location map~ |Hindu Shahis |lat=35.5|N |long=62|E |label={{center|'''''[[Ghaznavids|GHAZNAVIDS]]'''''}}|position=right |label_size=100|mark=File:1x1.png|marksize=0}}
{{location map~ |Hindu Shahis |lat=36.766667 |N |long=66.9|E |label=[[Balkh|Balkh]] |position=right |label_size=90|mark=Button Icon White.svg|marksize=7}}
{{location map~ |Hindu Shahis |lat=31.616667|N |long=65.716667|E |label=[[Kandahar|Kandahar]]|position=bottom |label_size=90|mark=Button Icon White.svg|marksize=7}}
{{location map~ |Hindu Shahis |lat=33.549167|N |long=68.423333|E |label=[[Ghazni|Ghazni]]|position=left|label_size=90|mark=Button Icon White.svg|marksize=7}}
{{location map~ |Hindu Shahis |lat=34.525278|N |long=69.178333|E |label='''[[Kabul|Kabul]]'''|position=right |label_size=90|mark=BlackDot.svg|marksize=10}}
{{location map~ |Hindu Shahis |lat=30.197778|N |long=71.469722|E |label=[[Multan|Multan]] |position=left |label_size=90|mark=Button Icon White.svg|marksize=7}}
{{location map~ |Hindu Shahis |lat=29|N |long=72.5|E |label='''''[[Emirate of Multan|MULTAN EMIRATE]]''''' |position=left |label_size=80|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}
{{location map~ |Hindu Shahis |lat=34.5|N |long=76.5|E |label='''''[[Utpala dynasty|UTPALAS]]'''''|position=bottom |label_size=90|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}
{{location map~ |Hindu Shahis |lat=38|N |long=79|E |label='''''[[Kingdom of Khotan|KHOTAN]]'''''|position=bottom |label_size=90|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}
{{location map~ |Hindu Shahis |lat=29|N |long=77|E |label='''''[[Tomara dynasty|TOMARAS]]'''''|position=bottom |label_size=90|mark=File:1000x1.png|marksize=0}}
{{location map~ |Hindu Shahis |lat=31.583056|N |long=64.369167|E |label=[[Lashkargah|Bost]]|position=top |label_size=90|mark=Button Icon White.svg|marksize=7}}
{{location map~ |Hindu Shahis|lat=37.662778|N |long=62.1925|E |label=[[Merv|Merv]] |position=right |label_size=90|mark=Button Icon White.svg|marksize=7}}
{{location map~ |Hindu Shahis |lat=39.766667|N |long=64.433333|E |label=[[Bukhara|Bukhara]] |position=bottom |label_size=90|mark=Button Icon White.svg|marksize=7}}
}}
| image_map2_caption = Territory of the Hindu Shahis with neighbouring polities circa 1000. [[Kabul]], first capital, with [[Udabhandapura|Udabhanda]] and [[Lahore]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=146, map XIV.2 (j)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/reference/schwartzberg/query.py?display_type=image_display&object=183#gsc.tab=0}}</ref>
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| title_leader = [[wikt:maharajadhiraja|Maharajadhiraja]]
| religion = [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] [[Hinduism]]
| today = [[Pakistan]] [[India]] [[Afghanistan]]
| common_languages =
}}

The '''Hindu Shahis''', also referred to as the '''Kabul Shahis''' and '''Uḍi Śāhis''', were a dynasty established between 843 CE and 1026 CE. Enduring multiple waves of conquests for nearly two centuries, the western frontiers of their core territory comprised the regions of [[Gandhara]] and [[Kabulistan]] in contemporary [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] and [[Provinces of Afghanistan|eastern]] [[Afghanistan]], while eastern frontiers expanded to the [[Sutlej]] River, encompassing the regions of [[Punjab]] and the [[Kangra Valley]] in contemporary [[Punjab, Pakistan]], [[Punjab, India]], and [[Himachal Pradesh]]. The empire was founded by Kallar in {{circa|843 CE}} after overthrowing Lagaturman, the last [[Turk Shahis|Turk Shahi]] king.

The history of the Hindu Shahis begins in 843 CE with Kallar deposing the last [[Turk Shahis|Turk Shahi]] ruler, Lagaturman. Samanta succeeded him, and it was during his reign that the region of [[Kabul]] was lost to the [[Persianate]] [[Saffarid dynasty]].<ref name=":1" /> Lalliya replaced Samanta soon after and re-conquered Kabul whilst also subduing the region of [[Zabulistan]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> He is additionally noteworthy for coming into conflict with [[Sankaravarman|Samkaravarman]] of the [[Utpala dynasty]], resulting in his victory and the latter's death in [[Hazara region|Hazara]].<ref name=":4" /> Bhimadeva, the next notable ruler, is most significant for vanquishing the [[Samanid Empire]] in Ghazni and Kabul in response to their conquests.<ref name=":5" /> Jayapala then gained control and was brought into conflict with the newly formed [[Ghaznavid Empire]], however, he was eventually defeated. During his rule and that of his son and successor, Anandapala, the kingdom of [[Lahore]] was conquered. The following Shahi rulers all resisted the Ghaznavids but were ultimately unsuccessful, resulting in the downfall of the empire in 1026 CE.

== Sources ==

=== Literature ===
No literature survives from Hindu Shahi courts. Unlike the case of Turk Shahis, only fragmented information can be obtained from chronicles of neighboring powers — Kashmir and [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavi]].{{sfn|Khan|2017}}{{Efn|Rehman hypothesizes that the frontier states were splintering from the Caliphate during the rise of Hindu Shahis and had better things to worry about.}} Of the former, Kalhana's [[Rajatarangini]] (1148-1149) is the only extant source.{{sfn|Khan|2017}} Of the latter, there are Tārīkh al-Hind by [[Al-Biruni]] (c. 1030), [[Tarikh-i Bayhaqi|Tārīkh-i Bayhaqī]] by Abu'l-Faḍl Bayhaqi (c. late 11th century),{{Efn|He had another work ''Tarikh-i-Yamini'' dealing with the subject; it is lost.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=}}}} Zayn al-Akhbar by [[Abu Sa'id Gardezi]], and [[Tarikh Yamini|Kitab-i Yamini]] by al-Utbi (c. 1020).{{sfn|Khan|2017}}{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=89}}{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=}}

=== Coins ===
[[File:Coins of the Shahis 8th century.jpg|290px|thumb|right|Some of the earliest coinage of the Hindu Shahis. ''Obverse'': Recumbent bull, with [[Nagari script|Nagari]] legend: [[File:Nagari1035 shrii.jpg|18px]][[File:Nagari1035 spa.jpg|15px]][[File:Nagari1035 l.svg|15px]] [[File:Nagari1035 p.svg|15px]] [[File:Nagari1035 ti.jpg|13px]] ''Sri Spalapati'' ''Reverse'': horserider with corrupted [[Bactrian script]]: '''ςρι ςπaλaπaτι''' ''Sri Spalapati'' i.e. "Lord Commander-in-chief".{{sfn|Allchin|2019|p=458–459}}]]
The Hindu Shahis issued silver [[jital coin]]age which underwent wide circulation from nearby [[Sindh]]{{sfn|Flood|2018|p=38}} to northeastern Europe.{{sfn|Flood|2018|p=25}} They were first "discovered" by [[James Tod]], a British orientalist in 1822.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=190}} These coins exhibit progressive debasement with time, with a regular decrease of silver content, allowing for the sequencing of the coinage.{{sfn|MACDOWALL|1968}} Early issues do not mention personal names but only generic titles, thereby not matching with the names found from literature.{{sfn|Khan|2017|p=23}} The characteristic motif of a horseman on the reverse with a bull on the obverse goes back to the [[Indo-Scythian]] ruler [[Azes I]].

=== Inscriptions and archaeology ===
A. R. Rahman of the [[Quaid-i-Azam University]] and [[Ahmad Hasan Dani]] did rudimentary field surveys in the late 1960s.{{sfn|Khan|2017}} Afterwards, the Italian Archaeological Mission in Pakistan (IAMP) extensively surveyed the regions in and around [[Swat District|Swat]].{{sfn|Khan|2017}} In 1996, Khan and Meister obtained a license from Department of Archaeology for an "integrated study of Hindu-Śāhi sites"; excavation at [[Kafir Kot|Kafir-kot]] and field-surveys of the [[Salt Range]] were engaged in with aid from the [[University of Pennsylvania]] and the American Institute of Pakistan Studies.{{sfn|Meister|2010|p=9}}

Inscriptions remain scarce.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=218}} Mostly found in [[Udabhanda]], they either commemorate the commissioning of temples or are affixed at the base of idol-pedestals.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=218}} Of the former kind—[[Mir Ali, Pakistan|Mir Ali]] Inscription, [[Dewal Manal|Dewal]] Inscription, Dewai Inscription, Ratnamanjari Inscription, Veka Inscription, Hund Stone Inscription, Kamesvaridevi Inscription, Barikot Inscription, and Isvara Inscription—most are disfigured to various extents due to their use as grinding stones in medieval times and are decipherable only in parts.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=218}}{{sfn|Khaw|2016}} The latter kind is relatively abundant but only provides snippets of trivia.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=218}} The language is exclusively [[Sharada script|Sharda]].{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=219}}{{Efn|Bactrian Cursive seem to have fallen out of favor with the Hindu Shahis.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=219}}}} A ''samvat'' is mentioned in all of them whose zero year is understood to correspond to 822 C.E. based on the Zalamkot Bilingual Inscription; it has been assumed to be initiated by Kallar on his coronation, as was typically the case for most Hindu dynasties of medieval India.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=241, 318}}{{sfn|Rahman|1998|p=473}} Copper land grants etc. are yet to be documented.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=218}}

==Origins==
[[File:Horseman on Hindu Shahi coinage.jpg|thumb|Horseman on a coin of Spalapati, i.e. the "War-lord". The headgear has been interpreted as a [[turban]].{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=187 and Pl. V B.|loc="the horseman is shown wearing a turban-like head-gear with a small globule on the top"}}]]

[[Al-Biruni]], an Iranian [[polyglot]] and the only contemporary source on the dynasty, described that the Hindu Shahis as [[Brahmins]].{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=51}} However this view goes against the opinions of authors from later centuries. [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] historian, [[Kalhana]] in his 12th century work [[Rajatarangini]], described the Hindu Shahis of being of [[Kshatriya]] origin.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=51}} [[André Wink]] confirms Biruni's description of the Shahi dynasty as Brahmins.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Wink |first=André |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC&pg=PA125 |title=Al-hind: The Making of the Indo-islamic World |date=1991 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-09249-5 |pages=125 |language=en}}</ref>

The 10th century Arab historian, [[Al-Masudi]] mentioned in his work, that in his time, the kings of [[Gandhara]] were all called "[[File:Arabic Hahaj for Hindu Shahis.jpg|15px|Arabic Hahaj for Hindu Shahis]]" (which has been variously read ''Hajaj'', ''J.haj'' or ''Ch'hach''), Elliot transliterated the character to "Hahaj" and Cunningham had it equated to the [[Janjua|Janjua tribe/clan]], who were held to be descendants of the [[Rouran Khaganate]].{{sfn|Rehman|1976|pp=48-50}} Rahman doubts this theory and instead transliterates to "J.haj", an Arabicised form of ''[[Chhachh]]'', while the area of Gandhara itself was called "country of the ''Rahbūt''" ([[Rajput|Rājpūt]]){{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=48}} which is even today the name of the region around the Hindu Shahi capital of [[Hund (village)|Hund]].{{sfn|Rehman|1976|pp=48-50}} In the 10th century, this region was occupied by the tribes of the [[Gakhars]] and [[Khokhars]], who formed a large part of the Hindu Shahi army according to the Persian historian [[Firishta]].{{sfn|Rehman|1976|pp=48-50}}

Abdul Rahman accepted folklore among current inhabitants of Hund about pre-Muslim kings of the region belonging to the Hodi tribe, and proposed an Odi origin for the Hindu Shahis belonging to [[Oddiyana]], a region in [[Gandhara]]. He also pointed to the famous Senvarma inscription as evidence in support and suggested '''Odi Shahis''' or '''Uḍi Śāhis''' as an accurate name for the dynasty.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rahman |first=Abdul |date=2002 |title=New Light on the Khingal, Turk and the Hindu Sahis |url=http://journals.uop.edu.pk/papers/AP_v15_37to42.pdf |journal=Ancient Pakistan |volume=XV |pages=37–42}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meister |first=Michael W. |date=2005 |title=The Problem of Platform Extensions at Kafirkot North |url=http://journals.uop.edu.pk/papers/AP_v16_41to48.pdf |journal=Ancient Pakistan |volume=XVI |pages=41–48}}</ref>{{sfn|Rahman|2002a|p=41}}{{Efn|For more details on the inscription (and Odi Kings), consult{{sfn|Hinüber|2003}}}} [[Michael W. Meister]] found Rahman's arguments to be convincing.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Meister|first=Michael W.|date=2005|title=The Problem of Platform Extensions at Kafirkot North|url=http://journals.uop.edu.pk/papers/AP_v16_41to48.pdf|journal=Ancient Pakistan|volume=XVI|pages=41–48}}</ref>

==History==

=== Kallar: The first Hindu Shahi ===

==== Establishment ====
The [[Abbasids]] led by caliph [[Al-Ma'mun]] defeated the Kabul branch of the [[Turk Shahi]]s in 815 CE who had invaded Khorasan.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=85}}<ref name="MA20">{{cite book|last1=Alram|first1=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5AcEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|title="The Numismatic legacy of the Sasanians in the East" in Sasanian Iran in the Context of Late Antiquity: The Bahari Lecture Series at the University of Oxford|date=1 February 2021|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-46066-9|pages=20–21|language=en}}</ref> Following this defeat, the Turk Shahis not only had to convert to Islam but also had to cede key cities and regions.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=85-86}} Another campaign against the Gandhara branch seems to have followed soon, with the Caliphate reaching as far East as the [[Indus river]] and imposing a critical defeat.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=86}} A hefty annual tribute was to be paid in return for sovereignty rights to both territories.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=86}}{{efn|The tribute amounted to 1,500,000 Dirhams and 2,000 slaves per year.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=87}}}}

The Turk Shahis ended up in a precarious state and in {{circa|843 CE}}, the last ruler Lagaturman was deposed by one of his ministers, a [[Brahmin]] vazir called Kallar.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=87-88}}<ref name="SKSK">{{cite journal |author=[[Shōshin Kuwayama|Kuwayama, Shoshin]] |title=The Turki Śāhis and Relevant Brahmanical Sculptures in Afghanistan |journal=East and West |year=1976 |volume=26 |issue=3/4 |jstor=29756318 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29756318 |issn=0012-8376 |publisher=[[Italian Institute for Africa and the Orient|Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente]]|page=405 }}</ref> The sole description of events comes from Al-Biruni:{{efn|The passage went:{{blockquote|The last king of this race was [[Turk Shahis|Lagatarman]] [of the Turk Shahis], and his Vazir was Kallar, a Brahman. The latter had been fortunate, in so far as he had found by accident hidden treasures, which gave him much influence and power. In consequence, the last king of this Tibetan house, after it had held the royal power for so long a period, let it by degrees slip from his hands. Besides, Lagatarman had bad manners and a worse behaviour, on account of which people complained of him greatly to the Vazir. Now the Vazir put him in chains and imprisoned him for corruption, but then he himself found ruling sweet, his riches enabled him to carry out his plans, and so he occupied the royal throne. After him ruled the Brahman kings Samand (Samanta), Kamalu, Bhim (Bhima), Jaipal ([[Jayapala]]), [[Anandapala]], Tarojanapala ([[Trilochanapala]]). The latter was killed A.H. 412 (A.D. 1021), and his son Bhimapala five years later (A.D. 1026). This Hindu Shahiya dynasty is now extinct, and of the whole house there is no longer the slightest remnant in existence.|[[Al-Biruni]], ''Tārīkh al-Hind'' ("History of India").<ref name="SK403">{{cite journal |last1=Kuwayama |first1=Shoshin |title=The Turki Śāhis and Relevant Brahmanical Sculptures in Afghanistan |journal=East and West |date=1976 |volume=26 |issue=3/4 |page=403 |jstor=29756318 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29756318 |issn=0012-8376}}</ref>}}}} Lagatarman's unbecoming manners had led his subjects to lodge multiple complaints with Kallar, who having chanced upon a treasure trove, was rapidly purchasing his way to power.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=}} Kallar imprisoned the King for corruption and became the acting regent before usurping the throne permanently.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=88}} The new "Hindu Shahi" dynasty was thus established in [[Gandhara]].{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=91}} None apart from Al-Biruni mentions Kallar; nothing is known about his rule or territorial extent or even his regnal dates.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=90, 93-94}}[[File:Hindu Shahis Spalapatideva type, Kabul mint.jpg|thumb|Non-debased Spalapati series (Kabul mint) — weighs between 3.1 and 3.5 g with a uniform content of 70% silver. '''''Obverse''''': Bull with [[trisula]] mark on the hump, with [[Nagari script|Nagari]] legend: [[File:Nagari1035 shrii.jpg|16px]][[File:Nagari1035 spa.jpg|15px]][[File:Nagari1035 l.svg|13px]] [[File:Nagari1035 p.svg|13px]] [[File:Nagari1035 ti.jpg|11px]] [[File:Nagari1035 de.jpg|11px]] [[File:Nagari1035 v.svg|13px]] ''Śri Spalapatideva'' "Lord Commander-in-Chief". '''''Reverse''''': Horseman with [[File:Nagari1035 a.svg|15px]] ''a'' in Nagari to left and symbol to right.{{sfn|Allchin|2019|p=458–459}}]]Historians such as that of [[Alexander Cunningham]] suggest that coin series bearing the obverse title 'Spalapati' ('Warlord) were minted by Kallar.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=}} According to [[Edward Clive Bayley]]'s misreading of the corrupted remains of a Bactrian legend as Arabic numerals, he proposed that another series of coins bearing the legend 'Samanta' ('Feudatory') were also minted by Kallar.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=186}} He argued the 'Spalapati' series to have been minted for circulation in Persian regions of his territory and the 'Samanta' series for [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]-speaking regions.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=186}} and it has been adduced that Kallar may have felt insecure about the legitimacy of his rule as long as the imprisoned [[Turk Shahis|Turk Shahi]] ruler Lagaturman was alive, and hence affirmed his claim to leadership by such indirect titles.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=92}}

