Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Raju Yadav (2024 film)

2026-05-07T22:42:48Z

ChetSena61: starting a page from scratch - done

{{Short description|2024 Telugu film}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raju Yadav
| image = Raju Yadav (2024 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Krishnamachary
| producer = Vamsi Krishna Karumanchi Kedar Selagamsetty
| writer = Krishnamachary
| starring = [[Getup Srinu]]
| music = [[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]] [[Ram Miriyala]] (1 song)
| cinematography = SaiRam Uday
| editing = Bonthala Nageswara Reddy
| studio = Charisma Dreams Entertainment Sai Varunavi Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2024|05|24}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| runtime = 121 minutes
}}

'''''Raju Yadav''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Romantic film|romantic]] [[comedy film]] directed by Uday Shetty and starring [[Getup Srinu]], Ananda Chakrapani, Rocket Raghava, Mirchi Hemanth, Jabardasth Sunny, Santosh Kalwacherla, Sriram, Kalyan Bhushan, Sree Mani, Pawon Ramesh, and Uthara Prashanth.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Apr/17/the-makers-of-raju-yadav-set-a-release-date |title=The makers of Raju Yadav set a release date |date=17 April 2024 |website=cinemaexpress}}</ref> The movie trailer was released on 5 May 2024 and Teja Sajja launched the trailer of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/raju-yadav-trailer-the-getup-sreenu-starrer-impresses-with-its-unique-storyline/80ff8ee2d786 |title=Raju Yadav Trailer - Getup Srinu-starrer impresses with its unique storyline |first=Avad |last=Mohammad |date=5 May 2024 |website=ottplay.com}}</ref> The movie was supposed to be released on 17 May 2024, but was postponed to 24 May 2024, as theatres were closed in Telanagana.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} It is the debut movie of Getup Srinu as a lead actor.

== Plot ==
{{No plot|section|date=June 2024}}

== Cast ==
* [[Getup Srinu]]
* Sriram
* Jabardasth Sunny
* Chakrapani Ananda
* R.J. Hemant
* Santosh Kalwacherla
* Bhushan Kalyan
* Ankitha Kharath
* Uthara Prashanth
* Rocket Raghava
* Pawon Ramesh
* Sreemani

== Music ==
In the album 5 songs were composed by [[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]] and 1 song by [[Ram Miriyala]]. The soundtrack was produced under the label Aditya Music.
{{Infobox album
| name = Raju Yadav
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]] [[Ram Miriyala]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2024
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Track List<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gaana.com/album/raju-yadav |title=Raju Yadav Songs |website=gaana.com}}</ref>
| all_music =
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = Raju Yadav Chudu<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/raju-yadav-chudu-from-raju-yadav-single/1717122789 |title=Raju Yadav Chudu (From "Raju Yadav") - Single |website=applemusic.com}}</ref>
| lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
| extra1 = [[Ram Miriyala]]
| music1 = [[Ram Miriyala]]
| length1 = 04:02
| title2 = This Is My Daridram
| lyrics2 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| extra2 = [[Rahul Sipligunj]], Mangli
| music2 = [[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]]
| length2 = 03:46
| title3 = Lede Lede Premasale
| lyrics3 = [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
| extra3 = [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
| music3 = [[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]]
| length3 = 05:08
| title4 = Feel My Smile
| lyrics4 =[[Kasarla Shyam]]
| extra4 = Yasaswi Kondepudi
| music4 = [[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]]
| length4 = 03:33
| title5 = Hey Raju
| lyrics5 = Purna Chary
| extra5 = [[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]]
| music5 = [[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]]
| length5 = 01:35
| title6 = Jananamaina
| lyrics6 = [[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]]
| extra6 = [[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]]
| music6 = [[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]]
| length6 = 01:36
}}

== Release and reception ==
''The Times of India'' gave the movie 2.5/5 rating and commended the acting of getup srinu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/raju-yadav/movie-review/110399567.cms |title=Raju Yadav Movie Review : Getup Srinu shines in a mixed bag of comedy and drama |last=Nicodemus |first=Paul |date=24 May 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> NTV said the movie is a dysfunctional comedy movie.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ntvenglish.com/movie-news/raju-yadav-movie-review-dysfunctional-comedy.html |title=Raju Yadav Movie Review: Dysfunctional Comedy |date=24 May 2024 |website=ntv}}</ref> Indian Express gave the movie 1.5/5 rating.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/May/25/raju-yadav-movie-review-a-lacklustre-pointless-film-steeped-in-misogyny |title='Raju Yadav' movie review: A lacklustre, pointless film steeped in misogyny |last=BH |first=Harsh |date=25 May 2024 |website=theindianexpress}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|26234798}}

[[Category:2024 comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Harshavardhan Rameshwar]]

Bharatiya Janata Party – Bihar

2026-05-07T16:16:03Z

ChetSena61: creating some article and citations

{{short description|Bihar affiliate of The Bharatiya Janata Party}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
| colorcode = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| logo = [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|150px]]
| president = [[Sanjay Saraogi]]
| general_secretary = Bhikhubhai Dalsaniya {{small|(Organisation)}}
| leader = [[Samrat Choudhary]] ([[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]])
| headquarters = 8, Veerchand Patel Path, [[Patna]], [[Bihar]]
| colours = {{colour box|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Saffron (color)|Saffron]]
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|12|40|hex=#FF9933}}
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|7|16|hex=#FF9933}}
| state2_seats_name = [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| state2_seats = {{Composition bar|89|243|hex=#FF9933}}
| state_seats_name = [[Bihar Legislative Council]]
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|24|75|hex=#FF9933}}
| founder = {{ubl
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| [[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]]<ref name=":3001">{{Cite news|date=23 May 2019|title=What you need to know about India's BJP|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513075856/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|archive-date=13 May 2020}}</ref>
}} {{cslist
| title = Other founders<ref name="founders" />
| [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Praveen |date=7 January 2024 |title=Murli Manohar Joshi turns 90: Well-wishers flock to Raisina Road to celebrate life of BJP stalwart |url=https://theprint.in/in-pictures/murli-manohar-joshi-turns-90-well-wishers-flock-to-raisina-road-to-celebrate-life-of-bjp-stalwart/1913267/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[Nanaji Deshmukh]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Ratna for Pranab, Nanaji Deshmukh and Bhupen Hazarika |url=http://www.bihartimes.in/newsbihar/2019/jan/newsbihar25jan12.html |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=Bihar Times}}</ref>
| [[K. R. Malkani]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sir |first=Sp |date=29 April 2021 |title=K R Malkani - The Sindhu World Sindhi Author: The Sindh Story: Sindhi Politician: Political Mysteries |url=https://thesindhuworld.com/k-r-malkani/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=The Sindhu World |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[Sikandar Bakht]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2024 |script-title=hi:कौन थे बीजेपी के इकलौते मुस्लिम फाउंडर सिकंदर बख्त? जानिए कैसे थामा पार्टी का साथ |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/bjp-foundation-day-who-was-bjp-muslim-founder-sikandar-bakht-political-career-profile-in-hindi-2658177 |access-date=18 January 2025 |website= |language=hi}}</ref>
| [[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]
| [[Vijaya Raje Scindia]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Devaki |work=The Citizen (India) |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/7/20759/The-Maharani-who-Founded-the-BJP |title=The Maharani who founded the BJP |date=14 August 2021 }}</ref>
| [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2023 |title=Rajput votes at stake in Rajasthan, Bhairon Singh Shekhawat legacy a new front in BJP, Cong battle |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rajput-rajasthan-bhairon-singh-shekhawat-bjp-congress-8623357/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Shanta Kumar]]
| [[Ram Jethmalani]]
| [[Jagannathrao Joshi]]
}}
| symbol = [[Nelumbo nucifera|Lotus]] [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|130px]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=y|p=y|1980|4|6|br=y}}
| flag = BJP Flag.svg
|eci=|name=}}'''Bharatiya Janata Party – Bihar''' ('''BJP Bihar''') is a [[State units of the Bharatiya Janata Party|state unit]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in [[Bihar]]. [[Sanjay Saraogi]] the current president of the BJP Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 September 2019|title=BJP appoints Sanjay Jaiswal as Bihar chief, Satish Punia to look after Rajasthan|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-appoints-sanjay-jaiswal-as-bihar-chief-satish-punia-to-look-after-rajasthan/story-TVjxShqHMEM2zK2t02VBgM.html|access-date=21 January 2022|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-samrat-chaudhary-become-new-bihar-bjp-president-sanjay-jaisawal-out-big-change-before-2024-election-7934274.html|title=सम्राट चौधरी बने बिहार के नए बीजेपी अध्यक्ष, संजय जायसवाल की छुट्टी, 2024 चुनाव से पहले बड़ा दांव|website=live hindustan|access-date=23 March 2023}}</ref> [[Ramdeo Mahto]] was founding leader of BJP in Bihar.

== Electoral history ==

=== Lok Sabha election ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Year
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Seats won
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |+/-
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Outcome
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|{{Composition bar|0|54|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{Steady|steady}}
| {{no|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|{{Composition bar|0|54|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{Steady|steady}}
| {{no|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|{{Composition bar|8|54|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}8
|{{partial|Outside support to [[Janata Dal|JD]]}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|{{Composition bar|5|54|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}}3
| {{no|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|{{Composition bar|18|54|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}13
|{{partial|Government, later Opposition}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|{{Composition bar|19|54|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}1
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|{{Composition bar|23|54|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}4
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|{{Composition bar|5|40|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}}18
| {{no|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|{{Composition bar|12|40|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}7
| {{no|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|{{Composition bar|22|40|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}10
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|{{Composition bar|17|40|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}}5
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|{{Composition bar|12|40|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}}5
|{{yes2|Government}}
|}

=== Legislative Assembly election ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Year
! colspan="2" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Seats
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |+/-
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Voteshare (%)
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |+/- (%)
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Outcome
|-
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Won
!style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white"|Contested
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Composition bar|21|324|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|246
|{{increase}}21
|8.41%
|{{increase}}8.41%
| {{no|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Composition bar|16|324|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|234
|{{decrease}}5
|7.54%
|{{Decrease}}0.87%
| {{no|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|{{Composition bar|39|324|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|237
|{{increase}}23
|11.61%
|{{Increase}}4.07%
|{{partial|Outside support to [[Janata Dal|JD]]}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|{{Composition bar|41|324|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|315
|{{increase}}2
|12.96%
|{{Increase}}1.35%
| {{no|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|{{Composition bar|67|324|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|168
|{{increase}}26
|14.64%
|{{Increase}}1.68%
| {{no|Opposition}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|{{Composition bar|37|243|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|103
|{{decrease}}30
|10.97%
|{{decrease}}3.67%
|{{Steady|steady}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|{{Composition bar|55|243|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|102
|{{increase}}18
|15.65%
|{{Increase}}4.68%
|{{yes2|[[Second Nitish Kumar ministry|Government]]}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|{{Composition bar|91|243|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|102
|{{increase}}36
|16.49%
|{{Increase}}0.84%
|{{partial|[[Third Nitish Kumar ministry|Government]], later Opposition}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|{{Composition bar|53|243|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|157
|{{decrease}}38
|24.42%
|{{Increase}}7.93%
|{{partial|Opposition, later [[Sixth Nitish Kumar ministry|Government]]}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|{{Composition bar|74|243|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|110
|{{increase}}21
|19.46%
|{{Decrease}}4.96%
|{{yes2|[[Ninth Nitish Kumar ministry|Government]]}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|{{Composition bar|89|243|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|101
|{{increase}}15
|20.08%
|{{increase}}0.62%
|{{yes2|[[Tenth Nitish Kumar ministry|Government]]}}
|}

== Leadership ==
===Chief Minister===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |#
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |[[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Term of office
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Assembly
|-
|1
|[[File:Deputy CM Samrat Chaudhary congratulating Nitish Kumar on his birthday (cropped).jpg|102x102px]]
|[[Samrat Choudhary]]
|[[Tarapur Assembly constituency |Tarapur]]
|15 April 2026
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|2026|04|15}}
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|18th]]
|}

===Deputy Chief Minister ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |#
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Constituency
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Term of office
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Assembly
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |[[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |1
| rowspan="3" |[[File:The Leader of Opposition, Bihar, Shri Sushil Kumar Modi in New Delhi on January 08 (cropped).jpg|127x127px]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Sushil Kumar Modi]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Bihar Legislative Council|MLC]]
|24 November 2005
|26 November 2010
| rowspan="3" |{{Age in years and days|24 November 2005|5 October 2016}}
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|14th]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Nitish Kumar]]
|-
|26 November 2010
|16 June 2013
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|15th]]
|-
|27 July 2017
|16 November 2020
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|16th]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2
|[[File:Tarkishore Prasad.jpeg|75x75px]]
|[[Tarkishore Prasad]]
|[[Katihar Assembly constituency|Katihar]]
| rowspan="2" |16 November 2020
| rowspan="2" |9 August 2022
| rowspan="2" |{{Age in years and days|16 November 2020|9 August 2022}}
| rowspan="4" |[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|17th]]
|-
|[[File:Renu Devi Deputy CM.jpg|94x94px]]
|[[Renu Devi]]
|[[Bettiah Assembly constituency|Bettiah]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |3
|[[File:Deputy CM Samrat Chaudhary congratulating Nitish Kumar on his birthday (cropped).jpg|102x102px]]
|[[Samrat Choudhary]]
|[[Tarapur Assembly constituency |Tarapur]]
| rowspan="2" |28 January 2024
| rowspan="2" |15 April 2026
| rowspan="2" |{{Age in years and days|28 January 2024|15 April 2026}}
|-
|[[File:Shri Vijay Kumar Sinha.jpg|94x94px]]
|[[Vijay Kumar Sinha]]
|[[Lakhisarai Assembly constituency|Lakhisarai]]
|}

=== Leader of the Opposition Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |#
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Constituency
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Term of office
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Assembly
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |[[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
|-
|1
|[[File:Yashwant Sinha IMF.jpg|108x108px]]
|[[Yashwant Sinha]]
|[[Ranchi Assembly constituency|Ranchi]]
|17 April 1995
|24 January 1996
|{{Age in years and days|17 April 1995|24 January 1996}}
| rowspan="2" |[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|11th]]
|[[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2
| rowspan="2" |[[File:The Leader of Opposition, Bihar, Shri Sushil Kumar Modi in New Delhi on January 08 (cropped).jpg|127x127px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sushil Kumar Modi]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Patna Central Assembly constituency|Patna Central]]
|19 March 1996
|1 March 2000
| rowspan="2" |{{Age in years and days|19 March 1996|28 March 2004}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Rabri Devi]]
|-
|15 March 2000
|28 March 2004
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|12th]]
|-
|3
|[[File:Nand kishore yadav.JPG|113x113px]]
|[[Nand Kishore Yadav]]
|[[Patna Sahib Assembly constituency|Patna Sahib]]
|19 June 2013
|4 December 2015
|{{Age in years and days|19 June 2013|4 December 2015}}
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|15th]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Nitish Kumar]]
|-
|4
|[[File:PREM Kumar (cropped).jpg|118x118px]]
|[[Prem Kumar (politician)|Prem Kumar]]
|[[Gaya Town Assembly constituency|Gaya Town]]
|4 December 2015
|28 July 2017
|{{Age in years and days|4 December 2015|28 July 2017}}
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|16th]]
|-
|5
|[[File:Shri Vijay Kumar Sinha.jpg|94x94px]]
|[[Vijay Kumar Sinha|Vijay Sinha]]
|[[Lakhisarai Assembly constituency|Lakhisarai]]
|24 August 2022
|28 January 2024
|{{Age in years and days|24 August 2022|28 January 2024}}
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|17th]]
|}
=== Leader of the Opposition Legislative Council ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |#
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Constituency
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Term of office
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |[[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
|-
|1
|[[File:Ganga Prasad in July 2018 (portrait).JPG|100x100px]]
|[[Ganga Prasad Chaurasia]]
|elected by MLA's
|20 November 2000
|5 March 2005
|{{Age in years and days|20 November 2000|5 March 2005}}
|[[Rabri Devi]]
|-
|2
|[[File:The Leader of Opposition, Bihar, Shri Sushil Kumar Modi in New Delhi on January 08 (cropped).jpg|127x127px]]
|[[Sushil Kumar Modi]]
|elected by MLA's
|19 June 2013
|27 July 2017
|{{Age in years and days|19 June 2013|27 July 2017}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Nitish Kumar]]
|-
|3
|[[File:Deputy CM Samrat Chaudhary congratulating Nitish Kumar on his birthday (cropped).jpg|102x102px]]
|[[Samrat Choudhary]]
|elected by MLA's
|24 August 2022
|20 August 2023
|{{Age in years and days|24 August 2022|20 August 2023}}
|-
|4
|[[File:Hari sahni.jpg|75x75px]]
|[[Hari Sahni]]
|elected by MLA's
|20 August 2023
|28 January 2024
|{{Age in years and days|20 August 2023|28 January 2024}}
|}
=== President ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |#
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name<ref>{{Cite web |title=सीढ़ी दर सीढ़ी सफलता के शिखर चढ़े डॉ. संजय जायसवाल |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-bihar-new-bjp-state-president-sanjay-jaiswal-went-up-ladder-of-success-2747140.html |access-date= |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref>
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Term of office
|-
|1
|[[File:Kailashpati Mishra 2016 stamp of India.jpg|101x101px]]
|[[Kailashpati Mishra]]
|1980
|1982
|2 years
|-
|2
|
|[[Jagadambi Prasad Yadav]]
|1982
|1984
|2 years
|-
|(1)
|[[File:Kailashpati Mishra 2016 stamp of India.jpg|101x101px]]
|[[Kailashpati Mishra]]
|1984
|1988
|4 years
|-
|3
|[[File:Inder Singh Namdhari.jpg|75x75px]]
|[[Inder Singh Namdhari]]
|1988
|1990
|2 years
|-
|4
|
|[[Tarakant Jha]]
|1990
|1993
|3 years
|-
|5
|
|[[Ashwani Kumar (Bihar politician)|Ashwani Kumar]]
|1994
|1996
|2 years
|-
|6
|[[File:Yashwant Sinha IMF.jpg|108x108px]]
|[[Yashwant Sinha]]
|1997
|1998
|1 year
|-
|7
|[[File:Nand kishore yadav.JPG|113x113px]]
|[[Nand Kishore Yadav]]
|1998
|2003
|5 years
|-
|8<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2003 |title=Gopal Narain Singh new Bihar BJP President |url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/sex-and-relationships/sofia-vergara-too-busy-to-plan-wedding_126391.html/amp |access-date= |website=zeenews.india.com}}</ref>
|
|[[Gopal Narayan Singh]]
|16 October 2003
|31 May 2005
|{{Age in years and days|16 October 2003|31 May 2005}}
|-
|9<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=31 May 2005 |title=Sushil Modi is new chief of Bihar BJP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sushil-modi-is-new-chief-of-bihar-bjp/articleshow/1127282.cms |access-date= |website=The Times of India |language=}}</ref>
|[[File:The Leader of Opposition, Bihar, Shri Sushil Kumar Modi in New Delhi on January 08 (cropped).jpg|127x127px]]
|[[Sushil Kumar Modi]]
|31 May 2005
|15 October 2006
|{{Age in years and days|31 May 2005|15 October 2006}}
|-
|10<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 October 2006 |title=Radha Mohan Singh re-elected BJP's Bihar unit president |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/10/15/radha-mohan-singh-re-elected-bjps-bihar-unit-president-1160921933.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com |work=Oneindia}}</ref>
|[[File:Radha Mohan Singh (cropped).jpg|99x99px]]
|[[Radha Mohan Singh]]
|15 October 2006
|24 April 2010
|{{Age in years and days|15 October 2006|24 April 2010}}
|-
|11<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2010 |title=C P Thakur new Bihar BJP president |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/c-p-thakur-new-bihar-bjp-president/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=}}</ref>
|[[File:C. P. Thakur PIB 2004 (cropped).jpg|94x94px]]
|[[C. P. Thakur]]
|24 April 2010
|18 January 2013
|{{Age in years and days|24 April 2010|18 January 2013}}
|-
|12<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=18 January 2013 |title=Mangal Pandey set to be new state BJP chief |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/mangal-pandey-set-to-be-new-state-bjp-chief/articleshow/18068628.cms |access-date= |website=The Times of India |language=}}</ref>
|[[File:NDA leaders meeting CM Nitish Kumar after victory of their candidates in bypolls (cropped).jpg|108x108px]]
|[[Mangal Pandey (politician)|Mangal Pandey]]
|18 January 2013
|30 November 2016
|{{Age in years and days|18 January 2013|30 November 2016}}
|-
|13<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2016 |title=Manoj Tiwari, Nityanand Rai appointed BJP's Delhi and Bihar unit presidents |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/583962/manoj-tiwari-nityanand-rai-appointed.html |access-date= |website=Deccan Herald |language=}}</ref>
|[[File:Nityanand Rai (cropped).jpg|98x98px]]
|[[Nityanand Rai]]
|30 November 2016
|14 September 2019
|{{Age in years and days|30 November 2016|14 September 2019}}
|-
|14<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=14 September 2019 |title=Three-time Lok Sabha member Sanjay Jaiswal appointed Bihar BJP president |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/three-time-lok-sabha-member-sanjay-jaiswal-appointed-bihar-bjp-president/articleshow/71125217.cms |access-date= |website=The Times of India |language=}}</ref>
|[[File:Sanjay Jaiswal Member of Parliament (cropped).jpg|115x115px]]
|[[Sanjay Jaiswal]]
|14 September 2019
|24 March 2023
|{{Age in years and days|14 September 2019|24 March 2023}}
|-
|15<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 March 2023 |title=Samrat Choudhary is new chief of Bihar BJP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/samrat-choudhary-is-new-chief-of-bihar-bjp/articleshow/98954520.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>
|[[File:Deputy CM Samrat Chaudhary congratulating Nitish Kumar on his birthday (cropped).jpg|102x102px]]
|[[Samrat Choudhary]]
|24 March 2023
|26 July 2024
|{{Age in years and days|24 March 2023|26 July 2024}}
|-
|16<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 July 2024 |title=Dilip Jaiswal is new state BJP president |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/dilip-jaiswal-appointed-as-new-state-bjp-president-in-bihar/articleshow/112054415.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>
|[[File:NDA's Dilip Jaiswal meeting with Nitish Kumar after victory of their candidates in bypolls (cropped).jpg|137x137px]]
|[[Dilip Kumar Jaiswal]]
|26 July 2024
|15 December 2025
|{{Age in years and days|26 July 2024|}}
|-
|17<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/bihar/news-sanjay-saraogi-six-term-mla-from-darbhanga-appointed-new-bihar-bjp-president-2025-12-15-1021810|title=Sanjay Saraogi, six-term MLA from Darbhanga, appointed new Bihar BJP president|work=India TV|accessdate=15 December 2025}}</ref>
|[[File:Shri Sanjay Saraogi, Darbhanga MLA.jpg|93x93px]]
|[[Sanjay Saraogi]]
|15 December 2025
|''present''
|{{Age in years and days|15 December 2025|}}
|}

==See also==
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
* [[National Democratic Alliance]]
* [[Janata Dal (United)]]
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Gujarat]]
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[State units of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharatiya Janata Party - Bihar}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party by state or union territory|Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Bihar]]

T. Ramachandran (INC politician)

2026-05-05T04:03:28Z

ChetSena61: put up article.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = T. Ramachandran
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 12 May 2021
| term_end = 5 May 2026
| constituency = [[Arantangi Assembly constituency|Aranthangi]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| predecessor = [[M. Rajanayagam]]
| successor = E. Rathinasabhapathy
}}

'''T. Ramachandran''' is an Indian politician who is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Arantangi Assembly constituency|Aranthangi]] as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211222055557/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC183.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC183.pdf|access-date= 29 Apr 2022 |archive-date=22 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ARANTANGI Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a183|access-date= 29 Apr 2022}}</ref>

== Elections contested ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Constituency
! Party
! Result
! Vote %
! Runner-up
! Runner-up Party
! Runner-up vote %
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Arantangi Assembly constituency|Aranthangi]]|| [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || Won ||48.85% || [[M. Rajanayagam]]|| [[ADMK]] || 30.41%
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Arantangi Assembly constituency|Aranthangi]]|| [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || Lost ||43.73% || E. Rathinasabhapathy|| [[ADMK]] || 45.22%
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramachandran, T}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]

{{TamilNadu-INC-politician-stub}}

Nawab of Junagarh

2026-04-29T07:29:40Z

ChetSena61: starting new data - done

{{Short description|Rulers of Junagarh State in the British Raj}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
[[File:Nawab_junagadh1885.jpg|thumb|right|Nawab Bhadur Khan III in 1885, with officials]]
'''Nawab of Junagarh''' or '''Junagadh''' refers to the now defunct ex-lineage of rulers of the princely [[Junagarh State]] in [[British Raj]], nowadays [[Junagadh]] district in the state of [[Gujarat]] in [[India]].{{cn|date=June 2020}}

==List of Nawabs of Junagarh==
[[File:Tomb of Mahabat Khan.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Mahabat Khan]]
Given below is the list of Nawabs who ruled in the princely [[Junagarh State]] before the [[Partition of India]]. After the independence of [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] in 1947, the title of Nawab of Junagarh has no official status. It still carries respect in [[Pakistan]] and is used as a courtesy title.<ref>[https://www.dawn.com/news/1062269 Reviving the Junagarh issue: BACKGROUNDER] Retrieved Daily Dawn, 9 Nov 2001</ref><ref>[http://www.groundreport.com/Politics/The-Story-of-the-Accession-of-the-Princely-State-o/2933573 The Story of the Accession of the Princely State of Junagarh] Retrieved The Ground Report India, 30 January 2011</ref><ref>rulers.org/indstat1.html</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! colspan="6" style="background: LightSteelBlue;"|Lineage
|-
!
! Nawab
! Reign
! Life
|-
|1st
| Nawab Muhammad Bahadur Khanji or Muhammad Sher Khan Babi<ref>[http://www.memon-world.net/glimpses7.htm Last Days of Junagadh] Retrieved Memon World News</ref>|| 1730{{snd}}28 Sep 1758 ||died 1758
|-
|2nd
| Nawab Muhammad Mahabat Khanji l || 28 Sep 1758{{snd}}1760 || died 1774
|-
|
| Nawab Muzaffar Khanji || 1760{{ndash}}1762 ||
|-
|2nd
| Nawab Muhammad Mahabat Khanji || 1762{{snd}}2 Dec 1774 || died 1774
|-
|3rd
| Nawab Muhammad Hamid Khanji || 2 Dec 1774{{snd}}26 Feb 1811 || 1766{{ndash}}1811
|-
|4th
| Nawab Muhammad Bahadur Khanji II || 26 Feb 1811{{snd}}26 May 1840 || 1795{{ndash}}1840
|-
|5th
| Nawab Muhammad Hamid Khanji II || 26 May 1840{{snd}}1851 || 1828{{ndash}}1851
|-
|6th
| Nawab Sir Muhammad Mahabat Khanji II|| 1851{{snd}}29 Sep 1882 || 1838{{ndash}}1882
|-
|7th
| Nawab Sir Muhammad Bahadur Khanji III|| 29 Sep 1882{{snd}}21 Jan 1892 || 1856{{ndash}}1892
|-
|8th
|Nawab Sir Muhammad Rasul Khanji Babi || 23 Jan 1892{{snd}}22 Jan 1911 || 1858{{ndash}}1911
|-
|9th
| Mr. H.D Rendall ESQR, Administrator of Junagarh || 1911{{ndash}}1920 ||
|-
|10th
|[[Muhammad Mahabat Khan III|Nawab Muhammad Mahabat Khanji III]]<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030524/windows/main2.htm The Maharaja of Junagadh, Nawab Sir Mahabet Khanji III]</ref> || 22 Jan 1911{{snd}}25 Feb 1948 || 1900{{ndash}}1959 as the last 'de facto' Nawab.
|-
|}

==Last Nawab==
After the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, the decision of [[Muhammad Mahabat Khanji III|Nawab Muhammad Mahabat Khanji III]], who was the last ruling Nawab of Junagadh, to accede Junagadh to the [[Dominion of Pakistan]] was followed by the [[Indian Army]] taking military action. The Nawab, a Muslim, was in favor of declaring the state as part of newly created Muslim majority [[Pakistan]]. For this purpose he signed the documents for incorporation of the princely state in Pakistan, in response rulers of two states that were subject to the suzerainty of Junagadh—[[Mangrol State|Mangrol]] and [[Babariawad]]—reacted by declaring their independence from Junagadh and acceding to India. In response, the Nawab of Junagadh militarily occupied these vassal states. [[Sardar Patel]] saw this as an aggression upon State of India and called for military response. However, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] waited to first establish the validity of accession of principality of [[Babariawad]] to India. Once this was established with [[Lord Mountbatten]], on 22 September 1947, they sent a telegram to [[Dewan]] of [[Junagadh]] clarifying the legality of accession and to withdraw their troops from [[Babariawad]]. Further, Indian Army was ordered to go to Babariawad and get the territories in India's possession. The Nawab of [[Junagadh]] refused to vacate his troops from [[Babariawad]] and [[Mangrol, Kathiawar|Mangrol]]. In October 1947 Nawab of Junagarh fled with his family to [[Pakistan]]. The Indian Army finally entered and captured Babariawad in November 1947 and stood on alert along borders of Junagadh and Mangrol for further orders. leading to the [[Indian integration of Junagadh|integration of Junagadh]] into. After his exile, he settled down in [[Pakistan]] and the Junagarh family resides at the '''Junagarh House''' in [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]].<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/39596/ Junagadh House Karachi] Retrieved Indian Express, 21 January 2004</ref>

==See also==
* [[Pathans of Gujarat]]
*[[List of Sunni dynasties]]
*[[Babi dynasty]]
* [[Babai (Pashtun tribe)]]
* [[List of Pashtun empires and dynasties]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.junagadhstate.org Official Website of State of Junagadh]

{{Princely states of India}}

[[Category:Nawabs of India]]
[[Category:Junagadh district]]
[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Mughal Empire]]

Nuvve.. Nuvve...

2026-04-25T10:23:22Z

ChetSena61: starting the article first draft - done

{{Short description|2002 Indian film directed by Trivikram Srinivas}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Nuvve.. Nuvve....jpg
| director = [[Trivikram Srinivas]]
| writer = Trivikram Srinivas
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = [[Sravanthi Ravi Kishore]]
| starring = [[Tarun Kumar|Tarun]] [[Shriya Saran]] [[Prakash Raj]]
| cinematography = [[Hari Anumolu]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| music = [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
| studio = [[Sri Sravanthi Movies]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2002|10|10|df=yes}}
| budget =
| language = Telugu
| country = India
}}
'''''Nuvve.. Nuvve... ''''' ({{translation|You.. You...}}) is a 2002 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romance film]] written and directed by [[Trivikram Srinivas]] in his directorial debut. The film starred [[Tarun Kumar|Tarun]], [[Shriya Saran]], and [[Prakash Raj]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/date/index.html|title=A Date with Nuvve.. Nuvve...|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> Upon release, the film and the soundtrack received rave reviews, and has garnered two state Nandi Awards, and a Filmfare Award South. The film was subsequently dubbed into Marathi as Shahane Saasarebuva by B4U Marathi and in Malayalam as ''Pranayamay''.

==Plot==
Anjali ([[Shriya Saran]]) is the daughter of millionaire Viswanath ([[Prakash Raj]]) ,who loves her very much, so much so that when she asks him for an ice cream, he buys her an ice cream parlor. What Viswanath expects a son-in-law who will never oppose him in any matter. Rishi ([[Tarun (actor)|Tarun]]), a good-hearted but happy-go-lucky guy, hails from a middle-class family. His father owns a departmental store. Anjali happens to join the college in which Rishi is a senior. Soon, they fall in love with each other.

On one occasion, Rishi takes Anjali to Mumbai for dinner. Anjali tries to shake off the issue with her father, saying that she was with one of her friends. Unfortunately, Viswanath calls that friend up when Anjali was missing. He tells him that Anjali went to Mumbai with someone called Rishi. This is enough for Viswanath's suspicion to rise that Anjali has fallen in love. He asks Rishi to prove his worth and asks him in some way to earn any money so that he can support Anjali, whom he has brought up in riches. When Rishi refuses to comply, he gives Rishi one crore rupees to forget his daughter. Rishi takes it and then later gives it back, insulting Viswanath, and tries to prove that his love is greater than everything and money cannot buy his love.

To retaliate, Viswanath insults Rishi's family by getting a beggar for marriage with Rishi's sister to try to convey to them the pain he must feel. Rishi then creates a scene in Viswanath's office beating up a security guard and destroying computers in the office, Rishi clarifies in the proposal that the beggar be married to Rishi's sister as there is no love between the two, but Rishi and Anjali love each other. Anjali starts to show more feelings for Rishi. Worried, Viswanath tries to set Anjali's marriage with another man. Anjali meets Rishi at his home and requests him to marry her right at the moment, but Rishi convinces Anjali that this is not the right way. Rishi takes her back to her home, there Rishi challenges Viswanath that if getting Anjali married to someone else is right, then that marriage cannot be stopped, but if it is wrong, then that marriage cannot happen. Consequent incidents make Viswanath realize his mistakes, and the arranged marriage fails, while Viswanath marries Anjali to Rishi.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Tarun (actor)|Tarun]] as Rishi
* [[Shriya Saran]] as Anjali
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Viswanath
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Rishi's father
* [[Rajiv Kanakala]] as Anjali's brother
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Pandu
* Anitha Chowdary as Anjali's sister-in-law
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as Police Constable
* [[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]] as Rishi's mother
* [[Pragathi (actress)|Pragathi]] as Anjali's mother
* [[Madhumitha]] as Anjali's friend
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Abu, Viswanath's friend
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as Gentleman Sir
* Shilpa Chakraborty as Priya Rishi's collegemate
* [[Gundu Sudarshan]] as Shopkeeper
* Junior Relangi as Grocery Shop Customer
}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Nuvve Nuvve
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2002
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length =
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The music was composed by [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]. All lyrics were written by [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/audio/ajuke/box-nuvvenuvve.html|title=Juke Box - Nuvve Nuvve|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|archive-date=16 December 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021216011450/https://www.idlebrain.com/audio/ajuke/box-nuvvenuvve.html}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No. !! Song !! Singer(s)
|-
|1 || "Computerlu"
|[[Devan Ekambaram|Devan]], Koti, Trivikram, [[Anuradha Sriram]]
|-
|2 ||"Naa Manasukemayyindi"
|[[Udit Narayan]], Nitya Santoshini
|-
|3 ||"Nuvve Nuvve Kavalantundi"
|[[K. S. Chithra|Chithra]]
|-
|4|| "I Am Very Sorry"
|[[KK (singer)|KK]]
|-
|5|| "Niddurapothunna"
|[[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|-
|6|| "Ammai Nachesindi"
|[[Rajesh Krishnan|Rajesh]], Kousalya
|}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' wrote, "First half of the film is fun and has youth-orientation. But it's the second half that holds the life for ''Nuvve Nuvve''".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-nuvvenuvve.html|title=Telugu Cinema - Review - Nuvve Nuvve - Trivikram - Tarun, Shriya - Nuvve Nuvve - Sravanthi Ravi Kishore - Koti|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=10 October 2002|last=jeevi|access-date=8 March 2022|archive-date=8 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308041353/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-nuvvenuvve.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Perhaps, by their very nature, most love stories are similar with identical situations especially woven around teenagers. The 'Nuvvu' sentiment is still working wonders or at least the filmmakers think so. And ''Nuvve Nuvve'' is no exception to the rule".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-nuvvenuvve.html|title=Simple love story|work=[[The Hindu]]|via=[[Idlebrain.com]]|first=Gudipoodi|last=Srihari|access-date=6 July 2023|archive-date=21 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221095138/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-nuvvenuvve.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''Full Hyderabad'' said, "The film is definitely worth watching, thanks to its tight script, decent music, decent performances, novel treatment and brilliantly written dialogues".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/nuvve...-nuvve/telugu/nuvve...-nuvve-movie-reviews-1267-2.html|title=Nuvve... Nuvve Review|first=Kiran|last=Nadella|work=Full Hyderabad}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote, "Those who enjoyed the first half of the movie will find the second half a bit boring. But still, the movie is watchable".<ref>{{cite web|work=Deccan Herald|title=Nuvve.... Nuvve (Telugu)|access-date=14 August 2023|date=17 November 2002|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/nov17/filmr.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021121050545/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/nov17/filmr.asp|archive-date=21 November 2002}}</ref>

==Awards==
;[[Filmfare Awards South]]
* [[Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award (Telugu)|Best Supporting Actor]] - [[Prakash Raj]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://portal.bsnl.in/intranetnews.asp?url=/bsnl/asp/content%20mgmt/html%20content/entertainment/entertainment14489.html|title=Manikchand Filmfare Awards: Sizzling at 50|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721152719/http://portal.bsnl.in/intranetnews.asp?url=%2Fbsnl%2Fasp%2Fcontent%20mgmt%2Fhtml%20content%2Fentertainment%2Fentertainment14489.html |archive-date=21 July 2011 |work=BSNL}}</ref>

;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2002.html|title=Nandi Awards 2002|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=8 September 2003|access-date=2 April 2010|archive-date=15 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015051900/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2002.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Second Best Feature Film - Silver]] - Sravanthi Ravi Kishore
* [[Nandi Award for Best Dialogue Writer|Best Dialogue Writer]] - [[Trivikram Srinivas]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1606306}}

{{Trivikram Srinivas}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}

[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Trivikram Srinivas]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Trivikram Srinivas]]
[[Category:2002 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2002 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Koti (composer)]]
[[Category:2002 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2002 romantic drama films]]

S. T. K. Jakkaiyan

2026-04-24T18:04:43Z

ChetSena61: starting basic data w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Cumbum Assembly constituency|Cumbum]]
| predecessor = [[N. Eramakrishnan]]
| successor = [[N. Eramakrishnan]]
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start = 19 May 2016
| term_end = 2 May 2021
}}

'''Sakkaiyan Thirumalai Kullapakavudar Jakkaiyan''' is an Indian politician who served in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]], representing [[Cumbum Assembly constituency|Cumbum]] as a member of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] from 2016 until 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramakrishnan |first=T. |date=2021-03-10 |title=Tamil Nadu Assembly Elections 2021 {{!}} 3 Ministers, 44 AIADMK MLAs denied ticket |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/3-ministers-44-aiadmk-mlas-denied-ticket/article34039789.ece |access-date=2022-06-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2018, Jakkaiyan was one of 19 dissident AIADMK MLAs who faced expulsion from the assembly for opposing Chief Minister [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]], though Jakkaiyan later renounced this position and was not expelled.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jesudasan |first=Dennis S. |date=2017-09-18 |title=Tamil Nadu Speaker disqualifies 18 dissident AIADMK MLAs |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-speaker-disqualifies-18-dissident-aiadmk-mlas/article61472479.ece |access-date=2022-06-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jakkaiyan, S. T. K.}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:People from Theni district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Prakash Chik Baraik

2026-04-23T09:33:01Z

ChetSena61: starting basic data and citations - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Prakash Baraik
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 19 August 2023
| predecessor =
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from West Bengal]]
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
}}

'''Prakash Baraik''' is an Indian politician belonging to the [[Trinamool Congress]]. He was elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]] the upper house of the Indian Parliament unopposed from [[West Bengal]].<ref name="The Economic Times 2023 w350">{{cite web | title=Rajya Sabha elections: Jaishankar, Derek O' Brien among 11 leaders set to be elected unopposed | website=The Economic Times | date=17 Jul 2023 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rajya-sabha-elections-jaishankar-derek-o-brien-among-11-leaders-set-to-be-elected-unopposed/articleshow/101822159.cms | access-date=17 Jul 2023}}</ref><ref name="NDTV.com 2019 y827">{{cite web | title=S Jaishankar, Derek O'Brien Among 11 To Be Elected To Rajya Sabha Unopposed | website=NDTV.com | date=22 Feb 2019 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/s-jaishankar-derek-obrien-among-11-to-be-elected-to-rajya-sabha-unopposed-4214269 | access-date=17 Jul 2023}}</ref><ref name="Ghosh 2023 l047">{{cite web | last=Ghosh | first=Sujay | title=TMC to win all six Rajya Sabha seats unopposed, so will BJP's Anant Maharaj | website=India Today | date=16 Jul 2023 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/six-trinamool-congress-candidates-from-bengal-bjp-anant-maharaj-will-win-rajya-sabha-unopposed-2407161-2023-07-16 | access-date=17 Jul 2023}}</ref><ref name="w648">{{cite web | last=Mitra | first=Atri | title=Youthful Adivasi tea garden union leader and Abhishek faithful, Prakash Chik Baraik's rise has been meteoric | website=The Indian Express | date=10 July 2023 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/youthful-adivasi-tea-garden-union-leader-and-abhishek-faithful-prakash-chik-baraiks-rise-8824566/ | access-date=23 September 2024}}</ref>
He graduated in B.Com from Suryasen College, North Bengal University Siliguri in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=15 |title=Candidate Information - Myneta |accessdate=2024-12-10}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barik, Prakash}}
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Alipurduar district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]

Poluboina Anil Kumar

2026-04-20T08:32:17Z

ChetSena61: starting new biography and citations

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Poluboina Anil Kumar Yadav
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Ministry of Water Resources Development|Minister of Water Resources Development]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 8 June 2019
| term_end = 7 April 2022
| predecessor = [[Devineni Uma Maheswara Rao]]
| successor = [[Ambati Rambabu]]
| governor = *[[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]
*[[Biswabhusan Harichandan]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy]]
| office1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]], [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start1 = 2014
| term_end1 = 2024
| constituency1 = [[Nellore City Assembly constituency|Nellore City]]
| predecessor1 = Mungamuru Sridhara Krishna Reddy
| successor1 = [[Ponguru Narayana]]
| Alma mater = 
| occupation = Politician
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]]
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| birth_date = 
| education = 
}}

'''Poluboina Anil Kumar Yadav''' is an Indian politician from the [[YSR Congress Party]].<ref name="Andhra Pradesh Ministers: Portfolios and profiles">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Andhra Pradesh Ministers: Portfolios and profiles |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-ministers-portfolios-and-profiles/article27698301.ece |access-date=15 April 2022 |work= |date=8 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415155454/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-ministers-portfolios-and-profiles/article27698301.ece |archive-date=15 April 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref> He has contested as a YSR Congress Party member in [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] and [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]] elections for Member of Legislative Assembly from [[Nellore City (Assembly constituency)|Nellore City constituency]] and won the elections. He is a former Minister for Irrigation (Water Resources) in Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-23|title=Andhra Pradesh Assembly election result: Full list of winners|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-result-full-list-of-winners-mla/1585284/|access-date=2021-07-13|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Reddem|first=Appaji|date=2019-06-09|title=Following in the footsteps of his father|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/following-in-the-footsteps-of-his-father/article27700006.ece|access-date=2021-07-13|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2019-06-08|title=Goutham, Anil to secure place in Cabinet|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/goutham-anil-to-secure-place-in-cabinet-536026|access-date=2021-07-13|website=The Hans India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Ashish |date=April 7, 2022 |title=Andhra Pradesh CM dissolves cabinet, all ministers resign ahead of reshuffle |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/andhra-pradesh-cabinet-dissolved-jagan-mohan-reddy-reshuffle-1934744-2022-04-07 |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Andhra Pradesh Ministers: Portfolios and profiles"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links==
{{twitter|id=AKYOnline}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Poluboina, Anil Kumar Yadav}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:People from Nellore]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]

{{AndhraPradesh-YSRCP-politician-stub}}

Nirmala Sawant

2026-04-20T06:18:12Z

ChetSena61: starting first article with sources - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Distinguish|Nirmala Samant Prabhavalkar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nirmala Sawant
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1946|11|2|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Marcel, Goa|Marcel]], [[Portuguese Goa]]
| office = '''Member of [[Goa Legislative Assembly]]'''
| term_start = 1999
| term_end = 2002
| predecessor = Krishna Kuttikar
| successor = [[Pandurang Madkaikar]]
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Prabhakar Sawant
| children =
| relatives =
| constituency = [[Cumbarjua Assembly constituency|Cumbarjua]]
}}
'''Nirmala Sawant''' is an Indian politician and environmental activist from Goa. She has served as a member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] from [[Cumbarjua Assembly constituency]] and has been actively involved in various social and environmental causes.

==Early life==
Nirmala Sawant was born on 2 November 1946 at [[Marcel, Goa|Marcel]], [[Portuguese Goa]]. She has studied and obtained an [[M.A.]] in Economics, followed by a [[B.Ed.]] and an [[L.L.B.]] soon after. She is married to Prabhakar Sawant.<ref name="VidhanSabhabiodata">{{Cite web |title=BIO-DATA OF SMT. NIRMALA SAWANT |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/uploads/members/99_promember_Nirmala-Sawant99.pdf |website=Goa Vidhan Sabha}}</ref>

==Political career==
Sawant represented the [[Cumbarjua Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the Goa Legislative Assembly. During her tenure, she addressed issues pertinent to her constituency and the state. In 2012, she raised concerns about the inclusion of approximately 1,500 alleged bogus voters in the electoral roll of Cumbarjua, emphasizing the potential impact on election outcomes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-01-31 |title=1500 bogus voters could change the scene in Cumbharjua - Nirmala Sawant |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/na/1500-bogus-voters-could-change-the-scene-in-cumbharjua-nirmala-sawant/52611 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Herald Goa}}</ref> She was the Minister of Forests<ref name="HeraldMhadeiVote24">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-04 |title=Vote for the candidate who will work to save Mhadei, raise Mhadei issue in Parliament |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/News-Today/Vote-for-the-candidate-who-will-work-to-save-Mhadei-raise-Mhadei-issue-in-Parliament/221016 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Herald Goa}}</ref> between 8 June 1999 and 24 November 1999.<ref name="VidhanSabhabiodata" />

==Environmentalism==
As a founding member and convenor of the Mhadei Bachao Abhiyan (MBA), Sawant has been at the forefront of efforts to protect the Mhadei River. She has consistently urged the Goa government to take decisive action against the diversion of the river's waters, highlighting the potential adverse effects on Goa's environment and water resources.<ref name="HeraldMhadeiVote24" /> In January 2025, she urged the state government to request an exclusive date for the Mhadei water dispute hearing in the Supreme Court, emphasizing the urgency of the matter.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-09 |title=Nirmala urges govt to request for exclusive date on Mhadei issue |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/nirmala-urges-govt-to-request-for-exclusive-date-on-mhadei-issue/418781 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Herald Goa}}</ref>

==Other work==
She has been a Member of the Editorial Board of textbooks to teach Konkani in high schools.<ref name="VidhanSabhabiodata" />

==Personal life==
She is married to Prabhakar Sawant.<ref name="VidhanSabhabiodata" />

During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], Sawant obtained a diploma in [[Sanskrit]]. She mentioned that while activities were halted during the pandemic, she dedicated her time to learning the language.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-29 |title=EX-MLA NIRMALA IS NOW SANSKRIT DIPLOMA HOLDER |url=https://www.prudentmedia.in/politics/exmla-nirmala-is-now-sanskrit-diploma-holder/29237.html |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Prudent Media}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sawant, Nirmala}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 1999–2002]]
[[Category:Women members of the Goa Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Goa]]

Sitarganj Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:20:08Z

ChetSena61: put up new entry.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Uttarakhand State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sitarganj
| latest_election_year = 2022
| mla = [[Saurabh Bahuguna]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = Uttarakhand
| district = [[Udham Singh Nagar district|Udham Singh Nagar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:123168}}<ref name="results2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14169-uttarakhand-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=Uttarakhand General Legislative Election 2022 |access-date=3 June 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|5}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 68
| map_image = Sitarganj Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Sitarganj Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the seventy electoral [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Uttarakhand]] state in [[India]].

