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Noman Rai

2026-05-05T15:43:19Z

ChenHleeLiyue: new some post basic info - done

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Noman Rai
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 4 May 2026
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Darjeeling Assembly constituency|Darjeeling]]
| predecessor = [[Neeraj Zimba]]
| successor =
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Noman Rai''' is an Indian [[politician]] from [[West Bengal]]. He won in the [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] from Darjeeling, as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|title= NOMAN RAI DARJEELING (DARJEELING) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=523|access-date=2026-05-04|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Darjeeling Assembly Constituency Result 2026|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S2523.htm|access-date=2026-05-04|website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Darjeeling election result LIVE: Noman Rai of BJP wins|url=https://www.news18.com/elections/darjeeling-west-bengal-assembly-2026-winner-live-updates-highlights-exaxt-en-liveblog-10071715.html|date=2026-05-04|access-date=2026-05-04|publisher=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Darjeeling Election Result 2026 Live: BJP retains Darjeeling seat, Noman Rai wins with 62076 votes|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/darjeeling-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-west-bengal-vote-counting-seat-constituency-candidates-leading-trailing-wbaelb-2905485-2026-05-04|date=2026-05-04|access-date=2026-05-04|publisher=India Today}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rai, Noman}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2026–2031]]

Paarijatham (2008 TV series)

2026-05-04T05:51:51Z

ChenHleeLiyue: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Asianet (TV channel)]]

Rampurhat

2026-05-03T02:48:09Z

ChenHleeLiyue: brief fixed lead for accuracy and cleaned formatting per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rampurhat
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[City]] and [[Municipality]]
| image_skyline = Aerial view of Rampurhat.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Aerial view of Rampurhat
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.17|N|87.78|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Birbhum District|Birbhum]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]
| governing_body = {{bulleted list|Rampurhat Municipality|[[Tarapith Rampurhat Development Authority]]}}
| leader_title1 = MP
| leader_name1 = [[Satabdi Roy]]
| leader_title2 = MLA
| leader_name2 = [[Asish Banerjee]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jnnurmwestbengal.gov.in/DIS/MUNI_DLB_Rampurhat.htm |title=Municipalities Name |access-date=8 May 2016 |archive-date=14 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514004710/http://jnnurmwestbengal.gov.in/DIS/MUNI_DLB_Rampurhat.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| registration_plate = WB45/WB46 (Rampurhat RTO)
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 16.32
| area_metro_km2 = 95.79
| area_metro_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=TRDA|url=https://www.sudawb.org/wbdma_oldversion/HTM/MUNI_TRDA.htm}}</ref>
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 57,833
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census data"/>
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30|
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 731224 (Rampurhat Head Post Office)
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = +91-03461 (Rampurhat Telephone Exchange)
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]]
constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Birbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|42, Birbhum]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]]
constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Rampurhat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rampurhat]], [[Hansan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hansan]]
| website = {{URL|birbhum.gov.in}} {{URL|wbtrda.org}}
| footnotes = {{URL|rampurhatmunicipality.com}}
}}
'''Rampurhat''' is a [[city]] in the [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]] district of [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It serves as the administrative headquarters of [[Rampurhat subdivision|Rampurhat]], the most populous subdivision in the Birbhum district. The city is known for its religious significance, its markets, and the area's natural environment. Rampurhat, located near the [[West Bengal]]–[[Jharkhand]] border, enjoys excellent connectivity with [[National Highway 14]] passing through the city and [[Rampurhat Junction railway station|Rampurhat Railway Junction]] being one of the busiest in eastern India.

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=300| height=350| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|24|15|0|N|87|50|0|E}}| float=left|caption=Cities and towns in Rampurhat subdivision of Birbhum district. M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre. Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly.
|mark-coord1={{coord|24|25|20|N|87|51|27|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Murarai | numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Murarai]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|33|25|N|87|51|54|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Ambhua | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Ambhua]] (CT)|
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|33|43|N|87|48|44|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Barua Gopalpur| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Barua Gopalpur]] (CT)|
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|27|45|N|87|55|30|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4=Kashimnagar| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Kashimnagar]] (CT)|
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|7|20|N|87|53|25|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Bishnupur| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Bishnupur, Birbhum]] (CT)|
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|4|45|N|87|44|50|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Fatehpur| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Fatehpur, Birbhum]] (CT)|
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|17|38|N|87|50|20|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=Nalhati | numbered7=M| mark-title7= [[Nalhati]] (M)|label-color7=#800000
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|11|10|N|87|46|38|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8=Rampurhat | numbered8=M| mark-title8= Rampurhat (M)|shape-color8=black| label-size8=13|label-color8=black 
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|59|37|N|87|45|53|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Mayureswar| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Mayureswar]] (R)|shape-color9=#A40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|8|45|N|87|50|32|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Margram| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Margram]] (R)|shape-color10=#A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|6|30|N|87|47|50|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Tarapith| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Tarapith]] (R)|shape-color11=#A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|4|42|N|87|42|46|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Mallarpur| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Mallarpur]] (R)|shape-color12=#A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|25|35|N|87|54|40|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Paikar| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Paikar]] (R)|shape-color13=#A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|18|44|N|87|57|44|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Lohapur| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Lohapur]] (R)|shape-color14=#A40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|57|49|N|87|44|45|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Kotasur| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Kotasur]] (R)|shape-color15=#A40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|24|12|5|N|87|52|56|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Hansan| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Hansan, Birbhum]] (R)|shape-color16=#A40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|3|0|N|87|50|52|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Ekachakra| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Ekachakra]] (R)|shape-color17=#A40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|56|18|N|87|50|6|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Lokpara| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Lokpara]] (R)|shape-color18=#A40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|3|15|N|87|41|43|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19= Madian| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Madian, Birbhum]] (R)|shape-color19=#A40000
|mark-coord20={{coord|24|8|50|N|87|52|49|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Basoa| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Basoa]] (R)|shape-color20=#A40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|24|11|50|N|87|43|30|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Chakmandala| numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Chakmandala]] (R)|shape-color21=#A40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|55|0|N|87|47|45|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Satpalsa| numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Satpalsa]] (R)|shape-color22=#A40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|23.8982|87.8249}}| label23=Mayurakshi River| label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23= 0| label-pos23=right| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23 =none
|mark-coord24={{coord|24.2475|87.7596}}| label24=Brahmani River| label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24=-10| label-pos24=right| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24 =none
|mark-coord25={{coord|24.5118|87.6521}}| label25=Bansloi River| label-color25 = #77A1CB| label-angle25= 10| label-pos25=right| label-size25=10| mark-size25=0| mark-title25 =none
|mark-coord26={{coord|24.0046|87.4722}}| label26=Dwaraka River| label-color26 = #77A1CB| label-angle26= 0| label-pos26=right| label-size26=10| mark-size26=0| mark-title26 =none
|mark-coord27={{coord|24|32|5|N|87|49|20|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27= Rajgram| numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Rajgram, West Bengal|Rajgram]] (R)|shape-color27=#A40000
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|16|0|N|87|31|0|E}}|arc-textA= JHARKHAND| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-120| arc-gapA=5.5| arc-radiusA=0.35}}

===Location===
Rampurhat is located at 24.17 North and 87.78 East.<ref>[http://rathnasree.htmlplanet.com/r1.pdf Coordinates]</ref>

===Police station===
Rampurhat police station has jurisdiction over Rampurhat municipality and [[Rampurhat I]] CD Block.<ref name=handbook2008>{{cite web| url = http://birbhum.nic.in/dept/BAES_DIST_STAT_BK_2008.pdf |title = District Statistical Handbook 2008, Birbhum |work = Table 2.1 | publisher= Bureau of Applied Economics and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://birbhumpolice.org/policestation.php | title = Birbhum Police | work = Police Stations | publisher = West Bengal Police | access-date = 30 January 2018 | archive-date = 12 February 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180212131641/http://birbhumpolice.org/policestation.php | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of Rampurhat I CD block are located at Rampurhat.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1908_PART_B_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Birbhum, Series 20, Part XII B | work= Map of Birbhum with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 1 February 2018 }}</ref>

===Overview===
The northern portion of Rampurhat subdivision (shown in the map alongside) is part of the Nalhati Plains, a sub-micro physiographic region, and the southern portion is part of the Brahmani-Mayurakshi Basin, another sub-micro physiographic region occupying the area between the [[Brahmani River (Birbhum)|Brahmani]] in the north and the [[Mayurakshi River|Mayurakshi]] in the south. There is an occasional intrusion of [[Rajmahal Hills]], from adjoining [[Santhal Pargana division|Santhal Parganas]], towards the north-western part of the subdivision. On the western side is Santhal Parganas and the border between West Bengal and Jharkhand can be seen in the map. Murshidabad district is on the eastern side. A small portion of the [[Padma River]] and the border with Bangladesh (thick line) can be seen in the north-eastern corner of the map.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Birbhum, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 15: Physiography | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 30 January 2018}}</ref> 96.62% of the population of Rampurhat subdivision live in the rural areas and 3.38% live in the urban areas.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census - Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 30 January 2018 }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the area. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==

As of the 2011 census Rampurhat had a total population of 57,833, of whom 29,611 were male and 28,222 were female. The literacy rate in Rampurhat city stands at 85.71%, surpassing the state average of 76.26%. Among its residents, the male literacy rate is approximately 90.36%, while the female literacy rate is 80.86%. Scheduled Castes (SC) are 23.69% of the population, and Scheduled Tribes (ST) are 1.95%.<ref name="2011 census data">{{cite web|title=Census of India Search details |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=358378|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=10 May 2015}}</ref>
{{bar box
|title=''Religions in Rampurhat''<ref name="https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/801665-rampurhat-west-bengal.html"/>
|titlebar=#28457D
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hindu]]|orange|77.83}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslim]]|green|21.56}}
{{bar percent|[[Christian]]|blue|0.35}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|0.27}}
}}

==Economics==
Rampurhat, with "hat" signifying a marketplace, serves as a central hub for local trade and commerce in the region. The principal economic activities are outlined as follows:

'''Stone quarries and crushing industries'''

The city is known for its stone quarries and crushing industries, which are vital to the local economy by supplying construction materials and providing jobs, especially for workers in the unorganized sector. This industrial belt employs people from [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]] District and [[Santhal Pargana division|Santhal Pargana]], with around 350 crushers operating in the area. It plays a key role in supplying stone chips throughout [[West Bengal]]. Despite its economic benefits, these industries pose environmental concerns, including air pollution and health risks such as Silicosis for workers. On a positive note, the office of the Assistant Labour Commissioner in Rampurhat plays a key role in protecting the legal rights of workers, particularly those in the unorganized sector in stone quarries and crushing industries.

'''Industrial Park '''

An industrial park for light industries is planned at Barsal mouza, located along NH-14, within the Rampurhat Urban Node. This project is proposed under Phase I of the [[Tarapith Rampurhat Development Authority|TRDA]]’s development plan.

'''Agriculture and livestock'''

Agriculture drives the local economy, with rice, wheat, mustard, and vegetables as the primary crops. Seasonal farming and livestock activities play a significant role in supporting the livelihoods of the rural community. Livestock farming, including the rearing of cattle, goats, and poultry, contributes to both income and the overall economy of the area.

'''Banking'''

The city has several nationalized and private banks to support economic growth, including State Bank of India, Union Bank, and Central Bank of India. The Birbhum District Cooperative Bank Ltd. is the oldest bank and plays a role in the success story of the city.

The healthcare sector and tourism also represent key economic drivers in the region.

==Tourism==

Rampurhat is mainly known for its historical significance, being a major center of several ancient temples, making it a popular destination for tourists and history. Hundreds of hotels were established there for people with religious interest.

* [[Tarapith]] is a tourist and pilgrimage destination in West Bengal, attracting a steady stream of devotees throughout the year. Visitors come not only from the state but also from neighboring regions like Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, and Assam. Located 9 km from [[Rampurhat Junction railway station|Rampurhat Railway Station]], Tarapith is home to the Maa Tara Temple, a prominent Tantric shrine dedicated to the goddess Tara. This temple holds special significance as one of the 52 Shakti Peethas in India.Tarapith is also closely associated with the revered Tantric saint [[Bamakhepa]], who worshipped at the temple and spent much of his time in the nearby [[Shmashana|cremation grounds]]. His [[ashram]], situated on the banks of the Dwarka River, is another spiritual landmark close to the temple. The Tarapith Maha Smashan, a sacred cremation ground near the temple, is famous for its Tantric rituals. A pink-colored temple dedicated to Saint Bamakhepa stands near the Maa Tara Temple. The area is steeped in ancient legends, including the belief that the third eye of Sati fell here, adding to its spiritual significance.
* [[Ekachakra|Ekchakra]] Dham, situated in Birchandrapur, lies 20 km from Rampurhat Railway Station and 10 km from Tarapith, and holds great spiritual and historical importance. It is the birthplace of [[Nityananda]] Rama, a prominent figure in the [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Gaudiya Vaishnava]] tradition and a devoted disciple and companion of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]. Born in 1474 CE, Nityananda is venerated alongside Chaitanya Mahaprabhu as Gaura-Nitai, especially at [[Nabadwip|Nabadwip Dham]]. The Dham is also known for attractions like Mala Tala, Hantugada Tirtha, Pandava Tala, and Bankima Raya Mandira. According to Hindu tradition, Ekchakra Dham is believed to have been a resting place for the five [[Pandava]]s during their exile, adding a mythological dimension to its spiritual importance.

'''[https://wbtdcl.wbtourismgov.in/property-details/5b15186a2926714bfbcbf5a7e56ac8d48ed3eff662ab036bb6c1fb1ae21f7bb107ed9fb3269d1d6a514629060c373d5c311bb2a1283a26b068b057a5e632837etNvVvMxYOiMghGS85GWkSOZyPG%2BuGO5uwqMnG1tFWrE%3D Tarabitan Tourism Property]''', situated in Rampurhat near the Circuit House, is a premier 3-star tourist lodge managed by the West Bengal Tourism Development Corporation ([[West Bengal Tourism Development Corporation|WBTDCL]]) under the Department of Tourism, Government of West Bengal. It is involved in promoting tourism in the city.

Rampurhat New Town, Rangamati Park and Gandhi Park is another popular local attraction, providing a recreational area especially for children.

==Civic administration==

The Rampurhat Municipality is responsible for managing all the civic services in the city, ensuring smooth functioning and maintenance. It is structured into 18 distinct wards, each playing a role in organizing and addressing local needs and concerns within the city. The [[Tarapith Rampurhat Development Authority]] is a government agency functioning under the Department of Urban Development & Municipal Affairs, Government of West Bengal. Its mission is to improve the quality of life in the city by introducing modern facilities and upgrading the infrastructure for the benefit of the residents.

==Education==

=== Medical Colleges ===
*[[Rampurhat Government Medical College and Hospital]]
*Government College of Nursing, RPHGMCH

=== General Colleges ===
*[[Rampurhat College]] (Affiliated to [[University of Burdwan|Burdwan University]])
*Asleha Girls College

=== Engineering / Management / Polytechnic ===
*[[Rampurhat Government Polytechnic]]

=== Teachers Training Centre ===
*Gurukul Teachers Training Centre
*Rampurhat Teachers Training College

===State Government High Schools===
* Rampurhat Jitendralal Vidyabhaban (named "Best School" in 2020, estd. 1955)
* Rampurhat High School (oldest school of Rampurhat, estd. 1886)
* Rampurhat Girls' High School (estd. 1900)
* Rampurhat High School for Girls
* Rampurhat Railway Adarsha Vidyamandir
*Hazi Moulabaksh High Madrasah

===Private Schools===
* St. Paul's School, Rampurhat (ICSE & ISC affiliated)
* [[Delhi Public School Society|Delhi Public School, Rampurhat]] (CBSE affiliated)
* [[The Heritage Academy, Kolkata|The Heritage School]] (CBSE affiliated)
* St.Xavier's World Public School (CBSE affiliated)
* [[St. Paul's School (New Hampshire)|St Pauls International School]] (CBSE affiliated)
* Gurukul Public School (CBSE affiliated)<ref>{{Cite web |url-status=live |archive-date=Feb 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206051217/https://gurukulps.in/ |title=Gurukul Public School |website=gurukulps.in |language=en |access-date=15 August 2023 |url=https://gurukulps.in/}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
[[Rampurhat Government Medical College and Hospital]] (RPHGMCH) is the only and largest tertiary referral government medical institution in [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]] district. It was upgraded from Rampurhat District Hospital in 2018. The facility features 21 departments and accommodates 626 beds. A 150-bed Mother and Child Hub is currently under construction at the hospital. The Nabarun Urban Health Centre, located at Gandhi Park, provides healthcare services to the residents of Rampurhat city.

The city has many private nursing homes and diagnostic centers, making it an important healthcare hub for the district and the [[Santhal Pargana division|Santhal Pargana]] region.
{| class="wikitable"
!Category
!Block
!Hospital Name
!Post Office
!Beds
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Primary Health Centre (India)|Primary Health Centre]]
| rowspan="4" |Rampurhat-I
|Kastagora PHC
|Kastagora
|6
|-
|Baidara PHC
|[[Haridaspur, Birbhum|Haridaspur]]
|10
|-
|Udaypur PHC
|Dekhuria
|6
|-
|Narayanpur PHC
|Narayanpur
|10
|-
| rowspan="3" |Rampurhat-II
|Tarapur PHC
|Tarapur
|6
|-
|[[Margram]] PHC
|[[Margram]]
|10
|-
|[[Dunigram]] PHC
|[[Dunigram]]
|6
|-
|Block Primary Health Centre
|Rampurhat-I
|[[Chakmandala]] BPHC
|[[Chakmandala]]
|15
|-
|Rural Hospital
|Rampurhat-II
|[[Basoa|Baswa]] RH
|[[Basoa|Baswa]]
|30
|-
|Urban Primary Health Centre
| -
|Nabarun UPHC (Near Gandhi Park)
|Rampurhat
|30
|-
|Govt. Medical College & Hospital
| -
|[[Rampurhat Government Medical College and Hospital|'''Rampurhat Government Medical College and Hospital (RPHGMCH)''']]
|Rampurhat
|626
|-
|Veterinary Hospital
| -
|Rampurhat Veterinary Hospital (at Dakbangla Para)
|Rampurhat
| -
|}

==Culture==

Rampurhat has a rich tradition of cultural activities, including fairs, circuses and entertainment events for which it is referred to as the '''“Entertainment Hub of Birbhum”'''.A number of schools teach music, dance, recitation and drama. Every year during Dol Utsab, a big programme is arranged at Netaji Subhas Muktomancha, involving multiple cultural performance groups. Rabindra Jayanti is celebrated in the town participated by many cultural groups from different localities. During Saraswati Puja, cultural programmes are organized in the schools. The local tribal people, mostly Santhals, frequently arrange for programmes representing their cultural aspects.

==Food==
Rampurhat is celebrated for its signature dessert, [[ras malai]], known for its rich, creamy texture and delightful taste. Over time, it has earned a special place in the culinary traditions of the region, gaining popularity and recognition throughout the state.

==Transport==
{{Main|Rampurhat Junction railway station}}
{{Main|National Highway 14 (India)}}
{{Main|National Highway 114A (India)}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Mode of Transport
!
!Details
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''Roadway'''
|[[South Bengal State Transport Corporation|SBSTC Bus Depot]]
|The city enjoys excellent connectivity through major [[National highways of India|national highways]], including [[National Highway 14 (India)|NH 14]] and [[National Highway 114A (India)|NH 114A]]. There is a [[South Bengal State Transport Corporation]] ([[South Bengal State Transport Corporation|SBSTC]]) bus depot in the city, providing daily government-run bus services to major destinations across [[West Bengal]]. The journey from Rampurhat to [[Kolkata]] ([[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]]), via [[Tarapith]], Kuli, Futisanko, and [[Bardhaman|Burdwan]], takes around 4.5 to 5 hours.These services provide seamless connectivity from Rampurhat to numerous key locations, such as [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]], [[Karunamoyee metro station|Karunamoyee]], [[Siliguri]], [[Asansol]], [[Durgapur]], [[Balurghat]], [[Berhampore]], [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]], [[Malda, West Bengal|Malda]], [[Raiganj]], [[Lalgola]], [[Bankura]], [[Purulia]], [[Arambagh]], [[Dankuni]], [[Haldia]], [[Jhargram]], [[Falta, South 24 Parganas|Falta]], [[Barasat]], [[Garia]], [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]], [[Habra]], and several other important destinations. Lotus Press More Bus Stand serves as a key stop for all long-route [[South Bengal State Transport Corporation|SBSTC]], NBSTC & [[West Bengal Transport Corporation|WBTC]] buses, ensuring convenient access to the city.
|-
|Rampurhat New Bus Stand & Terminus
|It is located adjacent to the [[South Bengal State Transport Corporation|SBSTC]] Depot, serves as a vital hub connecting various parts of the [[Rampurhat subdivision]], including [[Rajgram, West Bengal|Rajgram]], [[Jajigram]], [[Lohapur]], [[Nalhati]] and [[Murarai]]. It also facilitates travel to other major cities/towns within the region, such as [[Suri Sadar subdivision|Siuri]], [[Asansol]], [[Durgapur]], [[Kandi, Murshidabad|Kandi]], [[Jangipur, Murshidabad|Jangipur]], [[Berhampore]], [[Katwa]], and [[Nabadwip]]. It is operated by private bus owners.
|-
|Inter-State Bus Terminus
|It is located near Choi phuko at [[Rampurhat Junction railway station|Rampurhat Junction]]. The terminal offers hourly bus services throughout the day to destinations such as [[Shikaripara, Dumka|Sikaripara]], [[Dumka]], [[Deoghar]] and [[Jasidih]]. It plays a vital role in improving railway accessibility for the [[Santhal Pargana division|Santhal Parganas]] region. Private bus operators manage its operations.
|-
|Rickshaws
|E-rickshaws (toto) are a convenient and popular option for traveling around different parts of the city, and paddle rickshaws are also available for those who prefer them. Auto rickshaws are also available, primarily serving as transportation to popular tourist spots such as [[Tarapith]].
|-
|'''Railway'''
| colspan="2" |Rampurhat Junction railway station is the seventh busiest railway stations of [[Eastern Railway zone]] and it is the largest and busiest railway station of [[Birbhum]] district of [[West Bengal]]. It is a NSG-3 Category and Class A station. The station is under [[Howrah railway division]] is the third busiest station in this division. It is 207 kilometres (shortest route) away from [[Howrah railway station|Howrah Junction]]. Many mail, express, superfast, passenger and MEMU trains pass through and originate from the [[Rampurhat Junction railway station]]. Train service are available from Rampurhat to Kolkata, Chennai, Coimbatore, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, New Jalpaiguri, Agartala, Guwahati, Delhi, Surat, Dhanbad, Patna, Ranchi, Visakhapatnam, Thiruvananthapuram, Bhubaneswar, Ernakulam etc. The junction connects Rampurhat with [[Jasidih–Dumka–Rampurhat line|Dumka - Deoghar - Jasidih]].
|-
|'''Airway'''
| colspan="2" |Rampurhat Helipad was constructed to provide helicopter services and promote tourism in the area. [[Indian Air Force]]'s Rampurhat Airbase Station is situated at Surichua near the [[Jharkhand]] - [[West Bengal|Bengal]] border of the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IAF plans to make Birbhum aerodrome permanent base |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/iaf-plans-to-make-birbhum-aerodrome-permanent-base/cid/1792130}}</ref> It is administered by the [[Ministry of defence|Ministry of Defense]] under the [[Government of India]]. This airbase is being included under the '''[https://www.civilaviation.gov.in/sites/default/files/migration/RCS-V4.pdf UDAN RCS 4.0]''' scheme to operate as a public and commercial airport, enabling regular public transportation services.The nearest domestic airport is [[Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport]], 87 km away, while [[Deoghar Airport]] is 135 km from the city. The [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Airport]] in [[Kolkata]] is the closest airport for international travel.
|}

==New Infrastructure - Ring Road==
To enhance intra-regional mobility in Rampurhat city, plans have been made for the development of a '''[[Ring road|Ring Road]]''' encircling the Rampurhat urban node, stretching from Barsal mouza in the south to Batail mouza in the north, designed to bypass regional traffic along the [[National Highway 14 (India)|Kharagpur–Morgram Highway]]. As part of this initiative, a bypass road is also proposed from Barsal mouza to Nischintapur in the west to ease congestion and divert traffic from [[National Highway 114A (India)|Dumka Road]]. A new road from Batail mouza to Dumka Road ( Suricua Air Base) through Boro Pharai, Chakaipur and Kusumba has also been constructed as part of the proposed ring road plan. All roads included in this [https://wbtrda.org/planning/ludcp/LUDCP%20Report_TRDA%20Final.pdf ring road project] are planned to have a uniform width of 30 metres.

==Post office==
Rampurhat has a delivery head post office, with PIN 731224. Non-delivery sub offices with the same PIN are Mahajanpatty PO, Nischintapur PO and Railpar Birbhum PO.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://pincodezip.in/pincode/west-bengal/birbhum/birbhum/lohapur | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180202130621/http://pincodezip.in/pincode/west-bengal/birbhum/birbhum/lohapur | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 2 February 2018 | title = Birbhum Postal Zip Code Finder by Post Office | publisher = pincodezip.in |access-date = 1 February 2018}}</ref>

The post office offers banking services along with an ATM. It also functions as a [[Post Office Passport Seva Kendra|Passport Seva Kendra]].

==Notable residents==
*[[Nityananda|Nityananda Prabhu]], Religious reformer
*[[Muhammad Qudrat-i-Khuda]], chemist, educationist and writer.
*[[Bamakhepa]], Indian Hindu saint
*[[Purna Das Baul Samrat]], Indian musician and singer
*[[Surojit Chatterjee]], Indian Musician

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.birbhumtoday.com/|title=Birbhum TODAY|website=Birbhum TODAY|access-date=2019-02-16}}

{{Birbhum District}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Birbhum topics}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Birbhum district]]

Badnera Assembly constituency

2026-05-02T08:02:42Z

ChenHleeLiyue: new data...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Badnera
| map_image = 37-Badnera.svg
| map_caption =
| mla = [[Ravi Rana]]
| party = {{Color box|#1A34BB}} [[Ravi Rana|RYSP]]
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Amravati district|Amravati]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Amravati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amravati]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Ravi Rana MLA (cropped).jpg
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 37
| electors = 364,110
}}
'''Badnera Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 constituencies of [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]] and one of the eight which are located in [[Amravati district]].

It is a part of the [[Amravati (Lok Sabha constituency)]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha assembly constituencies, viz. [[Amravati Assembly constituency|Amravati]], [[Teosa Assembly constituency|Teosa]], [[Daryapur Assembly constituency|Daryapur (SC)]], [[Melghat Assembly constituency|Melghat (ST)]] and [[Achalpur Assembly constituency|Achalpur]].

The remaining two [[Dhamangaon Railway Assembly constituency|Dhamangaon Railway]] and [[Morshi Assembly constituency|Morshi]] constituencies are part of the Wardha (Lok Sabha constituency) in the adjoining Wardha district.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |access-date=19 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=25 February 2009 |df= }}</ref>

As per orders of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 37 Badnera Assembly constituency is composed of the following:
1. Amravati Tehsil (Part), Revenue Circle – Amravati and Badnera, 2. Amravati (M.Corp.)–Ward No. 6 to 18, 32 to 40, 57 to 61, 72,73, 3. Bhatkuli Tehsil (Part), Revenue Circle – Bhatkuli and Nimbha. of the [[district]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XVII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule XVII Maharashtra, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |publisher = |accessdate = 2015-03-11 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || rowspan=2 | Purushottam K. Deshmukh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Krishnrao Shrungare
|{{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India}}
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Purushottam Deshmukh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Mangaldas Yadav
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan=2|Ram Meghe
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Pradeep Wadnere
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan="2" |Dnyaneshwar Dhane Patil
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| [[Sulbha Sanjay Khodke|Sulbha Khodke]]
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Ravi Rana]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|{{party name with color|Ravi Rana|shortname=Rashtriya Yuva Swabhiman Party|color=#1A34BB}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Badnera<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Badnera">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Badnera |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1337.htm |access-date=3 December 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203180028/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1337.htm |archive-date=3 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate |candidate=[[Ravi Rana]] |party=[[Ravi Rana|RYSP]] | color = #1A34BB | votes = 127,800 |percentage = 60.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Band Priti Sanjay |party=Independent politician |votes = 60,826 |percentage = 28.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kharate Sunil Baldeorao |party=Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 7,121 |percentage = 3.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramesh Pandurang Nagdive |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,502 |percentage = 1.65% |change={{decrease}}0.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tushar Panditrao Bhartiya |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,337 |percentage = 1.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Leena Ghanshyam Dhole |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 1,672 |percentage = 0.79% |change={{decrease}}3.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prashant Panjabrao Jadhav |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,309 |percentage = 0.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 692 |percentage = 0.33% |change={{decrease}}0.39 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 66,974 |percentage = 31.62% |change= {{increase}}23.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 212,501 |percentage = 58.36% |change= {{increase}}6.09 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 211,809}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 364,110|ref = |change= {{increase}}2.31 }}
{{Election box hold |winner = [[Ravi Rana|RYSP]] | color = #1A34BB |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}11.53 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Badnera<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ravi Rana]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 90,460 |percentage = 48.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Band Priti Sanjay |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 74,919 |percentage = 40.42% |change={{increase}}18.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pramod Yashwantrao Ingale |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 8,205 |percentage = 4.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sheela Santosh Meshram |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,740 |percentage = 2.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Vilas Devidas Gawande |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,419 |percentage = 1.84% |change={{decrease}}5.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,329 |percentage = 0.72% |change={{decrease}}0.14 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,541 |percentage = 8.39% |change= {{increase}}4.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 186,850 |percentage = 52.50% |change= {{decrease}}4.81 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 185,336}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 355,888|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.82 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}22.48 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Badnera<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ravi Rana]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 46,827 |percentage = 26.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Band Sanjay Raosaheb |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 39,408 |percentage = 22.15% |change={{increase}}10.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sulbha Sanjay Khodke]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 33,897 |percentage = 19.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhartiya Tushar Panditrao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 31,455 |percentage = 17.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ravi Bhauraoji Vaidhya |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 12,663 |percentage = 7.12% |change={{increase}}4.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adatiya Vinesh Jayantial |party=Independent politician |votes = 9,786 |percentage = 5.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,522 |percentage = 0.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,419 |percentage = 4.17% |change= {{decrease}}7.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 179,655 |percentage = 57.46% |change= {{increase}}0.34 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 177,881}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 312,684|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.67 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}20.63 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Badnera<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ravi Rana]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 73,031 |percentage = 46.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sulbha Sanjay Khodke]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 54,260 |percentage = 34.88% |change={{decrease}}1.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sudhir Narayanrao Suryawanshi |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 17,582 |percentage = 11.30% |change={{decrease}}21.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv.Manish Madhukarrao Sawalakhe |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,209 |percentage = 2.71% |change={{decrease}}12.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Athawaley Sanjay Hiramanji |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 1,433 |percentage = 0.92% |change={{decrease}}8.39 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,771 |percentage = 12.07% |change= {{increase}}8.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 155,604 |percentage = 56.57% |change= {{decrease}}5.92 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 155,543}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 275,076|ref = |change= {{increase}}15.23 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}10.07 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Badnera}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sulbha Sanjay Khodke]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 54,995 |percentage = 36.88% |change={{increase}}23.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dyaneshwar Dhane Patil |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 49,236 |percentage = 33.02% |change={{decrease}}7.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pramod Damodar Tarhekar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 23,266 |percentage = 15.60% |change={{increase}}14.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Baba Rathod |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 13,889 |percentage = 9.31% |change={{increase}}2.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramdas Vishwanath Junghare |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,063 |percentage = 1.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mahore Satish Vitthalrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,264 |percentage = 0.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gunwant Jaguji Garode |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,169 |percentage = 0.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,759 |percentage = 3.86% |change= {{decrease}}6.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 149,241 |percentage = 62.52% |change= {{increase}}6.84 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 149,129}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 238,727|ref = |change= {{increase}}16.67 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}3.60 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Badnera<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dnyaneshwar Dhane Patil |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 46,079 |percentage = 40.48% |change={{increase}}13.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Baba Alias Pratapsingh Dhanpat Rathod |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 34,523 |percentage = 30.33% |change={{increase}}22.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prof. Kale Pramod Manikrao |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 15,122 |percentage = 13.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dudhe Vinayak Tukaram |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 8,098 |percentage = 7.11% |change={{decrease}}11.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tukaram Janglaji Bhasme |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 5,372 |percentage = 4.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nitin Nagorao Mohod |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,522 |percentage = 2.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prof. Pawar Ramesh Balaji |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,056 |percentage = 0.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,556 |percentage = 10.15% |change= {{increase}}1.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 119,421 |percentage = 58.36% |change= {{decrease}}13.17 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 113,831}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 204,622|ref = |change= {{increase}}5.87 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{increase}}13.51 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Badnera<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dhane Dnyaneshwar Mahadeo |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 35,862 |percentage = 26.97% |change={{decrease}}2.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vinayak Tukaramji Dudhe |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 24,565 |percentage = 18.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Choudhari Usha Prakash |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 10,807 |percentage = 8.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Inzalkar Prakash Ramhari |party=Independent politician |votes = 8,920 |percentage = 6.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhepe Pravin Panjabrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 7,795 |percentage = 5.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ingole Charandas Pairuji |party=Janata Dal |votes = 4,912 |percentage = 3.69% |change={{decrease}}10.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bagade Gangaram Vanduji |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,991 |percentage = 3.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,297 |percentage = 8.50% |change= {{decrease}}5.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 135,059 |percentage = 69.88% |change= {{increase}}11.62 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 132,960}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 193,270|ref = |change= {{increase}}25.45 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}2.80 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Badnera<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Wadnere Pradeep Babanrao |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 26,224 |percentage = 29.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yate Purushottam Vishnupant |party=Independent politician |votes = 13,929 |percentage = 15.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Inzalkar Prakash Ramhari |party=Janata Dal |votes = 12,125 |percentage = 13.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Purushottamdas Kisanlal Bagdi |party=Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes = 11,710 |percentage = 13.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gondane Anil Balkrishna |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,826 |percentage = 7.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rangacharya Shrikrishna Pundlik |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,560 |percentage = 5.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jawanjal Madhukar Wamanrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,026 |percentage = 3.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,295 |percentage = 13.96% |change= {{decrease}}0.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 89,276 |percentage = 57.95% |change= {{increase}}4.05 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 88,081}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 154,064|ref = |change= {{increase}}33.92 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}15.02 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Badnera<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Meghe Ram Krushnarao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 27,374 |percentage = 44.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gawande Arun Vithalrao |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 18,573 |percentage = 30.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anandrao Hiraman Ingale |party=Independent politician |votes = 10,974 |percentage = 17.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bansod Nemichand Maroti |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 3,431 |percentage = 5.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,801 |percentage = 14.40% |change= {{decrease}}20.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 61,987 |percentage = 53.88% |change= {{increase}}4.46 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 61,118}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 115,043|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.51 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}7.75 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Badnera<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Meghe Ram Krushnarao |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 26,380 |percentage = 52.53% |change={{decrease}}6.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tikhile Ramdas Champatrao |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 8,632 |percentage = 17.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gudadhe Kisan Marotirao |party=Independent politician |votes = 7,272 |percentage = 14.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Riyaj Ahamad M. Yusuf |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,698 |percentage = 9.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yadao Mangaldas Bholaram |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,008 |percentage = 5.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,748 |percentage = 35.34% |change= {{decrease}}6.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 51,191 |percentage = 49.62% |change= {{decrease}}23.05 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,215}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 103,172|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.69 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}6.33 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Badnera<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Yadao Mangaldas Bholaram |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 40,828 |percentage = 58.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhepe Pravin Panjab |party=Independent politician |votes = 11,908 |percentage = 17.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nannaware Gajanan Dewaji |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 7,999 |percentage = 11.53% |change={{increase}}9.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Diwanji Bhalchandra Krushnarao |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 4,614 |percentage = 6.65% |change={{decrease}}4.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shrungare Krishnarao Bhanuji |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 2,643 |percentage = 3.81% |change={{decrease}}14.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dharia J. M. |party=Independent politician |votes = 591 |percentage = 0.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khandare Yeshwantrao Bapuji |party=Independent politician |votes = 587 |percentage = 0.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 28,920 |percentage = 41.70% |change= {{decrease}}2.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 70,964 |percentage = 73.39% |change= {{increase}}2.99 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 69,356}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,699|ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.89 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}3.23 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Badnera<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Purushottam K. Deshmukh |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 41,649 |percentage = 62.10% |change={{increase}}23.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Krishn Rao B. Shrunngare |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 12,019 |percentage = 17.92% |change={{decrease}}34.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dattatraya T. Chaudhari |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 7,313 |percentage = 10.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nilkanth Makaram Gajbhiye |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,674 |percentage = 2.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sukhdeo Fagoji Tidke |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 1,620 |percentage = 2.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Waghamare Sudam Akaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,273 |percentage = 1.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yadao Sitaram Wath |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,233 |percentage = 1.84% |change={{decrease}}3.12 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 29,630 |percentage = 44.18% |change= {{increase}}29.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 68,862 |percentage = 70.58% |change= {{increase}}1.19 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 67,066}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,570|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.73 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Republican Party of India |swing= {{increase}}9.25 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Badnera<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Krishn Rao B. Shrunngare |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 31,744 |percentage = 52.85% |change={{increase}}22.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Purushottam K. Deshmukh |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 23,091 |percentage = 38.44% |change={{decrease}}2.2 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=P. G. Deo |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,977 |percentage = 4.96% |change={{increase}}0.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Y. B. Khandare |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,902 |percentage = 3.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,653 |percentage = 14.41% |change= {{increase}}4.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 63,873 |percentage = 71.83% |change= {{increase}}3.34 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 60,065}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,921|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.37 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Republican Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}12.21 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Badnera<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Purushottam K. Deshmukh |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 21,025 |percentage = 40.64% |change={{decrease}}9.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sukhadeorao Phagoji Tidke |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 15,941 |percentage = 30.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pundlikrao Suryabhan Epukar |party=Independent politician |votes = 7,855 |percentage = 15.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jaikumar Motisa Saharkar |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,783 |percentage = 5.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shriram Ramdas Umekar |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,181 |percentage = 4.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=N. K. Gharjare |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,262 |percentage = 2.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,084 |percentage = 9.83% |change= {{decrease}}10.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 55,645 |percentage = 69.07% |change= {{decrease}}9.53 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 51,731}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,567|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.68 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.84 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Badnera<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Purushottam K. Deshmukh |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 27,344 |percentage = 50.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tidke Sukdeo Fagoji (Sc) |party=Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 16,366 |percentage = 30.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patekar Vithalrao Harishchandra |party=Independent politician |votes = 8,855 |percentage = 16.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dole Narayan Ramchandra |party=Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad |votes = 1,602 |percentage = 2.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,978 |percentage = 20.27% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 54,167 |percentage = 73.74% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 54,167}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,454|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Badnera]]

==Notes==
<references/>

{{coord|20|51|25.95|N|77|43|42.29|E|region:IN|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Amravati district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Khamgaon Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-01T11:58:22Z

ChenHleeLiyue: stub.