[[File:Hindu Shahis coinage in the name of Samanta Deva Kabul mint.jpg|thumb|Rather debased Samantadeva series (Kabul mint) — weighs between 2.9 and 3.9 g with a variable content of 60 to 70% silver. '''''Obverse''''': Bull with [[trisula]] mark on the hump, with [[Nagari script|Nagari]] legend: [[File:Nagari1035 shrii.jpg|16px]] [[File:Nagari1035 s.svg|15px]] [[File:Nagari1035 m.svg|15px]] [[File:Nagari1035 t.svg|13px]] [[File:Nagari1035 de.jpg|11px]] [[File:Nagari1035 v.svg|13px]] ''[[Sri|Śri]] Samantadeva''. '''''Reverse''''': Horseman with [[File:Nagari1035 bhii.jpg|15px]] ''bhī'' in [[Nagari script|Nagari]] to left and symbol to right.{{sfn|Allchin|2019|p=458–459}}]]
The 'Spalapati' series may also have been minted by the last Turk Shahi rulers instead as 'Pati Dumi', who was defeated by the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] Caliph [[Al-Ma'mun]], is described by [[Al-Azraqi]] and [[Al-Biruni]] as an 'Ispahbadh' ('Warlord'), equivalent to the title Spalapati.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|pp=93, 175}} Rahman therefore believes that Kallar did not initiate any changes in the currency system of the last Turk Shahis{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=96}} and the Samanta series was minted by succeeding Hindu Shahi rulers.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=93}} Numismatist and historian [[Michael Alram]]'s publications take note of this view;<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Paiman|first1=Zafar|last2=Alram|first2=Michael|date=1 January 2010|title=Tepe Narenj: A Royal Monastery on the High Ground of Kabul, with a Commentary on the Coinage|url=https://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/10.1484/J.JIAAA.1.103268|journal=Journal of Inner Asian Art and Archaeology|volume=5|pages=33–58|doi=10.1484/J.JIAAA.1.103268|issn=1783-9025|url-access=subscription}}</ref> however some scholars attribute the entirety of the bull/horserider coinage, including the Spalapati series, to the Hindu Shahis.<ref name="AM21">{{cite book |last1=Alram |first1=Michael |title="The Numismatic Legacy of the Sasanians in the East", in "Sasanian Iran in the Context of Late Antiquity: The Bahari Lecture Series at the University of Oxford" |date=1 February 2021 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-46066-9 |page=21, full study pages 5–21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5AcEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Samanta ===
Al-Biruni notes that Samanta was the successor of Kallar and may have been his son, but their genealogical relationship is left undescribed.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=95}} Like in the case of Kallar, there is a total lack of information on his rule or even his actual name and he seems to have replicated the [[Turk Shahis|Turk Shahi]] system of producing no name on their coinage.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/tltd_20240114 |title=The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis |date=1976 |page=50}}</ref> The Samanta series prototype was followed by all future Hindu Shahi rulers and even the Muslim Ghaznavids, who succeeded the Hindu Shahis.{{sfn|Giunta|2006|p=238}}

==== Loss of Kabul ====
{{Main Article|Hindu Shahi-Saffarid wars}}
In 870 CE, [[Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar|Ya'qub ibn al-Layth]], the founder of the recently formed [[Saffarid dynasty]] marched onto [[Kabul]]. According to the [[Tarikh-i Sistan]], the [[Saffarid dynasty|Saffarids]] had come into conflict with the [[Zunbils|zunbil dynasty]] based in modern day [[Ghazni]] and after having defeated them, a son of the Zunbils had fled into the area corresponding to [[Kabul]] resulting in Yaqub's invasion.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/tltd_20240114 |title=The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis |date=1976 |pages=96–101}}</ref> It has been attested to by numerous sources that [[Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar|Ya'qub]] had brought forth idols and elephants to the [[Abbasids|Abbasid]] Caliph [[Al-Mu'tamid]] from Kabul however it not clear whether this is indicative of the city or of the [[Kabul Valley|Kabul valley]], though according to Rehman the latter was most probable.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/tltd_20240114 |title=The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis |date=1976 |pages=102}}</ref> The [[Rawżat aṣ-ṣafāʾ]] states that the ruler of Kabul was made prisoner though it is not clear whether this was Samanta.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/tltd_20240114 |title=The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis |date=1976 }}</ref> The region was in Saffarid control until 878 CE before being recaptured by Lalliya, the successor to Samanta.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/tltd_20240114 |title=The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis |date=1976 |page=105 }}</ref>{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 450
| caption_align = center
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| header = Saffarid coinage in Kabul, with Arabic
| image2 = Coinage of the Saffarid Governor of Kabul, issued circa 870 CE on the Hindu Shahi model. Abassid dirhman weight standard, and Arabic mention adl (justice) on the obverse. Nagari "Sri Kudarayaka" on the reverse (“Khudarayaka”) Circa 895-921 CE.jpg
| caption2 =
| image1 = Statue of Amir Yaqub Laith Saffari in Zabol (cropped).jpg
| caption1 =
| footer = Statue of [[Yaqub bin Laith al-Saffar]] ([[Zabol]], Iran), conqueror of the Kabul capital of the Hindu Shahis in 870 CE, and coinage of the Saffarid Governor of Kabul after the capture of the city, issued around 870 CE in Kabul on the Hindu Shahi model. Abbasid [[dirham]] weight standard. ''Obverse'': Recumbent bull with [[Nagari script|Nagari]] legend [[File:Nagari1035 shrii.jpg|18px]] [[File:Nagari1035 khuu.jpg|10px]] [[File:Nagari1035 d.svg|13px]] [[File:Nagari1035 r.svg|13px]] [[File:Nagari1035 y.svg|13px]] [[File:Nagari1035 kah.svg|13px]] (''Śrī Khūdarayakah'', "The fortunate small [[Raja]]"), [[trisula]] mark on the hump of the bull. ''Reverse'': horseman with [[File:Nagari1035 m.svg|20px]] (''ma'') in [[Nagari script|Nagari]] to left, <big><big>'''[[:wikt:عدل|عدل]]'''</big></big> (''’adl'', "[[Justice]]") in Arabic to right.{{sfn|Flood|2018|p=25-26}}
}}

====Khudarayaka: Governor of the Kabul Valley====
It is unknown what arrangements Ya'qub made for the governance of Kabul after his victory and imprisonment of the then ruler; we only have [[Tarikh-i Sistan]] noting that Kabul was under an unnamed Ya'qub governor as late as 878/879.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=105}} It is speculated that this governor was some blood relation of Samanta who was favourably inclined to Islam and went on to take the title of Khudarayaka (Small King) as ascertainable from a series of coins.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=105-106}}{{efn|Otherwise, Ya'qub himself would have never proclaimed himself with such lowly titles while later Hindu Shahis, who regained sovereignty, won't mint in Arabic at all.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=106}} Further, the series matched with the distinctly lower weight standard of the Arabic dirhem as introduced after ‘Abd al- Malik's currency reforms.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=106}}}} As has been the case with previous rulers, there is a lack of information including about his actual name, course of rule and eventual fate.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=106}} The unavailability of his coins in or around Gandhara points to his lack of control over the region, which did not come into contact with Ya'qub's expeditions and were likely held by Samanta's relatives.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=106}}

=== Lalliya ===

==== Re-conquest of Kabul and invasion of Ghazna ====
Lalliya was the first Shahi noted by [[Kalhana]], he is depicted as a great ruler with enormous strength to the standard where kings of other regions would seek shelter in his capital of [[Udabhanda]], a change from the previous capital of [[Kabul]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/tltd_20240114 |title=The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis |date=1976 |page=107}}</ref> [[Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar|Ya'qub]] is not known to have annexed or invaded the country of [[Gandhara]] and it is assumed by Rehman that it was under the kingship of Lalliya.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/tltd_20240114 |title=The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis |date=1976 |page=110}}</ref>

Khudrayaka, the Saffarid governor of Kabul, is noted to have ended his reign in 880 CE, however it is unknown what brought about his downfall. It is assumed Lalliya was implicated as when [[Kabul]] is next mentioned in 900 CE, it is described as reverting back as Shahi territory.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/tltd_20240114 |title=The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis |date=1976 |page=110 }}</ref> [[Amr ibn al-Layth]] succeeded Yaqub as the Amr of the [[Saffarid dynasty]] in 879 CE. The [[Tarikh-i Sistan]] records 'two Indian kings', reconstructed as Toramana and Asata described as governors and sons of Lalliya, are stated to have taken advantage of [[Amr ibn al-Layth|Amr al-Layth]]'s preoccupation with rebellions in Khorasan and to have successfully invaded [[Ghazni]] in 900 CE, defeating the Saffarid governor named as Fardaghin, though the Tarikh does not make it clear whether it was the region of [[Zabulistan]] or of the city.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/tltd_20240114 |title=The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis |date=1976 |page=110-111}}</ref>

==== Aggression with the Utpala dynasty ====
Kalhana notes that Lalliya was a significant ally of the [[Gujrat, Pakistan|Gujrati]] ruler Alakhana against the machinations of the [[Utpala dynasty]], whose ruler [[Utpala dynasty#Sankaravarman|Samkaravarman]] invaded the Hindu Shahis c. 902 CE, however Kalhana further states that Lalliya's 'mighty glory outshone the kings of the north'.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Mishra|1972|p=34}}</ref> Samkaravarman was killed by a stray arrow in [[Hazara region|Hazara]], with scholars stating Lalliya's role in his death.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/tltd_20240114 |title=The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis |date=1976 |page=113 }}</ref> A year later, his successor [[Utpala dynasty#Gopalavarman|Gopalavarman]] re-invaded Shahi territory to depose a rebellious Shahi, and installed Lalliya's son Toramana with the new name of "Kamaluka".{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=113-114, 117}}{{Efn|From Kalhana's description, Gopalavarman appears to have effected a regime-change to install a more docile ruler.}}

{{Quote|text=Rajat., v, 232-33: As superintendent of the treasury he (Prabhakaradeva, the prime minister of Gopalavarman - the successor of Samkaravarman ) plundered the riches of the amorous (queen) and vanquished the Sahi kingdom at Udabhanda. He bestowed the kingdom of the rebellious Sahi upon Toramana, Lilliya's son, and gave him the (new) name Kamaluka.|author=[[Kalhana]]}}

=== Kamaluka ===
Nothing definite is known about the reign of the Hindu Shahi ruler Kamaluka, except that he was succeeded by his son, Bhimadeva. Concurrent to his reign, the Saffarids rapidly lost their power to the [[Samanid Empire|Samanids]]{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=117}} and sometime after 913 CE, the power vacuum led to the rise of a friendly power in the Ghazna province, the [[Lawik dynasty]], which flourished until 962 CE and engaged in marital ties with the Hindu Shahis.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=118-119}} There are various unsubstantiated speculations regarding the end date of Kamaluka's reign, ranging from 900 to 950.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=120}}{{efn|Some have argued for the early 900s, in an attempt to squeeze Bhimadeva closer to the establishment of the dynasty, since he had minted coins of the Samanta series; Raman found the argument to lack basis, since the coins of the Samanta series would be minted by [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] as late as the early 11th century.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=120}}}}

===Bhimadeva===
[[File:Hindu Shahi coinage Circa 950 CE Horseman right, holding banner; na in Nagari to left; trace of symbol to right. śri bhima deva on the reverse.jpg|thumb|Strongly debased Bhimadeva series — found near-exclusively in Afghanistan and weighs between 3.1 and 3.2 g. '''''Obverse''''': Recumbent bull with legend [[File:Nagari1035 shrii.jpg|16px]] [[File:Nagari1035 bhii.jpg|14px]] [[File:Nagari1035 m.svg|15px]] [[File:Nagari1035 de.jpg|11px]] [[File:Nagari1035 v.svg|13px]] ''Śri Bhīmadeva''. '''''Reverse''''': Horseman holding banner; [[File:Nagari1035 n.svg|14px]] ''na'' in Nagari to left; trace of symbol to right.{{sfn|Allchin|2019|p=458–459}}]]
Mentioned as 'Bhima' in [[Al-Biruni]]'s list, and identified with the ''Śri Bhīmadeva'' coin series, Bhimadeva was one of the most accomplished rulers of the Hindu Shahis alongside Lalliya.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=121}} His rise to power was concurrent with the growth of neighbouring Hindu kingdoms such as that of the [[Pala Empire]]. According to the Khajuraho stone inscription, the [[Kangra Valley]] was under the authority of a Shahi king assumed to be Bhimadeva, and it is further presumed that the city of Bhimanagar in present day [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]] was named after him.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/tltd_20240114 |title=The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis |date=1976 |page=124}}</ref> The [[Rajatarangini]] states that Bhima's daughter was married to the [[Lohara dynasty]] king of Kashmir, and his grand-daughter noted as [[Didda]] became the Queen and last ruler of the [[Utpala dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/tltd_20240114 |title=The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis |date=1976 |page=123-124}}</ref>

==== Victory over the Samanid Empire ====
In the final years of Bhima's reign in c. 962, [[Alp-Tegin]], a rebel Turkish chief of the [[Samanid Empire]], had annexed the regions of [[Zabulistan]] and [[Kabul]] with the aim of waging holy war against the [[Lawik dynasty]] and the Hindu Shahis. The Lawik king fled to the Shahi domain in hopes of gaining re-inforcements to conquer the lost territory and in c. 963 Bhimadeva was successful in capturing [[Ghazni]]. This victory is engraved in the Hund Slab Inscription dated to c. 989 CE during the reign of the succeeding Shahi Jayapala.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/tltd_20240114 |title=The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis |date=1976 |page=128-130}}</ref>

{{blockquote|[[File:Hund inscription of Jayapaladeva, in the year 146 (10th century CE).jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|left|Hund inscription of Jayapaladeva.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=}}]]...To the north of the Indus, which is a mass of complete merit here on earth, there is (a city) by name [[Udabhandra]], which has been made their home by learned men forming communities, just as [[Mount Meru|Meru]] (was made their home) by the immortal (gods) and other (supernatural beings)... 
...Therein dwelt the chief of kings, Bhīma, of terrible valour (or with valour like that of [[Bhima|Bhīma]], the legendary hero), by whom, having conquered his enemies' troops, the earth was protected... 
...The king of that (country) is (now) Jayapaladeva, who, through his body, origin, and birth, has become the sole hero, whose very pure fame, having left heaven, has attained the eternal abode of Brahman....
|Excerpts of the Hund inscription of Jayapala (HSI), inscribed Year 146 (968 CE). Translation by Abdur Rehman.{{sfn|Rehman|1978}}}}

Bhima's death is chronologically placed within the span of 964 to 965 CE. The Hund Slab Inscription attributes his passing to him 'burning himself through Shivas desire but not through the terrible enemy', suggesting a ritualistic suicide, and the absence of any noted political setbacks further supports the inference that his death occurred under such circumstances. In c.965 CE [[Ghazni]] was recaptured from the [[Lawik dynasty]] by [[Abu Ishaq Ibrahim of Ghazna|Abu Ishaq]], the successor of Alp-Tegin, after Bhimas death.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/tltd_20240114 |title=The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis |date=1976 |page=130}}</ref>

=== Jayapala ===
{{See also|First Battle of Laghman|Second Battle of Laghman|Battle of Peshawar (1001)}}Bhimadeva's successors would all have the surname of "Pala", and Muslim sources give hazy indications of a successional dispute, leading many to suggest that the same family was not ruling anymore.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=131-133}} Rahman disagrees that there exist sufficient evidence in favour of such a hypothesis or conclusion.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=131-133}}

One Vijayapaladeva (r. 942 or 963) is obtained from the Ratnamanjari Inscription where he is held to be the 'supreme sovereign' or '<nowiki/>''[[Maharajadhiraja]]'''.{{sfn|Khaw|2016}} Rahman proposed that Vijayapaladeva had to have either belonged to the Kabul branch or had been a local Shahi feudatory.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=}} Khaw disagrees and instead equates Vijayapaladeva with one Thakkana Sahi, mentioned by Kalhana as a rebel who had to be captured by Queen [[Didda]] of Kashmir.{{sfn|Khaw|2016}} For Khaw, this identification fits within the narrative of Muslim sources; Jayapala ascended only after this threat was neutralized.{{sfn|Khaw|2016}}{{Efn|Rehman claimed scholars deeming Thakkana as the successor of Bhimadeva to be in the wrong.}}

==== Resisting the Ghaznavids ====
[[Bilgetegin]] succeeded Abu Ishaq Ibrahim on the occasion of his death in November 966, and ruled for about nine years, before being assassinated during his invasion of [[Gardez|Gardiz]], the last bastion of the Lawiks.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=133}} His successor [[Böritigin of Ghazni|Piri]] was described as a drunkard whose oppressive rule led the citizens of Ghazna to request the return of Lawik.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=133}} Lawik mounted yet another expedition with help from the "son of Kabul Shah" and met the Muslim forces in the area of [[Charkh District|Charkh]].{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=133-134}} Both breathed their last in the war and the Muslim forces imposed an overwhelming victory, despite their numerical inferiority.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=134}} [[Sabuktigin]] became the undisputed leader of the Ghazni region, as he would go on to overthrow Piri.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=134-135}} Kabul was lost forever and the foundation stone of the [[Ghaznavid Empire]] was cast.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=134-135}}

In 986–987, Jayapala marched towards Ghazni and met with [[Sabuktigin]]'s forces at Ghuzak.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=135}}{{efn|The name of the place is also spelt as Baghurak and Ghurak in some Muslim histories.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=12, 135}}}} The war remained largely inconclusive for days before the tide turned against the Shahis: Jayapala was forced to propose a peace treaty.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=135-136}}{{Efn|The circumstances that led to this sudden development are described peculiarly by Utbi: a fountain of supernatural powers was intentionally polluted by Sabuktegin to raise a snowstorm of hellish proportions that blinded Jayapala's men.{{sfn|Anooshahr|2005|p=278-279}} Positivist historians have understood this to refer to a cataclysmic storm.{{sfn|Anooshahr|2005|p=279}} However, Ali Anooshahr considers the tale of the storm to reflect the description of Lake Frazdan (modern-day [[Godzareh Depression|Gaud-i Zira]]) – situated about the same area and with its source ocean [[Fraxkard]] from the ''[[Bundahishn|Greater Bundahishn]]'' — and notes that Utbi's description of the eastern frontiers was based on letters received by the Court, so he proposes that the Zoroastrian myth was still believed by the locals during the conflict and Sabuktegin had it leveraged to increase his stature before his subjects.{{sfn|Anooshahr|2005|p=289-290}}}} [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]], son of Sabuktigin and a battle commander, wished to inflict a decisive defeat, but had to concede when Jayapala threatened to incinerate all valuables.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=136}}{{Efn|Al-Utbi notes Sabuktigin to have consented to the proposal "on account of the mercy he felt towards those who were his allied lords". The precise meaning is unclear.}} A war indemnity of one million Shahi dirhams and fifty war elephants was agreed upon and some frontier forts were ceded to the Ghaznavids.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=136}} Accordingly, Jaypala made his way back with Ghaznavid commanders who were to take charge of the ceded forts, while some of his relatives and officials were left with Sabuktigin as hostages.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=136}} Once Jayapala reached his own territories, he called off the treaty and threw the commanders into prison, hoping to force Sabuktigin into exchanging hostages.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=136}}

Sabuktigin refused to believe that the treaty had been breached, but once it was established beyond doubt, he plundered the frontier town of [[Lamghan]]: temples were demolished and houses burnt down.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=136-137}} In response, Jayapala secured troops from unidentified Rajas,{{Efn|Contemporaneous Muslim sources take note of Jayapala having received aid from neighboring Indian polities; Firishta, writing over 600 years hence, would be the first chronicler to note their names: Delhi, Ajmir, Kalunjur, and Kanauj.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=335-336}} Rahman doubts Firishta's accuracy since neither extant literature nor extant inscriptions from these polities speak of such a grand political maneuver.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=336-337}}}} and met with the Ghaznavids near Kindi (modern day [[Kandibagh]]?).{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=14, 137}} The Ghaznavids breached the enemy lines repeatedly using light attacks and followed them with an all-out assault, routing the Shahis who had to flee beyond the Indus despite their overwhelming numerical superiority.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=137-138}} The entire span of territory up to Peshawar was lost, and Sabuktigin installed his own tax-collectors; local tribes were ordained into Ghaznavid arms too.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=138}} A [[Ribat|''ribāṭ'']] was commissioned at Kindi to commemorate the victory.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=14}} However, Peshawar and adjacent regions returned to the Shahis sometime soon, probably during what would be a long interlude in the Ghaznavid-Shahi conflict.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=138}}{{efn|Ferishta mentions that Mahmud had stationed a garrison at Peshawar; this must have been either withdrawn or expelled by Jayapala.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=138}}}}