Sitarganj Legislative Assembly constituency is a part of [[Nainital-Udhamsingh Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nainital-Udhamsingh Nagar constituency]].<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf. The Election Commission of India. p. 509. Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>[http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx Government of Uttarakhand] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203060201/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx |date=3 December 2008 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.elections.in/uttarakhand/assembly-constituencies/tehri.html Election in]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
| [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || rowspan=2 | [[Narayan Pal]] || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
| colspan=4 align=center|''Major boundary changes''
|-
| [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || [[Kiran Mandal]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2012 elections in India#Uttarakhand|2012^]] || [[Vijay Bahuguna]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]] || rowspan=2 | [[Saurabh Bahuguna]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

^By poll

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Sitarganj<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Saurabh Bahuguna]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=43,354 |percentage=44.81% |change={{decrease}}13.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Navtej Pal Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,416 |percentage=33.50% |change={{increase}}8.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajay Jaiswal |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=10,135 |percentage=10.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Narayan Pal]] |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=9,258 |percentage=9.57% |change={{decrease}}4.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=534 |percentage=0.55% |change={{decrease}}0.11 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,938 |percentage=11.30% |change= {{decrease}}21.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=96,758 |percentage=78.56% |change= {{decrease}}2.80 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,23,168 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.50 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}13.01 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Sitarganj<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Saurabh Bahuguna]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=50,597 |percentage=57.81% |change={{increase}}37.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Malti Biswas |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,147 |percentage=25.31% |change={{decrease}}51.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Navtej Pal Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=11,892 |percentage=13.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yogendra Kumar Yadav |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=811 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=580 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=28,450 |percentage=32.51% |change= {{decrease}}24.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=87,520 |percentage=81.36% |change= {{increase}}5.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,07,570 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.64 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}19.33 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly By-election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 elections in India#Uttarakhand|2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Sitarganj}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Vijay Bahuguna]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=53,766 |percentage=77.14% |change={{increase}}56.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Prakash Pant]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,812 |percentage=19.82% |change={{decrease}}19.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Ali |party=Independent politician |votes=793 |percentage=1.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. S. Bisht |party=Uttarakhand Parivartan Party |votes=668 |percentage=0.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=438 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=39,954 |percentage=57.33% |change= {{increase}}40.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=69,695 |percentage=76.22% |change= {{decrease}}4.47 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,443 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}37.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Sitarganj<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kiran Mandal]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=29,280 |percentage=39.67% |change={{increase}}17.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Narayan Pal]] |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=16,668 |percentage=22.58% |change={{decrease}}16.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Kumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,508 |percentage=21.01% |change={{decrease}}7.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anwar Ahmad |party=Independent politician |votes=7,085 |percentage=9.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vinay Krishna Mondal |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,456 |percentage=1.97% |change={{decrease}}3.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ishwari Prasad |party=Independent politician |votes=1,338 |percentage=1.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harcharan Singh |party=Indian Justice Party |votes=841 |percentage=1.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sartaj Ali |party=Peace Party of India|votes=667 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shaheen Khan |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=393 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,612 |percentage=17.09% |change= {{increase}}6.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=73,813 |percentage=80.69% |change= {{increase}}7.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,480 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bahujan Samaj Party |swing= {{increase}}0.38 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Sitarganj<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Narayan Pal]] |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=31,745 |percentage=39.29% |change={{increase}}3.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanta Prasad Sagar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,308 |percentage=28.85% |change={{increase}}19.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khoob Singh Vikal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=17,982 |percentage=22.26% |change={{decrease}}3.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khajan Chandra |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=4,688 |percentage=5.80% |change={{decrease}}14.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suraj Bhan |party=Independent politician |votes=930 |percentage=1.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prabhu Nath |party=Bharatiya Jan Shakti |votes=682 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sohan Lal |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=448 |percentage=0.55% |change={{decrease}}0.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Kumar |party=Navbharat Nirman Party |votes=434 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,437 |percentage=10.44% |change= {{increase}}0.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=80,796 |percentage=73.55% |change= {{increase}}12.31 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,09,870 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.85 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bahujan Samaj Party |loser=Bahujan Samaj Party |swing= {{increase}}3.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election]]: Sitarganj<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Narayan Pal]] |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=20,001 |percentage=35.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Beena Arya |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=14,339 |percentage=25.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanta Prasad |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=11,478 |percentage=20.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bihari Lal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,005 |percentage=8.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Nagina |party=Rashtriya Lok Dal |votes=4,229 |percentage=7.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhan Raj |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=610 |percentage=1.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,662 |percentage=10.17% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=55,662 |percentage=61.22% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,916 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bahujan Samaj Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Sitarganj]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Udham Singh Nagar district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Uttarakhand Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/93-uttarakhand/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=17 January 2024}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}

{{coord|28.93|79.7|display=title}}

[[Category:Udham Singh Nagar district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2002]]

Bhupathi Raju Srinivasa Varma

2026-04-18T23:51:47Z

ChetSena61: creating new page more to come

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = BhSrinivasaVarma.jpg
| caption =
| office = 15th [[Ministry of Heavy Industries|Union Minister of State for Heavy Industries]]
| term_start = 11 June 2024
| term_end =
| president = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| prime_minister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| minister = [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]]
| predecessor = [[Krishan Pal Gurjar]]
| office1 = 21st [[Ministry of Steel|Union Minister of State for Steel]]
| term_start1 = 11 June 2024
| term_end1 =
| president1 = [[Draupadi Murmu]]
| prime_minister1 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| minister1 = [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]]
| predecessor1 = [[Faggan Singh Kulaste]]
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start2 = 4 June 2024
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 = [[Kanumuru Raghu Rama Krishna Raju]]
| constituency2 = [[Narasapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Narasapuram]]
| party = [[File:BJP Flag.svg|25px]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| parents =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| alma_mater =
| spouse =
}}

'''Bhupathiraju Srinivasa Varma''' is an [[Indian politician]] from [[Bhimavaram]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He was elected as a Member of Parliament from [[Narasapuram Lok Sabha constituency]]. He belongs to Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Narsapuram, Andhra Pradesh Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: Raju Bhupathi Wins with 276802 Votes Lead. He recently |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/narsapuram-andhra-pradesh-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2547595-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Quint |first=The |date=2024-06-04 |title=Narsapuram Election Result 2024 Live Updates: BJP's Bhupathi Raju Srinivasa Varma Has Won in This Lok Sabha Seat |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/narsapuram-election-result-2024-live-updates-counting-of-votes-andhra-pradesh-lok-sabha-seat-latest-news |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Grassroots workers {{!}} Rooted in the masses">{{cite news|title=Grassroots workers {{!}} Rooted in the masses|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-grassroots-workers-rooted-in-the-masses-2565853-2024-07-13|accessdate=1 June 2025|publisher=India Today|date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601170808/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-grassroots-workers-rooted-in-the-masses-2565853-2024-07-13|archivedate=1 June 2025|language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==
[[File:Smt Droupadi Murmu administering the oath as Minister of State to Shri Bhupathi Raju Srinivasa Varma.jpg|thumb|Varma taking oath as union minister]]
Bhupathi Raju Srinivasa Varma worked for AISAF as a student leader in 1980 and later started his political career by joining BJP in 1988 as a BJP worker. Between 1991 - 97 he served as the District President of BJP Bhimavaram Town, served twice as [[West Godavari district]] president of BJP from 2008-14. In 2014, he won as councilor of [[Bhimavaram]] municipal ward with the support of [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He also worked as the in-charge chairman. He worked as Bharatiya Janatha Party State Secretary from 2020-23. In 2024, with the support of [[Telugu Desam Party]] and [[Jana Sena Party]] he was elected as MP on BJP ticket from Narsapuram constituency with a huge margin of 2.76 lakh votes.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Narsapuram election results 2024 live updates: BJP's Bupathi Raju Srinivas Varma defeats YSRCP's Umabala Guduri by 2,76,802 votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/narsapuram-election-results-2024-andhra-pradesh-narsapuram-lok-sabha-elections-poll-result-updates-umabala-guduri-ysrcp-bupathi-raju-srinivas-varma-bjp-k-b-r-naidu-cong/articleshow/110669553.cms |access-date=2024-06-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Elections contested and results==
*'''[[Member of Parliament]]'''
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Constituency
! Result
! vote
! opponent
! vote
! margin
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Narasapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Narasapuram]]
|{{tick}} Won
|7,07,343
|Guduri Umabala
|4,30,541
|2,76,802
|}

==See also==
* [[Third Modi ministry]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party|state=collapsed}}
{{Third Modi ministry|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varma, Bhupathi Raju Srinivasa}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 2024 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Narendra Modi ministry]]
[[Category:Union ministers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politicians from West Godavari district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Kekri Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:41:39Z

ChetSena61: added post

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Other uses|Kekri (disambiguation){{!}}Kekri}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kekri
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-105-Kekri.svg
| mla = [[Shatrughan Gautam]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Kekri district|Kekri]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ajmer Lok Sabha constituency|Ajmer]]
| established = 1990
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:261747}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 105
}}
'''Kekri Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It used to be a part of [[Ajmer district]], and later [[Kekri district]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<ref name=election1990>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3392-rajasthan-1990/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1990 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|rowspan=2| [[Shambhu Dayal Badgujar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<ref name=election1993>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3394-rajasthan-1993/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1993 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|[[Babu Lal Singariyan]]<ref name=election1998>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3400-rajasthan-1998/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 1998 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|[[Gopal Lal Dhobi]]<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3403-rajasthan-2003/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2003 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|[[Raghu Sharma (politician)|Raghu Sharma]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[Shatrughan Gautam]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Raghu Sharma (politician)|Raghu Sharma]]<ref name=election2018/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Shatrughan Gautam]]<ref name=election2023 name="election2023-1">{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Kekri<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Shatrughan Gautam
|votes = {{formatnum:99671}}
|percentage = 49.75
|change = +7.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Raghu Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:92129}}
|percentage = 45.98
|change = -7.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
|candidate = Jitendra Boyat
|votes = {{formatnum:2098}}
|percentage = 1.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1547}}
|percentage = 0.77
|change = -0.21
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:7542}}
|percentage = 3.77
|change = -7.05
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:200355}}
|percentage = 76.55
|change = +2.8
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Kekri<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Raghu Sharma (politician)|Raghu Sharma]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:95795}}
|percentage = 53.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rajendra Vinayaka
|votes = {{formatnum:76334}}
|percentage = 42.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Devkaran Singh Kharol
|votes = {{formatnum:1903}}
|percentage = 1.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1763}}
|percentage = 0.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:19461}}
|percentage = 10.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:179933}}
|percentage = 73.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Kekri district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}
{{coord|25.98|75.15|display=title}}

[[Category:Kekri district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Kekri]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1990]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Muchipara Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:29:43Z

ChetSena61: starting a post - done

{{Short description|Former constituency of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Muchipara
| type = SLA
| region =
| state = West Bengal
| district =
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Calcutta North East Lok Sabha constituency|Calcutta North East]]
| constituency_no =
| established = 1952
| reservation = None
| abolished = 1967
}}
'''Muchipara''' was a constituency of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]], in use during the 1952, 1957 and 1962 elections. It was one of the electoral districts of the state capital [[Calcutta]]. The [[Indian National Congress]] held the seat 1952–1957 and 1962–1967, whilst the [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]] held the seat 1957–1962. The constituency elected a single member of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly.<ref name=56eci/> It was part of the [[Calcutta North East Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>''[https://books.google.at/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=eyEyiB37h3QC Election Manual: Containing Constitutional Provisions, Statutes, Rules and Regulations, Constituencies Delimitation Orders and Notes on Certain Aspects of Electoral Matters, and a Bibliography]''. India. Parliament, 1951. p. 542</ref>

==First assembly election==
Muchipara was one of 26 legislative seats of Calcutta. The constituency was located in central Calcutta, covering sections of the old parts of the city.
Muchipara (or 'Moochipara' during British rule) is Bengali for 'cobbler's colony', referring to the trade a group of [[Chamar]]s living in the area. Moochipara had been a Hindu slum at the northern edge of [[Tiljala]], a larger Muslim slum area.<ref>Anasua Chatterjee. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=hwb0DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT23 Margins of Citizenship: Muslim Experiences in Urban India]''. Taylor & Francis, 2017. pp. 43–44</ref>

The [[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] saw no less than sixteen candidates vying for the Muchipara seat.<ref>''[https://books.google.at/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=HkpUrJpSYmEC The Modern Review, Vol. 93]''. Prabasi Press Private, Limited, 1953. p. 38</ref> The main competition was between the [[Indian National Congress]] on one hand and the [[Communist Party of India]]-[[United Socialist Organisation of India|United Socialist Organisation]] left-wing alliance. The Congress Party fielded [[Sankar Prasad Mitra]] as its candidate, whilst the left-wing alliance fielded [[All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc (Marxist Group)]] candidate Dhirendra Chandra Bhowmick as its candidate. Mitra won the seat by a mere margin of nine votes.<ref name=rch/>

==1956 delimitation and demographics==
The 1956 constituency delimitation drastically changed the boundaries of the Muchipara constituency. Two thirds of the pre-1956 constituency were transferred to the [[Vidyasagar Assembly constituency|Vidyasagar constituency]]. Ward no. 43 was the only part of the pre-1956 constituency that remained in Muchipara after the delimitation exercise. After the 1956 delimitation the Muchipara constituency consisted of wards 30, 43 and 45.<ref name=56eci>India. Election Commission. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=HSEc_71zLq0C&pg=PA728 Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1956. (Corrected Up to the 31st March 1957)]''. Government Press, 1957. p. 728</ref>

In the post-1956 constituency, there were three main groups of 'Old Calcutta' families residing in the area – aristocratic families, members of the [[Suvarna Banik]] ('gold traders') sub-caste and members of the [[Gandhabanik|Gandha Banik]] ('spice traders') sub-caste. The Gandha Banik were concentrated in ward 30 whilst the Suvarna Banik dominated ward 45. Ward 43 was characterized by hosting a large red light district, with some 1,500 sex workers and their families living in the ward. There were also some presence of both Gandha Banik and Suvarna Banik families in ward 43.<ref name=rch/>

Among the non-Bengali migrants to the city, there were some 4,000 [[Odia people|Oriyas]] among the voters in the constituency and some 3,000 people from the [[Hindi belt]] (mainly [[Bihar]]).<ref name=rch/>

Shopkeepers and shop employees represented a major share of the Muchipara voters, representing some 35–40% of the voters. Other residents included some Bengali middle class and working class voters. The constituency was largely Hindu, with just about a hundred Muslim voters.<ref name=rch/>

==Elections after delimitation==
Ahead of the [[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], the [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]] had joined the CPI-led [[United Left Election Committee]].<ref name=rch/><ref>M.V.S. Koteswara Rao. ''Communist Parties and United Front – Experience in Kerala and West Bengal''. [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]: Prajasakti Book House, 2003. p. 216.</ref> The Congress Party fielded [[Pratap Chandra Chunder]], a local resident of ward 45 and hailing from an influential family. Chunder's father {{ill|Nirmal Chandra Chunder|bn|নির্মলচন্দ্র চন্দ্র}} had been the [[mayor of Calcutta]]. The left combine fielded RSP [[trade union]] leader [[Jatin Chakraborty]]. Dhirendra Chandra Bhowmick, the left candidate from 1952, now ran as an [[independent (politician)|independent]].<ref name=rch/>

Chakraborty won the election by a margin of 511 votes, dominating the vote in ward 30 and 43. Chunder was the most voted candidate in ward 45. During the 1957–1962 legislative period, Chakraborty had a high profile – being one of the most notable opposition politicians at the time. He actively engaged with the local communities in the Muchipara constituency. He maintained offices in each of the three wards, and attended these offices at fixed evening hours. He regularly visited social gatherings among his constituents. Chunder on the other hand strengthened his influence in the Suvarna Banik community during this period. In 1958 Chunder became the president of the Shanti Institute, a social welfare organisation of the Suvarna Banik community. Moreover, the Congress Party strengthened its organisational network in the area during this.<ref name=rch/>

Chunder and Chakraborty again faced each other in the [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], without any third candidate in the fray. All the three [[Calcutta Municipal Corporation]] councilors of the wards of the Muchipara constituency had belonged to the left-wing alliance. But by the time of the 1962 election, the ward 43 left-wing councilor had joined the Congress Party and now campaigned for Chunder. Ward 30 had a Gandha Banik RSP councilor, who actively supported Chakraborty's campaign. Ward 45 had a Suvarna Banik CPI councilor, but he was contesting a neighbouring Legislative Assembly seat and thus had little time to spare to support Chakraborty's re-election effort.<ref name=rch/>

Both candidate held meetings with constituents on nearly daily basis, and every week organized some two public rallies. Chakraborty's campaign highlighted cost of living issues, allegations of corruption and the Congress government legacy of police repression against popular movements (such as the [[Price Increase and Famine Resistance Committee|1959 Food Movement]]). Chunder sought to contextualize economic problems of Calcutta, and point to achievements of the First Five-Year plan. Chunder rebuffed accusations of corruption, including by reproducing speeches of Soviet leaders [[Nikita Khrushchev]] and [[Georgy Malenkov]] on corruption in the [[Soviet Union]]. The Congress Party campaign would also bring up the police firings on demonstrators in Left-ruled [[Kerala]].<ref name=rch/>

Chakraborty also raised issues like the [[Bengali Language Movement (Barak Valley)|Bengali language movement]] in [[Assam]] riots and protested plans for a transfer of the [[Berubari, West Bengal|Berubari]] border area to Pakistan. The Congress Party campaign sought to emphasize the border conflict with China rather than the Pakistan border issue.<ref name=rch/>

Chunder won the seat with a margin of 545 votes. Again Chakraborty had won the election in ward 30 and 43, and Chunder had won the election in ward 45. In ward 30 Chakraborty got 383 more votes than Chunder. There were tensions in the run-up to the vote, the left-wing claimed that on the eve of the election a group of campaign workers in ward 45 were kidnapped by the Congress Party (and released the next morning). The left-wing claimed the Congress Party influenced the election by padding voting rolls with fake voters.<ref name=rch/>

Robi Chakravorti (1962) argues that one explanation of the shift to the Congress Party could be attributed to fatigue of shop owners and employees towards the agitational politics of the left-wing. The procession routes leading out of [[Calcutta University]] of the frequent left-wing mass rallies often bypassed the main streets of the Muchipara constituency, where many shops were located. Another factor would have been the sharp increase of Congress vote among the Oriya voters, influenced by the popularity of the new, relatively young Congress Party Orissa Chief Minister [[Biju Patnaik]]. In 1957 Oriya voters had been skeptical of the Congress Party following pro-Bihar merger agitations in [[Saraikela]] and [[Kharsawan]].<ref name=rch>{{cite web | first=Robi | last=Chakravorti | url=https://www.epw.in/journal/1962/34/special-articles/studies-voting-behaviour-vi-decline-left-calcutta.html | title=Studies in Voting Behaviour-VI The Decline of the Left in Calcutta Muchipara Constituency | work=The Economic Weekly | volume=14 | issue=34 | date=25 August 1962 | pages=1381–1386}}</ref>

==Election results==
===1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 1952]]: Muchipara constituency<ref name=1951eciwb>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120114095211/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1951 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = '''[[Sankar Prasad Mitra]]'''
|votes = 6,577
|percentage = 33.24%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Forward Bloc|Forward Bloc (Marxist Group)
|candidate = Dhirendra Chandra Bhowmick
|votes = 6,568
|percentage = 33.20%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Arobinda Bose
|votes = 1,989
|percentage = 10.05%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha
|candidate = Sanat Kumar Roy Chowdhury
|votes = 1,834
|percentage = 9.27%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Panna Lal Mitra
|votes = 643
|percentage = 3.25%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = Prabir Chandra Ghose
|votes = 428
|percentage = 2.16%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Abul Ahsan
|votes = 412
|percentage = 2.08%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Jatindra Biswas
|votes = 337
|percentage = 1.70%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party
|candidate = Santi Sen Gupta
|votes = 335
|percentage = 1.69%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Jogesh Nath Maitra
|votes = 219
|percentage = 1.11%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Nikhilesh Sen Gupta
|votes = 179
|percentage = 0.90%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Promode Kumar Ghosal
|votes = 72
|percentage = 0.36%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Narendra Nath Banerjee
|votes = 54
|percentage = 0.27%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = Abaniswar Misra
|votes = 53
|percentage = 0.27%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Bhupendra Ghose
|votes = 50
|percentage = 0.25%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Mahendra Kumar Ghose
|votes = 34
|percentage = 0.17%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 19,784
|percentage = 38.55%
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 1957]]: Muchipara constituency<ref name=1957eciwb>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140404201835/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1957 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = '''[[Jatin Chakraborty]]'''
|votes = 15,251
|percentage = 50.27%
|change = +48.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Pratap Chandra Chunder]]
|votes = 14,740
|percentage = 48.59%
|change = +15.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Dhirendra Chandra Bhowmick
|votes = 347
|percentage = 1.14%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 30,338
|percentage = 56.97%
|change = +18.42
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 1962]]: Muchipara constituency<ref name=1962eciwb>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714193601/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1962 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = '''[[Pratap Chandra Chunder]]'''
|votes = 18,686
|percentage = 50.74%
|change = +2.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = [[Jatin Chakraborty]]
|votes = 18,141
|percentage = 49.26%
|change = -1.01
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 36,827
|percentage = 70.12%
|change = +13.15
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Kolkata district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 disestablishments in India]]

Old Parliament House, New Delhi

2026-04-04T14:44:36Z

ChetSena61: starting new entry w/ infobox

{{Short description|Former Indian legislative building}}
{{About|Old Parliament House|New Parliament House|Parliament House, New Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox historic building
| name = Old Parliament House
| former_name = {{ubl|Parliament House|Council House}}
| native_name = Samvidhan Sadan
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_caption =
| status = Retired and under restoration
| image = New Delhi government block 03-2016 img3.jpg
| caption = Old Parliament House as seen from [[Rajpath]]
| pushpin_map = India New Delhi
| pushpin_map_alt =
| map_caption =
| building_type = Heritage
| architectural_style = [[Classical architecture|Classical]] and [[Indian architecture|Indian]]
| structural_system =
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| owner = [[Government of India]]
| current_tenants =
| location = [[New Delhi]]
| address = [[Sansad Marg]]
| location_town = [[Delhi]]
| location_country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.6172|77.2081|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| groundbreaking_date = 12 February 1921
| opened_date = 18 January 1927
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The '''Old Parliament House''', officially known as the '''Samvidhan Sadan''' (''Constitution House''), was the seat of the [[Parliament of India]] between 26 January 1950 and 18 September 2023. It housed the [[Lok Sabha]] and the [[Rajya Sabha]] (the [[Lower house|lower]] and [[Upper house|upper houses]]) respectively in India's [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] parliament for nearly 73 years. Earlier it had served as the seat of the [[Imperial Legislative Council]] between 18 January 1927 and 15 August 1947, and the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] between 15 August 1947 and 26 January 1950.

The building was designed by British architects [[Edwin Lutyens]] and [[Herbert Baker]] and was constructed between 1921 and 1927. It was opened in January 1927 as the seat of the Imperial Legislative Council and was known as the ''Council House''. Following the [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian Independence]] in 1947, it was taken over by the Constituent Assembly of India, and then became the seat of the Indian Parliament on 26 January 1950 with India becoming a republic following the adoption of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]].

A [[New Parliament House, New Delhi|New Parliament House]], built adjacent to this building was inaugurated on 28 May 2023, and replaced the old Parliament building.

== Early history ==
{{Further information|Lutyens' Delhi}}
[[File:Parliament House, British India (1926).png|thumb|The Council House, during the final phase of its construction, in 1926.]]

=== Background ===
During the coronation of [[George V]] as the [[Emperor of India]] on 12 December 1911, he announced the transfer of the seat of the colonial government from [[Calcutta]] to [[Delhi]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=28 May 2023 |title=With the New Parliament building’s inauguration, the story of how the old parliament building came up |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/new-parliament-building-inauguration-old-story-explained-8632621/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528015815/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/new-parliament-building-inauguration-old-story-explained-8632621/ |archive-date=28 May 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> In 1919, the [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms]] transformed the [[Imperial Legislative Council]] into a [[Bicameralism|bicameral structure]] with two houses, those being the [[Central Legislative Assembly]] and [[Council of State (India)|Council of State]]. The reforms necessitated the construction of the building to accommodate the houses.<ref>{{cite book |last=Irving |first=Robert Grant |title=Indian Summer: Lutyens, Baker and Imperial Delhi |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=1981 |location=New Haven; London |page=295}}</ref>

=== Planning and design ===
The building was designed by English architects [[Edwin Lutyens]] and [[Herbert Baker]]. Lutyens proposed a circular design for the new building, which he believed would be the most efficient given the triangular shape of the plot of land on which the building is located.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Baker |first=Herbert |year=1926 |title=The New Delhi |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41357264 |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Arts |volume=74 |issue=3841 |pages=781–782 |jstor=41357264 |archive-date=29 January 2024 |access-date=29 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129182039/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41357264 |url-status=live }}</ref> The circular design was also chosen due to its reminiscence to the [[Colosseum|Roman Colosseum]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=27 May 2023 |title=From Council House to Indian Parliament building after Independence: The history behind the edifice |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/council-house-indian-parliament-building-after-independence-history-edifice-8630564/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527025020/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/council-house-indian-parliament-building-after-independence-history-edifice-8630564/ |archive-date=27 May 2023 |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The architectural style of the structure is an amalgamation of [[classical architecture]], inspired from Greece and Rome, alongside structural elements and decorative motifs from [[Architecture of India|Indian architecture]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Volwahsen |first=Andreas |title=Imperial Delhi: The British Capital of the Indian Empire |publisher=Prestel |year=2002 |location=Munich; New York |pages=140}}</ref> Lutyens believed that there was no "real Indian architecture or any great tradition." In his view, even picturesque structures of the subcontinent were supposedly pervaded by a "childish ignorance" of basic architectural principles.{{sfn|Metcalf|1989|page=228}} However, Baker supported a blend of classical and Indian architecture, in what was termed "[[Orient|orientalised]]" [[classicism]].{{sfn|Metcalf|1989|page=225}}

Before the project commenced, Baker, encouraged by [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Lord Hardinge]], and often accompanied by Lutyens, visited ancient cities in northern and central [[British Raj|British India]], from [[Lahore]] to [[Bodh Gaya]], in an effort, as Baker put it, "to learn all that I could of India." Baker sought to take the region's climate and cultural heritage into consideration, when designing the blueprint of the building. Following his tour, several "distinctly Indian" architectural practices appealed to him.{{sfn|Metcalf|1989|pages=222–223}} Furthermore, Hardinge also pressed Lutyens and Baker to adopt Indian elements such as ''[[chhatri]]'' (dome-shaped [[pavilion]]) and ''[[chhajja]]'' (overhanging [[Eaves|eave]] or roof).{{sfn|Metcalf|1989|page=225}} However, Baker was also concerned with the political implications that the design would elicit. As he wrote, the architecture "must not be Indian, nor English, nor Roman, but it must be imperial."{{sfn|Metcalf|1989|page=222}}

=== Construction ===
The foundation stone was laid by [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn|Prince Arthur]], [[Duke of Connaught and Strathearn]], on 12 February 1921.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Shikha |first=Swati |date=18 January 2024 |title=Old Indian Parliament: An Odyssey Of Colonialism, Independence And Protest |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/old-indian-parliament-an-odyssey-of-colonialism-independence-and-protest-news-289788 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |access-date=18 July 2025 |archive-date=6 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006064702/https://www.outlookindia.com/national/old-indian-parliament-an-odyssey-of-colonialism-independence-and-protest-news-289788 |url-status=live }}</ref> The building consisted of 144 [[sandstone]] columns on the exterior. At the core was the circular central chamber, and which was surrounded by three semicircular halls, for the sessions of the [[Chamber of Princes]], the [[Council of State (India)|Council of State]], and the [[Central Legislative Assembly]]. The structure was surrounded by expansive gardens, and its perimeter enclosed by ''[[jali]]'' ([[Latticework|latticed]] sandstone railings).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/parliament-house-144-pillars-of-pride/story-UBRQJ3tqmspQR34gkx1O2K.html|title=Parliament House: 144 pillars of pride|date=7 June 2011|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]|access-date=20 August 2018}}</ref> About 2,500 stone cutters and masons were employed to shape the stones and marbles required for construction.<ref name=":0" /> The structure was built over a period of six years, beginning in 1921 and finishing in 1927.<ref name=":1" />

=== Inauguration ===
On 18 January 1927, [[Bhupendra Nath Mitra]], a member of the [[Viceroy's Executive Council|governor-general's executive council]], in charge of the department of industries and labour, invited [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord Irwin]], then [[Governor-General of India|viceroy and governor-general of India]], to inaugurate the building.<ref name=":1" />

== As the Council House ==
[[File:Central Assembly Hall, New Delhi.jpg|thumb|The Council House in 1927.]]

The third session of the [[Central Legislative Assembly]] was held in the new building on 19 January 1927, a day after its inauguration.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of the Parliament of Delhi|url=http://delhiassembly.nic.in/history_assembly.htm|publisher=delhiassembly.nic.in|access-date=13 December 2013|archive-date=22 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922052645/http://delhiassembly.nic.in/history_assembly.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=acoBAAAAMAAJ&q=sir+bhupendra+nath+mitra+bank+of+india&pg=PA1054|title = Delhi Gazetteer|last1 = Chopra|first1 = Prabha|year = 1976}}</ref> Named the ''Council House'', the building acted as the seat of the [[Imperial Legislative Council]], from its inauguration in 1927 till Indian independence in 1947.<ref name=":0" />

=== 1929 bombing ===
On 8 April 1929, [[Bhagat Singh]], an Indian anti-colonial revolutionary, affiliated with the [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]] (HSRA), bombed the Council House, with the help of [[Batukeshwar Dutt]].{{sfn|Gaur|2008|pages=100–101}} The bombing was conducted as a protest against the Public Safety Bill and the Trade Dispute Bill, which had been rejected by the [[Central Legislative Assembly]], but enacted by the [[Governor-General of India|viceroy]] due to the latter's special powers.{{sfn|Gaur|2008|page=100}} Following the bombing, the men chanted "[[Inquilab Zindabad|Inquilab Zindabad!]]" ("Long Live the Revolution!") and threw leaflets. They were subsequently arrested.{{sfn|Gaur|2008|page=101}}

== Post-independence ==
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru addressing the constituent assembly in 1946.jpg|thumb|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] addressing the Constituent Assembly in 1946.]]

After India gained independence from the [[British Raj]] on [[Independence Day (India)|15 August 1947]], the building served as the seat of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]], tasked with creating the [[Constitution of India]]. When the Constitution came into effect on [[Republic Day (India)|26 January 1950]], the building became the seat of the [[Parliament of India]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Original edition with original artwork – The Constitution of India |date=26 November 1949 |publisher=Government of India |location=New Delhi |url=https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2672/view/1/1/ |access-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322045811/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2672/view/1/1/ |archive-date=22 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The building was renamed to ''Parliament House'', officially known as ''Sansad Bhavan''.<ref name=":0" /> In 1956, Baker led the addition of two new floors to the structure, due to a demand for more space.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Patel |first1=Shivam |last2=Lakhani |first2=Somu |date=24 January 2020 |title=Diversity, efficiency, flexibility: The brief for redeveloping New Delhi's Central Vista |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/central-vista-project-new-delhi-dr-bimal-patel-parliament-prime-minister-office-rajpath-6212011/ |access-date=5 January 2021 |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123150402/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/central-vista-project-new-delhi-dr-bimal-patel-parliament-prime-minister-office-rajpath-6212011/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 2001 attack ===
{{Main|2001 Indian Parliament attack}}

On 13 December 2001, five militants from [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] and [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]], two Pakistan-based militant organisations, attempted to invade the Parliament House. They were killed outside the building in a firefight with the security forces. The attack resulted in the deaths of six [[Delhi Police]] personnel, two [[Parliament Security Services]] personnel, and a gardener. The attack increased tensions between India and Pakistan, resulting in the [[2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Terrorists attack Parliament; five intruders, six cops killed|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/dec/13parl1.htm|access-date=13 December 2013|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=13 December 2001|archive-date=15 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115193845/http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/dec/13parl1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== New Parliament House ==
[[File:Glimpse_of_the_new_Parliament_Building,_in_New_Delhi.jpg|thumb|View of the [[Parliament House, New Delhi|New Parliament House]] with the Old Parliament House in the background]]
{{Main|Parliament House, New Delhi}}

Proposal for a new parliament building to replace the existing complex emerged in the 2010s due to ageing of the old building and space constraints.<ref>{{cite news|title=We need a new House, but preserve Parliament House: MPs|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/we-need-a-new-house-but-preserve-parliament-house-mps/article3640419.ece|access-date=1 December 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 July 2012}}</ref> A committee to suggest alternatives to the current building was set up by the then [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|speaker]] of the [[Lok Sabha]] [[Meira Kumar]] in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/speaker-sets-up-panel-to-suggest-new-home-for-parliament-377345.html|title=Speaker sets up panel to suggest new home for Parliament|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=13 July 2012|access-date=15 August 2012|archive-date=11 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120811003217/http://www.firstpost.com/india/speaker-sets-up-panel-to-suggest-new-home-for-parliament-377345.html|url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2019, the [[Indian government]] launched the [[Central Vista Redevelopment Project]], which aimed at redeveloping the area around the Central Vista, the major administrative area in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/central-vista-revamp-project-of-national-importance-for-new-india-101662622848344.html|title=Central Vista revamp: Project of ‘national importance’ for New India|first=Risha|last=Chitlangia|date=8 September 2022|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/central-vista-project-rs-20-000-crore-on-central-vista-amid-pandemic-cente-dispels-myths-2457518|title="Rs 20,000 crore on Central Vista amid pandemic?" Cente dispels myths|work=[[NDTV]]|date=6 June 2021|access-date=7 June 2021|archive-date=7 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607054837/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/central-vista-project-rs-20-000-crore-on-central-vista-amid-pandemic-cente-dispels-myths-2457518|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Srivastava|first=Ritesh|title=What is 'Central Vista' and why it is being opposed|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/what-is-central-vista-and-why-it-is-being-opposed-zee-explains-the-controversial-project-2361620.html|access-date=6 June 2021|work=[[Zee News]]|date=13 May 2021|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606205623/https://zeenews.india.com/india/what-is-central-vista-and-why-it-is-being-opposed-zee-explains-the-controversial-project-2361620.html|url-status=live }}</ref> The project included a plan to construct a new parliament building at plot number 118 of the Parliament Estate in Rafi Marg.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/8-new-buildings-likely-under-centres-redevelopment-of-central-vista/article61649839.ece|title=8 new buildings likely under new Central Vista|date=4 December 2021|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=30 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530095118/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/8-new-buildings-likely-under-centres-redevelopment-of-central-vista/article61649839.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/central-vista-revamp-new-parliament-vice-president-s-house-will-be-first-to-be-completed-101624990877593.html|title=Central Vista revamp: New Parl, Vice Prez house will be first to be completed|date=4 March 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|first=Anish|last=Dutta|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=24 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224210044/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/central-vista-revamp-new-parliament-vice-president-s-house-will-be-first-to-be-completed-101624990877593.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The construction of the entire project was completed on 20 May 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/new-parliamentary-building-explained-costs-construction-design-more-123091300281_1.html|title=New Parliament building explained: Costs, construction, design & more|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=23 September 2013|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> On 28 May 2023, [[Prime Minister of India|Indian prime minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] officially opened the new parliament building,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-inaugurates-new-parliament-building/article66903310.ece|title=PM Modi inaugurates new Parliament building|date=28 May 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211124141/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-inaugurates-new-parliament-building/article66903310.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
On 19 September 2023, the first house proceedings at the new building commenced as a part of a special session of the parliament.<ref>{{cite news|title=Parliament special session to be held from Sept 18-22, all-party meet on Sept 17; here's what you need to know|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/politics/story/parliament-special-session-to-be-held-from-sept-18-22-all-party-meet-on-sept-17-heres-what-you-need-to-know-398380-2023-09-14|work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]|date=14 September 2023|access-date=1 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=How the new Parliament building is readying for special session|url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/new-parliament-building-special-session-19-september-ganesh-chaturthi-puja-13114192.html|access-date=14 September 2023|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=12 September 2023|archive-date=14 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114165413/https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/new-parliament-building-special-session-19-september-ganesh-chaturthi-puja-13114192.html|url-status=live }}</ref>

==Constitution House==
In a speech held on 19 September 2023, prime minister Modi proposed that the building be renamed ''Samvidhan Sadan'' ("Constitution House"),<ref>{{cite news |date=19 September 2023 |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |title=Old Parliament building to be known as 'Samvidhan Sadan': Modi |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/old-parliament-building-to-be-known-as-samvidhan-sadan-modi-1503223574.html |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> and [[Om Birla]], [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]], announced later that day that it had been renamed so.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 September 2023 |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |title=Lok Sabha Speaker OM Birla notifies renaming old Parliament building as 'Samvidhan Sadan' |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/lok-sabha-speaker-om-birla-notifies-renaming-old-parliament-building-as-samvidhan-sadan-1503223724.html |access-date=1 June 2025 |archive-date=24 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424151332/https://www.thestatesman.com/india/lok-sabha-speaker-om-birla-notifies-renaming-old-parliament-building-as-samvidhan-sadan-1503223724.html |url-status=live }}</ref> After the inauguration of the new Parliament House, the Old Parliament House was proposed to be retrofitted to provide space for government events and host the proposed "Museum of Democracy".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/new-parliament-building-may-not-be-called-parliament-house-may-get-a-new-name-article-100487418 | title=New Parliament Building May Not be Called Parliament House, May Get a New Name | date=25 May 2023 | access-date=1 June 2025 | work=[[Times Now]] | archive-date=27 May 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527060754/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/new-parliament-building-may-not-be-called-parliament-house-may-get-a-new-name-article-100487418 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/what-will-happen-to-old-parliament-and-why-the-new-one-is-triangular-1222182.html |title=What will happen to old Parliament and why the new one is triangular |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=26 May 2023 | access-date=1 June 2025 }}</ref> In January 2026, Lok Sabha speaker Om Birla stated that experts have been invited to provide suggestions regarding the use of the building, and the final decision would be taken later at the general body meeting of the Lok Sabha.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/suggestions-invited-from-experts-on-future-use-of-old-parl-building-birla/articleshow/126489215.cms |title=Suggestions invited from experts on future use of Old Parl Building: Birla |date=26 January 2026 |access-date=1 February 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery widths=180>
File:Lord Mountbatten addressing the Chamber of Princes.jpg|[[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Mountbatten]] addressing the [[Chamber of Princes]] as [[Governor-General of India|viceroy and governor-general of India]] in 1947.
File:A Constituent Assembly of India meeting in 1950.jpg|A [[Constituent Assembly of India]] meeting in 1950.
File:Obverse of the 10 Rupees silver coin of 1972, commemorating the 25th Anniversary of Independence (1947—1972), featuring male and female figures standing (the man carrying Indian National Flag) before the Parliament of India building.jpg|The Old Parliament House building depicted on the obverse of the 10 Rupees silver coin of 1972, commemorating the 25th Anniversary of Independence (1947—1972).
File:Stamp of India - 1977 - Colnect 578217 - 25th Anniversary of Rajya Sabha.jpeg|A 1977 [[India Post]] stamp showing the [[Rajya Sabha]] chamber.
File:Indian Prime Minister Morarji Desai listens to Jimmy Carter as he addresses the Indian Parliament House. - NARA - 177385.tif|[[Indian Prime Minister]] [[Morarji Desai]] listens to [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Jimmy Carter]] addressing the Indian Parliament in 1978.
File:A lighting illumination of Parliament building on the occasion of the 61st Independence Day in New Delhi on August 15, 2007.jpg|The Old Parliament House, illuminated for the 61st Indian independence day on 15 August 2007.
File:Barack Obama at Parliament of India in New Delhi addressing Joint session of both houses 2010.jpg|U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] addresses the Parliament of India at the Central Hall in 2010
File:Inside Indian Parliament.jpg|[[Lok Sabha]] chamber in 2020
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Lutyens' Delhi]]
* [[New Parliament House, New Delhi]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Citations ===
* {{Cite book |last=Gaur |first=I. D. |title=Martyr as Bridegroom |publisher=Anthem Press |year=2008 |isbn=9781843313489 |ref={{sfnref|Gaur|2008}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=R. Metcalf |first=Thomas |title=An Imperial Vision: Indian Architecture and Britain's Raj |publisher=[[Faber & Faber]] |year=1989 |isbn=9780571154197 |ref={{sfnref|Metcalf|1989}}}}

== External links ==
* {{commonscat-inline|Old Parliament House, New Delhi}}

{{Parliament of India}}
{{Delhi}}

[[Category:Parliament of India]]
[[Category:Government buildings in Delhi]]
[[Category:Herbert Baker buildings and structures]]
[[Category:British colonial architecture in India]]

Soundariya Nanjundan

2026-04-03T17:04:45Z

ChetSena61: put up a post

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1995)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Soundariya Nanjundan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Soundariya Nanjundan
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|8|5|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/web-stories/movies/2022/09/20/actress-soundariya-nanjundan-alluring-pictures.html|title=സൗന്ദര്യ | Soundariya|website=സൗന്ദര്യ | Soundariya}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| years_active = 2018{{endash}}present
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|television personality}}
| spouse =
| alma mater = [[University of Madras]]
| known_for =''[[Villa To Village]]'' ''[[Vera Maari Office]]'' ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 8|Bigg Boss 8]]''
| other_names =
| partner =
| website =
}}

'''Soundariya Nanjundan''' (born 5 August 1995) is an Indian actress and television personality who predominantly appears in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film and television. In 2018, she made her debut in the talent reality show ''[[Villa to Village]]'' and emerged as the 4th runner-up. Followed by her television appearance she played supporting roles in multiple films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-8-meet-soundariya-nanjundan-the-dazzling-actress-set-to-shine-in-the-house/articleshow/113931739.cms|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 8: Meet Soundariya Nanjundan, the dazzling actress set to shine in the house|work=The Times of India |date=6 October 2024|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=24 November 2024|archive-date=22 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122105839/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-8-meet-soundariya-nanjundan-the-dazzling-actress-set-to-shine-in-the-house/articleshow/113931739.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2024, she participated in the reality show ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 8|Bigg Boss 8]]'' and emerged as the 1st runner-up.

==Early life==
Soundariya was born in [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]] on 5 August 1995 to a [[Kannada]] speaking father and a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] speaking mother. At a very young age Soundariya's parents migrated to [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]] to start up a bakery business and since then she has lived in [[Chennai]]. She completed her education in [[Chennai]] and later studied at [[University of Madras]] where she completed her degree.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/movie-actress/soundariya-nanjundan|title=Tamil Movie Actress Soundariya Nanjundan.|website=nettv4u.com}}</ref>

==Career==
In 2018, She participated in the reality show ''[[Villa To Village]]'' and was the fourth-runner up. She later made her acting debut in the film ''[[Thamizh Padam 2]]'' in an uncredited role as the antagonist's personal attendant. Then, she started in ''[[Adithya Varma]]'' alongside actor [[Dhruv Vikram]] which was released in 2019. She later went on to appear in the 2020 film ''[[Darbar (film)|Darbar]]'' portraying Nayanthara's cousin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-06 |last=Pandiyan S |first=Kalyani |title=பெங்களூர் பொண்ணு.. மாடலிங் கெரியர்.. ஹாட் போட்டோஷூட்.. ரஜினி பட வாய்ப்பு.. யாரப்பா இந்த செளந்தர்யா நஞ்சுண்டன்? |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-tamil-season-8-who-is-bigg-boss-tamil-season-8-contestant-rajinikanth-darbar-actress-soundariya-nanjundan-131728232774993.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=ta |access-date=2024-10-06 |archive-date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124211203/https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-tamil-season-8-who-is-bigg-boss-tamil-season-8-contestant-rajinikanth-darbar-actress-soundariya-nanjundan-131728232774993.html |url-status=live}}</ref> She later opposed actor [[Richard Rishi]] in the action-drama film ''[[Draupathi (2020 film)|Draupathi]]'' directed by [[Mohan G.]] which was also released in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-8-contestant-soundariya-nanjundan-opens-up-about-her-troubled-relationship-with-ex-boyfriend-says-it-was-my-first-love-and-i-was-true-to-him/articleshow/114341886.cms|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 8: Contestant Soundariya Nanjundan opens up about her troubled relationship with ex-boyfriend, says, "It was my first love, and I was true to him"|work=The Times of India |date=18 October 2024|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=24 November 2024|archive-date=12 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112235544/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-8-contestant-soundariya-nanjundan-opens-up-about-her-troubled-relationship-with-ex-boyfriend-says-it-was-my-first-love-and-i-was-true-to-him/articleshow/114341886.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2023, Soundariya was cast as a lead role in the comedy sitcom web series ''[[Vera Maari Office]]'' which was released on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha Tamil]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/vera-maari-office-aha-tamil-announces-web-series-starring-rj-vijay-harish-kalyan-unveils-first-look-poster/3472ee1607749|title=aha Tamil announces web series starring RJ Vijay, Harish Kalyan unveils first look poster|publisher=www.ottplay.com|access-date=31 May 2023|archive-date=31 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531070655/https://www.ottplay.com/news/vera-maari-office-aha-tamil-announces-web-series-starring-rj-vijay-harish-kalyan-unveils-first-look-poster/3472ee1607749|url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2024, Soundariya appeared on the reality show ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 8|Bigg Boss 8]]'' as a contestant which aired on [[Star Vijay]], and emerged as the runner-up of the show.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-8-soundariya-nanjundan-mesmerizes-the-housemates-with-her-dance-performance/articleshow/114498133.cms|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 8: Soundariya Nanjundan mesmerizes the housemates with her dance performance|work=The Times of India |date=23 October 2024|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=24 November 2024|archive-date=30 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130190346/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-8-soundariya-nanjundan-mesmerizes-the-housemates-with-her-dance-performance/articleshow/114498133.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-8-soundarya-nanjudan-to-participate-in-the-upcoming-season/articleshow/113809070.cms|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 8: Soundarya Nanjudan to participate in the upcoming season?|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=6 October 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Who Is Soundariya Nanjundan, The Runner Up In Bigg Boss Tamil 8?|url=https://www.oneindia.com/entertainment/who-is-soundariya-nanjundan-the-runner-up-in-bigg-boss-tamil-8-aired-on-vijay-television-4047111.html|website=www.oneindia.com|date=19 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title= Soundariya thanks her fans, says 'Finishing as the runner-up in Bigg Boss is not just my achievement; it's OURS'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-8-fame-soundarya-thanks-her-fans-says-finishing-as-the-runner-up-in-bigg-boss-is-not-just-my-achievement-its-ours/articleshow/117419557.cms|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=21 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 8 runner-up Soundariya: 'I got a lot of love from the fans, whether I win or not, the love is constant.'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-8-runner-up-soundariya-i-got-a-lot-of-love-from-the-fans-whether-i-win-or-not-the-love-is-constant-/articleshow/117483469.cms|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=23 January 2025}}</ref>

In 2025, she went on to appear in many reality shows in [[Star Vijay]] as a guest of honour in shows such as ''[[Neeya Naana]]'', ''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?|Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? season 10]]'' and ''[[Oo Solriya Oo Oohm Solriya|Oo Solriya Oo Oohm Solriya season 3]]''. She also went on to participate in the comedy-cooking show ''[[Cooku with Comali season 6]]'' as a comali.<ref>{{cite web|author=வெ.வித்யா காயத்ரி |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/cooku-with-comali-season-6-exclusive-update|title=விரைவில் 'குக்கு வித் கோமாளி சீசன் 6' - புது கோமாளி அவதாரம் எடுக்கும் பிக் பாஸ் பிரபலம்|website=cinema.vikatan.com|date=1 April 2025|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=வெ.வித்யா காயத்ரி |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Apr/01/cook-with-comali-soundarya|title=குக் வித் கோமாளி நிகழ்ச்சியில் செளந்தர்யா!|website=www.dinamani.com|date=1 April 2025|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Harendra Babu |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/top-listing/cook-with-comali-season-6-set-to-begin-soon-%E2%80%93-heres-what-we-know-5-4417.html#soundarya-spotted-in-promo|title=Cook With Comali Season 6 Set to Begin Soon – Here's What We Know|website=www.filmibeat.com|date=11 April 2025|language=ta}}</ref>

==Personal life==
During her appearance in ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 8|Bigg Boss 8]]'', Soundariya shared her personal experience of falling victim to a scam call that cost her a staggering ₹17 [[lakhs]]. She revealed that all the money stolen were her hard earned money from her debut into the industry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-8-soundariya-nanjundan-opens-up-about-falling-victim-to-a-scam-call-losing-17-lakhs/articleshow/115078608.cms|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 8: Soundariya Nanjundan opens up about falling victim to a scam call, losing ₹17 Lakhs|work=The Times of India |date=8 November 2024|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=24 November 2024|archive-date=12 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112222718/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-8-soundariya-nanjundan-opens-up-about-falling-victim-to-a-scam-call-losing-17-lakhs/articleshow/115078608.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2024, Soundariya Proposed to actor [[Vishnu (TV actor)|Vishnu Vijay]] on live television during ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 8|Bigg Boss 8]]'', and he also accepted her feelings. The couple officially started dating after the proposal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-8-soundariya-nanjundans-romantic-proposal-to-vishnu-vijay-steals-the-show/articleshow/116736270.cms|title=Soundariya Nanjundan's romantic proposal to Vishnu Vijay steals the show!|website=[[Times Of India]]|date=28 December 2024}}</ref>

==Filmography==
*''All films are in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Notes
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
|2018
|''[[Thamizh Padam 2]]''
|P's PA/Hacker
|rowspan="2"|Uncredited role
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/did-you-know-bigg-boss-tamil-8-contestant-soundariya-nanjundan-acted-in-sivas-tamizh-padam-2/articleshow/115735872.cms|title=Did you know Bigg Boss Tamil 8 contestant Soundariya Nanjundan acted in Siva's Tamizh Padam 2?|work=The Times of India |date=27 November 2024|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=2 December 2024|archive-date=7 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207012745/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/did-you-know-bigg-boss-tamil-8-contestant-soundariya-nanjundan-acted-in-sivas-tamizh-padam-2/articleshow/115735872.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4"|2019
|''[[Uriyadi 2]]''
|Interviewer
|
|-
| ''[[Adithya Varma]]''
|Dr. Keerthy
|
|
|-
| ''[[90 ML (2019 Tamil film)|90 ML]]''
|Christine "Chris"
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trendceylon.com/gallery/90ml-actress-soundariya-nanjundan-sparkled-in-traditional-silk-saree/|title=90ml actress Soundariya Nanjundan sparkled in Traditional silk saree - Trendceylon|website=www.trendceylon.com}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Super Duper (film)|Super Duper]]''
|Mona
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2020
|''[[Darbar (film)|Darbar]]''
|Lilly's cousin
|
|
|-
|''[[Draupathi (2020 film)|Draupathi]]''
|Raniya
|
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2022
|''[[Hey Sinamika]]''
|Paarvathy
|
|
|-
|''[[Nitham Oru Vaanam]]''
|Arjun's office colleague
|
|
|-
|''[[Kaalangalil Aval Vasantham (2022 film)|Kaalangalil Aval Vasantham]]''
|Shalini
|
|
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Series
! Role
! Network
! class="unsortable"|Notes
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-
|rowspan="1"|2018
|''[[Villa To Village]]''
|Contestant
|rowspan="2" |[[Star Vijay]]
|4th runner-up
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/villa-to-village-a-new-show-coming-up/articleshow/63255288.cms|title=Villa to Village- a new show coming up|publisher=bestmediainfo.com|access-date=11 March 2018|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406224551/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/villa-to-village-a-new-show-coming-up/articleshow/63255288.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''Ayutha Ezhutu''
|
|TV Serial;
Supporting Role
|
|-
|2023{{dash}}2024
|''[[Vera Maari Office]]''
|Leena
|[[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
|
|
|-
|2024{{dash}}2025
|''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 8|Bigg Boss 8]]''
|Contestant
|rowspan="8" |Star Vijay
|1st runner-up
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 8: From Soundariya Nanjundan to Muthukumaran – Meet the top 5 finalists of the show|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-8-from-soundariya-nanjundan-to-muthukumaran-meet-the-top-5-finalists-of-the-show/photostory/117303002.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 8: Muthukumaran wins trophy, Rs 41 lakh, Soundariya is 1st runner-up
|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-tamil-8-muthukumaran-wins-trophy-rs-41-lakh-soundariya-1st-runner-up-2667140-2025-01-20|website=India Today|date=20 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="6"|2025
|''[[Neeya Naana]]''
|Guest
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-8-fame-soundariya-to-grace-the-reality-show-neeya-naana/articleshow/117951666.cms|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 8 fame Soundariya to grace the reality show Neeya Naana|publisher=[[Times Of India]]|access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kalakka Povathu Yaaru?|Kalakka Povathu Yaaru? season 10]]''
|Guest
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kalakka-povathu-yaaru-bigg-boss-tamil-8-fame-soundariya-and-raayan-to-grace-the-show/articleshow/118301937.cms|title=Kalakka Povathu Yaaru: Bigg Boss Tamil 8 fame Soundariya and Raayan to grace the show|publisher=[[Times Of India]]|access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Oo Solriya Oo Oohm Solriya|Oo Solriya Oo Oohm Solriya season 3]]''
|Contestant
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-fame-soundariya-samyukutha-and-siva-to-grace-oo-solriya-oo-oohm-solriya/articleshow/119159185.cms|title=Bigg Boss Tamil fame Soundariya, Samyukutha and Siva to grace Oo Solriya Oo Oohm Solriya|publisher=[[Times Of India]]|access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jodi Are U Ready season 2]]''
|Herself
|To perform a dance performance on grand finale
|
|-
|''[[Cooku with Comali season 6]]''
|Comali
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/soundariya-nanjundan-joins-cooku-with-comali-season-6-as-a-comali/articleshow/119908540.cms|title=Soundariya Nanjundan joins Cooku With Comali season 6 as a Comali?|publisher=[[Times Of India]]|access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 9|Bigg Boss 9]]''
|{{nowrap|[[Santa Claus]]}}
|[[Christmas]] special
|
|-
|2026
|''[[Cooku with Comali season 7]]''
|Comali
|
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|11210478}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nanjundan, Soundariya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Leon D'Souza

2026-04-01T09:58:35Z

ChetSena61: starting details

{{BLP sources|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Leon D'Souza
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Leon Saalis de Souza
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1985|11|10}}
| birth_place = [[Panaji]], Goa, India
| alma_mater = [[Wilson College, Mumbai]] [[University of Mumbai]]
| occupation = {{Hlist|Singer|songwriter|publicist}}
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = Yes
| instrument = {{Hlist|Vocals|piano}}
| genre = {{Hlist|Pop|rock|[[filmi]]}}
| label = {{Hlist|[[Sony Music]]|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]|[[Saregama]]|Hariharan Music}}
| years_active = 2011–present
| website =
}}
}}

'''Leon D'Souza'''{{Efn|{{IPA|kok|lɪ.joːn ɖɪ.suː.zaː}}.}} (born 10 November 1985) is an Indian [[playback singer]] and songwriter.<ref name="toi-exclusive">{{cite news |last=Giri |first=Aditi |title=Exclusive! 'Hosanna' singer Leon D'Souza: Rahman is a one-man band |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/exclusive-hosanna-singer-leon-dsouza-rahman-is-a-one-man-band/articleshow/80137249.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 January 2021 |access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref> He has sung in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada film industries]] and has also recorded advertising jingles. He gained widespread recognition for singing "[[Hosanna (A. R. Rahman song)|Hosanna]]" in the 2012 Hindi film ''[[Ekk Deewana Tha]]'', composed by [[A. R. Rahman]].<ref name="toi-video">{{cite web |title=Check out Hindi all-time hit romantic song music video 'Hosanna' sung by Leon D'Souza and Suzanne D'Mello featuring Prateik Babbar and Amy Jackson |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/check-out-hindi-all-time-hit-romantic-song-music-video-hosanna-sung-by-leon-dsouza-and-suzanne-dmello-featuring-prateik-babbar-and-amy-jackson/videoshow/88203226.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=Times Internet |date=11 December 2021 |access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref>

== Early life ==
D'Souza was born into a [[Goan Catholics|Goan Catholic]] family in [[Panaji]], Goa, India.<ref name="talkingdesk"/> His maternal grandfather Menino Dias was a violinist who regularly performed at church services and local religious gatherings, and was a known figure in [[Taleigão]], Goa. D'Souza grew up surrounded by music and learned to play the recorder and piano.<ref name="talkingdesk">{{cite web |last= |first= |title=Leon D'Souza: I always wanted to become someone who sang well |url=https://thetalkingdesk.wordpress.com/2013/08/05/leon-de-souza-i-always-wanted-to-become-someone-who-sang-well/ |website=The Talking Desk |date=5 August 2013 |access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref>

He also trained in the [[Choir#Types|church choir]] at [[Gloria Church]] in [[Byculla]], [[Mumbai]], under the guidance and mentorship of Margarate Fernandes, who directed the Glorian Choir for over 40 years. This experience shaped his vocal technique and strongly influenced his musical style, which was heavily inspired by [[gospel music]].<ref name="indulg">{{cite news |last= |first= |title=Leon D’Souza, the voice behind the now-viral reel of 'Hosanna,' gets candid about the ARR song that catapulted him into fame |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2022/Oct/05/leon-dsouza-the-voice-behind-the-now-viral-reel-of-hosanna-gets-candid-about-the-arr-song-that-44475.html |newspaper=Indulge Express |date=5 October 2022 |access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref>

== Career ==
D'Souza began his career performing in gospel competitions and church choirs.<ref name="toi-summer"/> He was introduced to Bollywood by [[A. R. Rahman]], who selected him to record the Hindi version of the song "[[Hosanna (A. R. Rahman song)|Hosanna]]" for ''[[Ekk Deewana Tha]]'' (2012).<ref name="newindianexpress">{{cite news |last= |first= |title=AR Rahman music director |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2011/Dec/24/ar-rehman-music-director-323524.html |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=24 December 2011 |access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref><ref name="bollywoodlife">{{cite news |title=A.R. Rahman: Leon D’Souza's voice has a universal appeal |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/ar-rahman-leon-dsouzas-voice-has-a-universal-appeal/ |newspaper=Bollywood Life |date=24 December 2011 |access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref> Originally, the song's rap section was not intended for him, but Rahman encouraged D'Souza to perform it, resulting in a signature vocal style combining soft and bold tones reminiscent of R&B artist Usher.<ref name="indulg"/>

Following this breakthrough, D'Souza featured in the remix version of "Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu" from ''[[Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu]]'' in the same year, composed by [[Amit Trivedi]]. In 2013, he sang "Dhuaan" for the film ''[[D-Day (2013 film)|D-Day]]'', composed by [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]], collaborating with multiple vocalists.

D'Souza also recorded songs in Tamil and Kannada, collaborating with composers such as [[Ghibran Vaibodha|Ghibran]] and [[Sachin Warrier]]. He regularly tours internationally as a guest vocalist with [[Arijit Singh]].<ref name="toi-exclusive"/>

In 2019, D'Souza released his first single, "Summer 45", an electronic pop track composed by DJ Tanishq, in collaboration with Johnnie Ernest and Stich.<ref name="toi-summer">{{cite news |last=Giri |first=Aditi |title=Leon D'Souza celebrates summer with his new single |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/english/music/leon-dsouza-celebrates-summer-with-his-new-single/articleshow/69229789.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 May 2019 |access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref> The song reflects tropical summer themes and nostalgic imagery of beaches from his youth in Goa.

In 2022, D'Souza experienced renewed popularity when an Instagram reel featuring his performance of "Hosanna" went viral, garnering over 28 million views within 24 hours.<ref name="indulg"/> The viral moment introduced his voice to a new generation of listeners, many of whom were unaware of the singer behind the original track.