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Indian parliament in Maharashtra}}
{{Unreferenced|date=May 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Khamgaon
| type = LS
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = Maharashtra
| union_territory =
| established = 1962
| abolished = 1977
| assembly_cons =
| latest_election_year = 2004
| reservation = SC
| mp =
| party =
| electors =
| preceded_by =
}}
'''[[Khamgaon]] Lok Sabha constituency''' was a [[Lok Sabha]] (Parliamentary) constituency of [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]]. This constituency was in existence during Lok Sabha elections of 1962, 1967 and 1971 for the [[3rd Lok Sabha|3rd]] to [[5th Lok Sabha]]. It was abolished for 1977 Lok Sabha elections, with creation of new [[Washim (Lok Sabha constituency)]] in neighbouring [[Akola district]]. It was reserved for Scheduled Caste candidate.

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| colspan=4|{{center|''1952-61 : Constituency does not exist''}}
|-
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| [[Laxman Shrawan Bhatkar]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-Color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan=3|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |Arjun Shripat Kasture
|-
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
| colspan=4|{{center|''1976 onwards : See [[Washim Lok Sabha constituency]]''}}
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Buldhana (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
* [[Akola (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
* [[Washim (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
* [[List of former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Buldhana district]]
* [[Akola district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|20.7|76.6|display=title}}

[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1977 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1977]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

Dharamsoth Redya Naik

2026-04-30T02:22:56Z

ChenHleeLiyue: creating the post with sources

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Dharamsoth Redya Naik in 2015 (cropped).jpg
| office = Member of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = June 2014<ref>{{cite web |title=Dharamsoth Redya Naik |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/dharam-soth-redya-naik |website=PRS India |access-date=22 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dornakal Assembly Elections Result 2018: TRS' D.S. Redya Naik wins in state election |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/telangana-election/article/dornakal-assembly-constituency-election-2018-d-redya-naik-legislative-poll-kcr-kalvakuntla-chandrashekar-rao-tdp-telugu-desam-party-congress-telangana/323996 |website=Times Now |date=11 December 2018 |access-date=22 July 2025}}</ref>
| term_end = 2023
| predecessor = Telangana Legislative Assembly Created
| successor = [[Jatoth Ram Chander Naik]]
| party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Congress MLA Dharamsoth Redya Naik, daughter join TRS |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/congress-mla-redya-naik-daughter-join-trs/article6564413.ece |work=[[The Hindu]]
|access-date=22 July 2025 |location=Hyderabad}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title=Dharamsoth Redya Naik: TDP MLA Joins TRS Ahead of Telangana Elections
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/tdp-mla-congress-mlc-join-trs/articleshow/50035892.cms
|work=[[The Times of India]]
|access-date=22 July 2025
|location=Hyderabad

|publisher=The Times Group
}}</ref>
| office2 = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 1989
| term_end2 = 2009
| predecessor2 = [[Surendra Reddy|Ramasahayam Surender Reddy]]
| successor2 = [[Satyavathi Rathod]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1952|08|20|df=y}}<ref name="Telangana State Legislative">
{{Cite web
|title = MLA Member Details - Dharamsoth Redya Naik (Dornakal - ST Constituency)
|url = https://legislature.telangana.gov.in/getMLAMemberDetails?q=bWVtaWQ9MTY4MCZjb25zdGlkPTEwMSZ0ZXJtaWQ9MTUmb3JkZXJieT0x
|work = Telangana State Legislature
|access-date = 2025-07-31
|quote = Member official profile
}}</ref>
| footnotes = {{Collapsible list
|titlestyle = background-color:#FF0090; color:white; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;
|title =Other Positions
|bullets = on
|2019 – 2023: Chairman of Committee on Welfare of Schedule Tribes of Telangana<ref name="Telangana Legislature">{{Cite web
|title=Dharamsoth Redya Naik - Chairman of Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Tribes of Telangana
|url=https://legislature.telangana.gov.in/getMemberDetails?q=Y29tbV90eXBlPTImYXNzZW1ibHlfdHlwZT0wJnRlcm1faWQ9MTUmY29tbV9pZD0xNSZwcm9maWxlX2lkPTQx
|access-date=2025-07-31
|website=Telangana Legislature
|publisher=Government of Telangana
|language=en
}}</ref>
}}
}}

'''Dharamsoth Redya Naik'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Dharamsoth Redya Naik: Candidate AFFIDAVIT INFORMATION |url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/eyJpdiI6IkJ1VEdXTTJtV1p5V3ZwZ0tlZU4xUWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiS0o5MDNyWjJkS3cyL2J3OTN1eUlKdz09IiwibWFjIjoiYzE1ZjE2NDMxNDY2OGU3MDlhNDdjZjVhODcyZWEwMGJkMGUyNTRjYjg0NmRmMDhhNGVhYWZmNDAzYWZiN2Y3OCIsInRhZyI6IiJ9/eyJpdiI6Ii9nNmtpeFFteEdIZjk5Zk1hWjdoQ3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiWVBpTmdTOTAzZmhLTDRlYjZEMkYrQT09IiwibWFjIjoiMWIzNWQ2M2NlYTlmYzFkMzcwMGU2M2U4Y2M5ZDRjZmM3OTY2ZDg5NzRiYzdiZDA0ZDVjZTg2NmFhYmI3ODlmYyIsInRhZyI6IiJ9/eyJpdiI6InNaY2Rickp3WjBvL251QzdTS2xuTWc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiYUJ0QWN5Z0xUU0pwUGFLRFYxVXJGUT09IiwibWFjIjoiYzc1NTFkZWQ0ODFiZmE2OWQ1ZmYzODRkNTMxN2ZjMTllOGJjOTBkMjFiYTUxYzE1MDRlMWY4YzI3ZTRlZjExNyIsInRhZyI6IiJ9/eyJpdiI6InRsZnRqRENPYWhaa2pmRDNabDVmd0E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiSXl0c2JoRzYrMU5zd1R0QUE5MVhTZz09IiwibWFjIjoiODU2OGI0ODYwMDI1MTU3NTk4NjFhYjk5NzY3YTM4ZGM2ZTNkZmNiNmJkMTA4MGMxZmE4YmUxNDA5MGY1ZTYwNyIsInRhZyI6IiJ9/eyJpdiI6InFMbjB5RjA1dDZwS3lVSGQwZVVUZ2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidk1hM3pDRjdrZ1JOS2JBVmhzVGNOZz09IiwibWFjIjoiMGU1Mjg1OTY3MGIzNzFkMjc0NDkwM2Y0ZGI5MDJiNGI2NzE1ZmM5N2JhNTI2MWNjZGI2YzUwNjRhNTEzMjM2ZiIsInRhZyI6IiJ9 |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=22 July 2025}}</ref> also known as, '''D. S. Redya Naik''', is an Indian politician served as Member of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Dornakal Assembly constituency|Dornakal]] from 2018<ref>{{cite web |title=Dornakal Election Result 2018 Live Updates: Dharamsoth Redya Naik of TRS Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/dornakal-election-result-2018-live-updates-dharamsoth-redya-naik-of-trs-wins-1968083.html |website=News18 |access-date=22 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=Dharamsoth Redya Naik: won Election Results 2018 - Dornakal (ST) Assembly Constituency
|url=https://edata.ndtv.com/assembly/2018/december/mla/mla.html?ver-20230613.05asdfsdf&consti=DORNAKAL&state=TEL&iframeid=mpreportcard&site=
|website=NDTV
|date=December 2018
|access-date=22 July 2025
}}</ref> to 2023. He was candidate<ref>{{cite web |title=Dharamsoth Redya Naik Telangana Dornakal Candidate Profile |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/dharamsoth-redya-naik-telangana-dornakal-candidate-profile.html |website=ABP News |date= |access-date=22 July 2025}}</ref> of Member of the Telangana Legislative Assembly Dornakal Constituency in 2023 Telangana Elections.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dharamsoth Redya Naik Candidate |url=https://www.business-standard.com/elections/telangana-elections/dharamsoth-redya-naik-candidate-32214 |work=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=22 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title=Telangana Assembly 2023: BRS Fields Dharamsoth Redya Naik from Dornakal(ST)
|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/telangana/news-telangana-assembly-election-2023-complete-constituency-wise-candidate-list-of-brs-congress-and-bjp-with-names-2023-11-22-903742
|work=India TV News
|date=22 November 2023
|access-date=22 July 2025
|publisher=Independent News Service
|quote=Official candidate list including Dornakal(ST) constituency nominees
}}</ref> He also served Chairman of Committee on Welfare of Schedule Tribes of Telangana.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Hon. Dharamsoth Redya Naik - Chairman, Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Tribes (2018-2023)
|url=https://legislature.telangana.gov.in/getMemberDetails?q=Y29tbV90eXBlPTImYXNzZW1ibHlfdHlwZT0wJnRlcm1faWQ9MTUmY29tbV9pZD0xNSZwcm9maWxlX2lkPTQx
|website=Telangana Legislative Assembly
|publisher=Government of Telangana
|date=2018–2023
|access-date=22 July 2025
|quote=Official record confirming Naik's chairmanship of the ST Welfare Committee during the 16th Assembly
}}</ref>

==Political career==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Electoral performance
|-
! Year
! Party
! Votes
! Vote %
! Result
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<ref>{{cite web
|title=Dharamsoth Redya Naik Winner in 1989 Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election - Dornakal (ST) Results
|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/1989/andhra-pradesh/dornakal/27/13111/86
|website=IndiaVotes
|date=November 1989
|access-date=22 July 2025
|publisher=IndiaVotes Database
|quote=Dharamsoth Redya Naik won the Dornakal (ST) constituency
}}</ref> || style="background:#1E88E5; color:white;" | [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 46,645 || 52.0 || {{Won}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]<ref>{{cite web
|title=Dharamsoth Redya Naik's 1994 Election Results - Dornakal (ST) Constituency
|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/1994/andhra-pradesh/dornakal/27/17897/116
|website=IndiaVotes
|date=December 1994
|access-date=22 July 2025
|publisher=IndiaVotes Database
|quote=Assembly election results showing candidate performance and vote share
}}</ref> || style="background:#1E88E5; color:white;" | [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 53,274 || 50.8 || {{Won}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<ref>{{cite web
|title=Dharamsoth Redya Naik's 1999 Election Performance - Dornakal (ST) Constituency
|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/1999/andhra-pradesh/dornakal/27/22754/148
|website=IndiaVotes
|date=September 1999
|access-date=22 July 2025
|publisher=IndiaVotes Database
|quote=Detailed results showing Naik's vote share and constituency trends
}}</ref> || style="background:#1E88E5; color:white;" | [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 56,339 || 50.7 || {{Won}}
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<ref>{{cite web
|title=2004 Andhra Pradesh Election: Dharamsoth Redya Naik's Results in Dornakal (ST)
|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2004/andhra-pradesh/dornakal/27/26704/176
|website=IndiaVotes
|date=April–May 2004
|access-date=22 July 2025
|publisher=IndiaVotes Database
|quote=Assembly results showing Naik's performance during the Telangana statehood movement
}}</ref> || style="background:#1E88E5; color:white;" | [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 72,669 || 57.6 || {{Won}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref>{{cite web
|title=2009 Dornakal (ST) Results: INC's Dharamsoth Redya Naik Defeated by TDP
|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2009/andhra-pradesh/dornakal/27/30512/205
|website=IndiaVotes
|date=April 2009
|access-date=22 July 2025
|publisher=IndiaVotes Database
|quote=INC candidate Dharamsoth Redya Naik (64,659 votes, 43.0%) lost to TDP's Satyavathi Rathod (69,282 votes, 46.2%) by 4,623 votes
}}</ref> || style="background:#1E88E5; color:white;" | [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 64,659 || 43.0 || {{Lost}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Dharamsoth Redya Naik - Dornakal Assembly Election Results 2014 |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/2014/dornakal/d-s-redya-naik/ |website=Latestly |access-date=22 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=Dharamsoth Redya Naik: 2014 Telangana Assembly Election Dornakal (ST) Constituency Results
|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2014/telangana/dornakal/61/34828/239
|website=IndiaVotes
|access-date=22 July 2025
}}</ref>|| style="background:#1E88E5; color:white;" | [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 84,170 || 51.5 || {{Won}}
|-
| [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Dharamsoth Redya Naik - Dornakal Assembly Election Results 2018 |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/2018/dornakal-st/dharamsoth-redya-naik/ |website=Latestly |access-date=22 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title=Telangana Election 2018: Dharamsoth Redya Naik Wins from Dornakal (ST) - Vote Counting Live Updates
|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/telangana-election-2018-vote-counting-live-updates-dornakal-mahabubabad-narsampet-mulug-pinapaka-yellandu-bhadrachalam-assembly-constituencies-3471735/
|work=[[India.com]]
|date=11 December 2018
|access-date=22 July 2025
}}</ref> || style="background:#FF0090; color:black;" | [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]] || 88,307 || 51.3 || {{Won}}
|-
| [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Candidatewise Votes - Dornakal (ST) Assembly Constituency |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S29101.htm |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=22 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204120000/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S29101.htm |archive-date=4 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title=Telangana Election Results: Dharamsoth Redya Naik as Runner-Up in Dornakal (ST) Constituency
|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/telangana-assembly-election/Dornakal-101
|work=[[Hindustan Times]]
|date= 
|access-date=22 July 2025
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201000000/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/telangana-assembly-election/Dornakal-101
|archive-date=1 December 2023
|location=New Delhi
|publisher=HT Media Ltd
}}</ref> || style="background:#FF0090; color:black;" | [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]] || 62,456 || 32.4 || {{Lost}}
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]
[[Category:1952 births]]

West Shillong Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:37:37Z

ChenHleeLiyue: Done.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Meghalaya State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = West Shillong
| mla = [[Paul Lyngdoh]]
| party = {{Party index link|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Meghalaya]]
| district = [[East Khasi Hills district|East Khasi Hills]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Shillong (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shillong]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Paullyngdoh.jpg
| electors = {{formatnum:27329}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14873-meghalayaexcluding-ac-23/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|05}}
| type = SLA
| map_image = West Shillong Assembly constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 18
}}

'''West Shillong''' is one of the 60 [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Meghalaya]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceomeghalaya.nic.in/gis-map/00-pc-map-meghalaya.pdf |title=Map of Meghalaya Parliamentary Constituencies |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |accessdate= 30 January 2021}}</ref> It is part of [[East Khasi Hills district|East Khasi Hills]] district. It falls under [[Shillong (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shillong Lok Sabha constituency]]<ref name="election">{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/meghalaya/assembly-constituencies/west-shillong.html |title= West Shillong (Meghalaya) Assembly Constituency Elections |work=elections.in |accessdate=20 March 2018}}</ref> and its current MLA is [[Paul Lyngdoh]] of [[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/meghalaya/assembly-constituencies/2018-election-results.html |title=Meghalaya Assembly Election 2018 Result |work=elections.in |accessdate=10 March 2018}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
| [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || [[Paul Lyngdoh]] || {{Full party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}
|-
| [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || Mohendro Rapsang || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Paul Lyngdoh]] || {{Full party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2023===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: West Shillong<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]] |title=General Election to Vidhna Sabha Trends & Result MArch - 2023 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302144159/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Paul Lyngdoh]] |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=7,917 |percentage=42.60% |change={{increase}}0.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohendro Rapsang |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=4,432 |percentage=23.85% |change={{increase}}22.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ernest Mawrie |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,771 |percentage=20.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raja Jyrwa |party=Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya) |votes=1,859 |percentage=10.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bethleen Dkhar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=417 |percentage=2.24% |change={{decrease}}50.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Iwan Maria |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=187 |percentage=1.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=204 |percentage=1.10% |change={{increase}}0.07 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,485 |percentage=18.75% |change= {{increase}}8.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,583 |percentage=68.00% |change= {{decrease}}7.94 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,329 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.00 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.95 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2018===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: West Shillong<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]] |title=Form 20 - Polling Station Wise Result Sheet of General Election 2018 to the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208162439/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-date=8 February 2024 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohendro Rapsang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,288 |percentage=52.55% |change={{increase}}4.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Paul Lyngdoh]] |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=8,304 |percentage=42.41% |change={{decrease}}8.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Donaldson Shanpru |party=Independent politician |votes=189 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Havergail Edwina Bareh |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=182 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=201 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,984 |percentage=10.13% |change= {{increase}}7.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,578 |percentage=75.94% |change= {{decrease}}3.24 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,782 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.53 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |swing= {{increase}}2.01 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2013===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: West Shillong<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=Election Commission of India- State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021738/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Paul Lyngdoh]] |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=9,333 |percentage=50.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohendro Rapsang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,852 |percentage=47.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Donaldson Shanpru |party=Independent politician |votes=283 |percentage=1.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=481 |percentage=2.60% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,468 |percentage=79.17% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,326 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Shillong (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
*[[East Khasi Hills district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}

{{coord|25.59|91.85|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:East Khasi Hills district]]
[[Category:Shillong]]
[[Category:Politics of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Santanu Sen

2026-04-18T16:47:34Z

ChenHleeLiyue: Put Up.

{{Short description|Indian doctor and politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Santanu Sen
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|12|26|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = [[West Bengal]]
| term_start = 3 April 2018
| term_end = 2 April 2024
| predecessor = [[Vivek Gupta (politician)|Vivek Gupta]]
| successor = [[Sushmita Dev]]
| office1 = Councillor of [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
| constituency1 = Ward No. 3
| term_start1 = 2015
| term_end1 = 2021
| predecessor1 = Brojendra Kumar Bose
| successor1 = Debika Chakraborty
| office3 = Councillor of [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
| constituency3 = Ward No. 2
| term_start3 = 2010
| term_end3 = 2015
| predecessor3 = Bishnupada Ghosh
| successor3 = Puspali Sinha
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| spouse = Dr. Kakoli Sen
| children = 1
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
}}

'''Santanu Sen''' is an Indian doctor and politician. He was a councilor in the [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/Councillors1.jsp | title=Councillors | publisher=[[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]] | accessdate=10 March 2018}}</ref> He was a former [[Rajya Sabha]] member from [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/mamata-fields-3-new-faces-for-rs-polls-decides-to-back-congress-for-5th-seat/articleshow/63236778.cms | title=Mamata fields 3 new faces for RS polls, decides to back Congress for 5th seat | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=Debashis Konar | date=9 March 2018 | accessdate=10 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/tmc-to-back-abhishek-singhvi-in-rs-polls-mamata-banerjee-5092616/ | title=TMC to back Abhishek Singhvi in RS polls: Mamata Banerjee | publisher=Indian Express | date=10 March 2018 | accessdate=10 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rajya-sabha-poll-tmc-to-support-abhishek-singhvi-from-west-bengal-says-mamata-banerjee/articleshow/63234280.cms | title=Rajya Sabha poll: TMC to support Abhishek Singhvi from West Bengal, says Mamata Banerjee | publisher=[[The Economic Times]] | date=9 March 2018 | accessdate=10 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/230318/counting-of-votes-for-rs-polls-begins-bjps-saroj-pandey-wins-from-c.html|title=RS polls: TMC bags 4 seats in WB; TRS wins all 3 in T'gana; Cong 3 in K'taka|date=2018-03-23|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=2018-07-20|language=en}}</ref> He was the President of the Indian Medical Association.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/trinamool-ministers-mps-go-all-guns-blazing-against-central-teams/1814721 | title=Trinamool ministers, MPs go all guns blazing against Central teams | publisher=Outlook | date=25 April 2020 | access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref>

==Life==

Shantanu Sen was born into a Bengali family.

==Controversy==
On 22 July 2021, he snatched the papers on [[Pegasus (spyware)#India|Pegasus scandal]] from the hands of the IT minister [[Ashwini Vaishnaw]] in the Rajya Sabha, tore it and threw it towards the Deputy Chairman.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ranjan|first=Abhinav|date=2021-07-22|title=High drama in Rajya Sabha: TMC MP Santanu Sen snatches statement from IT Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/rajya-sabha-tmc-mp-shantanu-sen-snatches-statement-it-minister-ashwini-vaishnaw-pegasus-row-721159|access-date=2021-07-23|website=indiatvnews.com|language=en}}</ref> Due to his unparliamentary behavior, he was suspended from the Rajya Sabha for the remaining period of monsoon session.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-07-23|title=Parliament proceedings updates {{!}} Shantanu Sen suspended from Rajya Sabha|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliament-proceedings-live-july-23-2021/article35481906.ece|access-date=2021-07-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Santunu}}
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Members of the Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from West Bengal]]

Niti Taylor

2026-04-15T01:42:07Z

ChenHleeLiyue: new some article initial version

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1994)}}
{{pp-pc1}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Niti Taylor
| image = Niti Taylor (28965656657).jpg
| caption = Taylor in 2017
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1994|11|08}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| nationality =
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actress]]|[[Television presenter|Host]]}}
| years_active = 2009{{ndash}}present
| known for = ''[[Kaisi Yeh Yaariyan]]'' 
''[[Ghulaam]]''
| spouse = {{Marriage|Parikshit Bawa|13 August 2020}}<ref name="Marriage"/>
}}
'''Niti Taylor''' (born 8 November 1994)<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 November 2017|title=Happy Birthday Niti Taylor: Interesting facts about the young star|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/happy-birthday-niti-taylor-interesting-facts-about-the-young-star-4927519/|access-date=9 February 2022|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> is an Indian actress who primarily appears in [[Hindi]] television shows. She is known for her portrayals of Nandini Murthy in [[MTV India]]'s ''[[Kaisi Yeh Yaariaan]]'',<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Niti-goes-back-to-college/articleshow/20728308.cms |title=Niti goes back to college|date=23 June 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|first=Karthik|last=Pasupulate|access-date=6 January 2015|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703134931/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Niti-goes-back-to-college/articleshow/20728308.cms|archive-date=3 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Nidhi-Taylor-Siddhi-Karwa-MTV-webbed/articleshow/22860243.cms|title=Niti Taylor & Siddhi Karwa in Mtv Webbed|date=21 September 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|first=Vijaya|last=Tiwari|access-date=6 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/it-was-a-wonderful-journey-but-time-to-move-on-niti-taylor-on-her-exit-from-ghulaam-4769806/|title=It was a wonderful journey but time to move on: Niti Taylor on her exit from Ghulaam|date=27 July 2017|work=indianexpress.com|access-date=31 October 2017|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031142455/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/it-was-a-wonderful-journey-but-time-to-move-on-niti-taylor-on-her-exit-from-ghulaam-4769806/|archive-date=31 October 2017}}</ref> Shivani Mathur in ''[[Ghulaam]]'', and Mannat Kaur Khurana in ''[[Ishqbaaz]]''.

==Early life==
Taylor was born in [[Delhi]] on 8 November 1994 to a Gujarati father<ref>{{Cite episode |title=Learning Gujrati From Daddy |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x_pOh0imFhg |series=Niti Taylor |network=YouTube |date=1 October 2020}}</ref> and a Bengali Christian mother from [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Niti Taylor recalls the time when she would paint Easter eggs and sing carols in church |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/niti-taylor-recalls-the-time-when-she-would-paint-easter-eggs-and-sing-carols-in-church/articleshow/81896830.cms |website=The Times of India |last1=Doshi |first1=Hasti |date=4 April 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Niti Taylor celebrates Christmas with family after 10 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/niti-taylor-celebrates-christmas-with-family-after-10-years/articleshow/79954742.cms |website=The Times of India |last1=Chaudhury |first1=Neha |date=25 December 2020 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/happy-birthday-niti-taylor-8-lesser-known-facts-ghulaam-actress-lifetv-1081679-2017-11-08|title=Happy Birthday, Niti Taylor: 8 things you probably didn't know about the Ghulaam actress|date=8 November 2017|work=India Today|access-date=18 December 2019}}</ref>

==Career==
At the age of 15, Taylor made her television debut with ''[[Pyaar Ka Bandhan]]'' in 2009.<ref name=":0" /> Her breakthrough came through her role of Nandini Murthy in [[MTV India]]'s ''[[Kaisi Yeh Yaariyan]]'', opposite [[Parth Samthaan]].

In 2016 she appeared in the music video ''"Parindey Ka Pagalpan"'' opposite [[Siddharth Gupta]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-niti-taylor-and-siddharth-gupta-heat-it-up-in-parindey-ka-pagalpan-where-s-parth-samthaan-2178167|title=Niti Taylor and Siddharth Gupta heat it up in 'Parindey Ka Pagalpan'; where's Parth Samthaan?|date=15 February 2016|newspaper=DNA India|access-date=17 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218042742/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-niti-taylor-and-siddharth-gupta-heat-it-up-in-parindey-ka-pagalpan-where-s-parth-samthaan-2178167|archive-date=18 February 2017|url-status = live|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2017, she portrayed the character of Shivani in crime thriller ''[[Ghulaam]]'' opposite [[Param Singh (actor)|Param Singh]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/niti-taylor-kaisi-yeh-yaariaan-season-three-ghulam-television-4465039/|title=TV actor Niti Taylor refuses Kaisi Yeh Yaariaan 3, opts for more challenging role in Ghulam|date=9 January 2017|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=17 February 2017|language=en|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112154926/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/niti-taylor-kaisi-yeh-yaariaan-season-three-ghulam-television-4465039/|archive-date=12 January 2017}}</ref> In 2019, Taylor portrayed the character of Mannat Kaur Khurana in ''[[Ishqbaaz]]'' .<ref name=".3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/kaisi-yeh-yaariaan-star-niti-taylor-to-make-tv-comeback-with-ishqbaaz-details-inside-1430401-2019-01-14|title=Kaisi Yeh Yaariaan star Niti Taylor to make TV comeback with Ishqbaaz. Details inside|website=India Today|date=13 January 2019 }}</ref> The same year she appeared in a [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-language music video "Cappuccino". In 2022, she participated in ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 10)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 10]]'' and was paired with choreographer Akash Thapa. They were eliminated in the semi-final weekend.<ref name="JDJ10">{{Cite magazine |last=Keshri |first=Shweta |date=21 July 2022 |title=After Paras Kalnawat and Nia Sharma, Dheeraj Dhoopar and Niti Taylor are also revealed to be confirmed contestants for Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 10 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/niti-taylor-dheeraj-dhoopar-nia-sharma-and-paras-kalnawat-confirmed-for-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-10-1978277-2022-07-21 |magazine=India Today |access-date=21 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2022 |title=Niti Taylor responds to her and Nia Sharma's surprise double elimination from Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 10: 'Never expected...' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/niti-taylor-responds-to-her-and-nia-sharma-s-surprise-double-elimination-from-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-10-101668961056691.html |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, Taylor was seen portraying Prachi Kapoor opposite [[Randeep Rai]] in [[Sony TV]]'s ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 2]]''.<ref name="Pihu">{{Cite web|title=Exclusive! It is ironical how after playing a character role in the first season of Bade Achhe Lagte Hain, I will now play the lead in the second season: Niti Taylor|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-it-is-ironical-how-after-playing-a-character-role-in-the-first-season-of-bade-achhe-lagte-hain-i-will-now-play-the-lead-in-the-second-season-niti-taylor/articleshow/97053280.cms|access-date=17 January 2023|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Taylor got engaged to her boyfriend Parikshit Bawa on 13 August 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ishqbaaz-actress-niti-taylor-to-get-engaged-tomorrow-with-beau-parikshit-bawa-shares-pic/articleshow/70644020.cms|title=Ishqbaaz actress Niti Taylor to get engaged tomorrow with beau Parikshit Bawa; shares pic|work=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=12 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Shiksha |first1=Shruti |title='Ishqbaaz' actress Niti Taylor engaged to boyfriend Parikshit Bawa - See pics |url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/ishqbaaz-actress-niti-taylor-engaged-to-boyfriend-parikshit-bawa-see-pics-2226881.html |access-date=13 August 2019 |work=Zee News |date=13 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref> They married a year later on 13 August 2020.<ref name="Marriage">{{cite news |title=Niti Taylor married Parikshit Bawa in private ceremony in August, shares videos and pics from wedding |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/niti-taylor-talks-about-her-august-wedding-to-parikshit-bawa-says-they-preponed-it-from-oct-after-they-sensed-covid-19-situation-won-t-improve-drastically/story-u3QFtVHGVXT0QDoIxwiipN.html |access-date=6 October 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=6 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Media image==
In December 2015, UK based newspaper [[Eastern Eye|''Eastern Eye'']]'s List of 50 Sexiest Asian Women, she ranked 15th position as highest placed newcomers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Priyanka Chopra voted 'Sexiest Asian Woman' in UK poll |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/priyanka-chopra-voted-sexiest-asian-woman-in-uk-poll-115121000347_1.html |work=Business Standard |agency=Press Trust of India |date=10 December 2015 |access-date=2 October 2024}}</ref> Taylor ranked 12th in ''Eastern Eye''<nowiki/>'s list of 50 sexiest Asian Women in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 January 2018 |title=Ghulaam actress Niti Taylor hits 1 Million on Instagram, thanks fans in a post |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ghulaam-actress-niti-taylor-hits-1-million-on-instagram-thanks-fans-in-a-post/articleshow/62522269.cms |access-date=25 September 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In ''Eastern Eye''<nowiki/>'s Top of 50 Sexiest Asian Women, she ranked 10th in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=50 sexiest asian women: Latest News & Videos, Photos about 50 sexiest asian women {{!}} The Economic Times - Page 1 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/50-sexiest-asian-women |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref> She is also one of the most followed television actress on [[Instagram]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rubina Dilaik to Divyanka Tripathi: Top 10 leading TV actresses with most social media followers |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/tejasswi-prakash-to-shivangi-joshi-top-10-leading-tv-actresses-with-most-social-media-followers-1248590?amp |access-date=28 December 2023 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en |archive-date=31 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331151122/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/tejasswi-prakash-to-shivangi-joshi-top-10-leading-tv-actresses-with-most-social-media-followers-1248590?amp |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Ref(s)
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Mem Vayasuku Vacham]]''
| Dilruba "Dil" Begum
| rowspan="3" | [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]]
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/mem-vayasuki-vacham/movie-review/14357702.cms|title=Mem Vayasuki Vacham Movie Review|last=Pasupulate|first=Karthik|date=23 June 2012|work=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218214543/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/mem-vayasuki-vacham/movie-review/14357702.cms|archive-date=18 February 2017|url-status = live|access-date=17 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Pelli Pustakam (2013 film)|Pelli Pustakam]]''
| Niti
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/something-went-wrong/article4911887.ece|title=Something went wrong|last=Chowdhary|first=Y. Sunita|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=17 February 2017|language=en|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915203745/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/something-went-wrong/article4911887.ece|archive-date=15 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="Back to college">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Niti-goes-back-to-college/articleshow/20728308.cms|title=Niti goes back to college|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=17 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814173319/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Niti-goes-back-to-college/articleshow/20728308.cms|archive-date=14 August 2017|url-status = live}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
| ''Love Dot Com''
| Shravani
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/previews/Love-dot-com/articleshow/30349708.cms|title=Love dot com|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=17 February 2017|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218213007/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/previews/Love-dot-com/articleshow/30349708.cms|archive-date=18 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.apherald.com/Movies/Reviews/47740/Love-Dot-Com-Telugu-Movie-Review-Rating/|title=Love Dot Com Telugu Movie Review, Rating|date=15 February 2014|newspaper=India Herald|access-date=17 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217230715/http://www.apherald.com/Movies/Reviews/47740/Love-Dot-Com-Telugu-Movie-Review-Rating/|archive-date=17 February 2017|url-status = live|language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Pyaar Ka Bandhan]]''
| Ishita
|
|
|-
| 2010–2011
| ''Gulaal''
| Devika
|
|
|-
| 2011–2014
| ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]''
| Naina
|
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Savdhaan India]]''
| Saba
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013
| ''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]''
| Trisha
|Season 1
|
|-
| ''Webbed''
| Divya
|
|
|-
| 2014
| ''Halla Bol''
| Swati
|
|
|-
| 2014–2015
| ''[[Kaisi Yeh Yaariaan]]''
| Nandini Murthy
| Season 1 - Season 2
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2015 |title=Kaisi Yeh Yaariyan: Know all about the star cast |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Kaisi-Yeh-Yaariyan-Know-all-about-the-star-cast/photostory/48665350.cms |access-date=3 August 2019 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=9 April 2022 |title=Parth Samthaan shares BTS pics from Kaisi Yeh Yaariyaan 4's shoot with Niti Taylor; fans react |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/parth-samthaan-shares-bts-pics-from-kaisi-yeh-yaariyaan-4s-shoot-with-niti-taylor-fans-react/articleshow/90750709.cms |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=[[Times of India|TOI]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]''
| Vidhi
|
|
|-
|Host
|Season 7
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Actress Niti Taylor hits 1 Million on Instagram, thanks fans in a post - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ghulaam-actress-niti-taylor-hits-1-million-on-instagram-thanks-fans-in-a-post/articleshow/62522269.cms |access-date=26 February 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=16 January 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Ghulaam]]''
| Shivani
|
|
|-
|2018
| ''[[Laal Ishq (Indian TV series)|Laal Ishq]]''
| Chitra Sachdev
|Episode 3
|<ref>{{cite news |date=30 May 2018 |title=Niti Taylor joins 'Laal Ishq' |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/niti-taylor-joins-laal-ishq-118053000610_1.html |access-date=20 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Ishqbaaz]]''
|Mannat Kaur Khurana
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 January 2019 |title=Niti Taylor to romance Nakuul Mehta in Ishqbaaz; fans are elated with the news |work=Times Of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/niti-taylor-to-romance-nakuul-mehta-in-ishqbaaz-fans-are-elated-with-the-news/articleshow/67522610.cms |access-date=18 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Khatra Khatra Khatra]]''
|Guest
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Khatra Khatra Khatra Season 1 Episode 104 : Hang On To Your Boats! - Watch Full Episode Online(HD) On JioCinema |url=https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows/khatra-khatra-khatra/1/hang-on-to-your-boats/3843208 |access-date=23 November 2024 |website=www.jiocinema.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 10)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 10]]''
| Contestant
|Semi Finalist
|<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Keshri |first=Shweta |date=25 July 2022 |title=Nia Sharma, Niti Taylor, chef Zorawar Kalra are first 3 confirmed contestants of Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 10 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/nia-sharma-niti-taylor-chef-zorawar-kalra-are-first-3-confirmed-contestants-of-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-10-1979691-2022-07-25 |magazine=India Today |access-date=9 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2022 |title=Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 10: Karan Johar, Madhuri Dixit & Maniesh Paul begin shooting for the show |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-10-karan-johar-madhuri-dixit-maniesh-paul-begin-shooting-show-1172511 |access-date=16 August 2022 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816044207/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-10-karan-johar-madhuri-dixit-maniesh-paul-begin-shooting-show-1172511 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Bigg Boss 16]]''
|Guest
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss 16: Parth Samthaan and Niti Taylor promote Kaisi Yeh Yaariaan 4; MaNan fans are excited |url=https://www.imdb.com/news/ni63860760/ |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 2]]''
|Prachi Kapoor
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 2 Promo: Niti Taylor-Ranndeep Rai's fresh 'Jodi' and storyline impresses viewers |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/bade-achhe-lagte-hain-2-promo-niti-taylor-ranndeep-rais-fresh-jodi-and-storyline-impresses-viewers-1208363?amp |access-date=10 February 2023 |website=Pinkvilla |date=6 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Web shows ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2018 - 2023
|[[Kaisi Yeh Yaariaan]]
|Nandini Murthy
| Season 3 - Season 5
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2018 |title=Kaisi Yeh Yaariaan Season 3: Niti Taylor Enjoys Daily Soaps Over Web Series, Says I Want To Get Back To TV – Exclusive {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/kaisi-yeh-yaariaan-season-3-niti-taylor-enjoys-daily-soaps-over-web-series-says-i-want-to-get-back-to-tv-exclusive-3060110/ |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|Indian Game Show
|Guest
|
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6dASvjoiR28 |title=Indian Game Show Ep-40 / Niti Taylor / Tunisha Sharma / Arti Singh/ Haarsh / Bharti Singh |date=30 April 2022 |last=BHARTI TV |access-date=23 November 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|Social Squad
|Host
|
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.facebook.com/ColorsTV/videos/5900482883381121/ |title=13K views · 181 reactions {{!}} CSS2 {{!}} Toh phir derr kis baat ki hai? Kar lijiye enroll, to become a part of the best social squad! 😻 Register now from the link below!👇🏻... {{!}} By COLORS TV {{!}} Facebook |language=en |access-date=3 October 2024 |via=www.facebook.com}}</ref>
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Language
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2018 || ''Gussa'' || Big Dhillon || [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Niti Taylor - Top Songs - Listen on JioSaavn|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/artist/niti-taylor-songs/y60,rnaAmsE_|access-date=26 February 2022|website=JioSaavn|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''Halka Halka Surroor hai'' || [[Stebin Ben]] || rowspan="2" | [[Hindi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hindi Song Ye Jo Halka Halka Suroor Hai Sung By Stebin Ben Ft. Niti Taylor|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/hindi-song-ye-jo-halka-halka-suroor-hai-sung-by-stebin-ben-ft-niti-taylor-cover/videoshow/65188833.cms|access-date=26 February 2022|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Fans Nahi Friends'' || [[Palash Muchhal]]
|{{NA}}
|-
| ''Mere Yaar'' || Veekay || rowspan="2" | Punjabi
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=पंजाबी सॉन्ग: मेरे यार|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/video/movie-masti/music/mere-yaar-by-veekay-ft-niti-taylor-veen-ranjha-full-official-hd-video-2018/videoshow/66934352.cms|access-date=26 February 2022|website=Navbharat Times|language=hi}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || ''Cappuccino'' || R. Naaz
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Niti Taylor And Abhishek Verma Make An Adorable Couple In 'Cappuccino' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/niti-taylor-and-abhishek-verma-make-an-adorable-couple-in-cappuccino/articleshow/70245866.cms|access-date=26 February 2022|website=The Times of India|date=16 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''Baashinda''
|[[Arko Pravo Mukherjee|Arko]], [[Ankit Tiwari]], Ragini Tandon
| rowspan="3" | Hindi
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Baashinda song - Gaana.com|url=https://gaana.com/song/baashinda|language=en|access-date=26 February 2022|archive-date=26 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226061823/https://gaana.com/song/baashinda|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''Naina Mere''
|[[Suyyash Rai]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 February 2022|title=In New Song Naina Mere, Pratik Sehajpal Features as Young Lover of Niti Taylor|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/in-new-song-naina-mere-pratik-sehajpal-features-as-young-lover-of-niti-taylor-4812320.html|access-date=26 February 2022|website=News18|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''Tu Aashiqui Hai Meri''
|[[Payal Dev]], [[Stebin Ben]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Badshah's new favourite song is Stebin Ben's latest Tu Aashiqui Hai Meri |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/badshahs-new-favourite-song-is-stebin-bens-latest-tu-aashiqui-hai-meri-2650537.html |access-date=4 September 2023 |work=Zee News |date=18 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Tu Aashiqui Hai Meri sung by Payal Dev and Stebin Ben starring Niti Taylor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/enjoy-the-new-hindi-music-song-tu-aashiqui-hai-meri-sung-by-payal-dev-and-stebin-ben/videoshow/102824207.cms |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=The Times of India |date=18 August 2023}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''Mahiyaa''
|Sameer Khan, Sunny Vik
|Hindi
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uImq3qjdFd4 |title=Mahiyaa {{!}} Parth Samthaan, Niti Taylor {{!}} Sameer Khan {{!}} Sunny Vik {{!}} Rajdeep {{!}} Vijay Ganguly |date=26 November 2024 |work=Tips Official |via=YouTube |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pandit |first=Vishakha |date=27 November 2024 |title=Niti Taylor, Parth Samthaan's Music Video 'Mahiyaa' Takes Internet By Fire- Watch |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/niti-taylor-parth-samthaan-music-video-promo-mahiyaa-takes-internetby-fire-watch-article-115726468 |work=Times Now |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''Sui Ve Sui''
|Meet bros., [[Kanika Kapoor]]
|Punjabi
|<ref>{{cite AV media |title=Sui Ve Sui {{!}} Niti Taylor, Inder Jeet Singh {{!}} Meet Bros. & Kanika Kapoor {{!}} Kumaar {{!}} Navjit Buttar |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZzezR97FSU |website=YouTube |publisher=[[Tips Industries]] |access-date=24 December 2024 |date=12 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|Tareefan
|Jubin Nautiyal, Rochak Kohli
|Punjabi
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Tareefan: Jubin Nautiyal and Niti Taylor bring love to life in new song |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/tareefan-jubin-nautiyal-and-niti-taylor-bring-love-to-life-in-new-song-1503391161.html/ |work=The Statesman |date=27 January 2025 |access-date=2 April 2026}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|Roka
|Shivang Mathur
|Hindi
|<ref>{{cite news |title=’Kaisi Yeh Yaariaan’s’ Niti Taylor and Parth Samthaan visit us! |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/photo/kaisi-yeh-yaariaans-niti-taylor-and-parth-samthaan-visit-us-94466 |work=Mid Day |date=6 December 2022 |access-date=3 April 2026}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{IMDb name|6050704}}
*{{Twitter|niti_taylor}}
*{{Instagram|nititaylor}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Taylor, Niti}}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian web series actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Xavier Uncle