Circa 990–991, Mahmud would be imprisoned by his father Sabuktigin on grounds of fomenting a rebellion.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=138}} Jayapala probably tried to leverage the rift in his favor by promising to rescue Mahmud, marry off his daughter to him, and further, allot sufficient wealth and troops.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=138-139}} Mahmud did not respond favorably and noting the Shahi to be a non-muslim, proclaimed his absolute devotion to Sabuktigin and pledged to attack Jayapala upon release.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=139}}

==== Annexation of Lahore ====
Around the same time, Jayapala was challenged by Bharat, a Raja of [[Lahore]] who wished to wrest control of [[Nandana]], Jailam and Takeshar.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=139}} Anandapala, then Governor of Punjab and son of Jayapala, was ordered to intercept Bharat's forces and in the ensuing battle, Bharat was imprisoned and Lahore annexed; however the nobility of Lahore pleaded on behalf of their old King, who was reinstated as a feudatory after payment of tributes.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=139-140}} About a year hence, Bharat's son Chandrak deposed him on the grounds of waging an ill-thought-out campaign against the Shahis, and became the new feudatory.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=140}} For reasons which are not clear, c. 998-999 (eight years after the usurpation), Jayapala declared war against Lahore on the pretext of protecting his suzerain Bharat and dispatched Anandapala.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=140}} Chandrak was ambushed and kidnapped around the battleground of Samutla, and Lahore was annexed by the Shahis.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=140-141}} Rahman speculates that the Shahis were trying to balance their losses to the Ghaznavids using any pretext.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=140}}

==== Death ====
In 998 CE, Mahmud ascended the Ghaznavid throne at Ghazni, and went on an annexation spree.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=141}} Soon, Mahmud turned his eyes on the Shahis, allegedly resolving to invade their territories every year.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=141}} In what was the last battle of his life, Jayapala met with Mahmud in the [[Battle of Peshawar (1001)|Battle of Peshawar]] on 27 September 1001; one Shahi governor of the Bardari province named Adira Afghan is held to have switched sides and aided in the safe and quick passage of Mahmud's troops across Shahi provinces.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=141-142}} Mahmud saw through Jayapala's tactics of delaying the conflict in the hope of receiving reinforcements and declared war immediately.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=142}} Soon, the Shahis were in a state of disarray with Jayapala and fifteen of his relatives taken as prisoners.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=142}} About one million Shahi forces were taken as slaves.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=143}} The war-spoils awed contemporary chroniclers: the royal necklaces alone were valued at over six million Shahi dirhams.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=142-143}} Mahmud continued his raid as far as [[Hund (village)|Hund]], as his forces chased fleeing troops and decimated pockets of resistance.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=143}} Within a few months, the entire Shahi territory to the west of the Indus had submitted to Mahmud.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=143}}{{efn|It was probably around this time, that some mausoleum (or tomb) was commissioned at Zalamkot by Mahmud's commander Arslan Jadhib for the fallen, which would be eventually completed in 1011. See{{sfn|Rahman|2002b}} on the Zalamkot Bilingual Inscription.}}

Jayapala was eventually released but Muslim chroniclers differ about the specifics.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=143}} [[Unsuri]], a court-poet of Mahmud notes that he was sold in the slave market; [[Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani|Minhaj ad-din]] and al-Malik Isami adds a price of 80 dirhams.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=144-145}} Others like al-Ansab note that Mahmud had rejected his request for pardon but allowed him to be free in lieu of a payment of 2.5 million dirhams and 50 war-elephants around March 1002, which Rahman finds more likely.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=146}} Jayapala returned to Hund and immolated himself in a pyre after abdicating the throne in favor of Anandapala.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=146-147}}

=== Anandapala ===
{{South Asia in 1000|right|{{center|The Hindu Shahis and main South Asian polities in 1000, on the eve of the [[Ghaznavid Empire|Ghaznavid]] invasions of the subcontinent.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chandra |first1=Satish |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) — Part One |date=2004 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-1064-5 |pages=19–20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&pg=PA19 |language=en|author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |pages=32, 146 |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=069 |archive-date=4 December 2024 |access-date=11 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204155541/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=069 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}|{{Annotation|70|28|[[File:Rectangle (plain).svg|45px]]}}}}
Anandapala ascended to the throne around April 1002.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=147}} His capital city remains unknown but was likely Nandan.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=147-148}}{{Efn|Some scholars have speculated it to be Lahore.}} Anandapala had entered into marital relations with Tunga, the prime-minister of [[Didda]], then-ruler of Kashmir and had at least two sons.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=157}} He commanded significant fame as a patron of scholars though texts from his court are not extant.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=157}}

Circa April 1006, Mahmud requested Anandapala to consent to the passage of his troops via his territories to reach [[Fateh Daud|Daud]], the ruler of Multan.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=148}} He declined the request and even went to the extent of stationing troops on the banks of Indus to prevent Mahmud's crossing, an enraged Mahmud waged a cataclysmic war upon the Shahis and compelled Anandapala to escape to Kashmir before eventually finishing his original objective of conquering Multan.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=148-149}} All these territories of "Hind" were left under the governorship of a certain Sukhapala, a neo-convert.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=149-150}}

However, a couple of years hence, Sukhapala renounced Islam (c. late 1006) and declared rebellion.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=149-150}} At this juncture, Anandapala tried to make space for himself by promising to aid Mahmud in containing Turk rebellions at the other side of his empire; apparently, he did not want a ruler who had defeated him, to be defeated by another.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=150}}{{Efn|This information comes from Al-biruni, someone who had described Anandapala to have the greatest hatred for Islam.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=150}}}} It is unknown whether Anandapala's offer was accepted but Mahmud stalled his chase of Ilaq Khan and turned his attention to the Shahis; Sukhapala offered negligible resistance before fleeing into Kashmur from where he was captured, fined, and imprisoned to death.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=150}} It is likely that Anandapala was installed as the next Ghaznavid vassal.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=}}

C. December 1008, Mahmud mounted an invasion of Hindu Shahis for reasons which are not clear.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=151}} Anandapala sent a large army, supplanted with neighboring troops under the commandership of his son, Trilochanapala, who arrived in the plains of [[Chhachh|Chach]] but failed to prevent Mahmud's troops from crossing across the Indus.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=151}} The [[Battle of Chach]] ended with the defeat of the Hindu Shahis.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=151-152}} Mahmud chased the fugitive troops for months, seizing [[Nagarkot, India|Nagarkot]] to collect his war-spoils, in the process and even took a son of Anandapala as hostage.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=152-153}} Governors were installed across the conquered provinces and Mahmud would return to Ghazni.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=}}

This would be the last military conflict of Anandapala; the next year, Anandapala sent an embassy to Mahmud.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=155}} The proposal of peace was accepted and in return, Hindu Shahis were to accept tributary status, provide (limited) military support, guarantee passage of troops, and remit an annual tribute.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=155}} Mahmud sent his own agents to oversee the enforcement of the peace treaty and within a year, normal trade relations had resumed.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=155}} The death of Anandapala is not recorded in any chronicle; however, it can be ascertained to be c. late 1010 - early 1011.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=156}} The fate of the son taken back to Ghazni remains unknown.

=== Trilochanapala and Bhimapala ===
Al-Biruni held that Trilochanapala had a favorable attitude towards Muslim subjects, unlike his father.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=157}} Trilochanapala did not dishonor Anandapala's treaty, but when Mahmud wished to march towards [[Thanesar]] via Hindu Shahi territories, he proposed that the city be spared in lieu of a negotiated peace treaty.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=157-158}} Mahmud rejected the request and sacked Thanesar with an uneventful passage via Shahi territories.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=158}} However, as a consequence or otherwise, Trilochanapala soon stopped paying the annual tributes to Mahmud and declared war.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=158}}

[[File:Mahmud of Ghazni on an elephant.jpg|thumb|[[Mahmud of Ghazni]] riding an elephant following his conquest in India.]]
In November 1013, Mahmud progressed towards Hind to contain Trilochanapala but failed to make it across the snow-laden passes.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=159}} Taking advantage of this delay, Trilochanapala tasked his son Bhimapala with arranging Shahi troops and went to Kashmir, where he received a battalion from king [[Sangramaraja]] of the [[Lohara dynasty]], commanded by Tunga.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=159}} The face-off happened in the middle of the following year.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=}} Bhimapala initially went about exploiting the local topography of a narrow mountain-pass in his favor, and launched stinging guerrilla attacks on Mahmud's troops—to the extent of being referred to by Uth'bi as "Bhima, the Fearless", until he got confident of his numerical superiority and switched to open-warfare; in the mayhem that followed this tactical blunder, the Shahis were routed and Bhima had to flee.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=159-160}}

The fortress at [[Nandana]] was sacked for war-spoils and a Ghaznavid governor was installed, while Mahmud went searching for Trilochanapala.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=161}} Trilochanpala, in the meantime, had set up his base with Kashmiri forces on the banks of the [[Poonch River]].{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=162}} An initial round of success against a Ghaznavid reconnaissance party contributed to Tunga's pride and he then mounted a disastrous maneuver without consulting experienced Shahi generals, ensuring another crippling defeat coupled with a total loss of territory, west of Tausi.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=162}} Rahman noted this campaign to be the death-blow for the Hindu Shahis — "it was no longer a question of whether but a question of when" the Shahis would perish.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=162}}

From the outset of his rule, Trilochanapala had chosen to expand into the [[Siwalik Hills]] to make up for the territories lost in his predecessors' conflicts with the Ghaznavids: this brought him into multiple conflicts with Chandar Rai of [[Sharwa]].{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=162}} But the fatal encounter with Mahmud ensured that Trilochanapala had nowhere but the Siwaliks to retreat into and compelled him to enter into a peace treaty, even offering his son to be married to the daughter of Chandar.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=162-163}} The offer was accepted but Bhima was imprisoned when he went to bring the bride home and Chandar asked for reparations.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=163}} This brought an end to Trilochanapala's imperial ambitions in the Lower Himalayas for the time being though stray conflicts continued.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=163}}

When Mahmud sacked Sharwa while returning from his [[Kanauj]] campaign (c. 1017), Trilochanapala is noted to have taken refuge with [[Bhoja|Paramara Bhoja]].{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=163-164}} Sometime soon, significant polities in the [[Doab]] entered into treaties with one another and with the Hindu Shahis to ward off future invasions of a similar scale.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=164}} Mahmud did not take kindly to these alliances and returned in October 1019.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=164}} Trilochanapala's men were tasked by [[Vidyadhara (Chandela ruler)|Vidyadhara of Chandela]] to prevent Mahmud's troops from crossing across the [[Ramganga]] (somewhere around [[Bulandshahr]]) and they took positions at the eastern bank but failed to execute the task.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=164}} Subsequently, Trilochanapala planned to move away, probably to join Vidyadhara's forces for the main faceoff, but a swift charge by Mahmud's troops inflicted yet another resounding defeat.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=165}} Bulandshahr was sacked and two of his wives and daughters imprisoned.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=165}} He tried to enter into a peace-treaty but in vain, causing him to flee to Vidyadhara.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=165}} It is not known whether he made it to the camp but Vidyadhara is noted to have deserted his posts by then.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=166}}

In 1021,{{efn|This date is from Al-biruni. Ibn AL-athir says that Trilochanapala perished soon after his defeat at the hands of Mahmud.}} Trilochanapala, by then a ruler of little significance in all probabilities, was assassinated by his mutinous Hindu troops for reasons unknown.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=166}} Bhimapala, who must have escaped the Rais sometime in between, succeeded him and continued to rule until 1026; nothing is known about his rule or territories.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=166-167}}

=== Unsuccessful renaissance ===
[[File:MassudOfGhazniCoin.jpg|thumb|[[Ghaznavid bilingual coinage]] of [[Mas'ud I of Ghazni]] (r. 1030-1040 CE), derived from Hindu Shahi designs, with the name of Mas'ud ({{langx|fa|مسعود}}) around the head of the horserider.]]
''Adab al-harb''—a manual of state-craft produced during the times of [[Iltutmish]], which contains a host of unique information about the Ghaznavids—note that in 1040, one Sandbal, a grandson of the Kabul Shah, marched towards Lahore seeking to utilize the [[Masʽud I of Ghazni#Death and aftermath|imprisonment of Masʽud I]] and resulting political instability to his favor.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=329-330}} The armies met at Qadar Jur (var. Qalachur) and despite the Shahis having numerical superiority, they were defeated as their troops left the battle in a state of panic once Sandbal was assassinated by a Turk archer.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=329-330}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shafi |first=Iqbal‌ M‌.‌ |date=1 April 1938 |title=Fresh Light On The Ghaznavids |url=http://noo.rs/tyWiw |journal=Islamic Culture |language=en |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=213–215}}</ref> He seemed to have been based around the Siwaliks and might have been a Shahi heir — many contemporary Muslim chronicles do mention a Hindu triumvirate to have unsuccessfully attacked the Ghaznavids around the same time but mention only two of the names, both petty Siwalik chieftains and not Sandbal.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=329-330}} Some Shahis migrated into Kashmir and gained prominent positions in their court.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=90, 322-325}}

== Culture and architecture ==

=== Culture ===
[[Shaivism]] was practised by the Hindu Shahis and likely was also the predominant religion; Saura was practised by some subjects, as were [[Buddhism]] and [[Islam]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Meister|first=Michael W.|date=1 March 2007|title=Image Iconopraxis and Iconoplasty in South Asia|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/RESv51n1ms20167713|journal=Res: Anthropology and Aesthetics|volume=51|pages=13–32|doi=10.1086/RESv51n1ms20167713|s2cid=133267017|issn=0277-1322|url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=33-34}}{{sfn|Khaw|2016}} Kabul exported cotton clothing and indigo.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=30}} [[Ibn Hawqal]] mentions the high quality cotton and wool industries during Shahi reign in which exports to China and Khorusan were noted. Silver ore was also smelted in [[Andarab]] and mining occurring in the [[Panjshir Province|Panjshir]] region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The last two dynasties of the Sahis: an analysis of their history, archaeology, coinage and palaeography |url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/11229/1/Rehman_A_1976.pdf |page=30}}</ref>

It is also noted that the [[Bactrian script]] during the Hindu Shahis was discontinued and instead replaced with the [[Sharada script]]. The dress customs were noted as clothing consisting of cotton outer garments, trousers and shoes with men shaving their hair and beards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The last two dynasties of the Sahis: an analysis of their history, archaeology, coinage and palaeography |url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/11229/1/Rehman_A_1976.pdf |pages=33–36}}</ref> A gold coin of Bhimadeva describes him as wearing a [[Dhoti]] and [[Uttariya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The last two dynasties of the Sahis : an analysis of their history, archaeology, coinage and palaeography |url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/11229/1/Rehman_A_1976.pdf |page=205}}</ref>

=== Architecture ===
New temples were built inside fortresses while existing ones were extensively refurbished or repurposed.{{sfn|Meister|2010|p=}} The Gandhar-[[Nagara architecture|Nagara]] style of architecture developed distinct formulations under the Hindu Shahis.{{sfn|Meister|2010|p=}} Meister notes a typical Hindu Shahi temple to have two ground-level chambers embedded within a tower leading to a ''[[minaret]]'' like appearance with an [[ambulatory]] at the top, that is accessible by a stairwell.{{sfn|Meister|2010|p=12}} He dates construction of eight temples to the Hindu Shahis, six of which are photographed below.{{sfn|Meister|2010|p=36-38}} There were also two sandstone temples at [[Malot, Islamabad|Malot]] and Shiv-Gangā (10th c.) which exhibited a blend of Shahi and Kashmiri architecture, bearing testimony to the cultural flows between the two polities.{{sfn|Meister|2010|p=57-59}}
{{gallery
| title =Hindu Shahi Temples
| state = expanded
| mode = packed
| File:KafirKot Temple (D) Ruins.jpg
| [[Kafir Kot]]{{efn|Temple D—per Meiser's designations—near the main gateway to the north. The complex has four temples.}}
| File:Gumbat Temple Ruins.jpg
| Gumbat
| File:Bilot Temple B.jpg
| Bilot Fort Temple{{efn|Temple B, per Meiser's designations. The complex has eight temples.}}
| File:Nandana Temple Ruins.JPG
| [[Nandana]]
| File:Malot temple in clear blue sky, Jhelum.jpg
| Malot
| File:AMB_Temple_in_Soon_Sakasar_Valley_by_Usman_Ghani.JPG
| [[Amb Temples]]
}}[[File:Linga with face of Shiva. 9th century Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|''Ekhamukhaling'': linga with face of Shiva. 9th century Afghanistan. Art of the Hindu Shahi kingdom.{{sfn|Kossak|Lerner|1994}}]]
The archaeology of the Hindu Shahis remains unrecognized and poorly understood.{{sfn|Meister|2010|p=5}} Dani ascribed ruined forts to the Hindu Shahis at [[Pehure Hamlet|Pehur]], Kamala, and Bata, but without detailed reasoning.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=268}} Hund remains the main archaeological site.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=269}} Fragmentary evidence is located across the Peshawar valley.{{sfn|Meister|2010|p=4}} Excavations by Rahman et al, documented a Buddhist monastery at [[Barikot]], which was repurposed to a Hindu Shahi fort.