== Musical style ==
D'Souza's music is influenced by gospel and contemporary pop, with a focus on embellishing vocal lines and exploring multiple tones within a single performance.<ref name="indulg"/> He has expressed interest in blending independent music projects with traditional film playback singing.<ref name="toi-exclusive"/>

== Other ventures ==
Outside of music, D'Souza founded a communications company, ''Storytellers101'', in 2013, where he manages brand storytelling and creative projects.<ref name="indulg"/>

== Discography ==
=== Film songs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Song
!Film
!Composer
!Lyricist
!Co-singer(s)
!Language
!Notes
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
|"[[Hosanna (A. R. Rahman song)|Hosanna]]"
|''[[Ekk Deewana Tha]]''
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[Javed Akhtar]]
|[[Maria Roe Vincent]] and [[Suzanne D'Mello]]
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]] and English
|
|
|-
|"Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu (Remix)"
|''[[Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu]]''
|[[Amit Trivedi]]
|[[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
|[[Benny Dayal]], [[Anushka Manchanda]] and [[Shefali Alvaris]]
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|2013
|"Dhuaan"
|''[[D-Day (2013 film)|D-Day]]''
|[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
|[[Niranjan Iyengar]]
|[[Rahul Ram]], [[Siddharth Mahadevan]], [[Alyssa Mendonsa]], [[Thomson Andrews]], Keshia Braganza and Crystal Sequeira
|Hindi
|
|<ref name="M4">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/musiccriticreview/id/566854|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707001516/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/musiccriticreview/id/566854|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 July 2013|title=D-Day – Music Critic Review|author=Rajiv Vijayakar|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=3 July 2013|access-date=16 February 2026}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|"Ae Le Le Etti Paarthale"
|''[[Naiyaandi]]''
|[[Ghibran Vaibodha]]
|[[Arivumathi]]
|[[Sundar Narayana Rao]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=21 September 2013 |title=Naiyaandi (Music review), Tamil – Ghibran |url=https://milliblog.com/2013/09/21/naiyaandi-music-review-tamil-ghibran/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250429025256/https://milliblog.com/2013/09/21/naiyaandi-music-review-tamil-ghibran/ |archive-date=29 April 2025 |access-date=16 February 2026 |website=[[Milliblog]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|"Daariya Kaledukondide"
|''[[Katheyondu Shuruvagide]]''
|[[Sachin Warrier]]
|Kiran Kaverappa
|[[Inchara Rao]]
|[[Kannada language|Kannada]]
|
|
|}

=== Television songs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Song
!Serial/Show
!Composer
!Lyricist
!Co-singer(s)
!Language
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2012
|"Teri Meri Love Stories Title Track"
|''[[Teri Meri Love Stories]]''
|
|
|[[Mahalaxmi Iyer]]
|Hindi
|
|
|}

=== Singles ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Song
!Composer
!Lyricist
!Co-singer(s)
!Language
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2019
|"Summer 45"
|Leon D'Souza, Pallavi Kedar and Atul Gupta
|Leon D'Souza, Pallavi Kedar and Atul Gupta
|
|English
|
|
|-
|2021
|"Find My Way"
|Candy D'Souza
|Candy D'Souza
|
|English
|
|
|}

== Footnotes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Facebook|theleondesouza}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:D'Souza, Leon}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]

NBC Bearings

2026-03-26T13:14:57Z

ChetSena61: starting new post

{{Short description|Indian bearings manufacturing company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = NBC Bearing
| logo = NBC Bearings.svg
| industry = [[Engineering]], [[factory automation]], Bearing Manufacturer
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1946}}
| founder = Mr [[Brij Mohan Birla|B M Birla]]
| location = [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| key_people = {{plainlist |
* Rohit Saboo (President & Chief Executive Officer)
* Rajesh Premchandran (Chief Sales & Marketing Officer)
* Gourav Chaturvedi (Chief Financial Officer)
}}
| products = Bearings from 6mm to 2000mm in over 3100 sizes
| brands = NBC Bearing
| revenue = The company had a gross turnover of Rs 2111.37 crores in 2020-21
| num_employees = 2800
| parent = [[CKA Birla Group]]
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.nbcbearings.com/|nbcbearings.com}}
}}

'''NBC Bearings''' is the brand of National Engineering Industries Limited (NEIL), a part of [[CK Birla Group|CKA Birla Group]]. National Engineering Industries (NEIL) was founded in 1946 and is engaged in the manufacturing of bearings for the automotive, [[railway]], industrial, and aerospace industries. It sells bearings under the brand name NBC Bearings and exports them to at least 30+ countries, including the [[United States]], [[Germany]], [[Brazil]], [[Japan]], and [[Australia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=NBC Bearings plans to double turnover by 2027 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/nbc-bearings-plans-to-double-turnover-by-2027/articleshow/101907905.cms |website=The Times of India |date=19 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=National Engineering Industries: A Legacy of Bearings for 78 Years |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/business/national-engineering-industries-a-legacy-of-bearings-for-78-years |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
National Bearings Company Limited (NBC) was founded in Jaipur by Shri [[B. M. Birla]] in a technical collaboration with Hoffman, UK in the year 1946. It began with the production of ball bearings from the year 1950. Following a political change in the princely state of Hyderabad, the company was renamed as National Engineering Industries Limited.<ref>{{cite web |title=NEI {{!}} CK Birla Group |url=https://www.ckbirlagroup.com/nbc-bearings.php |website=www.ckbirlagroup.com}}</ref>

In June 2020, NEI acquired the European-based bearing manufacturer Kinex Bearings & Global Supply.<ref>{{cite web |title=CK Birla group firm NEIL acquires Slovakia-based Kinex Bearings |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/engineering/ck-birla-group-firm-nei-acquires-slovakia-based-kinex-bearings/articleshow/73269752.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=15 January 2020}}</ref>

In 2022, NBC Global Ag also opened its Global Technology Centre NBC Global (Germany) GmbH in Germany to support innovation. NBC Global AG also established NBC Kaili, (Ningbo) Precision Bearing Company, in [[Ningbo]], China.<ref>{{cite web |title=NBC Bearings: The M&A Route To Global Fame |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/hub4business/nbc-bearings-the-ma-route-to-global-fame |website=Outlook|date=23 August 2024 }}</ref>

In October 2023, NBC partnered with FOGTEC to provide fire detection and suppression systems to [[Indian Railways|Indian railways]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Through this partnership, NEIL is diversifying its product portfolio beyond bearings. |url=https://www.autocarpro.in/news/nbc-bearings-partners-with-fogtec-to-provide-fire-detection-and-suppression-systems-to-indian-railways-117261 |website=Autocar Professional |language=en}}</ref>

==Facilities==
The company has five manufacturing facilities located at [[Jaipur]], [[Newai]] and [[Manesar]] and Savli (Vadodara).<ref name="nbcbearings.com">{{Cite web |title=nbc |url=https://nbcbearings.com/who-we-are/nbc |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=nbc |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="msnarticle">{{Cite web|date=2012-09-26|title=National Engineering Industries to invest Rs 1,000 cr in 7 yrs|url=http://news.in.msn.com/business/article.aspx?cp-documentid=250847703|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216114407/http://news.in.msn.com/business/article.aspx?cp-documentid=250847703|archive-date=2013-02-16|access-date=2021-04-19|website=news.in.msn.com}}</ref> Apart from the bearing production, the company also produces Next- Gen products.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-04-26|title=NBC ties up with ConMet to bring PreSet hub to India|url=https://www.motorindiaonline.in/aftermarket/nbc-ties-conmet-bring-preset-hub-india/|website=Motor India}}</ref><ref name="railway_12" /> The employee strength is 2800 across five plants.<ref name="railway_12">12 Rail Business, Volume 4, Issue 19-May 2013</ref>

In April 2024, NBC setup a new plant in [[Bagru]], [[Jaipur district]], [[Rajasthan]], India.<ref>{{cite web |title=NBC Bearings to set up new plant in Bagru |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/nbc-bearings-to-set-up-new-plant-in-bagru/articleshow/109607424.cms |website=The Times of India |date=26 April 2024}}</ref>

==Capacity==
NBC makes 200 million bearings annually across its five plants.<ref name="nbcbearings.com"/> The NBC brand commands a market share of 24% in the domestic market. Approximately 70% of NEIL's sales come from original equipment manufacturers and 30% from the replacement market.<ref name="autotech">{{Cite web|date=April 2012|title=Auto Tech Reviews - National Engineering Industries – Setting Benchmarks for Bearings of Tomorrow|url=http://autotechreview.com/latest-issue/item/download/106.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119143623/http://autotechreview.com/latest-issue/item/download/106.html|archive-date=2015-01-19|access-date=2013-01-06|website=autotechreview.com}}</ref> The turnover approximates 60% from the auto sector (OEM and aftermarket), 30% for railway products and 10% from the low volume industrial applications.<ref name="railway_12" />

== Technology ==
NEIL uses a [[heat treatment]] machine (furnace) from Chugairo, [[Japan]]. The [[grinding (abrasive cutting)|grinding]] technology is sourced from Izumi of [[Japan]], Nova of [[Italy]], LMT of [[Sweden]] and FMT of [[Italy]]. NEIL operates 22 grinding lines out of which 17 are used for Deep Groove [[Ball Bearing]] (DGBB) and five are used for Double Row Angular Contact (DRAC) Bearings.<ref name="autotech" /> NEIL maintains technical collaborations with [[NTN Corporation|NTN]] (Japan) and Amsted Rail (Brenco, USA).<ref>{{cite web |title=NBC Bearings: Pioneering Innovation for a Sustainable Future |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/business/nbc-bearings-pioneering-innovation-for-a-sustainable-future |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref>

==Research and development==
The company has developed a low torque bearing that can reduce friction up to 20%, which results in [[fuel efficiency]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=2013-01-24|title=National Engineering Industries to invest Rs 700 cr in 4 years|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/national-engineering-industries-to-invest-rs-700-cr-in-4-years-112090500171_1.html|access-date=2021-04-19}}</ref><ref name="motowin">{{Cite web|date=2012-12-10|title=NBC breakthrough in fuel efficient bearings|url=http://motownindia.com/Motown/Gadgets/View_Details.aspx?id=719&type=National_News|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302024628/https://www.motownindia.com/News/National_News/719/News|archive-date=2014-03-02|website=motownindia.com}}</ref> The company spends 1% of its turnover on R & D activities, with an eye on increasing it to 2% in the coming years.<ref name="railway_12" /> The company holds a number of patents born from its research activities.<ref name="railway_12" />

==Awards==
* [[Deming Prize|Deming Award]] (2010)<ref>{{cite web |title=National Engineering Industries wins 2010 Deming Prize |url=https://twocircles.net/2010oct13/national_engineering_industries_wins_2010_deming_prize.html |website=TwoCircles.net |date=13 October 2010}}</ref>
* [[Deming Prize|Deming Grand Prize]] (2015)<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian firm NBC Bearings wins Deming Grand Prize |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/auto-components/nbc-bearings-wins-deming-grand-prize/articleshow/49563364.cms |work=The Economic Times |access-date=17 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NBC Bearings conferred the Deming Grand Prize 2015 -ET Auto |url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/auto-components/nbc-bearings-conferred-the-deming-grand-prize-2015/49802567 |website=ETAuto.com |access-date=17 December 2025}}</ref>
* [[Automotive Component Manufacturers Association of India|ACMA]] Award for Technology Excellence (2015)<ref>{{cite web |title=ACMA Award Winners- Technology Excellence |url=https://www.acma.in/awards/technology-excellence-awards |website=Automotive Component Manufacturers Association of India |access-date=17 December 2025}}</ref>
* [[Confederation of Indian Industry|CII]] Quality Award - Best TQM Model Company (2015)<ref>{{cite web |title=CII Quality Awards Winners |url=https://www.cii.in/QualityAwards.aspx |website=Confederation of Indian Industry |access-date=17 December 2025}}</ref>
* Iconic Brands of India Award (2022)<ref>{{cite news |title=ET Iconic Brands of India Awards 2022 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/et-iconic-brands-of-india-2022 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=17 December 2025}}</ref>
* CII National Digitech Circle - Gold Award (2025)

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Manufacturing companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Economy of Jaipur]]
[[Category:CK Birla Group]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1946]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1946]]
[[Category:Bearing manufacturers]]
[[Category:Engineering companies of India]]
[[Category:Economy of India]]

Badri Narain Sinha

2026-03-26T06:45:32Z

ChetSena61: creating the stub with sources

{{Short description|Indian policeman and writer (1930–1979)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Badri Narain Sinha
| image = Badri_Narain_Sinha,_IPS,_Patna_Bihar.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1930|04|04}}
| birth_place = Saramohanpur, Darbhanga district, Bihar State, India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1979|11|07|1930|04|04}}
| death_place = Patna
| other_names = Badri Babu; BN Sinha IPS
| occupation = [[Indian Police Service]] officer of 1952 batch in Bihar cadre
}}

'''Badri Narain Sinha''' (4 April 1930 – 7 November 1979) was born at village Saramohanpur in [[Darbhanga district]] of [[Bihar]]. An officer of [[Indian Police Service]] of 1952 batch of Bihar cadre of India, Sinha died in harness as [[Deputy Inspector General]] (CID), Government of Bihar. Sinha, described as ‘erudite and knowledgeable police chief’ <ref>Arvind N. Das, (Ed.), Agrarian Movements in India: Studies on 20th Century Bihar, First Published in 1982 in Great Britain by Frank Cass and Company Limited, and in United States of America by Frank Cass and Company Limited, p. 130</ref> by noted sociologist-journalist [[Arvind Narayan Das|Arvind N Das]], was a poet, critic, journalist, and a close associate of [[Jayprakash Narayan]].<ref name=Anandvardhan>Anandvardhan Sinha, 'A Prelude' to J.P's Movement At A Glance by Badri Narain Sinha, Sri Ganpat Prakashan, 1993 (reprint 2011), Patna</ref>
Apart from the unique alchemy of brain and brawn that he displayed as an administrator and police officer, he was a thinker, littérateur, poet, a secular devout who broke bread with Muslims during the holy month of [[Ramadan|Ramzan]] as much as practicing austere Hindu fast during the whole month of [[Kartik (month)|Kartik]], personifying in his life the multi-faceted moral actions that he highlights as [[Gandhi]]'s character and, therefore, his message in his writings on the Mahatma.

== Professional life ==
Sinha was born in a [[Kayastha]] family. He, an [[Master of Arts|MA]] in English Literature from [[Patna University]] (1949), first became an English Lecturer at C. M. College, [[Darbhanga]], then at [[Ranchi College]], [[Ranchi]], before joining [[Indian Police Service]] in 1952. Sinha served as [[Superintendent of Police]], [[Champaran]] (1958–63) and [[Bhagalpur]] (1965–68), Superintendent of Railway Police, [[Muzaffarpur]] (1968–70) and [[Senior Superintendent of Police]], [[Ranchi]] (1970–71), Deputy Inspector-General of Police and Member Secretary, Bihar Police Manual Revision Committee in June, 1971, Deputy Inspector-General (DIG) of Police, Central Range, [[Patna]] (1974–77) and later DIG of Police, [[Criminal Investigation Department]] till his death in harness on 7 November 1979. Sinha was awarded the [[Indian Police Medal]] in 1971 for his meritorious and distinguished services and was decorated with the [[President's Police Medal]] in August, 1979. Sinha was Founder-Editor of ''Bihar Police Patrika'', the official organ of the [[Bihar Police]], a mantle which he carried till his premature end.<ref name=Anandvardhan/>

== Literary contribution ==

Sinha was an acclaimed literary critic and reputed writer in the field of [[Hindi Literature]]. He authored ''Prathmiki'', a landmark work in Hindi literary criticism in 1965 and followed it up with ''Aaj Tak Ki'', its companion volume. Published ''Tatka Adam'', a book of modern Hindi Poetry; wrote twin books with the life of Mahatma Gandhi as subject- ''Ab Bahu Se Sab Jan Hitay'' in Hindi and ''MAN THOU CAN'' in English; authored ''Students' Revolt'', a concise book on student unrest – a must-read for police officers dealing with students’ disturbances for its insight.<ref>Goswami Madan Gopal 'Arvind' and Nripendranath Gupt (Editors), Sahityakaar Badri Narayan Sinha: Krititvya Vishleshan (Litterateur Badri Naryan Sinha: A Critical Evaluation), published by Vikramshila Sahitya Sammellan, Kahalgaon (Bhagalpur), Bihar, 1966</ref> His book, ''Apradhiki'',<ref name="magadhuniversity">{{cite web|url=http://magadhuniversity.info/index.php/81-library-classification/97|title=bl300page1|publisher=magadhuniversity.info|access-date=2014-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927082313/http://magadhuniversity.info/index.php/81-library-classification/97|archive-date=27 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Badri Narain Sinha, 'Apradhiki', Bihar Hindi Granth Academy, Patna, 1971</ref> a rare pioneering work in Hindi on [[Criminology]], was awarded the Best Book of The Year 1971 by the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]].{{Citation needed|date= June 2022}}

== From Naxalbari to Ekbari ==

As DIG (Naxalites), Sinha showed rare intellectual integrity and courage by writing three articles in the English daily ''The Searchlight'' recognising the naxalite movement as a socio-economic and political issue and not just as a mere policing job.<ref>''The Searchlight'', Patna, 11–13 June 1975</ref> In these pioneering articles, Sinha stated, "putting in zealous and dedicated social reformers drawn from all shades to bring about transformation on the socio-cultural planes’ is as much a part of ‘the counter-insurgency measures’ as ‘concentrated police operations or operations by the special task forces, may be from the supreme armed formation, the army itself."<ref>Arvind N. Das, (Ed.), Agrarian Movements in India: Studies on 20th Century Bihar, First Published in 1982 in Great Britain by Frank Cass and Company Limited, and in United States of America by Frank Cass and Company Limited, p.131-133</ref><ref>Arvind N. Das, (Ed.), Agrarian Movements in India: Studies on 20th Century Bihar, First Published in 1982 in Great Britain by Frank Cass and Company Limited, and in United States of America by Frank Cass and Company Limited, 146-149</ref><ref name=Bhoodan>[http://www.cpiml.org/liberation/year_2007/August/bhoodan_unmasked.html Bhoodan Unmasked]</ref> This has been seen as major critical interpretation <ref name=Bhoodan/> of the movements like [[Bhoodan Movement|Bhoodan]] in India started by [[Vinoba Bhave]].

== Public contribution ==

Founder of Shankar Shah Vikramashila (SSV) Mahavidyalaya at [[Kahalgaon]] in [[Bhagalpur]] district while working as SP there by pooling public contribution including a big building on a hillock from a philanthropist after whom he prefixed the name of the college based on the famous ancient [[Vikramashila University]]. Vikramashila was one of the two most important centers of Buddhist learning in India during the [[Pala empire]], along with [[Nalanda]], established by King [[Dharmapala]] (783 to 820) in response to a supposed decline in the quality of scholarship at Nalanda.<ref>[[Vikramashila]], Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia</ref> Thus he pioneered many decades ago what is now advocated as [[Public-private partnership]] (PPP) model of development, tangibly fostering the concept of [[community policing]] in India and building bridges to contain students' unrest.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* http://www.bnsinhaips.org
* https://web.archive.org/web/20150216152648/http://bnsinhaips.org/mobile/index.aspx
* http://bnsinhaips.blogspot.in/


{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, Badri Narain}}
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:1979 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Darbhanga district]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:People from Ranchi]]
[[Category:People from Bhagalpur]]
[[Category:People from Muzaffarpur]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Patna University alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from Bihar]]

Shukriya: Till Death Do Us Apart

2026-03-26T06:28:54Z

ChetSena61: put up new details

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shukriya: Till Death Do Us Apart
| image = Shukriya,_Till_Death_Do_Us_Apart.jpg
| caption = Dvd Cover
| director = Anupam Sinha
| writer = Jeetu Arora [[Anubhav Sinha]]
| starring = [[Anupam Kher]] [[Aftab Shivdasani]] [[Shriya Saran]] [[Indraneil Sengupta]]
| producer = Vibha Bhatnagar Meenu Bachan
| distributor = [[Pen N Camera International]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2004|10|08}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| music = [[Vishal–Shekhar]] [[Himesh Reshammiya]] DEVENDRA-YOGENDRA Raju Rao
| cinematography = Rajeev Shrivastav
}}

'''''Shukriya: Till Death Do Us Apart''''' (transl. '''''Thank you''''')<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/shukriya/movieshow/61332237.cms | title=Shukriya Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes | website=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=23 February 2022 | archive-date=23 February 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223090514/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/shukriya/movieshow/61332237.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> is a 2004 Indian Hindi-language [[romance film]] directed by Anupam Sinha, starring [[Anupam Kher]], [[Aftab Shivdasani]], [[Shriya Saran]] and [[Indraneil Sengupta]]. The film is an adaptation of the 1998 American film [[Meet Joe Black]].<ref name=BHAdarsh>{{cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/shukriya-3/critic-review/shukriya-3-movie-review/ | title=Shukriya Review 2/5 | Shukriya Movie Review | Shukriya 2004 Public Review | Film Review | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | date=8 October 2004 | access-date=23 February 2022 | archive-date=23 February 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223090514/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/shukriya-3/critic-review/shukriya-3-movie-review/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
Thirty years ago, Karam Jindal with his widowed mom, Gayatri, and wife, Sandhya, immigrated to [[London]], [[England]]. Shortly thereafter, Gayatri was diagnosed with cancer and died. Sandhya gives birth to two daughters, Anjali and Sanam. The Jindals accumulate wealth and are now one of the wealthiest families in London.

Anjali marries Akash, while Sanam is on the look-out for her beau. With Karam's 60th birthday coming up, Anjali is busy with preparations for a grand party. Karam hopes to get Sanam married to Yash, his employee, who is like a son to him. Adding to the celebration is the inauguration of the "Gayatri Jindal Cancer Hospital" on Karam's birthday.

With the preparations under way, Karam brings home a young man, Rohan "Ricky" Verma, to live with them for a few days. Sanam has already met him and is quite friendly with him. She confides in her mother that she would like to marry Rohan, and her mother implies that she approves of him. They are shocked when Karam vehemently opposes any alliance with Rohan and refuses to divulge the reason. Only Karam knows that Rohan is not who he claims to be – he is Death himself – and is accompanying Karam during his last four days on Earth.

== Cast ==
* [[Anupam Kher]] as Karam Jindal
* [[Aftab Shivdasani]] as [[Personifications of death|Death / "Rohan Verma"]]
**also the young man Ricky in the coffee shop who is borrowed by Death
* [[Shriya Saran]] as Sanam K. Jindal
* [[Indraneil Sengupta]] as Yash
* [[Rati Agnihotri]] as Sandhya K. Jindal
* [[Rana Jung Bahadur]] as Uday R. Jindal
* [[Anupam Sharma]]

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Shukriya: Till Death Do Us Apart
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Himesh Reshammiya]], [[Vishal-Shekhar]], DEVENDRA-YOGENDRA, Raju Rao
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 8 October 2004 (India)
| recorded = 2004
| venue = [[Mumbai]]
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 50:39
| label =
| producer = Himesh Reshammiya
| prev_title = [[Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa]]
| prev_year = 2004
| next_title = [[Aitraaz]]
| next_year = 2004
}}
Lyrics for all songs were written by [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]].
===Track list===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title
!Music!! Singer(s)
|-
| 1.
| "Tumhe Jitna Bhulate Hain"
|[[Himesh Reshammiya]]
| [[Sonu Nigam]]
|-
| 2.
| "Kya Haal Hai Mere Is Dil Ka"
|Himesh Reshammiya
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| 3.
| "Maine Poochha Kudrat Se"
|[[Vishal–Shekhar|Vishal-Shekhar]]
| [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
|-
| 4.
| "Aankhon Aankhon Mein"
|Vishal-Shekhar
| [[KK (singer)|KK]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|-
| 5.
| "Tumhara Tumhara"
|Himesh Reshammiya
| Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik
|-
| 6.
| "Dil Ai Dil"
|Vishal-Shekhar
| Kumar Sanu
|-
| 7.
| "Leti Hai Yeh Zindagi"
|DEVENDRA-YOGENDRA
| Sonu Nigam
|-
| 8.
| "Ni Soniye"
|DEVENDRA-YOGENDRA
| Sonu Nigam, Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik, [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
| 9.
| "Shukriya (Theme Track)"
|Raju Rao
| Instrumental
|}

==Reception==
[[Kaveree Bamzai]] of [[India Today]] wrote, "What happens when a music video director makes a three-hour-long movie? You feel like calling cut. Shukriyais not original, which in this age of DVD clones is not a surprise."<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Bamzai |first=Kaveree |date=25 October 2004 |title=Long Lost |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/20041025-film-review-of-shukriya-by-anupam-sinha-791092-2004-10-24 |magazine=[[India Today]] |location=New Delhi |publisher=[[Living Media]] |access-date=5 April 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] of [[IndiaFM]] gave the film two out of five, writing, "If the story of this film is its USP, it's also a deterrent. While some would love the novel theme, there might be a sizable section of moviegoers who may not absorb the unconventional storyline."<ref name=BHAdarsh/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Himesh Reshammiya]]
[[Category:2004 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2004 drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vishal–Shekhar]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy drama films]]
[[Category:Films about the upper class]]
[[Category:Films about personifications of death]]
[[Category:2004 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2004 romantic drama films]]

Solapur Airport

2026-03-21T00:39:56Z

ChetSena61: cleanup content further and improved wording

{{Short description|Airport in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Solapur Airport
| nativename =
| nativename-a =
| nativename-r =
| image =
| caption =
| IATA = SSE
| ICAO = VASL
| type = Public
| owner = Government of India
| operator = [[Airports Authority of India]]
| city-served = Solapur
| location = Solapur, Maharashtra
| metric-elev =
| elevation-m = 483
| elevation-f = 1,584
| coordinates = {{coord|17|37|30|N|75|56|10|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| website = https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/solapur
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_label = '''SSE'''
| pushpin_mapsize = 250
| r1-number = 15/33
| r1-length-m = 2,009
| r1-length-f = 6,591
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| stat-year =
| stat1-header =
| stat1-data =
| stat2-header =
| stat2-data =
| opened = Reopened on September 24, 2024
| focus_city = Solapur
}}

'''Solapur Airport''' {{Airport codes|SSE|VASL}} is a public [[airport]] located in [[Solapur]], in the state of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].

==History==

The airport was built by Indian Defence Authorities in September 1948 during the [[Operation Polo|police action operation]] on the ex-[[Hyderabad State]]. The base, however, was not maintained after the operation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Solapur/comm_airways.html |title=Solapur Communications - Airways|publisher= Maharashtra State Gazetteers |year= 1977}}</ref> It was re-built in 1987 and was run and maintained by the Public Works Department.<ref name="MIDC">{{cite news |title=Solapur Airstrip, solapur |url=http://www.midcindia.org/Pages/SectorialStrength.aspx#9 |publisher=[[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation|MIDC]] Website |access-date=22 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328122747/http://www.midcindia.org/Pages/SectorialStrength.aspx#9 |archive-date=28 March 2012 }}</ref>

[[Kingfisher Red]] operated an [[ATR 72]] service to [[Mumbai Airport|Mumbai]] in February 2009 four times a week but was discontinued in August 2010.
<ref name = "TOI">{{cite news|title=Solapur airport is operational sans flights |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Solapur-airport-is-operational-sans-flights/articleshow/7715576.cms |work=[[Times of India]] |date= 16 March 2011}}</ref>

==Proposed New Airport==
Citing lack of space for expansion, The State Government has taken a decision to develop a new Green Field "Code-D" airport at a cost of Rs. 310 Crores near Boramani village about 15 Kilometres North-east from the current airport.
[[Maharashtra Airport Development Company]] (MADC) is acquiring about 650 Ha. of land for developing and developing the commercial area around the airport to support this airport 549.34 hectares<ref name = "MADC">{{cite news|title=Solapur Airport|url=http://www.madcindia.org/solapur.html |publisher=[[Maharashtra Airport Development Company|MADC Website]] Website |access-date=22 September 2011}}</ref> of which is already government land.<ref name = "AA">{{cite news|title=Solapur to get new airport|url=https://www.asianage.com/mumbai/solapur-get-new-airport-974 |publisher=[[Asian Age]] | date= 2 October 2013| access-date=4 January 2014}}</ref> Solapur airport has been listed as one among 51 new low-cost airports that were announced by the Government in July 2013.
<ref name = "DNA">{{cite news|title=Solapur airport is operational sans flights |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1854583/report-51-new-low-cost-airports-to-be-set-up-pmo|work=[[Daily News & Analysis]] |date= 28 June 2013 |access-date=6 July 2013}}</ref> MADC decided in October 2013 that it would develop Boramani airport by forming a special purpose vehicle (SPV) in the form of joint venture company (JVC) with the [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI). AAI will have a 51 per cent stake in the JVC, while MADC will have 49 per cent. The present value of the land at Boramani and the amount required for rehabilitation of project-affected persons will be treated as MADC's share on the state government's behalf. AAI will keep the existing Hotgi airport in Solapur fully operational until Boramani becomes operational after which, Hotgi airport property will be commercially exploited by the JVC. Demarcation of the airport boundary walls began in October 2013. But as the forest department has declined to lend their land for this project, this project still remains on hold (as of year 2024).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/article/MAH-WMAH-boramani-airport-work-start-in-solapur-4396732-NOR.html | title=बोरामणी विमानतळ रेखांकनाचे काम सुरू | date=8 October 2013 }}</ref>

==Airlines and destinations==
{{Airport-dest-list|3rdcoltitle={{Abbr|Refs.|References}}|3rdcolunsortable=yes

|{{nowrap|[[Fly91]]}}| [[Manohar International Airport|Goa–Mopa]]|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/auto/fly91-expands-reach-with-new-flights-connecting-solapur-to-mumbai-and-goa-9126184.html|title=FLY91 Expands Reach with New Flights Connecting Solapur to Mumbai and Goa|work=News18|accessdate=20 November 2024}}</ref>
|[[Star Air (India)|Star Air]]|[[Bengaluru Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Mumbai Airport|Mumbai]]
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Airports in India}}

[[Category:Airports in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Transport in Solapur]]
[[Category:1948 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Airports established in 1948]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Ministry of Special Assistance (Maharashtra)

2026-03-07T18:15:53Z

ChetSena61:

{{Short description|Indian government ministry responsible for affirmative action}}
{{Infobox government agency
| native_name_a =
| type = ministry
| name = Ministry of Special Assistance, [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| native_name = '''मंत्रालय विशेष सहाय्य विभाग महाराष्ट्र शासन'''
| seal = File:Seal of Maharashtra.svg
| seal_width = 200
| seal_caption = [[Emblem of Maharashtra|Seal of the state of Maharashtra]]
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| picture = Mantralay of Mumbai, Administrative Headquarters 03.jpg
| picture_width =
| picture_caption = Building of Administrative Headquarters of Mumbai
| jurisdiction = {{flagicon|India}} [[Maharashtra]]
| headquarters = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai|Mantralay]], [[Mumbai]]
| minister1_name = '''[[Narhari Zirwal]]'''
| minister1_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]]
| deputyminister1_name = '''Vacant, TBD'''
since 29 June 2022
| deputyminister1_pfo = [[Minister of State]]
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website = {{URL|https://sjsa.maharashtra.gov.in/en}}
| formed = 1928<ref name="history">{{Cite web|title=History : Social Justice Department|url=https://sjsa.maharashtra.gov.in/en/brief-history|website=Ministry of Social Justice, Government of Maharashtra}}</ref>
| employees =
| budget =
| chief1_name = '''Shyam Tagare''' ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-23|title=World Elder Abuse Awareness Day: 'Cases of abuse underreported, data unreliable'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/world-elder-abuse-awareness-day-cases-of-abuse-underreported-data-unreliable-7371032/|access-date=2021-06-25|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
| chief1_position =
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| parent_department = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
}}
The '''Ministry of Special Assistance ''' is a ministry of the [[Government of Maharashtra]]. It is responsible for [[welfare spending|welfare]], [[social justice]] and [[empowerment]] of disadvantaged and marginalized sections of society.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jog|first=Sanjay|date=2018-04-14|title=Maharashtra government plan to help victims of atrocity|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-maharashtra-government-plan-to-help-victims-of-atrocity-2604632|access-date=2021-06-25|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>

The Ministry is headed by a [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet level]] minister. '''[[Narhari Zirwal]]''' is current Minister of Special Assistance.

==Head office==
{{Infobox political post
| insignia = Seal of Maharashtra (1).svg
| insigniasize = 150px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of India]]
| department = Ministry of Special Assistance (Maharashtra)
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| post = {{big|Minister of Special Assistance}} '''विशेष सहाय्य मंत्री '''
|image=
| incumbent = [[Narhari Zirwal]]
| incumbentsince = 21 December 2024
| member_of = State Cabinet
| reports_to = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]], 
[[Maharashtra Legislature]]
| seat = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]
| appointer = '''[[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]]''' On The Advice Of The '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]'''
| termlength = 5 years
| inaugural = '''Niramala Raje Bhosale''' 
(1960-1962)
| precursor = '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]}}
(2024-2024)
| deputy =
* '''Vacant, TBD'''
since 29 June 2022
| formation = 1 May 1960
| body =
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| flagborder = yes
| website =
| abbreviation = Cabinet Minister
}}

==Cabinet Ministers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Special Assistance
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Balasaheb Bharde|Balasaheb Shivram Bharde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Ahmednagar South Constituency No. 224]]- [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 May}} 1960
|{{small|07 March}} 1962
!{{ayd|1960|05|01|1962|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)|'''Yashwantrao I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Niramala Raje Bhosale''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Satara Constituency No. 268]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 March}} 1962
|{{small|19 November}} 1962
!{{ayd|1962|03|08|1962|11|19}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry|'''Yashwantrao II''']]
|-
|03
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Madhukar Dhanaji Chaudhari''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Raver Assembly constituency|Raver Constituency No. 11]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|20 November}} 1962
|{{small|24 November}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|20|1963|11|24}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Kannamwar ministry|'''Kannamwar l''']]
|[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
|-
|04
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Interim Chief Minister)
|{{small|25 November}} 1962
|{{small|04 December}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|25|1962|12|04}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[P. K. Sawant ministry|'''Sawant I''']]
|[[P. K. Sawant]]
|-
|05
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''Narendra Mahipati Tidke''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|05 December}} 1963
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
!{{ayd|1963|12|05|1967|03|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao I''']]
|rowspan="6" |[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]] [[Vasantrao Naik]]
|-
|06
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:The President of India, Smt. Pratibha Patil.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Pratibha Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Jalgaon City Assembly constituency|Jalgaon City Constituency No. 13]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
|{{small|09 September}} 1969
!{{ayd|1967|03|01|1969|09|09}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao II''']]
|-
|07
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''D. S. Palaspagar''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - [[Bhandara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 September}} 1969
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
!{{ayd|1969|09|09|1972|03|13}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|08
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''M. B. Popat''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Dhobitalao Constituency No. 160]]- [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
!{{ayd|1972|03|13|1973|04|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao III''']]
|-
|09
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Narendra Mahipati Tidke''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
!{{ayd|1973|04|04|1974|03|17}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|10
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantdada Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli Constituency No. 282]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
!{{ayd|1974|03|17|1975|02|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|11
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:The President of India, Smt. Pratibha Patil.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Pratibha Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Jalgaon City Assembly constituency|Jalgaon City Constituency No. 13]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
|{{small|16 April}} 1977
!{{ayd|1975|02|21|1977|04|16}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao I''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|12
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Yashwantrao Mohite]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Karad South Assembly constituency|Karad South Constituency No. 260]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 April }} 1977
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
!{{ayd|1977|04|17|1979|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#88CEEB"|[[First Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|13
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Prabha Rau.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Prabha Rau]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pulgaon Assembly constituency|Pulgaon Constituency No. 41]]- [[Wardha District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
!{{ayd|1978|03|07|1978|07|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]
| bgcolor="#A3A3FF"|[[Second Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada II''']]
|-
|14
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Uttamrao Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
|{{small|17 February}} 1980
!{{ayd|1978|07|18|1980|02|17}}
|[[Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#66FF66"| [[First Pawar ministry|'''Pawar I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|15
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Narendra Mahipati Tidke''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 June}} 1980
|{{small|09 March}} 1981
!{{ayd|1980|06|09|1981|03|09}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Antulay ministry|'''Antulay''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]
|-
|16
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Nanabhau Yembadwar''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Bhandara - Gondia Local Authorities Constituency No. 14 - [[Gondia District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 March}} 1981
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
!{{ayd|1981|03|09|1982|01|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|17
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nilanga Assembly constituency|Nilanga Constituency No. 238]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
|{{small|02 February}} 1983
!{{ayd|1982|01|21|1983|02|02}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Bhosale ministry|'''Bhosale''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|75px]] [[Babasaheb Bhosale]]
|-
|18
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[N. M. Kamble|Narendra Marutrao Kamble]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by Governor Nominated No. 10 - [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 February}} 1983
|{{small|05 March}} 1985
!{{ayd|1983|02|07|1985|03|05}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|19
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Jawaharlal Darda 2022 stamp of India cr.jpg|78px]]
|'''[[Jawaharlal Darda]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1985
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
!{{ayd|1985|03|12|1985|06|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada IV''']]
|-
|20
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Balachandra Bhai Sawant''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 09 - [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
!{{ayd|1985|06|03|1986|03|12}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Nilangekar ministry|'''Nilangekar''']]
|[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]
|-
|21
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
||[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 08 - [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
!{{ayd|1986|03|12|1988|06|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1"bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao II''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|22
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[N. M. Kamble|Narendra Marutrao Kamble]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by Governor Nominated No. 10 - [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
!{{ayd|1988|06|26|1990|03|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Pawar ministry|'''Pawar II''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|23
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Javed Iqbal Khan''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Trombay Assembly constituency|Trombay Constituency No. 177]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|04 March }} 1990
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
!{{ayd|1990|03|04|1991|06|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Pawar ministry|'''Pawar III''']]
|-
|24
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Solapur City Central Assembly constituency|Solapur City Central Constituency No. 249]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
|{{small|22 February}} 1993
!{{ayd|1991|06|25|1993|02|22}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sudhakarrao Naik ministry|'''Sudhakarrao''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
|-
|25
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Ramrao Adik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 05 - [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|06 March}} 1993
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
!{{ayd|1993|03|06|1995|03|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Pawar ministry|'''Pawar IV''']]
|[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|26
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[File:Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Manohar Joshi]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Dadar Assembly constituency|Dadar Constituency No. 181]]- [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
|{{small|19 October}} 1997
!{{ayd|1995|03|14|1997|10|19}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Manohar Joshi ministry|'''Joshi''']]
|rowspan="2" | [[File:Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Manohar Joshi]]
|-
|27
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Pramod Navalkar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Mumbai Graduates Constituency No. 06 - [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|19 October}} 1997
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
!{{ayd|1997|10|19|1999|02|01}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|-
|28
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Sureshdada Jain]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Jalgaon City Assembly constituency|Jalgaon City Constituency No. 13]]- [[Jalgaon District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|02|01|1999|05|11}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Narayan Rane ministry|'''Rane''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Narayan Rane]]
|-
|29
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Haribhau Bagade]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Aurangabad East Assembly constituency|Aurangabad East Constituency No. 109]]- [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar District]] Also Previously Known [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
|{{small|17 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|05|11|1999|10|17}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|30
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Chagan Bhujbal.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 09 - [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|19 October}} 1999
|{{small|03 May}} 2001
!{{ayd|1999|10|19|2001|05|01}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|31
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''Madhukarrao Pichad''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Akole Constituency No. 213]]- [[Ahmednagar District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 May}} 2001
|{{small|16 January}} 2003
!{{ayd|2001|05|03|2003|01|15}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|32
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Vijaysinh Mohite Patil 2014-05-19 00-16.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Vijaysinh Mohite–Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Malshiras Assembly constituency|Malshiras Constituency No. 254]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 January}} 2003
|{{small|23 December}} 2003
!{{ayd|2003|01|11|2003|12|23}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sushilkumar Shinde ministry|'''Sushilkumar''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|-
|33
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Vijaysinh Mohite Patil 2014-05-19 00-16.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Vijaysinh Mohite–Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Malshiras Assembly constituency|Malshiras Constituency No. 254]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|23 December}} 2003
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2003|12|23|2004|11|01}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|32
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:R. R. Patil.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[R. R. Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency|Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Constituency No. 287]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2004|11|01|2004|11|09}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|33
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Jayant Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Walva Assembly constituency|Walva Constituency No. 283]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
|{{small|01 December}} 2008
!{{ayd|2004|11|09|2008|12|01}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|34
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Hon. Nawab Malik 10th Oct 2019 Kurla Mumbai.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Nawab Malik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Anushakti Nagar Assembly constituency|Anushakti Nagar Constituency No. 172]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 December}} 2008
|{{small|06 November}} 2009
!{{ayd|2008|12|08|2009|11|06}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok I''']]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]] [[Ashok Chavan]]
|-
|35
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Chagan Bhujbal.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Yevla Assembly constituency|Yevla Constituency No. 119]]- [[Nashik District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|07 November}} 2009
|{{small|10 November}} 2010
!{{ayd|2009|11|07|2010|11|10}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok II''']]
|-
|36
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Patangrao Kadam]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Palus-Kadegaon Assembly constituency|Palus-Kadegaon Constituency No. 285]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 November}} 2010
|{{small|26 September}} 2014
!{{ayd|2010|11|11|2014|09|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Prithviraj Chavan ministry|'''Prithviraj''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|80px]] [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|-
|37
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Vishnu Savara]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Vikramgad Assembly constituency|Vikramgad Constituency No. 129]]- [[Palghar district|Palghar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|31 October}} 2014
|{{small|05 December}} 2014
!{{ayd|2014|10|31|2014|12|05}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[First Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis I''']]
|rowspan="4" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|38
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Rajkumar S. Badole.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Rajkumar Badole]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Arjuni-Morgaon Assembly constituency|Arjuni-Morgaon Constituency No. 63]]- [[Gondiya District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|05 December}} 2014
|{{small|16 June}} 2019
!{{ayd|2014|12|05|2019|06|16}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|39
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Suresh Khade]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Miraj Assembly constituency|Miraj) Constituency No. 281]]- [[Sangli District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|16 June}} 2019
|{{small|12 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|06|16|2019|11|12}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|40
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister) ''(In Charge)''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|-
|41
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Chagan Bhujbal.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Yevla Assembly constituency|Yevla Constituency No. 119]]- [[Nashik District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|28|2019|12|30}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|42
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Dhananjay Munde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Parli Assembly constituency|Parli Constituency No. 233]]- [[Beed District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|43
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister) ''(In Charge)''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2022|08|14}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|44
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister) 
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
|{{small|14 July}} 2023
!{{ayd|2022|08|14|2023|07|14}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|-
|45
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Hasan Mushrif]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kagal Assembly constituency|Kagal Constituency No. 273]]- [[Kolhapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 July}} 2023
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2023|07|14|2024|11|26}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|46
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|05 December}} 2024
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
!{{ayd|2024|12|05|2024|12|21}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|47
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Narhari Zirwal]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Dindori, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Dindori Constituency No. 122]]- [[Nashik District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21|}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|}

==Ministers of State ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Deputy Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Minister
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of Special Assistance
|-
!colspan="04"| ''''' Vacant'''''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Abdul Sattar (Maharashtra politician)|Abdul Sattar Abdul Nabi]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sillod Assembly constituency|Sillod Constituency No. 104]]- [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar District]] Also Previously Known [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|27 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|27}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
| rowspan="2"|[[Dhananjay Munde]]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Aditi Tatkare]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan Constituency No. 193]]- [[Raigad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} ''Additional_Charge''
|{{small|27 June}} 2022
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|27|2022|06|29}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant'''''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2024|11|26}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|
*[[Eknath Shinde]] (2022 - 2023)
*[[Hasan Mushrif]] (2023 – 2024)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
!colspan="04"| ''''' Vacant'''''
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
| rowspan="1"|[[Narhari Zirwal]] (2024 – Present)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-

|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{State agencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Government ministries of Maharashtra]]

Parayanumvayya Parayathirikkanumvayya

2026-03-03T21:09:01Z

ChetSena61: added structure further and improved wording for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Parayanumvayya Parayathirikkanumvayya
| image = Parayanumvayya Parayathirikkanumvayya.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Priyadarshan]]
| producer = Anand
| writer = [[Cochin Haneefa]]
| starring = [[Mammootty]] [[Mohanlal]] [[Shankar (actor)| Shankar]] [[Menaka (actress)|Menaka]]
| cinematography = S. Kumar
| editing = N. Gopalakrishnan
| music = [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]]
| based_on = ''[[Faraar (1975 film)|Faraar]]'' by Shaker Mukherjee, [[Gulzar]]
| studio = Anand Movie Arts
| distributor = Gandhimathi Release
| released = {{Film date|1985|11|21|df=y}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
}}

'''''Parayanumvayya Parayathirikkanumvayya''''' ({{Translation|Can't say and can't say not to}}) is a 1985 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language crime drama film directed by [[Priyadarshan]] and written by [[Cochin Haneefa]]. It is a remake of the 1975 [[Hindi]]-language film ''[[Faraar (1975 film)|Faraar]]''. The movie starred [[Mammootty]], [[Mohanlal]], and [[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]]. The film was received mixed to negative reviews and average hit .

<ref>{{cite web|title= Parayanumvayya Parayathirikkanumvayya Movie Details|publisher=malayalachalachithram|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1744|access-date=2014-09-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Parayanumvayya Parayathirikkanumvayya Movie|publisher=youtube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Apjk443zBLQ|access-date=2014-10-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?3339|title=Parayaanum Vayya Parayaathirikkaanum Vayya|access-date=2014-10-21|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref>

==Plot==
Ravi, a convict, escapes from prison to take revenge on the man who ruined his life. He disguises himself and takes shelter at a police officer's house.

==Cast==
*[[Mammootty]] as D.S.P Sreekumar
*[[Mohanlal]] as Hamsa
*[[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]] as Ravi (T. G. Raveendran)
*[[Menaka (actress)|Menaka]] as Shalini
*[[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]] as Sathi
*[[Sreenath]] as Rajan
*[[Sukumari]]
*[[Lizy (actress)|Lizy]] as Sreedevi
*[[Cochin Haneefa]] as Prasad
*[[Kuthiravattam Pappu]] as Ramettan
*[[KPAC Sunny]] as Raveendran Nair
*Baby Smitha
*

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]] with lyrics by Chunakkara Ramankutty.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Angekkunningekkunnu" || [[M. G. Sreekumar]], [[G. Venugopal]], Radhika Suresh Gopi || Chunakkara Ramankutty ||
|-
| 2 || "Kannil Virinju Moham" || [[K. S. Chithra]], M. G. Sreekumar || Chunakkara Ramankutty ||
|-
| 3 || "Kuliru Kuliru" || P. Susheeladevi || Chunakkara Ramankutty ||
|-
| 4 || "Swarangalaay" || M. G. Sreekumar || Chunakkara Ramankutty ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0255461}}

{{Priyadarshan}}

[[Category:1985 films]]
[[Category:1985 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Malayalam remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:Films directed by Priyadarshan]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. G. Radhakrishnan]]
[[Category:1985 action films]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Upadhyaksha

2026-03-03T12:12:32Z

ChetSena61: put up a stub.

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Upadhyaksha poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Anil Kumar
| story = Anil Kumar
| producer = Smitha Umapathy
| starring = {{Plain list|[[Chikkanna]]|Malaika Vasupal|[[P. Ravishankar]]}}
| music = [[Arjun Janya]]
| cinematography = Shekhar Chandra
| editing = K M Prakash
| studio = {{Plain list|
*DN Cinemas
*Umapathy Films
}}
| distributor = Umapathy Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2024|1|26}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chikkanna's Upadhyaksha to hit theatres on Republic Day|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/Dec/04/chikkannasupadhyakshato-hit-theatres-on-republic-day-2638412.html|date=28 November 2023|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=4 December 2023}}</ref>
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross = {{INR}}8.05–10 crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-13 |title=Yuva Box Office Collection: Yuva Rajkumar's Debut Venture Yuva Crosses The 10 Crore Mark at the BoxOffice |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/box-office/kannada/yuva-box-office-collection-yuva-rajkumars-debut-venture-yuva-crosses-the-10-crore-mark-at-the-boxoffice-article-109265540 |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=11 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511063333/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/box-office/kannada/yuva-box-office-collection-yuva-rajkumars-debut-venture-yuva-crosses-the-10-crore-mark-at-the-boxoffice-article-109265540 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-08 |title=Kannada Highest Grossing Movies 2024: ಈ ವರ್ಷ ತೆರೆಕಂಡ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಕನ್ನಡ ಸಿನಿಮಾಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಅವುಗಳ ಕಲೆಕ್ಷನ್‌ ವಿವರ ಇಲ್ಲಿದೆ |url=https://kannada.timesnownews.com/entertainment/kannada-highest-grossing-movies-2024-sandalwood-films-and-its-collection-photo-gallery-116098981 |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=Times Now Kannada |language=kn}}</ref>
}}

'''''Upadhyaksha''''' ({{translation|Vice President}}) is a 2024 [[Kannada]]-language [[comedy drama film]] directed by Anil Kumar and produced by Smitha Umapathy. It stars [[Chikkanna]] in his debut male lead role.<ref>{{Cite news |title=It was the right platform for Chikkanna to turn hero: Director Anil Kumar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/chikkannas-debut-as-a-hero-in-upadhyaksha-director-anil-kumar/articleshow/107084625.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=The Times of India |date=24 January 2024 |language=en |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124092112/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/chikkannas-debut-as-a-hero-in-upadhyaksha-director-anil-kumar/articleshow/107084625.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> The rest of the cast includes Malaika Vasupal, [[P. Ravishankar]], [[Sadhu Kokila]], [[Veena Sundar]] and Dharmanna Kadur. The film is a sequel to ''[[Adyaksha]]'' (2014) starring [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]] in the lead role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chikkanna's 'Upadhyaksha' is a sequel to 'Adhyaksha' |url=https://kannadascreens.com/2022/06/17/chikkannas-upadhyaksha-is-a-sequel-to-adhyaksha/ |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=Kannada Screens.com |date=17 June 2022 |language=en |archive-date=24 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124092110/https://kannadascreens.com/2022/06/17/chikkannas-upadhyaksha-is-a-sequel-to-adhyaksha/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Upadhyaksha'' was theatrically released in India on 26 January 2024, coinciding the [[Indian Republic Day]], and received positive reviews from critics.

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=May 2025}}
The film is about a villager, Narayana, who is the vice president of "Chi-Thu" sangha and refuses to get promoted to the president place because of his affection towards the current president. He is at loggerheads with Shiva Rudregowda, the village head. The story revolves around events unfolding in Gejjepura village in [[Mandya]] district when Shivarudregowda's youngest daughter Anjali falls in love with Narayana, who has to work as a slave in her house in lieu of loan taken by his father.

==Cast==
* [[Chikkanna]] as Narayana
* Malaika Vasupal as Anjali
* [[P. Ravishankar]] as Shiva Rudregowda
* [[Sadhu Kokila]]
* [[Veena Sundar]]
* Kari Subbu
* Dharmanna Kadur
* [[Keerthiraj]]
* [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]] as Adhyaksha Chandrashekar Gowda (cameo appearance)

==Production==
===Filming===
The principal photography of film went on floors on 17 July 2022 in [[Mandya]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/Jun/16/chikkannas-upadhyaksha-goes-on-floors-2466019.html|title=Chikkanna's Upadhyaksha goes on floors|date=7 May 2023|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=16 June 2022}}</ref> followed by an extensive shoot in [[Mysore]] and scheduled to release in February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/chikkannas-upadhyaksha-to-release-in-february-2023/articleshow/96565408.cms?from=mdr|title=Chikkanna's 'Upadhyaksha' to release in February 2023|date=28 December 2022|work=The Times of India|access-date=28 December 2023|archive-date=24 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124092113/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/chikkannas-upadhyaksha-to-release-in-february-2023/articleshow/96565408.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> However it was pushed to January 2024 later.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chikkanna's Upadhyaksha to hit theatres on Republic Day |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2023/dec/04/chikkannas-upadhyaksha-to-hit-theatres-on-republic-day-50107.html |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=4 December 2023 |language=en |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212102347/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2023/dec/04/chikkannas-upadhyaksha-to-hit-theatres-on-republic-day-50107.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Music==
The music of the film is composed by [[Arjun Janya]]. The first single titled "Nanage Neenu" was released in November 2023.<ref>{{cite news|title=nanage-neenu-song-from-chikkanna-starrer-upadhyaksha-is-the-new-love-anthem|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/nanage-neenu-song-from-chikkanna-starrer-upadhyaksha-is-the-new-love-anthem-8645311.html|access-date=3 November 2023|work=News18.com|archive-date=3 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103023552/https://www.news18.com/movies/nanage-neenu-song-from-chikkanna-starrer-upadhyaksha-is-the-new-love-anthem-8645311.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Nanage Neenu
| lyrics1 = [[A. P. Arjun]]
| extra1 = [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Rakshita Suresh]]
| length1 = 3:52
| title2 = Hattri Nandu Super Scooter
| lyrics2 = [[Chethan Kumar]]
| extra2 = [[Chikkanna]], Shivani Naveen
| length2 = 4:15
| title3 = Upadhyaksha Title Track
| lyrics3 = Chethan Kumar
| extra3 = Vyasaraj Sosale
}}
== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
Upadhyaksha was theatrically released in India on 26 January 2024, coinciding the [[Indian Republic Day]], and received positive reviews from critics.
=== Home media ===
The movie digital right was acquired by [[Sun NXT]] and started premiered on 8th march 2024.The movie satellite rights was acquired by [[ Udaya TV]].

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
Vinay Lokesh of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 stars and praised Chikkanna's performance saying "Chikkanna stands out in his performance as Narayana in his first film as a lead. He sticks to his strengths which are comedy, one-liners and humorous conversation, which he manages to deliver by making the audience laugh their heart out"<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/upadhyaksha/movie-review/107166941.cms|title=Upadhyaksha Movie Review : Upadhyaksha: Chikkanna steals the show in his debut flick as the hero|website=The Times of India|access-date=1 February 2024|archive-date=1 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201110608/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/upadhyaksha/movie-review/107166941.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Sujay B. M. of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "The film's biggest selling point is its organic connection to its prequel. A few flashback scenes bolster that link. The punchlines by Chandra Mohan infuse slapstick comedy, with Sadhu Kokila's comic presence and exaggerations entertaining the audience further"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/not-as-dazzling-but-the-deputy-doesn-t-disappoint-2866829|title=Upadhyaksha movie review: Not as dazzling but the deputy doesn't disappoint|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=1 February 2024|archive-date=1 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201105454/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/not-as-dazzling-but-the-deputy-doesn-t-disappoint-2866829|url-status=live}}</ref>

A. Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "While labeled as a sequel, Upadhyaksha successfully maintains the essence of the original while carving its unique identity."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Jan/27/chikkanna-as-upadhyaksha-shines-in-laughter-galore|title='Upadhyaksha' review: Chikkanna shines in laughter galore|website=The New Indian Express|date=27 January 2024|access-date=1 February 2024|archive-date=1 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201105454/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Jan/27/chikkanna-as-upadhyaksha-shines-in-laughter-galore|url-status=live}}</ref> Shashiprasad of ''South First'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "The biggest takeaway is the narration of the characters, which is a continuation of the original script. There is no exaggeration, excessive heroism or unwanted scenes that can easily put one off when making the shift as the lead actor."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/upadhyaksha-movie-review/|title=Upadhyaksha review: Chikkanna's escapades as Chi. Thu Sangha's vice-chairman makes you laugh naturally|website=South First|date=26 January 2024|access-date=1 February 2024|archive-date=1 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201105454/https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/upadhyaksha-movie-review/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
{{Improve categories|date=November 2024}}

History of Ladakh

2026-02-27T13:49:33Z

ChetSena61: quick update

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2012}}
[[Image:Kashmir Region November 2019.jpg|thumb|A map of the disputed [[Kashmir]] region showing the Indian-administered territory of Ladakh]]
[[File:Hemis Monastery Ladakh 1876.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Hemis Monastery]] in the 1870s]]
[[File:ROCK ART OF LADAKH.jpg|alt=petroglyph of ladakh|thumb|ROCK ART IN LADAKH]]
[[Ladakh]] has a long history with evidence of human settlement from as back as 9000 B.C. It has been a crossroad of high Asia for thousands of years and has seen many cultures, empires and technologies born in its neighbours. As a result of these developments Ladakh has imported{{what|don't you mean was invaded by?|date=December 2022}} many traditions and culture from its neighbours and combining them all gave rise to a unique tradition and culture of its own.