2026-04-14T07:38:56Z

ChenHleeLiyue: New

{{Short description|Twitter account}}

'''Xavier Uncle''' is a [[Twitter]] account known for posting [[humorous]] tweets.<ref name=":2" />

== Background ==
{{Tweet
| name = Xavier Uncle
| username = xavierunclelite
| date = April 7, 2025
| text = Finally I’m able to pay my house rent after investing in stock market.

Before that, I used to own a house.
| ID = 1909099833794711851
}}
Xavier Uncle is a Twitter account with over 100,000 followers.<ref name=":1" /> The account is known for posting humorous tweets.<ref name=":2" /> The Xavier Uncle account's [[User profile|profile]] image features an [[Indian people|Indian]] man, who is thought to be Om Prakash, a technician from [[IITK]]. The Xavier Uncle account has been the focus of criticism, particularly by a group of [[Reddit]]ors in a [[subreddit]], who think the Xavier Uncle account is a bad copycat of the earlier Twitter account Pakalu Papito who used the same profile image as the Xavier Uncle account and posted similar things.<ref name=":0" />

== History ==
The predecessor to Xavier Uncle, Pakalu Papito started as a Twitter account created in 2013, but more Pakalu Papito accounts were later made on other platforms. The [[Anonymity|anonymous]] account's first post was "hello twiter i am single". The Pakalu Papito account was used play an Indian clerk at a [[convenience store]]. The account was known for the [[self-deprecating humor]] posted about the fictional character, Papito, who supposedly ran the account. The face used by the account was that of Om Prakash, a faculty member [[IIT Kanpur|IIT-Kanpur college]]. The original Pakalu Papito [[Facebook]] account had a link in its about section, which went to the Facebook page of a Lee Nova, who had an avatar of a [[White people|Caucasian]] person. The account has been accused of [[racism]] for playing to [[stereotype]]s of [[South Indians]]. All of the Pakalu Papito accounts were suspended in 2018, alongside the disappearance of Lee Nova page.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=January 13, 2025 |title=Who Is Pakalu Papito? The Famous 'Indian' Meme Man Who Never Existed |url=https://www.news18.com/viral/who-is-pakalu-papito-the-famous-indian-meme-man-who-never-existed-9184388.html |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> After Pakalu Papito account was blocked, a similar account with the username pakalupapitow succeeded in replicating the original's success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-09 |title=Pakalu Papito: The Indian Moustache Guy Behind The Xavier Memes On FB |url=https://hype.my/pakalu-papito-the-indian-moustache-guy-behind-the-xavier-memes-on-fb/ |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=Hype Malaysia |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2015 the Xavier Uncle account was created on Twitter with the same avatar image as the Pakalu Papito accounts.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Popular Memer Xavier Uncle Is Followed Back By Many Celebs But 'Not Sonam Bajwa Yet' |url=https://www.news18.com/buzz/popular-memer-xavier-uncle-is-followed-back-by-many-celebs-but-not-sonam-bajwa-yet-7551031.html |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> According to posts by the Xavier Uncle account written in 2023, they deactivated their Twitter account in 2018 to focus on their career, but they came back in 2020 during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. In the same series of posts, the Xavier Uncle expressed his gratitude for the account's success during that year, particularly noting that he has been featured in "all major [[meme]] pages".<ref name=":1" /> The series of posts also shared that the person behind the Xavier Uncle account would be working for a "reknowned[sic] law firm of [[India]]" from July 2023 onwards.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-04-15 |title=Memer Xavier Uncle transitions to law practice, shares plan about identity disclosure |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/memer-xavier-uncle-transitions-to-law-practice-shares-plan-about-identity-disclosure-101681555453260.html |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> [[The Free Press Journal]] alleges that Xavier Uncle is an Indian man working for an [[Technical support|tech support]] firm in [[Minneapolis|Minneapolis, Minnesota]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Will 'Xavier Uncle' delete his meme account forever? THIS is what his new tweets have to say |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/viral/will-xavier-uncle-delete-his-meme-account-forever-this-is-what-his-new-tweets-have-to-say |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:X (social network) accounts]]

Santosh Pandey (Uttar Pradesh politician)

2026-04-12T00:43:19Z

ChenHleeLiyue: New

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| office = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2012
| term_end = 2017
| constituency = [[Lambhua]] Vidhan Sabha constituency
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 =
| prime_minister1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| prime_minister2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| birth_date = 25 November 1975
| birth_place = Bhadainya, Lambhua Sultanpur
| occupation = Politician
| spouse = Neetu Pandey
| children = Shrishti Pandey, Swastik Pandey, Srijan Pandey
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| website =
}}
'''Santosh Pandey''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]] from the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Pandey is a member of the [[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] representing the [[Lambhua]] Vidhan Sabha constituency.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/lambhua.html | title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Lambhua Assembly Constituency | publisher=elections.in | accessdate=13 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sp-mla-booked-for-violating-model-code-of-conduct-in-up-117011200952_1.html | title=SP MLA booked for violating model code of conduct in UP | work=Business Standard | accessdate=13 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sp-mla-s-brother-shot-at-in-up-115092901350_1.html | title=SP MLA's brother shot at in UP | work=Business Standard | date=29 September 2015 | accessdate=13 February 2017| agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref> His father is Ram Chandra Pandey and his mother is Sumitra Pandey.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Posts held==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments
|-
| 01 || 2012 || 2017 || Member, [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Legislative Assembly]] ||
|-
|}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170213164517/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/Present_Assembly_Members.aspx Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandey, Santosh}}
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1975 births]]

Kalamegam (film)

2026-04-07T04:03:15Z

ChenHleeLiyue: new

{{short description|1940 film by Ellis R. Dungan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kalamegam
| image = Kalamegam (1940).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Ellis R. Dungan]] William J. Moylan
| producer =
| writer = [[Bharathidasan|Puduvai Bharathidasan]]
| based_on =
| starring = T. N. Rajarathnam S. P. L. Dhanalakshmi N. S. Krishnan T. A. Madhuram Kali N. Rathnam
| music = R. N. Chinnaiah
| cinematography = V. Namasivayam
| editing = R. S. Mani
| studio = Sri Dhandapani Films Salem Mohini Pictures<ref name=songbook />
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|1940|5|17|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19400518&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |title=Kalamegam |date=18 May 1940 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=2}}</ref>
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Kalamegam''''' is a 1940 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by [[Ellis R. Dungan]] and starring [[nadaswaram]] player T. N. Rajarathnam Pillai. This was the second film as script writer for the Tamil rationalist poet [[Bharathidasan]]. This was the only film in which Pillai acted in his life.<ref name="guy1">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/kalamegham-1940/article3023815.ece |title=Kalamegham 1940 |date=21 September 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=10 February 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200210072827/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/kalamegham-1940/article3023815.ece |archive-date=10 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="anandan">{{Cite book |last=Film News Anandan |title=Sadhanaigal padaitha Tamil Thiraipada Varalaaru |publisher=Sivagami Publications |year=2004 |location=Chennai |pages=28:20 |language=Tamil}}</ref><ref name="baskaran_eye">{{Cite book |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PhFlAAAAMAAJ |title=The eye of the serpent: an introduction to Tamil cinema |publisher=East West Books |year=1996 |location=Chennai |pages=180 |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran}}</ref><ref name="willemen">{{Cite book |url=https://indiancine.ma/texts/indiancine.ma%3AEncyclopedia_of_Indian_Cinema/text.pdf |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |editor-last=Rajadhyaksha |editor-first=Ashish |pages=88 |orig-date=1994 |editor-last2=Willemen |editor-first2=Paul}}</ref><ref name="narayanan">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=Arandhai |title=Arambakala Tamil Cinema (1931-41) |publisher=Vijaya Publications |year=2008 |location=Chennai |pages=106 |language=Tamil}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{more plot|date=July 2022}}
''Kalamegam'' is based on the life of 15th century Tamil poet [[Kaalamegam]].

== Cast ==
{{Col-begin|width=90%}}
{{Col-break|width=45%}}
;Male cast<ref name=songbook>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/PavendarinKalamegam/mode/2up |title=Pavendarin Kalamegam|website=InternetArchive|language=Tamil|access-date=2020-05-20}}</ref>
* "All India Nadaswara Vidwan" [[T. N. Rajarathnam Pillai|T. N. Rajarathnam]] as Varadan, Kalamegam
* [[N. S. Krishnan]] as Kittu
* C. V. V. Panthulu as Adimadura Kavi
* [[Kali N. Rathnam]] as Poet Kanda
* [[M. V. Mani]] as Poet Muthu
* M. S. Muthukrishnan as Singaram
* S. Murugesan as King Thirumalai Rayan
* Master T. V. Namasivayam as Prince
* Joker Ramudu as Kamalakannan
* Kunjithapadam Pillai as Poet Kunjitha
* K. R. Venugopala Sarma as Old Nattuvanar
* K. S. Muthaiah Bhagavathar as Devi Devotee
* Ramamirtha Chozhaganar as Village Chief
{{Col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast<ref name=songbook />
* S. P. L. Dhanalakshmi as Mohangi
* [[T. A. Mathuram|T. A. Madhuram]] as Anjugam
* P. R. Mangalam as Poet Kanda’s Wife
* P. S. Gnanam as Veeri
* T. N. Rajalakshmi as Devi
* T. M. Pattammal as Female Dancer
* N. K. Periya Papu as Rathnam
* K. Subbulakshmi as Amudham
* G. S. Saraswathi as Kalyani
* M. R. Saraswathi as Pachai
* S. R. Meenatchi as Dasi
* K. T. Dhanalakshmi as Dasi
* Baby Chittamani Rajalakshmi as Veeri’s Foster Girl
* Manonmani Ammal as Mohana’s Mother
{{col-end}}
;Support cast<ref name=songbook />
R. S. Ramu, Natarajan, M. A. Pichai Pandurar, T. Thangaiah, A. Sivakozhundhu, C. G. Nammazhvar Reddiar, Ramasami Pillai, and Sundarabhashyam Naidu.

== Production ==
Dungan was hired to direct a film based on the life of the 15th century Tamil poet Kalamega Pulavar. ''Nadaswaram'' Maestro T. N. Rajarathnam Pillai was cast in the title role as poet Kalamegam. The script was written by the rationalist poet Puduvai Bharathidasan. To satisfy Rajarathnam Pillai's fans, scenes with Kalamegam playing the ''Nadaswaram'' were added to the film. Dharmapuri S. Murugesan who was one sixth partner of Mohini Pictures acted as the Raja Thirumalia Naiker in front of whom TNR played the nadhaswaram. C.V.V Panthulu and another minister were sitting in the dharbar. S. P. L. Dhanalakshmi was cast as Mohangi and the comedy parts were played by [[N. S. Krishnan]], T. A. Madhuram and Kali N. Rathnam. According to the Kalamegam legend, he cursed a village to be destroyed in a sandstorm. Dungan filmed some of the sandstorm scenes on location and shot the remaining scenes using large sized miniatures constructed on the [[Edward Elliot's Beach|Elliot's Beach]] in [[Chennai|Madras]]. The completed film was 18,986 feet in length. The film was produced at Prag Jyothi Motion Pictures.<ref name=songbook /><ref name="guy1" /><ref name="anandan" />

== Songs ==
The music was composed by R. N. Chinnaiah and the lyrics were written by Puduvai Bharathidasan.<ref name=songbook /><ref name="anandan" />

;Orchestra<ref name=songbook />
* R. N. Chinnaiah – [[Harmonium]]
* M. V. Santhanamaiah – [[Harmonium]]
* V. Govindasami – [[Violin|Fiddle]]
* R. N. Thambi – [[Veena]]
* K. V. Naidu – [[Mridangam]]
* C. Kuppusami Naidu – [[Clarinet]]
* Sadhu Ganapathi Sastri – [[Jal tarang|Jalatharangam]]
* Bande Khan Saheb – [[Sarangi]]
* J. Ramakrishna Rao – [[Organ (music)|Organ]]
* Nagaiah – [[Flute]]
* T. S. Mani – [[Bulbul tarang|Bulbulthara]]
* N. Parthasarathy Naidu – [[Saxophone]]

==Reception==
The film was released on 17 May 1940 and was a box office failure. But the sandstorm scenes were well received by the audience. The film is [[Lost film|lost]], with the only known surviving artefacts being [[Film still|stills]] and 78 rpm-song discs.<ref name="guy1"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0214830}}
{{Ellis R. Dungan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalamegam (film)}}
[[Category:1940 films]]
[[Category:1940 Indian films]]
[[Category:1940 lost films]]
[[Category:1940 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ellis R. Dungan]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Lost Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Subhadra

2026-03-14T12:55:40Z

ChenHleeLiyue: minor cleanup

{{short description|Hindu goddess and the sister of Krishna in epic Mahabharata}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox deity 
| affiliation = [[Devi]]
| Devanagari = सुभद्रा
| texts = [[Mahabharata]], [[Bhagavata Purana]]
| type = Hindu
| name = Subhadra
| image = File:Subhadra, the half sister of Krishna, drives a chariot away from Dwarka with Arjuna and Krishna inside (cropped).jpg
| caption = A 20th century lithograph depicting Subhadra
| consort = [[Arjuna]]
| father = [[Vasudeva]]
| mother = [[Rohini (wife of Vasudeva)|Rohini]]
| siblings = {{bulleted list|[[Balarama]] (half brother)|[[Krishna]] (half brother)|[[Vasudeva#Wives and children|other children of Vasudeva]]}}
| children = [[Abhimanyu]] (son)
| dynasty = [[Yadava|Yaduvamsha]] – [[Chandravamsha]] (by birth) [[Kuru Dynasty]] (by marriage)
| other_names = Bhadra, Chitra
}}

'''Subhadra''' ({{langx|sa|सुभद्रा|Subhadrā|auspicious}}) is a figure in [[Hinduism|Hindu tradition]], particularly revered in [[Vaishnavism]] as the sister of the deities [[Krishna]] and [[Balarama]]. She is mentioned in ancient Hindu scriptures, including the epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]''. A princess of the [[Vrishni]] clan and the daughter of [[Vasudeva]], Subhadra married the [[Pandava]] prince [[Arjuna]] and became the mother of [[Abhimanyu]].

Subhadra is part of the triad of deities worshipped at the [[Jagannath Temple]] at [[Puri]], along with Krishna (as [[Jagannatha]]) and Balarama (or Balabhadra). One of the chariots in the annual [[Ratha Yatra]] is dedicated to her.

In [[Buddhism]], Subhadra or Subhadda (Pāli) was the last disciple of [[the Buddha]] who went for refuge. ([[Dīgha Nikāya]] 16, Mahāparinibbānasutta)

==Etymology and other names==
The [[Sanskrit]] name ''Subhadrā'' is made up of two words: ''su'' and ''bhadrā''. The prefix ''su'' denotes goodness,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Baldi |first1=Philip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UK2-Y9K4znkC&dq=su.+Sanskrit+good&pg=PA103 |title=Studies in Baltic and Indo-European Linguistics: In Honor of William R. Schmalstieg |last2=Dini |first2=Pietro U. |date=1 January 2004 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |isbn=978-90-272-4768-1 |pages=103 |language=en}}</ref> while ''bhadrā'' is translated as fortune or excellence.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bopp |first=Franz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KhoEAAAAQAAJ&dq=bhadra+fortune&pg=PA398 |title=A Comparative Grammar of the Sanscrit, Zend, Greek, Latin, Lithuanian, Gothic, German, and Sclavonic Languages |date=1845 |publisher=Madden and Malcolm |pages=398 |language=en}}</ref> The name means 'glorious', 'fortunate', 'splendid', or 'auspicious'.{{sfn|Monier-Williams|Leumann| Cappeller|1899|p=1229}}

Subhadra is referred to as ''Bhadrā'' (भद्रा), literally 'fortunate', when she is introduced to Arjuna in the ''[[Mahabharata]]''.{{sfn|Ganguli|1883}} According to the appendix of the ''Mahabharata'', the ''[[Harivamsa]]'', her birth name was ''Citrā'' (चित्रा) which means 'bright, clear, excellent, or colourful'.{{sfn|Monier-Williams|Leumann| Cappeller|1899|p=396}}

==Legends==
===Birth===
According to the epic ''Mahabharata'', Subhadra was born to [[Yadava]] chief [[Vasudeva]] and his wife [[Rohini (wife of Vasudeva)|Rohini]], making her the sister of [[Balarama]] and half sister of [[Krishna]]. She was the favourite daughter of Vasudeva. In a later alternate account found in the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', Subhadra's mother is mentioned to be [[Devaki]]—another wife Vasudeva and the mother of Krishna, making her direct sibling of Krishna.{{sfn|Mani|1975}}

===Marriage to Arjuna===
[[File:Ravi Varma-Arjuna and Subhadra.jpg|thumb|A painting by [[Raja Ravi Varma]] depicting [[Arjuna]], dressed as an ascetic, courting Subhadra]]
Subhadra's marriage with Arjuna is first narrated in the section ''Subhadraharana Parva'' of ''[[Adi Parva]]'', the first book of the ''[[Mahabharata]]''. Different recension of the epic contain varying accounts of the story, with later derivative texts adding more details to it.<ref name = "Lav" />

According to the ''[[Neelakantha Chaturdhara|Chaturdhara]]'' Recension of the ''Mahabharata'', [[Arjuna]] was in the midst of self-imposed [[pilgrimage]], for breaking terms of the agreement he had with [[Pandavas|his brothers]] regarding private time with their common wife [[Draupadi]]. After he reached the city of [[Dvārakā|Dvaraka]] and met his maternal cousin [[Krishna]], he attended a festival held at Raivata mountain. There Arjuna saw Subhadra and was smitten by her beauty and wished to marry her. Krishna revealed that she was [[Vasudeva]]'s and [[Rohini Devi|Rohini]]'s child, and his half-sister. Krishna stated that he could not predict Subhadra's decision at her [[swayamvara|svayamvara]] (groom selection ceremony) and advised Arjuna to elope with Subhadra. After receiving agreement to a letter sent to Yudhishthira for permission, Arjuna drove a chariot to the hills and took Subhadra with him. After Subhadra's guards unsuccessfully attempted to stop them, the Yadavas, the Vrishnis, and the Andhakas held a meeting to discuss the matter. After Krishna comforted them, they agreed, and thus, Arjuna married Subhadra with Vedic rituals.{{sfn|Ganguli|1883}} A similar story is included in the [[Mahabharata#Critical Edition|''Critical Edition of the Mahabharata'']], compiled by [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Debroy |first=Bibek |url=http://archive.org/details/TheMahabharata_201707 |title=The Mahabharata (Version 2) }}</ref>

The ''Kumbhakonam Edition'' (Southern Recension) of the ''Mahabharata'' presents a distinct account of Subhadra's abduction, deviating from the ''Chaturdhara'' version. This rendition transforms the narrative into a mutual love story, providing additional details about the events. According to this version, during his pilgrimage, Arjuna reached Prabhasa, where he encountered Gada, a Yadava chief. Gada told Arjuna about Subhadra, kindling Arjuna's desire to marry her. In pursuit of this goal, Arjuna adopted the guise of an ascetic, contemplating under a tree with the hope that Krishna would facilitate his marriage. Simultaneously, in Dvaraka, Krishna, using his divine abilities, became aware of Arjuna's aspiration and visited him at Prabhasa. Krishna guided Arjuna to the Raivataka mountain, the site of an impending festival for the prominent Yadavas. During the festivities, Arjuna, accompanied by Krishna, chanced upon Subhadra and was captivated by her allure. Krishna suggested the abduction of Subhadra, to which Arjuna agreed and decided to wait for a suitable moment. Post-festival, Balarama encountered the disguised Arjuna and extended him an invitation to reside in the Dvaraka palace, as a sign of hospitality. Subhadra assumed the caretaker role for the ascetic, while Arjuna, deeply enamored, openly admired her. Subhadra, upon observing him, recognised his resemblance to Arjuna, from him having been previously described by Gada and Krishna. Acknowledging Subhadra's reciprocation of affection, Arjuna disclosed his true identity. A grand ritual dedicated to the god Shiva was scheduled on an island near Dvaraka, prompting the Yadavas, led by Balarama, to depart for worship. Seizing the opportune moment, Arjuna eloped with Subhadra.{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=746}}<ref>Southern Recension Kumbhakonam Edition Adi Parva.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Adluri |first1=Vishwa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sR5mDwAAQBAJ&dq=subhadr%C4%81+devak%C4%AB&pg=PA36-IA20 |title=Philology and Criticism: A Guide to Mahbhrata Textual Criticism |last2=Bagchee |first2=Joydeep |date=29 June 2018 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-78308-578-1 |language=en}}</ref>

''The [[Bhagavata Purana]]'' describes Subhadra's role in choosing Arjuna. It also adds a detail about Balarama having picked [[Duryodhana]]—one of the [[Kaurava]]s—as Subhadra's groom, without her consent. Knowing that after getting the news of Subhadra's having eloped, Balarama would wage a war against Arjuna, Krishna decided to be the charioteer for Arjuna. Arjuna proceeded to take Subhadra and with Krishna in tow, they left. After getting the news that Subhadra had eloped with Arjuna, Balarama consents and conducts the marriage of Subhadra with Arjuna in Dvaraka.{{sfn|Mani|1975}}<ref name = "Lav" />

===Marital life===
[[File:Krishna meets with King Yudisthira.jpg|thumb|Krishna meets with King Yudisthira; and His Companions, Kunti and Subhadra, folio from ''[[Razmnama]]'' (Persian translation of the ''Mahabharata''), dated 1616-1617.]]
Subhadra's marital life, as depicted in the ''Mahabharata'', reveals her significant role within the Pandava family. According to the ''Adi Parva'', upon Arjuna's return from exile to [[Indraprastha]]—the capital of the Pandavas—with Subhadra, he received a warm welcome. Inquiring about his first wife [[Draupadi]], his brothers revealed her reluctance to meet anyone due to anger. Arjuna, in an attempt to reconcile, presented Subhadra to Draupadi disguised as a simple cowherd. Subhadra, portraying herself as a cowherder and Krishna's younger sister, entrusted Draupadi with her belongings, expressing herself as her maid. This gesture cultivated trust and affection, prompting Subhadra to humbly declare her reluctance to replace Draupadi. Touched by this display of love, Draupadi embraced Subhadra, embracing her as a younger sister and acknowledging her as Arjuna's wife.{{sfn|Srivastava|2017}}

Subhadra stayed with Arjuna in Indraprastha where she gave birth to [[Abhimanyu]]. During the Pandavas' [[Vanavasa|exile]] for thirteen years, Subhadra and her son resided with Krishna in [[Dvārakā|Dvaraka]], as documented in the ''[[Vana Parva]]''. She later attended Abhimanyu's wedding in [[Upaplavya]], as described in the ''[[Virata Parva]]''. The death of Abhimanyu in the [[Kurukshetra War]] caused her significant grief, evidenced by her lamentation to Krishna in the ''[[Drona Parva]]''. Following the end of Kurukshetra War, Subhadra returned to Dvaraka with Krishna, according to the ''Ashvamedha Parva''. The same text also records her emotional distress, including instances of syncope, due to her son's death. Subhadra's role became crucial during the birth of [[Parikshit]], Abhimanyu's posthumous son, when the Kuru lineage faced potential extinction due to the risk of a stillborn child. As [[Uttarā (Mahabharata)|Uttara]] underwent labour, and the royal women of the Kuru dynasty gathered, Subhadra, Parikshit's grandmother, reminded Krishna of his prior vow to restore the child. She invoked his virtues of dharma, satya, and satyavikrama, urging him to uphold his promise in accordance with ṛta, the cosmic order. This appeal prompted Krishna to perform a miraculous act, thereby ensuring the survival of the Kuru lineage.<ref name="Lav" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hiltebeitel |first=Alf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9BvsDwAAQBAJ&q=krishna+in+the+mahabharata |title=The Ritual of Battle: Krsna in the Mahabharata |date=1 January 2017 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-4034-8 |language=en}}</ref>

Subhadra subsequently travelled to [[Hastinapur|Hastinapura]] to attend Yudhisthira's [[Ashvamedha|Ashvamedha Yajna]], as stated in the ''[[Ashvamedhika Parva|Ashvamedha Parva]]'', where she met her co-wives [[Ulupi]] and [[Chitrāngadā|Chitrangada]]. The ''[[Mahaprasthanika Parva|Mahaprasthana Parva]]'' describes her later life as marked by sorrowful silence.{{sfn|Mani|1975}} After [[Pariksit]] was seated on the throne, while leaving for heaven, [[Yudhishthira]] gave the responsibility of keeping both the kingdoms [[Hastinapura]] ruled by her grandson and [[Indraprastha]] being ruled by Vajranabha, great-grandson of her brother [[Krishna]] in harmony. There is no specific mention in the epic about how and when she died but it is believed that after the [[Pandavas]] along with [[Draupadi]] reached heaven, Subhadra and her daughter-in-law ([[Uttarā]]) went to the forest to dwell the rest of their lives as hermits.<ref>Mahaprasthanika Parva https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m17/m17001.htm </ref>

== As a goddess ==
===Association with Ekanamsha or Yogamaya===
[[File:Vrishni triad shown in a rock painting at Tikla, M.P. 3rd-2nd century BCE.jpg|thumb|[[Balarama]], [[Vāsudeva]] and the goddess Ekanamsha shown in a rock painting at [[Tikla]], 3rd-2nd century BCE.<ref name="VKG71">{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=Vinay K. |title=Vrishnis in Ancient Literature and Art |journal=Indology's Pulse Arts in Context, Doris Meth Srinivasan Festschrift Volume, Eds. Corinna Wessels Mevissen and Gerd Mevissen with Assistance of Vinay Kumar Gupta |date=January 2019 |pages=70–72 |url=https://www.academia.edu/40656540 |language=en}}</ref>]]
Subhadra is associated with goddess [[Ekanamsha]] or [[Yogmaya]], both forms of primordial goddess [[Mahadevi|Shakti]]. [[Kushan Empire|Kushana]] images from 2nd-century CE [[Mathura]] depict a triad of deities: two gods flanking a goddess. Comparable 9th-century representations in [[Etah]] and [[Ellora Caves|Ellora]] mirror this composition. This is identified as the [[Vrishni heroes|Vrishni triad]], featuring [[Saṃkarṣaṇa|Samkarshana]] (Balarama), [[Ekanamsha]], and [[Vāsudeva]] (Krishna). Here, Ekanamsha is an ancient goddess worshipped by the [[Vrishni]] people and is identified with Subhadra; later this triad becomes popular in [[Jagannath]] sect.{{sfn|Hawley|Wulff|1982}}{{sfn|Ph.D|2016|p=257-258}}

In Krishna's life, Yogamaya plays the role of the facilitator of his earthly birth and his guardian. She takes birth as the daughter of cowherd [[Nanda (Hinduism)|Nanda]] and [[Yashoda]], after which her place is swapped with Krishna to protect the latter from the tyrant ruler [[Kamsa]]. After warning Kamsa about his impending death, Yogamaya vanishes. According to [[Devdutt Pattanaik]], the scriptures don't clarify if Yogmaya becomes Subhadra after fulfilling her role, but the name 'Yogamaya' is synonymous with Subhadra in [[Puri]], Odisha, where she is worshipped prominently.<ref name = "Shyam">{{Cite book |last=Pattanaik |first=Devdutt |url= |title=Shyam: An Illustrated Retelling of the Bhagavata |date=1 July 2018 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5305-100-6 |language=en}}</ref> Professor Lavanya Vemsani believes that the only way to understand Subhadra's connection with the goddesses is by considering her as reincarnation of Ekanamsha, who in turn is the Earthly manifestation of Yogmaya. According to her, Yogamaya descends on Earth as Ekanamsha— the daughter of Nanda and Yashoda—and later reincarnates as Subhadra.<ref name = "Lav">{{Cite book |last=Vemsani |first=Lavanya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=56QvEAAAQBAJ&dq=subhadra+lakshmi&pg=PA165 |title=Feminine Journeys of the Mahabharata: Hindu Women in History, Text, and Practice |date=21 May 2021 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-73165-6 |language=en}}</ref>

===Worship===
[[File:Balabhadra Subhadra Jagannath.jpg|thumb|Subhadra in the middle with her brothers Balabhadra (Balarama) and Jagannath (Krishna)]]
[[File:Maa Subhadra.jpg|thumb|Subhadra (in [[Jagannath Temple, Puri]])]]
Subhadra is one of the three deities worshipped at the Jagannath temple at [[Puri]], along with [[Krishna]] (as [[Jagannatha]]) and [[Balarama]] (or Balabhadra). The idol of Subhadra is a carved and decorated wooden stump with large round eyes and a symmetric yellow coloured face, contrasting Jagannath's black complexion and Balabhadra's white complexion. She is decorated with red and black garments and has iconographical elements similar to that of goddess [[Bhubaneswari]] which includes a lasso (pasha) and an elephant goad (ankusha). One of the chariots in the annual Ratha Yatra is dedicated to her and is called ''Dwarpadalana'', symbolising destruction of evil.<ref name = "Shyam" /> Apart from it she is also believed to be worshipped by certain communities in [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]], [[Gujarat]] and [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Why Subhadra Is Worshipped With Krishna In Jagannath Yatra|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/lifestyle/self/why-subhadra-is-worshipped-with-krishna-in-jagannath-yatra-281354.html|website=indiatimes.com|date=July 2011|access-date=15 June 2017}}</ref>

There is a village called [[Bhadrajun]] in the western part of [[Rajasthan]] where Subhadra is worshipped as Dhumda mata since the time of [[Mahabharata]]. It is believed that, after eloping with her lover [[Arjuna]] and a gruelling journey of three days, the couple got married here.<ref> {{cite web|title=the history of the village of Bhadrajun|url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhadrajun|website=wikipedia.org|date=September 2009}} </ref>

[[File:11th century Balarama, Lakshmi (Shubadra), Vasudeva (Krishna, Jagannath).jpg|thumb|Balarama, Lakshmi (Subhadra), Vasudev (Krishna, Jagannath) idols in early 11th century]]

In some texts like the [[Brahma Purana]] and the [[Garga (sage)|Garga Samhita]], Subhadra is mentioned as [[Shatarupa|Devi Shatarupa]] with [[Arjuna]] being [[Svayambhuva Manu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brahma Vaivarta Purana Chapter 6:181-190 |url=https://en.krishnakosh.org/krishna/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana_Chapter_6:181-190 |access-date=26 January 2024 |website=en.krishnakosh.org |language=en}}</ref> She is also worshipped as [[Bhuvaneshvari|Mata Bhuvaneshvari]] in some sects. Apart from it, Subhadra is sometimes linked with [[Goddess Lakshmi]] by some Vaishnavas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahanti (Retd) |first=Col J. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QweqCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA21&dq=Subhadra+form+of+Lakshmi&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&authuser=5&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwii7o7iu4WSAxWvB7wBHX8nAkkQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q=Subhadra%20form%20of%20Lakshmi&f=false |title=The Saga of Jagannatha and Badadeula at Puri (Story of Lord Jagannatha and his Temple) |date=1 May 2014 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-82652-45-8 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Rukmini]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite book|last1=Monier-Williams|first1=Sir Monier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zUezTfym7CAC&q=Subhadr%C4%81|title=A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages|last2=Leumann|first2=Ernst|last3=Cappeller|first3=Carl|date=1899|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House|isbn=978-81-208-3105-6|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Mani|first=Vettam|url=https://archive.org/stream/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft#page/0/mode/2up|title=Puranic Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Work with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1975|isbn=978-81-208-0597-2|location=|pages=|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ph.D|first=Lavanya Vemsani|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ&q=Subhadra+reincarnation|title=Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names|date=13 June 2016|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-211-3|language=en}}
* {{Cite web|last=Ganguli|first=Kisari Mohan|author-link=Kisari Mohan Ganguli|year=1883|title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Subhadra-harana Parva: Section CCXXI|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01222.htm|url-status=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=9 June 2020|website=www.sacred-texts.com}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Hawley|first1=John Stratton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j3R1z0sE340C&q=Subhadr%C4%81+arjuna|title=The Divine Consort: Rādhā and the Goddesses of India|last2=Wulff|first2=Donna Marie|date=1982|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|isbn=978-0-89581-102-8|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Srivastava|first=Diwaker Ikshit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmxCDwAAQBAJ&q=draupadi+and+subhadra|title=Decoding the Metaphor Mahabharata|date=11 December 2017|publisher=One Point Six Technology Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-5201-000-4|language=en}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{Jagannath}}
{{Mahābhārata}}
[[Category:People related to Krishna]]
[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Deities of Jagannath]]
[[Category:Characters in the Bhagavata Purana]]
[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]

Kabuliwala (1957 film)

2026-03-07T06:46:25Z

ChenHleeLiyue: expanded details per sources and corrected details

{{about|the 1957 Bengali film|the 1961 Bollywood film|Kabuliwala (1961 film)|1993 Malayalam film|Kabooliwala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kabuliwala
| image = Kabuliwala1956cover.jpg

| caption = Kabuliwala (1957) cover
| director = [[Tapan Sinha]]
| producer = Charuchitra
| screenplay = Tapan Sinha
| story = [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
| based_on = {{based on|[[Kabuliwala (short story)|Kabuliwala]]|[[Rabindranath Tagore]]}}
| narrator =
| starring = [[Chhabi Biswas]] Oindrila Tagore (Tinku) [[Asha Devi]] [[Radhamohan Bhattacharya]] [[Manju Dey]] [[Jahar Roy]] [[Kali Banerjee]] [[Jiben Bose]]
| music = [[Pandit Ravi Shankar]]
| cinematography = Anil Banerjee
| editing = Subodh Ray
| distributor = Charuchitra
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1957|1|4}}
| runtime = 116 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Kabuliwala''''' is a 1957 [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film directed by [[Tapan Sinha]] and based on the eponymous [[Kabuliwala (Short story)|1892 short story]] by the Bengali writer [[Rabindranath Tagore]].