== Scholarship ==
Scholarship on Hindu Shahis{{Efn|The name is derived from Al-Biruni. Etymological origin of "Shahi" remains poorly understood; it derived either from Greek or Persian. A royal epithet, it was first used by Kushana rulers. The actual name of the dynasty—that is, how they referred to themselves or their polity—remains unknown. In general, the characteristic of Kingdoms in far-northwestern India was to designate themselves with respect to their geographic identities than familial or religious affiliations.{{sfn|Salomon|2003}}}} remains scarce.{{sfn|Khan|2017}} [[Anti-Indian sentiment#Pakistan|Enmity towards the Hindu-majority India]] (also see [[Pakistani textbooks controversy|Pakistan textbook controversy]]) & glorification of Mahmud Sebuktegin by the Pakistani government is considered to be main reasons behind lack of scholarship on pre-Islamic regional polities of the country.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stephen P. Cohen |url=https://archive.org/details/ideaofpakistan00cohe |title=The idea of Pakistan |date=2004 |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-8157-1502-3 |pages=243}}</ref>

Colonial scholars—[[James Prinsep]], [[Alexander Cunningham]], [[Henry Miers Elliot]], [[Edward Thomas (antiquarian)|Edward Thomas]] et al.—had published on the Hindu Shahis, primarily from a numismatic perspective.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=xii-xiii}} The first comprehensive volume on the subject appeared in 1972 by Yogendra Mishra, a professor in the Department of History of [[Patna University]]; he explored the Rajatarangini meticulously but lacked in numismatics and paleography.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=xiii}} The next year, Deena Bandhu Pandey—Professor of Art History at [[Banaras Hindu University]]—published his doctoral dissertation but his handling of Muslim sources, coins etc. were laden with errors, primarily stemming from an exclusive dependence upon English translations of Arabic/Persian chronicles.{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=xiii-xiv}} Both of these works are considered outdated and inaccurate, at large.{{sfn|Khan|2017}}

In 1979, Abdur Rehman received his [[PhD]] from [[Australian National University]] on "history, archaeology, coinage, and paleography" of the Turk Shahis and Hindu Shahis under the supervision of [[Arthur Llewellyn Basham]].{{sfn|Khan|2017}}{{sfn|Rehman|1976|p=xvi}} He has since published on the subject extensively and is considered to be an authority on the subject.{{sfn|Khan|2017}}{{sfn|Meister|2010|p=9}} In 2010, [[Michael W. Meister]]—Chair Professor of Art-History at UPenn—published a monograph on the temple-architecture of Sahis; he had worked with Rahman on multiple field investigations.{{sfn|Meister|2010|p=9}} In 2017, Ijaz Khan received his [[PhD]] from the School of Ancient History and Archaeology of the [[University of Leicester]] on "Settlement Archaeology of the Hindu Shahi[s] in North-Western Pakistan."{{sfn|Khan|2017}}

==See also==
* [[History of the Punjab]]
* [[History of Pakistan]]
* [[Turk Shahis]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite thesis|title=Exploring the Settlement Archaeology of the Hindu Shahi Dynasty (c. 822 CE to c. 1026 CE) in North-Western Pakistan |url=https://leicester.figshare.com/articles/thesis/Exploring_the_Settlement_Archaeology_of_the_Hindu_Shahi_Dynasty_c_822_CE_to_c_1026_CE_in_North-Western_Pakistan/10236317/1 |publisher=University of Leicester |date=13 October 2017 |language=en|first=Ijaz|last=Khan}}
*{{Cite thesis|title=The Last Two Dynasties of the Sahis: An analysis of their history, archaeology, coinage and palaeography |url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/11229 |publisher=Australian National University |date=January 1976 |language=en|first=Abdur|last=Rehman}}
*{{Cite thesis|title=Study and Analysis of Brāhmī and Śᾱradᾱ Inscriptions from Gandhᾱra: its Impact on Religious, Cultural and Historical Landscape of the Region |url= |publisher=University of Peshawar |date=2016 |language=en|first=Nasha Bin Rodziadi|last=Khaw}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Rahman|first=Abdur|date=1998|title=The Zalamkot Bilingual Inscription|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757399|journal=East and West|volume=48|issue=3/4|pages=469–473|jstor=29757399|issn=0012-8376}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Rahman|first=Abdul|date=August 2002a|title=New Light on the Khingal, Turk and the Hindu Sahis |url=http://journals.uop.edu.pk/papers/AP_v15_37to42.pdf |journal=Ancient Pakistan |volume=XV |pages=37–42 }}
*{{Cite journal|last=Rahman|first=Abdul|date=August 2002b|title=Arslan Jadhib, Governor of Tiis: the First Muslim Conqueror of Swat |url=http://ojs.uop.edu.pk/ancientpakistan/article/download/225/205 |journal=Ancient Pakistan |volume=XV |pages=11–14 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Rehman |first1=Abdur |title=An Inscription of Jayapāla Śāhī |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |date=1978 |issue=1 |pages=32–33 |jstor=25210916 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25210916 |issn=0035-869X}}
*{{Cite book|last=Hinüber|first=Oskar|title=Beiträge zur Erklärung der Senavarma-Inschrift|publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag|year=2003|isbn=978-3-515-08203-7|series=Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur|language=de}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Salomon|first=Richard|date=2003|title=Review of Die Palola Ṣāhis: Ihre Steininschriften, Inschriften auf Bronzen, Handschriftenkolophone, und Schutzzauber. Materialen zur Geschichte von Gilgit und Chilas. Antiquities of Northern Pakistan, Reports and Studies, vol. 5|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049315|journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute|volume=17|pages=185–188|jstor=24049315|issn=0890-4464}}
*{{cite book |last1=Balogh |first1=Dániel |title=Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History |date=12 March 2020 |publisher=Barkhuis |isbn=978-94-93194-01-4 |page=362 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Ram Sharan |author-link=Ram Sharan Sharma|title=Early Medieval Indian Society: A Study in Feudalisation |date=2003 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-2523-8 |page=130 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_sIE1sO5kwC&pg=PA130 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Allchin |first1=Raymond |title=Archaeology of Afghanistan: From Earliest Times to the Timurid Period: New Edition |date=3 June 2019 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-1-4744-5047-8 |language=en}}
*{{cite journal |last1=MACDOWALL |first1=DAVID W. |title=The Shahis of Kabul and Gandhara |journal=The Numismatic Chronicle |date=1968 |volume=8 |pages=192–194 |jstor=42666553 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42666553 |issn=0078-2696}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Kossak|first1=Steven|last2=Lerner|first2=Martin|date=1994|title=The Arts of South and Southeast Asia|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/The_Arts_of_South_and_Southeast_Asia_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_Bulletin_v_51_no_4_Spring_1994|journal=The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin|volume=51|issue=4|pages=35–37|doi=10.2307/3269200|jstor=3269200|url-access=subscription}}
*{{cite book |last1=Meister |first1=Michael W. |title=Temples of the Indus: Studies in the Hindu Architecture of Ancient Pakistan |date=26 July 2010 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-19011-5 |language=en}}
*{{cite book|last1=Kim|first1=Hyun Jin|title=The Huns|date=19 November 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-34091-1|language=en}}
*{{cite book|last1=Flood|first1=Finbarr B.|title=Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter|date=20 March 2018|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-18074-8|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Inaba|first=Minoru|date=2015|chapter=A Venture on the Frontier: Alptegin's Conquest of Ghazna and its Sequel|title=Medieval Central Asia and the Persianate World|pages=108–128|doi=10.5040/9780755695133.ch-005|isbn=9780755695133}}
*{{Cite book|last=Inaba|first=Minoru|date=2017|chapter=Across the Hindūkush of the ʿAbbasid Period|url=https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004353046/B9789004353046_007.xml|title=The ʿAbbasid and Carolingian Empires|language=en|pages=123–150|doi=10.1163/9789004353046_007|isbn=9789004353046}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Giunta|first=Roberta|date=2006|title=A Selection of Islamic Coins from the Excavations of Udegram, Swat|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757689|journal=East and West|volume=56|issue=1/3|pages=237–262|jstor=29757689|issn=0012-8376}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Anooshahr|first=Ali|date=October 2018|title=The Elephant and the Sovereign: India circa 1000ce|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/elephant-and-the-sovereign-india-circa-1000ce/213E58CE2B0C06D9C527535DE6BB9F21|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|language=en|volume=28|issue=4|pages=615–644|doi=10.1017/S1356186318000093|s2cid=165840777|issn=1356-1863|url-access=subscription}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Anooshahr |first=Ali |date=2005 |title='Utbi and the Ghaznavids at the Foot of the Mountain |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4311725 |journal=Iranian Studies |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=271–291 |doi=10.1080/00210860500096337 |jstor=4311725 |s2cid=161342122 |issn=0021-0862|url-access=subscription }}
*{{Cite book|last1=Ball|first1=Warwick|title=The Archaeology of Afghanistan: From Earliest Times to the Timurid Period|last2=Bordeaux|first2=Olivier|last3=Dowall|first3=David W. Mac|last4=Sims-Williams|first4=Nicholas|last5=Taddei|first5=Maurizio|date=May 2019|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=9780748699179|editor-last=Allchin|editor-first=Raymond|edition=2|language=en|chapter=From the Kushans to the Shahis|editor-last2=Ball|editor-first2=Warwick|editor-last3=Hammond|editor-first3=Norman}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=Yogendra |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Hindu_Sahis_of_Afghanistan_and_the_P.html?id=ux6wQ25mO0cC |title=The Hindu Sahis of Afghanistan and the Punjab, A.D. 865-1026: A Phase of Islamic Advance Into India |date=1972 |publisher=Vaishali Bhavan |language=en}}
{{refend}}

{{Gandhara}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Medieval history of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Medieval Indian dynasties]]
[[Category:Medieval Hinduism]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Kabul Shahi]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of Central Asia]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 1020s]]

West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role

2026-02-18T17:44:31Z

Chinmoyin:

{{Short description|Annual Indian film award}}
{{Infobox award|name=WBFJA for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|awarded_for=Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role|country=India|year2=2026|holder=[[Rudranil Ghosh]] for ''[[Dhumketu (2025 film)|Dhumketu]]''|holder_label=Most Recent Winner|presenter=West Bengal Film Journalists' Association}}

The '''West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role''' is given yearly by [[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards|WBFJA]] as a part of its annual West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards for Bengali films, to recognize the best actor in a film released in the previous year.

== Superlatives ==
{| class="wikitable"
!'''Category'''
!Name
!Superlative
|-
|Most Award
|[[Kaushik Ganguly]], [[Rudranil Ghosh]]
|2 awards
|-
|Most Nominated
|[[Rudranil Ghosh]], [[Kaushik Sen]], [[Ritwick Chakraborty]], [[Paran Bandopadhyay]]
|3 nominations each
|}

== List of Winners ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Movie
|-
|2017
|[[Ritwick Chakraborty]]
|''[[Saheb Bibi Golam (film)|Saheb Bibi Golam]]''
|-
|2018
|[[Kaushik Ganguly]]
|''[[Bishorjan]]''
|-
|2019
|[[Anjan Dutt]]
|''[[Uma (2018 film)|Uma]]''
|-
|2020
|[[Rudranil Ghosh]]
|''[[Kedara]]''
|-
|2021
|[[Paran Bandopadhyay]]
|''[[Borunbabur Bondhu]]''
|-
|2022
|
|
|-
|2023
|Shyamal Chakraborty
|''[[Ballabhpurer Roopkotha]]''
|-
|2024
|[[Kaushik Ganguly]]
|''[[Aaro Ek Prithibi]]''
|-
|2025
|[[Silajit Majumdar]]
|''[[Ajogyo]]''
|-
|2026
|[[Rudranil Ghosh]]
|''[[Dhumketu (2025 film)|Dhumketu]]''
|}

== Nominations ==

=== 2017 ===

* '''[[Ritwick Chakraborty]] for ''[[Saheb Bibi Golam (film)|Saheb Bibi Golam]]'''''
* Arun Guhathakurta for ''[[Cinemawala]]''
* [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] for ''[[Zulfiqar (film)|Zulfiqar]]''
* [[Jisshu Sengupta]] for ''[[Kelor Kirti]]''
* [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]] for ''[[Khawto]]''

=== 2018 ===
Source:<ref>{{Cite web|title=WBFJA 2018 Nominations|url=http://wbfja.com/nominations-2018.php}}</ref>
* '''[[Kaushik Ganguly]] for ''[[Bishorjan]]'''''
* [[Paran Bandopadhyay]] for ''[[Posto (film)|Posto]]''
* [[Kaushik Sen]] for ''[[Durga Sohay]]''
* [[Bratya Basu]] for ''Asamapta''
* Rana Mitra for ''Messi''
* [[Ritwick Chakraborty]] for ''[[Chhaya O Chhobi]]''

=== 2019 ===
Source:<ref>{{Cite web|title=WBFJA 2019 Nominations|url=http://wbfja.com/nominations-2019.php}}</ref>
* '''[[Anjan Dutt]] for ''[[Uma (2018 film)|Uma]]'''''
* [[Soham Chakraborty]] for ''[[Rongberonger Korhi]]''
* [[Arjun Chakrabarty]] in ''[[Guptodhoner Sandhane]]''
* [[Adil Hussain]] in ''[[Ahare Mon]]''
* [[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]] in ''Pupa''
* [[Shantilal Mukherjee]] in ''Bagh Bondhi Khela''

=== 2020 ===
Source:<ref>{{Cite web|title=WBFJA Nominations 2020|url=http://wbfja.com/nominations-2020.php}}</ref>
* '''[[Rudranil Ghosh]] for ''[[Kedara]]'''''
* Shubhomoy Chatterjee for ''[[Mahalaya (film)|Mahalaya]]''
* [[Anirban Bhattacharya]] for ''[[Finally Bhalobasha]]''
* [[Anjan Dutt]] for ''[[Surjo Prithibir Chardike Ghore]]''
* [[Jisshu Sengupta]] for ''[[Mahalaya (film)|Mahalaya]]''

=== 2021 ===
Source:<ref>{{cite news |title=WBJFA award function |url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/entertainment/1715059-wbjfa-award-function-to-be-held-on-oct-6}}</ref>
* '''[[Paran Bandopadhyay]] for ''[[Borunbabur Bondhu]]'''''
* [[Rwitobroto Mukherjee]] for ''[[Dwitiyo Purush]]''
* Padmanabha Dasgupta for ''[[Sraboner Dhara]]''
* Sumanta Mukherjee for ''[[Saheber Cutlet]]''
* [[Sourav Das (actor)|Sourav Das]] for''[[Cheeni]]''

=== 2022 ===
{{section empty|date=February 2024}}
=== 2023 ===
Sources:<ref>{{cite news |title=শহরের বুকে সিনেমার সমাবর্তন, চোখধাঁধানো পুরস্কারে সম্মানিত প্রসেনজিৎ থেকে দেব |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/wbfja-award-2023-best-singer-iman-chakraborty-anupam-roy-best-actor-prosenjit-chatterjee-dev/articleshow/106852688.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=WBFJA Awards 2023: বাংলার সাংবাদিকদের বিচারে সেরা অভিনেতা দেব, জনপ্রিয় অভিনেতা মিঠুন, গায়ক অরিজিৎ! |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/wbfja-awards-2023-winner-list-dev-mithun-win-best-actors-award-aparajito-and-dostojee-jointly-win-best-film-award-31673196904842.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119065157/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/wbfja-awards-2023-winner-list-dev-mithun-win-best-actors-award-aparajito-and-dostojee-jointly-win-best-film-award-31673196904842.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 19, 2023}}</ref>
* '''Shyamal Chakraborty for ''[[Ballabhpurer Roopkotha]]'''''
* [[Ambarish Bhattacharya]] for ''[[Lokkhi Chele]]''
* [[Kharaj Mukherjee]] for ''[[Kishmish]]''
* Prantik Banerjee for ''Hridpindo''
* [[Rudranil Ghosh]] for ''[[Abhijaan (2022 film)|Abhijaan]]''

=== 2024 ===
Source:<ref>{{cite news |title=শেষ পাতা-র বাজিমাত! সিনেমার সমাবর্তনে পুরস্কার পেল দশম অবতার, সেরা অভিনেতা দেব না প্রসেনজিৎ |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/wbfja-award-2023-award-best-actor-prosenjit-chatterjee-dev-got-most-popular-actor-see-full-list-31705285585673.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122044742/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/wbfja-award-2023-award-best-actor-prosenjit-chatterjee-dev-got-most-popular-actor-see-full-list-31705285585673.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 22, 2024}}</ref>
* '''[[Kaushik Ganguly]] for ''[[Aaro Ek Prithibi]]'''''
* [[Ambarish Bhattacharya]] for ''[[Kaberi Antardhan]]''
* [[Indrasish Roy]] for ''[[Maayakumari]]''
* [[Kaushik Sen]] for ''[[Kaberi Antardhan]]''
* [[Vikram Chatterjee]] for ''[[Shesh Pata]]''

===2025===
* '''[[Silajit Majumdar]] – ''[[Ajogyo]]''''' as Raktim Majumdar
* [[Anirban Chakrabarti]] – [[Chaalchitro: The Frame Fatale]] as Naseer
* [[Indraneil Sengupta]] – [[Hubba (film)|Hubba]] as Dibakar Sen
* [[Paran Bandopadhyay]] – [[Shri Swapankumarer Badami Hyenar Kobole]] as Swapan Kumar
* [[Ritwick Chakraborty]] – [[Shontaan]] as Indranil "Bablu" Bose

===2026===
* '''[[Rudranil Ghosh]] – ''[[Dhumketu (2025 film)|Dhumketu]]''''' as Jogesh
* [[Kaushik Sen]] – ''[[Sharthopor]]'' as Sourav Basu
* [[Bratya Basu]] – ''[[Once Upon a Time in Calcutta|Mayanagar]]'' as Bubu
* Amit Saha – ''[[The Academy of Fine Arts (film)|The Academy of Fine Arts]]'' as Bireshwar Bal
* Korak Samanta – ''[[Dhrubor Aschorjo Jibon]]'' as Nandi

== See also ==

* [[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for Best Actor]]
* [[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for Best Actress]]
* [[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]
* [[Cinema of India]]

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]
[[Category:Indian performing arts awards]]

Gagret

2026-02-18T01:41:32Z

Chinmoyin: enhanced formatting and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gagret
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Himachal Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.67|N|76.07|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Una district|Una]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 439
| population_total = 3180
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = HP 19AA
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Gagret''' is a [[nagar panchayat]] in Tehsil [[Ghanari]] of [[Una district]] in the state of [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is situated in plains of Jaswan valley of Una.

==Geography==
Gagret is located at {{coord|31.67|N|76.07|E|}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/11/Gagret.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Gagret]</ref> It has an average elevation of 439 metres (1440 feet).

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Gagret had a population of 3180. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Gagret has an average literacy rate of 81%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 83%, and female literacy is 78%. In Gagret, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.

== Places of interest ==
'Shivbari temple', also known as Shiv Drone Mandir is around 1 km from Gagret Chowk on Gagret to Bharwain road is an ancient temple.

'Bombay Picnic Spot' is nearby picnic destination which comprises a Hotel-restaurant and Amusement park. It is around 10 km from Gagret on way to Dhramshala.

‘Coffee House' is Ready to Welcome You When you Enter in Himachal Pradesh.

'Chhinmastika Dham', also known as Chintapurani Mata Mandir is famous religious place and is 22 km from Gagret.
Other famous religious places are
Dera Baba Bharbhag Sigh ji Nr. Amb,
Sadashiv temple at Talmehra village.
There is also a temple of Asha devi 2 km from Gagret on Hoshiarpur Road.

==Economy==
Gagret is the fastest-developing town in Himachal Pradesh, as many companies have established their
manufacturing units in Gagret: Fewa Electrical Corporation (Fine Group), Tigaksha Metallics Pvt. Ltd. (Supermax Personal Care Pvt. Ltd.), Luminous India, MBD Group, Accurate Metals.
to name a few. Gagret is also known for its wholesale steel market.

==Transport==
Gagret is located at Amritsar-Leh National Highway (NH 03) and is 25 km from Hoshiarpur. District headquarters Una is 34 km from Gagret. Gagret is directly connected by roads with all nearby towns and villages. Its proximity to Punjab and preferred route from Punjab to Dharamshala, Mandi, Hamirpur, Kangra makes it a well-known town.

Railway Station: Nearest railway stations are Amb Andora (5 km), Daulatpur (14 km), Hoshiarpur (25 km), Una(35 km

Airport:Nearest airport is Gaggal Domestic Airport (77 km)

==Branches of Banks==
Following are the banks which have their branch located at Gagret.
* State Bank of Patiala (located at Daulatpur road)
* State Bank of India (located at Hoshiarpur road, near Govt. High School Gagret)
* [[Punjab National Bank]] (located at Una road)
* The Kangra Central Cooperative Bank (located at Una road)
* HDFC Bank (located at Bharwain road)
* [[UCO Bank]] (located at Bharwain Road)
*Union Bank (near Bus stand Gagret)
* Himachal Gramin Bank ( located at Una Road)

==Communication==
Gagret is also well connected with all the advance communication network. BSNL and all the private communication companies planted their network in city and nearby area. [[India Post|India post]] and other private courier companies has their branches here. Netplus & BSNL also provide broadband services here.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Una district]]

1978 Women's Cricket World Cup

2026-02-04T23:20:57Z

Chinmoyin: expand page for accuracy and cleaned formatting

{{use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 1978 Women's Cricket World Cup
| image = 1978 Women's Cricket World Cup.png
| fromdate = 1
| todate = 13 January 1978
| administrator = [[International Women's Cricket Council]]
| cricket format = [[Women's One Day International]] ([[Limited-overs cricket|50-over]])
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]]
| host = India
| champions = {{crw|Australia}}
| count = 1
| runner up = {{crw|England}}
| participants = 4
| matches = 6
| player of the series =
| most runs = {{criconw|AUS}} [[Margaret Jennings (cricketer)|Margaret Jennings]] (127)
| most wickets = {{criconw|AUS}} [[Sharyn Hill]] (7)
| website =
| previous_year = 1973
| previous_tournament = 1973 Women's Cricket World Cup
| next_year = 1982
| next_tournament = 1982 Women's Cricket World Cup
}}

The '''1978 Women's Cricket World Cup''' was an international [[cricket]] tournament played in India from 1 to 13 January 1978. Hosted by India for the first time, it was the second edition of the [[Women's Cricket World Cup]], after the inaugural [[1973 Women's Cricket World Cup|1973 World Cup]] in England.