==Earliest history==
The first glimpse of political history is found in the [[kharosthi]] inscription of "Uvima Kavthisa" discovered near the ''K'a-la-rtse'' ([[Khalatse]]) bridge on the Indus, showing that in around the 1st century, Ladakh was a part of the [[Kushan Empire]]. A few other short [[Brāhmī script|Brahmi]] and Kharosthi inscriptions have been found in Ladakh.{{cn|date=December 2022}}

The Chinese pilgrim monk [[Xuanzang]], c. 634 CE, described a journey from ''Chuluduo'' (Kūluta, [[Kullu|Kulu]]) to ''Luohuluo'' ([[Lahul]]) and then states that, "[f]rom here, the road, leading to the north, for over one thousand, eight hundred or nine hundred ''li'' by perilous paths and over mountains and valleys, takes one to the country of Lāhul. Going further to the north over two thousand li along a route full of difficulties and obstacles, in cold winds and wafting snowflakes, one could reach the country of Marsa (also known as Sanbohe)."<ref>Li (1996), p. 121.</ref> The kingdom of ''Moluosuo'', or ''Mar-sa'', would seem to be synonymous with ''Mar-yul'', a common name for Ladakh. Elsewhere, the text remarks that ''Mo-lo-so'', also called ''San-po-ho'' borders with ''Suvarnagotra'' or ''Suvarnabhumi'' (Land of Gold), identical with the Kingdom of Women (''Strirajya''). According to [[Tucci]], the [[Zhangzhung]] kingdom, or at least its southern districts, were known by this name by the 7th-century Indians. In 634/5 Zhangzhung acknowledged Tibetan suzernaity for the first time, and in 653 a Tibetan commissioner (''mnan'') was appointed there. Regular administration was introduced in 662, and an unsuccessful rebellion broke out in 677.

In the 8th century, Ladakh was caught between Tibetan expansion pressing from the east, and Chinese influence exerted from Central Asia through the passes. In 719 a census was taken, and in 724 the administration was reorganized. In 737, the Tibetans launched an attack against the king of Bru-za ([[Gilgit]]), who asked for Chinese help, but was ultimately forced to pay homage to Tibet. The Korean monk [[Hyecho]] (704-787) ([[pinyin]]: Hui Chao), reached India by sea and returned to China in 727 via central Asia.<ref>''GR'' Vol. III (2001), p. 228.</ref> He referred to three kingdoms lying to the northeast of Kashmir which were:

<blockquote>
"under the suzerainty of the Tibetans. . . . The country is narrow and small, and the mountains and valleys very rugged. There are monasteries and monks, and the people faithfully venerate the [[Three Jewels]]. As to the kingdom of Tibet to the East, there are no monasteries at all, and the Buddha's teaching is unknown; but, in [these] countries, the population consists of Hu; therefore, they are believers. (Petech, The ''Kingdom of Ladakh'', p. 10)."<ref name="Rizvi 1996, p. 56">Rizvi (1996), p. 56.</ref>
</blockquote>

Rizvi points out that this passage not only confirms that, in the early 8th century, the region of modern [[Ladakh]] was under Tibetan suzerainty, but that the people belonged to non-Tibetan stock.

In 747, the hold of Tibet was loosened by the campaign of Chinese General [[Gao Xianzhi]], who tried to re-open the direct communications between Central Asia and Kashmir. After Gao's defeat by the Qarluqs and Arabs on the Talas river (751), Chinese influence decreased rapidly and Tibetan influence resumed.

The geographical treatise ''[[ Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam|Hudud-al-Alam]]'' (982) mentions Bolorian (Bolor = Bolu, Baltistan) Tibet, where people were chiefly merchants and lived in huts. [[Nestorian cross]]es carved into boulders, apparently due to [[Sogdiana|Sogdian]] Christian merchants found in Drangtse ([[Tangtse]]), and [[Arabic]] inscriptions of about the same time are evidence of the importance of trade in this region. After the collapse of the Tibetan monarchy in 842, Tibetan suzerainty quickly vanished.

==La-Chen/Gon dynasty:The first dynasty==
[[File:Royal drinking scene in the Dukhang at Alchi Monastery, circa 1200 CE.jpg|thumb|Royal drinking scene at [[Alchi Monastery]] circa 1200 CE. The king wears a decorated [[Qaba|Qabā']], of [[Turkic languages|Turco]]-[[Persianate|Persian]] style. It is similar to [[:File:Royal drinking scene at the entrance of the western monastery at Manguy, 11th to 13th century CE.jpg|another royal scene]] at nearby [[Mangyu Monastery]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Flood |first1=Finbarr Barry |title=A Turk in the Dukhang? Comparative Perspectives on Elite Dress in Medieval Ladakh and the Caucasus |date=2017 |publisher=Austrian Academy of Science Press |pages=231–243 |url=https://www.academia.edu/35061254}}</ref>]]
{{main|Maryul}}
After the breakup of the [[Tibetan Empire]] in 842, Nyima-Gon, a representative of the ancient Tibetan royal house founded the first Ladakh dynasty. Nyima-Gon's kingdom had its centre well to the east of present-day Ladakh. This was the period in which Ladakh underwent Tibetanization, eventually making Ladakh a country inhabited by a mixed population, the predominant racial strain of which was Tibetan. However, soon after the conquest, the dynasty, intent on establishing Buddhism, looked not to Tibet, but to north-west India, particularly Kashmir. This has been termed the Second Spreading of Buddhism in the region (the first one being in Tibet proper.){{citation needed|date=September 2019}} An early king, [[Lde-dpal-hkhor-btsan]] (c. 870 -900), swore an oath to develop the [[Bön]] religion in Ladakh and was responsible for erecting eight early monasteries including the Upper Manahris monastery. He also encouraged the mass production of the [[Hbum]] scriptures to spread religion.<ref>{{cite book|author=Francke, August Hermann|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WG4J4IKd014C&q=Lde-dpal-hkhor-btsan&pg=PA76|title=Antiquities of Indian Tibet|work=Volume 38; Volume 50 of New imperial series|publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]]|page=92|year=1992|isbn=81-206-0769-4}}</ref> Little, however is known about the early kings of Nyima-Gon's dynasty. The fifth king in line has a Sanskrit name, [[Lhachen Gyalpo|Lhachen Utpala]], who conquered Kulu, [[Mustang (kingdom)|Mustang]], and parts of [[Baltistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ladakh.drukpa.com/history.htm|title=A Brief History of Ladakh:A Himalayan Buddhist Kingdom|publisher=Ladakh Drukpa.com|access-date=9 October 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227161048/http://ladakh.drukpa.com/history.htm|archive-date=27 February 2012}}</ref>

Around the 13th century, due to [[Islamic conquest of South Asia|islamic invasions]], India ceased having anything to offer from a Buddhist point of view, and Ladakh began to seek and accept guidance in religious matters from Tibet.

==The Namgyal dynasty==
{{Main|Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh}}

Continual raids on Ladakh by the plundering Muslim states of Central Asia lead to the weakening and partial conversion of Ladakh.<ref name=Luciano>Petech, Luciano. ''The Kingdom of Ladakh c. 950 - 1842 A. D.'', Istituto Italiano per il media ed Estremo Oriente, 1977.</ref><ref name=Loram>Loram, Charlie. ''Trekking in Ladakh'', Trailblazer Publications, 2004</ref> Ladakh was divided, with Lower Ladakh ruled by King Takpabum from [[Basgo]] and Temisgam, and Upper Ladakh by King Takbumde from [[Leh]] and [[Shey]]. [[Lhachen Bhagan]], a later Basgo king, reunited Ladakh by overthrowing the king of Leh. He took on the surname Namgyal (meaning victorious) and founded a new dynasty which still survives today. King Tashi Namgyal (1555–1575) managed to repel most Central Asian raiders, and built a royal fort on the top of the Namgyal Peak. Tsewang Namgyal temporarily extended his kingdom as far as Nepal.<ref name=Loram/>

[[File:Leh Palace 2011.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Leh Palace]], built by [[Sengge Namgyal]]]]
During the reign of [[Jamyang Namgyal]], Ladakh was invaded by [[Balti people|Balti]] ruler [[Ali Sher Khan Anchan]] in response to Jamyang's killing of some Muslim rulers of Baltistan. Many Buddhist [[gompa]]s were damaged during Khan's invasion. Today, few gompas exist from before this period. The success of Khan's campaign impressed his enemies. According to some accounts, Jamyang secured a peace treaty and gave his daughter's hand in marriage to Ali Sher Khan. Jamyang was given the hand of a Muslim princess, Gyal Khatun's hand in marriage. [[Sengge Namgyal]] (1616–1642), known as the 'lion' king was the son of Jamyang and Gyal.<ref name=Loram/><ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mg8My6WaWRcC|title = Rediscovery of Ladakh|last = Kaul|first = H. N.|date = 1 January 1998|publisher = Indus Publishing|isbn = 9788173870866|language = en}}</ref><ref>Rizvi, Janet. ''Ladakh - Crossroads of High Asia'', Oxford University Press, 1996</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=R4VuovXa5YUC|title = Buddhist Western Himalaya: A politico-religious history|date = 1 January 2001|publisher = Indus Publishing|isbn = 9788173871245|language = en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8J3YdskW00sC|title = Ladakh Through the Ages, Towards a New Identity|last1 = Kaul|first1 = Shridhar|last2 = Kaul|first2 = H. N.|date = 1 January 1992|publisher = Indus Publishing|isbn = 9788185182759|language = en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kjhcZgDy-WMC&q=gyal+khatun&pg=PA149|title = Ladakh: The Land and the People|last = Jina|first = Prem Singh|date = 1 January 1996|publisher = Indus Publishing|isbn = 9788173870576|language = en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mCy2mBVNqSoC|title = Recent Research on Ladakh 4 & 5: Proceedings of the Fourth and Fifth International Colloquia on Ladakh|last1 = Osmaston|first1 = Henry|last2 = Denwood|first2 = Philip|date = 1 January 1995|publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn = 9788120814042|language = en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8eReFv7cVZ0C|title = Ladakh: Society and Economy|last = Bora|first = Nirmala|date = 1 January 2004|publisher = Anamika Publishers & Distributors|isbn = 9788179750124|language = en}}</ref> He made efforts to restore Ladakh to its old glory by an ambitious and energetic building programme by rebuilding several gompas and shrines, the most famous of which is [[Hemis]]. He also moved the royal headquarters from [[Shey Palace]] to [[Leh Palace]] and expanded the kingdom into [[Zanskar]] and [[Spiti]], but was defeated by the Mughals, who had already occupied Kashmir and Baltistan. His son [[Deldan Namgyal]] (1642–1694) had to placate the Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]] by building a mosque in Leh.<ref name=Luciano/><ref name=Loram/> However, he later with the help of the Mughal Army under [[Fidai Khan]], son of Mughal viceroy of [[Kashmir]], [[Ibrahim Khan (general)|Ibrahim Khan]], defeated the [[5th Dalai Lama]] [[Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War|invasion]] in the plains of [[Chargyal]], situated between Neemoo and [[Basgo]].<ref name=Loram/>

Many Muslim missionaries propagated Islam during this period in Ladakh and proselytised many Ladakhi people. Many Balti Muslims settled in Leh after the marriage of Jamyang to Gyal. Muslims were also invited to the region for trading and other purposes.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4jX552GiSmYC|title=Recent Research on Ladakh 6: Proceedings of the Sixth International Colloquium on Ladakh, Leh 1993|last1=Osmaston|first1=Henry|last2=Tsering|first2=Nawang|last3=Studies|first3=International Association for Ladakh|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=9788120814325|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Osmaston |first1=Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mCy2mBVNqSoC |title=Recent Research on Ladakh 4 & 5: Proceedings of the Fourth and Fifth International Colloquia on Ladakh |last2=Denwood |first2=Philip |author-link2=Philip Denwood |date=1 January 1995 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120814042 |language=en}}</ref>

==Modern times==

===Princely state of Jammu and Kashmir===
{{main|Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)}}

By the beginning of the 19th century, the [[Mughal Empire]] had collapsed, and [[Sikh]] rule had been established in Punjab and Kashmir. However the [[Dogras|Dogra]] region of [[Jammu]] remained under its Rajput rulers. Raja [[Maharaja Gulab Singh|Gulab Singh]], acting under the suzerainty of the Sikh monarch [[Ranjit Singh]], sent his general [[General Zorawar Singh|Zorawar Singh]] to invade Ladakh in 1834. King Tshespal Namgyal was dethroned and exiled to Stok. Ladakh came under Dogra rule and was later incorporated into the [[princely state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] under British suzerainty. It still maintained considerable autonomy and relations with Tibet. During the [[Dogra–Tibetan War]] (1841–42), Tibet invaded Ladakh and the Ladakhis attempted to overthrow the Dogras with Tibetan help, but all of them were defeated. The Namgyal family was given the ''[[jagir]]'' of [[Stok]], which it nominally retains to this day. European influence began in Ladakh in the 1850s and increased. Geologists, sportsmen, and tourists began exploring Ladakh. In 1885, Leh became the headquarters of a mission of the [[Moravian Church]].

Ladakh was administered as a ''wazarat'' during the Dogra rule, with a governor termed ''wazir-e-wazarat''. It had three tehsils, based at Leh, [[Skardu]] and [[Kargil]]. The headquarters of the ''wazarat'' was at Leh for six months of the year and at [[Skardu]] for six months. When the legislative assembly called ''Praja Sabha'' was established in 1934, Ladakh was given two nominated seats in the assembly.

{{Anchor|Administrators of Ladakh}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Administrators of Ladakh (1846–1905)
!Maharaja
!Administrators
({{Also known as|AKA=}} Thanedar, Wazir Wazarat,

Kardar, Governor)
!Start
!End
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Gulab Singh]]

(1846–1857)
|Magna Thanedar{{Efn|Appointed by [[Zorawar Singh (Dogra general)|Zorawar Singh]]. "The system of administration introduced by Wazir Zorawar remained in force for some time."|name=|group=}}
|1846
|1847
|{{Sfn|Kaul|Kaul|1992|p=101}}{{Sfn|Kaul|1998|p=85}}
|-
|[[Mehta Basti Ram]]
|1847
|1860
|{{Sfn|Kaul|Kaul|1992|p=101–102}}{{Sfn|Kaul|1998|p=85}}
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Ranbir Singh (Maharaja)|Ranbir Singh]]

(1857–1885)
|[[Mehta Mangal|Mehta Mangal Singh]]{{Efn|"Kedaru Thanedar was followed by Wazir Labajoo of Kishtwar as Kardar of Baltistan in 1863. […] He was succeeded by Mehta Mangal whose decade long reign from 1875 to 1885 […]"|name=|group=}}
|1860
|1865
|{{Sfn|Kaul|Kaul|1992|p=102}}{{Sfn|Kaul|1998|p=85–86}}
|-
|Wazir Shibsarn
|1865
|1867
|{{Sfn|Kaul|Kaul|1992|p=102}}{{Sfn|Kaul|1998|p=86}}
|-
|Sayyid Akbar Ali
|1867
|1868
|{{Sfn|Kaul|Kaul|1992|p=102}}{{Sfn|Kaul|1998|p=86–87}}
|-
|[[Frederick Drew|Frederic Drew]]
|1868
|1870
|{{Sfn|Kaul|Kaul|1992|p=102}}{{Sfn|Kaul|1998|p=87}}
|-
|[[William Johnson (surveyor)|William H. Johnson]]
|1870
|1881/83<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Beek|first1=Martijn van|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZO95DwAAQBAJ|title=Modern Ladakh: Anthropological Perspectives on Continuity and Change|last2=Pirie|first2=Fernanda|date=25 July 2008|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-474-4334-6|pages=52|language=en}}</ref>
|{{Sfn|Kaul|Kaul|1992|p=102}}{{Sfn|Kaul|1998|p=87}}
|-
|Radha Krishen Kaul
|1885
| -
|{{Sfn|Kaul|Kaul|1992|p=104}}{{Sfn|Kaul|1998|p=87}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Pratap Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Pratap Singh]]
(1885–1925)
|Chaudhri Khushi Mohammad
|1908
|1909
|{{Sfn|Kaul|Kaul|1992|p=104}}{{Sfn|Kaul|1998|p=87}}
|-
| colspan="4" |''Administrative borders of Ladakh, Gilgit and Baltistan undergo changes''
|-
| -
| -
| -
|
|-
|[[Hari Singh]]
(1925–1952)
| -
| -
| -
|
|-
| colspan="5" |{{Incomplete list|date=December 2020}}
|}
Ladakh was claimed as part of Tibet by [[Phuntsok Wangyal]], a Tibetan Communist leader.<ref name="TuttleSchaeffer2013">{{cite book|author1=Gray Tuttle|author2=Kurtis R. Schaeffer|title=The Tibetan History Reader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J7urAgAAQBAJ&q=ladakh+pan+tibetan&pg=PA603|date=12 March 2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-14468-1|pages=603–}}</ref>

===Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir===
{{main|Jammu and Kashmir (state)}}

In 1947, partition left Ladakh a part of the Indian state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], to be administered from Srinagar. In 1948, Pakistani raiders invaded Ladakh and occupied Kargil and Zanskar, reaching within 30 km of [[Leh]].<ref name=Loram/> Reinforcement troops were sent in by air, and a battalion of [[Gurkhas]] made its way slowly to Leh on foot from south. Kargil was a scene of fighting again in 1965, 1971, and 1999.

In 1949, China closed the border between Nubra and [[Xinjiang|Sinkiang]], blocking the 1000-year-old trade route from India to Central Asia. In 1950, China invaded Tibet, and thousands of Tibetans, including the Dalai Lama sought refuge in India. In 1962, China occupied [[Aksai Chin]], and promptly built roads connecting [[Xinjiang]] and [[Tibet]], and the [[Karakoram Highway]], jointly with Pakistan. India built the Srinagar-Leh highway during this period, cutting the journey time between [[Srinagar]] to Leh from 16 days to two. Simultaneously, China closed the Ladakh-Tibet border, ending the 700-year-old Ladakh-Tibet relationship.<ref name=Loram/>

Since the early 1960s the number of immigrants from Tibet (including Changpa nomads) have increased as they flee the occupation of their homeland by the Chinese. Today, Leh has some 3,500 refugees from Tibet. They hold no passports, only customs papers. Some Tibetan refugees in Ladakh claim dual Tibetan/Indian citizenship, although their Indian citizenship is unofficial. Since partition Ladakh has been governed by the State government based in Srinagar, never to the complete satisfaction of the Ladakhis, who demand that Ladakh be directly governed from [[New Delhi]] as a [[Union Territory]]. They allege continued apathy, Muslim bias, and corruption of the state government as reasons for their demands. In 1989, there were violent riots between Buddhists and Muslims, provoking the Ladakh Buddhist Council to call for a social and economic boycott of Muslims, which was lifted in 1992. In October 1993, the Indian government and the State government agreed to grant Ladakh the status of Autonomous Hill Council. In 1995, the [[Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh|Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council]] was created.

In February 2019, Ladakh became a separate [[Divisions of India|Revenue and Administrative Division]] within Jammu and Kashmir, having previously been part of the [[Kashmir Division]]. As a division, Ladakh was granted its own [[Divisional Commissioner]] and [[Inspector General of Police]].

Leh was initially chosen to be the headquarters of the new division however, following protests, it was announced that Leh and Kargil will jointly serve as the divisional headquarters, each hosting an Additional Divisional Commissioner to assist the Divisional Commissioner and Inspector General of Police who will spend half their time in each town.<ref name="kln">{{Cite web|url=https://kashmirlife.net/ladakh-division-headquarters-to-shuttle-between-leh-and-kargil-governor-malik-201719/|title = Ladakh division headquarters to shuttle between Leh and Kargil: Governor Malik|date = 15 February 2019}}</ref>

===Indian union territory of Ladakh===
{{main|Ladakh}}

In August 2019, a [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill, 2019|reorganisation act]] was passed by the [[Parliament of India]] which contained provisions to reconstitute Ladakh as a [[union territory]], separate from the rest of Jammu and Kashmir on 31 October 2019.<ref>[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bill-to-bifurcate-jammu-and-kashmir-into-2-union-territories-passed-by-rajya-sabha-2080688 Already, Rajya Sabha Clears J&K As Union Territory Instead Of State], NDTV, 5 August 2019.</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/jammu-and-kashmir-crisis-live-updates-governor-reviews-security-situation-in-state/story/370856.html|title=Article 370 revoked Updates: Jammu & Kashmir is now a Union Territory, Lok Sabha passes bifurcation bill|website=www.businesstoday.in|date=6 August 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.prsindia.org/sites/default/files/bill_files/Jammu%20and%20Kashmir%20Reorganisation%20Bill%2C%202019.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=31 October 2019 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506231839/https://www.prsindia.org/sites/default/files/bill_files/Jammu%20and%20Kashmir%20Reorganisation%20Bill,%202019.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="egazette.nic.in">{{Cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210412.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=31 October 2019 |archive-date=9 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809153916/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210412.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Under the terms of the act, the union territory was to be administered by a [[Lieutenant Governor of Ladakh|Lieutenant Governor]] acting on behalf of the central Government of India and would not have an elected legislative assembly or chief minister. Each district within the new union territory will continue to elect an [[autonomous district council]] as done previously.<ref name="dailyexcelsior.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/lahdc-act-would-continue-and-the-amendments-of-2018-to-be-protected-governor/|title=LAHDC Act would continue and the Amendments of 2018 to be protected: Governor|date=30 August 2019}}</ref>

== Map ==
{{Map of Ladakh}}

==Historiography==
{{Further|Ladakh Chronicles}}
The main written source for Ladakhi history is the 17th century [[Ladakh Chronicles]].<ref name="Pirie">{{cite book|title=Peace and Conflict in Ladakh: The Construction of a Fragile Web of Order |first=Fernanda |last=Pirie |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w5APvy1TldcC |series=Brill's Tibetan studies library |volume=13 |isbn=9789004155961}}</ref><ref name="Petech">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4oduAAAAMAAJ |title=The Kingdom of Ladakh: C. 950-1842 A.D. |first=Luciano |last=Petech |author-link=Luciano Petech |publisher=Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente |year=1977|isbn=9788863230581 }}</ref>{{rp|1,3|quote=The main source for Ladakhi history is, and always will be, the La-dvags rgyal-rabs, compiled probably in the 17th century, but continued later till the end of the kingdom and beyond. [...] The only other literary source from Ladakh is the biography of sTag-ts'ah-ras-pa (TTRP), compiled in 1663.}}<ref name="Bray">{{cite book |last=Bray |first=John |chapter=Introduction: Locating Ladakhi History |editor-last=Bray |editor-first=John |title=Ladakhi Histories: Local and Regional Perspectives |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |year=2005 |series=Brill's Tibetan Studies Library |volume=9 |isbn=9789004145511}}</ref>{{rp|7|quote=The prime source for this period is the La-dvags-rgyal-rabs a royal chronicle which was first compiled in the 17th century and updated into the 19th century.}} The Ladakhi Chronicles are one of only two surviving pre-19th century literary sources from Ladakh, with the other being the 1663 biography of sTag-ts'ah-ras-pa.<ref name="Petech"/>{{rp|1,3}} Only seven original manuscripts of the chronicles are known to have existed, of which only two survive to the modern day.<ref name="Petech"/>{{rp|1–2}}

== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" />

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}


==References==
* Cunningham, Alexander (1854). ''LADĀK: Physical, Statistical, and Historical with Notices of the Surrounding Countries''. London. Reprint: Sagar Publications (1977).
* Francke, A. H. (1907) ''A History of Ladakh''. (Originally published as, ''A History of Western Tibet'', 1907). 1977 Edition with critical introduction and annotations by S. S. Gergan & F. M. Hassnain. Sterling Publishers, New Delhi.
* Francke, A. H. (1914). ''Antiquities of Indian Tibet''. Two Volumes. (Calcutta. 1972 reprint: S. Chand, New Delhi.
* ''GR'' Vol. III (2001): ''Grand dictionnaire Ricci de la langue chinoise''. 7 Volumes. (2001). Instituts Ricci (Paris - Taipei). {{ISBN|2-220-04667-2}}.
* Li Rongxi (translator). ''The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions''. Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, Berkeley, California. {{ISBN|1-886439-02-8}}.
* Rizvi, Janet. (1996). ''Ladakh: Crossroads of High Asia''. Second Edition. Oxford India Paperbacks. 3rd Impression 2001. {{ISBN|0-19-564546-4}}.
* Schettler, Margret & Rolf. (1981). ''Kashmir, Ladakh & Zanskar'', Lonely Planet: South Yarra, Victoria, Australia. {{ISBN|0-908086-21-0}}.

==Further reading==
* Zeisler, Bettina. (2010). "East of the Moon and West of the Sun? Approaches to a Land with Many Names, North of Ancient India and South of Khotan." In: ''The Tibet Journal'', Special issue. Autumn 2009 vol XXXIV n. 3-Summer 2010 vol XXXV n. 2. "The Earth Ox Papers", edited by Roberto Vitali, pp. 371–463.

==External links==
*[https://tibet.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/political-treaties-of-tibet...pdf Minser Enclave was part of Ladakh since the 1684 Treaty of Temisgang signed between Tibet and Ladakh]
{{portal bar|History|India|Kashmir}}
{{Ladakh}}

[[Category:History of Ladakh| ]]
[[Category:Ladakh]]

Barman language

2026-02-24T04:52:56Z

ChetSena61: creating basic stub v1

{{Short description|Tibeto-Burman language of India}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Barman Thar
| states = [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Nagaland]]
| ethnicity = [[Barman Kacharis]]
| speakers = {{sigfig|24,237|2}}
| date = 2017
| ref = <ref name=":0"/>
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam2 = [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]]
| fam3 = [[Sal languages|Sal]]
| fam4 = [[Boro–Garo languages|Boro–Garo]]
| script = [[Assamese alphabet]] (presently used) [[Sylheti Nagri]] (formerly used)
| pronunciation = /bɔɾmɔn thaɾ/
| region = [[Northeast India]], [[Kamarupa]]
| nativename = {{lang|brx-Beng|বৰ্মন ঠাৰ}}
}}

'''Barman Thar''' (IPA: /bɔɾmɔn thaɾ/), where “thar” means language, is a highly endangered language. It is a [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] language that belongs to the [[Boro–Garo languages|Boro–Garo]] sub-group. The population of the [[Barman Kacharis|Barman Kachari]] community is 24,237, according to a 2017 census. However, only a small part of this population speaks the language.<ref name=":0">[http://www.tezu.ernet.in/wmcfel/pdf/Barman_Thar_CFEL.pdf A brief linguistic sketch of the Barman Thar (Language)]. Tezpur University.</ref>

== History ==
{{main|Barman Kacharis}}
The '''Barman Kacharis''' are an indigenous Assamese community of Northeast India.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tiwari|last2=Sarma|s2cid=55429765|date=2013|title=A historical and etymological study of the Dimasa Kacharis of Dima Hasao District, Assam, India|journal=The Clarion|volume=2–2|pages=144|issn=2277-1697}}</ref> They are mainly found in the districts of Lower [[Assam]] and some parts of [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. Barman Kachari is one of the ancient ethnic groups of North-East India. Since the 2002 Amendment act, many Barman Kacharis in Assam are referred to as 'Barman'. They are mainly found in the districts of [[Udalguri district|Udalguri]], [[Baksa district|Baksa]], [[Chirang district|Chirang]], [[Kokrajhar district|Kokrajhar]], [[Darrang district|Darrang]], [[Kamrupi dialect|Kamrup]], [[Goalpara district|Goalpara]], [[Nagaon district|Nagaon]], [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]], [[Dhemaji district|Dhemaji]]

== Demographics ==
The Barman Kacharis number some 24,237 persons, according to a 2017 census. Out of this number, 12,555 are males and 11,503 are females. Their literacy rate is estimated at 4 percent. The level of literacy of males and females is 2.5% and 1.5%, respectively.

== Documentation ==
[[File:Barman Thar script.jpg|thumb|The script of Barman Thar]]
The language of the Barman Kacharis had never been documented until 2019 when M.A. students in Linguistics and Language Technology (Batch 2018-2020) of [[Tezpur University]] carried out field work for the first time on this language.<ref name=":0" />

== Phonology ==
The Barman Thar phonemic inventory consists of eight vowels, nine diphthongs, and twenty consonants (including two semivowels).<ref name=":0" />

===Consonants===
In Barman Thar, there are twenty consonants.
{| class="wikitable"
|
| colspan="2" |Bilabial
| colspan="2" |Labio-velar
| colspan="2" |Alveolar
| colspan="2" |Palatal
| colspan="2" |Velar
| colspan="2" |Glottal
|-
|Plosive
|p
|b
|
|
|t
|d
|c
|
|k
|ɡ
|
|
|-
|[[Aspirated plosive]]
|ph
|
|
|
|th
|
|
|
|kh
|
|
|
|-
|Nasal
|
|m
|
|
|
|n
|
|
|
|ŋ
|
|
|-
|Flap
|
|
|
|
|
|ɾ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Fricative
|
|
|
|
|s
|z
|
|
|
|
|h
|
|-
|Approximant
|
|
|
|w
|
|
|
|j
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Lateral approximant]]
|
|
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
''pʰ'' and ''z'' have idiolectal variations. They are, by some people, sometimes pronounced as ''ɸ'' and ''d͡z'' respectively. For example, the word ''pʰa'' (meaning “father”) is sometimes pronounced as ''ɸa'' and ''nɐmza'' (meaning “bad”) is sometimes pronounced as ''nɐmd͡za''.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

====Gemination====
Gemination, which is the twinning of two consonants, is also found in the Barman language.
{| class="wikitable"
|Phonemes
|Example (Barman)
|English gloss
|-
|p+p
|''tʰɐppɐɾa''
|“ash”
|-
|t+tʰ
|''mɐttʰai''
|“big”
|-
|d+d
|''ɡɛddɛl''
|“new”
|-
|c+c
|''bicci''
|“egg”
|-
|k+k
|''nukkuruŋ''
|“eye”
|-
|k+kʰ
|''bɛkkʰuma''
|“dull”
|-
|m+m
|''dummua''
|“fever”
|-
|n+n
|''cunna''
|“cloth”
|-
|l+l
|''mulluk''
|“earth”
|}

====Consonant clusters====
In the study of Barman Thar, carried out by the students of Tezpur University, they found only one word, i.e. ''bɾui'', with a consonant cluster. It is a cluster of two consonants, ''b'' and ''ɾ''. And they found no final cluster in any word.

===Vowels===
In Barman Thar, there are eight vowels and nine diphthongs.

==== Monophthongs ====
{| class="wikitable"
|
|Front
|Central
|Back
|-
|High
|i
|
|u
|-
|Close-mid
|e
|
|o
|-
|Open-mid
|ɛ
|
|ɔ
|-
|Near-open
|
|ɐ
|
|-
|Open
|a
|
|
|}

==== Diphthongs ====
{| class="wikitable"
|
|i
|u
|a
|-
|i
|
|
|ia
|-
|o
|oi
|ou
|
|-
|ɐ
|ɐi
|
|
|-
|e
|ei
|
|
|-
|u
|ui
|
|ua
|-
|a
|ai
|au
|
|}

==Morphology and grammar==
'''Case:'''<ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Case
!Marker
!Examples
|-
!1.
|(a) [[Nominative]]

(b) [[Ergative case|Ergative]]
|(a) ∅

(b) a
|<div style="position: relative">
{{interlinear|italics2=yes|glossing3=yes|number=(a)|ɾam hibaja|ɾam-∅ hiba-ja|Ram-NOM come-PST|“Ram has come.”}}
{{interlinear|italics2=yes|glossing3=yes|number=(b)|ɾama thɛkasu caja|ɾam-a thɛkasu ca-ja|Ram-ERG mango eat-PST|“Ram has eaten a mango.”}}
</div>
|-
!2.
|[[Accusative]]
|kɔ
|{{interlinear|top=''ɾamkɔɾiɡɐm''|ɾamkɔ ɾiɡɐm|Ram-ACC call|“Call Ram.”}}
|-
!3.
|(a) [[Instrumental case|Instrumental]]

(b) [[Comitative]]
|ca

nɛ nɔɡɛ
|<div style="position: relative">
{{interlinear|italics2=yes|glossing3=yes|number=(a)|owa khɐttaica thɛkasu-kɔ dɛnnaja|owa khɐttai-ca thɛkasu-kɔ dɛn-naja|3SG knife-INS mango cut-PST|“S/he has cut (the) mango}}
{{interlinear|italics2=yes|glossing3=yes|number=(b)|ɐŋa ɔmɾitnɛ nɔɡɛ hiŋgɐn|ɐŋa ɔmɾit-nɛ nɔɡɛ hiŋ-gɐn|1SG Amrit-GEN INS go-FUT|“I will go with Amrit.”}}
</div>
|-
!
| [[Genitive]]
|nɛ
|{{interlinear|italics2=yes|glossing3=yes|ɔmɾitnɛ nɔk|ɔmɾit-nɛ nɔk|Amrit-GEN house|“Amrit's house”}}
|-
!
| [[Locative]]
|ou
|{{interlinear|italics2=yes|glossing3=yes|ɐŋa tɛzpuɾou dɔŋa|ɐŋa tɛzpuɾ-ou dɔŋ-a|1SG Tezpur-LOC be-PRS|“I am in Tezpur.”}}
|-
!6.
|(a) [[Intentive dative]]

(b) [[Destinational dative]]
|nɛ nɛɡa

ca
|<div style="position: relative">
{{interlinear|italics2=yes|glossing3=yes|number=(a)|ɔmɾitnɛ nɛɡa|ɔmɾit-nɛ nɛɡa|Amrit-GEN DAT|“… for Amrit.”}}
{{interlinear|italics2=yes|glossing3=yes|number=(b)|tɛzpuɾca|tɛzpuɾ-ca|Tezpur-DAT|“… to Tezpur.”}}
</div>
|-
!7.
| [[Ablative]]
|nɛ tukki
|{{interlinear|italics2=yes|glossing3=yes|tɛzpuɾnɛ tukki|tɛzpuɾ-nɛ tukki|Tezpur-GEN ABL|“… from Tezpur.”}}
|}

===Tense and aspect===
Three of the tenses are morphologically marked in Barman Thar.
{| class="wikitable"
| Present:
|{{interlinear|italics2=yes|glossing3=yes|owa hiŋa|owa hiŋ-a|3SG go-PRS|“S/he goes.”}}
|-
| Past:
|{{interlinear|italics2=yes|glossing3=yes|owa caja|owa ca-ja|3SG eat-PST|“S/he ate.”}}
|-
| Future:
|{{interlinear|italics2=yes|glossing3=yes|owa ɾiŋɡɐn|owa ɾiŋ-ɡɐn|3SG drink-FUT|“S/he will drink.”}}
|}

In Barman Thar, the present tense is marked with the suffix “-a”, the past tense, with “-ja” and the future tense, with “-ɡɐn”. And the following are the four aspects:
{| class="wikitable"
| [[Present perfect]]:
|{{interlinear|italics2=yes|glossing3=yes|owa hibadɔ|owa hiba-dɔ|3SG come-PRS.PRF|“S/he has come.”}}
|-
| [[Present continuous]]:
|{{interlinear|italics2=yes|glossing3=yes|owa hiŋa|owa hiŋ-dɔŋ|3SG go-PRS.PROG|“S/he is going.”}}
|-
| [[Past perfect]]:
|{{interlinear|italics2=yes|glossing3=yes|owa caniŋ|owa ca-niŋ|3SG eat-PST.PRF|“S/he had eaten.”}}
|-
| [[Future continuous]]:
|{{interlinear|italics2=yes|glossing3=yes|owa ɾiŋdɔŋɡɐn|owa ɾiŋ-dɔŋ-ɡɐn|3SG drink-PROG-FUT|“S/he will be drinking.”}}
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Pronouns
! colspan="2" |
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! colspan="2" | 1st
| ''ɐŋa''
| ''ciŋa''
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
!
| ''nɐŋ''
| ''nɐtɐŋ''
|-
! {{small|honorific}}
| ''nɐtɐŋ''
| ''nɐŋɐtɐŋ''
|-
! rowspan="2" | 3rd
!
| ''owa''
| rowspan="2" | ''otɐŋ''
|-
! {{small|honorific}}
| ''otɐŋ''
|}

===Negation===
In Barman Thar, verbs are negated by suffixing “-za” and “-zia” for present and past tense respectively.

For example, the root word for the verb “eat” in Barman Thar is “ca”. The negative form of the word in the present tense is ''caza'' (''ca''+''za''), meaning “do/does not eat” and that in the past tense is ''cazia'' (''ca''+''zia''), meaning “did not eat”.

Again, in case of imperative sentences, the suffix ''-nɔŋ'' is use.

For example, ''mei canɔŋ'' means “Don't eat rice.” [''mei'' means “rice”, and ''canɔŋ'' is bi-morphemic, formed by the root word for “eat”, i.e. ''ca'', and the imperative negative marker ''-nɔŋ''.]

===Classifiers===
In Barman Thar, there is one classifier, i.e. ''-ja''.

{{interlinear|italics2=yes|glossing3=yes|indent=2
|doisaja sijai hiŋaja
|doisa-ja sija-i hiŋ-(a)ja
|boy-CL die-PFV go-PST
|"The boy died."}}

===Allomorphs===
Another feature of this language that needs to be mentioned is the presence of allomorphs.

''Allomorphs of the past tense marker:''

''-ja'' is the past tense marker. But when this morpheme is suffixed to a verb ending in [m], it becomes ''-maja''. For example, ''cum'' + ''-ja'' = ''cummaja''. When it is suffixed to a verb ending in [n], it becomes ''-naja'' as in ''dɛn'' + ''-ja'' = ''dɛnnaja''. When it is affixed to a verb ending in [ŋ], it becomes ''-aja'', as in ''hiŋaja'' (''hiŋ'' + ''-ja'').

Therefore, it can be said that ''-maja'', ''-naja'' and ''-aja'' are allomorphs of the morpheme ''-ja''.

''Allomorphs of the ergative case marker:''

''-a'' is the ergative case marker in Barman Thar. However, when it is affixed to a noun ending in a vowel, it becomes ''-ja''. For example, ''sita'' + ''-ja'' = ''sitaja''.

So, ''-ja'' is an allomorph of the ergative case marker ''-a''.

== References ==
<references />

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last1=DeLancey |first1=Scott |editor3-first=Mark |editor3-last=W. Post |editor2-first=Stephen |editor2-last=Morey |editor1-first=Gwendolyn |editor1-last=Hyslop |year=2012 |title=On the Origin of Bodo-Garo |journal=Northeast Indian Linguistics |volume=4 |pages=3–20 |doi=10.1017/UPO9789382264521.003 |isbn=9789382264521 }}
* Joseph, U. V., and Burling, Robbins. 2006. ''Comparative phonology of the Boro Garo languages''. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages Publication.
* {{cite book
| chapter = The Tibeto-Burman languages of northeast India
| given = Robbins | surname = Burling
| pages = 169–191
| title = The Sino-Tibetan languages
| editor-given1 = Graham | editor-surname1 = Thurgood
| editor-given2 = Randy J. | editor-surname2 = LaPolla
| location = London | publisher = Routledge | year = 2003
| isbn = 978-0-7007-1129-1
}}
* {{cite book
| last = van Driem | first = George | author-link = George van Driem
| title = Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region
| publisher = BRILL | year = 2001
| isbn = 978-90-04-12062-4
}}
* {{cite thesis
| title = An Initial Reconstruction of Proto-Boro-Garo
| first = Daniel Cody | last = Wood
| publisher = University of Oregon | year = 2008 | degree = MA
| hdl = 1794/9485
}}
{{refend}}

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Sal languages}}
{{Languages of Northeast India}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Sal languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Assam]]

Anti-Hindu sentiment

2026-02-21T06:49:30Z

ChetSena61: Article updated with improved flow

{{Short description|Hostility, prejudice, or discrimination against Hindus}}
{{About|hatred of, or prejudice towards Hindus|religious persecution of Hindus|Persecution of Hindus}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Cleanup reorganize|date=July 2021}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}


{{Hinduism |society}}
{{Status of religious freedom |expanded=persecution}}
'''Anti-Hindu sentiment''', sometimes also referred to as '''Hinduphobia''', is the fear of, hostility towards, or negative perceptions pertaining to the practitioners or religion of [[Hinduism]]. It exists in many contexts in many countries, often due to historical conflict. There is also scholarly debate on what constitutes anti-Hindu sentiment in the [[Western world|Western World]].

==Definitions==
=== Historical ===
In the late 19th and early 20th century, the word ''Hinduphobia'' was used more generally to refer to [[anti-Indian sentiment|prejudice against Indians]], regardless of religion. This reflected an earlier usage of the word ''Hindu'', which referred to everyone from India.{{Sfn|Kim|2023|pp=5-6}} [[Sudhindra Bose]], president of the [[Hindustan Association of America]], used the word ''Hinduphobia'' as the title of a 1914 essay in ''The Cosmopolitan Student'' in this sense. The Hindustan Association of America clarified in a 1915 pamphlet that "Hindus unified peoples of India not as Hindus, [[Mohammedan|Mohammadans]] and Christians; [...] sons and daughters of India but not as [[Brahmin|Brahman]] {{Sic}}, [[Shudra|sudra]], and [[Dalit|untouchables]]."{{Sfn|Kim|2023|p=7}}

=== Contemporary ===
''Hinduphobia'' in the sense of prejudice against Hindus in terms of their religion was coined by activist [[Rajiv Malhotra]].{{Sfn|Kim|2023|p=4}}<ref name=":4" /> Scholar [[Jeffery D. Long]] defined the term as an irrational aversion of [[Hindus]] or [[Hinduism]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Long|first=Jeffery D.|date=December 2017|title=Reflections on Hinduphobia: A Perspective from a Scholar-Practitioner|url=https://www.esamskriti.com/essays/pdf/17%20Reflections%20on%20Hinduphobia%20PDF.pdf|journal=[[Prabuddha Bharata]]|volume=122|pages=797–804}}</ref> [[Vamsee Juluri]], a Professor of Media Studies at the [[University of San Francisco]] agrees.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Juluri|first=Vamsee|title=Ethics, Ethnocentrism and Social Science Research|publisher=Routledge|year=2020|isbn=9780429270260|editor-last=Sharma|editor-first=Divya|chapter="Hindu nationalism" or "Hinduphobia"? : Ethnocentrism, errors, and bias in media and media studies|doi=10.4324/9780429270260-8|s2cid=226346622|chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429270260-8/hindu-nationalism-hinduphobia-vamsee-juluri}}</ref>{{Efn|In a discourse on the related issue of [[California textbook controversy over Hindu history|California textbook controversy]], Chinnaiah Jangam (Professor of South Asian History at [[Carleton University]]) had noted that Juluri did not have any academic training in history, swore by [[Brahmin|Brahminical ideology]], and even wrote a book in defense of militant Hindu nationalism.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2015-06-05|title=What Is at Stake in Rewriting California School Textbooks?|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2016/29/commentary/what-stake-rewriting-california-school-textbooks.html|journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|last=Jangam|first=Chinnaiah|language=en|volume=51|issue=29|pages=7–8}}</ref> Juluri rejected the charges.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2015-06-05|title=California Textbooks Issue: A Response|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2016/31/web-exclusives/california-textbooks-issue-response.html|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|last=Juluri|first=Vamsee|language=en|pages=7–8}}</ref>}} Sophie-Jung H. Kim said that the definition of Hinduphobia as presented by some Hindu activist groups "evolve depending on the evidence that the members of these groups discover."{{Sfn|Kim|2023|p=4}}

== Examples of anti-Hindu sentiments ==
[[File:Destroyed Hindu temple in Banshkhali.jpg|thumb|Destroyed Hindu temple in [[Banshkhali Upazila|Banshkhali]], [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh]]
According to the religious dialogue activist [[P. N. Benjamin]], some [[Evangelism|Christian evangelists]] denigrate [[Hindu deities|Hindu gods]] and consider Hindu rituals barbaric, and such attitudes have caused tensions between religious communities.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/10/09/stories/13090244.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523043106/https://www.thehindu.com/2001/10/09/stories/13090244.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 May 2019|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=Who's afraid of dialogue?|date=2001-10-09|access-date=2017-06-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DoFxBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT125|title=Pentecostals, Proselytization, and Anti-Christian Violence in Contemporary India|last=Bauman|first=Chad M.|date=2015-02-02|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780190266318|pages=125|language=en}}</ref>

Hindus have historically been, and continue to be, considered [[Kafirs]] (infidels) by some [[Muslims]]<ref name="HMP">{{cite journal |last=Engineer |first=Ashghar Ali |date=13–19 February 1999 |title=Hindu-Muslim Problem: An Approach |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=37 |issue=7 |page=397 |jstor=4407649}}</ref> and [[Paganism|Heathen]], [[Satanism|Satanic]] or [[Demon]]ic by some [[Christians]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Altman |first=Michael |author-link=Michael J. Altman |title=Heathen, Hindoo, Hindu: American Representations of India, 1721-1893 |year=2017 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780190654924}}</ref>

== Asia ==

=== Afghanistan ===
{{See also|Hinduism in Afghanistan}}
Religious persecution, discrimination of Hindus has caused [[Hinduism in Afghanistan|Afghanistan's Hindu population]] to dwindle.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Ruchi |date=2017-01-01 |title=The decline of Afghanistan's Hindu and Sikh communities |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/12/decline-afghanistan-hindu-sikh-communities-161225082540860.html |location=[[Kabul]] |access-date=2020-05-01 |work=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> Sikhs and Hindus are continuing to flee from Afghanistan as of July 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bagchi |first=Joymala |date=2020-07-26 |title=Sikh Afghan Nationals Narrate Their Stories Of Fear, Suppression And Anxiety Faced In Kabul |url=http://www.businessworld.in/article/Sikh-Afghan-nationals-narrate-their-stories-of-fear-suppression-and-anxiety-faced-in-Kabul/26-07-2020-301687/ |location=New Delhi |access-date=2020-07-27 |work=Businessworld |agency=[[Asian News International]]}}</ref>

The [[Taliban]] government in [[Afghanistan]], which enforced strict [[sharia]] (Islamic law), announced plans to require all Hindus (and [[Sikhism|Sikhs]]) to wear identifying badges in public in May 2001 as part of the Taliban's campaign to [[Religious segregation|segregate]] and repress non-Muslim parts of [[Culture of Afghanistan|Afghan society]].<ref name="TalibantoMark">{{cite news |author= |date=2001-05-22 |title=Taliban to mark Afghan Hindus |url=https://www.cnn.com/2001/fyi/news/05/22/taleban.hindus/ |work=[[CNN]] |location=[[Kandahar]] |access-date=2025-05-16}}</ref><ref name="PBS">{{cite news |author= |date=2001-05-22 |title=Taliban to Require Identity Badges for Non-Muslims |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/asia-jan-june01-afghanistan_05-22 |work=[[PBS News Hour]] |access-date=2025-05-16}}</ref> At the time, about 500 Hindus and 2,000 Sikhs remained in Afghanistan.<ref name="Harding">{{cite news |last=Harding |first=Luke |date=2001-05-24 |title=Taliban defends Hindu badges plan |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/may/24/lukeharding |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=2025-05-16}}.</ref> The anti-Hindu decree was seen by many as being reminiscent of the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] law which required all [[Jews]] to wear identifying [[yellow badge]]s.<ref name="PBS"/><ref name="Kelley">{{cite news |last=Kelley |first=Jack |date=2001-05-22 |title=Taliban: Hindus must wear identity labels |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2001-05-22-talibanids.htm |work=[[USA Today]] |access-date=2025-05-16}}</ref><ref name="wired.com">{{cite magazine |author= |date=2001-05-22 |title=Taliban to Enforce Hindu 'Badges' |url=https://www.wired.com/2001/05/taliban-to-enforce-hindu-badges/ |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |location=Kabul |access-date=2020-11-19}}</ref> The order prompted international outrage, and it was denounced by the [[Government of India|Indian]] and [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. governments]],<ref name="Harding"/> as well as by [[Abraham Foxman]] of the [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]].<ref name="Kelley"/> Following international pressure, the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Taliban regime]] dropped the badge plans in June 2001.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=2001-06-27 |title=Taliban drop badge policy for Hindus |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/2001/06/27/Taliban-drop-badge-policy-for-Hindus/6861993614400/ |work=[[United Press International]] |location=[[Islamabad]] |access-date=2025-05-16}}</ref>

=== Bangladesh ===
{{See also|Persecution_of_Hindus#Bangladesh|l1=Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh}}
In [[Bangladesh]] political leaders frequently face controversy for spreading anti-Hindu sentiment in an attempt to appeal to religious extremists and incite community outrage.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dandapani |first=Vijay |date=2005-08-12 |title=Wanted: Some Hindu spine |url=https://rediff.com/news/2005/aug/13guest1.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |location= |access-date=2025-05-16}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=May 2025}} One of the most well known instances of this occurred in 1996 when [[Khaleda Zia]] a previous [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh|Prime Minister]], and then leader of the opposition, declared that the country was at risk of hearing "uludhhwani" (a [[Bengali Hindus|Bengali Hindu]] custom involving women's [[ululation]]) from [[mosque]]s, replacing the [[Adhan|azaan]] (Muslim call to prayer).<ref>{{cite book |publisher=Agence-France Press |title=Bangladesh opposition leader accused of hurting religious sentiment |date=18 November 1996}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=May 2025}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kabir |first=Bhuian Md Monoar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ee5tAAAAMAAJ&q=1996%20khaleda%20zia%20azaan |title=Politics and Development of the Jamaat-e-Islami, Bangladesh |date=2006 |publisher=South Asian Publishers |isbn=978-81-7003-305-9 |pages=168 |language=en}}</ref>

The fundamentalists and right-wing parties such as the [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] and [[Bangladesh Jatiya Party|Jatiya Party]] often portray Hindus as being sympathetic to India, making accusations of [[dual loyalty]] and allegations of transferring economic resources to India, contributing to a widespread perception that Bangladeshi Hindus are disloyal to the state. Also, the right wing parties claim the Hindus to be backing the Awami League.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/engASA130062001!Open |title=Bangladesh: Attacks on members of the Hindu minority |website=Amnesty International |access-date=21 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018043738/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/engASA130062001!Open |archive-date=18 October 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 28 February 2013, the [[International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)|International Crimes Tribunal]] sentenced [[Delwar Hossain Sayeedi]], the Vice President of the [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamaat-e-Islami]] to death for the war crimes committed during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|1971 Bangladesh Liberation War]]. Following the sentence, Jamaat-e-Islami activists attacked Hindu communities across the country. Hindu properties were looted and burned down, and temples were desecrated and set on fire.<ref>{{cite news |last=Habib |first=Haroon |title=44 killed in Bangladesh violence |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2013-03-01 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/south-asia/44-killed-in-bangladesh-violence/article4465210.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Bagerhat Hindu Temple Set on Fire |url=http://dev-bd.bdnews24.com/details.php?id=241410&cid=2 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130407194310/http://dev-bd.bdnews24.com/details.php?id=241410&cid=2 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-04-07 |access-date=20 March 2013 |work=[[bdnews24.com]] |date=2013-03-02}}</ref> While the government has held the Jamaat-e-Islami responsible for the attacks on the minorities, the Jamaat-e-Islami leadership has denied any involvement. The minority leaders have protested the attacks and appealed for justice. The [[Supreme Court of Bangladesh]] has directed the law enforcement to start ''[[suo motu]]'' investigation into the attacks. [[List of ambassadors of the United States to Bangladesh|US Ambassador to Bangladesh]] express concern about attack of Jamaat on Bengali Hindu community.<ref name="US_amb_ds-1">{{cite news |title=US worried at violence |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/us-worried-at-violence/ |access-date=2013-03-12 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]] |date=2013-03-12}}</ref><ref name="US_amb_Itt-1">{{cite news|title=Mozena: Violence is not the way to resolution |url=http://www.clickittefaq.com/featured-area/mozena-violence-is-not-the-way-to-resolution/ |access-date=12 March 2013 |newspaper=[[The Daily Ittefaq]] |date=11 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116055856/http://www.clickittefaq.com/featured-area/mozena-violence-is-not-the-way-to-resolution/|archive-date=16 November 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The violence included the looting of Hindu properties and businesses, the burning of Hindu homes, and [[desecration]] and destruction of [[Hindu temple]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bangladesh: Wave of violent attacks against Hindu minority |url=http://amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/bangladesh-wave-violent-attacks-against-hindu-minority-2013-03-06#.UTeKDSrYyD8.twitter |website=Amnesty International |access-date=2013-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309203359/http://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/bangladesh-wave-violent-attacks-against-hindu-minority-2013-03-06#.UTeKDSrYyD8.twitter |archive-date=2013-03-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref> According to community leaders, more than 50 [[Hindu temples]] and 1,500 Hindu homes were destroyed in 20 districts.<ref name="bbc09032013-1">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21712655 |title=Bangladesh minorities 'terrorised' after mob violence |last=Ethirajan |first=Anbarasan |date=2013-03-09 |work=[[BBC]] |access-date=2013-03-17}}</ref> On 5 May 2014, A mob of almost 3,000 attacked Hindu households and a temple in eastern Bangladesh after two youths from the community allegedly insulted the Islamic prophet, [[Muhammad]] on [[Facebook]].<ref>{{cite news |date=5 May 2014 |title=Hindu households, temple attacked in Bangladesh |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/404464/hindu-households-temple-attacked-bangladesh.html |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |location=Dhaka |access-date=27 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= |date=5 May 2014 |title=Mob of 3000 attack Hindu households, temple in Bangladesh |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/mob-of-3000-attack-hindu-households-temple-in-bangladesh-1509359.html |newspaper=[[Firstpost]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |location=Dhaka |access-date=27 May 2014}}</ref>