==Plot==
Rahmat ([[Chhabi Biswas]]), a middle-age fruit seller from Afghanistan, comes to Calcutta to hawk his merchandise. He befriends a small Bengali girl called Mini (Oindrila Tagore aka Tinku Tagore) who reminds him of his daughter back in Afghanistan. He stays at a boarding house with his countrymen.

One day, Rahmat receives a letter with news of his daughter's illness; he decides to leave for his country. Since he is short of money he sells his goods on credit to increase his business. Later, when he goes to collect his money, one of his customers abuses him. In the fight that ensues, Rahmat warns that he will not tolerate abuse and stabs the guy when he does not stop.

In the court Rahmat's lawyer tries to obfuscate the facts but, in his characteristic and simple fashion, Rahmat states the truth in a matter-of-fact way. The judge, pleased with Rahmat's honesty, gives him 8 years' rigorous imprisonment instead of the death sentence.

On the day of his release he goes to meet Mini and discovers that she has grown up into a 15-year-old girl who is about to get married. Mini does not recognize the aged Rahmat, who realizes that his daughter must have forgotten him, too. Mini's father advises him to go back to his homeland and Mini's mother gives Rahmat the money for travel out of the wedding budget to which Mini agrees; she also sends a gift for Rahmat's daughter.

==Cast==

* [[Chhabi Biswas]] as Rahmat
* Tinku (Oindrila Tagore) as Mini
* [[Radhamohan Bhattacharya]] as Mini's Father
* [[Manju Dey]] as Mini's Mother
* [[Jiben Bose]] as Jailor
* [[Asha Devi]] as Maid
* Md Al Amin as Photographer
* [[Kali Banerjee]] as a fellow jailmate
* [[Jahor Roy]] as Bhola, the man-servant
* [[Nripati Chatterjee]] as a borrower

==Production==
The Afghanistan part in the film was shot in Rajasthan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/kabuliwala-movie-bengali-revisiting-tapan-sinha-rabindranath-tagore |title=Revisiting Tapan Sinha's Kabuliwala |last=Ghosh |first=Sankhayan |date=28 August 2021 |website=[[Film Companion]] |access-date=13 August 2024 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227193241/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/kabuliwala-movie-bengali-revisiting-tapan-sinha-rabindranath-tagore |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Awards==

*[[National Film Awards]]<ref name="4thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/4th_Nff.pdf|title=4th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=2 September 2011|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225070937/http://dff.nic.in/2011/4th_Nff.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
**[[4th National Film Awards|1956]] – [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]]
**1956 – [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali]]
*[[Silver Bear|Silver Bear Extraordinary Prize of the Jury]] – [[7th Berlin International Film Festival]]<ref name="Berlinale 1957">{{cite web |url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1957/03_preistr_ger_1957/03_Preistraeger_1957.html |title=7th Berlin International Film Festival: Prize Winners |access-date=2010-10-11 |work=berlinale.de |archive-date=4 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404105035/http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1957/03_preistr_ger_1957/03_Preistraeger_1957.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Novels}}
* [[Kabuliwala (1961 film)|Kabuliwala]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=49393|title=Kabuliwala }}

{{NationalFilmAwardBestFeatureFilm}}
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Bengali}}
{{Kabuliwala}}

[[Category:Films based on works by Rabindranath Tagore]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:1957 films]]
[[Category:Indian children's films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Tapan Sinha]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Best Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Bengali films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ravi Shankar]]
[[Category:Best Bengali Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:1957 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1957 drama films]]

{{1950s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Nichaya Thamboolam

2026-03-05T19:29:27Z

ChenHleeLiyue:

{{Short description|1962 film by B. S. Ranga}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nichaya Thamboolam
| image = Nichaya Thamboolam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[B. S. Ranga]]
| writer = 'Virudai' Ramasamy
| producer = B. S. Ranga
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]]
| cinematography = [[B. S. Ranga]]
| editing = P. G. Mohan M. Devendranath
| music = [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
| studio = Vikram Productions
| released = {{Film date|1962|02|09|df=y|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web |title=71-80 |url=http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp8.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140908155017/http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp8.htm |archive-date=8 September 2014 |access-date=1 August 2018 |website=nadigarthilagam.com}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Nichaya Thamboolam''''' ({{translation|The Betrothal}}) is a 1962 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]], directed and produced by [[B. S. Ranga]]. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]] and [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]]. It was released on 9 February 1962. The film was released in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Pelli Thambulam''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |pages=191 |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author-link2=Paul Willemen |orig-date=1994 }}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=August 2022}}
A senior police officer, Ranganathan, has a spoilt son, Raghuraman. Ranganathan's wife (Raghu's mother) Kamakshi is a kind-hearted lady. Raghu falls in love with Seetha, the daughter of a poor teacher, Ramanna. Ranganathan's family and Ramanna's family are related. When Seetha was born, both parents agreed that she should be married to Raghu and exchanged the Nichaya Thamboolam. However, due to their status, the families had been estranged from each other. Raghu marries Seetha, who becomes pregnant. Raghu suspects Seetha's fidelity and walks out on her. To complicate matters further, Raghu is charged with the murder of his friend Pattusamy. Seetha takes the blame on herself in order to save Raghu. After more twists and turns it is revealed that Pattusamy is alive. The families come together and all live happily.

== Cast ==
{{Col-begin|width=60%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast
*[[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Raghu / Raghuraman
*[[M. N. Nambiar]] as Pattusamy
*[[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as Ranganathan
*[[V. Nagayya]] as Ramanna
*[[T. S. Durairaj]] as Pichai Muthu
* S. Rama Rao
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast
*[[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] as Seetha
*[[P. Kannamba]] as Kamakshi
*[[Rajasree]] as Sarala
*Malathi as Parvathi
*Jothi (special appearance in "Nee Nadanthaal Enna")
{{Col-end}}

== Production ==
For the song "Padaithane Padaithane", Ranga initially built an elaborate set; however he had it torn down and "instead painted the floor wet black and used lamp posts".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Akundi |first=Sweta |date=30 April 2018 |title=Shadows on the wall |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/chennai-photographer-brs-sreenag-on-his-work/article23726555.ece |url-status=live |access-date=10 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704113027/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/chennai-photographer-brs-sreenag-on-his-work/article23726555.ece |archive-date=4 July 2022}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music composed by [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] and the lyrics were penned by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam – Part 2 |date=November 2016 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers 044 25361039 |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=70–71 |language=Tamil}}</ref> "Padaithane Padaithane" is set in [[Bilaskhani Todi]], a [[Hindustani raga]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=17 July 2015 |title=His love for Bilaskhan-i Todi |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/his-love-for-bilaskhani-todi/article7430831.ece |url-status=live |access-date=10 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704113029/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/his-love-for-bilaskhani-todi/article7430831.ece |archive-date=4 July 2022}}</ref>
"Paavadai Dhavaniyil" is loosely based on [[Yamuna Kalyani]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Aandavan Padaichan" || rowspan=3|[[T. M. Soundararajan]]|| 05:13
|-
| "Padaithaane, Padaithaane Manithanai" || 04:43
|-
| "Paavadai Dhavaniyil" || 04:26
|-
| "Alangaram Alangaram" || S. C. Krishnan, [[L. R. Eswari]] || 02:50
|-
| "Ithu Ver Ulagam" || T. M. Soundararajan, L. R. Eswari || 04:00
|-
| "Maalai Soodum Mana Naal" || rowspan=3|[[P. Susheela]] || 03:07
|-
| "Nethiyile Oru Kunguma Pottu" || 03:43
|-
| "Nee Nadanthaal Enna" || 02:43
|}

== Reception ==
The film was a box-office success, though it did not hit the 100-day mark.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=2 May 2015 |title=Blast from the past: Nichaya Thamboolam 1962 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/blast-from-the-past-nichaya-thamboolam-1962/article7164730.ece |url-status=live |access-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170829153018/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/blast-from-the-past-nichaya-thamboolam-1962/article7164730.ece |archive-date=29 August 2017}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0261109}}

[[Category:1962 Indian films]]
[[Category:1962 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1962 films]]
[[Category:1962 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. S. Ranga]]
[[Category:Films scored by Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

Bhalobashar Shohor

2026-03-04T00:33:36Z

ChenHleeLiyue: new a info

{{short description|2017 Bengali Short Film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bhalobashar Shohor
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Indraneil Roy Chowdhury]]
| producer =
| writer =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Ritwick Chakraborty]] [[Sohini Sarkar]] [[Jaya Ahsan]]
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2017|07}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Bhalobashar Shohor'''''<ref>{{cite news|title= The huge success of a 30-min film shows the road ahead for Bengali cinema may lie online|url= http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/homs-away-from-home/article19231453.ece}}</ref> (The city of love) is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] short film from India. The film was released in July, 2017. [[Cinema of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]] actress [[Jaya Ahsan]], [[Ritwick Chakraborty]], [[Sohini Sarkar]] and Arun Mukherjee played the lead roles in the film. The film was directed by Indraniel Roy Chowdhury.<ref>{{cite news|title= ‘ফড়িং’এর পর ‘ভালবাসার শহর’, ফের ছক্কা হাঁকালেন ইন্দ্রনীল|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/indranil-roy-chowdhurys-bhalobashar-sohor-made-a-remarkable-hit-dgtl-1.639548}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Jaya Ahsan]]
* [[Ritwick Chakraborty]]
* [[Sohini Sarkar]]
* Arun Mukherjee

==Release==
This short film is released by director [[YouTube]] and Vimeo <ref>{{cite news|title=বিদেশের দর্শকরা দেখুন ‘ভালবাসার শহর’ নীচের এই ভিমিও লিঙ্কটিতে, রেন্ট অপশনটি ক্লিক করে
|url=https://ebela.in/entertainment/bhalobashar-shohor-city-of-love-short-film-review-by-ram-kamal-mukherjee-dgtl-1.637236}}</ref> release in 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title= জয়ার নতুন ছবি ‘ভালবাসার শহর’ ইউটিউবে|url=http://www.channelionline.com/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B6/}}</ref>

==Plot==
The love of Adil Haider and Annapurna Das drags them into one of the beautiful Syrian cities, [[Homs]]. Muslim, Hindi speaking Adil, and Hindu, Bengali-speaking Annapurna. The beautiful, two thousand year old city of Homs, is in war, bomb, grenade, cannonball. Like many places in the Middle East- [[Afghanistan]], [[Iraq]], [[Iran]], [[Syria]] were destroyed. Destruction with him was the life of Adil and Annapurna. Adil was lying in Syria, hit by a bomb. Annapurna came back to her old town in [[Kolkata]], where Adil and her first met a few years ago, she loved him.

The beginning of the new battle for Annapurna is the life of Annapurna. She is not fighting the war gun cannon bomber. She fights economic war and social war. The poor young girl has a life of 14-hours school attendance on the day of the mother, and at the same time the women of high-tech society go to her house to get massage. Where temptation, lust, dignity and nerve war with eyesight. Where the hope of surviving the child's child in the shelter of an old father. Hope for her to be healed for the wounded forever, the hope of recovering the body. And the question of Adil, who has left the same, is expected to reach him on the basis of the bureaucracy, and see him once alive.<ref>{{cite news|title=‘‘সাম্প্রতিককালে এমন ‘সেনসিটিভ’ বাংলা ছবি হয়নি বললেই চলে’’: ‘ভালবাসার শহর’ ছবির প্রসঙ্গে শ্রীকান্ত |url= https://ebela.in/entertainment/bhalobashar-shohor-city-of-love-short-film-review-by-srikanto-acharya-dgtl-1.639120}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=‘ভালবাসার শহর’ যেন এক ঝলক শেষ সূর্যকিরণের গল্প |url= https://ebela.in/blog/ei-besh-bhalo-aachhi-review-of-the-movie-bhalobashar-shohor-dgtl-1.641829}}</ref>

==Reaction==
The film is available on YouTube and [[Vimeo]] after its release. Many film artists and researchers mention the significance of the film and the message of society.<ref>{{cite news|title= ‘ভালবাসার শহর’ বাংলা ছবির ‘রিকভারি মডেল’ দেখাল: শিবপ্রসাদ মুখোপাধ্যায়|url=https://ebela.in/entertainment/shiboprosad-mukhopadhyay-praises-bhalobasar-shohor-dgtl-1.644647 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=‘ভালবাসার শহর’ -এর উপরে চোখ রাখে ত্রিকালদর্শী ক্যামেরা |url= https://ebela.in/entertainment/review-of-the-movie-bhalobashar-shohor-by-alam-khorshed-dgtl-1.637659}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{ref}}

[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2017 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Jaya Ahsan]]

Saira (film)

2026-03-03T21:36:30Z

ChenHleeLiyue: fixed lead to improve readability and corrected details to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Saira'' (film)}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = [[Dr. Biju]]
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = [[Navya Nair]] [[Nedumudi Venu]]
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2005}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Saira''''' is a 2005 Indian film starring [[Navya Nair]] and [[Nedumudi Venu]]. The film marks the directorial debut of [[Dr. Biju]]. It was the opening selection in the Tous Les Cinemas du Monde (World Cinema) section of [[2007 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref>[http://www.monstersandcritics.com/movies/features/article_1304644.php/Preview_Acceptance_in_Cannes_bestows_prestige_and_honour Preview: Acceptance in Cannes bestows prestige and honour] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930195151/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/movies/features/article_1304644.php/Preview_Acceptance_in_Cannes_bestows_prestige_and_honour |date=30 September 2012 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout=cannes2007&jump=features&id=2542&articleid=VR1117965596 Cannes, India celebrate 60 years]</ref> It also participated in 21 other international film festivals. It was also selected at the Indian Panorama 2006.

==Premise==
Saira is the daughter of the famous [[ghazal]] singer Ustad Ali Hussain, although she is fond of his music. Saira decides to become a news reporter but then Saira disappears. Ustad waits for Saira to return but she returns as a victim.

==Cast==
*[[Navya Nair]] as Saira
*[[Nedumudi Venu]] as Ustad Ali Hussain
*[[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]]
*[[Ineya]]
*V.K. Baiju
*Koodal Gopan
*B.N. Radhakrishnan
*Rajiv Venad
*Somarajan Pilla
*Thaleshan
*Baby Safina
*Master Mukundan
*Master Devashambu
*Baby Shahina
*Baby Diana
*Sahadevan

==Awards==
* 2006: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress]] - [[Navya Nair]]
* 2006: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director]] - Ramesh Narayan
* 2007: Zimbabwe International Film Festival: Best Actor - [[Nedumudi Venu|Nedumudi venu]]
* 2006: Amrita TV Film Award for Best Actress - [[Navya Nair]]

==Film festival screening==
[[File:The Director Dr.Biju and the Producer B.N.Radha Krishnan at the presentation of the film Saira on the occasion of 37th International Film Festival (IFFI-2006) in Panaji, Goa on November 30, 2006.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Director Dr.Biju and producer B.N.Radha Krishnan, at the presentation of the film at [[International Film Festival of India|IFFI]] ([[37th International Film Festival of India|2006]]) ]]
* Cannes international film festival 2007/Tous les cinemas du monde
* São Paulo international film festival 2006/Official competition
* Golden Minbar international film festival Russia 2006/Official competition
* Zimbabve international film festival 2007/Official competition
* Milan film festival, Italy 2007
* Eilat international film festival Israel 2007
* Panorama of independent filmmakers international film festival, Greece 2006
* Bangladhesh international film festival 2007
* New jersey Indian film festival USA 2007
* Brussels international film festival, Belgium 2007
* International film festival of India 2006 (Indian Panorama)
* Pune International film festival (2007)
* International film festival of Kerala (2006)
* Bangalore International film festival (2007)
* Hyderabad International film festival (2007)

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Dr. Biju}}
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dr. Biju]]
[[Category:2005 directorial debut films]]

{{2000s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Saa Boo Thiri

2026-03-03T04:22:30Z

ChenHleeLiyue: new first stub basic info - done

{{About|the Tamil film|the Indian game|Saa Boo Three}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| director = Arshad Khan
| writer = Arshad Khan
| producer = Rajesh Kanna
| starring = {{ubl|Akshay|[[Prajin]]|Arshad Khan}}
| cinematography = B. L. Sanjay
| editing = L. V. K. Doss
| music = Abbas Rafi
| studio = R Studios
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2009|11|06}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Saa Boo Thiri''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[romantic comedy]] film directed by Arshad Khan in his debut, and produced by Rajesh Kanna. The film stars Akshay, [[Prajin]] and Arshad Khan, with Mithuna, Pinky, Sara Alambara, Aksha Sudari and [[Ujjayinee Roy]] playing supporting roles. It was released on 6 November 2009.

== Plot ==
Three youngsters: Balakrishna, Keerthi and Pal who live in the same apartment complex and are good friends. After two years of struggle, Balakrishna finally declares his love for TV reporter Sherin and she spontaneously accepts. Keerthi and Jo are a married couple of [[Information technology in India|IT]] professionals; they were madly in love with each other before getting married, but are now barely able to communicate normally, thus creating various misunderstandings. Pal is a college student who hates women of his age and he is only [[MILF|attracted to older women]].

Balakrishnan's family forces Balakrishnan to see the bride Lekha, but Balakrishnan refuses to marry her because he is in love with Sherin. Lekha nimbly becomes friends with him and Sherin. After a trip to [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], which Sherin missed, Balakrishnan gets closer to Lekha and they eventually fall in love with each other. Tired of their marriage, Keerthi and Jo end up chatting with strangers on the net. Pal falls under the spell of the elder woman Philomina while his classmate Priya is secretly in love with him.

Lekha then decides to marry a groom chosen by her parents whereas Sherin dumps Balakrishnan when she learns about their love affair. Pal learns that Philomina eloped with her boyfriend; he is distraught but when Priya reveals her love to him, he promptly accepts her love. Lekha, who cannot forget Balakrishna, later cancels her marriage and marries her sweetheart Balakrishnan at the registrar office in a hurry. Keerthi and Jo forgive each other and they make up after the misunderstanding. The film ends with three couples living happily.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*Akshay as Balakrishnan
*[[Prajin]] as Keerthi
*Arshad Khan as Pal (Palaniappa)
*Mithuna as Lekha
*Pinky as Sherin
*Sara Alambara as Jo
*Aksha Sudari as Priya
*[[Ujjayinee Roy]] as Philomina
*Rishwanth
*Gayathri
*[[Lavanya (actress)|Lavanya]] as Shanthi
}}

== Production ==
''Saa Boo Thiri'' is the directorial debut of Arshad Khan. The producer Rajesh Kanna and cast member Akshay were his college friends.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K R |first=Manigandan |date=7 November 2009 |title=Arshad Khan believes in dreaming big |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/arshad-khan-believes-in-dreaming-big/articleshow/5203685.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250220165920/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/arshad-khan-believes-in-dreaming-big/articleshow/5203685.cms |archive-date=20 February 2025 |access-date=20 February 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by Abbas Rafi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saa Boo Three (2009) |url=https://mio.to/album/Saa+Boo+Three+(2009) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325024905/https://mio.to/album/Saa+Boo+Three+(2009) |archive-date=25 March 2022 |access-date=16 March 2019 |website=MusicIndiaOnline}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Suvai Karumbe
| writer1 = Kavinba
| extra1 = [[Benny Dayal]], [[Ujjayinee Roy]]
| length1 = 04:11
| title2 = Athu Oru Adaimazhi Kaalam
| writer2 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| extra2 = [[Vijay Yesudas]], Ujjayinee Roy
| length2 = 05:15
| title3 = Mazhaye Mazhaye
| writer3 = Na. Muthukumar
| extra3 = [[Haricharan]]
| length3 = 04:51
| title4 = Saa Boo Thiri
| writer4 = Na. Muthukumar
| extra4 = Benny Dayal
| length4 = 04:02
| title5 = Putha Puthithai Oru Vaanam
| writer5 = [[Thamarai]]
| extra5 = [[Rahul Nambiar]], Ujjayinee Roy
| length5 = 04:14
| title6 = Athu Oru Adaimazhi Kaalam
| writer6 = Na. Muthukumar
| extra6 = Vijay Yesudas
| length6 = 05:13
| total_length = 27:46
}}

== Release ==
[[Central Board of Film Certification|Censor Board]] officials were disquieted witnessing the sequences where Arshad falls in love with a married woman. As it evokes denial amongst the Tamil film audiences, nearly 12 scenes of those sequences have been delivered and Censor Board officials have passed [[A certificate|'A' certificate]].<ref name="certificate">{{Cite web |date=29 October 2009 |title='Saa Boo Thri' gets 'A' certificate |url=http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/news/saa-boo-thri-gets-a-certificate/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325024750/http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/news/saa-boo-thri-gets-a-certificate/ |archive-date=25 March 2022 |access-date=16 March 2019 |website=Kollywood Today}}</ref> Initially, the film had its release date fixed on 16 October 2009, coinciding with [[Diwali]], but it was released on 6 November 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2009 |title='Saa Boo Three' opts out of race |url=https://www.southdreamz.com/12193/saa-boo-three-opts-out-of-race/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019121651/https://www.southdreamz.com/12193/saa-boo-three-opts-out-of-race/ |archive-date=19 October 2021 |access-date=16 March 2019 |website=southdreamz.com}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''[[Sify]]'' rated the film as a "Waste of time" and said, "The trouble with the film is that there is no story to tell, it is just a few incidents strung together by a non happening script [..] The film lacks a true Tamil touch and offers little in terms of surprise or twists. The music is bad and the second half is repetitive and too long with a predictable climax, and all is well with the jolly good guys and girls".<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2009 |title=Saa Boo Thiri |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/saa-boo-thiri-review--pclxtDjiebdje.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325054701/https://www.sify.com/movies/saa-boo-thiri-review--pclxtDjiebdje.html |archive-date=25 March 2022 |access-date=16 March 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> S. R. Ashok Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Since the line-up of actors in this R Studio's film consists mostly of newcomers, director Arshad Khan should have spent more time working on the script" and criticised the 'wafer-thin' plot and weak screenplay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=12 November 2009 |title=Wafer-thin plot, weak screenplay |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Wafer-thin-plot-weak-screenplay/article16891636.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715234602/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Wafer-thin-plot-weak-screenplay/article16891636.ece |archive-date=15 July 2023 |access-date=16 March 2019 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2009 Indian films]]
[[Category:2009 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2009 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]

Mudaliar

2026-02-28T19:32:58Z

ChenHleeLiyue: corrected article additionally and improved wording

{{Short description|Title and surname used in Tamil Nadu, India}}

'''Mudaliar''' (alternatively spelled: '''Muthaliar''', '''Mudali''', '''Muthali)''' is a [[Tamil people|Tamil]] title and surname.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YFF9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA236|title=The Politics of Cultural Nationalism in South India|last=Barnett|first=Marguerite Ross|year=2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400867189|page=236}}</ref> As title, it was historically given to high-ranking officers, administrators and their descendants during the rule of [[Chola empire|Imperial Cholas]].'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Silva |first=Chandra Richard De |title=Portuguese Encounters with Sri Lanka and the Maldives: Translated Texts from the Age of Discoveries |date=2009 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=9780754601869 |pages=225 |language=en}}</ref>'''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j1afGkg1JsEC |title=Vidyodaya Journal of Arts, Science, and Letters: Vidyodaya Vidyā Kalā Bhāsāśāstrīya Sangrahaya |date=1970 |publisher=Vidyodaya Campus, University of Sri Lanka |pages=117 |language=en}}</ref> The surname is most prevalent among Tamils from [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Sri Lanka]]. Descendants of Tamil migrants also bears variants of the name in countries such as [[South Africa]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]] and elsewhere in the [[Tamil diaspora]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Younger |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2oI8DwAAQBAJ |title=New Homelands: Hindu Communities in Mauritius, Guyana, Trinidad, South Africa, Fiji, and East Africa |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-539164-0 |pages=135 |language=en}}</ref>

The title is usually borne by the communities like the [[Kondaikatti Vellalar]], [[Thuluva Vellala]]r, [[Sengunthar|Senguntha Kaikolar]] for serving as ministers, military commanders and soldiers in [[Chola Empire]].<ref name="David 1977 188">{{cite book |last=David |first=Kenneth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vp_la9QMGIQC&q=Senkuntar+India+warriors+given+title+Mutaliyar+their+bravery&pg=PA188 |title=The New Wind: Changing Identities in South Asia (World Anthropology) |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton; Reprint 2011 edition (1 December 1977) |year=1977 |isbn=9027979596 |pages=188}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The title is derived from the Tamil word ''muthal'' or "muthar" meaning ''first'' with the suffix ''yaar'' denoting ''people''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YFF9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA236|title=The Politics of Cultural Nationalism in South India|last=Barnett|first=Marguerite Ross|year=2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400867189|page=236|language=en}}</ref> The title Mudaliar means a person of first rank. The title is used in the same sense as simply meaning ''headman'' or ''chieftain''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OEolDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA47|title=Who Are the Jews of India?|last=Katz|first=Nathan|year=2000|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-52021-323-4|pages=47–48}}</ref>

==History==
The term "Mudali" (or "Mudaliar") is an [[honorific]] historically associated with [[Thondaimandala Vellalar]]s, a forward caste.<ref name="Response to John Harriss">{{cite book | last1 = Rajadurai | first1 = S. V. | last2 = Geetha | first2 = V. | year = 2004 | title = Response to John Harriss | editor1-last = Wyatt | editor1-first = Andrew | editor2-last = Zavos | editor2-first = John | publisher = Routledge | pages = 115 | isbn = 978-1-13576-169-1 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0L6RAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA115 | accessdate = 2024-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Robb |first=Peter |title=Meanings of Agriculture: Essays in South Asian History and Economics |year=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=348}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Balakrishnan |first=Raja Gopal |title=The Rashtrakutas of Malkhed: Studies in the History and Culture |year=1965 |publisher=Mythic Society, Bangalore by Geetha Book House |edition=1994 |page=178}}</ref>

This title is also used by the [[Sengunthar]] community. Sengunthars, traditionally held a prominent place as skilled [[Weaving|weavers]] and textile merchants in the Tamil region.{{sfn|Mines|1984|p=11}}During the rule of [[Imperial Cholas]], the Sengunthars were warriors and were given the title "Sengunda-Mudali", indicating an evolution in their social status within [[Tondaimandalam]] society.<ref>{{cite book |last=Robb |first=Peter |title=Meanings of Agriculture: Essays in South Asian History and Economics |year=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=349}}</ref><ref name="Response to John Harriss"/><ref name="David 1977 188"/> Sengundhars are a relatively high ranking caste who rival in status the main agricultural caste, the [[Vellalar]]s.<ref name="Mines2">{{Harvnb|Mines|1984|pp=|p=13}}</ref>

== India ==

=== Kondaikatti Vellalar ===
[[Kondaikatti Vellalar]] or Thondaimandala Mudaliar{{efn|Some of the important endogamous sub-divisions among the Vellalas are: Aranbukatti, Arunattu, Cholapuram Chetti, Choliya, Dakshinattan, Kaniyalan, Karaikatta or Pandya, Kodikkal, Kongu, Kottai, Malaikanda, Nainan, Mangudi, Pandaram or Gurukal, Panjukara Chetti, Ponneri Mudali, Pundamalli Mudali, Sittak kattu Chetti, Tondamandalam Mudali or Kondaikatti, Tuluva, Uttunattu, and Yelur. The Tondaimandalam, Ponneri and Pundamalli Vellalas use the title Mudaliar;{{sfnp|Indian Council of Agricultural Research|p=120}}}} is a [[Tamil people|Tamil]]{{efn|Most of the Dubashes in the late eighteenth-century Madras were Telugu brahmans or Telugu perikavārs, Tamil kannakapillais, Tamil yādhavas, or Tamil Kondaikatti vellalas. {{sfnp|Irschick|1994|p=34}}}} caste in south India. Historically, they were a caste of non-cultivating land-holders and some of them were administrators under various south Indian dynasties especially the [[Chola Empire]].{{efn|Among Tamil castes, both ''Karkattar Vellalas'' (Arunachalam, 1975) and ''Kondaikatti Vellalas'' (Barnett, 1970) have much the same profile as the KP: both are non-cultivating land-holders, with a history of service to ruling dynasties. Both are of high status, laying great stress on ritual purity. {{sfnp|Chanana|Krishna Raj|1989|p=92}}}}{{efn|Like the Kondaikatti Velalar described by Barnett(1970), they have allied themselves with south Indian dynasties as administrators, and have built up a position in the religious sphere in being employers of Brahmans and builders of temples for "high" gods like Siva, Ganesh and Vishnu.{{sfnp|Mariola Offredi|1992|p=284}}}}{{efn|The original stronghold of the Kondaikatti Vellalas was Tondaimandalam. Later they spread from there throughout Tamil Nadu. Some of them were employed in the king's court and others as military leaders during expansionist times.{{sfnp|Pillay|Pillay|1977|pp=23-24}}}} Their original homeland was [[Thondaimandalam]] and from there they spread to other areas in south India and northeastern parts of Sri Lanka.{{efn|The original home of the Kondaikatti Vellalar is Tondaimandalam and subsequently they are found throughout Tamil nadu.{{sfnp|Venkatasubramanian|1993|p=105}}}}{{sfnp|Pillay|Pillay|1977|pp=23-24}} Since they historically used the ''Mudaliar'' title, they are sometimes referred to as Thondaimandala Mudaliar.{{sfnp|Indian Council of Agricultural Research|p=120}}

=== Thuluva Vellalar ===
[[Thuluva Vellala]]r (Thondaimandala Tuluva Vellalar), also known as Agamudaya Mudaliars and Arcot Mudaliars, is a caste found in northern [[Tamil Nadu]], southern [[Andhra Pradesh]]. They were originally significant landowners. An early Tamil tradition states that a king known as [[Adondai|Ādonda Chakravarthi]], a feudatory of [[Karikala Chola]] brought a large number of agriculturists (now known as the ''Tuluva Vellalas'') from the [[Tulu Nadu|Tulu areas]] in order to reclaim forest lands for cultivation in [[Thondaimandalam]] during late 2nd century CE.
<ref>{{cite book |author=Krishnaswamy Ranaganathan Hanumanthan |title=Untouchability: A Historical Study Upto 1500 A.D. : with Special Reference to Tamil Nadu |publisher=Koodal Publishers |page=101}}</ref> Tuluva Vellalars are progressive and prosperous<ref name="TanjaiTamil">{{cite book |author=Tañcai Tamil̲p Palkalaik Kal̲akam, Tañcai Tamiḻp Palkalaik Kaḻakam |title=Glimpses of Tamil Civilization. Articles from the University Quarterly, Tamil Civilization |publisher=Tamil University |year=1994 |page=142 |quote=Tuluva Vellala is a prosperous and progressive caste in Tamil Nadu and they migrated from Tulu Nadu to Tamil Nadu in ancient times.}}</ref> in the society. They are considerably advanced in the matter of education.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Census Book of India 1961 |publisher=The Director of stationery and Printing, Madras. |year=1961 |volume=9 North Arcot District |location=Madras |pages=31 |language=Tamil |chapter=3}}</ref>

=== Senguntha Kaikola Mudaliar ===
[[Sengunthar|Senguntha Kaikola Mudaliar]] is a caste commonly found in the [[Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and the neighboring country [[Sri Lanka]]. In [[Andhra Pradesh]], they are called as [[Kaikalas|Kaikala or Karikala Bhaktulu]], who consider the Chola emperor [[Karikala|Karikala Chola]] as their hero.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Commission for Backward Classes |url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/user_panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvYBtdZSrP4uO+ploAhiJHMALWmHIwbzS8Il37YLL3Fb0FHfWDHzP7c |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=www.ncbc.nic.in}}</ref> They were [[warrior]]s by ancient heritage and traditional, Textile Merchants and Silk Weavers by occupation.{{sfn|Mines|1984|p=11}} [[Ottakoothar]], 12th century court poet and rajaguru of [[Cholas]] under [[Vikrama Chola]], [[Kulothunga II|Kulothunga Chola II]], [[Rajaraja II|Raja Raja Chola II]] reign belong to this community. They were a part of the [[Five Hundred Lords of Ayyavolu|Ayyavolu 500 merchant guild]] during the Chola period which played a significant role in the [[Chola invasion of Srivijaya|Chola invasion of Srivijaya empire]].{{sfn|Mines|1984|p=11}} In the olden days in India, the Sengunthars were warriors and were given the title Mudaliar for their bravery.<ref name="David 1977 188"/> In early thirteenth century, after the fall of [[Chola Empire|Chola empire]] large number of Kaikolars migrated to [[Kongu Nadu]] from [[Tondaimandalam]] and started doing weaving and textile businesses as their full time profession as they sworn to be soldiers only for Chola emperors.<ref name="Ramaswamy 662">{{cite book |last=Ramaswamy |first=Vijaya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DzcrDwAAQBAJ&q=Kaikkolar |title=Migrations in Medieval and Early Colonial India |publisher=Routledge |year=2017 |isbn=9781351558259 |pages=172–174}}</ref>