The World Cup was the first international cricket tournament hosted by India.<ref name=fernando>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/ideas/a-world-cup-lost-and-found-111641555305806.html|title=A World Cup lost and found|publisher=Mint|first=Benita|last=Fernando|date=22 June 2019|access-date=25 August 2025}}</ref> Only four teams participated, the lowest number in the tournament's history – [[Australia women's national cricket team|Australia]], [[England women's cricket team|England]], [[India women's national cricket team|India]] and [[New Zealand women's national cricket team|New Zealand]]. The teams played a [[round-robin tournament]] of three matches each, with Australia going undefeated to claim its first title. Australia's captain, [[Margaret Jennings (cricketer)|Margaret Jennings]], led the tournament in runs, while her teammate, [[Sharyn Hill]], led the tournament in wickets. Three of the five highest scorers as well as three of the five leading wicket-takers in the tournament were from Australia. [[Sharon Tredrea]] featured in both lists, being the second-highest wicket-taker and fourth-highest scorer of the tournament.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Womens_World_Cup_1977-78/Batting_by_Runs.html Women's World Cup 1977/78 (ordered by runs)] – CricketArchive. Retrieved 30 August 2015.</ref><ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Womens_World_Cup_1977-78/Bowling_by_Wickets.html Women's World Cup 1977/78 (ordered by wickets)] – CricketArchive. Retrieved 30 August 2015.</ref>

==Background==
It was originally proposed that South Africa host the World Cup, but this was abandoned to conform with the [[Sporting boycott of South Africa during the Apartheid era|Apartheid-era sporting boycott of the country]]. The [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|Women's Cricket Association of India]] (WCAI) then made a successful bid, and served as the primary organiser, with the [[International Women's Cricket Council]] (IWCC) providing only limited oversight.<ref>{{cite book |last=Velija|first=Philippa|date=2015|title=Women's Cricket and Global Processes: The Emergence and Development of Women's Cricket as a Global Game|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJMMCgAAQBAJ|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|page=99|isbn=9781137323538}}</ref>

==Participating teams==
Along with [[India women's national cricket team|India]], which was making its debut, five other teams were originally invited – [[Australia women's national cricket team|Australia]], [[England women's cricket team|England]], the [[Netherlands women's national cricket team|Netherlands]], [[New Zealand women's national cricket team|New Zealand]], and the [[West Indies women's national cricket team|West Indies]]. The Netherlands and the West Indies, which had both not previously participated, were forced to withdraw due to financial issues.<ref name="mukherjee">Abhishek Mukherjee (15 January 2014). [http://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/australia-women-lift-1978-world-cup-the-tournament-which-was-almost-calld-off-85737 "Australia Women lift 1978 World Cup — the tournament which was almost called off"] – CricketCountry. Retrieved 30 August 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/149452.html |title=Quick, quick Snow |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 January 2019}}</ref>

===Squads===
Information is only available for players who played at least one match at the tournament.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width=20% | {{crw|AUS}}<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Womens_World_Cup_1977-78/Australia_Women_Batting.html Batting and fielding for Australia women], Women's World Cup 1977/78 – CricketArchive. Retrieved 29 August 2015.</ref>
! width=20% | {{crw|ENG}}<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Womens_World_Cup_1977-78/England_Women_Batting.html Batting and fielding for England women], Women's World Cup 1977/78 – CricketArchive. Retrieved 29 August 2015.</ref>
! width=20% | {{crw|IND}}<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Womens_World_Cup_1977-78/India_Women_Batting.html Batting and fielding for India women], Women's World Cup 1977/78 – CricketArchive. Retrieved 29 August 2015.</ref>
! width=20% | {{crw|NZL}}<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Womens_World_Cup_1977-78/New_Zealand_Women_Batting.html Batting and fielding for New Zealand women], Women's World Cup 1977/78 – CricketArchive. Retrieved 29 August 2015.</ref>
|-
|valign=top|
* [[Margaret Jennings (cricketer)|Margaret Jennings]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Elaine Bray]]
* [[Marie Lutschini|Marie Cornish]]
* [[Valerie Farrell]]
* [[Lorraine Hill]]
* [[Sharyn Hill]]
* [[Wendy Hills]]
* [[Jan Lumsden]]
* [[Julie Stockton]]
* [[Raelee Thompson]]
* [[Janette Tredrea]]
* [[Sharon Tredrea]]
* [[Peta Verco]]
|valign=top|
* [[Mary Pilling]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Jacqueline Court]]
* [[Heather Dewdney]]
* [[Rosalind Heggs]]
* [[Shirley Hodges]]
* [[Glynis Hullah]]
* [[Megan Lear]]
* [[Catherine Mowat]]
* [[Lynne Thomas (cricketer)|Lynne Thomas]]
* [[Chris Watmough]]
* [[Margaret Wilks]]
|valign=top|
* [[Diana Edulji]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Gargi Banerji]]
* [[Runa Basu]]
* [[Lopamudra Bhattacharji]]
* [[Sharmila Chakraborty]]
* [[Rajeshwari Dholakia]]
* [[Susan Itticheria]]
* [[Nilima Jogalekar]]
* [[Fowzieh Khalili]]
* [[Shubhangi Kulkarni]]
* [[Sandhya Mazumdar]]
* [[Ujwala Nikam]]
* [[Shobha Pandit]]
* [[Kalpan Paropkari]]
* [[Sudha Shah]]
* [[Anjali Sharma (cricketer)|Anjali Sharma]]
|valign=top|
* [[Trish McKelvey]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Liz Allan (cricketer)|Liz Allan]]
* [[Eileen Badham]]
* [[Barbara Bevege]]
* [[Vicki Burtt]]
* [[Pat Carrick]]
* [[Sheree Harris]]
* [[Cheryl Henshilwood]]
* [[Linda Lindsay]]
* [[Karen Hadlee|Karen Marsh]]
* [[Sue Rattray]]
* [[Edna Ryan (cricketer)|Edna Ryan]]
* [[Viv Sexton]]
|}

==Venues==

{{Location map+|India|width=400|float=center
|caption=Four venues hosted matches at the 1978 Women's World Cup:
* [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] – one match
* [[Keenan Stadium]], [[Jamshedpur]] – one match
* [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Hyderabad|Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]] – two matches
* [[Moin-ul-Haq Stadium]], [[Patna]] – two matches
|places=
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=22|lat_min=48|lon_deg=86|lon_min=11|position=left|background=|label=[[Keenan Stadium|Jamshedpur]]|label_size=80}}
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=22|lat_min=34|lon_deg=88|lon_min=20|position=right|background=|label=[[Eden Gardens|Calcutta]]|label_size=80}}
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=25|lat_min=36|lon_deg=85|lon_min=10|position=right|background=|label=[[Moin-ul-Haq Stadium|Patna]]|label_size=80}}
{{Location map~|India|lat_deg=17|lat_min=24|lon_deg=78|lon_min=28|position=right|background=|label=[[Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Hyderabad|Hyderabad]]|label_size=80}}
}}

==Warm-up matches==
At least five warm-up matches were played against various local Indian teams, all but one of which came before the tournament.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Womens_World_Cup_1977-78.html Women's World Cup 1977/78] – CricketArchive. Retrieved 29 August 2015.</ref>
{{hidden begin
|title = Warm-up matches
|titlestyle = background:lightblue;
}}
{{Limited Overs Matches
| date = 28 December 1977
| time =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}}
| score1 =
| score2 =
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[East Zone cricket team|East Zone]]
| result = Result unknown
| report =
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]]
| motm =
| toss =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Limited Overs Matches
| date = 28 December 1977
| time =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|NZL}}
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Cricket Association of Bengal|West Bengal WCA President's XI]]
| score1 =
| score2 =
| result = Result unknown
| report =
| venue = [[Calcutta Cricket and Football Club]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]]
| motm =
| toss =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Limited Overs Matches
| date = 28 December 1977
| time =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|AUS}}
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Indian Universities cricket team|Indian Universities Women's Team]]
| score1 =
| score2 =
| result = Result unknown
| report =
| venue = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]] (exact venue unknown)
| motm =
| toss =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Limited Overs Matches
| date = 30 December 1977
| time =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Cricket Association of Bengal|West Bengal WCA President's XI]]
| score1 =
| score2 =
| result = Result unknown
| report =
| venue = [[Calcutta Cricket and Football Club]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]]
| motm =
| toss =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Limited Overs Matches
| date = 2 January 1978
| time =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{flagicon|IND}} [[East Zone cricket team|East Zone]]
| score1 =
| score2 =
| result = Result unknown
| report =
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]]
| motm =
| toss =
| notes =
}}
{{hidden end}}

==Group stage==
===Points table===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=CricketRR
|update=complete
|source=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/women-s-world-cup-1977-78-61181/points-table-standings ESPNcricinfo][https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/Tables/1/Womens_World_Cup_1977-78.html CricketArchive]
|nrr_header=<abbr title="Run rate">[[Run rate|RR]]</abbr>
|team_order=AUS, ENG, NZL, IND
|result1=Q |col_Q=#cfc
|name_AUS={{crw|AUS}} |win_AUS=3 |loss_AUS=0 |rs_AUS=427 |or_AUS=130.5 |ob_AUS=1
|name_ENG={{crw|ENG}} |win_ENG=2 |loss_ENG=1 |rs_ENG=321 |or_ENG=120.5 |ob_ENG=1
|name_IND={{crw|IND}} |win_IND=0 |loss_IND=3 |rs_IND=272 |or_IND=136.5 |ob_IND=1
|name_NZL={{crw|NZL}} |win_NZL=1 |loss_NZL=2 |rs_NZL=399 |or_NZL=143.4 |ob_NZL=1
}}

* Note: [[run rate]] was to be used as a tiebreaker in the case of teams finishing on an equal number of points, rather than [[net run rate]] (as is now common).<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/Tables/0/Shell_Bicentennial_Womens_World_Cup_1988-89.html Shell Bicentennial Women's World Cup 1988/89 table] – CricketArchive. Retrieved 29 August 2015.</ref>

==Matches==
===New Zealand vs Australia===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 1 January
| time =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|AUS}}
| score1 = 177 (49.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Wendy Hills]] 64
| wickets1 = [[Barb Bevege]] 3/17 (9.2 overs)
| team2 = {{crw|NZL}}
| score2 = 111/8 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Trish McKelvey]] 37
| wickets2 = [[Sharyn Hill]] 3/16 (10 overs)
| result = Australia won by 66 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66901.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Keenan Stadium]], [[Jamshedpur]], [[Bihar]] (now [[Jharkhand]])
| umpires = KVK Rao (IND) and [[Sukha Bose]] (IND)
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to bat.
| notes = [[Peta Verco]], [[Sharyn Hill]] (Aus), [[Cheryl Henshilwood]], [[Edna Ryan (cricketer)|Edna Ryan]], [[Pat Carrick]], [[Sheree Harris]], [[Vicki Burtt]] and [[Viv Sexton]] (NZ) all made their WODI debuts.
}}

===India vs England===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 1 January
| time =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 63 (39.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Diana Edulji]] 18
| wickets1 = [[Margaret Wilks]] 2/6 (6 overs)
| team2 = {{crw|ENG}}
| score2 = 65/1 (30.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Lynne Thomas (cricketer)|Lynne Thomas]] 43[[Not out|*]]
| wickets2 = [[Diana Edulji]] 1/18 (10 overs)
| result = England won by 9 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66904.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]]
| umpires = Bhairab Ganguly (IND) and [[Sunit Ghosh]] (IND)
| toss = England won the toss and elected to bowl.
| notes = [[Anjali Sharma (cricketer)|Anjali Sharma]], [[Diana Edulji]], [[Fowzieh Khalili]], [[Gargi Banerjee]], [[Kalpan Paropkari]], [[Lopamudra Bhattacharji]], [[Nilima Jogalekar]], [[Runa Basu]], [[Sandhya Mazumdar]], [[Sharmila Chakraborty]], [[Shobha Pandit]] (Ind) and [[Catherine Mowat]] (Eng) all made their WODI debuts.
}}

===New Zealand vs India===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 5 January
| time =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 130/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ujwala Nikam]] 31[[Not out|*]]
| wickets1 = [[Linda Lindsay]] 2/26 (10 overs) [[Pat Carrick]] 2/26 (9 overs)
| team2 = {{crw|NZL}}
| score2 = 131/1 (44 overs)
| runs2 = [[Barb Bevege]] 67[[Not out|*]]
| wickets2 = [[Anjali Sharma (cricketer)|Anjali Sharma]] 1/32 (10 overs)
| result = New Zealand won by 9 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66907.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Moin-ul-Haq Stadium]], [[Patna]], [[Bihar]]
| motm =
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| notes = [[Shubhangi Kulkarni]], [[Sudha Shah]], [[Susan Itticheria]], [[Ujwala Nikam]] (Ind) and [[Linda Lindsay]] (NZ) all made their WODI debuts.
}}

===India vs Australia===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 8 January
| time =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|AUS}}
| score1 = 150/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sharon Tredrea]] 56
| wickets1 = [[Lopamudra Bhattacharji]] 2/23 (10 overs)
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score2 = 79 (47.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shobha Pandit]] 17
| wickets2 = [[Peta Verco]] 3/9 (9 overs)
| result = Australia won by 71 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66908.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Moin-ul-Haq Stadium]], [[Patna]], [[Bihar]]
| umpires = KVK Rao (IND) and [[Sukha Bose]] (IND)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bowl.
| notes = [[Rajeshwari Dholakia]] (Ind) made her WODI debut.
}}

===New Zealand vs England===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 8 January
| time =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|NZL}}
| score1 = 157 (49.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Barb Bevege]] 57
| wickets1 = [[Jacqueline Court]] 4/29 (10 overs)
| team2 = {{crw|ENG}}
| score2 = 160/3 (40.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Lynne Thomas (cricketer)|Lynne Thomas]] 47
| wickets2 = [[Sue Rattray]] 2/33 (6 overs)
| result = England won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66912.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Hyderabad|Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] (now [[Telangana]])
| motm =
| toss = England won the toss and elected to bowl.
| notes = [[Karen Marsh|Karen Hadlee]] (NZ) made her WODI debut.
}}

===England vs Australia===
Both Australia and England went into the last match of the tournament undefeated, which meant it functioned as a ''de facto'' final, akin to the [[Uruguay v Brazil (1950 FIFA World Cup)|Uruguay v Brazil]] match at the [[1950 FIFA World Cup|1950 Football World Cup]].<ref name="mukherjee"/>

{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 13 January
| time =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}}
| score1 = 96/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shirley Hodges]] 26
| wickets1 = [[Sharon Tredrea]] 4/25 (10 overs)
| team2 = {{crw|AUS}}
| score2 = 100/2 (31.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Margaret Jennings (cricketer)|Margaret Jennings]] 57[[Not out|*]]
| wickets2 = [[Glynis Hullah]] 2/9 (6 overs)
| result = Australia won by 8 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66913.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Hyderabad|Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] (now [[Telangana]])
| umpires = SA Swaminathan (IND) and V. K. Ramaswamy (IND)
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to bowl.
}}

==Notable aspects==
The World Cup was reportedly poorly organised, with the conflicts between the WCAI, Indian state governments and the national governments. The visiting international teams were advised that the tournament would be held from 29 December 1977 to 23 January 1978 and were requested to arrive in mid-December for warm-up matches. They arrived to find that no matches had been organised; the WCAI issued an itinerary after the first match, but only around half of the anticipated matches were completed.<ref>{{cite news|title=World Cup a Shamble|first=Pauline|last=Bunce|newspaper=Sportsweek|year=1978}}</ref>

The tournament nonetheless attracted large crowds.<ref name=fernando/> England's [[Megan Lear]] later recounted that the "most memorable part of [the] tournament was playing in front of crowds of 40,000 plus".<ref>(5 March 2009). [http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/393264.html "'Our laundry laid out to dry on the rocks'"] – ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 30 August 2015.</ref>

The Indians were the first women's team to play in trousers; at the previous World Cup all teams had played in skirts.<ref name=fernando/>

==Statistics==

===Most runs===
The top five runscorers are included in this table, ranked by runs scored and then by [[batting average (cricket)|batting average]].

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Player !! Team !! Runs !! Inns !! Avg !! Highest !! 100s !! 50s
|-
| [[Margaret Jennings (cricketer)|Margaret Jennings]] || {{crw|AUS}} || '''127''' || 3 || 63.50 || 57* || 0 || 1
|-
| [[Barbara Bevege]] || {{crw|NZ}} || '''126''' || 3 || 63.00 || 67* || 0 || 2
|-
| [[Lynne Thomas (cricketer)|Lynne Thomas]] || {{crw|ENG}} || '''109''' || 3 || 54.50 || 47 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Sharon Tredrea]] || {{crw|AUS}} || '''87''' || 2 || 43.50 || 56 || 0 || 1
|-
| [[Wendy Hills]] || {{crw|AUS}} || '''66''' || 3 || 22.00 || 64 || 0 || 1
|-
|}
Source: [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=922;type=tournament ESPNcricinfo] [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Womens_World_Cup_1977-78/Batting_by_Runs.html CricketArchive]

===Most wickets===

The top five wicket takers are listed in this table, ranked by wickets taken and then by [[bowling average]].
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Player !! Team !! Overs !! Wkts !! Ave !! SR !! Econ !! BBI
|-
| [[Sharyn Hill]] || {{crw|AUS}} || 30.0 || '''7''' || 7.57 || 25.71 || 1.76 || 3/16
|-
| [[Sharon Tredrea]] || {{crw|AUS}} || 25.0 || '''6''' || 7.00 || 25.00 || 1.68 || 4/25
|-
| [[Pat Carrick]] || {{crw|NZ}} || 29.0 || '''6''' || 17.66 || 29.00 || 3.65 || 3/43
|-
| [[Glynis Hullah]] || {{crw|ENG}} || 21.1 || '''5''' || 6.80 || 25.40 || 1.60 || 2/2
|-
| [[Peta Verco]] || {{crw|AUS}} || 23.0 || '''5''' || 7.40 || 27.60 || 1.60 || 3/9
|-
|}

Source: [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=922;type=tournament ESPNcricinfo]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Women's Cricket World Cup}}
{{International women's cricket tours of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Women's Cricket World Cup, 1978}}
[[Category:1978 Women's Cricket World Cup| ]]
[[Category:1978 in women's cricket]]
[[Category:Women's Cricket World Cup tournaments|1978]]
[[Category:1978 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Women's international cricket competitions in India|World Cup 1978]]
[[Category:January 1978 sports events in Asia]]

Ramlochan Vishwakarma

2026-01-30T01:35:49Z

Chinmoyin: added new info with sources - done

{{Short description|Indian folk writer}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Ramlochan Vishwakarma (Sanwariya)
| image = Ramlochan Sanwariya.jpg
| caption = Ramlochan Sanwariya
| birth_date = 22 July 1952
| death_date = 10 September 2024
| occupation = Indian Folk Writer
| language = Awadhi, Hindi, Folk Language
| citizenship = Indian
| children = Vedanand Vishwakarma, Satyanand Vishwakarma
| spouse = Sita Devi
}}
'''Ramlochan Vishwakarma''', known by his pen name as '''Sanwariya''', was an Indian folk writer. He primarily contributed to [[Nautanki]], a folk performance form of [[South Asia]].