=== India===
{{See also|Persecution of Hindus#Post-Independence India}}
{{Expand section|date=February 2021}}
In March–April 2024, a [[Christian Church|Christian church]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] came to attention when a video showing that the church's footwalk tiles consisted of sacred Hindu symbols of [[Om]] and [[Swastika]] went viral on social media and sparked outrage. Following the backlash, the tiles containing those symbols were removed by the church.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Sumit |date=2024-04-04 |title=ऊँ और स्वास्तिक के चिन्ह पर पैर रखकर चल रहे थे लोग, चर्च में नफरत वाला काम |trans-title=People were walking on the symbols Om and Swastika, a hateful action by a church |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/nation/church-in-andhra-pradesh-using-om-swastik-signs-on-foot-walk-tiles-video-gone-viral-8209684.html |access-date=2024-04-18 |work=[[News18 India]] |location=[[Amaravati]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Commune |first=The |date=2024-04-05 |title=Following Social Media Outcry, Pathway Leading To Church With Tiles Having Hindu Symbols Removed |url=https://thecommunemag.com/following-social-media-outcry-pathway-leading-to-church-with-tiles-having-hindu-symbols-removed/ |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=The Commune |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Deliberately hurting Hindu sentiments! Andhra Church uses 'Om' & 'Swastika' tiles for flooring |url=https://www.newsbharati.com/Encyc/2024/4/3/Andhra-Church-uses-Om-Swastika-tiles-for-flooring.html |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=www.newsbharati.com |language=en}}</ref>

Between 11:30 pm and midnight on 26 August 2024, the idol of the goddess in Bhoolaxmi temple was destroyed by vandals. The temple is located in the Rakshapuram area of Hyderabad, and is {{convert|50|yds|m}} from the police station. Local politician, [[Samreddy Surender Reddy]] said that the temple had been attacked by vandals five times during the past five years. The police used CCTV to identify two suspects, who they arrested. A crowd gathered outside the temple to [[protest]] against the vandalism. The police said that there was no evidence that the vandalism was politically motivated.<ref name="q364">{{cite news | title=Telangana: Hyderabad Police arrests 2 men for vandalising Bhoolaxmi temple idol |newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] | date=27 August 2024 | url=https://www.livemint.com/news/hyderabad-police-news-vandalise-bhoolaxmi-temple-goddess-chandrayanagutta-telangana-constituency-riyasat-nagar-division-11724731256605.html | access-date=3 September 2024}}</ref>

In September 2024, stones were pelted at Ganesha idol processions in many parts of India.<ref name="y119">{{cite web | last=Ansari | first=Nahid | title=Clashes erupt in UP's Mahoba after stone pelting during Ganesh idol procession | website=India Today | date=15 September 2024 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/uttar-pradesh-up-mahoba-city-kotwali-clash-stone-pelting-ganesh-idol-procession-2599975-2024-09-15 | access-date=15 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="y484">{{cite web | last=Singh | first=Umesh | title=SP Lodha transferred following stone-pelting incident during a Ganesh idol procession in MP's Ratlam | website=Deccan Herald | date=11 September 2024 | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/madhya-pradesh/sp-lodha-transferred-following-stone-pelting-incident-during-a-ganesh-idol-procession-in-mps-ratlam-3186192 | access-date=15 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="g631">{{cite web | title=Stones pelted at Ganesh pandal in Surat; 6 arrested | website=The Hindu | date=9 September 2024 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gujarat/stones-pelted-at-ganesh-pandal-in-surat-6-arrested/article68620775.ece | access-date=15 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="c458">{{cite web | last=Samachar | first=Gujarat | title=After Surat stones pelted at Ganesh Pandal in Kutch | website=GujaratSamachar English | date=11 September 2024 | url=https://english.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/after-surat-stones-pelted-at-ganesh-pandal-in-kutch | access-date=15 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="g618">{{cite web | last=Raj | first=Gayathri V | title=Nagamangala Ganesha procession news: Stone pelting, lathi charge during procession in Karnataka's Nagamangala, Section 144 imposed | website=Deccan Herald | date=11 September 2024 | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/stone-pelting-lathi-charge-during-ganesha-procession-in-nagamangala-mandya-district-3186911 | access-date=15 September 2024}}</ref> The police were also attacked in many places, but managed to seize the swords used to attack the devotees; petrol bombs were also used to set shops on fire.<ref name="d085">{{cite web | title=Ganpati idol stone pelting incident: 52 held, BJP questions arrest of Hindu devotees | website=English.Mathrubhumi | date=12 September 2024 | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/stone-pelting-ganpati-idol-karnataka-police-arrest-bjp-slam-congress-1.9895563 | access-date=15 September 2024}}</ref> In another incident, the Ganesh idol was taken from the demonstrators by the police, who then secured it in an unoccupied police van, the snaps of which went viral online, as well as in newspapers; some claimed it was "belittling" to do so.<ref name="r570">{{cite web | title=Bengaluru: Viral photo of Ganesh idol in police van sparks outrage | website=The Siasat Daily | date=14 September 2024 | url=https://www.siasat.com/bengaluru-viral-photo-of-ganesh-idol-in-police-van-sparks-outrage-3096126/ | access-date=15 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="c250">{{cite web | last=Verma | first=Shivam | title=Picture of Lord Ganesha's idol in police van sparks row in Bengaluru: Here's what we know so far | website=DNA India | date=14 September 2024 | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-picture-of-lord-ganesha-idol-in-police-van-sparks-row-in-bengaluru-here-what-we-know-so-far-3107552 | access-date=15 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="k658">{{cite web | title=Lord Ganesha murti in Bengaluru police van sparks row: PM Modi says 'in Congress-ruled Karnataka, even…' | website=mint | date=15 September 2024 | url=https://www.livemint.com/news/lord-ganesha-murti-in-bengaluru-police-van-sparks-row-pm-modi-says-in-congress-ruled-karnataka-even-11726375067734.html | access-date=15 September 2024}}</ref> In September 2025, there were more incidents of stone-pelting of Ganesha idols during immersion and Chappanbhog ceremonies in different parts of India;<ref>{{cite news |title=Stone pelting during Ganesh Visarjan in Karnataka's Mandya sparks protests; section 144 imposed |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=8 September 2025 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/stone-pelting-during-ganesh-visarjan-in-karnatakas-mandya-sparks-protests-section-144-imposed-101757314672445.html |access-date=10 September 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Three injured after stone-pelting outside Ganesh Puja pandal in Madhya Pradesh's Burhanpur |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=8 September 2025 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Sep/08/three-injured-after-stone-pelting-outside-ganesh-puja-pandal-in-madhya-pradeshs-burhanpur |access-date=10 September 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Dwary | first=Anurag | title=Old FIR Surfaces As Bhopal Cops Probe Alleged Stone-Pelting During Ganesh Immersion |website=[[NDTV]] | date=9 September 2025 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/bhopal-news/old-fir-surfaces-as-bhopal-cops-probe-alleged-stone-pelting-during-ganesh-immersion-9242365 |access-date=10 September 2025 }}</ref><ref name="DeshGujarat-01Sep25">{{cite news |title='Stone pelting' near Ganpati pandal in Vadodara's Tarsali area; police conducts combing |work=DeshGujarat |date=1 September 2025 |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2025/09/01/stone-pelting-near-ganpati-pandal-in-vadodaras-tarsali-area-police-conducts-combing/ |access-date=10 September 2025 }}</ref> in an incident in late August 2025, eggs were thrown instead of stones.<ref name="DeshGujarat-01Sep25"/>

=== Malaysia ===
{{See also|Hinduism in Malaysia|2001 Kampung Medan riots|2009 cow head protests|HINDRAF|2007 HINDRAF rally}}

In April 2006, local authorities demolished several [[Hindu temple]]s to make way for developmental projects. Their reason was that these temples were unlicensed and squatting on government land. In April and May 2006, several Hindu temples were demolished by city hall authorities in the country, accompanied by violence against Hindus.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kaliban |first=K. |date=2006-06-16 |title=Temple row - a dab of sensibility please |url=https://malaysiakini.com/opinionsfeatures/52600 |url-access=subscription |work=[[Malaysiakini]] |access-date=2025-05-17}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|reason=WP:NEWSOPED|date=May 2025}} On 21 April 2006, the Malaimel Sri Selva Kaliamman Temple in [[Kuala Lumpur]] was reduced to rubble after the city hall sent in bulldozers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Free domain sharing - Site not yet configured|url=http://www.gatago.com/talk/politics/mideast/12428067.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061104235008/http://www.gatago.com/talk/politics/mideast/12428067.html|archive-date=2006-11-04|work=gatago.com}}</ref>

The president of the Consumers Association of [[Subang, Selangor|Subang]] and [[Shah Alam]] in [[Selangor]] had been helping to organise efforts to stop the local authorities in the [[Muslims|Muslim]]-dominated city of Shah Alam from demolishing a 107-year-old Hindu temple. The growing [[Islamization]] in Malaysia is a cause for concern to many [[Malaysians]] who follow minority religions such as Hinduism.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=2006-05-16 |title=Pressure on multi-faith Malaysia |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4965580.stm |work=[[BBC]] |access-date=2025-05-17}}</ref>

On 11 May 2006, armed city hall officers from [[Kuala Lumpur]] forcefully demolished part of a 60-year-old suburban temple that serves more than 1,000 Hindus. The "[[HINDRAF|Hindu Rights Action Force]]", a coalition of several NGOs, has protested these demolitions by lodging complaints with the [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Malaysian Prime Minister]].<ref name="Finexp">{{cite news |author= |date=2006-05-23 |title=Hindu group protests 'temple cleansing' in Malaysia |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/latest_full_story.php?content_id=128069 |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |location=[[Kuala Lumpur]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704022731/http://www.financialexpress.com/latest_full_story.php?content_id=128069 |archive-date=2007-07-04 |access-date=2025-05-17}}</ref> Many Hindu advocacy groups have protested what they allege is a systematic plan of temple cleansing in [[Malaysia]]. The official reason given by the [[Government of Malaysia|Malaysian government]] has been that the temples were built "illegally". However, several of the temples are centuries old.<ref name="Finexp"/>
According to a lawyer for the Hindu Rights Action Task Force, a Hindu temple is demolished in Malaysia once every three weeks.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hamid |first=Jalil |date=2007-11-08 |title=Malaysia ethnic Indians in uphill fight on religion |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-30397720071108?pageNumber=1 |work=[[Reuters]] |location=Kuala Lumpur |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316232954/http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-30397720071108?pageNumber=1 |archive-date=2017-03-16 |access-date=2025-05-17}}</ref>

A group of Malaysian Muslims protested against the construction of a Hindu temple in a Muslim-majority neighborhood, using a cow's head in the demonstration, sparking concerns about racial and religious tensions in the country.<ref>{{cite news |last=Joshi |first=Vijay |date=2009-08-28 |title=Malaysia Muslims protest proposed Hindu temple |url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5h5RWG2ScAdC9V7eo-B6-KfUL3QjgD9ABV6U81 |work=[[Google News]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |location=Kuala Lumpur |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902210504/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5h5RWG2ScAdC9V7eo-B6-KfUL3QjgD9ABV6U81 |archive-date=2009-09-02 |access-date=2025-05-17}}</ref>

=== Pakistan ===
{{Main|Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan}}

In [[Pakistan]], Hindus are often regarded as [[kafir]]s (unbelievers) and blamed for "causing all the problems in Pakistan".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kashmirherald.com/featuredarticle/democracyinpakistan.html|title=Why democracy didn't take roots in Pakistan?|work=kashmirherald.com}}</ref> On Pakistan Day, the Pakistan Army dropped leaflets in South and North Waziristan, warning tribesmen about foreigners and their local supporters, using the term "Yahood Aur Hanood" (Jews and Hindus) to describe the perceived enemies. The leaflets aimed to differentiate between the war on terror and local tribes, urging vigilance against intruders.<ref>[http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/mar2006-daily/24-03-2006/main/main5.htm Military drops leaflets in Waziristan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817081717/http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/mar2006-daily/24-03-2006/main/main5.htm |date=17 August 2007 }}, ''jang.com.pk''</ref> At the time of [[Pakistan Movement|Pakistan's creation]], the 'hostage theory' had been espoused. According to this theory, the [[Hinduism in Pakistan|Hindu minority in Pakistan]] was to be given a fair deal in the country in order to ensure the protection of the [[Islam in India|Muslim minority in India]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n5c9ta97GeoC&q=hostage+theory+partition&pg=PA72|title=The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia: Refugees, Boundaries, Histories|last=Zamindar|first=Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780231138475|pages=72|quote=The logic of the ''hostage theory'' tied the treatment of Muslim minorities in India to the treatment meted out to Hindus in Pakistan.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PrqLBgAAQBAJ&q=In+this+regard,+it+repeatedly+stressed+the+hostage+population+theory+that+held+that+%27hostage%27+Hindu+and+Sikh+minorities+inside+Pakistan+would+guarantee+Hindu+India%27s+good+behaviour+towards+its+own+Muslim+minority.&pg=PA19|title=Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India|last=Dhulipala|first=Venkat|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2015|isbn=9781316258385|pages=19|quote=Within the subcontinent, ML propaganda claimed that besides liberating the 'majority provinces' Muslims it would guarantee protection for Muslims who would be left behind in Hindu India. In this regard, it repeatedly stressed the hostage population theory that held that 'hostage' Hindu and Sikh minorities inside Pakistan would guarantee Hindu India's good behaviour towards its own Muslim minority.}}</ref>

Separate electorates for Hindus and [[Christians]] were established in 1985—a policy which was originally proposed by Islamist leader [[Abul A'la Maududi]]. Christian and Hindu leaders complained that they felt excluded from the county's political process, but the policy had strong support from [[Islamism|Islamists]].<ref name="OBJ-31">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/pakistaneyeofsto00benn|url-access=registration|quote=separate electorates for minorities in pakistan.|title=Pakistan: Eye of the Storm|date=2002|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0300101473|page=[https://archive.org/details/pakistaneyeofsto00benn/page/31 31]|last1=Jones|first1=Owen Bennett|access-date=9 December 2014}}</ref>

The [[Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal]] (MMA), a coalition of Islamist political parties in Pakistan, calls for the increased [[Islamization]] of the government and society, specifically taking an anti-Hindu stance. The MMA leads the opposition in the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|national assembly]], held a majority in the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|NWFP]] Provincial Assembly, and was part of the ruling coalition in [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]. However, some members of the MMA made efforts to eliminate their rhetoric against Hindus.<ref name="USdept2006">[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71443.htm International Religious Freedom Report 2006] Published by the US Department of State</ref>

The public school curriculum in Pakistan was Islamized during the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71443.htm|title=Pakistan|work=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> The [[government of Pakistan]] claims to undertake a major revision to eliminate such teachings and to remove Islamic teaching from secular subjects.<ref name="USdept2006" /> The bias in Pakistani textbooks was also documented by Y. Rosser (2003). She wrote that
{{Blockquote|"in the past few decades, social studies textbooks in Pakistan have been used as locations to articulate the hatred that Pakistani policy makers have attempted to inculcate towards their [[Hindu]] neighbours", and that as a result "in the minds of generations of Pakistanis, indoctrinated by the 'Ideology of Pakistan' are lodged fragments of hatred and suspicion."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mlists.net/sindh-intl/mail/mail_abuseofhistory.htm |title=Abuse of History in Pakistan: Bangladesh to Kargil |access-date=2007-01-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031114223934/http://www.mlists.net/sindh-intl/mail/mail_abuseofhistory.htm |archive-date=14 November 2003 |df=dmy }}, by Dr. Yvette C Rosser</ref>}}

The bias in Pakistani textbooks was studied by [[Rubina Saigol]], [[Khursheed Kamal Aziz|K. K. Aziz]], [[Ibn Abdur Rehman|I. A. Rahman]], [[Mubarak Ali]], [[A H Nayyar|A. H. Nayyar]], Ahmed Saleem, Y. Rosser and others.

A study by Nayyar & Salim (2003) that was conducted with 30 experts of Pakistan's education system, found that the textbooks contain statements that seek to create hate against Hindus. There was also an emphasis on [[Jihad]], Shahadat, wars and military heroes. The study reported that the textbooks also had a lot of gender-biased stereotypes. Some of the [[Pakistani textbooks controversy|problems in Pakistani textbooks]] cited in the report were:
{{Blockquote|"Insensitivity to the existing religious diversity of the nation"; "Incitement to militancy and violence, including encouragement of Jihad and Shahadat"; a "glorification of war and the use of force"; "Inaccuracies of fact and omissions that serve to substantially distort the nature and significance of actual events in our history"; "Perspectives that encourage [[prejudice]], [[bigotry]] and [[discrimination]] towards fellow citizens, especially women and religious minorities, and other towards nations" and "Omission of concepts ... that could encourage critical self awareness among students". (Nayyar & Salim 2003). The Pakistani Curriculum document for classes K-V stated in 1995 that "at the completion of Class-V, the child should be able to "Understand Hindu-Muslim differences and the resultant need for Pakistan. [p. 154]}}

A more recent textbook which was published in Pakistan and titled ''[[A Short History of Pakistan]]'', edited by [[Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi]], has been heavily criticized by academic peer-reviewers for anti-Hindu biases and prejudices that are consistent with [[Pakistani nationalism]], where Hindus are portrayed as "villains" and Muslims as "victims" living under the "disastrous Hindu rule" and "betraying the Muslims to the British", characterizations that academic reviewers found "disquieting" and having a "warped subjectivity".<ref>Lehmann, F., 1968, Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia, pp. 644–645</ref><ref>Calkins, P. B. Pacific Affairs, [[University of British Columbia]], pp. 643–644, 1968</ref><ref name="Ahmed">Ahmed, A., Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia, pp. 645–647, 1968</ref>

Ameer Hamza, a leader of the terrorist group [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], wrote a highly derogatory book about Hinduism in 1999 called "Hindu Ki Haqeeqat" ("Reality of (a) Hindu"); he was not prosecuted by the Government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2004/35519.htm|title=Pakistan|work=U.S. Department of State}}</ref>

According to the Sustainable Development Policy Institute report, 'Associated with the insistence on the [[Two-nation theory|Ideology of Pakistan]] has been an essential component of hate against [[India]] and the Hindus. For the upholders of the Ideology of Pakistan, the existence of Pakistan is defined only in relation to Hindus, and hence the Hindus have to be painted as negatively as possible.'<ref name=sdpi>Nayyar, A.H. and Salim, A. (eds.)(2003). [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090205032614/http://www.sdpi.org/whats_new/reporton/State%20of%20Curr&TextBooks.pdf The subtle Subversion: A report on Curricula and Textbooks in Pakistan]. Report of the project ''A Civil Society Initiative in Curricula and Textbooks Reform''. Sustainable Development Policy Institute, Islamabad.</ref> A 2005 report by the [[National Commission for Justice and Peace]]. a non-profit organization in Pakistan, found that Pakistan Studies textbooks in Pakistan have been used to articulate the hatred that Pakistani policy-makers have attempted to inculcate towards the Hindus. "Vituperative animosities legitimise military and autocratic rule, nurturing a siege mentality. Pakistan Studies textbooks are an active site to represent India as a hostile neighbour", the report stated. "The story of Pakistan's past is intentionally written to be distinct from, and often in direct contrast with, interpretations of history found in India. From the government-issued textbooks, students are taught that Hindus are backward and superstitious." Further, the report stated, "Textbooks reflect intentional obfuscation. Today's students, citizens of Pakistan, and its future leaders are the victims of these partial truths."<ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006%5C04%5C25%5Cstory_25-4-2006_pg7_26 Hate mongering worries minorities], [[Daily Times (Pakistan)]], 2006-04-25</ref><ref name="LA Times Report: In Pakistan's Public Schools, Jihad Still Part of Lesson Plan - The Muslim nation's public school texts still promote hatred and jihad, reformers say.">[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-aug-18-fg-schools18-story.html In Pakistan's Public Schools, Jihad Still Part of Lesson Plan - The Muslim nation's public school texts still promote hatred and jihad, reformers say.] By Paul Watson, Times Staff Writer; 18 August 2005; [[Los Angeles Times]]. 4 Page article online Retrieved on 2 January 2010</ref><ref name="Outlook India Magazine Report: Primers Of Hate - History or biology, Pakistani students get anti-India lessons in all their textbooks; 'Hindu, Enemy Of Islam' - These are extracts from government-sponsored textbooks approved by the National Curriculum Wing of the Federal Ministry of Education.">[http://www.outlookindia.com/fullprint.asp?choice=2&fodname=20051010&fname=Pakistan+%28F%29&sid=1 Primers Of Hate - History or biology, Pakistani students get anti-India lessons in all their textbooks; 'Hindu, Enemy Of Islam' - These are extracts from government-sponsored textbooks approved by the National Curriculum Wing of the Federal Ministry of Education.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060907003427/http://www.outlookindia.com/fullprint.asp?choice=2&fodname=20051010&fname=Pakistan+(F)&sid=1 |date=7 September 2006 }} By AMIR MIR; 10 October 2005; [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India Magazine]] Retrieved on 2 January 2010</ref><ref>[https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jul/16guest.htm Noor's cure: A contrast in views]; by Arindam Banerji; 16 July 2003; [[Rediff.com|Rediff India Abroad]] Retrieved on 2 January 2010</ref>

An editorial in ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'' discussed a report by ''[[The Guardian]]'', which noted that Pakistan's state-run schools extensively promoted extremism and bigotry. Among others, it highlighted that textbooks in Pakistani state schools propagate concepts like jihad, the inferiority of non-Muslims, and hostility towards India, which foster a bigoted and obscurantist mindset.<ref>[http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/11-curriculum-of-hatred--03 Curriculum of hatred] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526140357/http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/11-curriculum-of-hatred--03 |date=26 May 2009 }}, ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'', 2009-05-20</ref><ref name="Dawn: ‘School texts spreading more extremism than seminaries’">[http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/national/school-texts-spreading-more-extremism-than-seminaries-959 ‘School texts spreading more extremism than seminaries’] By Our Special Correspondent; Tuesday, 19 May 2009; ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]''. Retrieved 1 January 2010</ref> According to a study by a US government commission, textbooks in Pakistani schools foster prejudice and intolerance of Hindus and other religious minorities, and most teachers view non-Muslims as enemies of Islam.<ref>{{Cite news|date=November 9, 2011|title=US commission: Pakistan schools teach Hindu hatred|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/world/2011/11/09/commission-pakistan-schools-teach-hindu-hatred/FW7nomQ0jk3H37kFgkkrkI/story.html|access-date=January 26, 2022}}</ref> According to historian Professor [[Mubarak Ali]], textbook reform in Pakistan began with [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]'s introduction of Pakistan Studies and Islamic Studies in 1971. General [[Zia-ul-Haq]] later intensified [[historical revisionism]], exploiting these reforms to promote a religiously exclusive narrative, which has contributed to intolerance and extremism. The broader context includes issues with outdated and biased textbook content, with reform efforts struggling to address these problems comprehensively.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/may/18/pakistan-textbooks-religious-extremism The threat of Pakistan's revisionist texts], [[The Guardian]], 2009-05-18</ref>

== Outside Asia ==

=== Australia ===
In April 2024, a Hindu woman named ''Swastika Chandra'' from [[Sydney]] was banned from using the [[Uber]] app because it considered her first name (''Swastika'') to be offensive and related to [[Nazism]]. The [[Swastika]] is a Hindu symbol of divinity and spirituality that the Hindu community has used for centuries; however, its perception in other parts of the world is different due to the adoption of the symbol by the [[Nazi Party]] in the early 20th century. After a period of six months, Uber eventually lifted the ban and apologized for the misunderstanding.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A woman called Swastika got an apology from Uber after it banned her because of her name |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/thelife/news/a-woman-called-swastika-got-an-apology-from-uber-after-it-banned-her-because-of-her-name/articleshow/109438904.cms |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=Business Insider}}</ref>

=== United Kingdom ===
After the [[2022 Leicester unrest|Leicester riots]] in October 2022, Hindu groups were set to boycott a review by Dr. Chris Allen, the review's head, because of perceived lack of impartiality.<ref>{{cite web | last=Watson | first=Greig | title=Leicester disorder: Hindu groups set to boycott review | website=BBC News | date=2022-10-29 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-leicestershire-63426507 | access-date=2022-11-01}}</ref>

A national report in the UK found that 51% of Hindu parents reported their children facing Anti-Hindu hate in schools, and found that schools had failed to monitor and address the issues. It also reported several cases of physical assault, as well as beef being thrown at a student.<ref>{{cite web|title=Anti-Hindu Hate In Schools|url=https://henryjacksonsociety.org/event/anti-hindu-hate-in-schools/}}</ref>

====Conservative Party====
In October 2018, it was reported that [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] candidate for the [[Mayor of London]], [[Shaun Bailey, Baron Bailey of Paddington|Shaun Bailey]], had written a pamphlet, entitled ''No Man's Land'', for the [[Centre for Policy Studies]]. In it, Bailey argued that accommodating Hindus "[robs] [[United Kingdom|Britain]] of its community" and it is also turning the country into a "crime-riddled cesspool". He also claimed that [[South Asian ethnic groups|South Asians]] "bring their culture, their country and any problems they might have, with them" and that this was not a problem within the [[Black British|black community]] "because we've shared a religion and in many cases a language".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-04|title=Tory London mayoral candidate claimed celebrating Hindu and Muslim festivals has turned Britain into 'cesspool of crime'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/conservative-london-candidate-mayor-shaun-bailey-hindu-muslim-festival-crime-a8566341.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/conservative-london-candidate-mayor-shaun-bailey-hindu-muslim-festival-crime-a8566341.html |archive-date=7 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=2021-01-12|website=The Independent|language=en}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In the pamphlet, Bailey confused the Hindu religion with the [[Hindi|Hindi language]]: "You don't know what to do. You bring your children to school, and they learn far more about [[Diwali]] than [[Christmas]]. I speak to the people who are from [[London Borough of Brent|Brent]], and they've been having Hindi (sic) days off."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/anti-hindu-muslim-views-return-to-haunt-london-mayor-candidate-shaun-bailey/story-woCY6o4owDF4Yp9lnOxNBM.html|title=Anti-Hindu, Muslim views return to haunt London mayor candidate Shaun Bailey|last=Sonwalkar|first=Prasun|date=4 October 2018|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en|access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref>

[[James Cleverly]], the Deputy Chairman of the Conservative Party, defended Bailey and suggested that Bailey's remarks were being misconstrued. He implied that black boys were turning to crime due to exposure to other religions rather than focusing on "their own [[Christian culture]]." However, the anti-racism organization [[Hope not Hate|Hope Not Hate]] condemned Bailey's comments as "grotesque."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/oct/04/tory-concerns-shaun-bailey-remarks-london-mayoral-race |title=Tory deputy chairman admits concerns about Shaun Bailey remarks |last=Sabbagh |first=Dan |date=4 October 2018 |website=The Guardian |language=en |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref>

=== United States ===
{{see also|Persecution of Hindus#United States}}

The rise of the [[Indian Americans|Indian American community]] in the [[United States]] has triggered some isolated attacks on them, as has been the case with many minority groups in the United States. Attacks which specifically target [[Hinduism in the United States|Hindus in the United States]] stem from what is often referred to as the "racialization of religion" among Americans, a process that begins when certain phenotypical features that are associated with a group and attached to race in popular discourse become associated with a particular religion or religions. The racialization of Hinduism in American perception has led Americans to perceive Hindus as belonging to a separate group, and this contributes to prejudices against them.<ref>Joshi, Khyati, The Racialization of Hinduism, Islam, and Sikhism in the United States, Equity & Excellence in Education, Volume 39, Number 3, August 2006, pp. 211–226(16)</ref>

In 2019, the Swaminarayan Temple in [[Kentucky]] was vandalised. They sprayed black paint on the deity and sprayed "[[Jesus Christ|Jesus]] is the only God" on the walls. The [[Christian cross]] was also spray-painted on various walls.<ref name="TH2019"/> In April 2015, a [[Hindu temple]] in north [[Texas]] was vandalised when nasty images were spray-painted on its walls. In February 2015, Hindu temples in [[Kent, Ohio|Kent]] and the [[Seattle metropolitan area|Seattle Metropolitan area]] were also vandalised.<ref name="TH2019">{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=2019-01-31|title=Hindu temple vandalised in U.S.|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/hindu-temple-vandalised-in-us/article26136111.ece|access-date=2021-01-12|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=US: Hindu temple vandalized in Kentucky, deity sprayed black paint|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/us-hindu-temple-vandalized-kentucky-062710369.html|access-date=2021-01-12|website=in.news.yahoo.com|language=en}}</ref>

In July 2019, a Hindu priest wearing his religious attire was physically assaulted by Sergio Gouveia in [[Queens]], New York, just two blocks from Shiv Shakti Peeth Temple in [[Glen Oaks, Queens|Glen Oaks]]. A Senator and the [[Attorney General of New York|New York State Attorney General]] have labeled it a [[hate crime]], stating, "If someone is targeted because of religious robe and a couple of blocks from the temple where he resides, it is difficult to believe this was random." However, the [[New York City Police Department|New York police]] have not classified it as a hate crime.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pix11.com/2019/07/23/community-leaders-rally-around-hindu-priest-who-was-beaten/|title=Community leaders rally around Hindu priest who was beaten|work=WPIX |date=23 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2019/07/23/hindu-priest-assaulted-hate-crime-swami-ji-harish-chander-puri-attorney-general-letitia-james/|title=State Attorney General James Calls Unprovoked Attack On Hindu Priest In Queens A Hate Crime|date=23 July 2019}}</ref>

==== Pat Robertson ====
In addition, anti-Hindu views have been expressed, which are specifically based on misperceptions of the religion of Hinduism as well as mistaken racial perceptions. In the United States, [[Pat Robertson]] has denounced Hinduism as "[[Satanism|demonic]]", believing that when Hindus "feel any sort of inspiration, whether it's by a river or under a tree, on top of a hill, they figure that some God or spirit is responsible for that. And so they'll worship that tree, they'll worship that hill, or they'll worship anything."<ref>''The 700 Club'', 23 March 2006.</ref> His remarks were widely condemned and disputed by [[Indian Americans]] and members of many non-partisan advocacy groups.<ref>{{cite web|title=Using TV, Christian Pat Robertson Denounces Hinduism as "Demonic" |url=http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/7027/htoday.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091020024413/http://geocities.com/CapitolHill/7027/htoday.html |archive-date=20 October 2009 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=April 2025}} [[Evangelicalism in the United States|Evangelical]] leader [[Albert Mohler]] defended Robertson's remarks, saying "any belief system, any [[Worldview|world view]], whether it's [[Zen]] [[Buddhism]] or Hinduism or [[dialectical materialism]] for that matter, [[Marxism]], that keeps persons captive and keeps them from coming to faith in the [[Jesus|Lord Jesus Christ]], yes, is a demonstration of satanic power."<ref>''The O'Reilly Factor'', Fox News Channel. 17 March 2006.</ref>

==== United States Congress ====
{{Main|Rajan Zed prayer protest}}

In July 2007, the [[United States Senate]] conducted its morning prayer services with a Hindu prayer,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/12/AR2007071202007.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127225107/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/12/AR2007071202007.html|archive-date=2020-01-27|url-status=dead|title=Senate Prayer Led by Hindu Elicits Protest|access-date=2008-12-19 | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=2007-07-13}}</ref> a historical first. During the service, three disruptors, named Ante Nedlko Pavkovic, Katherine Lynn Pavkovic, and Christen Renee Sugar, from the Fundamentalist Christian activist group [[Operation Save America]]<ref name="news.bostonherald.com" /> protested by arguing that the Hindu prayer was "an [[abomination (Bible)|abomination]]", and they also claimed that they were "Christians and Patriots". They were swiftly arrested and charged with disrupting Congress.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/13/washington/13brfs-AHINDUPRAYER_BRF.html?ex=1341979200&en=851dbe33e5130b8d&ei=5124&partner=digg&exprod=digg | work=The New York Times | title=A Hindu Prayer in the Senate Meets Protest | date=2007-07-13 | access-date=2010-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube|EZ9To30Hz7|A link to YouTube video}}</ref>

The event generated a storm of protest by [[Christian right]] groups in the country, with the [[American Family Association]] (AFA) opposing the prayer and carrying out a campaign to lobby senators to protest against it.<ref>Michelle Boorstein, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/27/AR2007072700206.html Hindu Groups Ask '08 Hopefuls to Criticize Protest], ''Washington Post'' (27 July 2007).</ref><ref>[https://lasvegassun.com/news/2007/jul/13/a-prayer-and-protest/ A Prayer and Protest], ''Las Vegas Sun'' (13 July 2007).</ref> Their representative attacked the proceedings as "gross idolatry".<ref name="news.bostonherald.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.bostonherald.com/news/national/politics/view.bg?articleid=1010979|title=Christian protesters disrupt first Senate prayer by a Hindu|date=12 July 2007|work=[[Boston Herald]]|access-date=20 March 2011|location=Washington}}</ref> The AFA sent an "Action Alert" to its members in which it asked them to e-mail, write letters, or call their Senators and ask them to oppose the Hindu prayer, stating that it is "seeking the invocation of a non-monotheistic god."<ref name="Hindu Prayer in Senate Disrupted">"[https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna19729245 Hindu Prayer in Senate Disrupted]." [[Associated Press]] (published on [[NBC News]]). 2007-06-12. Retrieved on 2007-06-15</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afa.net/Petitions/issuedetail.asp?id=257 |title=ActionAlert: Hindu to open Senate with prayer |publisher=American Family Association |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715175738/http://www.afa.net/Petitions/issuedetail.asp?id=257 |archive-date=15 July 2007 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/12/AR2007071202007.html|title=Senate Prayer Led by Hindu Elicits Protest|work=washingtonpost.com}}</ref> The "alert" stated that "since Hindus worship multiple gods, the prayer will be completely outside the American paradigm, flying in the face of the American motto ''[[Pledge of Allegiance|One Nation Under God]].''"<ref>"''Hindu to open Senate with prayer'' AFA Action Alert, July 10, 2007"</ref> The convocation by Zed was, in fact, disrupted by three protesters in the gallery, reportedly shouting "this is an abomination" and other complaints.<ref name="Hindu Prayer in Senate Disrupted" />

[[Barry W. Lynn]], executive director of [[Americans United for Separation of Church and State]], said the protest "shows the intolerance of many [[Christian right|religious right]] activists. They say they want more religion in the public square, but it's clear they mean only their religion."<ref name="news.bostonherald.com" />

==== Dotbusters ====
{{Main|Dotbusters}}

The [[Dotbusters]] was a [[hate group]] in [[Jersey City, New Jersey]], that attacked and threatened [[Indian Americans|Indian-Americans]] in the fall of 1987.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gutierrez |first1=Elizabeth |title="THE -DOTBUSTER- ATTACKS: HATE CRIME AGAINST ASIAN INDIANS IN JERSEY CITY, NEW JERSEY" |url=https://www.overcominghateportal.org/uploads/5/4/1/5/5415260/dotbuster_attacks.pdf |publisher=Geography and Urban Studies Temple UniversitY Philadelphia, PA 19122 |access-date=September 17, 2024 |page=30}}</ref> The name originates from the [[Bindi (decoration)|bindi]] traditionally worn by Hindu women and girls on their foreheads. In July 1987, they had a letter published in the ''[[Jersey Journal]]''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/12/nyregion/in-jersey-city-indians-protest-violence.html|title=In Jersey City, Indians Protest Violence|last=Marriott|first=Michel|date=12 October 1987|work=[[The New York Times]]|page=1|access-date=20 March 2011}}</ref> stating that they would take any means necessary to drive the Indians out of Jersey City:<ref name="pluralism">{{Cite web |author= |title=Dot Busters in New Jersey |url=http://www.pluralism.org/ocg/CDROM_files/hinduism/dot_busters.php |website=The Pluralism Project |access-date=20 April 2025 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520234733/http://www.pluralism.org/ocg/CDROM_files/hinduism/dot_busters.php |archive-date=20 May 2011}}</ref>
<blockquote>I'm writing about your article during July about the abuse of [[Indian people|Indian People]]. Well, I'm here to state the other side. I hate them, if you had to live near them, you would also. We are an organization called dot busters. We have been around for 2 years. We will go to any extreme to get Indians to move out of Jersey City. If I'm walking down the street and I see a Hindu and the setting is right, I will hit him or her. We plan some of our most extreme attacks, such as breaking windows, breaking car windows, and crashing family parties. We use the phone books and look up the name Patel. Have you seen how many of them there are? Do you even live in Jersey City? Do you walk down Central Avenue and experience what its{{sic}} like to be near them: we have, and we just don't want it anymore. You said that they will have to start protecting themselves because the police cannot always be there. They will never do anything. They are a week{{sic|nolink=y}} race, physically{{sic|nolink=y}} and mentally. We are going to continue our way. We will never be stopped.
</blockquote>

== Online and on Social Media ==
Anti-Hindu sentiment have been documented as increasing on social media, including [[4chan|4Chan]], [[Instagram]], [[Telegram (software)|Telegram]], [[Gab (social network)|Gab]], and [[Twitter]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Sudhakar |first=Prasiddha |title=Quantitative Methods for Investigating Anti-Hindu Disinformation |url=https://networkcontagion.us/wp-content/uploads/NCRI-Anti-Hindu-Disinformation-v2.pdf |journal=Rutgers University Miller Center for Critical Intelligence Studies, Powered by Network Contagion Institute}}</ref> Online anti-Hindu bias correlate with and predict real-world anti-Hindu violence.<ref name=":5" />{{Request quotation|date=November 2025}} An analysis of over 1 million tweets found that malicious actors from Iran were promoting anti-Hindu hate to inflame divisions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sudhakar |first=Prasiddha |title=Anti-Hindu Disinformation: A Case Study of Hinduphobia on Social Media |url=https://millercenter.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Hinduphobia-NC-Labs_6.22.22.pdf |journal=Rutgers Center for Critical Intelligence Studies, Powered by the NCRI}}</ref>{{Clarify|reason=divisions among whom?|date=November 2025}}

The term "[[pajeet]]" is an ethnic slur targeting Indians and, by default, Hindus, used widely across the internet.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Urban Dictionary: Pajeet |url=https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Pajeet |access-date=2025-11-27 |website=Urban Dictionary |language=en-US}}</ref> It was first coined on 4Chan<ref name=":5" /> and has been used by [[White supremacy|white supremacists]] in podcasts promoting violence against Hindus.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-30 |title=White Nationalist State Department Official Still Active in Hate Movement |url=https://www.splcenter.org/resources/hatewatch/white-nationalist-state-department-official-still-active-hate-movement/ |access-date=2025-11-27 |website=Southern Poverty Law Center |language=en-US}}</ref> It was even used in the manifesto of white supremacist shooter [[John Earnest]], who also targeted the [[Poway synagogue shooting|Poway synagogue]].<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Earnest |first=John |title=An open letter |url=https://bcsh.bard.edu/files/2019/06/Earnest-Manifesto-042719.pdf}}</ref>

After the [[2025 Pahalgam attack|Pahalgam terrorist attack]] in April 2025, anti-Hindu bias{{Clarify|reason=bias where?|date=November 2025}} and [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]] dramatically surged online on social media platforms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From State Actors to Western Influencers: The Transnational Surge of "False Flag" Disinformation After Terror Attack in India |url=https://networkcontagion.us/reports/5-20-25-from-actors-to-western-influencers-the-transnational-surge-of-false-flag-disinformation-after-terror-attack-in-india/ |access-date=2025-11-27 |website=Network Contagion Research Institute |language=en}}</ref>

==Resolutions and proclamations recognizing Hinduphobia==
In April 2023, [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] became the first state in the United States to pass a resolution condemning Hinduphobia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Now {{!}} |first=Times |date=2023-04-01 |title=Georgia legislature takes aim at attacks on Hinduism, passes resolution against Hinduphobia |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/georgia-legislature-takes-aim-at-attacks-on-hinduism-passes-resolution-against-hinduphobia/videoshow/99165100.cms |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Georgia passes resolution condemning Hinduphobia, becomes first US state to do so |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/us/georgia-passes-resolution-condemning-hinduphobia-becomes-first-us-state-to-do-so20230401123316/ |website=ANI News |access-date=September 17, 2024 |date=April 1, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The resolution was initiated by representatives of Forsyth County as part of Hindu Advocacy Day! |url=https://cohna.org/georgia-state-legislature-passes-the-first-ever-county-resolution-condemning-hinduphobia-and-anti-hindu-hate/ |website=Coalition of Hindus of North America |date=21 April 2023 |access-date=September 17, 2024}}</ref> That same month, the city of Fremont, California, issued a proclamation acknowledging that "Hindu Americans have been the targets of bullying, discrimination, hate speech, harassment, and bias-motivated crimes."<ref>{{Citation |title=April 18, 2023 City Council Meeting |url=https://fremontca.viebit.com/player.php?hash=SRI3LUx6R0XH |access-date=2023-08-04 |language=en}}</ref> In January 2025, a resolution was introduced into the US House of Representatives condemning Hinduphobia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thanedar |first=Shri |date=2025-01-24 |title=H.Res.69 - 119th Congress (2025-2026): Celebrating Hindu Americans, condemning attacks on Hindu places of worship, Hinduphobia, and anti-Hindu bigotry, and for other purposes. |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-resolution/69 |access-date=2025-11-27 |website=www.congress.gov}}</ref>

==Criticism==
Some academics question the usage of the term "Hinduphobia".<ref name=":4">{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2011 |title=Hinduphobia |encyclopedia=Historical dictionary of Hinduism |publisher=Scarecrow Press |location=Lanham, Md. |url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000long/page/142/mode/2up |last=Long |first=Jeffery D. |author-link=Jeffery D. Long |page=142}}</ref> Brian Collins{{Efn|Collins is the Chair Professor in Indian Religion and Philosophy at [[Ohio University]].}} found the tropes of Hinduphobia to be a popular weapon employed by the affluent Hindu diaspora in stifling critical academic discourses on Hinduism—parallels with [[Kansas evolution hearings|Kansas creationists]] were drawn.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Collins|first=Brian|title=The Head Beneath the Altar: Hindu Mythology and the Critique of Sacrifice|date=2014|publisher=Michigan State University Press|isbn=978-1-61186-116-7|pages=26–28|chapter=Introduction|doi=|jstor=10.14321/j.ctt7zt5hc.4}}</ref> Scholars affiliated with the South Asia Scholar Activist Collective (SASAC)<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hindutva's threat to academic freedom|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/hindutvas-threat-to-academic-freedom/2021/07/07/476a8128-df73-11eb-a27f-8b294930e95b_story.html|access-date=2021-07-10|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Prakash|first=Priyali|title='Targeted by hate': Audrey Truschke on why she helped write a 'Hindutva Harassment Field Manual'|url=https://scroll.in/article/999710/targeted-by-hate-audrey-truschke-on-why-she-helped-write-a-hindutva-harassment-field-manual|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Scroll.in|date=10 July 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> reject "Hinduphobia" as an ahistorical and inappropriate [[neologism]] employed by the Hindu Right in order to suppress academic inquiry into topics concerned with Hinduism, Hindutva, caste, and the Indian State.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Bad Faith Bias Claims|url=https://www.hindutvaharassmentfieldmanual.org/badfaith|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Hindutva Harassment Field Manual|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Glossary|url=https://www.hindutvaharassmentfieldmanual.org/glossary|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Hindutva Harassment Field Manual|language=en-US}}</ref> While racist and anti-Hindu prejudices have been indeed observed, in their view, Hindus have not faced any entrenched systematic oppression in India or the United States;<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> the claimants of Hinduphobia were also accused of engaging in discrimination against Muslims, lower-castes, Dalits, Christians, and progressive Hindus.<ref name=":2" /> [[Jeffery D. Long]] concluded that "[i]t seems that Hinduphobia can sometimes be in the [[Wikt:eye of the beholder|eye of the beholder]] and can sometimes be a genuine phenomenon."<ref name=":4" />

== See also ==
* [[Anti-Indian sentiment]]
* [[Antiziganism]]
* [[2013 Bangladesh anti-Hindu violence]]
* [[2024 Bangladesh anti-Hindu violence]]
* [[2025 Bangladesh anti-Hindu violence]]
* [[Godhra train burning]]
* [[Hindu nationalism]]
* [[Hindutva]]
* [[Indomania]]
* [[Pat Robertson]]
* [[Goa Inquisition]]
* [[2023 Haryana riots]]
* [[Mappila riots]]
* [[Noakhali riots]]
* [[2025 Pahalgam attack]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist|30em}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Sophie-Jung H. |date=2023-10-05 |title=The Global Turn in Nationalism: The USA as a Battleground for Hinduism and Hindu Nationalism |journal=Religions |language=en |volume=14 |issue=10 |pages=1265 |doi=10.3390/rel14101265 |doi-access=free |issn=2077-1444}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal|last1=Balagangadhara|first1=S.N.|first2=Sarah|last2=Claerhout|date=Spring 2008|title=Are Dialogues Antidotes to Violence? Two Recent Examples From Hinduism Studies|journal=Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies|volume=7|issue=19|pages=118–143|url=http://www.jsri.ro/new/?download=19_balagangadhara_claerhout.pdf|access-date=17 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090820023251/http://www.jsri.ro/new/?download=19_balagangadhara_claerhout.pdf|archive-date=20 August 2009|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|last1=Benkin|first1= Richard L.|publication-date=1 January 2014|title=A Quiet Case of Ethnic Cleansing - The Murder of Bangladesh's Hindus|year= 2014|place=New Delhi|publisher=Akshaya Prakashan|edition=2nd|isbn=978-8188643523|language=en}}
* {{cite book|last1=Kamra|first1=A. J.|publication-date=2000|title=The prolonged partition and its pogroms: Testimonies on violence against Hindus in East Bengal 1946-64|year=2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MFtuAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Voice of India|isbn= 9788185990637|access-date=23 January 2023}}
* {{cite book|last1=Rosser|first1=Yvette Claire|publication-date=2003|title=Islamization of Pakistani Social Studies Textbooks|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tq7rAAAAMAAJ|place=New Delhi|publisher=Rupa & Co|isbn= 9788129102218 |series=Monograph (Observer Research Foundation)|year=2003 |access-date=23 January 2023}}.
* {{cite web|last1=Chaturvedi|first1= Vinayak|date=1 December 2021|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/culture/hindu-right-academic-freedom/|title=The Hindu Right and Attacks on Academic Freedom in the US|website=The Nation|access-date=23 January 2023}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{cite book|title=HYPERLINK TO HINDUPHOBIA: Online hatred, extremism and bigotry against Hindus|url=https://www.hinduamerican.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/hate_report_2007.pdf|publisher=Hindu American Foundation|publication-date=2007|access-date=23 January 2023}}

{{Hindudharma|collapsed}}
{{Religious persecution}}
{{Theology}}{{Discrimination}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Anti-Hindu sentiment| ]]
[[Category:Persecution of Hindus]]

Jhajhpuri Kalan

2026-02-17T17:42:35Z

ChetSena61:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jhajhpuri Kalan
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Chhattisgarh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Chhattisgarh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.2880165|N|81.6686726|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mungeli district|Mungeli]]
| subdivision_type4 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name4 = [[Lormi]]
| subdivision_type2 = Region
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bilaspur division]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayat raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 3313<ref>{{Citation|title=Jhajhpuri Kalan village in Lormi taluka, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh |url= https://vill.co.in/chhattisgarh/bilaspur/lormi-406032900/jhajhpuri-kalan-032904377050/amp/|access-date=2024-08-07|website=Village.co.in|language=en}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] 1662/1651 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]]
| demographics1_title2 =
| demographics1_info2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 495115
| area_code_type = [[Telephone code]]
| area_code =

| area_total_ha = 489.79
| iso_code = IN-CG
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Post office]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = Jhajhpuri Kalan
}}
'''Jhajhpuri Kalan''' is a village in the [[Mungeli district]] of [[Chhattisgarh]] [[States and territories of India|State]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Jhajhpuri Kalan - Chhattisgarh - Village in India |url= https://villageinindia.com/india/chhattisgarh/bilaspur/lormi/jhajhpuri-kalan/|access-date=2024-08-07|website=Village in India|date= 16 July 2022|language=en}}</ref> It is located {{convert|3|km}} away from the sub-district headquarter [[Lormi]], {{convert|29|km}} from the district headquarter [[Mungeli]], {{convert|68|km}} from [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]], and {{convert|130|km}} from the state capital [[Raipur]]. The village is administered by a [[Sarpanch]], an elected representative of the village.

== Demography ==
As of 2011, Jhajhpuri Kalan has 780 houses and a population of 3,313, comprising 1,662 males and 1,651 females, according to the Census India report published in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jhajhpuri Kalan Village Population - Lormi - Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh |url= https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/437705-jhajhpuri-kalan-chhattisgarh.html|access-date=2024-08-07|website=Population Census 2011 India|language=en}}</ref> The literacy rate in Jhajhpuri Kalan is 53.15%, with 65.82% of males and 40.40% of females being literate. The village has 640 children aged 0-6, making up 19.32% of the total population. The average sex ratio in Jhajhpuri Kalan is 993, which is higher than the Chhattisgarh state average of 991. The child sex ratio is 1,032, exceeding the Chhattisgarh average of 969.

== See also ==
* [[Lormi]]
* [[Ratanpur, Chhattisgarh|Ratanpur]]
*[[List of villages in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}

{{Chhattisgarh-geo-stub}}
{{Mungeli district}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalan, Jhajhpuri}}
[[Category:Villages in Mungeli district]]

Maheshwar Singh (Kullu politician)

2026-02-09T06:07:44Z

ChetSena61: starting biography - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
'''Maheshwar Singh''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janta Party (BJP)]]. He served as a member of the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Kullu Assembly constituency|Kullu]] and [[Banjar Assembly constituency|Banjar]] constituencies in [[Kullu district]]. Additionally, he is the owner of Lord Raghunath Temple at Kullu as a scion of the erstwhile Kullu princely state. Singh has been a former member of the Lok Sabha (the lower house of the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]]) three times and the Rajya Sabha (the upper house of the Indian Parliament) once.<ref>https://www.princelystatesofindia.in{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/Revolt-in-Himachal-Lokhit-Party-ahead-of-merger-with-BJP/article14561188.ece Revolt in Himachal Lokhit Party ahead of merger with BJP’]</ref><ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/breakaway-group-of-himachal-lokhit-party-merges-with-aap-in-himachal-1469381 Breakaway Group Of Himachal Lokhit Party Merges With AAP In Himachal]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/politics/maheshwar-set-to-join-bjp/277303.html |title=Maheshwar set to join BJP |access-date=23 February 2017 |archive-date=14 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114184717/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/politics/maheshwar-set-to-join-bjp/277303.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Maheshwar}}
[[Category:People from Sirmaur district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Lok Janshakti Party politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Himachal Lokhit Party politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:People from Mandi district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{HimachalPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Ghumman (surname)

2026-02-08T02:35:20Z

ChetSena61: Put Up Details

{{other uses of|Ghuman}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}

{{infobox caste
| caste_name = Ghumman
| caste_name_in_local =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| abbreviation =
| varna =
| jati = [[Jat Muslims|Jat]]
| gotra =
| religions = [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|18px]] [[Islam]], [[File:Om.svg|18px]] [[Hinduism]], [[File:Khanda.svg|18px]] [[Sikhism]]
| languages = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| country = [[Pakistan]], [[India]]
| region = [[Punjab]]
| ethnicity =[[Punjabis|Punjabi]]
| India_migration =
| population =
| family_names = yes
| feudal_title =
| heraldic_title =
| lineage =
| subdivisions =
| related =
}}
'''Ghumman''' or '''Ghuman''' is a Jat clan of [[Punjabis]], found in [[Pakistan]] and [[India]], mainly in [[Sialkot District|Sialkot]], [[Jhelum District|Jhelum]], [[Gujranwala District|Gujranwala]], [[Daska]] and some other districts of [[Punjab, Pakistan]].