== Sri Lanka ==

=== Karaiyar and Sri Lankan Vellalar ===
After the expulsion of the Portuguese, the 1658 revolt against [[Dutch Ceylon|Dutch rule]] in the [[Jaffna Peninsula|Jaffna region]] was led by the Christian Karaiyars and [[Madapalli]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rGSGAAAAIAAJ|title=Rivalry and Conflict: European Traders and Asian Trading Networks in the 16th and 17th Centuries|last1=Veen|first1=Ernst van|last2=Blussé|first2=Leonard|date=2005|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|isbn=9789057891045|pages=116|language=en}}</ref> A [[Dutch people|Dutch]] minister of the 17th century, [[Philippus Baldaeus]], described the Karaiyars, Madapallis and [[Sri Lankan Vellalar|Vellalars]] among the influential classes of the Christians.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}} Elite [[Karaiyar]]s were appointed to the rank of [[Ceylonese Mudaliyars|Mudaliyars]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last1=Manogaran |first1=Chelvadurai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qExuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Sri Lankan Tamils: ethnicity and identity |last2=Pfaffenberger |first2=Bryan |date=1994 |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=9780813388458 |pages=34, 36 |language=en}}</ref> The Karaiyar dominance got weakened through the political rise of the Vellalars under [[Dutch Ceylon|Dutch rule]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m2puAAAAMAAJ|title=Ceylon and the Dutch, 1600-1800: External Influences and Internal Change in Early Modern Sri Lanka|last=Arasaratnam|first=Sinnappah|date=1996-01-01|publisher=n Variorum|isbn=9780860785798|pages=390|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XotuAAAAMAAJ&q=karaiyar|title=South Indian Studies|last=Soundra Pandian|first=Mathias Samuel|date=1997|publisher=Chithira Publishers|location=Madras Institute of Development Studies|pages=168|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Eva Gerharz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c7JEAwAAQBAJ|title=The Politics of Reconstruction and Development in Sri Lanka|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|isbn=978-1-317-69280-5|page=41}}</ref>

==== Karaiyar ====
For centuries the Karaiyars had sea-trade relations with [[India]], [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], [[Vietnam]], [[Malaysia]] and [[Indonesia]], which has been heavily restricted since [[British Ceylon|British rule]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Bound and the NonBound: Variations in Social and Cultural Structure in Rural Jaffna, Ceylon|last=Kenneth Andrew|first=David|year=1972|location=The University of Chicago|pages=142}}</ref>

At the hand of the powerful maritime trading clans of the Karaiyars, the emergence of [[Urban area|urban centers]] known as ''pattanam'' were seen. Mudaliar (meaning "capitalist") were conferred on the maritime elite trading clans of the Karaiyars as [[Imperial, royal and noble ranks|titles of nobility]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=K|first=Arunthavarajah|date=March 2014|title=The Administration of Jaffna Kingdom- A Historical View|url=http://ijbarr.com/downloads/2014/vol2-issue3/5.pdf|journal=International Journal of Business and Administration Research Review|publisher=University of Jaffna|volume= 2| issue = 3|pages=32}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dCFRAQAAIAAJ|title=Cambridge South Asian Studies|date=1965|publisher=Cambridge South Asian Studies|isbn=9780521232104|location=University of Cambridge|pages=27|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=73msCkfD5V8C|title=Caste, Nationalism and Ethnicity: An Interpretation of Tamil Cultural History and Social Order|last=Pandian|first=Jacob|date=1987|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=9780861321360|pages=109|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of Mudaliars]]
*[[List of Vellalars]]
*[[List of Sengunthars]]
*[[Ceylonese Mudaliyars]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|title=Gender and the Household Domain Social and Cultural Dimensions|editor-first1=Karuna |editor-last1=Chanana|editor-first2=Maithreyi |editor-last2=Krishna Raj|publisher=Sage Publications|year=1989}}
*{{cite book|title=Farmers of India, Band 2|author=Indian Council of Agricultural Research|publisher=Indian Council of Agricultural Research, 1961}}
*{{cite book|title=Dialogue and History: Constructing South India, 1795-1895|first=Eugene F. |last=Irschick|publisher=University of California Press|year=1994}}
*{{cite book|title=Literature, Language, and the Media in India: Proceedings of the 11th European Conference on South Asian Studies, Amsterdam, 1990, Panel 13|editor=Mariola Offredi|publisher=Manohar Publications, 1992|year=1992}}
*{{cite book |last=Mines |first=Mattison |year=1984 |title=The Warrior Merchants: Textiles, Trade and Territory in South India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521267144 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y089AAAAIAAJ}}
*{{cite book|first1=Kolappa |last1=Pillay |first2=Kanakasabhapathi |last2=Pillay|title=The Caste System in Tamil Nadu |publisher=University of Madras |year=1977}}
*{{cite book|title=Societas to Civitas Evolution of Political Society in South India : Pre-Pallavan Tamilakam|first=T. K. |last=Venkatasubramanian|publisher=Kalinga Publications|year=1993}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]

Angul district

2026-02-19T22:38:11Z

ChenHleeLiyue: basic refined details per sources additionally and added references

{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Angul}}
{{original research|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Angul district
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Odisha|District]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 250
|photo1a =
|photo2a = Panchadhara Ghati, Athmallik.jpg
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Top: [[Nalconagar, Angul|Nalconagar]] Jagannath Temple Bottom: Panchadhara Ghati, [[Athmallik]]
| mapframe = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|20.833|N|85.1|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Orissa Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Odisha]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1 April 1993
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Angul]]
| government_type = District
| governing_body =
| leader_title = [[District collector|Collector & District Magistrate]]
| leader_name = Abdaal M. Akhtar, IAS
| leader_title1 = Superintendent of Police
| leader_name1 = Rahul Jain, IPS
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 6232
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 875.5
| population_total = 1,273,821
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=districtcensus />
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Odia language|Odia]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 759100{{ndash}}759122
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 06764
| registration_plate = Angul OD-19, Talcher OD-35
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest cities
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Cuttack]], [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Sambalpur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 0.942 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank3_info_sec1 = 78.96%
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = 5
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Aw]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{cvt|1421|mm|in}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Average summer temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{cvt|47|°C|°F}}
| blank4_name_sec2 = Average winter temperature
| blank4_info_sec2 = {{cvt|10|°C|°F}}
| website = {{URL|https://angul.nic.in}}
}}

'''Angul district''', also known as '''Anugul district''', is one of the [[list of districts of Odisha|thirty]] districts of [[Odisha]] in eastern [[India]]. The city of [[Angul]] is the district headquarters of Angul district. A major industrial hub of the state, the district hosts numerous industries relating to coal, bauxite and steel apart from extensive forests including the [[Satkosia Tiger Reserve]].

==History==
{{Expand section|date=August 2023}}
The name "Angul" of the district originates from its headquarters, [[Angul]]. According to L.S.S. O’Malley, the name is believed to be a transformation of "Anugol," with a legend attached. In the past, the region was inhabited by [[Khonds]], Savaras, and [[Gondi people|Gonds]], with Khonds being predominant. It was divided into principalities led by Khond chiefs, until the Odisha King established rule, aided by Rajputs and adventurers, over the Khonds who paid tribute. The last Khond chief, Anu, rebelled, and a conspiracy led to his deposition through a struggle called "gol." The conquerors commemorated their victory by naming the land "Anugol," which evolved into "Anugula" or "Anugol" in colloquial language.

The district is actually a conglomeration of various parts with differing administrative history. Angul subdivision, roughly the central part of the district, was initially a feudatory state under the [[East India Company]] who had entered into a treaty with its rules after the lapse of Maratha authority in the area around 1803. In 1847, the then raja, Somanath Singh, revolted against the Company and was therefore deposed and exiled. His state was escheated as a Government Estate and was attached to the Orissa Division for administrative convenience. A Tahsildar was appointed in charge of the same. In 1891, the [[Bengal Presidency]] Government constituted Angul into a separate district and added the Phulbani subdivision of present day [[Kandhamal district]] to it. A Deputy Commissioner cum [[District Magistrate]] was appointed with extensive powers. This continued till 1936 when the new state of Orissa abolished the district and merged the Angul portion with [[Cuttack district]]. It later formed a part of [[Dhenkanal district]] after 1949.

The [[Pallahara]], [[Athamallik]] and [[Talcher]] subdivisions of the district were also separate feudatory states, known as Garhjats in Odisha. Each had a Raja as the ruler and a different administrative setup under the overall supervision of the Superintendent at [[Sambalpur]]. After 1949, like the Angul subdivision, these were all merged to form a part of the Dhenkanal district. On April 1, 1993, these were clubbed together and a new district with Angul as headquarters was constituted.

== Geography ==
Angul is located in the centre of the state of [[Odisha]] and lies between the latitudes of 20°31′N and 21°40′N and longitudes of 84°15′E and 85°23′E. The altitude is between {{convert|564|and|1187|m}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |archive-date=16 June 2004 |title=Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional) |access-date=1 November 2008 |publisher=Census Commission of India}}</ref> The district has an area of {{cvt|6232|km2}}. It is bounded by [[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]] and [[Cuttack district]] in the east, [[Deogarh district|Deogarh]], [[Keonjhar District|Kendujhar]] and [[Sundargarh district]] in north, [[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]] and [[Sonepur district|Sonepur]] in west and [[Boudh district|Boudh]] and [[Nayagarh district|Nayagarh]] in the south side. The district is abundant with natural resources. Angul, The [[district]] [[headquarters]] is about {{convert|150|km}} from the state capital [[Bhubaneswar]].

== Divisions ==
The district administration is headed by a Collector and District Magistrate, usually called the Collector who combines in his office the roles of revenue collection, law and order maintenance and implementation of development programmes. He is assisted at headquarters by two Additional District Magistrates (ADM) and by four Sub Collectors cum Sub Divisional Magistrates posted at Angul, Pallahara, Athamallik and Talcher for the first two roles. Below subdivision level, the district is divided into 8 Blocks which are co-terminus with Tahsils. While the former deals with the development aspect, the latter is a revenue unit. The Block Development Officer (BDO) and [[Tahsildar]] cum Executive Magistrate are the respective heads of each. The Collector is usually an officer of the [[Indian Administrative Service]] while the other officers belong to the Odisha Administrative Service.

The following is the list of blocks, tehsils and subdivisions in the district of Angul:

'''Sub-division'''
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Angul]]
* [[Athmallik]]
* [[Talcher]]
* [[Pallahara]]
{{div col end}}

'''Blocks'''

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* Angul Sadar
* Athmallik Sadar
* [[Chhendipada]]
* Talcher Sadar
* Pallahada Sadar
* Banarpal
* [[Kishorenagar]]
* Kaniha
{{div col end}}

'''Tehsils'''
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* Angul
* [[Athmallik]]
* Talcher
* Pallahada
* Chendipada
* Banarpal
* [[Kishorenagar]]
* Kaniha
{{div col end}}

In addition to the officers noted above, a chief development officer cum executive officer, Zila Parishad is posted at Angul. He supervises the functioning of the BDOs directly and reports to the Collector who is ex officio Chief Executive Officer of the Zila Parishad. Various line departments like education, health care, agriculture are headed by officers of the rank of Deputy Collectors who are also directly under the operational control of the Collector. All departments also have a parallel setup at the block level with the BDO directly supervising the field level functionaries. Each block is further divided into Gram Panchayats. Angul has a total of 225 Panchayats which are headed by an elected head called the Sarpanch assisted by an executive officer.

The three urban areas of Angul, [[Talcher]] and [[Athamallik]] are each headed by an executive officer who report to the Collector through the Project Director, District Urban Development Agency.

Maintenance of law and order is supervised by the [[Superintendent of Police]] (SP), an officer of the [[Indian Police Service]]. The SP is technically subordinate to the District Magistrate but in practice is almost completely independent except for certain statutory functions. He is assisted by Additional and Deputy SPs at the headquarters and by SDPOs at police subdivision levels. The district has a total of 25 thanas or Police Stations, each headed by an Inspector in-charge. Owing to the large industrial establishments and major mining related disputes, Angul has a heavier than usual police presence.

There are three Divisional Forest Officers posted in the District for Angul, Satkosia and Athamallik. They belong to the [[Indian Forest Service]] and are responsible for the preservation of wildlife and management of forests. In addition, the DFO at [[Debagarh|Deogarh]] exercises control over the Pallahara subdivision. A Regional Chief Conservator of Forests posted at Angul supervises them apart from heading the Satkosia Tiger Reserve.

The civil and criminal justice system are under the District and Sessions Judge at Angul. He is assisted by Additional District Judges, Civil Judges (Senior and Junior) Divisions and Sub Divisional Judicial Magistrates. The District Magistrate, ADM and SDMs are also Executive Magistrates and report to the District and Sessions Judge in that capacity.

== Demographics ==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=2,78,144|13=1911|14=2,87,294|15=1921|16=2,50,480|17=1931|18=3,09,044|19=1941|20=3,60,714|21=1951|22=4,08,041|23=1961|24=5,00,033|25=1971|26=6,28,537|27=1981|28=7,85,734|29=1991|30=9,61,037|31=2001|32=11,40,003|33=2011|34=12,73,821|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Angul district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,273,821,<ref name=districtcensus>{{Cite web |title=District Census Handbook 2011 - Angul|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/914/download/36524/DH_2011_2115_PART_A_DCHB_ANUGUL.pdf|website=[[Census of India]]|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> ranking of 380th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus /> The district has a population density of {{convert|199|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus /> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 11.55%.<ref name=districtcensus /> Anugul has a [[sex ratio]] of 942 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus /> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 78.96%. 16.21% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 18.81% and 14.10% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus />

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Angul district (2011)<ref name="census2011-religion">{{cite web|title=Table C-01 Population by Religious Community: Odisha|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11387/download/14500/DDW21C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Odisha|Hinduism]]|darkorange|98.81}}
{{bar percent|[[Odia Muslims|Islam]]|green|0.59}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.60}}
}}

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages of Angul district (2011)<ref name="census2011-langreport"/>
|label1 = [[Odia language|Odia]] |value1 = 95.50 |color1 = saddlebrown
|label2 = [[Ho language|Ho]] |value2 = 1.40 |color2 = deepskyblue
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 1.30 |color3 = orange
|label4 = Others |value4 = 1.79 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 95.50% of the population in the district spoke [[Odia language|Odia]], 1.41% [[Ho language|Ho]] and 1.30% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="census2011-langreport">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Odisha|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10217/download/13329/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2100.XLSX|website=Census of India 2011 |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

== Politics ==
=== Legislative Assembly Constituencies ===
{{Main|List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha}}
The following are the five [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf |title=Assembly Constituencies and their EXtent |access-date=28 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305154017/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls |title=Seats of Odisha |access-date=28 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013054/http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> of Angul district and the elected members<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ws.ori.nic.in/ola/mlaprofile/listofmem1.asp |title=List of Member in Fourteenth Assembly |work=ws.ori.nic.in |quote=MEMBER NAME |access-date=19 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070502003512/http://ws.ori.nic.in/ola/mlaprofile/listofmem1.asp |archive-date=2 May 2007}}</ref> of the Angul district:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No.
! Constituency
! Reservation
! Extent of the Assembly Constituency (Blocks)
! Member of 14th Assembly
! [[Political party|Party]]
|-
! 59
| [[Pallahara Assembly constituency|Pallahara]]
| None
| Pallahara, Kaniha (part)
| Ashok Mohanty
| bgcolor="#FF9933" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! 60
| [[Talcher Assembly constituency|Talcher]]
| None
| Talcher (M), Talcher, Kaniha (part)
| Braja Kishore Pradhan
| bgcolor="#004225" | [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|-
! 61
| [[Angul Assembly constituency|Angul]]
| None
| Angul (M), NALCO (C. T), Angul (part), Banarpal (part)
| Pratap Pradhan
| bgcolor="#FF9933" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! 62
| [[Chhendipada Assembly constituency|Chhendipada]]
| SC
| Chhendipada, Banarpal (part)
| Agasti Behera
| bgcolor="#FF9933" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! 63
| [[Athmallik Assembly constituency|Athmallik]]
| None
| Athmallik (NAC), Athmallik, Kishorenagar, Angul (part)
| Nalini Pradhan
| bgcolor="#004225" | [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
|}

=== Lok Sabha constituencies ===

Since 2008, Angul district is represented in [[Dhenkanal (Lok Sabha constituency)]] and [[Sambalpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

[[Angul (Lok Sabha constituency)]] does not exist in 1952 general elections to 1st Lok Sabha. However it is created from 2nd till 5th Lok Sabha during 1957 till 1976. Badakumar Pratap Gangadeb got elected in 1957 and 1971 for 2nd and 5th Lok Sabha while [[Harekrushna Mahatab]] was elected in 1962 to 3rd and D. N. Deb was elected in 1967 to 4th Lok Sabha. Angul Seat ceased after the creation of [[Deogarh (Lok Sabha constituency)]] in 1977 from 6th Lok Sabha. Deogarh seat was also delimited in 2008.<ref name="angul-ls">{{cite web |title=All Members of Lok Sabha (Since 1952) Members Biographical Sketches |url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/lokprev.aspx |access-date=21 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729134043/http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/lokprev.aspx |archive-date=29 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Natural resources and coal mines ==
Angul district has the Radhikapur West coal block which is known for its good quality coal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gem.wiki/Radhikapur_(West)_coal_mine#cite_note-MSTC-1|title = Radhikapur (West) coal mine|date = 30 April 2021}}</ref> In December 2020, the coal mines were auctioned for supplying to an Aluminium Smelter plant in Jharsuguda.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Market|first=Capital|date=2020-12-31|title=Vedanta wins Radhikapur West Coal Block|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/vedanta-wins-radhikapur-west-coal-block-120123100195_1.html|access-date=2020-12-31}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
*{{Cite book |last=O'Malley |first=L.S.S. |title=Bengal District Gazetteers – Angul |year=1908 |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/gazettes/bengal-district-gazetteers-angul-1 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812034819/https://indianculture.gov.in/gazettes/bengal-district-gazetteers-angul-1 |archive-date=12 August 2023 |access-date=2023-08-12 |language=en }}
*{{cite book| editor-last=Taradatt |editor-first= Dr.|title=Odisha district gazetteers – Angul |url=https://gopabandhuacademy.gov.in/sites/default/files/gazetter/Angul_Gazetteer.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161220120827/https://gopabandhuacademy.gov.in/sites/default/files/gazetter/Angul_Gazetteer.pdf|url-status=live |archive-date= 20 December 2016|publisher=Gopabandhu Academy of Administration [Gazetteers Unit], General Administration Department, Government of Odisha}}
*

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://angul.nic.in/}}

{{Geographic location
| Centre = Angul district
| North = [[Sundargarh district]]
| Northeast = [[Kendujhar district]]
| East = [[Dhenkanal district]]
| Southeast = [[Cuttack district]]
| South = [[Nayagarh district]]
| Southwest = [[Subarnapur district]] [[Baudh district]]
| West = [[Sambalpur district]]
| Northwest = [[Debagarh district]]
}}

{{Angul district}}
{{Odisha}}
{{Mahanadi Basin}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Angul district| ]]
[[Category:Coal mining districts in India]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Districts of Odisha]]

Chapramari railway station

2026-02-09T01:21:32Z

ChenHleeLiyue:

{{Short description|Railway station in West Bengal}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Chapramari Railway Station
| type = [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|25px]] [[Indian Railways]] Station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Chapramari, Dist - Jalpaiguri
State: West Bengal
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.8938|88.8675|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| elevation = {{convert|207|m|ft}}
| line = [[New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line]]
| other =
| structure =
| platform = 1
| tracks = 1 (broad gauge)
| parking = Available
| bicycle =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = CPMR
| zone = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]
| division = [[Alipurduar railway division|Alipurduar]]
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_dot_label = '''Chapramari Railway Station'''
| map_size = 300
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_caption = Location in [[West Bengal]]##Location in India
}}
'''Chapramari Railway Station'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Departures from chapramari (1 PF)|url=http://amp.indiarailinfo.com/departures/chapramari-cpmr/7967|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> is a small railway station which serves the areas of [[Chapramari Wildlife Sanctuary|Chapramari]]–[[Doars]] region in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. The station lies on [[New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line]] of [[Northeast Frontier Railway]] zone, [[Alipurduar railway division]]. Due to its location inside [[Chapramari Wildlife Sanctuary]], no trains have stoppages here. The passengers of these areas have to go to nearby {{rws|Chalsa}} and {{rws|Nagrakata}} stations to board trains.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Alipurduar railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Jalpaiguri district]]

{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}

Gurvinder Singh (director)

2026-02-07T19:33:10Z

ChenHleeLiyue: bio.

{{short description|Indian film director}}
{{other uses|Gurvinder Singh (disambiguation)}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gurvinder Singh
| image = Golden Peacock award to Gurvinder Singh’s Punjabi film ‘Anhey Ghorhey Da Daan’ (cropped).jpg
| caption = Gurvinder Singh at the Belgrade Auteur Film Festival, 2017
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Director
| yearsactive=
| othername =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
}}

'''Gurvinder Singh''' is an Indian film director. He is best known for his [[Punjabi language]] films ''[[Anhe Ghore Da Daan]]'', and ''Chauthi Koot'' (''[[The Fourth Direction]]'') which premiered at Venice and [[Cannes Film Festival]]<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Punjabi-film-Chauthi-Koot-goes-to-Cannes/articleshow/46941937.cms | title=Punjabi film 'Chauthi Koot' goes to Cannes | work=[[Times of India]] | date=16 April 2015 | accessdate=14 May 2015}}</ref> respectively. Gurvinder is an alumnus of the prestigious [[Film and Television Institute of India|Film and Television Institute of India (FTII), Pune]] from where he studied film-making and graduated in 2001.<ref name=Singh>{{cite web |url=https://www.festivalscope.com/director/singh-gurvinder |title=Gurvinder Singh |accessdate=18 June 2012 |archive-date=14 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514040409/https://www.festivalscope.com/director/singh-gurvinder |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/I-wasn-t-expecting-national-award-Gurvinder-Singh/Article1-822343.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308053840/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/I-wasn-t-expecting-national-award-Gurvinder-Singh/Article1-822343.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date=8 March 2012 | title=I wasn't expecting national award: Gurvinder Singh | work=[[Hindustan Times]] | date=7 March 2012 | agency=IANS | accessdate=18 June 2012 | location=New Delhi}}</ref> He travelled extensively through Punjab between 2002 and 2006, living and traveling with folk itinerants, documenting folk ballads and oral narratives. It led to his first documentary 'Pala'. He continued to make short experimental works and documenting arts/artists for the next few years. In 2005 he was invited by avant-garde Indian filmmaker [[Mani Kaul]] to be his teaching assistant for a master-class at FTII, which led to a close association with the filmmaker who became his mentor. He translated and published a book of conversations of Udayan Vajpeyi with [[Mani Kaul]], titled 'Uncloven Space'. His latest film is 'Infiltrator' starring Veer Rajwant Singh which is a 15-minute short story in an international omnibus called 'In the same garden'

==Career==
His first short film ''Pala'' was a documentary based on one of the Punjabi folk singers and was sponsored by [[India Foundation for the Arts]] (IFA).<ref name=Singh/> He directed his first fiction feature in Punjabi, ''Anhe Ghore Da Daan'' (English: ''Alms for a Blind Horse'') in 2011. The film, based on the novel of the same name by well-known Punjabi writer [[Gurdial Singh]], dealt with the angst and distress of the marginalised lower caste in Punjab.

The film premiered at the Venice Film Festival and screened at various festivals including Rotterdam, Busan, London, Munich, etc., besides releasing at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), New York. It won the 'Special Jury Award' at Abu Dhabi Film Festival, and the 'Golden Peacock' for Best Film at the International Film Festival of India, Goa, in 2012. It also won three National Awards in India, including [[National Film Award for Best Direction]] and [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography]]’ at the [[59th National Film Awards]] presented on 3 May 2012.The award consisted of 'Golden Lotus Award (Swarna Kamal)', a certificate and a cash prize of {{INRConvert|250000}}/-.<ref name="59thaward">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page.asp?relid=80734|title=59th National Film Awards for the Year 2011 Announced|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|accessdate=18 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="59thawardndtv">{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/bollywood/59th-national-awards-winners-183576|title=59th National Awards: Winners|accessdate=18 June 2012|date=7 March 2012|agency=[[NDTV]]|location=New Delhi|archive-date=10 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310041719/http://www.ndtv.com/article/bollywood/59th-national-awards-winners-183576|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/national-awards-g-singh-wins-best-director/237019-8.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309225910/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/national-awards-g-singh-wins-best-director/237019-8.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=9 March 2012 | title=National Awards: Gurvinder Singh wins Best Director for 'Anhe Ghorey Da Daan' | work=[[IBN Live]]| date=7 March 2012 | accessdate=18 June 2012 | location=New Delhi}}</ref> The jury presented the awards for, {{Blockquote|...its haunting portrayal of the lives of people in a village as they battle with the reality of large scale industrial development. The director deploys an inventive storytelling form where sound, space and body operate distinctly to frame the experience of a fragile existence. Each face portrayed in the film carries the signs of persistent trauma. This is an aesthetic tour de force that confidently and successfully reinvents the contours of Indian experimental cinema.<ref name=59thnfafeature>{{cite web|title=59th National Film Awards for 2011 - Feature Films|url=http://dff.nic.in/Pagesfrom59thNFAPressRelease-featured.pdf|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|accessdate=18 June 2012}}</ref>}}

His second feature Chauthi Koot (The Fourth Direction), an Indo-French co-production, premiered in 'Un Certain Regard' competition at the Cannes Film Festival in 2015. Based on two short stories by Punjabi writer [[Waryam Singh Sandhu]], the film explores the fear, mistrust and paranoia in Punjab in the background of the militant unrest in the 1980s. The New York Times write in one review,
{{Blockquote|...a fictional tale that opens with two Hindu men running and closes with them walking together with several newfound Sikh confederates in a quietly moving assertion of Indian unity. In between, the country’s political and religious agonies largely shudder right below the surface, creating intense, palpable unease.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/05/18/from-india-a-tale-shaped-by-a-directors-memories-of-an-assassination/?_r=1|title=From India, a Tale Shaped by a Director's Memories of an Assassination|last=Dargis|first=Manohla|website=ArtsBeat|access-date=2016-06-17|date=18 May 2015}}</ref> }}

The film has travelled to various international festivals and won the 'Grand Prix' at the Belgrade Auteur Film Festival,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cineuropa.org/nw.aspx?t=newsdetail&l=en&did=302647|title=The Fourth Direction wins Belgrade Festival of Auteur Film|website=Cineuropa - the best of european cinema|access-date=2016-06-17}}</ref> the [[Singapore International Film Festival]] [[List of Singapore International Film Festival awards|Silver Screen Award]] for Best Asian Feature Film.<ref name="Penske Business Media, LLC">{{cite web|last1=Frater|first1=Patrick|title='Fourth Direction' Wins Top Prize at Singapore Festival|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/asia/fourth-direction-top-prize-at-singapore-festival-1201654841/|website=Variety|publisher=Penske Business Media, LLC|accessdate=17 December 2015|date=5 December 2015}}</ref> and the 'Golden Gateway' for Best Indian Film at the [[Mumbai Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/haraamkhor-chauthi-koot-bag-top-honours-at-mumbai-film-fest/|title='Haraamkhor', 'Chauthi Koot' bag top honours at Mumbai film fest|date=6 November 2015|website=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-06-17}}</ref> It received the National Award for 'Best Punjabi Film' in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/your-guess-is-as-good-as-mine-as-to-who-dictated-the-national-awards-gurvinder-singh-2823594/|title=Your guess is as good as mine as to who dictated the (national) awards: Gurvinder Singh|date=29 May 2016|website=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-06-17}}</ref> The film recently had a commercial release in France and is due to release in India in August 2016.

He has also directed music videos for singers [[Rabbi Shergill]] and [[Jasbir Jassi]] for their respective renditions of Punjabi folk song ''[[Rabbi (album)|Jugni]]''.

[[File:GurvinderSingh On the sets of Infiltrator 2016.JPG|thumb|alt=Gurvinder Singh on the sets of 'Infiltrator', 2016|Gurvinder Singh on the sets of 'Infiltrator', 2016]]
In 2016, he was invited by a Turkish production house to direct a short film ‘Infiltrator’ (16 mins) as part of an international anthology of ten short films from ten countries, titled “In The Same Garden”. The anthology premiered at the Sarajevo Film Festival in 2016 and also screened at the Warsaw Film Festival and Mumbai Film Festival. He was invited by the Belgrade Film Festival in November 2016 to be the president of the jury for awarding the ‘Grand Prix’ at the festival. In the same year, he completed a travelogue film on the well-known Punjabi poet and friend [[Amarjit Chandan]], titled Awaazan (Voices). The film follows the poet's meetings with old friends and comrades through East Punjab and culminates in a meeting with [[John Berger]] in France.

He made an experimental film based on the short stories of the Colombian writer Garbriel Garcia Marquez as part of workshop with the students of acting at the FTII. The film titled ‘Sea of Lost Time’ (45 mins) premiered at the Rotterdam Film Festival in 2019.

His next feature blending fiction and reality, ‘Khanaur’ (Bitter Chestnut) in ‘Pahari’ dialect of [[Himachal Pradesh]], premiered at the Busan International Film Festival in 2019 and was nominated for the Kim Jiseok Award. The film had its Indian Premiere at MAMI, 2019 and its European premiere at Rotterdam Film Festival, 2020.

His new feature in Punjabi ''Adh Chanani Raat'' (Crescent Night), based on a novel of the same title by Punjabi writer Gurdial Singh, is invited at the [[51st International Film Festival Rotterdam]] to be held from 26 January to 6 February 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iffr.com/en/expanded/2022/harbour|title=In Harbour|work=International Film Festival Rotterdam|accessdate=10 January 2022}}</ref>

He has taught filmmaking at the Film & Television Institute of India (Pune), Satyajit Ray Film Institute (Kolkata), [[National Institute of Design]] (Ahmedabad) and the KR Narayanan National Institute of Visual Science and Arts (Kerala).

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Original Title !! English Title !! Language !! Length !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2003 || ''Pala'' || ''Pala'' || Punjabi || 65 minutes || Documentary of a Punjabi-folk balladeer
|-
| 2004 || ''Passage'' || ''Passage'' || - || - || Clip Clip on passage of time focusing on ambient sounds
|-
| 2004 || ''A Winter Tale'' || ''A Winter Tale'' || - || - || Clip An account of 6 days spent by Singh at his maternal grandmother's place in Delhi
|-
| 2007 || ''Legs Above my Feet'' || ''Legs Above my Feet'' || English & Hindi || 40 minutes || Conversations with a [[Kathak]] dancer, Sushmita Ghosh
|-
| 2008 || ''An Untitled Film'' || ''An Untitled Film'' ||- || - || Short film Interviews of FTII graduates
|-
| 2009 || ''Kavalam'' || ''Kavalam'' || Malayalam & English || 60 minutes || Documentary on [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]]
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Anhe Ghore Da Daan]]'' || ''[[Alms for a Blind Horse]]'' || Punjabi || 113 minutes || First feature film, Winner of the 'Special Jury Award' at Abu Dhabi Film Festival, the 'Golden Peacock' for Best Film at the International Film Festival of India, Goa, and three national awards
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Chauthi Koot]]'' || ''[[The Fourth Direction]]'' || Punjabi || 115 minutes || Second feature film, Winner of the [[Singapore International Film Festival]] [[List of Singapore International Film Festival awards|Silver Screen Award]] for Best Asian Feature Film,<ref name="Penske Business Media, LLC"/> Golden Gate Award for Best Film, [[Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image|MAMI]]. Grand Prix, [[Belgrade Auteur Film Festival]]
|-
| 2016 || ''Awaazan'' || ''Voices'' || Punjabi || 45 minutes || Travelogue film on Punjabi poet [[Amarjit Chandan]]
|-
| 2016 || ''Ghuspaithia'' || ''Infiltrator'' || Punjabi || 45 minutes || Short film part of the omnibus titled 'In The Same Garden'
|-
| 2019 || ''Khanaur'' || ''Bitter Chestnut'' || Pahari, Hindi & English || 100 minutes || Third feature film, World Premiere at [[Busan International Film Festival]] in 2019; nominated for the Kim Jiseok Award. Indian Premiere at MAMI, 2019 and its European premiere at [[Rotterdam Film Festival]], 2020
|-
| 2022 || ''Adh Chanani Raat'' || ''Crescent Night'' || Punjabi || 109 minutes || Post-production
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Lantrani]]'' || - || - || - || Anthology Hindi Film
|-
|}

==Bibliography==

* [https://books.google.com/books?id=KQN7oAEACAAJ Uncloven Space] (translation) - book of conversations of Udayan Vajpeyi with [[Mani Kaul]] (2013)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://acrazymindseye.wordpress.com/2013/07/29/swabhaav/|title=Swabhaav|last=said|first=Prajna Shastry|date=29 July 2013|website=Crazy Mind's Eye|access-date=2016-06-17}}</ref>

==Awards==

; [[59th National Film Awards]]
* 2011 – [[National Film Award for Best Direction|Best Direction]] for ''[[Anhe Ghore Da Daan]]''
* 2011 – [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Punjabi|Best Feature Film in Punjabi]] for ''[[Anhe Ghore Da Daan]]''; shared with [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]] (producer)

; [[63rd National Film Awards]]
* 2015 – [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Punjabi|Best Feature Film in Punjabi]] for ''[[Chauthi Koot]]''; shared with [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]] & Kartikeya Singh (producers)

; Others
* 2011- Special Jury Award for ''[[Anhe Ghore Da Daan]]'', [[Abu Dhabi Film Festival]]
* 2012 – Golden Peacock for Best Film for ''[[Anhe Ghore Da Daan]]'', [[International Film Festival of India]]
* 2012 – Best Film for ''[[Anhe Ghore Da Daan]]'', Imagine India Film Festival, Madrid
* 2012 – Paris Project Award at the 10th Hong Kong – Asia Film Financing Forum for ''[[Chauthi Koot]]''. Shared with ''Flowing Stories'' directed by Tsang Tsui-shan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/aac/y2k12/aac379.php |title=Gurvinder Singh's film wins Hong Kong Fest award |publisher=Indian television.com |date=23 March 2012 |accessdate= 18 June 2012}}</ref>
* 2015 – Golden Gateway for ''[[Chauthi Koot]]'', MAMI [[Mumbai Film Festival]]
* 2015 – Grand Prix for ''[[Chauthi Koot]]'', [http://faf.rs/en/ Belgrade Auteur Film Festival] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125030501/http://faf.rs/en |date=25 November 2020 }}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://faf.rs/21-festival-autorskog-filma/cetvrti-pravac-pobednik-21-festivala-autorskog-filma/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151207221502/http://faf.rs/21-festival-autorskog-filma/cetvrti-pravac-pobednik-21-festivala-autorskog-filma/|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 December 2015|title="Četvrti pravac" pobednik 21. Festivala autorskog filma {{!}} Festival autorskog filma|website=faf.rs|access-date=2016-06-17}}</ref>
* 2015 – Silver Screen Award for Best Asian Film for ''[[Chauthi Koot]]'', [[Singapore International Film Festival]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|4003178}}

{{Gurvinder Singh}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestDirection}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Gurvinder}}
[[Category:Film directors from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Film and Television Institute of India alumni]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Best Director National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian Sikhs]]

11th Arunachal Pradesh Assembly

2026-02-01T10:04:07Z

ChenHleeLiyue: new new info

{{Short description|Arunachal Pradesh Assembly}}{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}{{Infobox legislature|name=Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|legislature=11th Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh|coa_pic=|coa_res=200px|house_type=Unicameral|term_limits=5 years|leader1=|leader2=|leader3=|leader4=|leader5=|leader1_type=Speaker|party1=|election1=[[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|May 2024]]|leader2_type=Deputy Speaker|party2=|election2=[[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|May 2024]]|leader3_type=Leader of the House ([[List of Chief Ministers of Arunachal Pradesh|Chief Minister]])|party3=|election3=[[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|May 2024]]|leader4_type=Deputy Leader of the House ([[List of deputy chief ministers of Arunachal Pradesh|Deputy Chief Minister]])|party4=|election4=[[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|May 2024]]|leader5_type=Leader of the Opposition|party5=|structure1=|political_groups1=|members='''60'''|structure1_res=300px|voting_system1=[[First past the post]]|last_election1=[[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|May 2024]]|next_election1=[[Next Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|May 2029]]|session_room=|meeting_place=Vidhan Bhavan, [[Itanagar]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]]|session_res=|session_alt=|website={{URL|https://arla.neva.gov.in/}}}}