He was born in [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Vishwakarma |first=Ramlochan |title=Ramlochan Vishwakarma |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/prayagraj/story-indian-folk-artist-ramlochan-vishwakarma-passes-away-at-75-leaving-a-legacy-in-folk-theater-201725979943443.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref> He wrote [[Nautanki]] books such as Ramlochan Sanwariya, '''[[Chhin lo roti]]''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hansen |first=K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=INEnJvlv6JsC |title=Grounds for Play: The Nautanki Theatre of North India |date=2023 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-91088-1}}</ref> and '''[[Namak ka Daroga]]'''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hansen |first=K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=INEnJvlv6JsC |title=Grounds for Play: The Nautanki Theatre of North India |date=2023 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-91088-1}}</ref>

The Ministry of Culture, [[government of India]] conferred
senior fellowship upon him for his contributions to folk writings.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vishwakarma |first=Ramlochan |title=Performer chronicles region's Nautanki for posterity |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/performer-chronicles-regions-nautanki-for-posterity/articleshow/42119220.cms |work=Times of india}}</ref>

Ramlochan Sanwariya was a prominent Indian folk poet, playwright, and one of the most celebrated writers of Nautanki, a traditional folk theatre form popular in [[North India]]. With more than 150 written works, Sanwariya is regarded as one of the most influential contributors to the preservation and modernization of Nautanki.

== Early life and background ==
Ramlochan Sanwariya was born in Gadhiyawa village in [[Karchana|Karchhana]] [[Tehsil]], [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], into a family deeply rooted in artistic traditions. His father, Brahmyagya Vishwakarma, was a carpenter, poet, and Nautanki performer, while his grandfather, Ram Kumar Vishwakarma, was also a well-known folk [[artist]]. This familial connection to folk arts had a profound influence on Sanwariya from a young age, nurturing his talents in writing and performance.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vishwakarma |first=Ramlochan |title=Ramlochan Vishwakarma |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/performer-chronicles-regions-nautanki-for-posterity/articleshow/42119220.cms |work=Times of India}}</ref>

== Career in Nautanki ==
Sanwariya's contributions to Nautanki were extraordinary, with a portfolio of over 150 works that spanned a wide range of themes, from mythological and historical stories to social issues and contemporary events. His writing was marked by a deep understanding of human emotions, societal dynamics, and a unique blend of satire, drama, and humor.

Some of his notable works include:

"Namak ka Daroga": An adaptation of Munshi [[Premchand]]’s famous story, focusing on issues of justice and corruption.

COVID-19 Pandemic Performance: Sanwariya adapted Nautanki to contemporary issues, such as his notable performance on the global COVID-19 pandemic, demonstrating his ability to evolve the art form in modern times.

Sanwariya’s works were praised for their ability to engage and entertain diverse audiences while also educating them on important social themes. He was instrumental in modernizing Nautanki, integrating contemporary social concerns like health, education, and corruption, and making it relevant to the urban as well as rural populace.

== Poetry and literary contributions ==
Beyond Nautanki, Ramlochan Sanwariya was also a highly respected folk poet. His poetry, written in simple yet poignant language, resonated with the lives of common people. One of his well-known poems, "'''Kaha Ja Base Gidda Raj''',"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vishwakarma |first=Ramlochan |title=सांवरिया के निधन पर कवियों ने जताया शोक |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/gangapar/story-tributes-pour-in-for-renowned-hindi-folk-poet-ramlochan-sawariya-201725960425923.amp.html |work=Live Hindustan}}</ref> is a symbolic exploration of environmental destruction, capturing the displacement of wildlife due to human greed and exploitation of nature.

His poetry was known for its depth and social relevance, often highlighting the struggles of rural life, inequality, and environmental issues.

== Awards and recognition ==
Ramlochan Sanwariya received numerous accolades for his contributions to Indian folk arts and culture. Among the most notable was the Senior [[Fellowship]] awarded by the Ministry of Culture, Government of India in recognition of his significant role in preserving and promoting [[Nautanki]] and folk poetry.

== Death and legacy ==
Ramlochan Sanwariya died on 10 September 2024, leaving behind a rich legacy of folk literature and theatre that continues to inspire. His body of work remains a crucial part of North India's cultural history, and his contributions to Nautanki have ensured that the art form remains relevant in the 21st century.

Sanwariya's influence on the younger generation of folk artists is profound. His works are still performed widely, and his efforts to modernize and contextualize Nautanki for contemporary audiences have inspired many new writers and performers to follow in his footsteps.

Through his dedication to preserving folk arts and his innovative storytelling, Ramlochan Sanwariya has cemented his place as one of the greatest figures in Indian folk theatre and poetry.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vishwakarma, Ramlochan, Sanwariya, Ramlochan Sanwariya, Ramlochan Vishwakarma, Sanwariya, Allahabad ki Nautanki, Allahabad's Nautanki}}
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:People from Prayagraj district]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]

Ajit Ram Verma

2026-01-16T14:03:16Z

Chinmoyin: further refine information per sources and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian physicist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Ajit Ram Verma
|image =
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1921|09|20}}
|birth_place = [[Dalmau]], [[India]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2009|03|04|1921|09|20}}
|death_place =
|field = [[Physics]]
|education = [[Allahabad University]] (BSc, MSc) [[University of London]] (PhD)
|work_institution = [[Delhi University]] [[Banaras Hindu University|BHU]] [[National Physical Laboratory of India]]
|doctoral_advisor = [[Samuel Tolansky]]
|academic_advisors= [[Kathleen Lonsdale]]
|doctoral_students= [[Onkar Nath Srivastava]]
|known_for = [[Crystallography]]
|prizes = [[Padma Bhushan]] [[Bhatnagar Award]]
|religion =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Ajit Ram Verma''' (1921–2009) was an Indian physicist. For his work in [[crystallography]], he was awarded the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] in 1964. He was director of the [[National Physical Laboratory of India|National Physical Laboratory]] (NPL) for almost seventeen years (1965–1982).<ref>{{cite web|title=NPL Directors {{!}} National Physical Laboratory|url=http://www.nplindia.org/npl-directors|access-date=24 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar prize winners ( 1958 - 1998 of)|url=http://csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf|work=Dr Sukumar Mallick, Dr Saguna Dewan, Mr S C Dhawan|access-date=24 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181119/http://csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1982, the [[Padma Bhushan]], India's third highest civilian award, was conferred on him by the President of India.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Ajit Ram Verma was born on 20 September 1921 at Dalmau near [[Lucknow]] to Hans Raj Verma, a railway official, and Devi Rani.
After early education at several places including Allahabad and Meerut, he enrolled in [[Allahabad University]], where he took his BSc (1940) and MSc (1942) degrees.<ref name=klaltribute>{{cite web|last=Lal|first=Krishan|title=Professor Ajit Ram Verma: A Tribute A Great Scientist, a Teacher Par Excellence, an Able Administrator, and a Wonderful Person|url=http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/aboutcsir/announcements/Prof_Ajit.pdf|access-date=24 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808042919/http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/aboutcsir/announcements/Prof_Ajit.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Career==
Verma taught briefly at [[Delhi University]] before moving to the [[University of London]], where he earned his PhD working on unimolecular growth spirals on the surfaces of crystals. On his return to India, he served as reader in physics at [[Delhi University]] for four years (1955-1959). In 1959 he moved to [[Banaras Hindu University|BHU]], [[Varanasi]], as professor and head of department. In 1965, he was appointed as director, NPL where he remained until 1982, making him the longest-serving director of NPL. Subsequently, for three years, he served as visiting professor at [[IIT Delhi]]. Later, he was emeritus scientist of [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]] and [[INSA]] senior scientist at NPL.<ref name=klaltribute />

==Scientific contributions==
Verma's early work on spiral growth of crystals has been featured on the ''Nature''physics portal under the "looking back" section.<ref name=naturepp>{{cite web|title=Spiral growth of crystals|url=http://www.nature.com/physics/looking-back/verma/index.html|access-date=23 September 2013}}</ref>

==Society for Scientific Values==
Verma was one of the founding members of the Society for Scientific Values (SSV), a voluntary body set up to emphasise "the need to promote integrity, objectivity and ethical values in the pursuit of science". The first meeting of SSV was held in June 1984, and it was formally registered as a Society under the Societies Registration Act (1860) on 18 August 1986. P. N. Tiwari, the founder Secretary of SSV, writes, "Dr. Verma, not only expressed his clear and certain views about the ethical and spiritual values that one has to have for doing genuine and good science but he also expressed his equally certain, frank and strong views about the kind of action that should be taken against a scientist who is found guilty of misconduct in research and publication."<ref name=tiwari>{{cite web|last=Tiwari|first=P. N.|title=Role of Dr. A. R. Verma in Formation and Working of SSV|url=http://www.scientificvalues.org/Sept09%20Final%2004-02-2010.pdf|access-date=14 May 2013}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
* [[Padma Bhushan]], Government of India, 1982<ref name="Padma Awards" />
* [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], 1964
* [[Atmaram Award]], 1994<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Awardees |url=http://khsindia.org/india/en/awards/award-categories/atmaram-award.html |website=Khsindia |access-date=26 January 2019 |archive-date=30 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730003423/http://khsindia.org/india/en/awards/award-categories/atmaram-award.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Fellow, [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], Bangalore
* Fellow, [[Indian National Science Academy]], New Delhi<ref>{{cite web|title=Deceased Fellow |url=https://insaindia.res.in/detail/N63-0872|website=INSA |access-date=31 July 2017 }}</ref>
* Fellow, National Academy of Sciences of India, Allahabad
* Member, Board of Editors – Solid State Communications, Pergamon Press
* Elected member of [[International Committee for Weights and Measures]] (CIPM), Paris 1966-1982

==Books authored by Ajit Ram Verma==
* ''Crystal growth and dislocations'' by Ajit Ram Verma, Butterworth's Scientific Publications, 1953, 182 pp.
* ''Polymorphism and polytypism in crystals'' by Ajit Ram Verma and Padmanabhan Krishna, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1966, 341 pp. {{ISBN|0-471-90643-3}}
* ''Crystallography for solid state physics'' by Ajit Ram Verma and [[Onkar Nath Srivastava]], Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi, 1982, 348 pp. {{ISBN|978-0-85226-890-2}}
* ''Crystallography applied to Solid State Physics'', by Ajit Ram Verma and Onkar Nath Srivastava, New Age International, New Delhi, 1991, 464 pp.
* ''Concept of truth in science and religion'' by K. D. Gangrade, L. S. Kothari and A. R. Verma, Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi, 2005. {{ISBN|978-81-8069-190-4}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1980–89}}
{{SSBPST recipients in Physical Science}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verma, Ajit Ram}}
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:People from Lucknow district]]
[[Category:Scientists from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Delhi University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Banaras Hindu University]]

Samprati

2026-01-12T15:33:26Z

Chinmoyin: updated page

{{Short description|Mauryan Emperor from 224 to 215 BCE}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Refimprove|date=December 2008}}
{{Infobox royalty
| image = File:Emperor Samprati Maurya.jpg
| succession = [[List of Maurya emperors|5th Maurya Emperor ]]
| name = Samprati {{nobold|{{lang|sa|संप्रति}}}}
| title = [[Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)|Chakravartin]] Nripa{{sfn|Cort|2010|p=202}}
| reign = {{circa|224|215 BCE}}
| religion = [[Jainism]]{{sfn|Cort|2010|p=199}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/earlyhistoryofi00smit|title=The early history of India : from 600 B.C. to the Muhammadan conquest, including the invasion of Alexander the Great|last1=Smith|first1=Vincent Arthur|last2=Edwardes|first2=S. M. (Stephen Meredyth)|quote=Samprati, a grandson of Asoka, is said to have been converted by Suhastin, and to have sent many missionaries to preach Jainism in the Peninsula, where his creed undoubtedly secured such wide acceptance that Mr. Rice is justified in affirming that during the first millennium of the Christian era Jainism may be regarded as having been predominant religion of Mysore.|page=458|publisher=Oxford : Clarendon Press|others=Robarts - University of Toronto|date=1924 }}</ref>
| succession1 = [[Yuvaraja|Crown Prince]] of [[Maurya Empire|Magadha]]
| predecessor1 = [[Kunala]]
| successor1 = Unknown
| predecessor = [[Dasharatha Maurya]]
| successor = [[Shalishuka]] Maurya
| birth_date = Unknown
| birth_place = [[Pataliputra]], [[Maurya Empire]] (Present day [[Bihar]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{Circa|215 BCE}}
| coronation = 224 BCE
| dynasty = [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]]
| death_place = [[Pataliputra]], [[Maurya Empire]] (Present day [[Bihar]], [[India]])
| issue = [[Shalishuka]] Maurya
| father = [[Kunala]]
| mother = Kanchanamala
}}
{{Maurya}}
'''Samprati''' ({{reign|224|215 BCE}}) was the fifth emperor of the [[Maurya dynasty|Maurya Empire.]] He was the grandson of the third Mauryan emperor, [[Ashoka The Great|Ashoka]], and the son of [[Kunala]]. He succeeded his cousin, [[Dasharatha Maurya|Dasharatha]] Maurya. According to Jain tradition, he built 150,000 Jain [[derasars]] and made 15 million [[Jain idol|Jain idols]]. He is also believed to have taken an oath to dig the foundation of a new [[Jinalaya]] every day, and would not take his ''navakrashi'' (breakfast) until it was completed.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/archaeologicalhi0000fine|title=An archaeological history of religions of Indian Asia|last=Finegan|first=Jack|date=1989|publisher=New York : Paragon House|page=115|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-913729-43-4}}</ref>

==Claim to throne==
Samprati was the grandson of emperor [[Ashoka]]{{sfn|Vyas|1995|p=30}} and son of Kunala. Kunala was born to Ashoka's third wife, [[Padmavati (wife of Ashoka)|Padmavati]] (who was [[Jain]]), but was blinded in a conspiracy to remove his claim to the throne. Thus, Kunala was replaced by Dasharatha as the heir to the throne and lived in [[Ujjain]] with his "Dhai Maa" (wet nurse).<ref>http://www.english2hindidictionary.com/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%20%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81-meaning-in-english</ref> Samprati was raised there. Years after being denied the throne, Kunala and Samprati approached Ashoka's court in an attempt to claim the throne. Ashoka could not grant his blind son's request but promised Samprati would be heir apparent to Dasharatha. After Dasharatha's death, Samprati ascended to the throne of the Maurya Empire.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}

==Reign==
[[File:Samprati Maurya Empire.png|thumb|Samprati Maurya Empire]]
The Jaina text {{IAST|Pariśiṣṭaparvan}} mentions Samprati ruled both from [[Pataliputra]] and [[Ujjain]].<ref>Thapar, Romila (2001). ''{{IAST|Aśoka}} and the Decline of the Maurya'', New Delhi: Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-564445-X}}, p.187</ref> According to a Jain text, the provinces of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]], [[History of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]], [[Andhras|Andhra]] and [[History of karnataka|Mysore]] broke away from the empire shortly after Ashoka's death (i.e., during Dasharatha's reign), but were reconquered by Samprati, who later deployed soldiers disguised as Jain monks.<ref name="Chandra1977">{{cite book|author=Moti Chandra|title=Trade and Trade Routes in Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDL4kA7SWkEC&pg=PA75|year=1977|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-055-6|pages=75–}}</ref>

==Samprati and Jainism==
Samprati is regarded for his patronage and efforts to spread [[Jainism]] in east India. While in one source, he is described as nominally a Jain from birth (''Sthaviravali'' 9.53), most accounts emphasize his conversion at the hands of the [[Jain monasticism|Jain monk]] Suhastisuri,<ref>{{citation |last=Tukol |first=T. K. |author-link=T. K. Tukol |title=Jainism in South India |url=http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/article/south.htm }}</ref> the eighth leader of the congregation established by [[Mahavira]].{{sfn|Cort|2010|p=199}} After his conversion he was credited with actively spreading Jainism to many parts of India and beyond,{{sfn|Vyas|1995|p=30}} both by making it possible for monks to travel to barbarian lands and by building and renovating thousands of temples and establishing millions of idols.{{sfn|Cort|2010|p=199-200}} He was a disciple of Suhastisuri.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=46}}{{sfn|Vyas|1995|p=30}}

Kalpa-sutra-bhashya mentions Samprati making regions of Andhra, Dravida, Maharashtra and Coorg safe for Jain monks.{{sfn|Vyas|1995|p=30}} He sent Jain missionaries to other countries for propagation of Jainism<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/mobot31753002183918|title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.|last=Asiatic Society (Calcutta|first=India)|publisher=Calcutta : Asiatic Society|others=Missouri Botanical Garden|date=1832 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|quote=Samprati had missionaries sent out, doubtless of the Svetambara persuasion, as far as to south India: “In order to extend the sphere of their activities to uncivilized countries, Samprati sent there messengers disguised as Jaina monks. They described to the people the kind of food and other requisites which monks may accept as alms, enjoining them to give such things instead of the usual tax to the revenue collector who would visit them from time to time. Of course these revenue collectors were to be Jaina monks. Having thus prepared the way for them, he induced the superior to send monks to those countries, for they would find it in no way impossible to live there. Accordingly missionaries were sent to the Andhras and Dramilas, who found everything as the king had told. Thus the uncivilized nations were brought under the influence of Jainism.|url=https://archive.org/details/archeologyofworl0001fine|title=The Archeology of World Religions|last=Finegan|first=Jack|date=1952|page=219|others=Internet Archive}}</ref> and southern part of India.<ref>{{Cite book|quote=The new doctrine, however, gained royal support from Anoka's grandson Samprati, under whom, as we saw, the first Svetambara mission was sent to the South. Thus, from very early times, both these schools of Jaina thought found representation in the South; but by far the most overwhelming epigraphic and archaeological evidence in the South is of the Digambara sect .|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.107404|title=Jainism And Karnataka Culture|last=Sharma|first=S. r|date=1940|page=130}}</ref> He is popularly known as the "Jain Ashoka".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/earlyhistoryofi00smit|title=The early history of India : from 600 B.C. to the Muhammadan conquest, including the invasion of Alexander the Great|last1=Smith|first1=Vincent Arthur|last2=Edwardes|authorlink2=Stephen Edwardes|quote=Literary tradition of Western India, which also recognises Samprati as the immediate successor of Asoka, eulogizes him as an eminent patron of Jainism, who founded Jain monasteries even in non-aryan countries. Almost all ancient Jain temples or monuments of unknown origin are ascribed by the popular voice to Samprati, who is in fact, regarded as a Jain Asoka.|first2=S. M. (Stephen Meredyth)|page=202|publisher=Oxford : Clarendon Press|others=Robarts - University of Toronto|date=1924 }}</ref>

==In literature==
Around 1100 CE ''Devachandrasuri'' of the ''Purnatalla Gaccha'' told the story of Samprati in his commentary on the ''Textbook on Fundamental Purity (Mulashuddhi Prakarana)'', in a chapter on the virtues of building temples.{{sfn|Cort|2010|p=202}} A century later, ''Amradevasuri'' of the ''Brihad Gaccha'' included the story of Samprati in his commentary to the ''Treasury of Stories (Akhyana Manikosha)''.{{sfn|Cort|2010|p=202}} In 1204, ''Malayaprabhasuri'', a disciple of ''Manatungasuri'' of the ''Purnima Gaccha'', wrote an extensive [[Prakrit]] commentary on his teacher's ''Deeds of Jayanti (Jayanti Carita)'', in which he included the story of Samprati as an example of the virtue of compassion (Caudhari 1973: 201-2).{{sfn|Cort|2010|p=202}} There are also some anonymous and undated medieval texts devoted solely to the story of Samprati, such as the 461-verse [[Sanskrit]] ''Deeds of King Samprati (Samprati Nripa Charitra)''.{{sfn|Cort|2010|p=202}}