In India, they are found in [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]], [[Amritsar district|Amritsar]] and [[Tarn taran district]]s of Majha [[Punjab, India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jhelum.punjab.gov.pk/the_people|title= The People of District Jhelum (scroll down to read Castes & Clans - (Ghumman)|website= Government of the Punjab website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405090525/https://jhelum.punjab.gov.pk/the_people|archive-date=5 April 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=15 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Grewal | first=J.S. | last2=Banga | first2=I. | title=Five Punjabi Centuries: Policy, Economy, Society, and Culture, C. 1500-1990 : Essays for J.S. Grewal|via=University of Michigan Library (digitized 3 September 2008) | year=1997 | isbn=978-81-7304-175-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wzhuAAAAMAAJ&q=Ghumman+ | page=408|quote="In the Bari Doab there were Jat clans like Sekhon, Chahal, Randhawa, Bajwa, Virk, Varaich, Ghumman..."}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FpBZDwAAQBAJ&q=Ghumman%20Jat |title=Ghumman Jat|page=27|author=Imran Rashid Bhindar|date=2018|publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=9781642547917}}</ref>

==Notable people with this surname==
* [[Muhammad Ilyas Ghuman]] (born 1969), Pakistani Islamic scholar
* [[Azeem Ghumman]] (born 1991), Pakistani cricketer
* [[Kapur Singh Ghuman]] (1927–1986), Indian writer and theatre actor
* [[Varinder Singh Ghuman]] (1983–2025), Indian bodybuilder and wrestler Muhammad Razzaq Ghumman from Narowal Punjab Pakistan

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jat Jat (caste) on Encyclopedia Britannica]

{{Surname|Ghumman}}
{{Gotras of Jats}}
{{Ethnic and social groups of the Punjab}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Surnames|Ghumman]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language surnames]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Pakistani names]]
[[Category:Indian names]]
[[Category:Jat clans of Punjab]]
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]

Enayat Ahmad

2026-02-07T19:01:12Z

ChetSena61: Put Up New Page

{{short description|Indian geographer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = 
| image = E Ahmad.jpeg
| caption = [[London]], 1946
| alt = 
| birth_name = Enayat Ahmad
| birth_date = 1 August 1923
| birth_place = Harpur, [[Bihar]], [[British Raj|India]]
| death_date = 10 December 1999
| death_place = [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]
| occupation = Professor of [[Geography]]
| known_for = 'Ahmad's Theory' of the evolution of Himalayan drainage systems; Indian coastal geomorphology
| education = [[Aligarh Muslim University]]; [[London School of Economics]]
| relatives = Grand daughter [https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=293021c43ebdc58d&sxsrf=ADLYWIJZ9UtPCfkEeKE0OlEj8kn82uBDIw%3A1733321085638&q=Sameen+Husain&si=ACC90nwW1AbREAiB4CC-gLW9uX_3VkLyCqvMyw7Y6wGbZsgRMBJY5eAzo8xX5MciS-atkD9AbcERt63MvPmivj7NeRbe7vYwyxnt_Q5-DDemayBW7I-X44J7u3gQ Sameen Husain], [https://www.google.com/search?q=darakhshan+husain+glam+studio&sca_esv=293021c43ebdc58d&sxsrf=ADLYWIIpIOMFdBndm_8gMyD9hQnjqu2_gA%3A1733321116444&ei=nGFQZ6LsGpuNnesPo_CLkAI&oq=darakhshan+husain+glam+&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiF2RhcmFraHNoYW4gaHVzYWluIGdsYW0 Darakhshan Husain]
| awards = Bhoogol Ratna Award, 2016
| notable_works = ''Geography of the Himalayas'', 1992; ''Geomorphology'', 1985; ''Coastal Geomorphology of India'', 1972.
}}
'''Enayat Ahmad''' (1 August 1923 – 10 December 1999) was an Indian geographer known for his contribution to the study of the [[geography of India]], especially his interpretation of the evolution of drainage systems in the [[Himalayas]] and his writings on tropical coastal geomorphology.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Himalayan Drainage |url=https://www.drishtiias.org.in/the-himalayan-drainage.html|website=Drishti IAS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716015835/https://www.drishtiias.org.in/the-himalayan-drainage.html|access-date=15 July 2020|archive-date=2020-07-16}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{cite web |title=Enayat Ahmad |url=http://nagi.org.in/bhoogol-ratna.html|publisher=National Association of Geographers, India (NAGI) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220135938/http://nagi.org.in/bhoogol-ratna.html|access-date=13 July 2020|archive-date=2020-02-20}}</ref> He wrote books on [[geomorphology]], [[geology]], and the [[Himalayas]] in addition to papers in academic journals.<ref>{{cite web |title=Enayat Ahmad |url=http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n84102691/ |website=World Cat Identities |publisher=OCLC|location=Dublin OH USA |access-date=13 July 2020}}</ref>

== Early life and education==

Born in the village of Harpur near [[Siwan, Bihar|Siwan]] in [[Bihar]], Ahmad received his education in Basti, [[Uttar Pradesh]], and later at [[Aligarh Muslim University]].<ref name="auto3" /> While still a boy, he was fascinated by nature and rivers.<ref name=":0" /> He had an innate love for geography, and while playing on the white sandbanks of the [[Gandaki River]] in his village, he would spend hours drawing the map of [[India]] on the sands. He took a keen interest in gardening, sketching and was adept in the [[Persian language]].{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}}

After completing his Master of Science degree from AMU, he was chosen as a state scholar to pursue his [[doctorate]] from the [[London School of Economics and Political Science]] and received a scholarship for the same {{Citation needed|date= July 2022}} His thesis was titled [http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3577/ Settlements in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh (1949)]<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Ahmad|first=Enayat|date=1949|title=Settlements in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|type=PhD|publisher=London School of Economics and Political Science|url=http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3577/|access-date=5 May 2021}}</ref> and described by [[Oskar Spate]] as "the best and most detailed" dissertation on settlements.{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}}

== Career ==
{{unreferenced section|date= July 2022}}
* 1945–1946: Lecturer at the [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
* 1946–1949: PhD from the [[London School of Economics and Political Science]]
* 1949–1955: Lecturer at [[Patna University]]
* 1955–1983: Head of the Department of Geography, [[Ranchi University]]
* 1983–1985: Professor Emeritus, [[Ranchi University]]
* 1985–1987: Vice-Chancellor, [[Magadh University]]
* 1987–1999: Professor [[Emeritus]], Ranchi University

== Books ==

* ''Coastal Geomorphology of India'', 1972, [[New Delhi]], Orient Longman<ref>{{cite book |author1=Enayat Ahmad |title=Coastal Geomorphology of India |date=1972 |publisher=Orient Longman |page=222 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=23U1cgAACAAJ}}</ref>
* ''Soil Erosion in India'', 1973, New Delhi, Asia Publishing House<ref>{{cite book |title=Soil Erosion in India |date=1973 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |isbn=0-210-22247-6 |page=99 |edition=Illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S_dHAAAAYAAJ}}</ref>
* ''Bihar: A Physical, Economic and Regional Geography'', 1965, [[Ranchi University]]<ref>{{cite book |author1=Enayat Ahmad |title=Bihar: A Physical, Economic and Regional Geography |date=1965 |publisher=Ranchi University |page=420 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NCPC8uH7KOsC}}</ref>
* ''Social and Geographical Aspects of Human Settlements'', 1979, New Delhi, Classical Publications<ref>{{cite book |author1=Enayat Ahmad |title=Social and Geographical Aspects of Human Settlements |date=1979 |publisher=Classical Publications, 1979 |page=298 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ylYiAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>
* ''Geography of the Himalaya'', 1992, New Delhi, Kalyani Publishers<ref>{{cite book |author1=Enayat Ahmad |title=Geography of the Himalaya: Enayat Ahmad |date=1992 |publisher=Kalyani Publishers |isbn=8170963141 |page=224 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_zrAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>
* ''Regional Planning with Particular Reference to India'', 1980, New Delhi, Oriental Publishers, and Distributors<ref>{{cite book |author1=Enayat Ahmad, Devendra Kumar Singh |title=Regional Planning, with Particular Reference to India |date=1980 |publisher=Oriental Publishers & Distributors |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZP0hAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>
* ''Some aspects of Indian geography'', 1976, Allahabad, Central Book Depot<ref>{{cite book |author1=Enayat Ahmad |title=Some Aspects of Indian Geography |date=1976 |publisher=Central Book Depot |page=439 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXZDAAAAYAAJ&q=Some+aspects+of+Indian+geography}}</ref>
* ''Settlements in the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]]'' (Ph.D. thesis)<ref>{{cite web |author1=Enayat Ahmad |title=Settlements in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh |url=http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3577/ |website=LSE Theses Online |publisher=The London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE). |access-date=13 July 2020}}</ref>
* ''Physical Geography'', 1982, New Delhi, Kalyani Publishers<ref>{{cite book |author1=Enayat Ahmad |title=Physical Geography |date=2002 |publisher=Kalyani Publishers |isbn=9788127205096 |url=https://www.sapnaonline.com/books/physical-geography-enayat-ahmad-8127205095-9788127205096 |language=English}}</ref>
* ''Geomorphology'', 1985, New Delhi, Kalyani Publishers<ref>{{cite book |author1=Enayat Ahmad |title=Geomorphology |date=1999 |publisher=Kalyani Publishers |isbn=8176634468 |page=403 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VfshwQEACAAJ}}</ref>

He translated into [[Urdu]] two geography textbooks - F J Monkhouse's ''The Principles of Physical Geography'' and Paul Vidal de La Blache's ''The Principles of Human Geography''.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Paul Vidal de La Blache |title=Principles of Human Geography |date=1952 |publisher=H. Holt |pages=511 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qoA3AAAAIAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Francis John Monkhouse |title=Principles of Physical Geography |date=1966 |publisher=University of London Press |page=511 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nno6mQEACAAJ |language=English}}</ref>

== Research papers ==

Ahmad wrote research papers on various aspects of [[geology]], [[geography]], and [[geomorphology]] of India, many of which were published in the journal that was published from [[Ranchi University]] and some in the journal of [[Aligarh Muslim University]]. His initial publications on what developed into the Ahmad theory were first published in the Geographical Outlook and Geographer. One of his first published papers, based on his thesis work, was on human settlements in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Enayat Ahmad |title=Rural settlement types in the Uttar Pradesh (United Provinces of Agra and Oudh) |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |date=1952 |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=223–246 |doi=10.1080/00045605209352092 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00045605209352092 |access-date=13 July 2020|url-access=subscription }}</ref> He wrote Five Cities of the Gangetic Plain: A Cross-Section of Indian Cultural History in 1950 with [[Oskar Spate]],<ref>{{cite web |title=O.H.K Spate |url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/authors-editors/ohk-spate |website=press.anu.edu.au |publisher=Australian National University Press |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref> a geographer,<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |title=Five Cities of the Gangetic Plain: A Cross Section of Indian Cultural History |journal=Geographical Review |date= 1950 |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=260–278 |jstor=211284 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/211284|last1=Spate |first1=O. H. K. |last2=Ahmad |first2=Enayat |doi=10.2307/211284 |bibcode=1950GeoRv..40..260S |url-access=subscription }}</ref> and The Rural Population of Bihar in 1961,<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Enayat Ahmad |title=The Rural Population of Bihar |journal=Geographical Review |date= 1961 |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=253–276 |doi=10.2307/212907 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/212907 |publisher=Taylor & Francis, Ltd.|jstor=212907 |bibcode=1961GeoRv..51..253A |url-access=subscription }}</ref> both of which were published in the [[Geographical Review]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spate |first=O. H. K. |last2=Ahmad |first2=Enayat |date=April 1950 |title=Five Cities of the Gangetic Plain: A Cross Section of Indian Cultural History |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/211284 |journal=Geographical Review |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=260 |doi=10.2307/211284 |issn=0016-7428|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmad |first=Enayat |date=April 1961 |title=The Rural Population of Bihar |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/212907 |journal=Geographical Review |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=253 |doi=10.2307/212907 |issn=0016-7428|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

== Contributions ==
'''The Ahmad theory of Evolution of Himalayan Drainage System'''<ref>{{cite web |title=The Himalayan Drainage |url=https://www.gurukulkendra.com/the-himalayan-drainage/ |website=gurukulkengra.com |publisher=Gurukul Kendra |access-date=15 July 2020 |archive-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130075221/https://www.gurukulkendra.com/the-himalayan-drainage/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The fact that the Himalayan rivers seem to have a longer history as compared to the mountains themselves has been a subject of enduring curiosity. Himalayan rivers like the [[Indus]], [[Sutlej]], and the [[Brahmaputra]] have created deep gorges across the mountain range to reach the plains of northern India. They have first flowed parallel to the main axis of the mountain in longitudinal troughs, then they have taken sudden bends towards the south, carving the deep gorges. The gorges created by rivers such as the [[Indus]], [[Sutlej]], [[Alaknanda]], [[Sarju]] (Kali), [[Gandaki River]], [[Koshi River]], [[Teesta]], and the Brahmaputra suggest that they predate the Himalayan mountain range. The first known theory to explain the Himalayan drainage system came from Pascoe<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Edwin Hall Pascoe |title=The Early History of the Indus, Brahmaputra, and Ganges |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society |date=1919 |volume=75 |issue=1–4 |pages=138–157 |doi=10.1144/GSL.JGS.1919.075.01-04.11 |s2cid=129518905 |url=https://jgs.lyellcollection.org/content/75/1-4/138.short|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and also Pilgrim.<ref name="auto1">{{cite journal |author1=G.E Pilgrim |title=The Siwalik River |journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |series=New Series |date=1919 |volume=15 |pages=81–99 |isbn=978-3-11-081069-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ejsyIZMsC9oC&q=Pilgrim%2C+G.E.%281919%29.+The+Siwalik+River%2C+Journal+of+the+Asiatic+Society%2C+Bengal.+XV+%28New+Series%29+81-99&pg=PA57}}</ref> According to their theory the [[Tibetan Plateau]] was drained to the west by the mighty Tsangpo-Indus-Oxus combined. Ahmad, on the contrary, had the view that the [[Tethys Ocean]] continued as a basin of sedimentation from the [[Cambrian]] to the [[Eocene]] Periods, while most of the Himalayan region was filled by the [[Gondwana]] landmass. During the Himalayan upheaval in the [[Oligocene]] period, part of the Tethysian [[geosyncline]] and probably, part of the Gondwana Land, were uplifted. Most probably this marked the initiation of the Himalayan drainage.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Husain |title=Geography Of India |date=2012 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education (India) Pvt Limited |isbn=978-1-259-00089-8 |pages=250 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iEPFd-SBVUEC}}</ref>
It had earlier been proposed that the Himalayan waters reached the plains through the agency of a single river called Indo- Brahma (Pascoe, 1919),<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Edwin Hall Pascoe |title=The Early History of the Indus, Brahmaputra, and Ganges |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society |date=1 March 1919 |volume=75 |issue=1–4 |pages=138–157 |doi=10.1144/GSL.JGS.1919.075.01-04.11 |s2cid=129518905 |url=https://jgs.lyellcollection.org/content/75/1-4/138|url-access=subscription }}</ref> or Siwalik (Pilgrim, 1919)<ref name="auto1" /> and finally drained into the [[Arabian Sea]]. Ahmad (1971) argued that this explanation related only to a part of the period in which the evolution of the Himalayan drainage occurred and fails to explain the drainage within the Himalayas themselves.<ref name="auto2">{{cite journal |author1=Enayat Ahmad |title=The Ganga—a study in river geography |journal=Geographer |date=1971 |volume=XVIII |pages=39–89 |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=6763887425447021041&hl=en&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5}}</ref> He writes that "the evolution of the Gangetic drainage, as seen at present, really starts with the Himalayan movement, which brought into existence the successive mountain ranges- the [[Great Himalayas]], [[Lower Himalayan Range]], and the [[Sivalik]] ranges- into their present shape and altitude. It is these movements and associated thrusts that caused the formation of the Indo-Gangetic depression which is the playground of the Gangetic streams. Again, it was these movements which caused block uplifts along the northern edge of the Central Indian Foreland (Dunn, 1942) sharpening the gradient of the southern tributaries of the Ganga and creating waterfalls along with their courses and gorges as they descend the northern edge of the Central Indian Foreland" (Ahmad, 1971).<ref name="auto2" /> He, therefore, traced the evolution of the Himalayan drainage commensurate with the geological and tectonic history of the region relating to the upheavals and movements during the Oligocene, Miocene, and Pleistocene period. For this reason, his theory has become the more accepted theory of the Himalayan drainage system.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

'''First Research Journal of Geography in Bihar'''

According to the National Association of Geographers, he published "more than 64 articles in reputed international and national journals. Under his editorship, the ''Geographical Outlook'', the first research journal of Geography in Bihar, was started in 1956. He had the honour of being the first geographer of the country whose papers were published in [[Annals of the American Association of Geographers]], and [[Geographical Review]]. This was indeed a great achievement."<ref>{{cite web |title=Enayat Ahmad |url=http://nagi.org.in/bhoogol-ratna.html |publisher=National Association of Geographers, India (NAGI) |access-date=13 July 2020 |archive-date=20 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220135938/http://nagi.org.in/bhoogol-ratna.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

'''Indian Coastal Geomorphology'''

Ahmad’s book ''Coastal Geomorphology of India'', published in 1972, was the first book on the subject.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Enayat Ahmad |title=Coastal Geomorphology of India |date=1972 |publisher=Orient Longman |pages=222 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SHU1AAAAMAAJ |language=English}}</ref> "In 22 concise chapters…Ahmad virtually describes every feature along a vast coastline. For this, students of both Geomorphology and India will be most grateful".<ref name="auto">{{cite journal |author1=Maurice L. Schwartz |title=Coastal Geomorphology of India by Enayat Ahmad |journal=The Journal of Geology |date=January 1975 |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=142 |doi=10.1086/628076 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/628076|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This pioneering work was created, in the absence of any previous literature on the subject, from large-scale maps. The author was assisted in this work by coastal geomorphologist E.C.E. Bird and A.T.A. Learmonth.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} Although this work has also been criticized by Schwartz for not being rigorous, geologically,<ref name="auto" /> the fact remains that all work on Indian coastal geomorphology is subsequent to and follows this original and fundamental work.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} This work him brought international recognition.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

Ahmad also served as the Asian Contributor for [[Encyclopedia Britannica]].{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

== Awards ==
Ahmad posthumously received the Bhoogol Ratna Award of 2016 from by the National Association of Geographers, India (NAGI), in the 38th Indian Geography Congress, held at the [[University of Mysore]], Mysuru in recognition of his services to the field.<ref>{{cite web |title=भूगोल रत्न डॉ इनायत अहमद' का लोकार्पण |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/ranchi/story-geography-ratna-dr-inayat-ahmad-s-launch-2113228.html |website=LiveHindustan.com |access-date=13 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bhoogol Ratna |url=http://nagi.org.in/bhoogol-ratna.html |publisher=National Association of Geographers, India (NAGI) |access-date=13 July 2020 |archive-date=20 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220135938/http://nagi.org.in/bhoogol-ratna.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmad, Enayat}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:Indian geographers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian earth scientists]]
[[Category:People from Bihar]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Ranchi University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Magadh University]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United Kingdom]]

Jayal Assembly constituency

2026-01-14T04:17:24Z

ChetSena61: basic updated content based on references and added references

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jayal
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-108-Jayal.svg
| incumbent_image =
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 108
| district = [[Nagaur district|Nagaur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagaur Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaur]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Manju Baghmar]]<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Jayal Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Dr. Manju Baghmar with 70468 defeats INC's Dr. Manju Meghwal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/jayal-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470723-2023-12-03 |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=India Today |date=3 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| electors = {{formatnum:262399}}<ref name=election2023/>{{update after|2029|1}}
}}
'''Jayal Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Nagaur district|Nagaur]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]]. As of 2023, it is represented by [[Manju Baghmar]] of the fo [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=election2023/>{{update after|2029|1}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Ram Singh Kuri
|{{Full party name with color|Independent|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Ram Singh Kuri
|-
|[[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Mangi Lal
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Ram Karan
|-
|[[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|rowspan=4|Mohan Lal Barupal
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
|[[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|Madan Lal Meghwal
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Manju Meghwal]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Manju Baghmar]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Manju Meghwal]]<ref name=election2018/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Manju Baghmar]]<ref name=election2023 name="election2023-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2023/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2023}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Jayal<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Manju Baghmar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:70468}}
|percentage = 39.2
|change = +19.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Manju Meghwal]]
|votes = {{formatnum:68903}}
|percentage = 38.33
|change = -3.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Bhanwarlal Bhati
|votes = {{formatnum:32799}}
|percentage = 18.24
|change = -12.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2200}}
|percentage = 1.22
|change = -0.26
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:1565}}
|percentage = 0.87
|change = -10.6
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:179783}}
|percentage = 68.52
|change = -1.16
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Jayal<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Manju Meghwal
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:68415}}
|percentage = 42.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Anil
|votes = {{formatnum:49811}}
|percentage = 30.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Manju Baghmar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:32261}}
|percentage = 19.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = National Unionist Zamindara Party
|candidate = Annu Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:4675}}
|percentage = 2.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Yuva Shakti
|candidate = Jitendra
|votes = {{formatnum:2232}}
|percentage = 1.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2401}}
|percentage = 1.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:18604}}
|percentage = 11.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:162248}}
|percentage = 69.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Nagaur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|27.22|74.19|display=title}}

[[Category:Nagaur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Label (TV series)

2026-01-06T12:09:25Z

ChetSena61: added entry...

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Label (TV series).jpg
| caption = Release poster
| genre = {{ubl|
* [[Action film|Action]]
* [[Crime film|Crime]]
* [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
}}
| based_on =
| director = Arunraja Kamaraj
| writer = [[Jeyachandra Hashmi]]
[[Arunraja Kamaraj]]
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| starring = {{ubl|
* [[Jai (actor)|Jai]]
* [[Tanya Hope]]
* [[Mahendran (actor)|Mahendran]]
* Harishankar Narayanan
}}
| country = India
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 10
| language = Tamil
| music = [[Sam C. S.]]
| producer = AJ Prabhakaran
| runtime =
| company = {{ubl|
* Muthamizh Padaipagam
* ARK Entertainment
}}
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|11|10}}
| last_aired =
| related =
| cinematography = Dinesh B. Krishnan
| editor = Raja Arumugam
}}

'''''Label''''' is a 2023 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language television series directed by [[Arunraja Kamaraj]] who co-wrote the script with Jeyachandra Hashmi for [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arunraja Kamaraj announces web series Label|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/mar/23/arunraja-kamaraj-announced-web-series-label-41444.html|access-date=23 March 2023|website=www.cinemaexpress.com|language=en|archive-date=30 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330015246/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/mar/23/arunraja-kamaraj-announced-web-series-label-41444.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The series talks about Article 20 of the Indian Constitution.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arunraja Kamaraj's 'Label' teaser out now!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/arunraja-kamarajs-label-teaser-out-now/articleshow/104336151.cms?from=mdr|access-date=11 October 2023|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|archive-date=11 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011220726/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/arunraja-kamarajs-label-teaser-out-now/articleshow/104336151.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> The principal cast of the series includes [[Jai (actor)|Jai]], [[Tanya Hope]], [[Mahendran (actor)|Mahendran]] and Harishankar Narayanan. The series premiered on 10 November 2023 and consists of ten episodes.<ref>{{cite web |title=ஜெய் நடித்துள்ள 'லேபில்' வெப் தொடரின் ரிலீஸ் தேதி அறிவிப்பு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/amp/Cinema/CinemaNews/jai-starrer-labil-web-series-release-date-announcement-1080908 |website=Daily Thanthi |access-date=31 October 2023 |language=en |date=29 October 2023 |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030150906/https://www.dailythanthi.com/amp/Cinema/CinemaNews/jai-starrer-labil-web-series-release-date-announcement-1080908 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Arunraja Kamaraj and Jai's Label gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2023/oct/28/arunraja-kamaraj-and-jais-label-gets-a-release-date-49043.html |website=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=31 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
The story revolves around the protagonist ([[Jai (actor)|Jai]]) struggle to reach his desired identity and overcoming the identity society has labelled him with.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Jai (actor)|Jai]] as Prabhakaran
* [[Tanya Hope]] as Mahitha
* [[Mahendran (actor)|Mahendran]] as Veerasekar
* Harishankar Narayanan as Kumaraguru
* [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]] as Ranga
* [[Charan Raj]] as Murugesan, Prabha's father
* [[Rama (actress)|Rama]] as Prabha’s mother
* [[Ilavarasu]] as Muthuvel
* Suresh Chakravarthy as Paramasivan
* [[Arish Kumar]] as Arul Kumaran
* [[D. R. K. Kiran]] as Senguttuvan
* [[Ramesh Thilak]] as Pazhanivel
* [[Ashvin Raja]]
* [[Jasper (actor)|Jasper]] as Paathalam
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The series is produced by AJ Prabhakaran under the Muthamizh Padaippagam with ARK Entertainment. [[Arunraja Kamaraj]] of ''[[Nenjuku Needhi]]'' (2022) fame, was roped in to direct the series which he co wrote with Jeyachandra Hashmi.<ref>{{Cite web|title='நெஞ்சுக்கு நீதி'யை அடுத்து அருண்ராஜா காமராஜ் இயக்கியுள்ள வெப் சீரிஸ்..! செம அறிவிப்பு|url=https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/disney-hotstar-next-series-label-directed-by-arunraja-kamaraj.html|access-date=24 March 2023|website=tamil.behindwoods.com|language=ta|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018160942/https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/disney-hotstar-next-series-label-directed-by-arunraja-kamaraj.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=அருண்ராஜா காமராஜ் இயக்கும் புதிய தொடர்...|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/ott-platform/ott-news/964720-arunraja-kamaraj-announces-web-series-label.html|access-date=24 March 2023|website=www.hindutamil.in|language=ta|archive-date=27 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327054206/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/ott-platform/ott-news/964720-arunraja-kamaraj-announces-web-series-label.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The cinematography was handled by Dinesh Krishnan, editing by Raja Arumugam, Music by [[Sam C. S.]]

=== Casting ===
Tamil actor [[Jai (actor)|Jai]] was cast main role.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jai's new legal drama series has viewers wanting more|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/label-teaser-jais-new-legal-drama-series-has-viewers-wanting-more/3965e420cd862|access-date=11 October 2023|website=www.ottplay.com|language=en|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018160942/https://www.ottplay.com/news/label-teaser-jais-new-legal-drama-series-has-viewers-wanting-more/3965e420cd862|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=அருண்ராஜா காமராஜ் - ஜெய் கூட்டணியில் வெப் சீரிஸ்|url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/cinema-news/arunraja-kamaraj-next-jai-web-series-titled-label|access-date=23 March 2023|website=www.nakkheeran.in|language=ta|archive-date=6 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606034302/https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/cinema-news/arunraja-kamaraj-next-jai-web-series-titled-label|url-status=live}}</ref> This is his second role in a limited series. Actress [[Tanya Hope]] plays the female lead alongside his.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jai, Tanya Hope star in Arunraja Kamaraj's Disney+ Hotstar web series titled Label.|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/jai-tanya-hope-star-in-arunraja-kamarajs-disney-hotstar-web-series-titled-label-details-inside/f40209f860887|access-date=24 March 2023|website=www.ottplay.com|language=en|archive-date=29 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329022542/https://www.ottplay.com/news/jai-tanya-hope-star-in-arunraja-kamarajs-disney-hotstar-web-series-titled-label-details-inside/f40209f860887|url-status=live}}</ref> In end of March 2023, Actor [[Mahendran (actor)|Mahendran]] joined the cast. This is his debut role in a limited series.

=== Release ===
It was announced on Thursday 23 March 2023, that the series will be released in Tamil and dubbed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]],[[Hindi]], [[Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Kannada]] on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=ஜெய் நடிக்கும் 'லேபில்' வெப் தொடரின் மோஷன் போஸ்டர் வெளியீடு!|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/tamil/tamil-nadu/entertainment/movie/actor-jai-label-series-motion-poster-released/tamil-nadu20231011113637517517815|access-date=11 October 2023|website=www.etvbharat.com|language=en|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018160942/https://www.etvbharat.com/tamil/tamil-nadu/entertainment/movie/actor-jai-label-series-motion-poster-released/tamil-nadu20231011113637517517815|url-status=live}}</ref>

The first poster was released on 23 March 2023, the poster features the words Label with the caption of a [[Kural|Thirukural]] in Tamil "தோன்றின் புகழோடு தோன்றும்" (Thondrin Pukalodu Thondrum) which translate to "if you appear in any crowd, ensure you have admirable qualities". The first teaser and motion poster was released on 10 October 2023,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Disney+ Hotstar unveils the motion poster of its new Tamil web series!|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/disney-hotstar-new-web-series-label-motion-poster-arunraja-kamaraj-jai-tanya-hope-latest-tamil-news-344177|access-date=11 October 2023|website=www.indiaglitz.com|language=en|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018160942/https://www.indiaglitz.com/disney-hotstar-new-web-series-label-motion-poster-arunraja-kamaraj-jai-tanya-hope-latest-tamil-news-344177|url-status=live}}</ref> the teaser features a visibly a hint of the series being a legal drama.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Teaser of 'Label', starring Jai and Tanya Hope, out|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/teaser-of-label-starring-jai-and-tanya-hope-out/article67407083.ece|access-date=11 October 2023|website=www.thehindu.com|language=en|archive-date=12 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012013552/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/teaser-of-label-starring-jai-and-tanya-hope-out/article67407083.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=25965602}}

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}
{{Disney+ Hotstar Tamil original programming}}

[[Category:Tamil-language web series]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language legal television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]

Bandstand Promenade

2026-01-03T06:30:10Z

ChetSena61:

{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bandstand Promenade
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = walkway
| image_skyline = Mumbai Bandstand Promenade.jpg
| imagesize = 300px
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Mumbai
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Mumbai, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.0427179|N|72.8191316|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and Union Territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mumbai]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (MCGM)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Bandstand Promenade''', also known as '''Bandra Bandstand''' is a 1.2 kilometer long walkway along the sea on the western coast of [[Mumbai]], India in the neighborhood of [[Bandra]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pkdas.com/bandra-bandstand-seafront-restoration-redevelopment-mumbai-project-77-3-46.php|title=Bandra Bandstand Seafront Restoration & Redevelopment, Mumbai project - PK das & Associates}}</ref> It is simultaneously a popular hangout spot, a jogging track and a park.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.magicalmumbai.com/1337/bandra-bandstand-mumbais-lovers-point/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010025820/http://www.magicalmumbai.com/1337/bandra-bandstand-mumbais-lovers-point/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=10 October 2010|title=Mumbai's lovers point|publisher=magicalmumbai.com|access-date=25 July 2011}}</ref>

Towards the Land's End side of the promenade is an amphitheater. It serves as a venue for the Mumbai Festival, [[Celebrate Bandra]] and other events including concerts, classical dance and other performances. The 'Artist's Court' is another performance venue built into the promenade that witnesses public [[Jam session]]s on Sundays.

==Other attractions==

===Bandra fort===
{{Main|Castella de Aguada}}
Bandra Fort is located right at the end of the road, adjacent to Hotel Taj Land's End. It was built by the Portuguese in 1640 as a watchtower overlooking [[Mahim Bay]], the [[Arabian Sea]], and the southern island of [[Mahim]].<ref name="express">{{cite web|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=46848|title=Local 'army' offers to protect Mumbai's 'Castella'|date=19 March 2003|work=Mumbai Newsline|publisher=[[Express Group]]|access-date=25 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060724015419/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=46848|archive-date=24 July 2006|url-status = dead}}</ref> Castella de Aguada has been featured in several Hindi films, such as ''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]'', ''[[Buddha Mil Gaya (film)|Buddha Mil Gaya]]'' and ''[[Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na]]''.<ref name="expressgroup">{{cite news|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=8743|title=Heritage is also Bollywood's preserve|last=Lambah|first=Abha Narain|date=4 February 2008|work=Mumbai Newsline|publisher=[[Express Group]]|access-date=25 July 2011}}{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

===Bandra Sea Link===
{{Main|Bandra–Worli Sea Link}}
The '''Bandra–Worli Sea Link (BWSL)''', officially the '''Rajiv Gandhi Sea Link''',<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.zeenews.com/news543195.html |title=Sonia opens Bandra-Worli sea-link, to be named after Rajiv|date=30 June 2009|publisher=ZeeNews.com|access-date=25 July 2011}}</ref> is a [[cable-stayed bridge]] with pre-stressed concrete [[viaduct]] approaches, which links [[Bandra]] in West [[Mumbai]] with [[Worli]] and [[Nariman Point]], and is the first phase of the proposed [[West Island Freeway]] system. The Sea Link reduces travel time between Bandra and Worli from 45 to 60 minutes down to 7 minutes.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/bandra-worli-sea-link-extendedto-haji-ali/323162/ |title=Bandra-Worli sea link extended up to Haji Ali |work=Business Standard|date=16 May 2008 |access-date=25 July 2011}}</ref> The link has an average traffic of around 37,500 vehicles per day.<ref>{{cite news|author=Chittaranjan Tembhekar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Sea-link-finances-cause-concern/articleshow/5079109.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025135754/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-02/mumbai/28088251_1_bandra-worli-sea-link-toll-collection-msrdc |url-status=live |archive-date=25 October 2012 |title=Sea link finances cause concern - Mumbai - City |date=2 October 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=25 July 2011}}</ref>

===Mount Mary Church===
{{Main|Mount Mary Church, Bandra}}
The '''Basilica of Our Lady of the Mount''', more commonly known as '''Mount Mary Church''', is considered to be one of the oldest in the city of [[Mumbai]]. The church stands on a hillock, about 80 metres above sea level off [[Bandstand]] overlooking the [[Arabian Sea]]. It draws [[lakh]]s of devotees and pilgrims annually.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.mumbai.org.uk/places-of-worship-in-mumbai.html|title=Places of worship in Mumbai|publisher=mumbai.org.uk|access-date=25 July 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110721202954/http://www.mumbai.org.uk/places-of-worship-in-mumbai.html| archive-date= 21 July 2011 |url-status = live}}</ref>

===Walk of the Stars===
{{Main|Walk of the Stars}}
The '''Walk of the Stars''' was a small section of the Bandstand Promenade honoring Bollywood film stars. The path featured about six statues of famous [[Bollywood]] actors as well as about 100 [[brass]] plates embossed with the handprints and signatures of other stars. The walk was inspired by the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]]. It was funded and privately managed by [[UTV Software Communications|UTV]] and promoted through their [[UTV Stars]] television channel. As of December 2014, the walk with the stars section of the promenade has been removed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bandra.info/utv-walk-of-stars-have-disappeared-from-bandstand/ |title=UTV walk of stars have disappeared from Bandstand. | BANDRA INFO |access-date=27 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202090526/http://bandra.info/utv-walk-of-stars-have-disappeared-from-bandstand/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">.
File:Two friends together at Bandstand Promenade in 2014..jpg|Two friends together at Bandra Bandstand in 2014
File:MumbaiClimate.jpg|Sunset at bandstand
File:Mount Mary Church (Bombay).jpg|Mount Mary Church, Bandstand Promenade, [[Bandra]]
File:Castella de Aguada 3.jpg|[[Castella de Aguada]], also known as the Bandra Fort
File:Castella de Aguada 11.jpg|Castella de Aguada, a watchtower overlooking [[Mahim Bay]], the [[Arabian Sea]] and the southern island of [[Mahim]]
File:Kadeshwari Devi Temple Bandra Bandstand.jpg|Kadeshwari Devi Temple Bandra
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}

[[Category:Streets in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Waterfronts in India]]
[[Category:Bandra]]
[[Category:Promenades]]

Sameer Phaterpekar

2025-12-25T23:17:32Z

ChetSena61:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Sameer Phaterpekar
| image = Sameer P.jpg
| caption = Sameer Phaterpekar
| image_size =
| origin = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| genre = [[Film score]], soundtrack
| occupation = Music director, composer, record producer, instrumentalist, arranger, [[programmer]]
| years_active = 1983–present
| label =
}}

'''Sameer Phaterpekar''' is an Indian [[score composer]] known for his work in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi films]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sameer Phaterpekar Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/sameer-phaterpekar-mn0003018318 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011125108/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/sameer-phaterpekar-mn0003018318 |archive-date=11 October 2016 |access-date=19 July 2016 |website=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref>

==Life and early career==
Sameer Phaterpekar began working in films as a musician in 1983. He has worked with composers such as [[R. D. Burman|R.D.Burman]], [[Kalyanji–Anandji|Kalyanji-Anandji]], [[Rajesh Roshan]] and [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]. While working under the duo, he most notably worked as a guitarist for the song <nowiki>''Hawa Hawaii''</nowiki> for the film [[Mr. India (1987 film)|''Mr. India'']] (1987). In 2002, Phaterperkar began working as an independent music composer along with lyricist [[Anand Bakshi]] and composed his first album <nowiki>''Khoobsurat''</nowiki> under the label [[Venus Records & Tapes]]. He has provided scores for Hindi, Marathi and Tamil films. He scored the 2005 film ''[[Dombivli Fast]]'', which won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]]. He has also been widely associated with director [[Nishikant Kamat]], having provided scores for his films, ''[[Evano Oruvan]]'' (2007), ''[[Mumbai Meri Jaan]]'' (2008), [[Force (2011 film)|''Force'']] (2011) and [[Drishyam (2015 film)|''Drishyam'']] (2015) and ''[[Madaari]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drishyam review. Drishyam Bollywood movie review, story, rating |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/drishyam-review-hindi-movie-19818 |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> His scores for these films earned him critical acclaim. {{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

== Filmography ==

=== As Background Score Composer ===

* ''[[Dombivli Fast]]'' (2005)
* ''[[My Friend Ganesha]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Evano Oruvan]]'' (2007) - Tamil film
* ''[[Mumbai Meri Jaan]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Riwayat]]'' (2010)
* [[Force (2011 film)|''Force'']] (2011)
* [[Adaalat (TV series)|''Adaalat'']] (2013–2014) - TV Series
* ''[[Lai Bhaari]]'' (2014)
* [[Drishyam (2015 film)|''Drishyam'']] (2015)
* ''[[Madaari]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Aapla Manus]]'' (2018)
* [[Criminal Justice (Indian TV series)|''Criminal Justice'']] (2019–present) - Web Series
* [[Out of Love (Indian TV series)|''Out of Love'']] (2019–2021) - Web Series
* ''[[Sutliyan]]'' (2022) - Web Series
* ''[[Criminal Justice: Adhura Sach]]'' (2022) - TV Series
* ''[[Rafuchakkar]]'' (2023) - TV Series

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|2192772}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sameer phaterpekar}}
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]

Anglo-Mughal War

2025-12-24T12:32:21Z

ChetSena61:

[[Anglo-Mughal War (1686–1690)]] was a war fought between [[Mughal Empire]] and [[British East India Company]] in the late 17th century.

'''Anglo-Mughal War''' may also refer to:
*[[Bengal War]] (1757–1765)
*[[Carnatic Wars]] (1744–1763)
*[[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian rebellion]] (1857)

==See also==
*[[Battle of Delhi (1803)]], Mughals lose all possessions beyond Saharanpur (Old Delhi)

{{disambiguation}}

Stoliczkia khasiensis

2025-12-16T04:01:31Z

ChetSena61: put up new info.

{{Short description|Species of snake}}
{{speciesbox
| image =
| image_caption =
| status = DD
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Das, A. |date=2021 |title=''Stoliczkia borneensis'' |volume=2021 |article-number=e.T127943024A127943035 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/127943024/127943035|access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Stoliczkia
| species = khasiensis
| authority = [[Thomas C. Jerdon|Jerdon]], 1870<ref name=Jerdon/>
| synonyms = ''Stoliczkaia khasiensis'' Jerdon, 1870 (misspelling)
| range_map =
| range_map_caption =
}}

'''''Stoliczkia khasiensis''''' (common names: '''Khasi earth snake''', '''Khase red snake''') is a species of snake in the family [[Xenodermidae]]. It is [[endemic]] to [[Meghalaya]] (until 1972 part of Assam), [[Northeast India]].<ref name="RDB"/><ref name="WallachEtAl2014"/> The [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] is [[Khasi Hills]].<ref name=Jerdon/>

''Stoliczkia khasiensis'' inhabit mid hills to submontane forest near mountain streams, at elevations of {{convert|700|–|1800|m|abbr=on}} [[above sea level]]. While it is only known from few specimens (18, as of 2011), it is considered locally abundant in Sarawak. It occurs in several protected areas (e.g., [[Crocker Range National Park]],<ref name=Das/> [[Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park]]<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" />), and there are no major threats to this species.<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" />

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=Das>{{cite journal |last1=Das |first1=I. |year=2006 |title=Crocker Range National Park, Sabah, as a refuge for Borneo's montane herpetofauna |journal=Amphibian and Reptile Conservation |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=3–11 |url=http://amphibian-reptile-conservation.org/pdfs/Volume/Vol_4/ARC_4_3-11_e15.pdf }}</ref>

<ref name="RDB">{{NRDB species|genus=Stoliczkia |species=khasiensis |accessdate=24 February 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="WallachEtAl2014">{{cite book|author1=Van Wallach|author2=Kenneth L. Williams|author3=Jeff Boundy|title=Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wsySAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA689|date=22 April 2014|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4822-0847-4|page=689}}</ref>

<ref name=Jerdon>{{cite journal |last1=Jerdon |first1=T.C. |year=1870 |title=Notes on Indian Herpetology |journal=Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |volume=1870 |issue=March |pages=66–85 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41777595#page/127/mode/1up}}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3499661}}

[[Category:Xenodermidae]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1870]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Thomas C. Jerdon]]

{{snake-stub}}

Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Social Film

2025-12-07T20:51:31Z

ChetSena61: starting new details

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film award
| name = Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Social Film
| image =
| alt =
| caption = ''Ek Sangaychay'' is the recent winner in 2018
| awarded_for = Best film in Marathi cinema
| sponsor =
| firstawarded = 1983
| lastawarded = 2024
| reward =
| former name =
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder = ''[[Asha (film)|Asha]]''
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner =
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner = ''Mahananda'' (1983)
| award3_type = Last winner
| award3_winner =
| website =
| previous =
| next =
}}
The '''Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Film''' is an award presented annually at the [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]] of India to the best film in [[Marathi cinema]]. The awards are managed directly by the [[Government of Maharashtra|Maharashtra Government]] under the [[Ministry of Cultural Affairs (Maharashtra)|Department of Cultural Affairs]] of the [[Government of Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Winners at the 51st Maharashtra State Awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/photofeatures/winners-at-the-51st-maharashtra-state-awards/photostory/40284322.cms?pcode=other#:~:text=The%20highest%20grossing%20Marathi%20film,the%20Best%20Supporting%20Actress%20category. |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Winners==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="2%" | Year
! width="12%" | Films
! width="18%" | Recipient(s)
! width="10%" | Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |1984
|''Mahananda''
|K. G. Korgaonkar
| rowspan="15" |<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mujawar |first=Isak |title=Gatha Marathi Cinemachi |publisher=Pratik Prakashan |year=2014 |edition=1st |location=Pune |language=Marathi}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Lek Chalali Sasarla]]''
|[[N. S. Vaidya]]
|-
|1985
|''Nikhare''
|Dr. Devdutt Mhatre
|-
| rowspan="2" |1986
|''The Purnasatya''
|Bhaskar Jadhav
|-
|''Anyay''
|Satish Randive
|-
|1987
|''Vahinisaheb''
|Dr. Devdatta Atre
|-
|1988
|''Pandharichi Vaari''
|Ramakant Kavthekar
|-
|1989
|''Suryoday''
|Bharat Sasane
|-
|1990
|''Aaghat''
|Ramakant Kavthekar
|-
|1991
|''Pratikar''
|Vilas Rakte
|-
|1992
|''Patit Pavan''
|[[Aruna Raje]]
|-
|1993
|''Paisa Paisa Paisa''
|Kumar Sohoni
|-
|1994
|''Bhasma''
|Purushottam Berde
|-
|1995
|''Neelambari''
|Satish Randive
|-
|1996
|''[[Putravati]]''
|Bhaskar Jadhav
|-
|1999
|''Ghe Bharari''
|Yashwant Bhalkar
|
|-
|2001
|''Sangharsh Jeevanacha''
|Tapandas
|
|-
|2003
|''[[Not Only Mrs. Raut]]''
|[[Gajendra Ahire]]
|
|-
|2004
|''[[Devrai]]''
|[[Sumitra Bhave–Sunil Sukthankar]]
|
|-
|2005
|''[[Pak Pak Pakaak]]''
|Gautam Joglekar
|
|-
|2006
|''Mission Champion''
|Sangeet Kulkarni
|
|-
|2007
|''[[Vasudev Balwant Phadke]]''
|[[Gajendra Ahire]]
|
|-
|2009
|''Sukhant''
|[[Sanjay Surkar]]
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Mala Aai Vhhaychy!]]''
|Samruddhi Porey
|
|-
|2011
|''Dusrya Jagatil''
|Satish Randive
|
|-
|2012
|''Shyamche Vadil''
|R. Viraj
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Dr. Prakash Baba Amte – The Real Hero]]''
| Samruddhi Porey
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-29 |title=A hat-trick for 72 Miles Ek Pravas at Maharashtra State Film Awards |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/a-hat-trick-for-72-miles-ek-pravas-at-maharashtra-state-film-awards/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|''[[Nagrik]]''
| Jayprasad Desai
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-04-27 |title=Maharashtra government announces annual film awards |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra-government-announces-annual-film-awards/article7147328.ece |access-date= |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|''[[Halal (film)|Halal]]''
| [[Shivaji Lotan Patil]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Matkari |first=Ganesh |date=2016-04-01 |title=FILM REVIEW: RANGA PATANGA |url=https://punemirror.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/film-review-ranga-patanga/cid5087997.htm |access-date= |website=punemirror.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|''[[Oli Ki Suki]]''
| Anand Gokhale
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Award winning film 'Bandookya' slated for release on September 1 |url=https://www.bytesofindia.com/newsdetails/https%3a%2f%2fwww.bytesofindia.com%2fP%2fYZEMBE |access-date= |website=www.bytesofindia.com}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''[[Mantr (film)|Mantr]]''
|Devendra Shinde
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-17 |title=Sharad Kelkar turns producer |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/my-goal-is-to-make-a-film-that-gets-selected-in-the-competition-category-in-cannes-sharad-kelkar/story-InA5B7e4PWZFy5VAOqL84J.html |access-date= |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''Ek Sangaychay''
| Lokesh Gupte
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Unreleased films strike gold at state film awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/unreleased-films-strike-gold-at-state-film-awards/articleshow/69517421.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Anandi Gopal]]''
|[[Sameer Vidwans]]
|
|-
|2020
|''Godakath''
|[[Gajendra Ahire]]
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/jharkhand/jamshedpur/news/krishnas-marathi-film-godakath-gets-maharashtra-state-film-award-133540420.html}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Baalbhaarti]]''
|Nitin Nandan
|-
|2022
|''[[Samaira (film)|Samaira]]''
|Rishi Deshpande
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=जगताप |first=नामदेव |title=राज्य चित्रपट पुरस्कार सोहळा; हिंदी, मराठी सिनेसृष्टीतील कलाकारांचा सन्मान; पाहा संपूर्ण यादी |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/maharashtra-state-film-awards-diamond-jubilee-held-in-mumbai-see-all-winners-list-kajol-bhimrao-panchale-anupam-kher-mukta-barve-bollywood-news-1375148 |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=ABP Majha |date=6 August 2025 |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Asha (film)|Asha]]''
|Deepak Patil
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* {{IMDb event|0015478|Maharashtra State Film Awards}}

[[Category:Maharashtra State Film Awards|Social Film]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Awards established in 2013]]

Kannamwar ministry

2025-11-30T10:59:42Z

ChetSena61:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| cabinet_number =
| jurisdiction = [[Maharashtra]]
| flag = File:Seal of Maharashtra.svg
| flag_border = true
| date_formed = 20 November 1962
| date_dissolved = 24 November 1963
| government_head = [[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
| government_head_title = Chief Minister
| deputy_government_head =
| deputy_government_head_title =
| state_head = [[Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit]]
| state_head_title = [[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]]
| members_number =
| former_members_number =
| total_number = 31 16 Cabinet ministers (Incl. Chief Minister) 16 deputy ministers
| political_parties = [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
| legislature_status = [[Majority government]]
| opposition_cabinet =
| opposition_party = [[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWPI]] [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|BJS]]
| opposition_leader = * [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]: [[Krishnarao Dhulap]] (PWPI)
* [[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]]: V. B. Gogate (BJS)
| election = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| last_election =
| legislature_term =
| previous = [[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)|Y. Chavan II]]
| successor = [[P. K. Sawant ministry]] (interim) [[First Vasantrao Naik ministry]]
}}

'''[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]''' became the [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|chief minister]] of [[Maharashtra]] on 20 November 1962.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kannamwar to Head 21-Man State Ministry |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 November 1962 |pages=1 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/347056135 |access-date=27 June 2022|id={{ProQuest|347056135}} }}</ref> He succeeded [[Yashwantrao Chavan]],<ref name=MM>{{Cite news |author= |title=In photos: From Yashwantrao Chavan to Devendra Fadnavis, take a look at all the previous CMs of Maharashtra |newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=27 November 2019 |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/maharashtra-assembly-elections/photos/in-photos-from-yashwantrao-chavan-to-devendra-fadnavis-take-a-look-at-all-the-previous-cms-of-maharashtra-ahead-of-assembly-elections/photostory/71232612.cms |access-date=21 May 2021}}</ref> who had been appointed [[Minister of Defence (India)|defence minister]] of [[India]] by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref>{{Cite news |author=Manasi Phadke |title=YB Chavan, the Congress leader who was key to creation of Maharashtra & its first CM |newspaper=[[The Print]] |date=12 March 2019 |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/yb-chavan-the-congress-leader-who-was-key-to-creation-of-maharashtra-its-first-cm/203946/ |access-date=27 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=[[Ajit Ranade]] |title=Remembering Maharashtra's first CM |newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=24 March 2012 |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/columnists/ajit-ranade/remembering-maharashtras-first-cm/articleshow/16216467.cms |access-date=27 June 2022}}</ref> Kannamwar had previously been buildings and communications minister in Chavan's cabinet.<ref name=MM />

== List of ministers ==
The ministry consisted of 16 [[cabinet ministers]].<ref name=TOI>{{Cite news |title=Allocation of porfolios |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 November 1962 |pages=1 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/347056135 |access-date=27 June 2022|id={{ProQuest|347056135}} }}</ref>
The ministry also contained 15 deputy ministers.<ref name=TOI />
Cabinet Minister
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| minister1_ref = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| title =
[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
*General Administration
*Buildings
*Communications
*Finance
*Planning
*Information and Public Relations
*Public Works
*Food and Drug Administration
*Marketing
*Khar Land Development
 Departments or portfolios not allocated to any minister
| minister1 = [[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
| minister1_termstart = 20 November 1962
| minister1_termend = 24 November 1963
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| minister1_ref = Cabinet Minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Home Affairs
*Ex. Servicemen Welfare
*Information Technology
*Relief & Rehabilitation
*Culture Affairs
| minister1 = [[P. K. Sawant]]
| minister1_termstart = 20 November 1962
| minister1_termend = 24 November 1963
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| minister1_ref = Cabinet Minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Rural Development
*Environment and Climate Change
*Textiles
| minister1 = [[Gopalrao Bajirao Khedkar]]
| minister1_termstart = 20 November 1962
| minister1_termend = 24 November 1963
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| minister1_ref = Cabinet Minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*School Education
*Medical Education
*Woman and Child Development
| minister1 = [[Shantilal Shah]]
| minister1_termstart = 20 November 1962
| minister1_termend = 24 November 1963
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| minister1_ref = Cabinet Minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Revenue
*Transport
*Soil and Water Conservation
*Other Backward Classes
| minister1 = [[Vasantrao Naik]]
| minister1_termstart = 20 November 1962
| minister1_termend = 24 November 1963
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| minister1_ref = Cabinet Minister
| title = Cabinet Minister
*Industries
*Mining Department
*Law and Judiciary
*Employment Guarantee
| minister1 = [[S. K. Wankhede]]
| minister1_termstart = 20 November 1962
| minister1_termend = 24 November 1963
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| minister1_ref = Cabinet Minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Agriculture
*Horticulture
*Protocol
*Higher and Technical Education
*Dairy Development
| minister1 = [[Balasaheb Desai]]
| minister1_termstart = 20 November 1962
| minister1_termend = 24 November 1963
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| minister1_ref = Cabinet Minister
| title = Cabinet Minister
*Irrigation,
*Power,
*Urban Development
*Command Area Development
| minister1 = [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
| minister1_termstart = 20 November 1962
| minister1_termend = 24 November 1963
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| minister1_ref = Cabinet Minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Civil Supplies
*Housing
*Printing Presses
*Fisheries
*Small Savings
*Tourism
| minister1 = [[Homi J. H. Taleyarkhan]]
| minister1_termstart = 20 November 1962
| minister1_termend = 24 November 1963
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| minister1_ref = Cabinet Minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Forests
*Sports and Youth Welfare
*Tribal Development
*Sanitation
| minister1 = D. S. Palapsagar
| minister1_termstart = 20 November 1962
| minister1_termend = 24 November 1963
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| minister1_ref = Cabinet Minister
| title = Cabinet Minister
*Prohibition
*State Excise
*Minority Development and Waqfs
*Water Supply
| minister1 = [[Abdul Kader Salebhoy]]
| minister1_termstart = 20 November 1962
| minister1_termend = 24 November 1963
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| minister1_ref = Cabinet Minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Social Welfare
*Parliamentary Affairs
*Socially and Educationally Backward Classes
| minister1 = Nirmala Raje Bhosale
| minister1_termstart = 20 November 1962
| minister1_termend = 24 November 1963
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| minister1_ref = Cabinet Minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Public Health
*Special Assistance
*Skill Development, Employment and Entrepreneurship
*Marathi Language
*Majority Welfare
| minister1 = M. D. Choudhary
| minister1_termstart = 20 November 1962
| minister1_termend = 24 November 1963
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| minister1_ref = Cabinet Minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Labour
*Ports Development
*Disaster Management
*Nomadic Tribesl Department
*Vimukta Jati
| minister1 = M. G. Mane
| minister1_termstart = 20 November 1962
| minister1_termend = 24 November 1963
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| minister1_ref = Cabinet Minister
| title =
Cabinet Minister
*Cooperation
*Special Backward Classes Welfare
*Animal Husbandry Department
*Earthquake Rehabilitation
| minister1 = [[Keshavrao Sonawane]]
| minister1_termstart = 20 November 1962
| minister1_termend = 24 November 1963
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

==Deputy Minister==
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| minister1_ref = Deputy Minister
| title = Industry and planning
| minister1 = [[G. D. Patil]]
| minister1_termstart = 20 November 1962
| minister1_termend = 24 November 1963
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| minister1_ref = Deputy Minister
| title = Public health
| minister1 = [[N. N. Kailas]]
| minister1_termstart = 20 November 1962
| minister1_termend = 24 November 1963
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| minister1_ref = Deputy Minister
| title = Home
| minister1 = [[Yashwantrao Mohite|Y. J. Mohite]]
| minister1_termstart = 20 November 1962
| minister1_termend = 24 November 1963
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| minister1_ref = Deputy Minister
| title = Rural development
| minister1 = N. M. Tidke
| minister1_termstart = 20 November 1962
| minister1_termend = 24 November 1963
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| minister1_ref = Deputy Minister
| title = Irrigation and power
| minister1 = [[Vairale Madhusudan|M. A. Vairale]]
| minister1_termstart = 20 November 1962
| minister1_termend = 24 November 1963
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| minister1_ref = Deputy Minister
| title = Revenue
| minister1 = R. A. Patil
| minister1_termstart = 20 November 1962
| minister1_termend = 24 November 1963
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| minister1_ref = Deputy Minister
| title = Education
| minister1 = H. G. Vartak
| minister1_termstart = 20 November 1962
| minister1_termend = 24 November 1963
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| minister1_ref = Deputy Minister
| title = Cooperation
| minister1 = [[B. J. Khatal-Patil|B. J. Khatal]]
| minister1_termstart = 20 November 1962
| minister1_termend = 24 November 1963
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| minister1_ref = Deputy Minister
| title = Buildings and communications
| minister1 = [[Rafiq Zakaria]]
| minister1_termstart = 20 November 1962
| minister1_termend = 24 November 1963
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| minister1_ref = Deputy Minister
| title = Labour and khar land development
| minister1 = D. K. Khanvilkar
| minister1_termstart = 20 November 1962
| minister1_termend = 24 November 1963
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| minister1_ref = Deputy Minister
| title = Forests and prohibition
| minister1 = S. L. Kadam
| minister1_termstart = 20 November 1962
| minister1_termend = 24 November 1963
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| minister1_ref = Deputy Minister
| title = Civil Supplies, housing, printing presses, fisheries, and small savings
| minister1 = N. S. Patil
| minister1_termstart = 20 November 1962
| minister1_termend = 24 November 1963
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| minister1_ref = Deputy Minister
| title = Agriculture
| minister1 = [[Shankarrao Bajirao Patil|S. B. Patil]]
| minister1_termstart = 20 November 1962
| minister1_termend = 24 November 1963
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| minister1_ref = Deputy Minister
| title = Social welfare
| minister1 = K. P. Patil
| minister1_termstart = 20 November 1962
| minister1_termend = 24 November 1963
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| minister1_ref = Deputy Minister
| title = Legislative affairs and urban development
| minister1 = D. S. Jagtap
| minister1_termstart = 20 November 1962
| minister1_termend = 24 November 1963
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Maharashtra state government ministries}}

[[Category:Indian National Congress state ministries of Maharashtra|Kannamwar]]
[[Category:Maharashtra ministries|K]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 1962]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 1963]]

British capture of Tobruk

2025-11-25T15:41:49Z

ChetSena61: formatting fix

{{Short description|Battle fought in the Western Desert Campaign of the Second World War}}
{{see also|Axis capture of Tobruk}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict= British capture of Tobruk
|partof= the [[Western Desert Campaign]] of the [[Second World War]]
|image= Awm 005392 2nd11th.jpg
|image_upright = 1.0
|caption= Men of the Australian [[2/11th Battalion (Australia)|2/11th Battalion]], 6th Australian Division after the capture of Tobruk
|date=6–22 January 1941
|place=[[Tobruk]], Libya
| coordinates = {{coord|32|4|34|N|23|57|41|E|region:LY|display=inline,title}}
|result=Allied victory
|combatant1= {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy}}
|combatant2= {{ubl|{{flag|United Kingdom}}|{{flag|Australia}}}}
| commander1 = {{ubl|[[Rodolfo Graziani]]|[[Giuseppe Tellera]]{{KIA}}|[[Enrico Pitassi Mannella]] [[POW]]}}
| commander2 = {{ubl|[[Henry Maitland Wilson|Henry Wilson]]|[[Richard O'Connor]]|[[Iven Mackay]]}}
|strength1 = 22,000 troops
|strength2=
|casualties1 = {{ubl|3,048 killed or wounded|20,000 POW|1 cruiser scuttled}}
|casualties2=400 killed or wounded
|campaignbox={{Campaignbox Western Desert}}
{{Campaignbox Operation Compass}}
}}
The '''British capture of Tobruk''' was a battle fought between 21 and 22 January 1941, as part of [[Operation Compass]], the first offensive of the [[Western Desert Force]] (WDF) in the [[Western Desert Campaign]] of the [[Second World War]]. After defeating the Italians in the [[Battle of Bardia]] (3–5 January 1941), the [[6th Australian Division]] and the [[7th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|7th Armoured Division]] pressed on and made contact with the Italian garrison in [[Tobruk]] on 6 January.