The '''Eleventh Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh''' is constituted after the [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly elections]], which were concluded on 19 April 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Terms of the Houses |url=https://eci.gov.in/elections/term-of-houses/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328103956/https://eci.gov.in/elections/term-of-houses/ |archive-date=28 March 2022 |access-date=2022-02-13 |website=Election Commission of India |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Notable positions ==
The present assembly is the Eleventh Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!District
!No.
!Constituency
!Reserved
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Alliance
!Remarks
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Tawang district|Tawang]]
|1
|[[Lumla Assembly constituency|Lumla]]
|rowspan=48|ST
|[[Tsering Lhamu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=7}}
|
|-
|2
|[[Tawang Assembly constituency|Tawang]]
|[[Namgey Tsering]]
| {{Full party name with color|People's Party of Arunachal}}
|Switched from NPP to PPA
|-
|3
|[[Mukto Assembly constituency|Mukto]]
|[[Pema Khandu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|'''[[List of chief ministers of Arunachal Pradesh|Chief Minister]]'''
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[West Kameng district|West Kameng]]
|4
|[[Dirang Assembly constituency|Dirang]]
|[[Phurpa Tsering]]
|
|-
|5
|[[Kalaktang Assembly constituency|Kalaktang]]
|[[Tseten Chombay Kee]]
|
|-
|6
|[[Thrizino-Buragaon Assembly constituency|Thrizino-Buragaon]]
|[[Tenzin Nyima Glow]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
|7
|[[Bomdila Assembly constituency|Bomdila]]
|[[Dongru Siongju]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[East Kameng district|East Kameng]]
|8
|[[Bameng Assembly constituency|Bameng]]
|[[Kumar Waii]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|
|-
|9
|[[Chayangtajo Assembly constituency|Chayangtajo]]
|[[Hayeng Mangfi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|{{Party name with color|National Democratic Alliance|rowspan=52}}
|
|-
|10
|[[Seppa East Assembly constituency|Seppa East]]
|[[Ealing Tallang]]
|
|-
|11
|[[Seppa West Assembly constituency|Seppa West]]
|[[Mama Natung]]
|
|-
|[[Pakke-Kessang district|Pakke-Kessang]]
|12
|[[Pakke-Kessang Assembly constituency|Pakke-Kessang]]
|[[Biyuram Wahge]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Papum Pare district|Papum Pare]]
|13
|[[Itanagar Assembly constituency|Itanagar]]
|[[Techi Kaso]]
|
|-
|14
|[[Doimukh Assembly constituency|Doimukh]]
|[[Nabam Vivek]]
|{{Full party name with color|People's Party of Arunachal}}
|
|-
|15
|[[Sagalee Assembly constituency|Sagalee]]
|[[Ratu Techi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Lower Subansiri district|Lower Subansiri]]
|16
|[[Yachuli Assembly constituency|Yachuli]]
|[[Toko Tatung]]
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|
|-
|17
|[[Ziro–Hapoli Assembly constituency|Ziro–Hapoli]]
|[[Hage Appa]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=10}}
|
|-
|[[Kra Daadi district|Kra-Daadi]]
|18
|[[Palin Assembly constituency|Palin]]
|[[Balo Raja]]
|
|-
|[[Kurung Kumey district|Kurung Kumey]]
|19
|[[Nyapin Assembly constituency|Nyapin]]
|[[Tai Nikio]]
|
|-
|[[Kra Daadi district|Kra-Daadi]]
|20
|[[Tali Assembly constituency|Tali]]
|[[Jikke Tako]]
|
|-
|[[Kurung Kumey district|Kurung Kumey]]
|21
|[[Koloriang Assembly constituency|Koloriang]]
|[[Pani Taram]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Upper Subansiri district|Upper Subansiri]]
|22
|[[Nacho Assembly constituency|Nacho]]
|[[Nakap Nalo]]
|
|-
|23
|[[Taliha Assembly constituency|Taliha]]
|[[Nyato Rigia]]
|
|-
|24
|[[Daporijo Assembly constituency|Daporijo]]
|[[Taniya Soki]]
|
|-
|[[Kamle district|Kamle]]
|25
|[[Raga Assembly constituency|Raga]]
|[[Rotom Tebin]]
|
|-
|[[Upper Subansiri district|Upper Subansiri]]
|26
|[[Dumporijo Assembly constituency|Dumporijo]]
|[[Rode Bui]]
|
|-
|[[West Siang district|West Siang]]
|27
|[[Liromoba Assembly constituency|Liromoba]]
|[[Pesi Jilen]]
|{{Full party name with color|People's Party of Arunachal}}
|Switched from NPP to PPA
|-
|[[Lower Siang district|Lower Siang]]
|28
|[[Likabali Assembly constituency|Likabali]]
|[[Kardo Nyigyor]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=10}}
|
|-
|[[Lepa Rada district|Lepa Rada]]
|29
|[[Basar Assembly constituency|Basar]]
|[[Nyabi Jini Dirchi]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[West Siang district|West Siang]]
|30
|[[Along West Assembly constituency|Along West]]
|[[Topin Ete]]
|
|-
|31
|[[Along East Assembly constituency|Along East]]
|[[Kento Jini]]
|
|-
|[[Siang district|Siang]]
|32
|[[Rumgong Assembly constituency|Rumgong]]
|[[Talem Taboh]]
|
|-
|[[Shi Yomi district|Shi Yomi]]
|33
|[[Mechuka Assembly constituency|Mechuka]]
|[[Pasang Dorjee Sona]]
|
|-
|[[Upper Siang district|Upper Siang]]
|34
|[[Tuting–Yingkiong Assembly constituency|Tuting–Yingkiong]]
|[[Alo Libang]]
|
|-
|[[Siang district|Siang]]
|35
|[[Pangin Assembly constituency|Pangin]]
|[[Ojing Tasing]]
|
|-
|[[Lower Siang district|Lower Siang]]
|36
|[[Nari-Koyu Assembly constituency|Nari-Koyu]]
|[[Tojir Kadu]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[East Siang district|East Siang]]
|37
|[[Pasighat West Assembly constituency|Pasighat West]]
|[[Ninong Ering]]
|
|-
|38
|[[Pasighat East Assembly constituency|Pasighat East]]
|[[Tapi Darang]]
| {{Full party name with color|People's Party of Arunachal|rowspan=3}}
|Switched from NPP to PPA
|-
|39
|[[Mebo Assembly constituency|Mebo]]
|[[Oken Tayeng]]
|
|-
|[[Upper Siang district|Upper Siang]]
|40
|[[Mariyang-Geku Assembly constituency|Mariyang-Geku]]
|[[Oni Panyang]]
|Switched from NPP to PPA
|-
|[[Dibang Valley district|Dibang Valley]]
|41
|[[Anini Assembly constituency|Anini]]
|[[Mopi Mihu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Lower Dibang Valley district|Lower Dibang Valley]]
|42
|[[Dambuk Assembly constituency|Dambuk]]
|[[Puinnyo Apum]]
|
|-
|43
|[[Roing Assembly constituency|Roing]]
|[[Mutchu Mithi]]
|
|-
|[[Lohit district|Lohit]]
|44
|[[Tezu Assembly constituency|Tezu]]
|[[Mahesh Chai]]
|
|-
|[[Anjaw district|Anjaw]]
|45
|[[Hayuliang Assembly constituency|Hayuliang]]
|[[Dasanglu Pul]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Namsai district|Namsai]]
|46
|[[Chowkham Assembly constituency|Chowkham]]
|[[Chowna Mein]]
|'''[[List of deputy chief ministers of Arunachal Pradesh|Deputy Chief Minister]]'''
|-
|47
|[[Namsai Assembly constituency|Namsai]]
|[[Chau Zingnu Namchoom]]
|
|-
|48
|[[Lekang Assembly constituency|Lekang]]
|[[Likha Soni|Lekhiya Soni]]
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Changlang district|Changlang]]
|49
|[[Bordumsa-Diyun Assembly constituency|Bordumsa-Diyun]]
|None
|[[Nikh Kamin]]
|
|-
|50
|[[Miao Assembly constituency|Miao]]
|rowspan=11|ST
|[[Kamlung Mossang]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|51
|[[Nampong Assembly constituency|Nampong]]
|[[Laisam Simai]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
|52
|[[Changlang South Assembly constituency|Changlang South]]
|[[Hamjong Tangha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|53
|[[Changlang North Assembly constituency|Changlang North]]
|[[Tesam Pongte]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Tirap district|Tirap]]
|54
|[[Namsang Assembly constituency|Namsang]]
|[[Wangki Lowang]]
|
|-
|55
|[[Khonsa East Assembly constituency|Khonsa East]]
|[[Wanglam Sawin]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|-
|56
|[[Khonsa West Assembly constituency|Khonsa West]]
|[[Chakat Aboh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|57
|[[Borduria–Bagapani Assembly constituency|Borduria–Bagapani]]
|[[Wanglin Lowangdong]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Longding district|Longding]]
|58
|[[Kanubari Assembly constituency|Kanubari]]
|[[Gabriel Denwang Wangsu]]
|
|-
|59
|[[Longding–Pumao Assembly constituency|Longding–Pumao]]
|[[Thangwang Wangham]]
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|
|-
|60
|[[Pongchau-Wakka Assembly constituency|Pongchau-Wakka]]
|[[Honchun Ngandam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|}

Source<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Assembly Members, Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://www.arunachalpradesh.gov.in/state-assembly/}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Government of Arunachal Pradesh]]
* [[List of governors of Arunachal Pradesh]]
* [[List of chief ministers of Arunachal Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|https://arla.neva.gov.in/}}
{{Legislatures of India}}{{Current Indian assemblies}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Terms of the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Lists of current Indian state and territorial assemblies|Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029| ]]

Samarendranath Gupta

2026-01-24T03:26:20Z

ChenHleeLiyue: Stub.

{{short description|Indian artist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox artist
| honorific_prefix =
| name = 
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Samarendra Nath Gupta.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Gupta in 1913
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 1887
| birth_place =
| baptised = 
| death_date = {{death year and age|1964|1887}}
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| nationality = 
| education =
| alma_mater =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| style =
| movement =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children = [[Kalyani Sen]]
| parents =
| father =
| mother =
| relatives =
| family =
| awards = 
| elected =
| patrons =
| memorials =
| website = 
| module =
}}
'''Samarendranath Gupta''' (1887–1964) was an Indian artist and the principle of the [[National College of Arts|Mayo School of Arts]], Lahore, [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]. He was one of the first batch of students of [[Abanindranath Tagore]].<ref name=Chatterjee1938>{{Cite journal |last=Chatterjee |first=Ramananda |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.170936/page/n431/mode/2up?q=all-india |title=All-India Inter-University debate in Calcutta|journal=[[Modern Review (Calcutta)|Modern Review]]|date=1938 |publisher=Prabasi Press Private, Limited |volume=Lxiv|page=658 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Cheney>{{cite journal |last1=Cheney |first1=Charles H. |title=What are the greatest examples of art in America or in the rest of the world? |journal=The American Magazine of Art |date=1927 |volume=18 |issue=12 |pages=656–658 |jstor=23930666 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23930666 |issn=2151-254X|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Sharma2008">{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Lokesh Chandra |title=A Brief History of Indian Painting |date=2008 |publisher=Goes Publishing House |page=56 |edition=13th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JkOd-YBFliMC&pg=PA156 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Grewal2014>{{cite journal |last1=Grewal |first1=Jagtej Kaur |title=Articulating a landscape for art: The works of Room Krishna |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2014 |volume=75 |pages=736–741 |jstor=44158455 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158455 |issn=2249-1937|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Selected publications==
*{{cite journal |title=The place of art in Indian history |journal=Modern Review |date=April 1914 |volume=15 |issue=4|pages=459–462}}

==See also==
*[[Amrita Sher-Gil]]
*[[Kalyani Sen]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |title=Samarendranath Gupta - Works |url=https://www.paulstolper.com/artists/156-samarendranath-gupta/works/ |website=Paul Stolper |access-date=8 January 2023 |language=en}}

[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:1964 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Artists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Indian arts administrators]]
[[Category:Indian portrait painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:1887 births]]
[[Category:Painters from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]

{{India-artist-stub}}

Vijayaditya III

2026-01-20T15:44:43Z

ChenHleeLiyue: New.

{{Short description|Eastern Chalukya emperor from 848 to 892}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title = Gunaga Gunage-Nallata Parachakra Rama Vallabha
| name = Vijayaditya III
| image = File:Eastern Chalukya Maximum Extent.jpg
| caption = Map of India {{circa|753 CE}}. The Eastern Chalukya kingdom is shown on the eastern coast.
| succession = [[Eastern Chalukya]] Emperor
| reign = 848–892<ref name="s"/>
| predecessor = Kali Vishnuvardhana V (847– 848 AD)
| successor = Bhima I Dronarjuna (892 – 921 AD)
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| issue =
| father = Kali Vishnuvardhana V<ref name=Sampath>{{citation | editor1=C. E. Ramachandran | editor2=K. V. Raman | first=M.D. | last=Sampath | title=Ponangy Plates of Vijayaditya | journal=Aspects of Indian History and Culture | publisher=Books & Books | date=1984 | location=New Delhi | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.118656/page/n16/mode/1up | page=7}}</ref>
| mother = Silamahadevi (granddaughter of [[Dhruva Dharavarsha]])<ref name=Sampath/>
| spouses =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| dynasty = [[Eastern Chalukyas]]
}}
{{Chalukyas|Vengi}}
'''Gunaga Vijayaditya III''' (reigned 848–892) was the most powerful king of the [[Eastern Chalukyas|Vengi kingdom]].<ref name="s"/> His military victories brought a large portion of the [[Deccan Plateau]] under his control. He was a valuable ally of the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakuta]] emperor [[Amoghavarsha I]], and after [[Amoghavarsha I|Amoghavarsha]]'s death, he proclaimed independence. He took several titles like Gunaga, Gunage-Nallata, Parachakra Rama, Vallabha, etc.<ref name= "rash">{{cite book |last=Nagabhusanasarma |year=2008 |title=History and culture of the Andhras|publisher= Komarraju Venkata Lakshmana Rau Vijnana Sarvaswa Sakha, Telugu University, 1995|isbn=9788186073070 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HTluAAAAMAAJ&q=The+then+Rashtrakuta+ruler+%5B%5BAmoghavarsha%5D%5D+treated+him+as+his+ally+and+after+Amoghavarsha%27s+death,+Vijayaditya+proclaimed+independence }}</ref><ref name="m">{{cite book |last1=Mani |first1=Chandra Mauli |title=A Journey through India's Past (Great Hindu Kings after Harshavardhana) |date=2009 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=978-81-7211-256-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tUxtA7-InsoC&dq=vijayaditya+III&pg=PA33 |language=en}}</ref>

==Reign==
His reign began with an expedition under his talented general Pandaranga to crush the Boya-Kottamas, a sturdy race of warriors who inhabited the northern borders of the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava kingdom]] (present-day [[Nellore district]]). His army captured the rebel strongholds of Kottama and [[Nellore]]. General Pandaranga was made governor of the annexed territory with his headquarters at [[Kandukur]]. They also captured the territory of a chief named Rahana.<ref name="m"/><ref name="s">{{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Sailendra Nath |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |date=1999 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&dq=vijayaditya+III&pg=PA395 |language=en}}</ref>

Gunaga Vijayaditya III, unlike his predecessors, maintained friendly relations with the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakuta]] emperor [[Amoghavarsha I]] and was sent to [[Western Ganga dynasty|Gangavadi]] to crush the rebellion of the [[Western Ganga dynasty|Western Gangas]] and other rebellious vassals.<ref name="e">{{cite book |last1=Ramesan |first1=N. |title=The Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi |date=1975 |publisher=Andhra Pradesh Sahithya Akademi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4K0BAAAAMAAJ&q=vijayaditya+III |language=en}}</ref><ref name="m"/><ref name="s"/> Vijayaditya bided his time until [[Amoghavarsha I|Amoghavarsha]]'s death, and established independence. He defeated and pursued [[Krishna II]], the successor of [[Amoghavarsha I|Amoghavarsha]], till [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedi]] in central India.<ref name="sastri">{{cite book |last= Sastri|first= Nilakanta K.A.|title= A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}</ref> He defeated the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Chedis of Tripuri]], who had allied themselves with the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakutas]]. This caused a big setback for the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Chedi]] king Shankaragana II (890-910 CE).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Das |first1=Sudarshan |title=History of Kalchuri Dynasty up to Laksmikarna |date=2021 |publisher=Academia |page=2-3 |url=https://www.academia.edu/49273411}}</ref> Vijayaditya III patronised [[Jainism]], which was popular among the masses.<ref name="m"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Eastern Chalukya kings]]
[[Category: Telugu monarchs]]

Bhaichung Bhutia Football Schools

2026-01-19T00:20:04Z

ChenHleeLiyue: new article...

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox company
|name = Bhaichung Bhutia Football Schools
|logo =
|logo_size =
|foundation = {{start date and years ago|2010|df=yes}}
|location = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
|key_people = [[Bhaichung Bhutia]] Kishore Taid Anurag Khilnani
|area_served = India
|industry = [[Sports]]
|homepage = {{URL|http://www.bbfootballschools.com|bbfootballschools.com}}
}}

'''Bhaichung Bhutia Football Schools''' ('''BBFS'''), an entity of Talent Invigoration and Sports Management Private Limited, is a [[Association football|football]] youth development initiative by [[Bhaichung Bhutia]], the former Indian football team captain, Kishore Taid, and Anurag Khilnani, in association with '''Football by Carlos Queiroz (FBCQ)''',<ref name="IndiaTodayArticle">{{cite news|last=Bhose|first=Baidurjo|title=Bhutia launches football school to promote game|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/bhutia-launches-football-school-to-promote-game-84836-2010-10-30|access-date=2010-12-25|newspaper=India Today|date=31 October 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110119145329/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/118412/Sports/bhutia-launches-football-school-to-promote-game.html| archive-date= 19 January 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="TOIArticle">{{cite news|title=Baichung Bhutia returning to full fitness |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Baichung-Bhutia-returning-to-full-fitness/articleshow/6842050.cms|access-date=2010-12-25|newspaper=The Times of India|date=30 October 2010}}</ref> the Portuguese football academy by [[Carlos Queiroz]]. BBFS aims to cater to children in the age group of 5 to 23 years and deliver coaching experience under the guidance of senior coaches. As per Bhutia, BBFS is planned to be an all-inclusive venture where 20–30% of the enrolled students at BBFS are targeted to be from underprivileged sections of the society.<ref name=IndiaTodayArticle /><ref name=TOIArticle />

== Launch ==
BBFS was launched on 30 October 2010, in a press conference held at the Shangrila hotel in New Delhi by Bhaichung Bhutia and [[Tiago André Coelho Lopes|Tiago Lopes]] (CEO, FBCQ).<ref name=IndiaTodayArticle /><ref name=TOIArticle /> BBFS started regular coaching in Delhi on 29 November 2010 at Ryan International School, and now has its operations in more than 15 cities across the country.

== Academy accreditation ==
As per the [[All India Football Federation]]s' (AIFF) Academy Accreditation Program, Bhaichung Bhutia Football Schools and its partner clubs secured the Elite Academy Accreditation from three cities for the 2023-24 season. BBFS Delhi has been awarded 3 star elite academy rating by AIFF<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhaichung Bhutia Football Schools|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/club/11397?type=academy|last=Accreditation|first=Academy|website=AIFF|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918103024/https://www.the-aiff.com/club/11397?type=academy |archive-date=18 September 2020 }}</ref> whereas its partner club Snipers FC & Brothers Sports Association have been awarded elite academy status in the South and West Zone respectively.

== Residential academies ==
Apart from its non-residential football institutions across the country, Bhaichung Bhutia Football Schools also operate four residential academies situated in [[Gurgaon]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBFS Residential Academy|website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/our-aim-is-to-provide-a-feeder-system-for-indian-football-bhaichung-bhutia/articleshow/63813410.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418212452/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/our-aim-is-to-provide-a-feeder-system-for-indian-football-bhaichung-bhutia/articleshow/63813410.cms |archive-date=18 April 2018 }}</ref> Nashik, Shillong & Hosur. These residential academies have been in partnership with some of the legacy schools such as Barnes School & Junior College, Devlali and Assam Rifles Public School, Laitkor. These residential academies provide an opportunity to budding student athletes to pursue professional football training along with their academics within these schools.
Admission to the residential academies are done through a series of scouting programmes<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBFS Residential Trials|url=https://spotik.in/nagpur-trials-bhaichung-bhutia-football-schools/|last=BBFS Residential Trials|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201213001/https://spotik.in/nagpur-trials-bhaichung-bhutia-football-schools/ |archive-date=1 December 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=BBFS Residential Trials|url=http://www.arunfoot.com/trials-for-bhaichung-bhutia-football-schools-residential-academy-in-mumbai-on-april-1/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929065421/http://www.arunfoot.com/trials-for-bhaichung-bhutia-football-schools-residential-academy-in-mumbai-on-april-1/|archive-date=29 September 2018|access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> conducted throughout the country by the BBFS Technical and Management personnel. In December 2019 BBFS also initiated the 'Prince of Football' project in association with the Sports and Youth Affairs (S&YA) Department, Government of Sikkim. Prince of Football is a collaborative initiative, where a rigorous process of selection from block level to district level and final to state level will pave the way to select talented footballers that will form a Sikkim team which will go on to play at national level tournaments organized by the BBFS.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBFS – Govt of Sikkim launch 'Prince of Football' project in Sikkim|url=https://www.insidene.com/prince-of-football-talent-hunt-on-to-find-sikkims-next-bhaichung-bhutia/}}</ref>

== Garhwal Heroes FC ==
[[Garhwal Heroes FC]] (formerly Garhwal FC) is an Indian football club formed in 1953 in New Delhi.{{Circular reference|date=October 2020}} The club, via a strategic tie-up, currently operates under the aegis of Bhaichung Bhutia Football Schools – the largest and most reputed football youth development setup in India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Garhwal F.C. – BBFS tie up| website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dTUph8GDqJE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Garhwal – BBFS tie up|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/garhwal-fc-i-league-2-new-logo|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719131827/http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/garhwal-fc-i-league-2-new-logo/ |archive-date=19 July 2014 }}</ref>

Garhwal Heroes FC provides BBFS the platform to lay down a pathway for player development in the senior categories. Through the club, BBFS players will be able to further their passion for football by playing professionally.

Garwhal Heroes FC emerged champions of the [[Delhi Football League|Delhi Senior Division]] and in 2023-24. The club comprised 9 of its players promoted from BBFS' youth development programme.

== United Sikkim ==
[[United Sikkim FC]] was founded in 2011, by [[Sikkim Football Association]] (SFA) and Baichung Bhutia. On 22 March 2011, the club was launched as a professional, which would be co-owned by Fidelis World, Bhaichung Bhutia and [[Shankar Mahadevan]].

The Snow Lion Cup for under-14 kids was incorporated, and coaching camps with grassroot framework in the areas of Sikkim, [[Kalimpong]] and [[Darjeeling]] were set up by the club, with partnership of [[State Bank of India]] and BBFS.

== Social responsibility ==
Bhaichung Bhutia's vision that "no talented Indian kid should be deprived of good coaching facilities for want of money or other resources" led to the establishment of the Indian Football Foundation (IFF),<ref>{{Cite web|title=About:IFF|url=http://www.indianfootballfoundation.org/about.php|website=indianfootballfoundation.org|access-date=2020-06-02}}</ref> which is a sister organization to BBFS. It is one of the first not-for-profit organizations in India that is specifically focused on supporting talented young footballers from economically weaker sections to develop into professional footballers in an organized manner. Funds are raised to aid underprivileged young footballers with a 100 percent scholarship to provide them with quality coaching through BBFS. The IFF through its strategic tie ups with the NGOs & Government bodies focuses on talent identification through its scouting program and talent nurturing via the IFF – BBFS Scholarship Program.

== See also ==
* [[Youth League (India)]]

== References ==
<references/>

== Further reading ==
*{{cite web|url=http://footballnewsindia.in/2013/12/13/united-sikkim-fc-host-u-14-snow-lion-cup/|title=UNITED SIKKIM FC TO HOST U-14 SNOW LION CUP|publisher=Football News India|website=footballnewsindia.in|access-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623145000/http://footballnewsindia.in/2013/12/13/united-sikkim-fc-host-u-14-snow-lion-cup/|agency=I-Sikkim|archive-date=23 June 2023|date=13 December 2013}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.bbfootballschools.com BBFS's website]
* https://www.the-aiff.com/club/11397?type=academy

[[Category:Sports organizations established in 2010]]

T. S. Venkannayya

2026-01-14T05:23:01Z

ChenHleeLiyue: New.

{{short description|Kannada writer, professor and activist (1885–1939)}}
{{distinguish|TS Venkannaiah}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}

{{Infobox writer
| honorific_prefix =
| honorific suffix =
| name = T. S. Venkannayya
| birth_name =
| pseudonym = ''Taľakina Venkannayya''
| native_name_lang = kn
| image = File:Portrait Photo of T. S. Venkannayya.jpg
| alt = Portrait Photo of T. S. Venkannayya (1940s).jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1885|10|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Talaku, Challakere, [[Chitradurga]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1939|02|14|1885|10|01|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Kingdom of Mysore]], [[British India]]
| resting_place =
| alma_mater = [[Maharaja's College, Mysore|Maharaja College]], Mysore
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Kannada writer
* Teacher
* Professor
* Editor
* Translator
* Activist
}}
| language = [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Old Kannada]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Sanskrit]], [[English language|English]]
| nationality = Indian
| period = 1920–35
| movement =
| notableworks = ''Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsara Charitre, Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsara Leelaprasanga, Prachina Sahitya, Harischandrakavya Sangraha, Kannada Sahitya Charitre Mathu Ithara Lekhanagalu''
| spouse = Bhageerathamma, Rukmini
| children =
| relatives = [[TS Venkannaiah|T. S. Venkannaiah]], T. S. Shama Rao, [[T. R. Subba Rao]], Belagere Krishna Sastry
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website = [https://www.srikanta-sastri.org/tsvenkannayya T. S. Venkannayya]
}}

'''Taľaku Subbanna Venkannayya''' (1 October 1885 – 14 September 1939) was [[University of Mysore]]'s first Kannada Professor.<ref name="srikanta-sastri">{{cite web |title=T. S. Venkannayya |url=https://www.srikanta-sastri.org/tsvenkannayya |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=Dr. S. Srikanta Sastri |language=en}}</ref><ref name="cite ">{{cite book |title=T. S. Venkannayya: A Short Biography – Edited by Dr. T. V. Venkatachala Sastry |publisher=(Mulukanadu Sabha, Mysore) – 2000. |edition=1 |page=20}}</ref><ref name="Sahitya">{{cite book |title=T. S. Venkannayya: A Monograph on Modern Kannada Writer by Ramegowda |year=2017 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |edition=2 |location=Delhi |page=XIV}}</ref> He was also a popular Kannada writer,<ref>{{cite web |title=Jaina Culture In Kannada Literature By Mr. M. Chidananda Murthy |url=https://www.jainsamaj.org/content.php?url=Jaina_Culture_In_Kannada_Literature:- |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=www.jainsamaj.org}}</ref> translator, editor and teacher who nurtured many later Kannada littérateurs like [[Kuvempu]], [[D. L. Narasimhachar]], [[T. N. Srikantaiah]], [[K. S. Narasimhaswamy]], M. V. Seetharamaiah, C. K. Venkataramaiah, K. Venkataramappa, [[G. Venkatasubbiah]]<ref name="thehindu">{{cite web |date=29 September 2012 |title=A centenarian eager to guide young lexicographers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/a-centenarian-eager-to-guide-young-lexicographers/article3949274.ece |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> and S. V. Parameshwara Bhatta.<ref name="Mysore">{{cite book |title=T. S. Venkannayya by T. S. Gopal (Ed. Dr. Na. Someshwara) |year=2015 |location=Mysore |page=21}}</ref><ref name="udayavani">{{cite web |title=ಆಘಾತದಲ್ಲಿಯೂ ಹಾಸ್ಯಾನುಭೂತಿ; ಅಕ್ರಮ-ಸಕ್ರಮ… ತರಹೇವಾರಿ ಕಳ್ಳತನ |url=https://www.udayavani.com/articles/special/ts-venkannayya |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=Udayavani |language=kn}}</ref> In fact, [[Kuvempu]] begins his book [[Sri Ramayana Darshanam]] with a two-page dedication to his teacher T. S. Venkannayya.<ref>{{cite book |title=Shri Ramayana Darshanam : Sahitya Akademi award winning Kannada epic {{!}} WorldCat.org |oclc=557436464 |language=en}}</ref> T. S. Venkannayya translated the biography of [[Ramakrishna|Ramakrishna Paramahamsa]] from [[Bengali language|Bengali]] into [[Kannada]] for the first time in 1919.<ref name="Vinnayónnati">{{cite book |title=Vinnayónnati – Festschrift Volume honouring T. S. Venkannayya |year=1986 |publisher=University of Mysore |location=Mysore |page=XXIV}}</ref> T. S. Venkannayya along with [[D. V. Gundappa]], [[V. Seetharamaiah]], [[B. M. Srikantaiah]] and [[T. N. Srikantaiah]] were at the forefront of the Kannada Movement from 1920s onwards and were instrumental in the founding of ''[[Kannada Sahitya Parishat]]'' (Bangalore) and ''Kannada Sangha'' (Kannada Literary Association) at [[Central College, Bangalore|Central College]], Bangalore and [[Maharaja's College, Mysore|Maharaja College]], Mysore.<ref>{{cite web |title=B. M. Srikantaiah (Part 2) - Prekshaa |url=https://www.prekshaa.in/b-m-srikantaiah-part2 |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=www.prekshaa.in}}</ref> T. S. Venkannayya was responsible for the organising of the 1931 Kannada Sahitya Sammelan (literary summit) at Mysore.<ref name="Savinenapu"/>

__TOC__

== Early years ==
Venkannayya was born on 1 October 1885 in Taľaku village of [[Chitradurga]] district in [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |date=22 May 2014 |title=Taluku – The Achievers' Village |url=https://www.bangalorefirst.in/?p=10907 |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=Bangalore First}}</ref> His parents were Taľaku Subbanna and Lakshmidevamma.<ref name="Savinenapu">{{cite book |title=Savinenapu: Divangata Prof. T. S. Venkannayyavara Smaraka Grantha |publisher=Prasaranga |edition=1 |location=Mysore |pages=20–30}}</ref> Venkannayya's ancestors belonged to the [[Mulukanadu Brahmin|Mulukanadu]] sect of [[Telugu language|Telugu]] speaking [[Brahmins]]. At a young age he was introduced to theological texts and epics like [[Ramayana]], [[Mahabharata]] and [[Bhagavad Gita]].<ref name="cite "/>

== Education ==
He had his preliminary schooling in the A. V. School at Challakere where he passed his Kannada lower secondary exam in 1897 and English lower secondary exam in 1899.<ref name="prekshaa">{{cite web |title=The Late Sri. T S Venkannayya - Part 1 |url=https://www.prekshaa.in/t-s-venkannayya-a-r-krishnasastri-part-1 |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=www.prekshaa.in |publisher=Preeksha.in}}</ref> In his eighteenth year, he was sent to Mysore for further studies. His first year F. A. course was completed at [[Maharaja's College, Mysore|Maharaja College]], Mysore. For his second year F. A., he got himself transferred to Wardlaw college at [[Bellary]] and passed the same in 1904. Venkannayya passed his B. A. (Kannada) exam in 1908 from Maharaja College, Mysore. His attempts at completing a Law degree in Bombay were unsuccessful. He completed his M. A. in 1914 with a first class from Madras.<ref name="srikanta-sastri"/>

== Academician ==
[[File:Maharaja College Group Photo (1940s).png|thumb|left|Maharaja College Group Photo (1940s) L - R: Standing: 6 from left (Kuvempu), 7 from left (T. N. Srikantaiah) Sitting on Chairs: 3 from left (B. M. Srikantaiah), 4 from left (T. S. Venkannayya)]]
Between 1910 and 1914, T. S. Venkannayya taught English, Kannada and later History in Basel Mission High School at Dharwad.<ref name="srikanta-sastri"/> After this he served as a History teacher for a year (1915) in St. Joseph's High School at Bangalore. From 1917 onwards, he served as Head Master in a Government High School at Doddaballapur. Following this he was transferred to Bangalore's Collegiate High School as an English teacher.<ref name="Mysore"/> By 1918, A. R. Krishnasastry got transferred from Central College, Bangalore to Maharaja College, Mysore. Venkannayya was offered his post at Central College. T. S. Venkannayya was appointed as an assistant professor in Kannada at Maharaja College, Mysore in 1926.<ref name="cite "/><ref name="Sahitya"/> A few years later, owing to the untimely demise of B. Krishnappa, Venkannayya was promoted to the post of Professor in the Kannada Department at the behest of [[B. M. Srikantaiah]], [[N. S. Subba Rao]] and Metcalfe. He thus became University of Mysore's first Kannada Professor.<ref name="Vinnayónnati"/> Venkannayya was the founding member of the ''University Teacher's Association'' which later morphed into ''Prasaranga''.<ref name="prekshaa"/>

== Kannada Movement ==
[[File:Central College 'Karnataka Sangha', Bangalore.jpg|left|thumb|Central College Karnataka Sangha showing T. S. Venkannayya]]
Venkannayya was involved in the publishing functions of the Kannada Sahitya Parishat at Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Moona |first1=Suresh |date=9 July 2020 |title=A man of many interests |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/a-man-of-many-interests/article32036202.ece |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> His leadership at ''Prabhuddha Karnataka'' led to many early writers like [[V. Seetharamaiah]], [[K. S. Narasimhaswamy]], [[G. P. Rajarathnam]] and [[P. T. Narasimhachar]] come to light.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mysore, Once Upon A Time |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/mysore-once-upon-a-time/234370 |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=OutlookIndia.com|date=13 April 2007 }}</ref> Similarly, he was involved in the activities of Central College - Kannada Sangha where he organised many a Kannada and Sanskrit play to be enacted on stage. Venkannayya supervised the publication of [[Muddana|Muddanna's]] works and the celebration of his birth anniversary. Venkannayya impressed upon his good friend [[A. R. Krishnashastry]] to adopt [[D. V. Gundappa|D. V. Gundappa's]] poem ''Vanasuma'' as the anthem for the Kannada Sangha at Central College, Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web |title=T S Venkannayya (Part 3) Prekshaa |url=https://www.prekshaa.in/t-s-venkannayya-part3 |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=www.prekshaa.in}}</ref> He was also involved in the orchestration of ''Kumaravyasa Jayanthi''. While at Maharaja College, Mysore T. S. Venkannayya was instrumental in starting student journals ''Kiriya Kanike'' and ''Taliru''.<ref name="thehindu"/> He encouraged the staging of plays such as ''Nagananda'', ''Saavina Samasye'' and ''Ashada Bhoothi''. Venkannayya's organising abilities made the 1931 Kannada Sahitya Sammelan at Mysore a successful summit.<ref name="udayavani"/> Venkannayya arranged a concert by Bidaram Krishnappa and co-ordinated the staging of the famous play ''Aswathaman'' in this literary summit.<ref name="Vinnayónnati"/>

== Works ==

=== Translations ===

* ''Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsara Charitre'' (along with A. R. Krishnasastry) (1919)<ref>{{cite web |title=Śrī Rāmakr̥ṣṇa Paramahaṃsara caritre {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/690864957 |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=www.worldcat.org |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsara Leelaprasanga''
* ''Prachina Sahitya'' (1948)<ref>{{cite web |title=Prācīna sāhitya |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/259250754 |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=www.worldcat.org |publisher=Ta Su Śāmarāya |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Shakuntala, Miranda and Desdemona''

=== Editorial Work ===

* ''Harischandrakavya Sangraha'' (with A. R. Krishnasastry) (1931)<ref>{{cite web |title=Hariścandra kāvya saṅgraha |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/1048047328 |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=www.worldcat.org |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Karnataka Kadambari Sangraha'' (1933)<ref>{{cite web |title=Karṇāṭaka Kādambarī saṅgraha |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/884482462 |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=www.worldcat.org |publisher=Prasārāṅga, Maisūru Viśvavidyānilaya|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Basavaraja Devara Ragale'' (1930)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pathy |first1=C. S. K. |date=January 1931 |title=Basava-Rāja-Dēvara-Ragaḷé. By Hari-Hara, edited by T. S. VenkannaiyyaM.A., Professor of Kanarese, the Maharaja's College, Mysore, pp. 106. Printed at Wesleyan Mission Press, Mysore, 1930. Price Rs. 2. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/basavarajadevararagale-by-harihara-edited-by-t-s-venkannaiyyama-professor-of-kanarese-the-maharajas-college-mysore-pp-106-printed-at-wesleyan-mission-press-mysore-1930-price-rs-2/9C8D0D55A2C8F0BE560B2CCDCB9DDD31# |access-date=3 January 2023 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland |volume=63 |pages=179 |language=en |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00066545|s2cid=163991605 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tippērudrasvāmi |first1=Ec |last2=Swamy |first2=Honnali Thipperudra |title=Basaveshwara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9gtAAAAMAAJ&q=T.+S.+Venkannayya |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |access-date=4 January 2023 |language=en |date=1975}}</ref>
* ''Pampabharata''
* ''Kumaravyasa Bharata''
* ''Bishmaparva Sangraha'' (with D. L. Narasimhachar, T. N. Srikantaiah) (1930)<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhīṣmaparva saṅgraha |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/263722676 |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=www.worldcat.org |publisher=Government Branch Press |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Rāghavāṅka Kaviya Siddharāma Cāritra'' (with D. L. Narasimhachar) (1941)<ref>{{cite web |title=Rāghavāṅka kaviya Siddharāma cāritra |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/18751877 |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=www.worldcat.org |publisher=Ta. Veṃ. Smāraka Granthamāle |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Mahāśvēte'' (1959)<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahāśvēte |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/259250408 |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=www.worldcat.org |publisher=Maisūru Viśvavidyānilaya |language=en}}</ref>

=== Articles ===

* ''Kannada Sahityada Charitre''
* ''Hathaneya Shatamanada Karnataka Sahitya Charitre''
* ''Hanneradu Hadimuru, Hadinalkane Shatamanagala Kannada Sahitya Charitre''
* ''Kavirajamarga granthada karthru yaaru?''
* ''Bijjalanu Jainane?''
* ''Pampa Bharata''
* ''Contributions to ‘Prabhuddha Karnataka''
* ''Contributions to ‘Kannada Sahitya Parishat Patrike''
* ''Kannada Kaipidi – Vol. IV (with B. M. Srikantaiah)''<ref>{{cite web |title=Kannada Bibliography |url=http://lisindia.ciil.org/Kannada/Kan_infores.html |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=lisindia.ciil.org}}</ref>
* ''Kannadadalli Boudha Sahitya Vithe?''
* ''Nizam Karnatakada Surupuru Lakshmeeshana Oore?''
* ''Shivathatvasara''
* ''Contributions to Sadbohachandrike''

== Legacy ==
T. S. Venkannayya died on 14 February 1939 at Mysore.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/869773263 |title=Mūru talemāru |year=2006 |publisher=Taḷukina Veṅkaṇṇayya Smāraka Granthamāle |location=Beṅgaḷūru |page=23 |language=en |access-date=3 January 2023}}</ref> Three Felicitation Volumes were brought forth in his honour in 1970, 1986 and 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Savinenapu; Divaṅgata Pro. T.S. Venkaṇṇayyanavara Smāraka Grantha {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/21122050 |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=www.worldcat.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sahr̥dayi : Ta. Śā. Veṅkaṇṇayyanavara abhinandana grantha {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/896807059 |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=www.worldcat.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vinayōnnati - WorldCat.org |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/21301576 |access-date=3 January 2023 |website=www.worldcat.org |language=en}}</ref> A library was constructed with state aid in his native village of Taľaku and dedicated to his memory. It serves as a repository of over 50,000 rare books and manuscripts. While his literary output was less, the number of future poet laureates and Kannada littérateurs (''like [[Kuvempu]], [[D. L. Narasimhachar]], [[T. N. Srikantaiah]], [[K. S. Narasimhaswamy]], M. V. Seetharamaiah, C. K. Venkataramaiah, K. Venkataramappa, [[G. Venkatasubbiah]]<ref name="thehindu"/> and S. V. Parameshwara Bhatta.<ref name="Mysore"/><ref name="udayavani"/>'') that he guided and nurtured as a mentor, remain as his lasting contribution to Kannada literary landscape.