==See also==
*[[Bindusara]]
*[[Kharvela]]

==Notes==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{citation |last1=Sharma |first1=Suresh K. |last2=Sharma |first2=Usha |title=Cultural and Religious Heritage of India: Jainism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwsbJgJX84cC&pg=PA271 |date=2004 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-957-7 }}
* {{citation |last=Cort |first=John |author-link=John E. Cort |title=Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IF2CAAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2010 |orig-year=1953 |isbn=978-0-19-538502-1 }}
* {{citation |last=Shah |first=Natubhai |author-link=Natubhai Shah |title=Jainism: The World of Conquerors |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLNQKGcDIhsC |volume=I |date=2004 |orig-year=First published in 1998 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=81-208-1938-1 |ref={{sfnref|Natubhai Shah|2004}} }}
* {{citation |editor-last=Vyas |editor-first=Dr. R. T. |author-link=R.T. Vyas |url={{Google books|fETebHcHKogC|plainurl=yes}} |title=Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects |publisher=The Director, Oriental Institute, on behalf of the Registrar, M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara |year=1995 |isbn=81-7017-316-7 }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Maurya Dynasty]]||||}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Dasharatha Maurya]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Maurya Dynasty|Maurya Emperor]]|years=224–215 BCE}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Shalishuka]]}}
{{s-end}}

[[Category:Emperors of Magadha]]
[[Category:Mauryan dynasty]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC Indian Jains]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Jain monarchs]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:People from Ujjain]]

Gauriganj Assembly constituency

2026-01-11T14:29:27Z

Chinmoyin:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gauriganj
| constituency_no = 185
| map_image = 185-Gauriganj.svg
| mla = [[Rakesh Pratap Singh]]
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]] (BJP supported)
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Amethi district|Amethi]]
| reservation = None
| type= SLA
}}
'''Gauriganj''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Gauriganj in the [[Amethi district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

Gauriganj is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Amethi Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 185 amongst 403 constituencies.<ref name=delimitation2008/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|rowspan=2|[[Rakesh Pratap Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<ref name="election2022"/>{{efn|Expelled from Samajwadi Party in 2024.<ref>https://www.news18.com/india/samajwadi-party-expelled-mlas-declared-independents-may-join-bjp-9432023.html</ref>}}
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gauriganj<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Rakesh Pratap Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:79040}}
|percentage = 38.96
|change = +0.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Chandraprakash Mishra Matiyari
|votes = {{formatnum:72077}}
|percentage = 35.53
|change = +23.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Fateh Bahadur
|votes = {{formatnum:28964}}
|percentage = 14.28
|change = -11.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ramlakhan
|votes = {{formatnum:9872}}
|percentage = 4.87
|change = -11.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jansatta Dal (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Chaudhary Nafees Ahamad
|votes = {{formatnum:7056}}
|percentage = 3.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1920}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change = +0.37
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:6963}}
|percentage = 3.43
|change = -9.71
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:202856}}
|percentage = 57.94
|change = -1.94
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Samajwadi Party]] candidate [[Rakesh Pratap Singh]] won in [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]] defeating [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Mohammad Nayem by a margin of 26,419 votes.<ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/gauriganj.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>
On 31 October 2021, Singh resigned from the [[17th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] citing "non-fulfilment of promises" by the ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party]][[Government of Uttar Pradesh|government]].<ref name="resign2">{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=SP MLA Rakesh Pratap Singh resigns from U.P. Assembly alleging non-fulfilment of promises by BJP government |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/sp-mla-rakesh-pratap-singh-resigns-from-up-assembly-alleging-non-fulfilment-of-promises-by-bjp-government/article37266614.ece |access-date=23 November 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=31 October 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gauriganj<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Rakesh Pratap Singh
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:77915}}
|percentage = 38.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mohammad Nayeem
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:51496}}
|percentage = 25.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Vijay Kishor
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:33848}}
|percentage = 16.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Uma Shankar Pandey
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:23642}}
|percentage = 11.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ravindra Kumar
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:1876}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1155}}
|percentage = 0.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:26419}}
|percentage = 13.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:201048}}
|percentage = 59.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{coords|26.21|81.68|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Amethi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Gulfisha Fatima

2026-01-10T22:46:22Z

Chinmoyin: adding a article

{{Short description|Indian activist (born 1993)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1993}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]]
| alma_mater = [[Delhi University]]
| occupation = [[Activist]], [[Radio personality]]
| known_for = [[Student activism]]
| notable_works = [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests]]
}}

'''Gulfisha Fatima''' (born 1993) is an Indian [[Student activism|student activist]] from Delhi, known for her involvement in protests against the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019]] (CAA) and her advocacy for [[religious freedom]] and [[secularism]]. She gained significant attention for her role in peaceful demonstrations in [[Seelampur Assembly constituency|Selampur, Delhi]], which were part of a larger nationwide [[CAA Protest]], a law criticised for allegedly discriminating against [[Muslims in India]].

== Early life and education ==
Gulfisha Fatima was born into a Muslim family in Delhi. She went to pursue Urdu Honours from [[Kirori Mal College]], [[Delhi University]], and then completed her [[MBA]] from Institute of Management Education in [[Ghaziabad]]. She was working as a [[Radio personality|radio jockey]] before getting arrested in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web | date=2023-01-08 |title=Mere presence at meeting not crime, Gulfisha Fatima to HC in Delhi pogrom UAPA case |url=https://maktoobmedia.com/india/mere-presence-at-meeting-not-crime-gulfisha-fatima-to-hc-in-delhi-pogrom-uapa-case/ |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=Maktoob media |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Arrest ==
Fatima was arrested on 9 April 2020, during the protests related to the [[2020 Delhi riots]], and has since been charged under multiple serious offences, including [[rioting]], [[conspiracy]], and violations of the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]] (UAPA).<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-11-30 |title=Gulfisha, Khalid seeks bail on grounds of parity |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/legally-speaking/gulfisha-khalid-seeks-bail-on-grounds-of-parity |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=The Sunday Guardian Live |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kakkar |first=Shruti |date=8 Jan 2025 |title='Ruthless' conspiracy: Delhi Police opposes bail to 2020 riots accused |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/ruthless-conspiracy-delhi-police-opposes-bail-to-2020-riots-accused-101736274506401.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

Her arrest has been characterised by many as politically motivated, aimed at suppressing [[dissent]] against the government led by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). Despite being granted bail in some cases, she remains [[incarcerated]] due to ongoing charges under the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act|UAPA]], which has drawn international scrutiny and calls for her release from human rights organisations - the [[United States Commission on International Religious Freedom]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-18 |title=Delhi Riots: Gulfisha Fatima, Booked For Terrorism, Is Quiet, Studious And Has A Strong Sense Of Justice, Says Family |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/delhi-riots-gulfisha-fatima-anti-caa-protests_in_5f3ac140c5b670ab17ae5a91 |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=[[HuffPost]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Riots: New Charges, Multiple Bail Rejections Keep Gulfisha Fatima Lodged in Jail for 3 Years |url=https://thewire.in/law/delhi-riots-new-charges-multiple-bail-rejections-keep-gulfisha-fatima-lodged-in-jail-for-3-years |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-02 |title=Gulfisha Fatima |url=https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/profile/gulfisha-fatima |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=Front Line Defenders |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news | date=2024-11-11 |title=2020 Delhi riots: SC refuses to entertain Gulfisha Fatima's bail plea, asks HC to hear case on Nov. 25 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/2020-delhi-riots-sc-refuses-to-entertain-gulfisha-fatimas-bail-plea-asks-hc-to-to-hear-case-on-nov-25/article68854943.ece |access-date=2025-01-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-30 |title=Gulfisha Fatima {{!}} USCIRF |url=https://www.uscirf.gov/religious-prisoners-conscience/forb-victims-database/gulfisha-fatima |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=[[United States Commission on International Religious Freedom]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Imprisonment without trial ==
Fatima spent [[Indefinite detention]] for nearly five years without any trial in a controversial conspiracy case, despite widespread criticism from human rights groups.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Noor |first=Aliza |date=2024-08-09 |title=A Family's Endless Wait For Their Gul — The Gulfisha Fatima Story |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/a-familys-endless-wait-for-their-gul-the-gulfisha-fatima-story |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2021-06-18 |title=Delhi violence: HC adjourns activist Gulfisha Fatima's plea for release, cites large number of cases |url=https://scroll.in/latest/997889/delhi-violence-hc-adjourns-activist-gulfisha-fatimas-plea-for-release-cites-large-number-of-cases |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>

Her case is emblematic of broader concerns regarding the treatment of activists and [[religious minorities in India]], particularly in the context of the CAA protests and the subsequent riots in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-11 |title=Northeast Delhi riots: SC declines to entertain bail plea of Gulfisha Fatima, directs high court to hear matter |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/northeast-delhi-riots-sc-gulfisha-fatima-bail-plea-9664403/ |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Waiting for Gul: The Story of Gulfisha Fatima |url=https://thewire.in/rights/waiting-for-gul-the-story-of-gulfisha-fatima |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fatima |first=Heena |date=2024-09-19 |title=Families of Umar Khalid, Gulfisha Fatima call out VIP culture in bail. Want police reform |url=https://theprint.in/feature/around-town/families-of-umar-khalid-gulfisha-fatima-call-out-vip-culture-in-bail-want-police-reform/2274852/ |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Bail ==
The [[Supreme Court of India]] granted bail to Fatima along with [[Meeran Haider]], Shifa ur Rehman, Mohammad Saleem Khan & Shadab Ahmed on 3 January 2026.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattar |first1=Ruchi |title=2020 Delhi riots case: SC distinguishes Umar Khalid & Sharjeel Imam's role from others to deny bail |url=https://theprint.in/judiciary/2020-delhi-riots-case-sc-distinguishes-umar-khalid-sharjeel-imams-role-from-others-to-deny-bail/2818827/ |access-date=5 January 2026 |work=[[ThePrint]] |date=5 January 2026}}</ref>

The court observed that prolonged incarceration without the commencement of trial warranted the grant of bail. Following the order, Fatima was released on 7 January 2026, after spending several years in custody.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2026-01-07 |title=2020 Delhi riots case: Gulfisha Fatima walks out of Tihar jail |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-riots-case-accused-walk-out-of-tihar-jail/article70483714.ece |access-date=2026-01-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fatima, Gulfisha}}
[[Category:Indian activists]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:People involved in the Citizenship Amendment Act protests]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Inmates of Tihar Jail]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of India]]

Alipore

2026-01-07T15:37:11Z

Chinmoyin: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{about|a neighbourhood in South Kolkata|the similarly named bordering suburb|New Alipore|the village near Chikhli, Bilimora, Gujarat|Alipore, Navsari|other places with same name|Alipur (disambiguation){{!}}Alipur}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=March 2018}}
{{original research|date=July 2018}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Alipore
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood in Kolkata (Calcutta)
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a =
Alipore,Kolkata.jpg
| photo2a =Alipore Zoo Entrance, Kolkata.jpg
| photo2b =Alipore district court(south 24 paraganas),kolkata.jpg
| photo3b =Alipore Bridge.jpg
| photo3a =Belvedere Building - Indian National Library - Belvedere Estate - Kolkata 2014-05-02 4742.JPG
| size = 310
| spacing = 1
| color = #FFFFFF
| border = 2
| position = center
| color_border = black
| foot_montage =
| text = ''Clockwise from top:'' Alipore Road Near National Library, Alipore District Court ([[South 24 Parganas]]), Alipore Bridge, Indian National Library, [[Zoological Garden, Alipore|Alipore Zoological Garden]].
| text_background =
}}
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Kolkata
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata
| coordinates = {{coord|22.5391712|N|88.3272782|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| subdivision_type3 = City
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kolkata]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Jatin Das Park metro station|Jatin Das Park]], [[Kalighat metro station|Kalighat]], [[Majerhat metro station|Majerhat]] and [[Kidderpore metro station|Kidderpore]](under construction)
| seat_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| seat = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
| parts_type = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|KMC]] ward
| parts_style = 
| parts = [[Ward No. 74, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|74]], [[Ward No. 82, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|82]] 
| p1 =
| p2 = 
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = 
| leader_name1 =
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| governing_body = 
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 14
| population_total = For population see linked KMC ward page
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 700022, 700023, 700027
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kolkata Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Dakshin]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kolkata Port Assembly constituency|Kolkata Port]] and [[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Alipore''' is a neighbourhood of [[South Kolkata]] in [[Kolkata district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

It is flanked by the Tolly Nullah to the north, [[Bhowanipore]] to the east, the Diamond Harbour Road to the west and [[New Alipore]] to the south, bordered by the [[Budge Budge]] section of the [[Sealdah]] South section railway line.
[[File:The Calcutta Medical Research Institute (CMRI).jpg|thumb|The Calcutta Medical Research Institute (CMRI)]]
[[File:Purple tone from the evening sky in Kolkata.jpg|thumb|Purple tone from the evening sky in Alipore]]

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map 
| coord = {{coord|22.5391712|88.3272782}} 
| zoom = 14 
| label = Alipore
| mark-coord = {{coord|22.5391712|88.3272782}}
| label-pos = right
| float = left
}}

===Location===
Alipore is located at {{coord|22.5391712|N|88.3272782|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/28/Alipore.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Alipore]{{Dead link|date=October 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It has an average elevation of 14 metres (46 feet).
Alipore area is bordered by the following roads - [[AJC Bose Road]] to the north, D L Khan Road to the East, [[National Highway 117|Diamond Harbour Road]] to the West and Alipore Avenue to the south.

===Police district===
Alipore police station is part of the [[Divisions of Kolkata Police|South division]] of [[Kolkata Police]]. It is located at 8, Belvadere Road, Kolkata-700027.<ref name="police">{{cite web| url = http://kolkatapolice.gov.in/division.asp?ID=5&Division=S |title = Kolkata Police |work = South Division – Hastings police station | publisher= KP| access-date = 26 March 2018}}</ref>

[[Tollygunge#Police district|Tollygunge Women's police station]] has jurisdiction over all the police districts in the South Division, i.e. Park Street, Shakespeare Sarani, Alipore, Hastings, Maidan, Bhowanipore, Kalighat, Tollygunge, Charu Market, New Alipur and Chetla.<ref name="police"/>

==Transport==
Alipore is connected to all parts of the city by extensive bus services.
Alipore is served by the [[Majherhat]] and [[Kidderpore]] railway stations on the [[Kolkata Circular Railway|Circular]] section of [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]].

The [[Kalighat metro station]] of the [[Kolkata Metro]] as well as the [[Jatin Das Park metro station|Jatin Das Park]] station is close to Alipore.

==See also==
* [[Alipore (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]
* [[Dhanadhanya Auditorium]]
* [[New Alipore]]
* [[Zoological Garden, Alipore]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage inline|Kolkata/South}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110222085443/http://www.nationallibrary.gov.in/ Official site of the National Library]

{{Neighbourhoods in South Kolkata}}
{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}

{{West Bengal}}

[[Category:Alipore| ]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]

Eastern Mirror

2025-12-13T17:07:40Z

Chinmoyin: adding article

{{Short description|Indian English-language newspaper}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Eastern Mirror
| motto = ''Journalism For Justice''
| logo =
| logo_size =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| type = [[Daily newspaper]]
| format = Print, online
| owners = Vimenuo Keditsü
| founder =
| publisher = Vimenuo Keditsü
| editor = Khrietsonuo Rio
| chief_editor =
| associate_editor =
| managing_editor =
| news_editor =
| campus_editor =
| campus_chief =
| opinion_editor =
| photo_editor =
| language = [[English language|English]]
| publishing_country = [[India]]
| staff_writers =
| founded = {{start date and age|2002|08|08|df=yes}}
| ceased_publication =
| headquarters = Eastern Publication House, 797112, Circular Road, [[Dimapur]]
| circulation =
| sister_newspapers =
| ISSN =
| oclc =
| website = {{URL|easternmirrornagaland.com}}
| free =
}}
'''''Eastern Mirror''''' is a [[newspaper#Daily|daily]] English language [[newspaper]] published from [[Dimapur]] in the Indian state of [[Nagaland]].<ref>[http://rni.nic.in/registerdtitle_search/registeredtitle_ser.aspx Reg. No.NAGENG/2002/07906 | EASTERN MIRROR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902111950/http://rni.nic.in/registerdtitle_search/registeredtitle_ser.aspx |date=2 September 2018 }}. ''[[Registrar of Newspapers for India]]''.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nagalandgk.com/newspapers-of-nagaland-and-editors/|title=NEWSPAPERS OF NAGALAND|website=Nagaland GK|access-date=15 March 2022|archive-date=16 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516150720/https://nagalandgk.com/newspapers-of-nagaland-and-editors/|url-status=live}}</ref> Its head office is located at Signal Rio Colony, Dimapur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contact Us |url=https://epaper.easternmirrornagaland.com/contact-us |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=epaper.easternmirrornagaland.com |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031070744/https://epaper.easternmirrornagaland.com/contact-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
On 16 November 2015, ''Eastern Mirror'' along with four other state newspapers—''[[Capi (newspaper)|Capi]]'', ''[[The Morung Express]]'', ''[[Nagaland Page]]'' and ''[[Tir Yimyim]]'' published their front page in blank to protest against a [[diktat]] from the [[Assam Rifles]]. The Assam Rifles had earlier in October ordered the editors to stop covering the rebel group—[[National Socialist Council of Nagaland|National Socialist Council of Nagaland - Khaplang]] (NSCN-K).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-34841210|last=Pandey|first=Vikas|title=Blank space: Why Nagaland papers ran empty editorials|date=17 November 2015|website=[[BBC News]]|access-date=15 March 2022|archive-date=15 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315100623/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-34841210|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/nagaland-newspapers-published-with-blank-editorial-space/story-W40NsEjh3XlpVj8eS18eMM_amp.html|title=Nagaland newspapers published with blank editorial space|date=17 November 2015|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=15 March 2022|archive-date=15 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315101838/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/nagaland-newspapers-published-with-blank-editorial-space/story-W40NsEjh3XlpVj8eS18eMM_amp.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of newspapers in Nagaland]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/ Official website]
*[https://instagram.com/easternmirror ''Eastern Mirror''] on [[Instagram]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eastern Mirror}}
[[Category:Newspapers published in Nagaland]]
[[Category:English-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 2002]]
[[Category:Dimapur]]

{{India-newspaper-stub}}

Sawanih Maulana Rum

2025-11-23T10:44:15Z

Chinmoyin: stub...

{{Short description|1906 book by Shibli Nomani}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Sawanih Maulana Rum
| image = Cover of Sawanih Maulana Rum.jpg
| image_size = 280px
| caption = 1961 cover
| alt = Book cover
| author = [[Shibli Nomani]]
| title_orig = سوانح مولانا روم
| orig_lang_code = ur
| country = [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]
| language = Urdu
| subject = [[Rumi]], [[Kalam]]
| genre = [[Biography]]
| published = 1906
| series = Kalam series
| media_type = Print
| followed_by = [[Al-Kalam (book)|Al-Kalam]]
| oclc = 269281862
| dewey = 891.5513092
| congress = PK2199.S5 S3 1962
| external_url = https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/sawanih-maulana-rom-shibli-nomani-ebooks-1
| pages = 200
| isbn = 978-93-80104-49-2
| isbn_note = ([[Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy]], 2010)
}}
'''''Sawanih Maulana Rum''''' is a biographical and analytical work by [[Shibli Nomani]] that examines the life, thought, and work of [[Rumi]] within the framework of Islamic scholastic theology, i.e., [[kalam]]. Compiled during Shibli's stay in [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] in 1904 and published in 1906, it represents the fourth and final volume of his ''Kalam series''. The book prioritizes theological analysis over conventional historical narrative, presenting Rumi primarily as a theologian and the ''[[Masnavi-e-Ma'navi]]'' as a theological text.