The Italians had fortified Tobruk, their only naval base in Eastern [[Cyrenaica]], before the war but after being routed at the [[Attack on Nibeiwa]], the [[Battle of Sidi Barrani]] and the Battle of Bardia, the Italian [[Tenth Army (Italy)|10th Army]] had lost eight of its nine divisions and had only the [[61st Infantry Division "Sirte"]] and stragglers to defend the port.

The Tobruk garrison suffered 2,048 casualties and 20,000 men were taken prisoner for 400 Australian and British casualties. The WDF continued its westwards advance towards [[Derna, Libya|Derna]] and [[Mechili]].

==Background==

===Operation Compass===
In September 1940 the [[Italian invasion of Egypt]] had begun but stopped after {{cvt|100|km|mi|0|order=flip}} at [[Sidi Barrani]] where the Italians dug in. At first the British prepared to resist an Italian advance on [[Mersa Matruh]] but when this did not occur a raid by the [[Western Desert Force]], with the possibility of exploiting success, was planned on the Italian positions around Sidi Barrani. The raid, [[Operation Compass]], began on 9 December 1940 with the surprise [[Attack on Nibeiwa]] where the Italian brigade-sized [[Maletti Group]], the only Italian armoured formation in Egypt, was annihilated. On 10 December the Western Desert Force engaged the three divisions of the Italian Libyan Divisions Group and the [[64th Infantry Division "Catanzaro"]] at the [[Battle of Sidi Barrani]] and defeated them by 11 December.{{sfn|Playfair|1954|p=270}}

[[File:AfricaMap1.jpg|thumb|{{centre|Map showing the Italian advance into Egypt and Operation Compass, 13 September 1940 to 7 February 1941}}]]
With the [[63rd Infantry Division "Cirene"]], the last Italian division on Egyptian soil, retreating towards Libya, the 7th Armoured Division pressed on and by 15 December had cut the road between Bardia and Tobruk. At Bardia the Italians had concentrated the XXIII Corps (General [[Annibale Bergonzoli]]) comprising the [[1st CC.NN. Division "23 Marzo"]], [[2nd CC.NN. Division "28 Ottobre"]], [[62nd Infantry Division "Marmarica"]] and the 63rd Infantry Division "Cirene". Further units were four light tank battalions, remnants of the "Catanzaro" division, and the XXI Corps Artillery Regiment.{{sfn|Montanari|1990|pp=265}} After careful preparation the British attacked and defeated the Italian defenders from 3 to 5 January 1941.{{sfn|Playfair|1954|pp=284–287}}

On the morning of 5 January, while Australian forces were still mopping up the southern cauldron at Bardia, Wavell ordered the [[7th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)|7th Armoured Brigade]] of the 7th Armoured Division to advance west, pass Tobruk and cut it off. By 6 January the brigade had reached El Adem (now [[Tobruk Airport]]). By 7 January the bulk of the British forces had arrived and cut off Tobruk.{{sfn|Montanari|1990|pp=283}} The [[19th Brigade (Australia)|19th Australian Brigade]] group placed itself opposite the eastern defences of Tobruk and the [[16th Brigade (Australia)|16th Australian Brigade]] group took over on the western side. The 4th Armoured Brigade moved to the west of the city, the 7th Support Group blocked the western exits and the 7th Armoured Brigade screened the force from interference from the west.

==Prelude==

===Italian preparations===

After the encirclement of Tobruk, Graziani informed Mussolini that

{{quote|This morning the investment of the position by enemy armoured vehicles has begun. After which the various episodes of the new drama are easily predictable. ({{lang|it|Stamani si è iniziato l'investimento della Piazza da parte dei mezzi corazzati nemici. Dopo di che i vari episodi del nuovo dramma sono facilmente prevedibili.}})}}

Graziani informed Mussolini that the {{cvt|54|km|mi|0|order=flip}}-long Tobruk perimeter was manned by only 22,000 men with 340 guns, a number wholly inadequate for the task.{{sfn|Montanari|1990|pp=284}} On 9 January, Graziani informed the garrison commander, General [[Enrico Pitassi Mannella]], that there would be no attempt at relief. Graziani ordered Tellera to fall back with the [[60th Infantry Division "Sabratha"]], his last division, to a line between [[Derna, Libya|Derna]] and [[Al Qubbah|Berta]], while directing the [[Babini Group]] (Special Armoured Brigade) to [[Mechili]].{{sfn|Montanari|1990|pp=288–289}} After being informed by Graziani that he was on his own Mannella had the bridge at Sidi Daud on the Bardia road and the bridge at Wadi es Sahel on the Derna road destroyed.{{sfn|Montanari|1990|pp=288–289}}

=== Order of battle ===

'''Tobruk garrison''' Details taken from Montanari (1990) unless specified.{{sfn|Montanari|1990|pp=294}}
* '''[[XXII Army Corps (Italy)|XXII Corps]]''' headquarters ([[Enrico Pitassi Mannella]])
** '''[[61st Infantry Division "Sirte"]]'''
*** 69th Infantry Regiment (3 × battalions, 1 × battery with [[Cannone da 65/17 modello 13|65/17 mod. 13]] mountain guns)
*** 70th Infantry Regiment (3 × battalions, 1 × battery with 65/17 mod. 13 mountain guns)
*** 43rd Artillery Regiment, 2 × groups with [[Cannone da 75/27 modello 06|75/27 mod. 06]] field guns, 1 × group with [[10 cm M. 14 Feldhaubitze|100/17 mod. 1914]] howitzers
*** LXI Machine Gun Battalion
*** LXI Mixed Engineer Battalion
*** LXI Replacements Battalion
*** 51st Bersaglieri Motorcycle Company
*** 61st Anti-Tank Company, with [[Cannone da 47/32|47/32 mod. 1935]] anti-tank guns
*** 61st Mortar Company, with 81 mm mortars
** [[4th Tank Infantry Regiment]]
*** I Medium Tank Battalion, with [[M11/39 tank]]s
*** LXIII Light Tank Battalion, with [[L3/35]] tankettes
** 10th Army Corps Artillery Regiment
** 22nd Army Corps Artillery Regiment
** 25th Army Corps Artillery Regiment
** Blackshirt Battalion {{lang|it|"Volontari della Libia"}} (Libyan Volunteers)
** CXL Blackshirt Battalion
** 22nd Bersaglieri Motorcycle Company
** 25th Anti-Tank Company, 47/32 mod. 1935 anti-tank guns
** 141st Mortar Company, with 81 mm mortars
** 142nd Mortar Company, with 81 mm mortars
** 55th Signal Company
** [[Royal Italian Navy]]:
*** [[Italian cruiser San Giorgio|'''San Giorgio''']] (cruiser)
** {{lang|it|[[Guardia alla Frontiera]]}}
*** Infantry: 2,300 men
*** Artillery: 2 × groups
** Service, quartermasters and supply units

Although Pitassi Mannella had thirty-two L3/35 tankettes and thirty-nine M11/39 tanks, only seven of the latter were operational and in three weeks of attempts to repair the M11/39s only three were serviceable enough to move in an engagement. After it had become obvious in the autumn of 1940 that the L3/35 was obsolete and the M11/39 badly designed and prone to break down, the XXI Light Tank Battalion and part of the I Medium Tank Battalion had departed for [[Benghazi]] to be re-equipped with the new [[M13/40 tank]]. Pitassi Mannella had received no spares or fuel for the tanks and had the lightly armed and thinly armoured L3/35 and the M11/39s buried in the sand as strong points.

=== Fortifications ===

Pitassi Mannella divided the defensive perimeter in two sectors, five sub-sectors and 16 strong points.{{sfn|Montanari|1990|pp=293–296}}
* '''Eastern Sector''' (Brigadier Umberto Barberis)
** Sub-sector A, from the sea to Bir Junes to block the road from Bardia, with four strong points
** Sub-sector B, to block the road from [[El Adem]], with two strong points

The first line of the Eastern Sector was manned by the troops of the {{lang|it|[[Guardia alla Frontiera]]}} reinforced with four companies from the 69th Infantry Regiment. Expecting the main attack from this direction, Pitassi Mannella established a second line of defence {{cvt|4|-|6|km|mi|0|order=flip}} behind the strong points, based on a small hill at the junction of the [[El Adem]] and Bardia roads. At the second line under command of the 4th Tank Infantry Regiment, every available tank was dug in as a strong point. Between this position and the sea the III Battalion, 69th Regiment dug in.
* '''Western Sector''' (Brigadier Vincenzo dalla Mura)
** Sub-sector A, in the desert to the South of Tobruk with four strong points
** Sub-sector B, to block the road from [[Acroma]], with three strong points
** Sub-sector C, to block the road from [[Derna, Libya|Derna]], with three strong points

Sub-sectors A and B were defended by a battalion each from the 70th Infantry Regiment, while Blackshirt Battalion {{lang|it|"Volontari della Libia"}} (Libyan Volunteers) manned sub-sector C. Behind the first line of defence were five strong points manned by the III Battalion, 70th Infantry Regiment which doubled as the reserve unit for the three battalions in the first line. The commander of the 69th Infantry Regiment received the reserves Pitassi Mannella could muster, an understrength tank company with seven M11/39s and two ad hoc formations, consisting of one {{lang|it|Bersaglieri}} Motorcycle company, one infantry company, one machine gun platoon, an anti-tank platoon and an anti-aircraft section each. In front of the strong points {{cvt|18|km|mi|0|order=flip}} of anti-tank ditch was cleared out, 7,000 tripwire mines and 16,000 pressure mines laid. To make up for the lack of [[anti-tank mine]]s Pitassi Mannella had 2,200 {{cvt|12|kg|lb|0|order=flip}} bombs and 800 {{cvt|15|kg|lb|0|order=flip}} bombs, left behind by the {{lang|it|[[Regia Aeronautica]]}} (Royal Italian Air Force), buried upright in the desert, in the hope that a British tank passing over them would trigger the impact fuze.{{sfn|Montanari|1990|pp=299}}

=== Artillery ===
Pitassi Mannella organised the artillery into three groups, two for the Eastern Sector with 123 guns and one for the Western Sector with 97. Assuming (correctly) that the Commonwealth troops would attack from the south, Pitassi Mannella sent the II/43rd and III/55th groups with 75/27 mod. 11 field guns, and the CV/25th and CXXX/25th groups with [[15 cm schwere Feldhaubitze M 14|149/13 mod. 14]] heavy field howitzers and the 2nd Battery of the XV Group with [[Cannone da 75/46 C.A. modello 34|75/46 mod. 34]] anti-aircraft guns (used as anti-tank guns) into that area. For long-range artillery-fire, Pitassi Mannella relied on the cruiser [[Italian cruiser San Giorgio|''San Giorgio'']] in Tobruk harbour which had two twin [[EOC 10-inch /45 naval gun|{{convert|254|mm|abbr=on}}]]/45 guns and four twin [[Cannone da 190/45|{{convert|190|mm|abbr=on}}]]/45 guns. Two {{lang|it|Regia Marina}} ([[Royal Italian Navy]]) shore batteries had twin [[QF 4.7-inch Mk I – IV naval gun|{{convert|120|mm|abbr=on}}]]/40 naval guns and two mobile [[Cannone da 149/35 A|149/35]] heavy guns of the {{lang|it|Guardia alla Frontiera}}.{{sfn|Montanari|1990|pp=297}}

With no air reconnaissance, Pitassi Mannella was unaware of the British artillery positions and as most British artillery had a longer range than the Italian artillery, mostly of [[First World War]]-vintage there, was little chance of effective counter-battery fire.{{sfn|Montanari|1990|pp=297}} Pitassi Mannella decided to employ every gun capable of [[direct fire]] as anti-tank artillery and managed to assemble 110 anti-tank guns; thirty-two 37 mm guns in the buried M11/39s, forty-three 47/32 mod. 1935 anti-tank guns, thirteen 65/17 mod. 13 mountain guns, eleven 75/27 mod. 11 field guns, ten [[8 cm FK M. 5|77/28 mod. 5]] field guns and one [[Cannon 76/40 Model 1916|76/40 mod. 16]] naval gun (found in the naval stores); armour-piercing ammunition was available only for the 37 mm and 47 mm anti-tank guns.{{sfn|Montanari|1990|pp=299}}

===British preparations===
[[File:Matilda Compass.jpg|thumb|left|upright=.9|{{centre|British [[Matilda II]] infantry tank during Operation Compass}}]]
After surrounding Tobruk, the WDF had exhausted the ample Italian supplies captured at Capuzzo and Sollum; O'Connor directed that the supplies flowing through the port of Sollum ({{cvt|350|LT|t|0}} per day in early January and {{cvt|500|LT}} daily late in the month) to the 10th and 11th Field Depots he had set up about {{cvt|70|km|mi|0|order=flip}} east of Tobruk. Concerned mostly about not having enough fuel and supplies for the offensive after the fall of Tobruk, O'Connor delayed the attack to accumulate more supplies. As the 7th Armoured Division had suffered more losses than the 6th Australian Division, O'Connor decided that the Australians would lead the attack.{{sfn|Montanari|1990|pp=304}}

The two most depleted units, the [[8th King's Royal Irish Hussars]] and the [[6th Royal Tank Regiment]], were withdrawn and their equipment distributed to the other four regiments of the armoured brigades.{{sfn|Montanari|1990|pp=303–304}} The first wave of the attack was to be the 16th Australian Brigade and the [[7th Royal Tank Regiment]], followed by the [[17th Australian Brigade]] and the 19th Australian Brigade. The 7th Armoured Division would attack along the Western and perimeter to pin down the defenders. On 19 January the [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) dropped leaflets calling on the Italians to surrender but Mannella took no notice.{{sfn|Montanari|1990|pp=304}}

== Attack ==
=== Night 20/21 January ===
[[File:Tobruk-21-Jan-1940-Phase-One-Part-One.png|thumb|{{centre|Tobruk, 21 January 1940 (in Bulgarian)}}]]
From midnight to {{nowrap|2:00 a.m.}} on 21 January the [[Royal Navy]] monitor {{HMS|Terror|I03|6}} and three smaller ships bombarded Tobruk, while destroyers waited further out to attack ''San Giorgio'', if the crew tried to escape. For the rest of the night RAF [[Vickers Wellington|Wellington]] bombers attacked port installations, defensive positions and drowned out the sound of the British tanks assembling for the attack.{{sfn|Playfair|1954|p=291}}{{sfn|Montanari|1990|pp=306}}

===Morning===
At {{nowrap|5:40 a.m.}} the British artillery opened fire along the entire line, concentrating on an area about {{convert|2000|m|yd|0|order=flip|abbr=on}} by {{convert|700|-|800|m|yd|0|order=flip|abbr=on}} rectangle where the sub-sectors A and B of the Eastern Sector met. Under cover of night Australian sappers and the British artillery-fire cleared a path through the thin Italian minefield in the area and at first light the [[2/3rd Battalion (Australia)|2/3rd Australian Battalion]] attacked. Within the hour the Australians had created a breach {{convert|1|mi|km|0|abbr=on}} wide. At 7:00 a.m., 18 [[Matilda II]] tanks passed through the breach, three of which veered left with the 2/3rd Australian Battalion, while another three veered right with the [[2/1st Battalion (Australia)|2/1st Australian Battalion]] to expand the breach. At the same time, the rest of the Matildas advanced with the [[2/2nd Battalion (Australia)|2/2nd Australian Battalion]] towards Tobruk. The first unit to be overrun by the 2/2nd was the CV/25th Artillery Group, which had no time to lay their guns for direct fire before they were overrun.{{sfn|Montanari|1990|pp=307}}

The lack of radios of the Italian units proved to be a severe disadvantage; telephone lines had been cut by the British aerial and artillery bombardment and Pitassi Mannella only received notice of the British attack at around {{nowrap|8:30–8:45 a.m.}} from a despatch rider. By {{nowrap|9:10 a.m.}} the Australian 2/2nd Battalion had reach Sidi Mahmud and the 2/1st Battalion was at Sidi Daud; the 17th Australian Brigade with the [[2/6th Battalion (Australia)|2/6th Australian Battalion]] and [[2/7th Battalion (Australia)|2/7th Australian Battalion]] had captured the Italian artillery positions between the two points. By 10:30 a.m. the Australians had overrun four of the Italian strongpoints and destroyed six of the ten artillery groups in the area.{{sfn|Montanari|1990|pp=308}} At {{nowrap|8:30 a.m.}} the 19th Australian Brigade supported by A Squadron of the [[2/6th Cavalry Commando Regiment (Australia)|6th Australian Division Cavalry Regiment]] had set off and towards the 4th Tank Infantry Regiment. The Australian brigade was supported by 78 field guns, which moved in turns {{cvt|200|m|yd|0|order=flip}} forward every two minutes. The 19th Australian Brigade struck the III Battalion, 69th Infantry Regiment, which was quickly overrun. A {{lang|it|Bersaglieri}} company and three [[M11/39]] tanks that tried to plug the gap in the second line were defeated within minutes, the three M11/39s being knocked out.{{sfn|Montanari|1990|pp=309}}

===Air power===
By {{nowrap|11:50 a.m.}} Pitassi Mannella had informed Graziani that the Eastern Sector had been destroyed and only isolated positions held out. All Graziani could do was to send three [[Fiat CR.30|CR.30]] fighters to Tobruk, which the RAF quickly shot down. Between {{nowrap|12:00 p.m.}} and {{nowrap|2:00 p.m.}} the 19th Australian Brigade attacked the position of the 4th Tank Infantry Regiment with such ferocity that 70 per cent of the officers, including both battalion commanders, and 50 per cent of the troops were killed in action.{{sfn|Montanari|1990|pp=310}} During the day, Blenheims of 55 and 113 squadrons flew {{nowrap|56 sorties}} against Tobruk and the [[Gloster Gladiator]]s and [[Hawker Hurricanes]] of [[No. 3 Squadron RAAF]], [[No. 73 Squadron RAF]] and [[No. 274 Squadron RAF]] had patrolled to the west.{{sfn|Montanari|1990|pp=314}}

===Afternoon===

[[File:Italian cruiser San Giorgio scuttled at Tobruk 1941.jpg|thumb|''San Giorgio'' burning after being scuttled]]
At {{nowrap|1:00 p.m.,}} Mannella ordered the mobile reserve, with the seven operational M11/39s, to attack the Australian left flank behind an artillery barrage. Two Australian anti-tank guns and two tanks destroyed five of the seven M11/39s and when Australian infantry pushed forward the mobile reserve surrendered.{{sfn|Montanari|1990|pp=310}} At {{nowrap|4:00 p.m.}} the [[2/8th Battalion (Australia)|2/8th Australian Battalion]] attacked the Pilastrino position, while the [[2/4th Battalion (Australia)|2/4th Australian Battalion]] had reached and surrounded the Italian headquarters at the abandoned Fort Solaro. Mannella and his staff retreated into the cellars but by {{nowrap|6:30 p.m.}} Mannella ordered his staff to surrender.{{sfn|Montanari|1990|pp=310}}

At the same time the 6th Divisional Cavalry Regiment had reached the outskirts of Tobruk but then been stopped by fire from ''San Giorgio''. Soldiers from the 2/4th Australian Battalion moved down the cliffs and used [[ML 3-inch mortar|3-inch mortars]] against ''San Giorgio''. Having lost contact with forces outside Tobruk, Admiral [[Massimiliano Vietina]] organised the defence of the harbour with the few men at his disposal. Graziani had denied his request to make a sacrificial attack on the Royal Navy ships outside the harbour and Vietina began systematically to destroy the harbour and its stores. {{sfn|Montanari|1990|pp=310}}

===22 January===
[[File:Tobruk-22-Jan-1940-Phase-Two.png|thumb|{{centre|Tobruk 22 January 1940. The map legend is in Bulgarian}}]]
By nightfall half of the Tobruk fortified area had been captured and at {{nowrap|4:15 a.m.}} on 22 January, Vietina ordered [[Captain]] Stefano Pugliese to blow up the magazines of ''San Giorgio'' to deny it to the British. General Iven Mackay ordered a general advance for the morning of 22 January. At 8:30 a.m. Vietina surrendered to General [[Horace Robertson]] of the 19th Australian Infantry Brigade, followed shortly afterwards by General Della Mura, who surrendered with the remnants of the Pilastrino position. At 4:00 p.m. the last strongpoint surrendered and Tobruk had fallen.{{sfn|Montanari|1990|pp=314}}

== Aftermath ==

===Analysis===
Most of the demolitions had been of stores rather than installations; the Inshore Squadron of the Royal Navy began mine sweeping immediately and opened the port on 24 January.{{sfn|Playfair|1954|p=293}}

===Casualties===
The Italians suffered more than 24,000 casualties, 18 officers and 750 soldiers had been killed, 30 officers and 2,250 men had been wounded and more than 20,000 men had become prisoners of war. The British captured {{nowrap|208 guns}} and {{nowrap|87 tanks}}.{{sfn|IOH|1979|p=376}} XIII Corps (the new name of the WDF) suffered {{nowrap|400 casualties,}} {{nowrap|355 of them}} Australian.{{sfn|Playfair|1954|p=293}}

===Subsequent operations===
By the surrender O'Connor's divisions had already pressed on, the 7th Armoured Division reaching Mechili and fighting the [[action at Mechili]] on 24 January, while the 6th Australian Division had reached the Italian forward positions at Derna on the same day.{{fact|date=July 2020}}

== See also ==
* [[List of Italian military equipment in World War II]]
* [[List of Australian military equipment of World War II]]
* [[List of British military equipment of World War II]]

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|20em}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|IOH|1979}}|author= |title=La prima offensiva britannica in Africa settentrionale (ottobre 1940 – febbraio 1941) |trans-title=The First British Offensive in North Africa (October 1940 – February 1941) Annex 32 |year=1979 |language=it |publisher=Esercito. Corpo di stato maggiore. Ufficio storico. |volume=I |location=Rome |oclc=6863876}}
* {{cite book |last1=Montanari |first1=Mario |title=Le Operazioni in Africa Settentrionale: Sidi el Barrani (Giugno 1940 – Febbraio 1941) Parte Prima |trans-title=Operations in North Africa: Sidi el Barrani (June 1940 – February 1941) First Part |volume=I |edition=2nd |via=issuu (online scan) |year=1990 |publisher=Esercito Italiano Ufficio Storico |location=Roma |url=https://issuu.com/rivista.militare1/docs/africa-sett-vol-i-parte1-singolo-testo |access-date=27 November 2019 |oclc=885609741}}
* {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Playfair|1954}}|first1=I. S. O. |last1=Playfair |author1-link=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |first2=G. M. S. |last2=with Stitt |first3=C. J. C. |last3=Molony |first4=Air Vice-Marshal S. E. |last4=Toomer |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941) |volume=I |publisher=HMSO |year=1954 |oclc=1408925702 |name-list-style=amp}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |first=E. |last=Bauer |editor-first=Peter |editor-last=Young |title=The History of World War II |location=New York |publisher=Galahad Books |orig-year=1979 |edition=Rev. Orbis, London |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-85605-552-9}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bierman |first1=John |last2=Smith |first2=Colin |title=The Battle of Alamein: Turning Point, World War II |publisher=Viking |year=2002 |location=New York |isbn=978-0-670-03040-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/battleofalameint00bier}}
* {{cite thesis |first=Howard R. |last=Christie |title=Fallen Eagles: The Italian 10th Army in the Opening Campaign in the Western Desert, June 1940 – December 1940 |type=MA |year=1999 |publisher=U. S. Army Command and General Staff College |location=Fort Leavenworth, KS |id=A116763 |url=http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/ref/collection/p4013coll2/id/597 |access-date=25 March 2015 |oclc=465212715 |archive-date=16 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216220301/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/ref/collection/p4013coll2/id/597 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |first=David |last=French |title=Raising Churchill's Army: The British Army and the War against Germany 1919–1945 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2001 |orig-year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-924630-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Hunt |first=Sir David |author-link=David Hunt (diplomat) |title=A Don at War |url=https://archive.org/details/donatwar0000hunt
|url-access=registration |publisher=Frank Cass |location=London |year=1990 |orig-year=1966 |isbn=978-0-7146-3383-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Long |first=Gavin |author-link=Gavin Long |title=To Benghazi |year=1952 |format=PDF |series=[[Australia in the War of 1939–1945]] |publisher=[[Australian War Memorial]] |location=Canberra |edition=12th online |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070200/ |access-date=13 July 2015 |oclc=314648263}}
* {{cite book |first=Compton |last=Mackenzie |author-link=Compton Mackenzie |title=Eastern Epic: September 1939 – March 1943 Defence |volume=I |publisher=Chatto & Windus |location=London |year=1951 |oclc=59637091}}
* {{cite book |first=Major Kenneth |last=Macksey |author-link=Kenneth Macksey |editor1-last=Pitt |editor1-first=B. |editor2-last=Mason |editor2-first=D. |series=Ballantine's Illustrated History of the Violent Century, Battle Books |volume=22 |title=Beda Fomm: The Classic Victory |publisher=Ballantine Books |location=New York |year=1972 |orig-year=1971 |isbn=978-0-345-02434-3}}
* {{cite book |first=Richard |last=Mead |title=Churchill's Lions: A Biographical Guide to the Key British Generals of World War II |year=2007 |publisher=Spellmount |location=Stroud |isbn=978-1-86227-431-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Pitt |first=B. |title=The Crucible of War: Wavell's Command |volume=I |year=2001 |orig-year=1980 |edition=Cassell |publisher=Jonathan Cape |location=London |isbn=978-0-304-35950-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/crucibleofwar00pitt}}
* {{cite book |first1=Major-General I. S. O. |last1=Playfair |author1-link=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |first2=Captain F. C. |last2=with Flynn [[Royal Navy|RN]] |first3=Brigadier C. J. C. |last3=Molony |first4=Air Vice-Marshal S. E. |last4=Toomer |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Germans Come to the Help of their Ally (1941) |volume=II |publisher=Naval & Military Press |year=2004 |orig-year=1st. pub. [[HMSO]] 1956 |isbn=978-1-84574-066-5 |name-list-style=amp}}
* {{cite book |last=Richards |first=Denis |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-RAF-I/UK-RAF-I-5.html |access-date=16 May 2017 |title=Royal Air Force 1939–1945: The Fight At Odds |volume=I |location=London |publisher=[[HMSO]] |year=1974 |orig-year=1953 |edition=pbk. |isbn=978-0-11-771592-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Terraine |first=John |title=The Right of the Line |year=1997 |orig-year=1985 |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |location=London |edition=Wordsworth |isbn=978-1-85326-683-6}}
* {{cite book |first=Ian W. |last=Walker |title=Iron Hulls, Iron Hearts: Mussolini's Elite Armoured Divisions in North Africa |publisher=Crowood |year=2003 |location=Marlborough |isbn=978-1-86126-646-0}}
* {{cite book |first=Archibald |last=Wavell |series=Wavell's Official Despatches |title=Operations in the Middle East from 7th December, 1940 to 7th February, 1941 |date=25 June 1946}} published in {{London Gazette |issue=37628 |date=25 June 1946 |pages=3261–3269 |supp=y |ref=none}}

==External links==
* [https://www.britishpathe.com/video/VLVA7VX3XV2OI11OW9MC0EOQ7RSVU-BRITISH-FORCES-CAPTURE-TOBRUK/query/Force Pathé Newsreel, British Forces Capture Tobruk]

{{Tobruk in the Second World War}}
{{World War II}}

{{Commons Category|Libya in World War II}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tobruk, British capture of}}

[[Category:Conflicts in 1941]]
[[Category:1941 in Libya]]
[[Category:Tobruk in World War II]]
[[Category:Western Desert campaign]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving South Africa]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving India]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving Italy]]
[[Category:January 1941 in Africa]]

List of deputy speakers of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly

2025-11-01T16:13:07Z

ChetSena61: new redirect

#redirect [[List of speakers of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

Marahar

2025-10-28T15:40:47Z

ChetSena61: starting a stub - done

{{Short description|Village in Faridkot, Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Marahar
| other_name = ਮਰਾੜ੍ਹ
| settlement_type = Village
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.70873727636878|74.53190446954403|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
| government_type = Sarpanch
| governing_body = Gram panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 1892
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code = 151203
| registration_plate = PB04
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Faridkot
| website =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Gram panchayat]]
}}
'''Marahar''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਮਰਾੜ੍ਹ) is a village located in [[Faridkot district]] of [[Punjab]] State.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maan Marahar · Punjab 151212, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Maan+Marahar,+Punjab+151212/@30.7087192,74.5226776,15z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x3919df6e804fec31:0xfe60bfe6a1b37497!8m2!3d30.7085973!4d74.5324131!16s/g/1tl1g82s?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDYwOC4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw== |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=Maan Marahar · Punjab 151212, India |language=en}}</ref> The Village has a population of 1892 of which 990 are males while 902 are females as per the population census of 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madahar Village Population - Faridkot - Faridkot, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35498-madahar-punjab.html |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> The total geographical area of the village is about 1,362 hectares (59.47 km2).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Census of India 2011 (Punjab) |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3ca9c267dad0305d1a6308d2a0cf1c39c/uploads/2016/09/2018052293.pdf |website=cdn.s3waas.gov.in |page=50}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Madahar {{!}} Grampanchayat {{!}} GeoIQ |url=https://geoiq.io/places/Madahar/Grampanchayat |access-date=2025-06-11 |website=geoiq.io}}</ref>

== Notable people ==

* [[Babu Singh Maan|Babu SIngh Maan]]

== References ==
<references />{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Villages in Faridkot district]]

Striped laughingthrush

2025-10-05T10:12:36Z

ChetSena61: put up new pg.

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = STRIPED-LAUGHINGTHRUSH.jpg
| image_caption = From [[Khonoma]], [[Nagaland]], [[India]]
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| taxon = Trochalopteron virgatum
| authority = [[Henry Haversham Godwin-Austen|Godwin-Austen]], 1874
| synonyms = ''Garrulax virgatus''
|status_ref=<ref name="iucn status 16 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Trochalopteron virgatum'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T22715726A132107823 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22715726A132107823.en |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>
}}
The '''striped laughingthrush''' ('''''Trochalopteron virgatum''''') is a species of [[bird]] in the family [[Leiothrichidae]].

It is found in the [[Patkai]] range, where its natural [[habitat]] is subtropical or tropical moist [[montane forest]]s.
[[File:TrochalopteronVirgatumGould.jpg|thumb|left|Gould's painting]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* BirdLife International 2004. [http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/8933/all Garrulax virgatus]. [http://www.iucnredlist.org 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. ] Downloaded on 25 July 2007.

{{Taxonbar|from=Q12268216}}

[[Category:Trochalopteron|striped laughingthrush]]
[[Category:Birds of the Purvanchal Range]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1874|striped laughingthrush]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]

2025 Sri Lanka Women's Tri-Nation Series

2025-08-08T18:12:37Z

ChetSena61:

{{Short description|Cricket tournament}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox cricket series
|series = 2025 Sri Lanka Women's Tri-Nation Series
|image =
|caption =
|date = 27 April – 11 May 2025
|place = Sri Lanka
|result = {{crw|IND}} won the series
|player of series = {{criconw|IND}} [[Sneh Rana (cricketer)|Sneh Rana]]
|team1 = {{crw|SL}}
|team2 = {{crw|IND}}
|team3 = {{crw|SA}}
|captain1 = [[Chamari Athapaththu]]
|captain2 = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]]
|captain3 = [[Laura Wolvaardt]]{{efn|[[Chloe Tryon]] captained South Africa in the fifth ODI.}}
|runs1 = [[Harshitha Samarawickrama]] (203)
|runs2 = [[Smriti Mandhana]] (264)
|runs3 = [[Annerie Dercksen]] (276)
|wickets1 = [[Dewmi Vihanga]] (11)
|wickets2 = [[Sneh Rana (cricketer)|Sneh Rana]] (15)
|wickets3 = [[Nonkululeko Mlaba]] (6) [[Chloe Tryon]] (6)
}}

The '''2025 Sri Lanka Women's Tri-Nation Series''' was a cricket series that took place in Sri Lanka in April and May 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sri Lanka to host India, South Africa for ODI tri-series in April-May |url=https://cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/133682/sri-lanka-to-host-india-south-africa-for-odi-tri-series-in-april-may |access-date=6 March 2025 |work=[[Cricbuzz]]}}</ref> It was a tri-nation series involving [[India women's national cricket team|India]], [[South Africa women's national cricket team|South Africa]] and [[Sri Lanka women's national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] cricket teams, with the matches played in [[Women's One Day International|One Day International]] (ODI) format.<ref>{{cite web |title=India, Sri Lanka, South Africa to play women's ODI tri-series in April-May |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-sri-lanka-south-africa-to-play-women-s-odi-tri-series-in-april-may-1476178 |access-date=6 March 2025 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> It was the first women's tri-nation international series hosted by [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/sri-lanka-to-host-india-and-south-africa-in-a-tri-nation-series |title=Sri Lanka to host India and South Africa in a tri-nation series |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref> The series served as preparation ahead of the [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://economictimes.com/news/sports/india-to-play-odi-tri-series-in-sri-lanka-ahead-of-womens-world-cup/articleshow/118764307.cms |title=India to play ODI tri-series in Sri Lanka ahead of Women's World Cup |work=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref> All of the matches were played at the [[R. Premadasa Stadium]] in [[Colombo]] in a double round-robin format.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://srilankacricket.lk/2025/03/womens-cricket-tri-nation-series/ |access-date=6 March 2025 |title=Women’s Cricket, Tri-Nation Series |work=[[Sri Lanka Cricket]]}}</ref> In the final, India defeated Sri Lanka by 97 runs to win the series.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=11 May 2025 |title=Mandhana ton helps India seal tri-series with World Cup on horizon |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/mandhana-ton-helps-india-seal-tri-series-with-world-cup-on-horizon |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=11 May 2025 |title=Sneh Rana's 'simple plan' delivers big as India win Women's Tri-Nation Series |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/sneh-ranas-simple-plan-delivers-big-as-india-win-womens-tri-nation-series/articleshow/121083795.cms |work=Times of India}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; margin:auto"
|-
! {{crw|SL}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Sri Lanka name strong squad for India, South Africa tri-nation series |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/sri-lanka-name-strong-squad-for-india-south-africa-tri-nation-series |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |access-date=23 April 2025}}</ref>
! {{crw|IND}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/a03kMsII |title=Team India (Senior Women) for Women’s Tri-Nation ODI series against Sri Lanka and South Africa |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] |access-date=8 April 2025}}</ref>
! {{crw|SA}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricket.co.za/meso-naidu-and-smit-receive-maiden-call-ups-for-proteas-womens-odi-tri-series-squad/ |title=Meso, Naidu and Smit receive maiden call-ups for Proteas Women's ODI Tri-Series squad |work=[[Cricket South Africa]] |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Chamari Athapaththu]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Kavisha Dilhari]]
* [[Vishmi Gunaratne]]
* [[Hansima Karunaratne]]
* [[Achini Kulasuriya]]
* [[Sugandika Kumari]]
* [[Malki Madara]]
* [[Manudi Nanayakkara]]
* [[Hasini Perera]]
* [[Inoshi Priyadharshani]]
* [[Inoka Ranaweera]]
* [[Harshitha Samarawickrama]]
* [[Anushka Sanjeewani]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Rashmika Sewwandi]]
* [[Nilakshi de Silva]]
* [[Dewmi Vihanga]]
* [[Piumi Wathsala]]
|
* [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Smriti Mandhana]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Yastika Bhatia]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Shree Charani]]
* [[Harleen Deol]]
* [[Kashvee Gautam]]
* [[Richa Ghosh]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Kranti Goud]]
* [[Tejal Hasabnis]]
* [[Amanjot Kaur]]
* [[Sneh Rana (cricketer)|Sneh Rana]]
* [[Pratika Rawal]]
* [[Arundhati Reddy]]
* [[Jemimah Rodrigues]]
* [[Deepti Sharma]]
* [[Shuchi Upadhyay]]
|
* [[Laura Wolvaardt]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* <s>[[Anneke Bosch]]</s>
* [[Tazmin Brits]]
* [[Nadine de Klerk]]
* [[Annerie Dercksen]]
* [[Lara Goodall]]
* [[Sinalo Jafta]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Ayabonga Khaka]]
* [[Masabata Klaas]]
* [[Suné Luus]]
* [[Karabo Meso]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Nonkululeko Mlaba]]
* [[Seshnie Naidu]]
* [[Nondumiso Shangase]]
* [[Miané Smit]]
* [[Chloe Tryon]]
|}

On 17 April, [[Anneke Bosch]] was ruled out the series due to illness, and was replaced by [[Lara Goodall]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricket.co.za/goodall-replaces-bosch-in-proteas-women-tri-series-squad-due-to-illness/ |title=Goodall replaces Bosch in Proteas Women tri-series squad due to illness |work=[[Cricket South Africa]] |access-date=17 April 2025}}</ref>

On 6 May, [[Kashvee Gautam]] was ruled out of the tournament due to injury, with [[Kranti Goud]] named as her replacement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/kranti-goud-added-to-indias-tri-series-squad-kashvee-ruled-out-injured-ws-l-9326190.html |title=Kranti Goud Added To India’s Tri-Series Squad, Kashvee Ruled Out Injured |work=News18 |access-date=11 May 2025}}</ref>

==Points table==
{{2025 Sri Lanka Women's Tri-Nation Series}}

==Fixtures==
===1st ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 27 April 2025
| time = 10:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 147 (38.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[Hasini Perera]] 30 (46)
| wickets1 = [[Sneh Rana (cricketer)|Sneh Rana]] 3/31 (8 overs)
| score2 = 149/1 (29.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Pratika Rawal]] 50[[not out|*]] (62)
| wickets2 = [[Inoka Ranaweera]] 1/32 (7.4 overs)
| result = India won by 9 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1476980.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]]
| umpires = [[Anna Harris]] (Eng) and [[Nimali Perera]] (SL)
| motm = [[Pratika Rawal]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = The match was reduced to 39 overs per side due to rain and wet outfield.
| notes = [[Malki Madara]], [[Piumi Wathsala]] (SL), [[Shree Charani]] and [[Kashvee Gautam]] (Ind) all made their ODI debuts.
}}

===2nd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 29 April 2025
| time = 10:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|SA}}
| score1 = 276/6 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Pratika Rawal]] 78 (91)
| wickets1 = [[Nonkululeko Mlaba]] 2/55 (10 overs)
| score2 = 261 (49.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Tazmin Brits]] 109 (107)
| wickets2 = [[Sneh Rana (cricketer)|Sneh Rana]] 5/43 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 15 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1476981.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]]
| umpires = [[Anna Harris]] (Eng) and [[Dedunu Silva]] (SL)
| motm = [[Sneh Rana (cricketer)|Sneh Rana]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Karabo Meso]] (SA) made her ODI debut.
* [[Sneh Rana (cricketer)|Sneh Rana]] (Ind) took her first [[five-wicket haul]] in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/sneh-rana-pratika-rawal-india-women-beat-south-africa-women-2716970-2025-04-29 |title=Sneh Rana, Rawal star as India thump South Africa by 15 runs in Women's Tri series |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=29 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/sneha-rana-s-maiden-five-for-rawal-s-excellent-fifty-power-india-to-15-run-win-over-south-africa-101745929393804.html |title=Sneha Rana's maiden five-for, Rawal's excellent fifty power India to 15 run-win over South Africa |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=29 April 2025}}</ref>
}}

===3rd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 2 May 2025
| time = 10:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|SA}}
| team2 = {{crw|SL}}
| score1 = 235/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Annerie Dercksen]] 61[[not out|*]] (60)
| wickets1 = [[Malki Madara]] 4/50 (10 overs)
| score2 = 237/5 (46.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Harshitha Samarawickrama]] 77 (93)
| wickets2 = [[Nonkululeko Mlaba]] 2/44 (10 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1476982.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]]
| umpires = [[Anna Harris]] (Eng) and [[Nimali Perera]] (SL)
| motm = [[Harshitha Samarawickrama]] (SL)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Dewmi Vihanga]] (SL) made her ODI debut.
* [[Kavisha Dilhari]] played in her 100th international match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/tri-nation-series-in-sri-lanka-2025/66521-malki-madara-and-harshitha-madavi-lead-as-clinical-sri-lanka-women-beat-south-africa-women.html |title=Malki Madara and Harshitha Madavi lead as clinical Sri Lanka Women beat South Africa Women |work=Female Cricket |access-date=2 August 2025}}</ref>
* [[Harshitha Samarawickrama]] and Kavisha Dilhari's 128 run partnership became the Sri Lanka's highest for the 4th wicket in women's ODIs, breaking the record of 118 between [[Chamani Seneviratne]] and [[Hiroshi Abeysinghe]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/sri-lanka-women-s-odi-tri-series-2025-1476972/sri-lanka-women-vs-south-africa-women-3rd-match-1476982/match-report |title=Madara, Samarawickrama and Dilhari lead Sri Lanka's rout of South Africa |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 May 2025}}</ref>
}}

===4th ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 4 May 2025
| time = 10:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|SL}}
| score1 = 275/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Richa Ghosh]] 58 (48)
| wickets1 = [[Chamari Athapaththu]] 3/43 (10 overs)
| score2 = 278/7 (49.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Nilakshi de Silva]] 56 (33)
| wickets2 = [[Sneh Rana (cricketer)|Sneh Rana]] 3/45 (10 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 3 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1476983.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]]
| umpires = [[Anna Harris]] (Eng) and [[Dedunu Silva]] (SL)
| motm = [[Nilakshi de Silva]] (SL)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Smriti Mandhana]] (Ind) played in her 100th ODI match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/66566-smriti-mandhana-becomes-7th-indian-to-complete-100-womens-odis.html |title=Smriti Mandhana becomes 7th Indian to complete 100 Women’s ODIs |work=Female Cricket |access-date=4 May 2025}}</ref>
* This was the highest match aggregate (553) involving India and Sri Lanka in women's ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/headtohead/team-highest-match-aggregates/india-women-sri-lanka-women-1863vs3672/women-s-one-day-internationals-9 |title=Highest match aggregates for India Women vs Sri Lanka Women in WODIs |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=4 May 2025}}</ref>
}}

===5th ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 7 May 2025
| time = 10:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|SA}}
| score1 = 337/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jemimah Rodrigues]] 123 (101)
| wickets1 = [[Nadine de Klerk]] 2/54 (9 overs)
| score2 = 314/7 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Annerie Dercksen]] 81 (80)
| wickets2 = [[Amanjot Kaur]] 3/59 (9 overs)
| result = India won by 23 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1476984.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]]
| umpires = [[Anna Harris]] (Eng) and [[Nimali Perera]] (SL)
| motm = [[Jemimah Rodrigues]] (Ind)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Shuchi Upadhyay]] (Ind) and [[Miané Smit]] (SA) both made their ODI debuts.
* [[Deepti Sharma]] and [[Jemimah Rodrigues]]'s 122 run partnership became the India's highest for the 5th wicket in women's ODIs, breaking the record of 108 between [[Mithali Raj]] and [[Veda Krishnamurthy]] in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/jemimah-rodrigues-deepti-sharma-create-history-becomes-first-player-in-the-world-to-compete-unique-feat-article-151583296 |title=Jemimah Rodrigues, Deepti Sharma Create History; Becomes First Player In The World to Compete Unique feat |work=Times Now |access-date=8 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/ton-up-jemimah-rodrigues-all-round-deepti-sharma-shine-as-ind-w-seal-spot-in-final-with-23-run-win-vs-sa-w-article-151586610 |title=Ton-Up Jemimah Rodrigues, All-Round Deepti Sharma Shine As Ind-W Seal Spot In Final With 23-Run Win VS SA-W |work=Times Now |access-date=8 May 2025}}</ref>
* This was the highest match aggregate (651) involving India and South Africa in women's ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/headtohead/team-highest-match-aggregates/india-women-south-africa-women-1863vs3379/women-s-one-day-internationals-9 |title=Highest match aggregates for India Women vs South Africa Women in WODIs |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=8 May 2025}}</ref>
}}

===6th ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 May 2025
| time = 10:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|SA}}
| team2 = {{crw|SL}}
| score1 = 315/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Annerie Dercksen]] 104 (84)
| wickets1 = [[Dewmi Vihanga]] 5/43 (9 overs)
| score2 = 239 (42.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Chamari Athapaththu]] 52 (57)
| wickets2 = [[Chloe Tryon]] 5/34 (8 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 76 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1476985.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]]
| umpires = [[Anna Harris]] (Eng) and [[Dedunu Silva]] (SL)
| motm = [[Chloe Tryon]] (SA)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Seshnie Naidu]] (SA) made her ODI debut.
* [[Dewmi Vihanga]] (SL) took her first [[five-wicket haul]] in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/annerie-dercksen-dewmi-vihanga-achieve-records-as-sa-eye-consolation-win-in-tri-series-clash-against-sl-2025-05-09-989492 |title=Annerie Dercksen, Dewmi Vihanga achieve records as SA eye consolation win in tri-series clash against SL |work=India TV |access-date=11 May 2025}}</ref>
* [[Annerie Dercksen]] (SA) scored her maiden [[century (cricket)|century]] in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web |title=All-round Tryon clinches victory for South Africa |url=https://supersport.com/cricket/sri-lanka-womens-tri-series-202425/news/7981ddaf-15fa-4525-a93b-2ea06f4274e6/all-round-tryon-clinches-victory-for-south-africa |work=[[SuperSport (South African broadcaster)|SuperSport]] |access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref>
* Annerie Dercksen and [[Chloe Tryon]]'s 112 run partnership became South Africa's highest for the 7th wicket in women's ODIs, breaking the record of 94 between [[Cindy Eksteen]] and [[Ally Kuylaars]] in 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/sri-lanka-women-s-odi-tri-series-2025-1476972/sri-lanka-women-vs-south-africa-women-6th-match-1476985/match-report |title=Dercksen 104, Tryon 74 and hat-trick hand South Africa consolation win |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref>
* Chloe Tryon (SA) took her first [[five-wicket haul]] and first [[Hat-trick (cricket)|hat-trick]] in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Women’s ODI Tri-Series: South Africa’s Chloe Tryon takes hat-trick, helps beat Sri Lanka by 76 runs |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/south-africa-vs-sri-lanka-women-score-result-highlights-chloe-tryon-hattrick-odi-tri-series/article69557078.ece |work=[[Sportstar]] |access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref>
}}

==Final==
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 May 2025
| time = 10:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|SL}}
| score1 = 342/7 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Smriti Mandhana]] 116 (101)
| wickets1 = [[Sugandika Kumari]] 2/59 (10 overs)
| score2 = 245 (48.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Chamari Athapaththu]] 51 (66)
| wickets2 = [[Sneh Rana (cricketer)|Sneh Rana]] 4/38 (9.2 overs)
| result = India won by 97 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1476986.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]]
| umpires = [[Anna Harris]] (Eng) and [[Nimali Perera]] (SL)
| motm = [[Smriti Mandhana]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Kranti Goud]] (Ind) made her ODI debut.
}}

== Statistics ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Leading run-scorers<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/sri-lanka-women-s-odi-tri-series-2025-17032 |title=Most runs in Sri Lanka Women's ODI Tri-Series, 2025 |access-date=27 April 2025 |work=[[ESPNCricinfo]]|lang=en}}</ref>
! Name !! Team !! '''Runs'''!! [[Innings]]
|-
| [[Annerie Dercksen]] || {{crw|SA}}
! 276
| 4
|-
| [[Smriti Mandhana]] || {{crw|IND}}
! 264
| 5
|-
| [[Jemimah Rodrigues]] || {{crw|IND}}
! 245
| 4
|-
| [[Harshitha Samarawickrama]] || {{crw|SL}}
! 203
| 5
|-
| [[Chloe Tryon]] || {{crw|SA}}
! rowspan="2" | 194
| 4
|-
| [[Pratika Rawal]] || {{crw|IND}}
| 5
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Leading wicket-takers<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/sri-lanka-women-s-odi-tri-series-2025-17032 |title=Most wickets For Sri Lanka Women's ODI Tri-Series, 2025 |access-date=27 April 2025 |work=[[ESPNCricinfo]]|lang=en}}</ref>
! Name !! Team !! [[Dismissal (cricket)|Wickets]] !! Matches
|-
| [[Sneh Rana (cricketer)|Sneh Rana]] || {{crw|IND}}
! 15
| 5
|-
| [[Dewmi Vihanga]] || {{crw|SL}}
! 11
| 4
|-
| [[Amanjot Kaur]] || {{crw|IND}}
! rowspan="6" | 6
| 2
|-
| [[Nonkululeko Mlaba]] || {{crw|SA}} || 3
|-
| [[Chloe Tryon]] || {{crw|SA}}|| 4
|-
| [[Sugandika Kumari]] || {{crw|SL}}|| 4
|-
| [[Shree Charani]] || {{crw|IND}} || 5
|-
| [[Malki Madara]] || {{crw|SL}} || 5
|}

==Broadcasting==
This is the list of channels for the Sri Lanka and Global.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://srilankacricket.lk/2025/04/womens-tri-nation-odi-series-2025/ |title=Women’s Tri-Nation ODI Series 2025 {{!}} Broadcast Platforms |work=Sri Lanka Cricket |access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref>
{| class=wikitable
!Territory
!Rights holder(s)
|-
|Sri Lanka
|{{bulleted list|'''TV''': ThePapare 2 on Dialog Television|'''Digital''': ThePapare.com (Website and Facebook) & Dialog VIU App|'''YouTube''': Sri Lanka Cricket}}
|-
|India
|'''TV & Digital''': [[FanCode]]
|-
|Global
|'''YouTube''': [[Sri Lanka Cricket]]
|}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/sri-lanka-women-s-odi-tri-series-2025-1476972 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{International cricket in 2025}}

[[Category:2025 in women's cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2025]]
[[Category:2025 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2025 in South African cricket]]
[[Category:2025 in Sri Lankan cricket]]
[[Category:Women's sport in Sri Lanka]]

Etawah Assembly constituency

2025-08-08T04:58:51Z

ChetSena61: Put Up New Stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Etawah
| map_image = 200-Etawah.svg
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| type = SLA
| electors = 4,06,509
| constituency_no = 200
| district = [[Etawah district|Etawah]]
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Sarita Bhadauria]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
}}
'''Etawah''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Etawah in the [[Etawah district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

Etawah is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Etawah Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 200 amongst 403 constituencies.
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Etawah Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/etawah.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Gopinath Dixit
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]|| Bhuwanesh Bhushan
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Hoti Lal Agarwal
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Bhuwanesh Bhushan
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Hoti Lal Agarwal
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|[[Sukhda Misra]]
|-
| [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]|| Satydeo Tripathi
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Sukhda Misra]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Ashok Dubey
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="2" |Jaiveer Singh Bhadauria
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| rowspan="3" |Mahendra Singh Rajput
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|2009^
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Raghuraj Singh Shakya]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sarita Bhadauria]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}
==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Etawah<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Sarita Bhadauriya
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:98150}}
|percentage = 39.97
|change = {{decrease}}1.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sarvesh Kumar Shakya
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:94166}}
|percentage = 38.35
|change = {{increase}}4.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Kuldeep Gupta Alias Santu
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:46525}}
|percentage = 18.95
|change = {{decrease}}0.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1186}}
|percentage = 0.48
|change = {{increase}}0.21
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:3984}}
|percentage = 1.62
|change = {{decrease}}6.22
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:245542}}
|percentage = 60.4
|change = {{increase}}2.5
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Bharatiya Janta Party]] Smt. [[Sarita Bhadauria]] won in [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate '''Kuldeep Gupta''' by a margin of 17,342 votes.<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Etawah<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Sarita Bhadauriya
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:91234}}
|percentage = 41.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Kuldeep Gupta 'Santu'
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:73892}}
|percentage = 33.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Narendra Nath Chaturvedi Urf Ballu Choudhri
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:43577}}
|percentage = 19.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:594}}
|percentage = 0.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:17342}}
|percentage = 7.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:220994}}
|percentage = 57.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|26.79|79.02|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Etawah]]
[[Category:Etawah district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Central Institute for Cotton Research

2025-07-16T15:33:19Z

ChetSena61: fix content and updated info to improve readability

{{Short description|Cotton research institute in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox institute
|name = Central Institute for Cotton Research
|image = [[File:Central Institute for Cotton Research (CICR) Logo.png|200px]]
|image_name =
|image_size =
|image_alt =
|caption =
|motto =
|founder =
|established = {{start date and age|April 1976}}
|mission = Cotton research
|focus =
|president =
|chairman =
|head_label = Director
|head = Dr. Y. G. Prasad
|faculty =
|adjunct_faculty =
|staff =
|key_people =
|budget =
|endowment =
|debt =
|num_members =
|subsidiaries =
|owner = [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|ICAR]]
|non-profit_slogan =
|former_name =
|location = Two campuses: '''1. Nagpur:''' [[NH 44]] (Nagpur Wardha Road) about 14 km from the Nagpur [[Railway Station]] and about 5 km from the [[Nagpur Airport]]. '''2. Sirsa:''' NH9, Sirsa, Haryana.
|city =
|state =
|province =
|country = India
|coor = {{coord|21.037|N|79.055|E|display=inline,title}}
|address =
|website = [http://cicr.org.in Official Website]
|footnotes =
}}

'''Central Institute for Cotton Research''' '''(CICR)''', is a central research institute established in 1976 by the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] to promote long-term research efforts in cotton production and provide support and conduct applied research on cotton with the active involvement of State Universities. The research efforts of CICR fall under the [[All India Coordinated Cotton Improvement Project]] (AICCIP), initiated by the Council in 1967. Its headquarters are located in Nagpur and the other two regional units are located at [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Sirsa, Haryana]].