== External links ==
{{Sister project links| wikt=no | commons=Category:T. S. Venkannayya | b=no | n=no | q=no | s=no | v=no | voy=no | species=no | d=Q115988707}}
* [https://www.srikanta-sastri.org/tsvenkannayya T. S. Venkannayya - Official Webpage]
* [https://www.prekshaa.in/t-s-venkannayya-a-r-krishnasastri-part-1 T. S. Venkannayya - A Biography]

== Bibliography ==
* Festschrift Volume (1986). ''Vinnayónnati''.
* Sastry, T. V. Venkatachala (2000). ''T. S. Venkannayya: A Short Biography'' Mulukanadu Sabha, Mysore.
* Ramegowda (2017). ''T. S. Venkannayya: A Monograph on Modern Kannada Writer'' – Sahitya Akademi, Delhi.
* T. S. Gopal (2015). ''T. S. Venkannayya'' (Ed. Dr. Na. Someshwara)
* ''Savinenapu: Divangata Prof. T. S. Venkannayyavara Smaraka Grantha'' – 1970.
* D'Souza, Roque (2000). ''Poverty and Human Dignity: K.S. Kârantha Encountered from Vatican II Council''. {{ISBN|9788174950673}}. pp. 217.<ref>{{cite book |last1=D'Souza |first1=Roque |title=Poverty and Human Dignity: K.S. Kârantha Encountered from Vatican II Council |date=2000 |publisher=Media House |isbn=978-81-7495-067-3 |page=217 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3db6tjswWpQC |access-date=4 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* S. Naganath, Bhagirath (2021). ''Memorable Mysoreans - A Collection of Biographical Sketches''. {{ISBN|9781685097875}}; Publisher:Notion Press.pp. 64<ref>{{cite book |last1=Naganath |first1=Dr Bhagirath S. |title=Memorable Mysoreans: A Collection of Biographical Sketches |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wSdBEAAAQBAJ |publisher=Notion Press |access-date=4 January 2023 |language=en |date=4 September 2021|isbn=9781685097875 }}</ref>
* Das, Sisir Kumar (2005). ''A History of Indian Literature''. Published by Sahitya Akademi. pp. 624.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Das |first1=Sisir Kumar |title=A History of Indian Literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHklK65TKQ0C&dq=T.+S.+Venkannayya&pg=PA624 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |access-date=4 January 2023 |language=en |date=2005|isbn=9788172010065 }}</ref>
*Karanth, Shivaram (2021). ''ಶಿವರಾಮ ಕಾರಂತರ ಲೇಖನಗಳು ಸಂಪುಟ - ೧''. Published by B Malini Mallya. pp. 18.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Karanth |first1=Shivarama |title=ಶಿವರಾಮ ಕಾರಂತರ ಲೇಖನಗಳು ಸಂಪುಟ - ೧: Shivarama Karanthara Lekhanagalu Samputa - 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RfVBEAAAQBAJ |publisher=B Malini Mallya |access-date=4 January 2023 |language=kn |date=9 September 2021}}</ref>
* Schouten, Jan Peter (1995). ''Revolution of the Mystics - On the Social Aspects of Vīraśaivism''. Published by Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. pp. 298.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schouten |first1=Jan Peter |title=Revolution of the Mystics: On the Social Aspects of Vīraśaivism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eo0JR8nH3I8C |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |access-date=4 January 2023 |language=en |date=1995|isbn=9788120812383 }}</ref>
* Gururajachar, S. (1974). ''Some Aspects of Economic and Social Life in Karṇāṭaka, A.D. 1000-1300''. Published by Prasārānga, University of Mysore. pp. 13, 14, 258.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gururajachar |first1=S. |title=Some Aspects of Economic and Social Life in Karṇāṭaka, A.D. 1000-1300 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ndoDAAAAMAAJ&q=T.%20S.%20Venkannayya |publisher=Prasārānga, University of Mysore |access-date=4 January 2023 |language=en |date=1974}}</ref>
* Chidananda Murthy, M. (1972). ''Basavanna''. Published by National Book Trust, India. pp. 109.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Murthy |first1=M. Chidananda |title=Basavanna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijwgAAAAMAAJ&q=T.%20S.%20Venkannayya |publisher=National Book Trust, India |access-date=4 January 2023 |language=en |date=1972}}</ref>
* Krishnamoorthy, K. (1976). ''A. R. Krishna Shastri''. Published by Institute of Kannada Studies, University of Mysore. pp. 15.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Krishnamoorthy |first1=K. |title=A. R. Krishna Shastri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mV4OAAAAYAAJ&q=T.%20S.%20Venkannayya |publisher=Institute of Kannada Studies, University of Mysore : for copies, Prasaranga |access-date=4 January 2023 |language=en |date=1976}}</ref>
* Amur, G. S. (2001). ''Essays on Modern Kannada Literature''. Published by Karnataka Sahitya Academy. pp. 48,64,94.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Amur |first1=G. S. |title=Essays on Modern Kannada Literature: G.S. Amur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XZRkAAAAMAAJ&q=T.%20S.%20Venkannayya |publisher=Karnataka Sahitya Academy |access-date=4 January 2023 |language=en |date=2001}}</ref>
* Ramanatha, N.; Bangalore K. Venkataraman (1997). ''Essays on Tāla and Laya''. Published by Percussive Arts Centre. pp. 15<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramanathan |first1=N. |title=Essays on Tāla and Laya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HT6zAAAAIAAJ&q=T.%20S.%20Venkannayya |publisher=Percussive Arts Centre |access-date=4 January 2023 |language=en |date=1997}}</ref>
*

== Notes ==
<references />

{{Karnataka topics}}
{{Topics_related_to_Culture_of_Mysore|left}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkannayya, T. S.}}
[[Category:Scholars from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian social sciences writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Mysore district]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Mysore]]
[[Category:1855 births]]
[[Category:1939 deaths]]
[[Category:University of Mysore]]
[[Category:People from the Kingdom of Mysore]]
[[Category:Writers from the Kingdom of Mysore]]

National Highway 561 (India)

2025-12-28T21:33:27Z

ChenHleeLiyue: starting new entry w/ sources

{{Short description|Highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 561
| length_km = 142
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3
| id= Q56257062|title=National Highway 561|text= Map of National Highway '''561''' in red }}
| map_custom = yes
| direction_a = West
| direction_b = East
| terminus_a = [[Ahmednagar]]
| terminus_b = [[Beed]]
| junction =
| spur_type = NH
| spur_of = 61
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 61
| next_route = 52
| states = [[Maharashtra]]
| destinations =
}}

'''National Highway 561''', commonly referred to as '''NH 561''', is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]].<ref name=":122">{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2017/173465.pdf|title=New national highways notifications dated Jan, 2017|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=25 Aug 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India as on 30.06.2017|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=25 Aug 2018}}</ref> It is a [[Spur route|spur]] road of [[National Highway 61 (India)|National Highway 61]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=25 Aug 2018}}</ref> NH-561 traverses the state of [[Maharashtra]] in India.

== Route ==

[[Ahmednagar]], Chinchodi-Patil, [[Kada, Maharashtra|Kada]], [[Ashti, Beed|Ashti]], [[Jamkhed]], Sautadaa, [[Patoda]] fhata, Therla, Pitthi, Shirapur, [[Beed]].<ref name=":122" /><ref name=":0" />

== Junctions ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}
: {{jct|NH|61|country=IND}} Terminal near Ahmednagar.<ref name=":122" />
: {{jct|NH|548D|country=IND}} near Jamkhed.
: {{jct|NH|52|country=IND}} Terminal near Beed.<ref name=":122" />

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/6857336 NH 561 on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH61 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Maharashtra]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

Kanmani Manoharan

2025-12-07T16:31:12Z

ChenHleeLiyue: new.

{{Short description|Indian television actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox actress
| name = Kanmani Manoharan
| image = Kanmani Manoharan.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Kanmani in 2024
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1995|06|10}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=കൺമണി മനോഹരൻ|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/web-stories/movies/2022/08/11/actress-kanmani-manoharan-enchanting-pictures.html|access-date=2023-04-10 |website=www.manoramaonline.com}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2019 – present
| other_names = Sweety, Kanmani Aswath<ref>
{{Cite web |title=Kanmani Manoharan Images|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-actress/kanmani-manoharan/kanmani-manoharan-photos-pictures-stills-26.html|access-date=2023-04-10 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>
| children = 1
| spouse = {{Marriage|Aswath Chandrasekhar|2024}}
}}

'''Kanmani Manoharan''' (born 10 June 1995) is an Indian television actress who works in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] language television. She is known for her role as Anjali in the soap opera ''[[Bharathi Kannamma (2019 TV series)|Bharathi Kannamma]]'' which airs on [[Star Vijay]] from 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanmani Manoharan shares a cryptic note about her sudden exit from Bharathi Kannamma; says, "Don't work for the wrong people|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kanmani-manoharan-shares-a-cryptic-note-about-her-sudden-exit-from-bharathi-kannamma-says-dont-work-for-the-wrong-people/articleshow/90219729.cms|access-date=2023-04-10 |website=[[Times Of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanmani Manoharan bags the lead role in an upcoming show|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kanmani-manoharan-bags-the-lead-role-in-an-upcoming-show/articleshow/89495082.cms|access-date=2023-04-10 |website=[[Times Of India]]}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 2019, Kanmani started her career in the Tamil TV series, ''[[Bharathi Kannamma (2019 TV series)|Bharathi Kannamma]]'' serial Anjali.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Kanmani Manoharan Exits Bharathi Kannamaa, To Play a Village Girl in Upcoming Show|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kanmani-manoharan-exits-bharathi-kannamaa-to-play-a-village-girl-in-upcoming-show-4761230.html |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=www.news18.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= 'Never Work for... ': Kanmani Manoharan's Insta Story With Bharathi Kannamma Title Song|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/never-work-for-kanmani-manoharans-insta-story-with-bharathi-kannamma-title-song-4884599.html|access-date=2023-04-10 |website=www.news18.com |language=ta}}</ref> In 2022, Kanmani got the opportunity to act in the soap opera ''[[Amudhavum Annalakshmiyum]]'' which air on [[Zee Tamil]], she played the role as Amudha in the series.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Popular TV show 'Amudhavum Annalakshmiyum' completes 200 episodes; here's what actors Kanmani Manoharan and Rajash .|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/popular-tv-show-amudhavum-annalakshmiyum-completes-200-episodes-heres-what-actors-kanmani-manoharan-and-rajashree-have-to-say/articleshow/98301045.cms|access-date=2023-04-10 |website=[[Times Of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= Arun Padmanabhan to Play Lead in This Zee Tamil Show With Kanmani Manoharan|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/arun-padmanabhan-to-play-lead-in-this-zee-tamil-show-with-kanmani-manoharan-5190985.html |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=www.news18.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanmani Manoharan's 'Amudhavum____?' is set for a launch soon; deets inside.|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kanmani-manoharans-amudhavum____-is-set-for-a-launch-soon-deets-inside/articleshow/91596259.cms|access-date=2023-04-10 |website=[[Times Of India]]}}</ref> She is also one of the most followed Tamil television actresses on [[Instagram]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Most followed Tamil stars on Instagram|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/stories/entertainment/most-followed-tamil-stars-instagram-1051690|access-date=2023-04-10|website=[[Pinkvilla]]|archive-date=9 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409155211/https://www.pinkvilla.com/stories/entertainment/most-followed-tamil-stars-instagram-1051690|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Personal life==
On 3rd July 2024, Kanmani got engaged to television actor Aswath Chandrasekhar and got married at 15th September 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actress Kanmani Manoharan gets engaged to beau Aswath Chandrasekar|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-kanmani-manoharan-gets-engaged-to-beau-aswath-chandrasekar/articleshow/111482692.cms|access-date=2024-07-05 |website=[[Times Of India]]}}</ref>

On 8th June 2025, Kanmani gave birth to a son in [[Apollo Hospital]], Greams Lane Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TV couple Aswath Chandrasekar and Kanmani Manoharan blessed with a baby boy|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tv-couple-aswath-chandrasekar-and-kanmani-manoharan-blessed-with-a-baby-boy/articleshow/121723698.cms|access-date=2025-06-24 |website=[[Times Of India]]}}</ref>

== Films ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
! class="unsortable" |{{Reference heading}}
|-
|2025
|''[[Nizharkudai]]''
|Lancy
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=2025-04-30 |title=Nizhar Kudai Trailer: Devayani becomes entangled in a tale of love and longing |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Apr/30/nizhar-kudai-trailer-devayani-becomes-entangled-in-a-tale-of-love-and-longing |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}
== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Characters
!Network
! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
|2019–Jan 2022
|''[[Bharathi Kannamma (2019 TV series)|Bharathi Kannamma]]''
|rowspan="2"|Anjali
|rowspan="2"|[[Star Vijay]]
|Negative turned Positive Role; Replaced by Aruljothi Arockiaraj
|-
|2020
|''[[Pandian Stores]]''
|Special appearance
|-
|2022
|''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Seniors season 3]]''
|Herself
| rowspan="3" |[[Zee Tamil]]
|Guest
|-
|2022
|''Super Queen''
|Herself & Contestant
|-
|2022–2024
|''[[Amudhavum Annalakshmiyum]]''
|Amudha & Bhavani
| Dual Lead Role
|-
|2024
|''[[Mahanadhi (TV series)| Mahanadhi]]''
| Vennila
|[[Star Vijay]]
|Special appearance<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanmani Manoharan joins the cast of TV show ‘Mahanathi’|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kanmani-manoharan-joins-the-cast-of-tv-show-mahanathi/articleshow/111655559.cms|access-date=2024-07-17 |website=[[Times Of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* {{IMDb name|12105472}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manoharan, Kanmani}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Tamil television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Actresses from Bengaluru]]

Iravati Harshe Mayadev

2025-12-07T01:59:38Z

ChenHleeLiyue: made

{{short description|Indian television actress}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Iravati Harshe Mayadev
|image = {{CSS image crop
|Image = The Directors Sumitra Bhave & Sunil Sukthankar and Actress Iravathi Harshe of the film KAASAV, at the presentation, during the 48th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2017), in Panaji, Goa on November 26, 2017.jpg
|bSize = 600
|cWidth = 200
|cHeight = 250
|oTop = 40
|oLeft = 125
|Location=center}}
| caption = Iravati Harshe Mayadev, [[International Film Festival of India|IFFI]] ([[48th International Film Festival of India|2017]])
| birth_name = Iravati Harshe
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = 
| spouse = [[Yatin Karyekar]] (divorced) Capt. Rohit Mayadev<ref>{{cite web |title=The time of her life |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald.com/Content/Jan202008/enter2008011947519.asp |website=Deccan Herald |accessdate=27 June 2016 |date=20 January 2008 |archive-date=1 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701202846/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald.com/Content/Jan202008/enter2008011947519.asp |url-status=live }}</ref>
| children = Devika and Isha
| occupation = Actor, dubbing artist
| years_active = 1994–present
}}

'''Iravati Harshe Mayadev''' is an Indian actress and dubbing artist. She has worked in many television serials and is a trained Bharatanatyam dancer.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Language
|-
|1999
|''Split Wide Open''
|
|English
|-
| rowspan="2" |2002
|''[[Hey Ram]]''
|Nafisa
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
Hindi
|-
|''[[Shararat (2002 film)|Shararat]]''
|Gajanan's Daughter-in-law
|Hindi
|-
|2005
|''[[Kuchh Meetha Ho Jaye]]''
|Vibha Wadhwa
|Hindi
|-
|2008
|''[[Mithya (film)|Mithya]]''
|Revati
|Hindi
|-
|2009
|''[[Raat Gayi, Baat Gayi?]]''
|Mitali R. Kapoor
|Hindi
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
|''[[We Are Family (2010 film)|We Are Family]]''
|Rati Malhotra
|Hindi
|-
|''[[Mittal v/s Mittal]]''
|Ramola
|Hindi
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011
|''[[Kaccha Limboo]]''
|
|Hindi
|-
|''Michael''
|Mrs. D'costa
|Hindi
|-
|2012
|''[[Hate Story]]''
|Archana Jaidev Singh
|Hindi
|-
|2013
|''[[Monsoon Shootout]]''
|DCP Nishi
|Hindi
|-
|2014
|''Gandhi of the Month''
|
|English
|-
|2015
|''[[Astu]]''
|Ira
|Marathi<ref name="Iravati Harshe to debut in a Marathi film as Milind Soman's wife">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |date=12 January 2017 |title=Iravati Harshe to debut in a Marathi film as Milind Soman's wife |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/iravati-harshe-milind-soman-mohan-agashe-split-wide-open-hey-ram-we-are-family-hate-story/articleshow/29149742.cms?from=mdr |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119120103/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/iravati-harshe-milind-soman-mohan-agashe-split-wide-open-hey-ram-we-are-family-hate-story/articleshow/29149742.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=19 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|''[[Kaasav]]''
|Janaki
|Marathi
|-
|''[[Dear Maya]]''
|Anna's Mother
|Hindi
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
|''[[Simmba]]''
|Gayatri Devi
|Hindi
|-
|''[[Aapla Manus]]''
|Bhakti Rahul Gokhale
|Marathi
|-
|''[[Take Care Good Night]]''
|Asavari
|Marathi
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''[[Bhai: Vyakti Ki Valli]]''
|[[Sunita Deshpande]]
|Marathi
|-
|''[[Dhappa]]''
|
|Marathi
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Tadka (film)|Tadka]]''
|Urmi
|Hindi
|-
|''[[Shamshera]]''
|Shamshera's wife, Balli's mother
|Hindi
|-
| rowspan="2"|2024
|''[[Article 370]]''
|Bindra Kaul
|Hindi
|-
|''Sarfira''
|
|Hindi <ref>{{cite web |title=Sarfira Movie (2024): Cast, Trailer, OTT, Songs, Release Date {{!}} सरफिरा {{!}} Exclusive 2024 - Gheun Taak |url=https://gheuntaak.in/sarfira-movie/ |website=Gheun Taak |access-date=6 July 2024 |date=6 July 2024 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706125350/https://gheuntaak.in/sarfira-movie/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Serial
! Role
|-
| 1994
| '' [[Shanti (TV series)|Shanti]]''
| Nidhi Mahadevan
|-
| 1994
| '' [[Surabhi (TV series)|Surabhi]]''
|
|-
| 1997
| '' [[Kabhie Kabhie (1997 TV series)|Kabhie Kabhie]]''
| Mandira Joshi
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Saturday Suspense]]''
|
|-
| 1998
| ''[[X Zone]]''
| Surabhi
|-
| 1998
| '' [[Rishtey (TV series)|Rishtey]] ''
|
|-
| 1997
| ''Mrityudand''
|
|-
| 1999
| '' [[Tanha (TV series)|Tanha]]''
| Rukhsana
|-
|1999
| ''Waaris''
|
|-
| 1999
| ''Chota Muh Aur Badi Baat''
|
|-
| 2001
| ''Ankahee''
| Anjali Mathur
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Achanak 37 Saal Baad]]''
| Sheela
|-
| 2002–2005
| '' [[Sanjivani (2002 TV series)|Sanjivani]]''
| Dr. Smriti Malhotra
|-
| 2004
| ''[[K. Street Pali Hill]]''
| Ishita Khandelwal
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Dill Mill Gayye]]''
| Dr. Smriti Shashank Gupta
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Scam 2003]]''
| DCP Malti Halani
|-
|2025
|''[[Search: The Naina Murder Case]]''
| Payal
|}

==Dubbing==
* French version of ''[[Dil To Pagal Hai]]'', voice of [[Madhuri Dixit]]<ref>{{cite web |author= |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-22/news-interviews/28307899_1_kajol-films-producers-and-directors |title=Kajol & I shared notes as moms: Irawati |date=2010-08-22 |accessdate=2014-02-19 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201845/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-22/news-interviews/28307899_1_kajol-films-producers-and-directors |work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Hindi version of ''Golden Compass'', voice of [[Nicole Kidman]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Jan202008/enter2008011947519.asp |title=Deccan Herald - The time of her life |publisher=Archive.deccanherald.com |accessdate=2014-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193909/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Jan202008/enter2008011947519.asp |archive-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Marathi|Critics Award Best Actress]] - [[Filmfare Awards Marathi]] 2017 for the film ''[[Kaasav]]''
* Won Best Actress for ''[[Kaasav]]'' in Zee Chitra Gaurav Awards 2017
* Nominated for Best Actress [[Filmfare Awards Marathi]] for ''[[Astu]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-13 |title=Marathi Filmfare Awards: Nominations |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/marathi-filmfare-awards-nominations/articleshow/49827966.cms |access-date=2023-06-09 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* Nominated for Best Actress in a Leading Role for ''Ankahee'' at 1st [[Indian Telly Awards]]
* Won [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Actress]] for film [[kaasav]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0366101}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140224181107/http://www.indicine.com/name/iravati-harshe/ Indicine.com]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Harshe, Iravati}}
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-screen-actor-stub}}
{{Voice-actor-stub}}

Rameswaram, Kakinada district

2025-12-02T16:57:11Z

ChenHleeLiyue: new some place v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rameswaram
| native_name = రామేశ్వరం
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|16.9667|N|82.1833|E|region:IN-AP_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil|Subdistrict]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Pedapudi mandal|Pedapudi]]
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 533006
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0884
| footnotes =
}}
'''Rameswaram''' is a village in the [[Kakinada district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. The village is situated 5 kilometres west to the district headquarters [[Kakinada]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Rameswaram Grama Panchayati |url=http://www.inkakinada.com/list/rameswaram-grama-panchayathi-office |accessdate=5 September 2013 |website=Inkakinada.com |publisher=}}</ref>

==Geography==
Rameswaram is located at {{coord|16.9667|N|82.1833|E|}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rameswaram |url=http://wikimapia.org/23724766/Rameswaram |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=[[Wikimapia]] |language=en}}</ref> The [[82nd meridian east|82-degrees east longitude]] passes through the place. It has an elevation of 4 metres (13 ft) above sea level.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Rameswaram Village, Pedapudi Mandal, East Godavari District |url=http://www.onefivenine.com/india/villages/East-Godavari/Pedapudi/Rameswaram |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=OneFiveNine |archive-date=3 October 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221003101002/http://www.onefivenine.com/india/villages/East-Godavari/Pedapudi/Rameswaram |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

It is situated 5 km to the west of district headquarters Kakinada and 60 km to the east of the city of [[Rajahmundry]].<ref name=":0" />

== Governance ==
The area falls under Rameswaram [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayati]].<ref name=":0" /> The village falls under [[Anaparthy Assembly constituency]] and [[Rajahmundry Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Transport ==
The nearest [[domestic airport]] is the [[Rajahmundry Airport]] at a distance of 60 km and the nearest [[international airport]] is the [[Visakhapatnam Airport]] at a distance of 160 km. The nearest railway stations are the [[Kakinada Town railway station]] and [[Samalkot Junction railway station]].<ref name=":1" />

== Education ==
Primary and secondary education is provided by government and private schools,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rameswaram- Kakinada Area Information |url=http://www.inkakinada.com/area/rameswaram |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=Inkakinada.com}}</ref> overseen by the state's School Education Department.<ref>{{cite web |title=School Education Department |url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227185018/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |archive-date=27 December 2015 |access-date=7 November 2016 |publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Department of School Education – Official AP State Government Portal {{!}} AP State Portal |url=http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107155331/http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/ |archive-date=7 November 2016 |access-date=7 November 2016 |website=www.ap.gov.in}}</ref> Instruction is delivered in English and [[Telugu language|Telugu]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Kakinada district]]

{{Kakinada-geo-stub}}

Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology

2025-11-15T12:34:21Z

ChenHleeLiyue: creating initial article first draft

{{Short description|Autonomous scientific society}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox research institute
|name = Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology
|image = C-MET India logo.jpg
|motto =
|established = {{start date and age|1990}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Client's/Citizen Charter (CCC) {{!}} CENTRE FOR MATERIALS FOR ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY (C-MET) |url=https://cmet.gov.in/index.php/about_citizen_charter |website=cmet.gov.in |access-date=20 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|research_field = [[Electronic materials]] and devices
|director = Magesh Ethirajan (Director General) ''(Additional Charge)''
|city = [[Pune, India]] (headquarters)
|address =
|nickname = C-MET
|operating_agency = [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]], [[Government of India]]
|website = https://cmet.gov.in/
}}
'''Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology''' (C‑MET) is an [[autonomous]] scientific society under the [[Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology]] (MeitY), Government of India. C‑MET is dedicated to advancing R&D in [[electronic materials]] and devices, aiming to enhance self‑reliance in materials and technology for strategic and industrial applications using indigenous resources.

==Activities==
===Research and Development===
C‑MET works on advanced electronic materials including [[Thick-film technology|thick films]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vadakkedath Gopi |first1=Sajeesh |last2=Karuvanveettil |first2=Sumesh |last3=Packia Selvam |first3=Irulappan |last4=Potty |first4=Sankara Narayanan |title=Near-Infrared Plasmonic Planar Films: Advancements in Aluminum-Doped Zinc Oxide for Sensing and Telecommunications Applications |journal=ACS Applied Electronic Materials |date=25 March 2025 |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=2557–2563 |doi=10.1021/acsaelm.5c00014}}</ref> specialty [[polymers]], ultra‑pure and [[refractory metals]], [[semiconductors]], [[ceramics]], and [[Composite material|composites]]. Key research areas include [[nanomaterials]],<ref>{{cite news |title=India launches 'Graphene-Aurora program' to bolster Graphene Engineering |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/india-launches-graphene-aurora-program-to-bolster-graphene-engineering/ |work=ddnews.gov.in |publisher=[[Doordarshan]] |date=15 August 2023}}</ref> integrated electronics packaging (e.g. [[Low temperature co-fired ceramic|LTCC]]), [[Piezoelectric sensor|piezo‑sensors]], [[energy materials]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Neutrino Energy to infuse 2.5 bn euros to develop self-charging cars in India |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/express-mobility-neutrino-energy-to-infuse-2-5-bn-euros-to-develop-self-charging-cars-in-india-2962318/ |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=28 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=More |first1=Sahebrao S. |last2=Kale |first2=Rushikesh B. |last3=Ambekar |first3=Poorva J. |last4=Khupse |first4=Nageshwar D. |last5=Kalubarme |first5=Ramchandra S. |last6=Kulkarni |first6=Milind V. |last7=Kale |first7=Bharat B. |title=Imidazolium Functionalized Copolymer Supported Solvate Ionic Liquid Based Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Lithium Ion Batteries |journal=ACS Applied Polymer Materials |date=11 October 2024 |volume=6 |issue=19 |pages=11953–11963 |doi=10.1021/acsapm.4c02103}}</ref> and [[Electronic waste recycling|e‑waste recycling]] technology.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chothe |first1=Ujjwala |last2=Bhattacharjee |first2=Kaustav |last3=Chavan |first3=Pratiksha |last4=Kulkarni |first4=Milind |last5=Kalubarme |first5=Ramchandra |last6=Chavali |first6=Murthy |last7=Kale |first7=Bharat |title=Enhancing battery performance with carbon Cladding: An Investigation into LiFePO4 material |journal=Inorganic Chemistry Communications |date=June 2025 |volume=176 |article-number=114273 |doi=10.1016/j.inoche.2025.114273}}</ref>

===Integrated Electronics Packaging===
Since 2006, the Pune Lab has developed Low Temperature Co‑Fired Ceramic (LTCC) materials and fabrication facilities, including a ~200 m³ Class 10000 clean room and indigenous LTCC tapes and pastes for high‑density packaging used in [[microwave]], [[aerospace]], [[MEMS]] and [[IC packaging]] applications.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sah |first1=Purnima |title=Researchers find alternative to cool supercomputers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/researchers-find-alternative-to-cool-supercomputers/article68284104.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=13 June 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

===E‑Waste Management & RoHS Testing===
C‑MET’s Hyderabad laboratory hosts India’s only Ministry‑supported [[RoHS]] testing facility, accredited by [[National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories|NABL]] (as per [[ISO/IEC 17025|ISO 17025:2005]]) and recognized by [[Bureau of Indian Standards|BIS]]. The lab provides services such as EDXRF, ICP‑MS, GC‑MS, and more.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nilesh |first1=V. |title=Chinese mosquito bats fatal for pests, but deadly in long run for you too |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/Aug/18/chinese-mosquito-bats-fatal-for-pests-but-deadly-in-long-run-for-you-too-1644996.html |access-date=20 July 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=18 August 2017 |language=en}}</ref> C‑MET also established a [[Centre of Excellence]] (CoE) in E‑Waste Management under a [[Public–private partnership|PPP model]] with [[MeitY]] and [[Telangana government]], focusing on recycling technologies for PCBs, lithium‑ion batteries, permanent magnets, and solar cells.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hyderabad: Indigenously developed 1 ton/day PCB Recycling facility inaugurated at C MET - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/hyderabad-indigenously-developed-1-tonday-pcb-recycling-facility-inaugurated-at-c-met-367897-2023-01-27 |work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |date=27 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref> A 1 ton/day PCB recycling plant at Hyderabad has reached Technology Readiness Level 6 and is ready for commercialization.<ref>{{cite news |title=C-MET strikes gold with e-waste |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/cmet-strikes-gold-with-ewaste/article4661344.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=27 April 2013 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Centres and Infrastructure==
C‑MET operates three main laboratories:

*[[Pune]] (Headquarters) – Focus areas include LTCC packaging, Li‑ion battery materials, specialty polymers, nanomaterials/composites.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology hosted Industry Meet to accelerate innovation in Rechargeable Battery Technology |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2092912 |work=www.pib.gov.in |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |date=14 January 2025}}</ref>
*[[Hyderabad]] – Specializes in ultra‑pure materials, e‑waste processing, high‑purity metals, semiconductors, RoHS testing and electronics recycling technology.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shri Alkesh Kumar Sharma inaugurates PCB Recycling facility at C-MET, Hyderabad |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1894183 |work=www.pib.gov.in |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |date=27 January 2023}}</ref>
*[[Thrissur]] – Focus on electronic ceramics, microwave dielectrics, actuators/sensors, nanofilms, aerogels and graphene supercapacitors.<ref>{{cite news |title=Keltron, C-MET join hands to launch sensor-manufacturing hub in Thrissur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/keltron-c-met-join-hands-to-launch-sensor-manufacturing-hub-in-thrissur/article69553688.ece |work=The Hindu |date=8 May 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (India)}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Research institutes in Pune]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1990]]
[[Category:Information technology organisations based in India]]

Swell (wave)

2025-11-13T21:33:45Z

ChenHleeLiyue:

{{short description|Series of waves generated by distant weather systems}}
{{Redirect|Ocean swell|the thoroughbred racehorse|Ocean Swell}}
[[File:Early 90's Bangs.jpg|thumb|Breaking swell waves at [[Hermosa Beach]], [[California]]]]
A '''swell''', also sometimes referred to as '''ground swell''', in the context of an [[ocean]], [[sea]] or [[lake]], is a series of [[mechanical waves]] that propagate along the interface between water and air under the predominating influence of gravity, and thus are often referred to as [[Gravity wave|surface gravity waves]]. These surface gravity waves have their origin as [[wind waves]], but are the consequence of dispersion of wind waves from distant [[Low-pressure area|weather systems]], where wind blows for a duration of time over a [[Fetch (geography)|fetch]] of water, and these waves move out from the source area at speeds that are a function of wave period and length. More generally, a swell consists of wind-generated waves that are not greatly affected by the local wind at that time. Swell waves often have a relatively long [[wavelength]], as short wavelength waves carry less energy and [[Wind-wave dissipation|dissipate]] faster, but this varies due to the size, strength, and duration of the weather system responsible for the swell and the size of the water body, and varies from event to event, and from the same event, over time. Occasionally, swells that are longer than 700 m occur as a result of the most severe storms.

Swell direction is the direction from which the swell is moving. It is given as a geographical direction, either in degrees, or in [[points of the compass]], such as NNW or SW swell, and like winds, the direction given is generally the direction the swell is coming from. Swells have a narrower range of [[frequency|frequencies]] and directions than locally generated wind waves, because they have dispersed from their generation area and over time tend to sort by speed of propagation with the faster waves passing a distant point first. Swells take on a more defined shape and direction and are less random than locally generated wind waves.