== Background ==
By the late [[Mughal Empire|Mughal period]] in India, the study of Rumi's ''Masnavi'' had diminished, and only a limited number of readers could engage with it in depth. The work, long regarded as a major text of Sufi thought, had largely fallen out of regular use.<ref name=":Khatoon">{{Cite thesis |last=Khatoon |first=Shaista |title=Allama Shibli ka kirdar Muslim khawatin ki talimi wa samaji taraqqi men |type=PhD |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/128335 |language=ur |page=56 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224183802/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/128335 |archive-date=24 February 2025 |year=2013 |location=India |hdl=10603/128335 |url-status=live}}</ref> Habibur Rahman Khan Sherwani noted that when Shibli Nomani wrote his earlier work [[Al-Ghazali (book)|''Al-Ghazali'']], he was initially unfamiliar with [[Sufism]] and overlooked aspects of [[al-Ghazali]]'s life. After advice from a colleague, he studied Sufism and added a section on it, an engagement that later influenced the composition of ''Sawanih Maulana Rum''.<ref name=":Khatoon" /> In its preface, Shibli explained that the book was the fourth volume in his ''Kalam series'', following ''[[Ilm-ul-Kalam]]'', [[Al-Kalam (book)|''Al-Kalam'']], and ''Al-Ghazali''. He observed that although Rumi was commonly viewed as a Sufi and ascetic, his method of presenting Islamic beliefs in ways that resonated with audiences placed him within the field of [[theology]].<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Haq |first=Sirajul |title=Maqalat e Shibli ka adbi aur tanqeedi jaiza |type=PhD |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Delhi University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/439484 |language=ur |page=114 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250920114558/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/439484 |archive-date=20 September 2025 |year=2021 |location=India |hdl=10603/439484 |url-status=live}}</ref> Shibli also commented that the ''[[Masnavi-e-Ma'navi]]'', while often considered exclusively a mystical text, could also be understood as a work of philosophy and theology.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Ahrari |first=Mohd Jafar |title=The renaissance of Urdu literature and Shibli |type=PhD |publisher=School of Language Literature and Culture Studies, [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/16762 |language=ur |pages=163 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250919231544/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/16762 |archive-date=19 September 2025 |year=1999 |location=India |url-status=live |hdl=10603/16762}}</ref>

Shibli's choice to write on Rumi was considered unexpected, given his limited earlier interest in Sufism. His student, [[Sulaiman Nadvi]], suggested that this interest may have been shaped by the intellectual environment of Hyderabad, where debates on Sufism and [[Wahdat al-wujūd]] were prominent.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Akhtar |first=Md Jamil |title=Maulana Shibli Noamani As A Biographer And Historian |type=PhD |publisher=University Department of Urdu, [[Lalit Narayan Mithila University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/496281 |language=ur |page=266 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250921220545/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/496281 |archive-date=21 September 2025 |year=1988 |location=India |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1904, Shibli began drafting a preface on the ''Masnavi-e-Ma'navi'' and, in correspondence with [[Hamiduddin Farahi]] dated 18 February, requested notes on Rumi's principles.<ref name=":Khan">{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Muhammad Zafar |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/shibli-naqqadon-ki-nazar-mein-ebooks |title=Shibli Naqqadon Ki Nazar Mein |publisher=Ilyas Traders Nashiran-e-Kutub |year=1976 |editor-last=Siddiqi |editor-first=Naaz |location=Hyderabad |pages=128 |language=ur |chapter=Maulana Shibli ke Aaina-e-Tahqiq o Tanqeed mein |oclc=557436232}}</ref> In another letter to Nawab Sayyid Ali Hasan Khan, he mentioned preparing both a review of the ''Masnavi'' and a biography of Rumi.<ref name=":Khan" /> ''Sawanih Maulana Rum'' was completed in 1904 and prepared for printing under the supervision of Munshi Rahmatullah Ra'd. The first edition, comprising about 200 pages, was published in August 1906 at Nami Press in [[Kanpur]], printed on four types of paper.<ref name=":Khan" /><ref name=":Mahmud">{{Cite thesis |last=Mahmud |first=Minhaj Uddin |title=Contribution of Allama Shibli Nu'mani to Urdu Literature |type=PhD |publisher=[[University of Dhaka]] |url=http://repository.library.du.ac.bd:8080/bitstream/handle/123456789/886/Minhaj%20Uddin.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |language=bn |page=60 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531151106/http://repository.library.du.ac.bd:8080/bitstream/handle/123456789/886/Minhaj%20Uddin.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-date=31 May 2023 |year=2016 |location=Bangladesh |url-status=dead}}</ref> The book was translated into Bengali as ''Rūmīr Jīban o Darśan'' ({{lang|bn|রুমির জীবন ও দর্শন}}) in 2024 by Kamrul Hasan Nakeeb.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rūmīr Jīban o Darśan |url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/381658/রুমির-জীবন-ও-দর্শন |access-date=29 September 2025 |website=Rokomari.com}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
Shibli divided the book into two parts.<ref name=":Khanum">{{Cite journal |last=Khanum |first=Almas |date=2016 |title=Maulana Shibli Nomani ki Muhqiqana Kawishen |url=https://tahqeeqnama.gcu.edu.pk/website/journal/article/5d9f27733d6e0/page |journal=Tahqeeq Nama |language=ur |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=290}}</ref> The first part provides a detailed biography of Rumi, covering his name and lineage, birth, education, spiritual affiliations, contemporaries, character traits, and personal habits. It also discusses the scholars and elders who influenced him, his modes of worship, and his spiritual lineage. Rumi's father, Sheikh Baha al-Din, is presented as a [[ulama]] with connections to rulers and a history of migrations.<ref name=":Fatima">{{Cite book |last=Fatima |first=Noor |url=https://egyankosh.ac.in//handle/123456789/103717 |title=Special Study of Allama Shibli Nomani |publisher=[[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] |year=2024 |isbn=978-93-6106-988-8 |editor-last=Moazzamuddin |editor-first=Mohd. |volume= |location=India |pages=238 |language=ur |archive-url= |archive-date= |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://egyankosh.ac.in//handle/123456789/79256 |title=Urdu Non-fiction |publisher=[[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] |year=2021 |editor-last=Hafiz |editor-first=Abdul |volume=1 |location=India |pages=276 |language=ur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223162829/https://www.egyankosh.ac.in/handle/123456789/79256 |archive-date=23 February 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> The political context of Rumi's era is outlined, including references to rulers of Rum. Before encountering [[Shams Tabrizi]], Rumi led a conventional scholarly life, strictly observing [[Sharia]] law; after this meeting, he adopted asceticism and Sufism.<ref name=":Fatima" /> Shibli recounts their interactions through narratives and oral traditions, illustrating the influence Shams had on Rumi's spiritual and personal development.<ref name=":Fatima" />

The second part of the book examines Rumi's literary works, including his collection of discourses (''[[Fihi Ma Fihi]]''), the ''[[Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi|Diwan of ghazals]]'', and the ''Masnavi-i-Ma'navi''.{{Sfn|Haq|2021|p=116}} ''Fihi Ma Fihi'' was published in Amritsar in 1909, while the ''Diwan'' contains approximately fifty thousand ghazal verses. Shibli compares Rumi's ghazals with those of other poets such as [[Saadi Shirazi]] and [[Fakhr al-Din Iraqi]], noting features such as emotional expression, thematic continuity, and focus on spiritual subjects.{{Sfn|Fatima|2024|p=240}} The ''Masnavi'', written at the request of Rumi's disciple Husam al-Din Chalabi, is included among widely studied Persian works alongside texts such as the ''[[Shahnameh]]'', [[Gulistan (book)|''Gulistan'']], and the [[The Divān of Hafez|''Divān of Hafez'']].{{Sfn|Fatima|2024|p=240}}

Shibli emphasizes the ''Masnavi''<nowiki/>'s approach to complex intellectual and ethical questions, which distinguishes it from other Sufi ''masnavis''. Rumi presents theological issues allegorically and moral subjects narratively, differentiating his work from other poets such as [[Sanai]] and [[Attar of Nishapur|Attar]].{{Sfn|Fatima|2024|p=241}} Shibli examines Rumi's reasoning on topics including the Divine Essence, [[Attributes of God in Islam|Divine Attributes]], [[Prophet]]hood, [[Miracles of Muhammad|miracles]], the [[soul]], resurrection, [[Predestination in Islam|predestination]] and [[free will]], Sufism, [[monotheism]], and the relationship between [[philosophy]] and [[science]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nadia |last2=Liaquat |first2=Samreena |last3=Naeem |first3=Sharmeen |date=2022 |title=Religious Thoughts and Services of Allama Shibli Nomani |url=http://www.al-azhaar.org/index.php/alazhar/article/view/316 |journal=Al-Azhār |language=ur |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=29 |doi=10.46896/alazhr.v8i01.316 |doi-broken-date=11 July 2025 |issn=2519-6707}}</ref>{{Sfn|Fatima|2024|p=241}} He observes that Rumi's reasoning does not rely on analogy ([[qiyas]]) but on allegory (tamsil), making his explanations accessible to a broader audience.{{Sfn|Khan|1976|p=144}}

According to Shibli, Rumi's poetic expression was latent before his encounter with Shams, and the separation from Shams stimulated his creative output, resulting in the ghazals found in his ''Diwan''.{{Sfn|Khan|1976|p=134–135}} The ''Masnavi'' differs from traditional ethical and Sufi texts in that it lacks rigid classification, and its division into volumes resembles Quranic [[Juz'|parahs]] or multiple poetic collections.{{Sfn|Khan|1976|p=142}} This structure influenced the work's distinct character. The text also includes various traditions (riwayat) and anecdotes, some historically uncertain but integrated into its teachings.{{Sfn|Khan|1976|p=144}} The sixth and seventh volumes were composed by Rumi and completed after a period of illness.{{Sfn|Haq|2021|p=117}}

The ''Masnavi''<nowiki/>'s primary feature, according to Shibli, is its use of allegory to present ethical lessons and spiritual principles in an accessible manner.{{Sfn|Khan|1976|p=144}} Within its narratives, solutions to ethical and spiritual dilemmas are embedded, allowing readers to follow the reasoning intuitively.{{Sfn|Khan|1976|p=146}} Shibli notes that the effectiveness of this approach depends on three factors: the originality and significance of the conclusion, its relevance to the [[anecdote]], and the presentation of differing viewpoints in ethical discussions.{{Sfn|Khan|1976|p=146}}

== Approach ==
Shibli did not aim to produce a conventional or permanent biography of Rumi; rather, he sought to present Rumi as a theologian and evaluate his contributions to [[Kalam]] (Islamic theology), with historical narrative as a secondary focus.{{Sfn|Haq|2021|p=114}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Siddiqi |first=Zafar Ahmad |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/shibli-hindustani-adab-ke-memar-zafar-ahmad-siddiqi-ebooks-1 |title=Shibli: Hindustani Adab Ke Memar |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=1988 |location=India |pages=54 |language=ur |oclc=18816366}}</ref> Drawing on sources such as ''Sir Salari'', ''Fasl-e-Mawāl'', and ''Munaqib al-'Arifīn'', which he openly acknowledged,{{Sfn|Fatima|2024|p=236}} Shibli analyzed Rumi's poetry according to the principles of Ilm al-Badī' (rhetoric) and Ilm al-Bayān (eloquence),{{Sfn|Haq|2021|p=116}} including Urdu translations of couplets to make the ''Masnavi'' accessible to a wider audience.{{Sfn|Khan|1976|p=147}} The biography is divided into two parts, the second reflecting Shibli's creative [[Ijtihad]] (independent reasoning),{{Sfn|Haq|2021|p=116}} emphasizing scholarly rigor by acknowledging Rumi's personality traits, noting shortcomings, and presenting research-based observations while portraying him as human rather than celestial.{{Sfn|Haq|2021|p=117}} Structurally, the work lacks systematic order or strict chronology, compiling events from multiple accounts, selectively summarizing or omitting certain periods, and occasionally relying on conjecture.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Jahan |first=Nayyar |title=Shibli Bahaisiyat Sawaneh Nigar Ek Tankeedi Mutalea |type=PhD |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/387883 |language=ur |page=214–215 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250923182907/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/387883 |archive-date=23 September 2025 |year=1994 |location=India |hdl=10603/387883 |url-status=live}}</ref> Shibli's methodology blends traditional biography with a modern analytical approach, emphasizing accomplishments over mere facts and integrating theological commentary alongside the narrative.{{Sfn|Jahan|1994|p=207–208}}<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Nasir |first=Md |title=Allama Shibli Nomani Ki Nasri Khidmat |type=PhD |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/648649 |language=ur |page=164 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250923000459/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/648649 |archive-date=23 September 2025 |year=1986 |location=India |hdl=10603/648649 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reviews ==
Noor Fatima of [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]] considers ''Sawanih Maulana Rum'' significant for examining Rumi's intellectual outlook and his ''Masnavi-e-Ma'navi'' within the framework of scholastic theology. She notes that the book was written when Urdu biography was still developing, which explains why it does not meet later technical standards, though its scope and originality gave it a place of importance.{{Sfn|Fatima|2024|p=241}} Minhaj Uddin Mahmud of the [[University of Dhaka]] describes it as a valuable work shaped by philosophical inquiry.<ref name=":Mahmud" /> [[Altaf Hussain Hali]] also praised the book.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Yeaqub |first=Md |title=Writings of Allama Shibli Nomani in Arabic : Edition and annotation |degree=PhD |publisher=[[Aligarh Muslim University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/666571 |language=ar |year=2019 |location=India |hdl=10603/666571 |p=152}}</ref> At the same time, some scholars emphasize its limitations. Almas Khanum of [[Government College University, Lahore]], observes that Shibli included accounts without verification and that the biographical portion is weak.<ref name=":Khanum" /> Syed Abdullah attributes this to the lack of reliable historical material on Rumi,<ref name=":Khanum" /> while Naghma Parveen of [[Aligarh Muslim University]] similarly points out that limited access to sources constrained the coverage of Rumi's life.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Parveen |first=Naghma |title=Seerat Nigari mein Darul Hosannafeen Azamgarh ki Kidmat Ek Tehqiqi Jaiyza |degree=PhD |publisher=Department of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/127224 |language=ur |pages=173 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508184632/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/127224 |archive-date=8 May 2019 |year=2016 |location=India |url-status=live}}</ref>

Other assessments underline the book's continued relevance. Shaista Khatoon of [[Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University]] states that, despite later studies on Rumi, the work has maintained its importance, citing Sheikh Ikram's remark that it is the most widely read Urdu book on the subject.{{Sfn|Khatoon|2013|p=57}} Md. Jamil Akhtar of [[Lalit Narayan Mithila University]] notes the absence of precise references or a bibliography but regards it as a significant effort in commentary and analysis, even though Shibli often interpreted Rumi's views through his own frameworks.{{Sfn|Akhtar|1988|p=265}} Sirajul Haq of [[Delhi University]] highlights the book's role in the study of Kalam and its distinctive position in Urdu scholarship.{{Sfn|Haq|2021|p=117}} Nayyar Jahan of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] explains that Shibli relied on only two sources with limited detail but sought to address this through his analysis of Rumi's writings, particularly the ''Masnavi''.{{Sfn|Jahan|1994|p=117}} Talat Zafar of Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University adds that Shibli's systematic organization of Rumi's works gave the book a degree of scholarly structure and ensured its recognition in Urdu literary studies.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Zafar |first=Talat |title=Shibli nomani bahaisiyat Sawaneh Nagar |type=PhD |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/201138 |language=ur |page=345 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221091359/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/201138 |archive-date=21 December 2024 |year=2017 |location=India |hdl=10603/201138 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[:Category:Deobandi biographical literature|Deobandi biographical literature]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite thesis |last=Gasman |first=Fejri |title=Shibli Numanis contribution to revitalization of Ilm al-kalam |degree=MA |publisher=[[International Islamic University Malaysia]] |url=https://studentrepo.iium.edu.my/entities/publication/f81cc928-6269-46b9-b8ec-bc272952deb2 |language=en |page=50–90 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250921212035/https://studentrepo.iium.edu.my/entities/publication/f81cc928-6269-46b9-b8ec-bc272952deb2 |archive-date=21 September 2025 |url-status=live |year=2012 |location=Malaysia}}

== External links ==
* [[iarchive:SwanehMolanaRoomr.aByShaykhAllamaShibliNomanir.a|''Sawanih Maulana Rum'']] at [[Internet Archive]]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Deobandi biographical literature]]
[[Category:Books by Shibli Nomani]]
[[Category:Rumi]]
[[Category:1906 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Urdu-language books]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy books]]
[[Category:Islamic theology books]]

Tej Singh Judeo

2025-11-13T21:36:23Z

Chinmoyin: done...

{{Short description|Raja of Sarila (1788-1818)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{infobox royalty
| title = [[Raja]]
| succession = [[Raja]] of [[Sarila (state)|Sarila]]
| reign = 1788 – 1818
| predecessor = [[Aman Singh Bundela|Aman Singh]]
| successor = Anirudh Singh
| issue = Anirudh Singh
| house = {{flagicon image|Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Sarila.png}} [[Sarila (state)|Sarila]]
| dynasty = [[Bundela]]
}}
'''Tej Singh Ju Deo''' was [[Raja]] of [[Sarila (state)|Sarila]] from 1788 to 1818.
==Biography==
He succeeded [[Aman Singh Bundela|Aman Singh]] as the [[Raja]] of [[Sarila (state)|Sarila]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Cotton |first=James Sutherland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xndDAAAAYAAJ |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India |last2=Burn |first2=Sir Richard |last3=Meyer |first3=Sir William Stevenson |date=1908 |publisher=Clarendon Press |pages=108 |language=en}}</ref> He was dispossessed of all his possessions by [[Ali Bahadur I|Ali Bahadur]] of [[Banda, Uttar Pradesh|Banda]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fTK25ExhPzUC |title=A collection of treaties, engagements, and sunnuds relating to India and neighbouring countries, compiled by C.U. Aitchison, revised and continued by A.C. Talbot. [With] An index, compiled by M. Belletty. revised |date=1892 |pages=24–25 |language=en}}</ref> However, with the help of Raja Himmat Bahadur, he managed to retain a portion of his territories.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Manu Nandshankar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.181102/ |title=Hind Rajasthan |date=1896 |pages=291–292}}</ref> At the time of the British arrival in Bundelkhand, he possessed only a fortress and a village in [[Jalalpur]], which yielded an annual revenue of 9,000 rupees.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Department |first=India Foreign and Political |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=icwkAQAAIAAJ |title=Central Indian Agency |date=1909 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |pages=28–29 |language=en}}</ref> The [[British government of India|British government]] granted him a pension of 1,000 rupees per month until a suitable provision could be made for him.<ref name=":1" /> He had put forward before the British government a claim over eleven villages that yielded revenue of 23,600 rupees, which they confirmed upon him in 1807 through a sanad.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> The pension he was receiving for his maintenance was then stopped.<ref name=":1" /> He was succeeded by his son Anirudh Singh.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deo, Tej Singh Ju}}
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:People from Uttar Pradesh]]