==Campuses==
CIRS has two campus at Nagpur in Maharashtra and Sirsa in Haryana.

===Nagpur Campus===
'''Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur''' ('''CICR, Nagpur'' or ''CICRN'') in collaboration with the [[Government of Maharashtra]], implemented a pilot project in the [[Vidarbha]] region (highly prone to farmer suicides), based on a Brazilian model to enhance the per-acre [[crop yield|yield]] of cotton while reducing its per-acre cultivation cost. The Brazilian model is based on straight cotton crops while Indian government's model promotes the use of [[Bt cotton]] crops.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://videos.livemint.com/2012/06/20221928/Maharashtra-govt-to-test-Brazi.html?atype=tp | title=Maharashtra govt to test Brazilian model in Vidarbha | publisher=LiveMint | accessdate=21 June 2012 | author=Makarand Gadgil}} {{dead link|date=July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nation.lk/edition/lens/item/33683-indian-government-still-%E2%80%98flip-flopping%E2%80%99-on-gm-trials.html |title=Indian government still 'flip flopping' on GM trials |date=28 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026063753/http://www.nation.lk/edition/lens/item/33683-indian-government-still-%E2%80%98flip-flopping%E2%80%99-on-gm-trials.html |archivedate=2014-10-26 }}</ref>

===Sirsa Campus===
'''Central Institute for Cotton Research, Sirsa''' ('''CICR, Sirsa'' or ''CICRS'') was established at [[Sirsa]] city in collaboration with the [[Government of Haryana]]. It is located across the [[Chaudhary Devi Lal University]] on [[National Highway 9 (India)|NH9]].

== Activities ==
CICR is a [[center of excellence]] for cotton research and development in India. It focuses on developing crops, production methods, technologies, products, and services to farmers, industries and other research and development organizations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-04-09 |title=Not worried if Monsanto quits India: CICR |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/not-worried-if-monsanto-quits-india-cicr/articleshow/51749326.cms |access-date=2025-04-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mandate – Central Institute for Cotton Research |url=https://cicr.org.in/about-us/about-cicr-mandate-duplicate-1/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Studies ===

==== Socio-economic impact assessment of Bt cotton in India ====
CICR conducted survey of farmers found that cotton production increased by over 9% with the use hybrid Bt cotton seeds, helping India become a net exporter of cotton.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2012-06-07 |title=Cotton output rises by over 9 percent due to Bt seeds |url=https://www.firstpost.com/business/economy/cotton-output-rises-by-over-9-percent-due-to-bt-seeds-335648.html |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> The study on also highlighted that area under cotton has increased by 4.91% in the last 10 years. The survey was done in nine-cotton growing states of Maharashtra, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat.<ref name=":0" /> The survey also indicated to have recorded a zero [[Suicide in India|suicide]] figure in Karnataka where the figure varied between 1-4 per cent.<ref>{{cite news |date={{date|2012|06|20}} |title=Bt Cotton farmers record zero suicide rate in Karnataka |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Bt-Cotton-farmers-record-zero-suicide-rate-in-Karnataka/articleshow/14303043.cms |accessdate=21 June 2012 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== Projects ===
[[Maharashtra|Maharashtra Government]] in collaboration with CICR, implemented a pilot project in Vidarbha region, highly prone to farmer suicides; based on a [[Brazil]]ian model to enhance the per-acre yield of cotton while reducing its per-acre cultivation cost. However, Since the Brazilian models are based on straight cotton crops while Indian government promotes the use of [[Bt cotton]] crops, there seemed to arise a contradiction in the policies followed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gadgil |first=Makarand |date={{date|2012|06|20}} |title=Maharashtra govt to test Brazilian model in Vidarbha |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/xzwX0qkz9zSYBp9IHHfwHM/Maharashtra-govt-to-test-Brazilian-model-in-Vidarbha.html |access-date={{TODAY}} |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref>

In 2024, CICR sponsored a pilot project to leverage [[Artificial intelligence|artificial-intelligence]] (AI) methods for real-time pest monitoring to control pink bollworm infestation of cotton crops.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shagun |date=2024-07-15 |title=AI to the rescue: Cutting-edge tech to help cotton farmers fight pink bollworm |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/agriculture/ai-to-the-rescue-cutting-edge-tech-to-help-cotton-farmers-fight-pink-bollworm |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Down To Earth |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of think tanks in India]]
* [[Central Cotton Research Institute|Central Cotton Research Institute, Multan (Pakistan)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.researchgate.net/institution/Central-Institute-for-Cotton-Research List of publications from CICR]
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Indian Council of Agricultural Research]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Haryana]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Nagpur]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1976]]
[[Category:Cotton organizations]]
[[Category:Sirsa, Haryana]]
[[Category:Agricultural research institutes in India]]
[[Category:Cotton industry in India]]
[[Category:1976 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Rakhi Vijan

2025-07-06T23:19:47Z

ChetSena61: starting a post added tags - done

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| birth_name = Rakhi Vijan
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| known_for = Sweety Mathur from [[Hum Paanch (TV series)|Hum Paanch]] Monica Malpani from [[Sajan Re Phir Jhoot Mat Bolo]]
| years_active = 1993–present
| spouse = {{Marriage|Rajiv Tandon|2004|2010|end=div}}}}

'''Rakhee Vijan''' (formerly '''Tandon'''), is an Indian actress best known for her role of Sweety Mathur in the popular Indian classic [[sitcom]] ''[[Hum Paanch (TV series)|Hum Paanch]]''.<ref>{{citation
|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/hum-paanch-back-on-tv-my-father-hasn-t-watched-a-single-episode-of-the-show-reveals-rakhi-vijan-aka-sweety/story-AdlGxj7Zmz17zWgnQ7OwNP.html|title=Hum Paanch back on TV: My father hasn't watched a single episode of the show, reveals Rakhi Vijan aka Sweety l}}</ref> Her first acting credit is from the sitcom ''[[Dekh Bhai Dekh]]''. Tandon also acted in a television movie ''Humko Ishq Ne Mara'' in 1997, as well as in ''[[Golmaal Returns]]'' as Anthony Gonsalves' wife. She was last seen starring in the StarPlus TV show ''[[Faltu (TV series)|Faltu]]''. She was a contestant on the Indian reality show ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)|Big Boss]]'' in the [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 2)|second season]] in 2008 but could not survive in the house for long and got evicted in the second week (Day 13).{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0286706/|title=Humko Ishq Ne Mara|website=[[IMDb]]|date=20 December 1997}} {{failed verification|date=June 2023}}</ref>

Vijan was married to Rajiv Tandon, brother of actress [[Raveena Tandon]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/filing-for-divorce/articleshow/15772821.cms |title=Filing for divorce| publisher=Mumbai Mirror |access-date=16 July 2024 }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
*Humko Ishq Ne Mara (1997)
* ''[[Money Hai Toh Honey Hai]]'' (2008) as Mukti Kapoor
* ''[[Golmaal Returns]]'' (2008) as Julie Gonsalves
* [[Sadiyaan]] (2010)
* ''[[Thank You (2011 film)|Thank You]]'' (2011) as King's wife
* [[Krrish 3]] (2013) as Sharma's wife
*
*

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
|-
|
|
|
|-
| 1994
| ''[[Banegi Apni Baat]]''
| Shraddha
|-
| rowspan="3"|1995
| ''Baat Ban Jaaye''
| Rakhi
|-
| ''[[Hum Paanch (TV series)|Hum Paanch]]''
| Sweety Mathur
|-
| ''[[Tehkikaat]]''
| Sapna
|-
| 1996
| ''Hum Aapke Hain Woh''
| Teji
|-
| 1996-1997
| ''Mr. Mintoo''
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|1998
| ''Cincinnati Bublaboo''
|
|-
| ''[[Heena (TV series)|Heena]]''
| Ruby
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Hera Pheri (TV series)|Hera Pheri]]''
| Rashmi Premi
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Professor Pyarelal (TV series)|Professor Pyarelal]]''
| Kiran
|-
| 2002
| ''Hum Hain Dilwale''
| Reena
|-
| 2003–07
| ''[[Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin]]''
| Anjali "Angel" Suri
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Pyar Zindagi Hai]]''
| Simi
|-
| 2004
| ''Jasoos 005''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2006
| ''[[Johny Aala Re]]''
| Anchor
|-
| ''Party''
|
|-
| 2007–2008
| ''[[Jiya Jale]]''
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 2)|Bigg Boss 2]]''
| Contestant
|-
| 2010–2011
| ''[[Geet – Hui Sabse Parayi]]''
| Sweety Chaddha
|-
| 2011–2013
| ''[[Mrs. Kaushik Ki Paanch Bahuein]]''
| Billo Rani
|-
| 2012–2014
| ''[[Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon]]''
| Roma
|-
| 2015-2016
| ''[[Gangaa]]''
| Prabha
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Darr Sabko Lagta Hai]]''
| Rita
|-
|2017
| ''[[Meri Durga]]''
| Subhadra
|-
|2017-2018
| ''[[Sajan Re Phir Jhoot Mat Bolo]]''
| Monica Malpani
|-
| 2019-2020
| ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 4]]''
| Ketki Rasik Parekh
|-
|2020
| ''[[Tera Kya Hoga Alia]]''
|Tara's Mother
|-
|2022–2023
|''[[Faltu (TV series)|Faltu]]''
|Sumitra
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Bigg Boss 2}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tandon, Rakhee}}
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women comedians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-tv-actor-stub}}

Divide and rule

2025-04-03T16:07:08Z

ChetSena61: typo fix

#REDIRECT [[Divide and conquer]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Alibag White onion

2025-03-06T04:12:04Z

ChetSena61: creating new biography and citations

{{Short description|Type of onion variety from Maharashtra, India}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name =Alibag White onion (अलिबाग पांढरा कांदा)
| image =Alibag White Onions from Pezari village of Alibag taluka.jpg
| alt =Alibag White Onions from Pezari village located in Alibag taluka
| caption =Alibag White Onions from Pezari village located in Alibag taluka
| alternative names =Alibag Pandhara Kanda
| description =Alibag White onion is a white onion variety in [[Maharashtra]]
| type =[[onion]]
| area = Alibag
| country = [[India]]
| registered = 16 November 2022
| material =
| official website ={{URL|https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GirPublic/Application/Details/685|ipindia.gov.in}}}}

'''Alibag White onion''' is a traditional variety of [[white onion]] grown in the [[State of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=GI tag for Alibag's white onion brings cheer to farmers |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/gi-tag-for-alibags-white-onion-brings-cheer-to-farmers/article65680892.ece |access-date=7 December 2024 |work=BusinessLine |date=25 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> It is a common and widely cultivated crop in the [[Alibag taluka]] of the [[Raigad district]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Naik |first1=A. V. |last2=Kshirsagar |first2=P. J. |last3=Manerikar |first3=S. S. |last4=Gb |first4=Aiswarya |last5=Chavan |first5=R. A. |last6=Malave |first6=D. B. |title=Economic analysis of white onion in Raigad district of Maharashtra |journal=The Pharma Innovation Journal |date=2023 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=1585–1589 |url=https://www.thepharmajournal.com/archives/?year=2023&vol=12&issue=1&ArticleId=18191 |access-date=7 December 2024 |language=en |issn=2277-7695}}</ref> This onion is characterized by its sweetness, low pungency, and high nutritional value. It is traditionally cultivated in Alibag, specifically in villages such as Karle, Khandale, Nehuli, Talvali, Sagaon, and Wadgaon. It has been recognized since 1883 in the official gazette and known for its medicinal properties, for its health benefits, including treating heart ailments, controlling cholesterol, and regulating insulin.<ref>{{cite news |title=Alibag's famed white onion gets GI tag |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/alibags-famed-white-onion-gets-gi-tag-319235/ |access-date=7 December 2024 |work=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=24 January 2020 |first=Alka |last=Dhupkar |title=State eyes GI tag for Alibaug's white onion |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/state-eyes-gi-tag-for-alibaugs-white-onion/articleshow/73569161.cms |access-date=7 December 2024 |work=Mumbai Mirror |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Borse |first1=D. K. |last2=Patil |first2=K. D. |last3=Chavan |first3=L. S. |last4=Khade |first4=V. N. |title=Effects of Fertilizer Levels and Weed Control Measures on Growth and Yield of White Onion (Allium cepa) under North Konkan Coastal Zone of Maharashtra |url=https://epubs.icar.org.in/index.php/JISCAR/article/view/135915 |website=Journal of the Indian Society of Coastal Agricultural Research |access-date=7 December 2024 |pages=19–23 |language=en |date=2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Maharashtra: Alibag's famed white onion gets GI tag |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharashtra-alibags-famed-white-onion-gets-gi-tag-1036630.html |access-date=7 December 2024 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Vidyapeeth |first1=Mahatma Phule Krishi |title=The Research Journal of Mahatma Phule Agricultural University |date=1971 |publisher=Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2aVLAAAAYAAJ&q=Alibag+White+onion |access-date=7 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

Under its [[Geographical Indications in India|Geographical Indication]] tag, it is referred to as "Alibag White onion".<ref name=":0" />

==Name==
Alibag White onion is a prized, native vegetable crop in Alibag and so named after it.

===Local name===
It is known locally as "Alibag Pandhara Kanda" (अलिबाग पांढरा कांदा). The word "Pandhara" refers to the white colour while "Kanda" means onion in the local state language of [[Marathi language|Marathi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=उन्हाळा असो वा पावसाळा! वाचा पांढरा कांदा खाण्याचे आरोग्यदायी फायदे |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/health/white-onion-benefits-in-rainy-season-in-marathi/724571 |access-date=7 December 2024 |work=Zee 24 taas |date=28 June 2023 |language=mr}}</ref>

==Description==
List of characteristics and facts about Alibag White onion:<ref>{{cite web |title=Alibag White onion |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/685 |website=Intellectual Property India |access-date=5 December 2024}}</ref>

===Cultivation and Harvesting===
* Alibag White onions are grown using traditional farming practices, preserving the pure variety of the onion. The cultivation takes place after the rice harvest, utilizing the remaining moisture in the field. Locals have developed farming and storage practices over time through experience and gathered knowledge.

===Unique Characteristics===
* Sweet taste and low pungency
* Low [[pyruvic acid]] content<ref>{{cite news |title=Maharashtra: Alibaug white onion gets GI tag for health benefits |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/navi-mumbai/alibaug-white-onion-gets-gi-tag-for-health-benefits/articleshow/86718322.cms |access-date=7 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=3 October 2021}}</ref>
* Low sulphur content
* High protein, fat, and fiber content
* Unique method of preparation of onion braids (veni)

===Storage and Shelf Life===
* Alibag White Onion veni (braid) is prepared by skilled village women who weave the onion tops into braids, which are then paired and sold as 3–4 kg juddis, enabling storage for up to one year.

==Geographical indication==
It was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]], under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]], on 16 November 2022.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Alibag White onion |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/685 |website=Intellectual Property India |access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>

Alibag Pandhara Kanda Shetkari Utpadak Gat from [[Alibag]], proposed the GI registration of Alibag White onion. After filing the application in January 2020, the Onion was granted the GI tag in 2022 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Alibag White onion" exclusive to the Onion grown in the region. It thus became the second onion variety from Maharashtra after [[Lasalgaon onion]] and the 34th type of goods from Maharashtra to earn the GI tag.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kandavel |first1=Sangeetha |title=Nine products from across country get GI tag, Kerala tops table |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/nine-products-from-across-country-get-gi-tag-kerala-tops-table/article66264105.ece |access-date=7 December 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=14 December 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Assam's Gamosa, Telangana's Tandur Redgram, Ladakh's apricot get GI tag |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/assam-s-gamosa-telangana-s-tandur-redgram-ladakh-s-apricot-get-gi-tag-122121400918_1.html |access-date=7 December 2024 |agency=Business-Standard}}</ref>

The GI tag protects the onion from illegal selling and marketing, and gives it legal protection and a unique identity.

==See also==
* [[Lasalgaon onion]]
* [[Bangalore rose onion]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Allium}}

[[Category:Onion cultivars]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Maharashtrian cuisine]]
[[Category:GI Tagged Onion varieties of India]]
[[Category:Onion production in India]]
[[Category:Economy of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Agricultural production in India by commodity]]

Kailash Hospital

2025-01-03T16:00:48Z

ChetSena61: added page...

{{Short description|Hospital chain in India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=May 2024}}
{{notability|date=May 2024}}
{{advert|date=May 2024}}
}}
{{Infobox company
| logo = Kailash Group of Hospitals Logo.png
| image = Kailash Hospital Noida.jpg
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = [[Healthcare]]
| founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|1986}}
| founder = [[Mahesh Sharma]]
| hq_location_city = [[Noida]]
| hq_location_country = [[India]]
| num_locations = 9
| num_employees = 6,000+ (2023)
| website = {{URL|https://www.kailashhealthcare.com}}
}}

'''Kailash Group of Hospitals'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=PSU |first=Indian |date=2024-11-08 |title=Kailash Hospital & Heart Institute, Noida, Organizes Toxicology Workshop On 'Changing Needs And Necessary Changes' |url=https://indianpsu.com/kailash-hospital-heart-institute-noida-organizes-toxicology-workshop-on-changing-needs-and-necessary-changes/ |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=Indian PSU {{!}} Public Sector Undertaking News |language=en-US}}</ref> is a [[Health care provider|healthcare provider]] in [[North India]] providing multi-specialty and super-specialty [[National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers|NABH]] and [[National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories|NABL]] certified [[Health care|healthcare]] services for over the past three decades. Beginning its journey with a small [[Clinic]] in Noida, Sector-19 in 1986, Dr. Mahesh Sharma, the Group Founder launched a series of multi-specialty hospitals including Kailash Hospital & Neuro Institute in Sector-71 Noida in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=TenNews |date=2020-01-19 |title=Lalita Sharma Mother of Dr Mahesh Sharma inaugurates Kailash Hospital and Neuro Institute |url=https://tennews.in/lalita-sharma-mother-of-dr-mahesh-sharma-inaugurates-kailash-hospital-and-neuro-institute/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=tennews.in: National News Portal – Breaking News, Live News, Delhi News, Noida News, National News, Politics, Business, Education, Medical, Films, Features |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-18 |title=कैलाश हॉस्पिटल एंड न्यूरो इंस्टीट्यूट का रविवार को उदघाटन होगा, ये होंगी स्वास्थ्य सेवाएं |url=https://tricitytoday.com/news/kailash-hospital-and-neuro-institute-will-be-inaugurated-on-sunday-5312.html |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Tricity Today |language=hi}}</ref>

In 2022, the group launched its newest facility, Kailash Deepak Hospital, in [[East Delhi district|East Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2022-07-09 |title=Now Kailash Deepak Hospital is also open in Delhi {{!}} A News Of India |url=https://anewsofindia.com/2022/07/09/now-kailash-deepak-hospital-is-also-open-in-delhi/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Founder ==
The Kailash Group was founded in 1986 by [[Mahesh Sharma|Dr. Mahesh Sharma]], founder of Kailash Group of Hospitals, is the current MP ([[Lok Sabha]]) of [[Gautam Buddha Nagar district]], started his journey as a doctor from [[Noida]]. After dedicating 25 years in [[Health care|healthcare]] as a [[physician]], Dr. Sharma working on his vision of [[Welfare spending|social welfare]], stepped into [[Politics of India|politics]] in the year 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DR.MAHESH SHARMA : Bio, Political life, Family & Top stories |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/candidates/dr-mahesh-sharma |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-05 |title=The rise and rise of Mahesh Sharma |url=https://www.governancenow.com/news/regular-story/rise-mahesh-sharma |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Governance Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-11-09 |title=A doctor by profession, Mahesh Sharma gets ministerial berth |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/doctor-profession-mahesh-sharma-gets-ministerial-berth-1794583.html |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-11-10 |title=Mahesh Sharma gets a hero's welcome in Noida |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/mahesh-sharma-gets-a-heros-welcome-in-noida/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Hospitals in the Network ==
* Kailash Hospital & Heart Institute (KHHI), Noida Sector 27, UP
* Kailash Hospital & Neuro Institute (KHNI), Noida Sector 71, UP
* Kailash Hospital, Greater Noida, UP
* Kailash Hospital, Dehradun, Uttarakhand<ref>{{Cite web |date=Dec 23, 2016 |title=BJP National President Shri Amit Shah inaugurating Kailash Hospital in Dehradun, Uttarakhand |url=https://www.bjp.org/photo-gallery/bjp-national-president-shri-amit-shah-inaugurating-kailash-hospital-dehradun |website=Bharatiya Janata Party}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Shri Amit Shah at the inauguration of "Kailash Hospital" in Dehradun, Uttarakhand | date=23 December 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9lAzzyI_BHU |access-date=2024-01-06 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Shri Amit Shah at inauguration function of Kailash Hospital in Dehradun, Uttarakhand (23 Dec 2016) | date=24 December 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cVGgfHM3mPI |access-date=2024-01-06 |language=en}}</ref>
* Kailash Hospital, Khurja, UP<ref>{{Cite web |last=tennews.in |date=2016-03-22 |title=KAILASH HOSPITAL KHURJA INAUGURATED |url=https://tennews.in/kailash-hospital-khurja-inaugurated/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=tennews.in: National News Portal – Breaking News, Live News, Delhi News, Noida News, National News, Politics, Business, Education, Medical, Films, Features |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Kailash Hospital, Jewar, UP
* Kailash Deepak Hospital, New Delhi
* Kailash Institute Of Naturopathy, Ayurveda & Yoga (KINAY), Greater Noida, UP
* Kailash Health Village, Sector 62 – Noida

== Accolades ==

* Kailash Hospital & [[Neuron|Neuro]] Institute (KHNI), Sector-71 Noida was awarded 1st rank in Swachhta Ranking Competition<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=Oct 2, 2020 |title=CEO, NOIDA Authority (Source:Twitter) |url=https://twitter.com/CeoNoida/status/1311902598417399808 |website=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> held on various parameter of [[sanitation]] in the city of Noida in Category of Swachh [[Hospital]] Ranking in compliance with the Swachhta Ranking [[Swachh Survekshan]] 2022.
* Kailash Hospital Sector-27 Noida has achieved the top position in the Swachh Hospital Category at the Noida Authority's Swachhta Ranking Competition 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-12 |title=स्वच्छता रैंकिग काॅम्पिनटिषन के सम्मान समारोह में ''स्वच्छ अस्पताल कैटेगिरी'' में कैलाश अस्पताल, सैक्टर-27, नोएडा को प्रथम स्थान मिला, इस अवसर पर डा. महेश शर्मा, सांसद एवं डॉ उमा शर्मा चेयरपर्सन कैलाश समूह ने भी कैलाश अस्पताल के सभी स्टाॅफ को बधाई एवं शुभकामनाएं दी - Raftar Today |url=https://raftartoday.com/%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%9a%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%9b%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%be-%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%88%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%97-%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%be%e0%a5%85%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%a8/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohammad |first=Shafi |date=2024-03-12 |title=नोएडा अथाॅरिटी के सभागार स्वच्छता रैंकिग काॅम्पिनटिशन के सम्मान समारोह में ''स्वच्छ अस्पताल कैटेगिरी'' में कैलाश अस्पताल, सैक्टर-27, नोएडा को मिला प्रथम स्थान |url=https://ncrexpressnews.com/kailash-hospital-sect-in-clean-hospital-category-in-the-felicitation-ceremony-of-noida-authority-auditorium-cleanliness-ranking-competition/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=NCR Express News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=खबरीमीडिया |date=2024-03-12 |title=कैलाश अस्पताल ने जीता स्वच्छ अस्पताल कैटेगरी का अवॉर्ड |url=https://khabrimedia.com/kailash-hospital-won-the-clean-hospital-category-award/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=मीडिया जगत की हर हलचल पर नज़र {{!}}{{!}} Khabri Media |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Notable specialists ==
The list of doctors at Kailash Group of Hospitals includes [[Daljeet Singh Gambhir|Dr. Daljeet Singh Gambhir]], who is the Group Director of [[Cardiology]] and the receiver of [[Padma Shri award|Padma Shri Award]] by the [[President of India]] in the year 2016. He has also been awarded ‘[[Lifetime Achievement award|Life Time Achievement Award]]’ by the [[Government of Delhi]].

== In media ==
During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], Kailash Hospital was chosen as one of the vaccination centers in Noida and carried out a successful vaccination drive.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2021-01-16 |title=Kailash Hospital in Noida ready for vaccination drive |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/kailash-hospital-noida-ready-vaccination-drive-1502946729.html |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref> Also, the hospital was the fourth isolation facility to treat [[COVID-19 pandemic cases|COVID-19 cases]] in Noida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-26 |title=Kailash hospital becomes fourth isolation facility to treat Covid-19 cases |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/noida/kailash-hospital-becomes-fourth-isolation-facility-to-treat-covid-19-cases/story-1HTQkg4aN7vGr0WyzXLvOI.html |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> On the very first day of the vaccination drive, a total of 393 [[Health professional|health workers]] were vaccinated in Noida, Dr. Mahesh Sharma was the first MP to get the jab.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-17 |title=393 health workers vaccinated in Noida, Mahesh Sharma among first MPs to get jab |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/393-health-workers-vaccinated-in-noida-mahesh-sharma-among-first-mps-to-get-jab-101610840780158.html |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> In recent, the hospital has performed several life-saving surgeries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=कैलाश अस्पताल में आहार नली की गंभीर बीमारी का हुआ इलाज - Treatment of severe food pipe disease in Kailash Hospital – Uttar Pradesh Noida Health News |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/noida-treatment-of-severe-food-pipe-disease-in-kailash-hospital-21046566.html |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2023-10-18 |title=Kailash Hospital Turns Out Game Changer in Saving Newborn's Life |url=https://indianpsu.com/kailash-hospital-turns-out-game-changer-in-saving-newborns-life/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Indian PSU {{!}} Public Sector Undertaking News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shishodia |first=Rohit |title=Intrauterine transfusion fulfills woman's dream of becoming a mother |url=https://www.drugtodayonline.com/medical-news/news-topic/17239-intrauterine-transfusion-fulfills-woman-s-dream-of-becoming-a-mother |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=www.drugtodayonline.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Baghpat: शूटर दादी प्रकाशी तोमर की हालत बिगड़ी, कैलाश अस्पताल में कराया शिफ्ट, लोग कर रहे दुआएं |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/shooter-prakashi-tomar-condition-worsened-shifted-to-kailash-hospital-noida-people-are-praying/1875619 |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=शिमला |first=अंकुश डोभाल |date=2023-02-27 |title=हिमाचल के राज्यपाल शिव प्रताप शुक्ला, कैलाश अस्पताल में भर्ती, दिल्ली दौरे पर बिगड़ी तबीयत |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/himachal-pradesh/shiv-pratap-shukla-delhi-visit-governor-shiv-pratap-shukla-admitted-kailash-hospital-ann-2345116 |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Trust Of India |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/patient-undergoes-15-hour-cardiac-surgery-in-noida-after-noting-unusual-voice-hoarseness/1800364 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=www.ptinews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-10 |title=हार्ट के पास बन गया था संतरे के आकार का फोड़ा, 15 घंटे की सर्जरी के बाद मुश्किल से बची मरीज की जान |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/lifestyle/health-omg-orange-sized-abscess-in-the-main-aorta-team-of-doctors-performed-this-complex-heart-surgery-in-15-hours-saved-the-patients-life-8666245.html |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-09-08 |title=दिल्ली के इस अस्पताल में TAVI प्रक्रिया से 72 वर्षीय रोगी का बिना ओपन हार्ट सर्जरी के सफल इलाज - Heart Surgery Using TAVI |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!state/kailash-deepak-hospital-successfully-treats-72-year-old-patient-with-tavi-procedure-without-open-heart-surgery-delhi-news-dls24090801791 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETHealthworld.com |title=Patient undergoes 15-hour cardiac surgery in Noida after noting unusual voice hoarseness - ET HealthWorld |url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/hospitals/patient-undergoes-15-hour-cardiac-surgery-in-noida-after-noting-unusual-voice-hoarseness/113165906 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=ETHealthworld.com |language=en}}</ref> Kailash Hospital actively contributes to [[medical education]] in the region and in this row signed a MoU with [http://ssphpgti.ac.in/ Post-graduate Institute for Child Health (PGICH)], Noida to train paramedical students.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-29 |title=Now, paramedical students will be trained at Kailash hosp; MoU signed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/now-paramedical-students-will-be-trained-at-kailash-hosp-mou-signed/articleshow/91162841.cms |access-date=2024-01-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Recently, The cutting-edge Cuvis automated robot, a first of its kind in Noida, for [[Joint replacement|joint replacement surgery]] was introduced at the Kailash Hospital & Neuro Institute.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kailash Hospital Introduces Joint Replacement Robot, Leading Surgical Precision In Noida |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/kailash-hospital-introduces-joint-replacement-robot-leading-surgical-precision-in-noida-2729019.html |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-09 |title=जोड़ों के दर्द से न घबराएं, अब न्यूरो कैलाश अस्पताल सेक्टर 71 रोबोटिक तकनीक से करेगा इलाज - Raftar Today |url=https://raftartoday.com/%e0%a4%9c%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%a1%e0%a4%bc%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%82-%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%87-%e0%a4%a6%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%a6-%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%87-%e0%a4%a8-%e0%a4%98%e0%a4%ac%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%8f%e0%a4%82/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=मंच |first=चेतना |date=2024-03-09 |title=Noida News : अब कैलाश अस्पताल रोबोटिक तकनीक से करेगा इलाज |url=https://chetnamanch.com/noida/dont-be-afraid-of-joint-pain-now-kailash-hospital-will-treat-with-robotic-technology-147432/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=चेतना मंच |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Health care companies of India]]
[[Category:Hospital networks in India]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 1986]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Uttar Pradesh]]

Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 1982–83

2024-10-25T01:25:39Z

ChetSena61: put up info.

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 1982
| team1_image = Flag of India.svg
| team1_name =[[India national cricket team|India]]
| team2_image = Flag of Sri Lanka.svg
| team2_name = [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]]
| from_date = 12
| to_date = 22 September 1982
| team1_captain = [[Sunil Gavaskar]] [[Kapil Dev]]
| team2_captain = [[Bandula Warnapura]]
| no_of_tests = 1
| team1_tests_won = 0
| team2_tests_won = 0
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[Sandeep Patil]]
| team2_tests_most_runs = [[Duleep Mendis]]
| team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Kapil Dev]] [[Dilip Doshi]]
| team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Ashantha de Mel]]
| player_of_test_series = [[Duleep Mendis]]
| no_of_ODIs = 3
| team1_ODIs_won = 3
| team2_ODIs_won = 0
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Kris Srikkanth]]
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Roy Dias]]
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Dilip Doshi]]
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Bandula Warnapura]] [[Ajit de Silva]] [[Ashantha de Mel]]
}}

In the 1982–83 [[cricket]] season, the [[Sri Lankan national cricket team]] toured to [[India]] to play the [[Indian national cricket team]].<ref name="test 1">{{cite web | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/63320.html | title=Only Test: India vs Sri Lanka at Chennai, 17—22 September 1982 | publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] | accessdate=25 October 2014}}</ref> The tour included one [[test cricket|Test match]].<ref name="test 1" /> That match was [[Draw (cricket)|drawn]].<ref name="test 1" /> Three players scored [[Century (cricket)|centuries]]; [[Duleep Mendis]] scored 105 in both Sri Lankan innings, and [[Sunil Gavaskar]] and [[Sandeep Patil]] scored 155 and 144 respectively, both in India's first innings.<ref name="test 1" /> Three players took a [[five-wicket haul]] in the game; [[Dilip Doshi]] took five [[wicket (cricket)|wickets]] for 85 [[Runs (cricket)|runs]] in Sri Lanka's first innings, [[Kapil Dev]] took five wickets for 110 runs and [[Ashantha de Mel]] took five wickets for 68 runs.<ref name="test 1" />

The series also included a three-match [[One Day International]] (ODI) series.<ref name="ODI 1">{{cite web | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64191.html | title=1st ODI: India v Sri Lanka at Amritsar, 12 September 1982 | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | accessdate=26 October 2014}}</ref> The first ODI, at [[Gandhi Sports Complex Ground]], [[Amritsar]], was won by India by a margin of 78 runs.<ref name="ODI 1" /> The man of the match was [[Dilip Doshi]], who four wickets for 44 runs of ten [[Over (cricket)|overs]].<ref name="ODI 1" /> The second ODI was at [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[Delhi]].<ref name="ODI 2">{{cite web | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64192.html | title=2nd ODI: India v Sri Lanka at Dehli, 15 September 1982 | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | accessdate=26 October 2014}}</ref> The match was won by India by six wickets, with the Indian player [[Kris Srikkanth]] winning the man of the match award after scoring 95 runs.<ref name="ODI 3" /> The third and final ODI, held at the [[Karnataka State Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Bangalore]] was won by India by a margin of six wickets.<ref name="ODI 3">{{cite web | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64194.html | title=3rd ODI: India v Sri Lanka at Bangalore, 26 September 1982 | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | accessdate=26 October 2014}}</ref> Srikkanth scored 92, therefore he received his second man of the match award for the series in a match that completed a series [[Whitewash (sport)#Cricket|white wash]] by India.<ref name="ODI 3" /> The top scorer in the series was Sri Lankan [[Roy Dias]], who scored two centuries in a series his country didn't win a match in.<ref name="Most runs in ODI series">{{cite web | url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=564;type=series | title=Records / Sri Lanka in India ODI Series, 1982/83 / Most runs | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | accessdate=26 October 2014}}</ref> The top wicket-taker was Dilip Doshi, who took six wickets.<ref name="Most wickets in test series">{{cite web | url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=564;type=series | title=Records / Sri Lanka in India ODI Series, 1982/83 / Most wickets | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | accessdate=26 October 2014}}</ref> The top four highest wicket takers were all Indians, with Doshi taking six; Kapil Dev and [[Madan Lal]] taking five; and [[Roger Binny]] taking four.<ref name="Most runs in ODI series" /> Three Sri Lankans took three wickets; [[Bandula Warnapura]], [[Ajit de Silva]] and Ashantha de Mel.<ref name="Most runs in ODI series" />

==Background==
Before the tour, only one ODI match had been played between the countries and no test matches had been played.<ref name="before">{{cite web | url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=11;opposition=8;spanmax2=26+Sep+1982;spanmin2=01+May+1901;spanval2=span;team=6;template=results;type=team;view=results | title=Statistics / Statsguru / Combined Test, ODI and T20I records / Team records | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | accessdate=29 October 2014}}</ref> That one ODI was in the [[1979 Cricket World Cup]], held in [[England]], so the 1982–83 tour was the first series between the two countries.<ref name="before" /><ref name="1979 ODI">{{cite web | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65057.html | title=9th Match: India v Sri Lanka at Manchester, 16—18 June 1979 | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | accessdate=29 October 2014}}</ref> The 1979 match was a 60 [[Over (cricket)|over]] match that was held over three days; the first day was one [[Innings (cricket)|innings]], the second day was a rest day and the third day was the second team's inning.<ref name="1979 ODI" /> The match was won by Sri Lanka with a winning margin of 47 runs.<ref name="1979 ODI" /> Both teams didn't progress out of [[1979 Cricket World Cup Group B|group B]] to the semi-finals.<ref name="1979 tables">{{cite web | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/60806.html?view=pointstable | title=Prudential World Cup, 1979 / Points table | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | accessdate=29 October 2014}}</ref>

In the two years before the Sri Lankan cricket team's tour to India in 1982–83, India played 15 test matches<ref name="2 years prior in tests for India">{{cite web | url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;spanmax1=11+Sep+1982;spanmin1=12+Sep+1980;spanval1=span;team=6;template=results;type=team;view=results | title=Statistics / Statsguru / Test matches / Team records | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | accessdate=29 October 2014}}</ref> and 17 ODIs.<ref name="last two years in ODIs for India">{{cite web | url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;spanmax1=11+Sep+1982;spanmin1=12+Sep+1980;spanval1=span;team=6;template=results;type=team;view=results | title=Statistics / Statsguru / One-Day Internationals / Team records | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | accessdate=29 October 2014}}</ref> Of the 15 test matches, India won two matches,<ref name="last two years test wins for India">{{cite web | url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;result=1;spanmax1=11+Sep+1982;spanmin1=12+Sep+1980;spanval1=span;team=6;template=results;type=team;view=results | title=Statistics / Statsguru / Test matches / Team records (Indian test wins) | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | accessdate=29 October 2014}}</ref> drew ten matches<ref name="last two years test draws for India">{{cite web | url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;result=4;spanmax1=11+Sep+1982;spanmin1=12+Sep+1980;spanval1=span;team=6;template=results;type=team;view=results | title=Statistics / Statsguru / Test matches / Team records (Indian test draws) | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | accessdate=29 October 2014}}</ref> and lost three matches.<ref name="last two years test losses for India">{{cite web | url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;result=2;spanmax1=11+Sep+1982;spanmin1=12+Sep+1980;spanval1=span;team=6;template=results;type=team;view=results | title=Statistics / Statsguru / Test matches / Team records (Indian test losses) | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | accessdate=29 October 2014}}</ref> The team won 5<ref name="last two years ODI wins for India">{{cite web | url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=start;result=1;spanmax1=11+Sep+1982;spanmin1=12+Sep+1980;spanval1=span;team=6;template=results;type=team;view=results | title=Statistics / Statsguru / One-Day Internationals / Team records (Indian ODI wins) | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | accessdate=29 October 2014}}</ref> of their ODIs in the period and lost the other 12.<ref name="last two years ODI losses for India">{{cite web | url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=start;result=2;spanmax1=11+Sep+1982;spanmin1=12+Sep+1980;spanval1=span;team=6;template=results;type=team;view=results | title=Statistics / Statsguru / One-Day Internationals / Team records (Indian ODI losses) | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | accessdate=29 October 2014}}</ref> Comparably, in the same time period, Sri Lanka played four tests, of which they lost three and drew one.<ref name="Sri lanka last two years test">{{cite web | url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;spanmax1=11+Sep+1982;spanmin1=12+Sep+1980;spanval1=span;team=8;template=results;type=team;view=results | title=Statistics / Statsguru / Test matches / Team records (Sri Lanka in tests) | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | accessdate=30 October 2014}}</ref> Sri Lanka also played five ODIs, of which, they won two and lost three.<ref name="Sri Lanka ODIs last two years">{{cite web | url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=start;spanmax1=11+Sep+1982;spanmin1=12+Sep+1980;spanval1=span;team=8;template=results;type=team;view=results | title=Statistics / Statsguru / One-Day Internationals / Team records (Sri Lanka in ODIs) | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | accessdate=30 October 2014}}</ref>

==Squads==
The following players represented India in at least one Test or One-day International during the 1982–83 tour:

{{clear}}
{| class="toccolours" style="width: 85%; margin: 0.5em auto; text-align: center;"
! style="background:clear; width:0; text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|india}}
| style="width:85px;"| [[India cricket team|Indian squad]]
| style="background:clear; width:0; text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|India}}
|-
|colspan="3"|
1 [[Sunil Gavaskar|SM Gavaskar]] *Test {{·}}
2 [[Arun Lal|J Arun Lal]] {{·}}
3 [[Dilip Vengsarkar|DB Vengsarkar]] {{·}}
4 [[Gundappa Viswanath|GR Viswanath]] {{·}}
5 [[Sandeep Patil|SM Patil]] {{·}}
6 [[Yashpal Sharma (cricketer)|Y Sharma]] {{·}}
7 [[Kapil Dev|N Kapil Dev]] *ODI {{·}}
8 [[Madan Lal|S Madan Lal]] {{·}}
9 [[Syed Kirmani|SMH Kirmani]] †

10 [[Rakesh Shukla (cricketer)|RC Shukla]] {{·}}
11 [[Dilip Doshi|DR Doshi]] {{·}}
12 [[Roger Binny|RMH Binny]] {{·}}
13 [[Kris Srikkanth|K Srikkanth]] {{·}}
14 [[Ashok Malhotra|AO Malhotra]] {{·}}
15 [[Mohinder Amarnath|M Amarnath]]
|}
{{clear}}

The following players represented Sri Lanka on the 1982–83 tour of India:

{| class="toccolours" style="width: 85%; margin: 0.5em auto; text-align: center;"
! style="background:clear; width:0; text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Sri Lanka}}
| style="width:85px;"| [[Sri Lanka cricket team|Sri Lankan squad ]]
| style="background:clear; width:0; text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|Sri Lanka}}
|-
|colspan="3"|
1 [[Bandula Warnapura|B Warnapura]] * {{·}}
2 [[Mahes Goonatilleke|HM Goonatilleke]] † {{·}}
3 [[Roy Dias|RL Dias]] {{·}}
4 [[Duleep Mendis|LRD Mendis]] {{·}}
5 [[Arjuna Ranatunga|A Ranatunga]] {{·}}
6 [[Ranjan Madugalle|RS Madugalle]] {{·}}
7 [[Anura Ranasinghe|AN Ranasinghe]] {{·}}
8 [[Somachandra de Silva|DS de Silva]] {{·}}
9 [[Ravi Ratnayeke|JR Ratnayeke]]

10 [[Ashantha de Mel|ALF de Mel]] {{·}}
11 [[Ajit de Silva|GRA de Silva]] {{·}}
12 [[Sidath Wettimuny|S Wettimuny]] {{·}}
13 [[Vinothen John|VB John]]
|}

:''Key: *=[[Cricket captain|Captain]], †=[[Wicket-keeper]]''

== Test series ==

=== Only Test ===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 17 – 22 September
| team1 = {{cr-rt|Sri Lanka}}
| team2 = {{cr|India}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 346 (92.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Duleep Mendis]] 105 (123)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Dilip Doshi]] 5/85 (30 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 6/566 declared (131 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Sunil Gavaskar]] 155 (293)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ashantha de Mel]] 2/133 (29 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 394 (96.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Duleep Mendis]] 105 (236)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Kapil Dev]] 5/110 (24.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 7/135 (28 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Sandeep Patil]] 46 (balls faced unknown)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Ashantha de Mel]] 5/68 (14 overs)
| result =Match [[Draw (cricket)|drawn]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/current/match/63320.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[MA Chidambaram Stadium]]
| umpires = [[Madhav Gothoskar]] (IND) and [[Swaroop Kishen]] (IND)
| motm = [[Duleep Mendis]]
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat
| rain =
| notes = This was the first Test match between Sri Lanka and India
*''[[Arun Lal]] and [[Rakesh Shukla (cricketer)|Rakesh Shukla]] (both India) made their Test debuts''.
}}

The first and only test in the series started when the Sri Lankan captain, Bandula Warnapura, won the [[Toss (cricket)|toss]] and elected to bat on 17 September 1982. The match, played at [[MA Chidambaram Stadium]], started badly for Sri Lanka when they lost their first two wickets for only 11 runs with Warnapura scoring four and, fellow [[Batting order (cricket)#Opening batsmen|opener]], Mahes Goonatilleke making seven. For the third-wicket [[Partnership (cricket)|partnership]], Duleep Mendis and Roy Dias put on 153 runs before Dias was [[Dismissal (cricket)|dismissed]] [[leg before wicket]] (LBW) for 60. The next [[batsman]] who lost their wicket was Dias, who scored 105 off 123 balls. By that time Sri Lanka was on 204 runs. [[Arjuna Ranatunga]] and [[Anura Ranasinghe]] were both dismissed when Sri Lanka was on 205. Ranatunga made 25 and Ranasinghe made 0 (also known as a [[Duck (cricket)|duck]]). The Sri Lankan number six and eight batsmen both made scores in the forties. [[Ranjan Madugalle]] and [[Somachandra de Silva]] put on a seventh-wicket partnership of 77 runs before Madugalle was dismissed for 46. De Silva was out for 49 when Sri Lanka had a score of eight wickets for 304 runs. Sri Lankas innings ended 44 runs later when Ajit de Silva was dismissed for a duck. Ashantha de Mel was left [[Not out (cricket)|not out]] as Sri Lanka was bowled out for 346 runs of 92.5 overs. Of the five Indians to bowl in the innings, three of them took wickets. Dilip Doshi took five wickets for 85 runs, Kapil Dev took three wickets for 97 runs and Madan Lal took two wickets for 72 runs.

In reply to Sri Lanka's 346, India made a good start when their two openers made a first-wicket partnership of 156. The partnership ended when [[Arun Lal]] was dismissed for 63 runs. The second-wicket partnership between Sunil Gavaskar and Dilip Vengsarkar was even bigger than the first-wicket one. Their stand of 173 ended when number three Vengsarkar, was [[Run out (cricket)|run out]] for 90. By the stage of the fourth batsmen's dismissal India was three wickets for 347 runs, already one run ahead of Sri Lanka. The fourth batsmen to fall was Gavaskar who scored 155 off 293 balls. The next partnership was an even 50 between Sandeep Patil and Yashpal Sharma. India was on 403 when Sharma was dismissed for 17. [[Kapil Dev]] was India's seventh batsmen and he made an 85 run stand with Patil before Dev was dismissed for 31. Madan Lal and Patil batted until India was six wickets for 556 runs. At that point Indian captain Gavaskar [[Declaration (cricket)|declared]]. Patil made 114 [[Not out (cricket)|not out]] and Lal made 37 not out. Sri Lankan captain Warnapura tried seven bowlers, of which, only three took wickets. Those wicket-takers were Ashantha de Mel, Somachandra de Silva and Ravi Ratnayeke. De Mel took two wickets for 133, de Silva took two wickets for 162 runs and Ratnayeke took one wicket for 75 runs.

Sri Lanka's second inning started in the same ways their first one did. That is, Bandula Warnapura was out for six. Roy Dias and Ravi Ratnayeke made a second-wicket partnership of 41 before Ratnayeke, who had been promoted up the [[batting order (cricket)|batting order]] from ninth to opener, was [[Caught (cricket)|caught]] for six. Dias and Duleep Mendis again made a [[Century (cricket)|century]] partnership, this time they made 110 together before Dias was dismissed for 97, his second [[half century]] for the match. By the time Sri Lanka reached five wickets for 202 runs, Arjuna Ranatunga and Ranjan Madugalle had both been dismissed, Ranatunga for 15 and Madugalle for four. Mendis and Ranasinghe put on a spirited fightback for the sixth-wicket partnership. They had scored 89 runs together when Mendis was dismissed for 105. The seventh-wicket partnership between Ranasinghe and Somachandra de Silva was worth 49 runs. Ranasinghe was dismissed for 70 which was a polar opposite to his duck in the first innings. At the time of Ranasinghe's dismissal Sri Lanka were seven wickets for 340 runs. The last four batsmen batted around de Silva, who made 46 not out, and got Sri Lanka to 394 of 96.3 overs. Only four Indian's bowled in the innings. They were Kapil Dev, Madan Lal, Dilip Doshi and Rakesh Shukla. Dev took five wickets for 110 runs, Doshi took three wickets for 147 runs, Shukla took two wickets for 82 runs and Lal took no wickets for 43 runs.

To win the test match, India required 175 runs. Arun Lal was out for one run and Dilip Vengsarkar was out for five runs. At this stage India was two wickets for 16 runs. Sandeep Patil and Kapil Dev put on 62 runs in 52 balls for the third-wicket. While attempting to take two runs to long off, Patil and Kapil Dev ended up on the same end, and Patil was run out for 46 in 33 balls. Kapil edged de Mel to the wicket keeper for 30 in 37 balls.<ref> Match report in Sportsworld, "Prince Duleep", 13 October 1982, pp 10-13 </ref> At that stage, India were four wickets for 90 runs, still trailing Sri Lanka by 85 runs. [[Gundappa Viswanath]] was next out when he was dismissed for two runs. Yashpal Sharma and Madan Lal put on 31 runs before Lal was dismissed for nine runs. Five runs later, [[Syed Kirmani]] was dismissed five and India was seven wickets for 130 runs. Sunil Gavasker and Sharma had scored five runs together when the ninetieth and final over of the fifth and final day was bowled. India finished seven wickets for 135 runs. India fell 40 runs short of winning and Sri Lanka still needed to take three wickets to win and, therefore, the match was [[Draw (cricket)|drawn]]. The bowler that caused the most match in India's second inning was Ashantha de Mel who took five wickets for 68 runs. The two other bowlers who bowled in the inning were Ravi Ratnayeke (no wickets for 36 runs) and Somachandra de Silva (one wicket for 29 runs).<ref name="test 1" />

== ODI series ==

=== First ODI ===
{{Limited Overs Matches
| date = 12 September
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|India}}
| team2 = {{cr|Sri Lanka}}
| score1 = 7/269 (46 overs)
| runs1 = [[Kris Srikkanth]] 57 (43)
| wickets1 = [[Bandula Warnapura]] 2/41 (10 overs)
| score2 = 8/191 (46 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sidath Wettimuny]] 43 (60)
| wickets2 = [[Dilip Doshi]] 4/44 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 78 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64191.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Gandhi Sports Complex Ground]], [[Amritsar]]
| umpires = [[Rajan Mehra]] (IND) & [[Ram Punjabi]] (IND)
| motm = [[Dilip Doshi]]
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field
| rain = Both innings were shortened from 50 to 46 overs due to rain
| notes = [[Vinothen John]] (SL) made his ODI debut.
}}

The first ODI of the three game ODI series was held on 12 September. Sri Lanka won the loss and elected to [[Fielding (cricket)|field]]. India's openers, Kris Srikkanth and Roger Binny, made a first-wicket stand of 62 runs before Binny was dismissed for 16. Srikkanth and Dilip Vengsarkar took India to one wicket for 95 runs before Vengsarkar was caught out for 23. Srikkanth was dismissed 34 runs later for 57. Sandeep Patil and [[Ashok Malhotra]] made 33 runs together until Patil was dismissed LBW for 15. Malhotra was out 11 runs later for 40. At that stage India were five wickets for 173 runs. Kapil Dev and Yashpal Sharma came together and made 68 runs. Dev was dismissed for 49 and then [[Mohinder Amarnath]] for 13. Armarnath's dismissal brought the end of the match as rain had meant that four overs were not played for each team. Sharma made 37 runs not out as India finished seven wickets for 269 runs. Five Sri Lanka's took wickets in the innings. Bandula Warnapura took two wickets for 41 runs, Somachandra de Silva took two wickets for 49 runs, Anura Ranasinghe took one wicket for 21 runs, [[Vinothen John]] took one wicket for 44 runs and [[Ashantha de Mel]] made one wicket for 58 runs.

Requiring 269 runs off 46 overs to win, Sri Lanka made a bad start to their innings when Bandula Warnapura was [[bowled]] for a duck when Sri Lanka was only on eight runs. For the third-wicket, [[Sidath Wettimuny]] and Roy Dias made 59 runs. Dias was dismissed for 39. Wettimuny and Duleep Mendis put on 28 runs together before Wettimuny was dismissed for 43. Three runs later Ranjan Madugalle was caught out for one. Mendis was joined by Anura Ranasinghe and the pair put on 57 together before Ranasinghe was dismissed for 35. Ashantha de Mel was demised three runs later and, at that stage, Sri Lanka were 6 wickets for 158 runs. Mendis and Somachandra de Silva made seventh-wicket partnership of eight. Mendis was out for 33 and his dismissal brought Sri Lanka seven wickets for 166 runs, still trailing India by 103 runs. De Silva fell when Sri Lanka was on 175 runs. Mahes Goonatilleke and Ravi Ratnayeke batted out the innings together. At the end of 46 overs, Sri Lanka was 78 runs behind India's score and therefore lost the match. Dilip Doshi took the most wickets, taking four wickets for 44 runs. Three other bowlers took a wicket. They were Mohinder Amarnath (two wickets for 50 runs), Kapil Dev (no wicket for nine runs) and Madan Lal (one wicket for 24 runs).<ref name="ODI 1" />

=== Second ODI ===
{{Limited Overs Matches
| date = 15 September
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|Sri Lanka}}
| team2 = {{cr|India}}
| score1 = 8/277 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Roy Dias]] 102 (114)
| wickets1 = [[Roger Binny]] 3/39 (7 overs)
| score2 = 4/281 (40.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kris Srikkanth]] 95 (66)
| wickets2 = [[Ajit de Silva]] 1/36 (5.5 overs)
| result = India won by six wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64192.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Bhairab Ganguli]] (IND) & [[SN Hanumantha Rao]] (IND)
| motm = [[Kris Srikkanth]]
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat
| rain =
| notes =
}}

Despite losing the first ODI, Sri Lanka, once again, chose to bat after winning the toss. The second ODI started badly when Bandula Warnapura was out for four runs. This was the Sri Lankan captain Warnapura's fourth score under ten on the tour in as many matches. Sidath Wettimuny and Roy Dias made 170 runs for the second wicket, taking Sri Lanka to two wickets for 180 runs, before Wettimuny was caught for 74. Duleep Mendis was out for ten shortly after. The next batsmen to fall was Dias who made 102 off 144 balls. Eleven runs after Dias was dismissed, Ravi Ratnayeke was out for two and then, without Sri Lanka scoring another run, Anura Ranasinghe was bowled for 20. Ranjan Madugalle and Ashantha de Mel put on 11 runs for the seventh wicket before Madugalle was out for seven. When de Mel fell for 28, Sri Lanka were eight wickets for 269 runs. Ajit de Silva and Mahes Goonatilleke batted out the innings. Sri Lanka made 277 runs for eight wickets off 50 overs. Vinothen John [[did not bat (cricket)|did not bat]]. The leading Indian wicket taker was Roger Binny, who took three wickets for 39 runs.

===Third ODI ===
{{Limited Overs Matches
| date = 26 September
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|Sri Lanka}}
| team2 = {{cr|India}}
| score1 = 8/233 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Roy Dias]] 121 (144)
| wickets1 = [[Dilip Doshi]] 2/35 (10 overs)
| score2 = 4/234 (39.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kris Srikkanth]] 92 (83)
| wickets2 = [[Ashantha de Mel]] 2/58 (8 overs)
| result = India won by six wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64194.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Karnataka State Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
| umpires = [[Dara Dotiwalla]] (IND) & [[Kasturi Ramaswami]] (IND)
| motm = [[Kris Srikkanth]]
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat
| rain =
| notes = [[Rumesh Ratnayake]] (SL) made his ODI debut.
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{International cricket tours of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sri Lankan Cricket Team In India In 1982-83}}
[[Category:1982 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1982 in Sri Lankan cricket]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan cricket tours of India|1982]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions from 1980–81 to 1985]]