==Formation==
{{see also|Wind wave|Gravity wave}}
{{further|Wind wave model}}
[[File:Easterly swell, Lyttelton Harbour, 29 July 2008.jpg|thumb|Swell near [[Lyttelton Harbour]], [[New Zealand]]]]

Large breakers observed on a shore may result from distant weather systems over the ocean. Five factors work together to determine the size of wind waves<ref>{{cite book | title=Wind generated ocean waves | first=I. R. | last=Young | publisher=Elsevier | year=1999 | isbn=0-08-043317-0 }} p. 83.</ref> which will become ocean swell:
* [[Wind speed]] – the wind must be moving faster than the wave crest (in the direction in which the wave crest travels) for net energy transfer from air to water; stronger prolonged winds create larger waves
* The uninterrupted distance of open water over which the wind blows without significant change in direction (called the ''[[fetch (geography)|fetch]]'')
* Width of water surface in the fetch
* Wind duration – the time over which the wind has blown over the fetch
* Water depth

A wave is described using the following dimensions:
* [[Wave height]] (from [[trough (physics)|trough]] to [[crest (physics)|crest]])
* [[Wave length]] (from crest to crest)
* [[Wave period]] (time interval between arrival of consecutive crests at a stationary point)
* [[Wave propagation]] direction
Wave length is a function of period, and of water depth for depths less than approximately half the wave length, where the wave motion is affected by friction with the bottom.
[[File:Deep water wave.gif|thumb|Effects of deepwater wave on movement of water particles ([[Stokes drift]]).]]
A fully developed sea has the maximum wave size theoretically possible for a wind of a specific strength and fetch. Further exposure to that specific wind would result in a loss of energy equal to the energy input giving a steady state, due to the energy dissipation from viscosity and breaking of wave tops as "whitecaps".

Waves in a given area typically have a range of heights. For weather reporting and for scientific analysis of wind wave statistics, their characteristic height over a time interval is usually expressed as ''[[significant wave height]]''. This figure represents an average height of the highest one-third of the waves in a given time period (usually chosen somewhere in the range from 20 minutes to twelve hours), or in a specific wave or storm system. The significant wave height is also the value a "trained observer" (e.g. from a ship's crew) would estimate from visual observation of a sea state. Given the variability of wave height, the largest individual waves are likely to be somewhat less than twice the significant wave height.<ref>{{Cite book | publisher = Springer | isbn = 978-3-540-25316-7 | last1 = Weisse | first1 = Ralf | first2 = Hans | last2 = von Storch | title = Marine climate change: Ocean waves, storms and surges in the perspective of climate change | year = 2009 | page = 51 }}</ref>

[[File:Ocean wave phases numbered.png|thumb|The phases of an ocean surface wave: 1. Wave Crest, where the water masses of the surface layer are moving horizontally in the same direction as the propagating wavefront. 2. Falling wave. 3. Trough, where the water masses of the surface layer are moving horizontally in the opposite direction of the wavefront direction. 4. Rising wave.]]

===Sources of wind-wave generation===
[[File:Ile de ré.JPG|thumb|[[Cross sea]] of [[waves and shallow water|shallow-water]] swell waves near the Whales Lighthouse (Phare des Baleines), [[Île de Ré]]]]
Wind waves are generated by wind. Other kinds of disturbances such as [[Seismic wave|seismic]] events, can also cause gravity waves, but they are not wind waves, and do not generally result in swell. The generation of wind waves is initiated by the disturbances of the crosswind field on the surface of the water.

For initial conditions of a flat water surface ([[Beaufort Scale]] 0) and abrupt crosswind flows on the surface of the water, the generation of surface wind waves can be explained by two mechanisms, which are initiated by normal pressure fluctuations of turbulent winds and parallel wind shear flows.

=== Surface wave generation by winds===
[[File:Sjyang waveGeneration.png|thumb|upright=1.3|The wave formation mechanism]]

'''From "wind fluctuations"''': Wind wave formation is started by a random distribution of normal pressure acting on the water from the wind. By this mechanism, proposed by [[O.M. Phillips]] in 1957, the water surface is initially at rest, and the generation of the wave is
initiated by turbulent wind flows and then by fluctuations of the wind, normal pressure acting on the water surface. Due to this pressure fluctuation arise normal and tangential stresses that generate wave behavior on the water surface.

The assumptions of this mechanism are as follows:
* The water is originally at rest;
* The water is [[inviscid]];
* The water is [[irrotational]];
* The normal pressure to the water surface from the turbulent wind is randomly distributed; and
* Correlations between air and water motions are neglected.<ref name="Phillips, O. M. 1957">Phillips, O. M. (1957), "On the generation of waves by turbulent wind", Journal of Fluid Mechanics 2 (5): 417–445, {{Bibcode|1957JFM.....2..417P}}, {{doi|10.1017/S0022112057000233}}</ref>

'''From "wind shear forces"''': In 1957, [[John W. Miles]] suggested a surface wave generation mechanism that is initiated by turbulent wind shear flows, <math>Ua(y)</math>, based on the inviscid [[Orr-Sommerfeld equation]]. He found that the energy transfer from wind to water surface as a wave speed, <math>c</math>, is proportional to the curvature of the velocity profile of wind, <math> Ua''(y)</math>, at the point where the mean wind speed is equal to the wave speed (<math>Ua = c</math>, where <math>Ua </math> is the mean turbulent wind speed). Since the wind profile, <math>Ua(y)</math>, is logarithmic to the water surface, the curvature, <math> Ua''(y)</math>, has a negative sign at point <math>Ua=c</math>. This relation shows the wind flow transferring its kinetic energy to the water surface at their interface, and thence arises wave speed, <math>c</math>. The growth-rate can be determined by the curvature of the winds (<math>(d^2 Ua)/(dz^2 )</math>) at the steering height (<math>Ua (z=z_h)=c</math>) for a given wind speed, <math>Ua</math>.

The assumptions of this mechanism are:
* 2-dimensional, parallel shear flow, <math>Ua(y)</math>.
* Incompressible, inviscid water/wind.
* Irrotational water.
* Small slope of the displacement of the surface.<ref>Miles, J. W. (1957), "On the generation of surface waves by shear flows", Journal of Fluid Mechanics 3 (2): 185–204, {{Bibcode|1957JFM.....3..185M}}, {{doi|10.1017/S0022112057000567}}</ref>

Generally, these wave formation mechanisms occur together on the ocean surface, giving rise to wind waves that eventually grow into fully developed waves.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/ocng_textbook/chapter16/chapter16_04.htm|title=Chapter 16 - Ocean Waves (for an example)}}</ref> If one supposes a very flat sea surface (Beaufort number, 0), and sudden wind flow blows steadily across it, the physical wave generation process would be like this:
# Turbulent wind flows form random pressure fluctuations at the sea surface. Small waves with a few centimeters order of wavelengths are generated by the pressure fluctuations (Phillips mechanism).<ref name="Phillips, O. M. 1957"/>
# The cross wind keeps acting on the initially fluctuated sea surface. Then the waves become larger, and as they do so, the pressure differences increase, and the resulting shear instability expedites wave growth exponentially (Miles mechanism).<ref name="Phillips, O. M. 1957"/>
# The interaction among the waves on the surface generates longer waves (Hasselmann et al., 1973)<ref>Hasselmann K., T.P. Barnett, E. Bouws, H. Carlson, D.E. Cartwright, K. Enke, J.A. Ewing, H. Gienapp, D.E. Hasselmann, P. Kruseman, A. Meerburg, P. Mller, D.J. Olbers, K. Richter, W. Sell, and H. Walden. Measurements of wind-wave growth and swell decay during the Joint North Sea Wave Project (JONSWAP)' Ergnzungsheft zur Deutschen Hydrographischen Zeitschrift Reihe, A(8) (Nr. 12), p.95, 1973.</ref> and this interaction transfers energy from the shorter waves generated by the Miles mechanism to those that have slightly lower frequencies than at the peak wave magnitudes. Ultimately, the wave speed becomes higher than that of the cross wind (Pierson & Moskowitz).<ref>Pierson, Willard J., Jr. and Moskowitz, Lionel A. Proposed Spectral Form for Fully Developed Wind Seas Based on the Similarity Theory of S. A. Kitaigorodskii, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 69, p.5181-5190, 1964.</ref>

{| class="collapsible wikitable" border="1" style="font-size:92%;align:center";
! colspan=6 style="background: #ccf;" | Conditions necessary for a fully developed sea at given wind speeds, and the parameters of the resulting waves{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}
|-
! colspan=3 style | Wind conditions
! colspan= 3 style | Wave size
|-
! Wind speed in one direction !! Fetch !! Wind duration !! Average height !! Average wavelength !! Average period and speed
|-
| {{convert|19|km/h|mph kn|abbr=on}} || {{convert|19|km|mi|abbr=on}} || 2 h || {{convert|0.27|m|ft|abbr=on}} || {{convert|8.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 3.0 s, {{convert|9.3|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on|order=flip}}
|-
| {{convert|37|km/h|mph kn|abbr=on}} || {{convert|139|km|mi|abbr=on}} || 10 h || {{convert|1.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} || {{convert|33.8|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 5.7 s, {{convert|19.5|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on|order=flip}}
|-
| {{convert|56|km/h|mph kn|abbr=on}} || {{convert|518|km|mi|abbr=on}} || 23 h || {{convert|4.1|m|ft|abbr=on}} || {{convert|76.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 8.6 s, {{convert|29.2|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on|order=flip}}
|-
| {{convert|74|km/h|mph kn|abbr=on}} || {{convert|1313|km|mi|abbr=on}} || 42 h || {{convert|8.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} || {{convert|136|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 11.4 s, {{convert|39.1|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on|order=flip}}
|-
| {{convert|92|km/h|mph kn|abbr=on}} || {{convert|2627|km|mi|abbr=on}} || 69 h || {{convert|14.8|m|ft|abbr=on}} || {{convert|212.2|m|ft|abbr=on}} || 14.3 s, {{convert|48.7|ft/s|m/s|abbr=on|order=flip}}
|}

*(Note: Most of the wave speeds calculated from the wavelength divided by the period are proportional to the square root of the length. Thus, except for the shortest wavelength, the waves follow the deep water theory described in the next section. The 8.5 m long wave must be either in shallow water or between deep and shallow.)

==Development==

Long swell waves develop from and take energy from the shorter wind waves. The process was first described by [[Klaus Hasselmann]] (2021 Nobel prize winner) after investigating the non-linear effects that are most pronounced near the peaks of the highest waves. He showed that, through these non-linearities, two wave trains in deep water can interact to generate two new sets of waves, one generally of longer and the other of shorter wavelength.

The equation that Hasselmann<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hasselmann|first=K.|date=1962|title=On the Non-Linear Energy Transfer in a Gravity-Wave Spectrum Part 1. General Theory|journal=Journal of Fluid Mechanics|volume=12|issue=4|pages=481–500|doi=10.1017/S0022112062000373|bibcode=1962JFM....12..481H |hdl=21.11116/0000-0007-DD2C-0|s2cid=122096143 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> developed to describe this process is now used in the sea state models (for example Wavewatch III<ref>{{Cite web|last=Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology|title=Wavewatch III in the Caribbean|url=http://ww3.cimh.edu.bb/|access-date=9 March 2021}}</ref>) used by all the major weather and climate forecasting centres. This is because both the wind sea and the swell have significant effects on the transfer of heat from the ocean to atmosphere. This affects both large scale climate systems, like the [[El Niño]], and smaller scale systems, such as the atmospheric depressions that develop near the edges of the [[Gulf Stream]].

A good physical description of the Hasselmann process is hard to explain, but the non-linear effects are largest near the peaks of the highest waves and the short waves, which often break near the same position, can be used as an analogy.
This is because each small breaking wave gives a small push to the longer wave on which it is breaking. From the point of view of the long wave, it is receiving a small push on each of its crests just like a swing being given a small push at just the right time. There is also no comparable effect in the wave's trough - a term which would tend to reduce the size of the long wave.

From the point of view of a physicist this effect is of extra interest because it shows how, what starts as a random wave field, can generate the order of a long train of swell waves at the cost of the energy losses and increased disorder affecting all the small breaking waves. The sorting of sand grain sizes, often seen on a beach,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jiang |display-authors=etal |first=Changbo |date=2015 |title=Sorting and sedimentary character of sandy beach under wave action |journal=Procedia Engineering |volume=116 |pages=771–777|doi=10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.363 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Edwards|first=Arturo|date=2001|title=Grain Size and Sorting in Modern Beach Sands|journal=Journal of Coastal Research|volume=17|issue=1|pages=38–52}}</ref> is a similar process (as is a lot of [[Entropy and life|life]]).

== Dissipation ==
The dissipation of swell energy is much stronger for short waves,{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}{{clarify|why is dissipation stronger for shorter waves|date=February 2021}} which is why swells from distant storms are only long waves. The dissipation of waves with periods larger than 13 seconds is very weak but still significant at the scale of the Pacific Ocean.<ref>''Observation of swell dissipation across oceans'', F. Ardhuin, Collard, F., and B. Chapron, 2009: Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, L06607, {{doi|10.1029/2008GL037030}}</ref> These long swells lose half of their energy over a distance that varies from over 20,000 km (half the distance round the globe) to just over 2,000 km.
This variation was found to be a systematic function of the swell steepness: the ratio of the swell height to the wavelength. The reason for this behavior is still unclear, but it is possible that this dissipation is due to the friction at the air-sea interface.

== Swell dispersion and wave groups ==
{{further|Dispersion (water waves)|Group velocity}}
Swells are often created by storms thousands of [[nautical mile]]s away from the shores where they break, and the propagation of the longest swells is primarily limited by shorelines. For example, swells generated in the Indian Ocean have been recorded in California after more than half a round-the-world trip.<ref>''Directional recording of swell from distant storms'', W. H. Munk, G. R. Miller, F. E. Snodgrass, and N. F. Barber, 1963: Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London A 255, 505</ref> This distance allows the waves comprising the swells to be better sorted and free of [[wikt:chop|chop]] as they travel toward the coast. Waves generated by storm winds have the same speed and will group together and travel with each other,{{citation needed|date=February 2021}} while others moving at even a fraction of a meter per second slower will lag behind, ultimately arriving many hours later due to the distance covered. The time of propagation from the source ''t'' is proportional to the distance ''X'' divided by the wave period ''T''. In deep water it is <math>t = 4 \pi X /( g T) </math> where g is the acceleration of gravity. For a storm located 10,000 km away, swells with a period ''T''=15 s will arrive 10 days after the storm, followed by 14 s swells another 17 hours later, and so forth.

The dispersed arrival of swells, starting with the longest period, with a reduction in the [[Frequency#Period versus frequency|peak wave period]] over time, can be used to calculate the distance at which swells were generated.

Whereas the sea state in the storm has a [[frequency spectrum]] with more or less the same shape (i.e. a well defined peak with dominant frequencies within plus or minus 7% of the peak), the swell spectra are more and more narrow, sometimes as 2% or less, as waves disperse further and further away. The result is that wave groups (called sets by surfers) can have a large number of waves. From about seven waves per group in the storm, this rises to 20 and more in swells from very distant storms.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

== Coastal impacts ==
Just like for all water waves, the energy flux is proportional to the significant wave height squared times the [[group velocity]]. In deep water, this group velocity is proportional to the wave period. Hence swells with longer periods can transfer more energy than shorter wind waves. Also, the amplitude of [[infragravity waves]] increases dramatically with the wave period (approximately the square of the period), which results in
higher [[run-up (disambiguation)|run-up]].

As swell waves typically have long wavelengths (and thus a deeper wave base), they begin the refraction process (see [[water waves]]) at greater distances offshore (in deeper water) than locally generated waves.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.stormsurf.com/page2/tutorials/wavebasics.shtml | title = Wave Basics (Stormsurf)}}</ref>

Since swell-generated waves are mixed with normal sea waves, they can be difficult to detect with the naked eye (particularly away from the shore) if they are not significantly larger than the normal waves. From a [[signal analysis]] point of view, swells can be thought of as a fairly regular (though not continual) wave signal existing in the midst of strong noise (i.e., normal waves and [[choppy waves|chop]]).

== Navigation ==

{{main|Marshall Islands stick chart}}
Swells were used by [[Micronesia]]n navigators to maintain course when no other clues were available, such as on foggy nights.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.penn.museum/|title=Home|website=www.penn.museum}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Surfing]]
{{portalbar|Ocean|Lakes|Underwater diving}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | url = http://www.surfline.com/home/index.cfm | work = Surfline | title = Global swell/surf forecasts}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.coastalwatch.com.au | work = Coastalwatch | title = Australian swell forecasts)}}
* {{cite web | url = http://magicseaweed.com/UK-Ireland-MSW-Surf-Charts/1 | work = Magicseaweed | title = UK swell forecasting}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.seabreeze.com.au | work = Seabreeze | title = Australian swell forecasts}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.swellnet.com.au | work = Swellnet | title = Australian swell forecasts}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.stormsurf.com/page2/tutorials/wavebasics.shtml | work = Stormsurf | title = Wave Basics (How swells are formed and measured)}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/environmental_management/coast_and_oceans/waves_and_storm_tides/wave_monitoring/waverider_buoys/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061210191729/http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/environmental_management/coast_and_oceans/waves_and_storm_tides/wave_monitoring/waverider_buoys/ | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2006-12-10 | work = Waverider Buoys | title = Australian Swell Measuring Devices}}

{{physical oceanography}}
{{Underwater diving|scidiv}}
{{Ancient seafaring}}

[[Category:Surfing]]
[[Category:Water waves]]
[[Category:Oceanographical terminology]]

3 Roses (TV series)

2025-11-06T04:39:49Z

ChenHleeLiyue: new new entry...

{{Short description|Indian web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = 3 Roses (TV series).jpg
| caption = Promotional release poster
| genre = [[Comedy]]
| creator = [[Maruthi]]
| writer = Ravi Namburi
| director = Maggi
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Eesha Rebba]]
* [[Payal Rajput]]
* [[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]]
}}
| composer = [[Sunny M.R.]]
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 8
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Kola Nageswara Rao
| producer = Sreenivasa Kumar Naidu (SKN)
| cinematography = M. N. Balreddy
| editor = S. B. Uddhav
| runtime = 25–30 minutes
| company = Action Cut Movies
| network = [[aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|11|12|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
}}

'''''3 Roses''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[streaming television]] series created by [[Maruthi]], directed by Maggi and written by Ravi Namburi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-13|title=OTT Review : 3 Roses – Telugu series on Aha Video|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/3-roses-telugu-series-review.html|access-date=2021-12-11|website=123telugu.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-19|title=3 Roses Web Series {{!}} బోల్డ్ కంటెంట్‌ను చూపించ‌డంలో మారుతి స‌క్సెస్‌|url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/3-roses-web-series-bold-content-with-beautifull-presentation-312676|access-date=2022-02-08|website=Namasthe Telangana|language=te}}</ref> Produced by SKN, the series features [[Eesha Rebba]], [[Payal Rajput]] and [[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]] in main roles.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Desam|first=A. B. P.|date=2021-10-21|title=రియల్‌‌లైఫ్‌‌లో బాయ్‌‌ఫ్రెండ్‌‌తో రీల్ లైఫ్ కోసం రొమాన్స్|url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/payal-rajput-paired-opposite-real-life-boyfriend-in-3-roses-web-series-7979|access-date=2022-02-08|website=telugu.abplive.com|language=te}}</ref> It premiered on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] on 12 November 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-11|title=3 Roses AHA: అసలు ఒకరి నీడలో బతకాల్సిన అవసరం అమ్మాయిలకు ఎందుకు.? ఆకట్టుకుంటోన్న 3 రోజెస్‌ ట్రైలర్‌..|url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/ott/aha-originals-new-web-series-3-roses-trailer-released-tollywood-latest-news-575135.html|access-date=2022-02-08|website=TV9 Telugu|language=te}}</ref><ref name=AhaVideo>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2021 |title=Stream 3 roses on Aha Video |url=https://www.aha.video/webseries/3-roses |access-date=9 May 2023 |website=[[aha (streaming service)|Aha]]}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
The series follows the lives of three best friends: Ritu, Jhanvi, and Indu. Each of them has a unique personality and perspective on life, love, and career. Ritu is a free-spirited and independent woman who values her freedom and career above all else. She is not interested in settling down and prefers to live life on her own terms. Jhanvi is a romantic at heart, always dreaming of finding her perfect match. She believes in true love and is eager to find someone who shares her ideals. Indu is a practical and responsible individual who balances her career and personal life with great care. She is open to the idea of marriage but wants to ensure she finds the right partner.

The story begins when their families call them back to [[Hyderabad]] with the intention of getting them married and settled. The three friends, who have been living their lives independently, find themselves in a situation where they have to navigate the expectations of their families while staying true to their own desires and aspirations. As they return to Hyderabad, they encounter a series of events that significantly alter their lives. The series explores their journey as they deal with the pressures of marriage, family expectations, and their own personal growth. Along the way, they experience love, heartbreak, and self-discovery, all while maintaining their strong bond of friendship.<ref name = AhaVideo/>

== Cast ==

=== Main ===
* [[Eesha Rebba]] as Rithika "Ritu"
* [[Payal Rajput]] as Jhanavi "Janu"
* [[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]] as Indu "Dumbo"

=== Recurring ===
* [[Harsha Chemudu]] as Prasad, Rithika's fiancé
* [[Hema (actress)|Hema]] as Rithika's mother
* [[Prince Cecil]] as Kabir, Jhanavi's love-interest
* Ishan as Sameer, Rithika's ex-boyfriend
* [[Sangeeth Sobhan]] as Alex, Indu's love-interest
* [[Sai Ronak]] as Chandu, Jhanavi's bestfriend
* [[Ravi Varma Adduri]] as Stanley, Jhanavi's father
* [[Satyam Rajesh]] as Indu's matrimonial alliance
* Saurabh Dhingra as Pratyush, Jhanavi's matrimonial alliance
* Naga Mahesh as Rithika's father
* Sirisha Sougandh as Sarla, Jhanavi's mother
* Sarayu Roy as Indu's friend & co-worker
* [[Goparaju Ramana]] as Indu's uncle
* Snehamadhuri Sharma

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table|episodes={{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| Title = The Girl Next Door
| WrittenBy = Ravi Namburi
|DirectedBy = Maggi
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|11|12}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #0AD361
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| Title = Bold & Beautiful
| WrittenBy = Ravi Namburi
|DirectedBy = Maggi
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|11|12}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #0AD361
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| Title = Drama Queen
| WrittenBy = Ravi Namburi
|DirectedBy = Maggi
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|11|12}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #0AD361
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| Title = The Madness Begins
| WrittenBy = Ravi Namburi
|DirectedBy = Maggi
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|11|12}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #0AD361
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| Title = Law of Attraction
| WrittenBy = Ravi Namburi
|DirectedBy = Maggi
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|11|19}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #0AD361
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| Title = Alexander
| WrittenBy = Ravi Namburi
|DirectedBy = Maggi
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|11|19}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #0AD361
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| Title = Twist in the tale
| WrittenBy = Ravi Namburi
|DirectedBy = Maggi
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|11|19}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #0AD361
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| Title = Roses Red Revolution
| WrittenBy = Ravi Namburi
|DirectedBy = Maggi
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|11|19}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #0AD361
}}|season=|seasonT=Episode|title=|titleT=Title|writer=|writerT=Written by|airdate=|airdateT=Date of Broadcast|background=#F2EFE4|director=|directorT=Directed by}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| cover = blank
| name = 3 Roses
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sunny M.R.]]
| released = {{Start date|2021|11|24}}
| recorded = 2021
| length = {{Duration|m=22|s=17}}
| producer = Sunny M.R.
| prev_title = [[Super Over (film)|Super Over]]
| prev_year = 2021
| next_title = [[Om Bheem Bush]]
| next_year = 2024
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|UK2X1cy5vjU|Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}
{{Track listing
| title1 = Three Roses
| title4 = Aakasame Saachiga
| total_length = 22:17
| note8 = Backing Vocals: Ritvik Shah, ZIA, Hricha Narayana
| extra8 = Sunny M.R., Hricha Narayana
| title8 = Cherukove Nee Kala
| note7 = Backing Vocals: Ritvik Shah, ZIA
| extra7 = Sunny M.R.
| title7 = Ye Dil Tera
| note6 = Backing Vocals: ZIA, Sunny M.R.
| extra6 = Sunny M.R.
| title6 = Kallu Musi Unchina
| extra5 = Sunny M.R., Harshika Gudi
| title5 = Na Kannullo Kalane
| extra4 = Harshika Gudi, Sunny M.R.
| note3 = Backing Vocals: Ritvik Shah, ZIA
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| extra3 = Sunny M.R.
| title3 = Telepathy
| extra2 = Sunny M.R.
| lyrics2 = Shloke Lal
| title2 = Dheeme Dheeme
| note1 = Backing Vocals: ZIA, Sunny M.R.
| lyrics8 = Rambabu Gosala
| lyrics7 = Rambabu Gosala
| lyrics6 = Rambabu Gosala
| lyrics5 = Rambabu Gosala
| lyrics4 = Rambabu Gosala
| lyrics3 = Rambabu Gosala
| lyrics1 = Rambabu Gosala
| extra1 = Hricha Narayana, [[Sunny M.R.]]
| all_music = [[Sunny M.R.]]
}}

== Release ==
The first four episodes of the series were premiered on 12 November 2021. Later, the following four episodes were premiered on 19 November 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=3 Roses - A half-decent buddy comedy review. 3 Roses - A half-decent buddy comedy Telugu Webseries review, story, rating|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/3-roses-a-half-decent-buddy-comedy-review-telugu-webseries-1636809485|access-date=2022-02-08|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> Prior to the release of the series, it was mistaken to be a remake of [[Amazon Prime Video]]'s [[Hindi]] series ''[[Four More Shots Please!]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=3 Roses Web Series Review - Hilarious if you are not a stuck up old prude|url=http://www.indiaherald.com/Breaking/Read/994440882/-Roses-Web-Series-Review-Hilarious-if-you-are-not-a-stuck-up-old-prude|access-date=2022-02-08|website=indiaherald.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Thadhagath Pathi of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave a critical rating of 2 out of 5 and stated: "On their way to make a new-age and youthful series, Maruthi and Maggie lose the track completely and more importantly, forget to update their material to suit the current generation. ''3 Roses'' is just potential lost".<ref>{{Citation|title=3 Roses Season 1 Review: Tries to be progressive but doesn't hit the right notes|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/telugu/3-roses/season-1/seasonreview/87661323.cms|access-date=2022-02-08}}</ref> Giving the similar rating, ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' echoed the same. In the review, the critic opined that "the characters are unidimensional, especially the elders, who are described as "enemies" by a pub singer. Ageist jokes are a staple here".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-13|title=3 Roses Web Series Review: A mediocre web series where the jokes just don't land|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/3-roses-web-series-review-mediocre-web-series-where-jokes-just-dont-land-940116|access-date=2022-02-08|website=PINKVILLA|language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Hans India]]'' wrote that "The series is romantic as well as humorous. Maruti Mark has been instrumental in bringing the Kathmandu thing that is happening in our environment to life. Stir in the emotions along with the pleasure. The story, written by Ravi Namburi, was interestingly screened by director Maggie as the audience immersed themselves, is architecturally superior".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-12|title=3 Roses Series Review & Rating {3.25/5}|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/3-roses-series-review-rating-3255-78557|access-date=2022-02-08|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt15529076|title=3 Roses}}

[[Category:2021 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Aha (streaming service) original programming]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian comedy web series]]
[[Category:Adult web series]]
[[Category:Telugu-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]

Sadharan Brahmo Samaj

2025-10-30T12:53:59Z

ChenHleeLiyue: fixed layout additionally and updated info

{{short description|Religious organization in Kolkata, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = The Sadharan Brahmo Samaj
| native_name = {{langx|bn|সাধারণ ব্রহ্ম সমাজ}}
| native_name_lang = bn
| abbreviation =
| image = Sadharan Brahmo Samaj building in Kolkata 01.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Sadharan Brahmo Samaj building, [[Bidhan Sarani]], Kolkata
| motto =
| predecessor = [[Brahmo Samaj]]
| established = {{start date and age|1878|05|15|df=yes|p=y}}
| founders = [[Ananda Mohan Bose]], Umesh Chandra Dutta, [[Sivanath Sastri|Sivnath Sastri]]
| founding_location = {{nowrap|[[Calcutta]], [[British Raj|British India]]}}
| type = [[Religious organisation]]
| status =
| purpose = [[Educational]], [[Philanthropic]], [[Religious studies]], [[Spirituality]]
| headquarters = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| coords =
| location =
| area_served =
| languages = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| main_organ = Governing Body & Council Body
| affiliations = [[Brahmoism]]
| membership =
| website = {{URL|thesadharanbrahmosamaj.org/}}
}}

'''The Sadharan Brahmo Samaj''' or '''Universal Brahmo Samaj''' is a division of [[Brahmoism]] formed as a result of schisms in the [[Brahmo Samaj]] first in 1866 and then another in 1878.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Oman |first=John Campbell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M4s3AQAAMAAJ |title=The Brahmans, Theists and Muslims of India: Studies of Goddess-worship in Bengal, Caste, Brahmaism and Social Reform |date=1907 |publisher=Fisher Unwin |pages=131 |language=en}}</ref>

Due to ideological differences, [[Keshub Chandra Sen|Keshab Chandra Sen]], one of Brahmo Samaj's key leaders, formed a separate organisation called the Bramho Samaj of India in 1866. The new society was most influential in the struggle for social reform by encouraging education of women, campaigning for the remarriage of widows and for legislation to prevent child marriages.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Keshab Chunder Sen {{!}} Indian Social Reformer & Hindu Philosopher {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Keshab-Chunder-Sen |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

When Sen arranged for his daughter to marry the Prince of Cooch Behar, both parties were well under age. He was thus violating his own reformist principles, and many of his followers rebelled, forming a third samaj – Sadharan Brahmo Samaj, on May 15, 1878, at the Town Hall in Kolkata.<ref name=":0"/> [[Anandamohan Bose|Ananda Mohan Bose]], Shibchandra Deb and Umeshchandra Datta were the key leaders of it. [[Debendranath Tagore]] was actively involved with the organisation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-05-20 |title=Sadharan Brahmo Samaj takes West Bengal government to court |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/sadharan-brahmo-samaj-takes-west-bengal-government-to-court/article23944009.ece |access-date=2023-07-28 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Sadharan Brahmo Samaj gradually reverted to the teaching of the [[Upanishads]] and carried on the work of social reform.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.thesadharanbrahmosamaj.org The Sadharan Brahmo Samaj]
* [http://www.thebrahmosamaj.net Brahmo Samaj.net]
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-8998 Brahmo Samaj] in the [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]

{{Bengal Renaissance}}

[[Category:Brahmoism]]
[[Category:Anti-caste movements]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Hindu new religious movements]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Religion in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Religious organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1878]]
[[Category:1878 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Universalism]]

{{Hinduism-stub}}

Mohan Sithara

2025-10-14T20:16:48Z

ChenHleeLiyue: small correct structure for clarity and updated info

{{short description|Indian music composer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Mohan Sithara
| background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1959|5|30}}
| birth_place = Peruvallur, [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India
| instrument = {{Flatlist|
* [[Violin]]
* [[Indian harmonium|Harmonium]]
}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Baby|1986}}
| occupation = Music director
| years_active = 1986–present
| website = {{URL|mohansithara.com}}
}}

'''Mohan Sithara''' (born 30 May 1959) is an Indian music composer. He started his musical career in cinema by composing the songs of Malayalam film [[Onnu Muthal Poojyam Vare]]. He received the [[Kerala State Film Award]] for the Best Music Director (2009) for the songs in Priyanandan's ''Soofi Paranja Kadha''.<ref>{{cite news|title=The melody maker|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=8 April 2010 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/The-melody-maker/article16364899.ece}}</ref> Since 1986 he has been an active musician in the Malayalam film industry. His work mixes Western, Classical and folk styles. He has worked with lyricists and poets like [[O. N. V Kurup]], [[V. Madhusoodanan Nair]], [[Yusufali Kechery]], [[Sreekumaran Thampi]], [[Rajeev Alunkal]], [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]], [[S. Ramesan Nair]], [[Vinayan]], Bharanikkavu Sivakumar, [[Anil Panachooran]], [[Vayalar Sarath Chandra Varma]], [[Gireesh Puthenchery]], and [[Bichu Thirumala]]. Many prominent singers have sung his songs, including [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[P. Jayachandran]], [[M. G. Sreekumar]], [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Sujatha Mohan]], [[Madhu Balakrishnan]], [[G. Venugopal]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Vidhu Prathap]], [[Afsal]], [[Manjari (Indian singer)|Manjari]], [[Jyotsna Radhakrishnan]] and [[Biju Narayanan]].

==Early life==
Mohan Sithara was born on 30 May 1959<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-26 |title=Happy Birthday Mohan Sithara |url=https://www.instagram.com/samamofficially/p/CxpHbvvrPXR/ |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=Samam - [[Instagram]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohan Sithara |url=https://m3db.com/mohan-sithara |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=M3db.com}}</ref> in Peruvallur village in the [[Thrissur district]] of [[Kerala]].<ref name='sithara'>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-24 |title=പത്തിന് പകരം നൂറ് തരുന്ന ദാസേട്ടന്‍; ഈശ്വരകൃപയാല്‍ മുപ്പതിലധികം കൊല്ലത്തെ സംഗീതജീവിതം സംതൃപ്തം |trans-title=Interview with composer Mohan Sithara |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/features/interview-with-mohan-sithara-music-director-1.4925484 |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=ml}}</ref> He started his music career as violinist in some music troupes, one of which was Sithara troupe (from which he took the name Mohan Sithara). Later he worked with various music composers including [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]], [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]], and [[Perumbavoor G. Raveendranath]]. He did orchestration for the film ''[[Thoovanathumbikal]]'' with Perumbavoor G. Raveendranath, which led to several hit songs. His first work as independent music director in the Malayalam film industry was the film ''[[Onnu Muthal Poojyam Vare]]'' (From One to Zero), for which he composed the song "Raree Rareeram Raro" (it was also the first song for G. Venugopal).

==Filmography==
'''1984'''

'''.''' Kaliyil Alpam Karyam (Background Music)

'''1986'''
* [[Onnu Muthal Poojyam Vare]]
'''1987'''
* [[Varshangal Poyathariyathe]]
* [[Mizhiyithalil Kanneerumaayi]]
* [[Achuvettante Veedu]] (Background Music)
'''1988'''
* [[Kudumbapuranam]]
* Aalilakkuruvikal
* [[Maamalakalkkappurath]]
* Deerghasumangalee Bhava
'''1989'''
* Devadas
* Mudra
* Eenam Maranna Kaattu
* Njaattuvela
* [[Innale]] (Background Score)
* [[Chanakyan (film)|Chanakyan]]
'''1990'''
* Vachanam
* [[Parampara (1990 film)|Parampara]]
* [[His Highness Abdullah]] (Background Music)
* [[Marupuram]]
* [[Malayogom|Maalayogam]]
* Ammayude swantham Kunjumeri
* Manju peyyunna Raathri
'''1991'''
* [[Santhwanam]]
* [[Mukha Chithram]]
* [[Georgekutty C/O Georgekutty]]
* Aviraamam
* Holiday
'''1992'''
* [[Utsavamelam]]
* Mukhamudra
* Ponnaramthottathe Raajaavu
* [[Ayalathe Adheham]] (Background score)
* [[Ente Ponnu Thampuran|Ente ponnu thamburaan]] (Background score)
* [[Kallan Kappalil Thanne]]
* Sathyaprathijna
* Avarude Sanketham
* [[First Bell]]
* [[Kunjikuruvi]]
* Ormakkurippukal
'''1993'''
* Aalavattam
* Kulapathi
* [[Kavadiyattam|Kaavadiyaattam]]
* Aparna
* Porutham
* Ponnuchaami
* [[Vakkeel Vasudev]]
* Johny
* Oru Kadamkadha Pole
* Ottayadippaathakal
* Kilivaathil (Mrinaalam)
'''1994'''
* [[Varaphalam]]
* Chanakya Soothrangal
* Chief Minister K.R. Gowthami
* [[Daivathinte Vikrithikal]]
* Avan Ananthapadmanabhan
* Orkathirunnappol
'''1995'''
* Special Squad
* Munpe Parakkunna Pakshi
* Maanthrikante Praavukal
* Poovukalku Punyakaalam
'''1996'''
* [[Kaliveedu]]
* Excuse Me Ethu Collegila?
* Saare Jahaan Se Achcha
'''1997'''
* Snehadooth
* Kalyana Unnikal
* [[Kottappurathe Koottukudumbam]]
* Ishtadanam
* [[Arjunan Pillayum Anchu Makkalum]]
* [[Katha Nayakan|Kadhaanaayakan]]
* [[Mayaponman]]
'''1998'''
* [[Manthri Kochamma]]
* [[Manthrikumaran]]
* [[Nakshatratharattu|Nakshathrathaaraattu]]
* Harthaal
'''1999'''
* Varum Varaathirikkilla
* [[Deepasthambham Mahascharyam|Deepasthambham Mahaashcharyam]]
* [[Vasanthiyum Lakshmiyum Pinne Njaanum]]
* [[Mazhavillu]]
'''2000'''
* [[Joker (2000 film)|Joker]]
* [[Dada Sahib]]
* [[Varnakkazhchakal]]
* [[Valliettan]]
* [[Sahayathrikakku Snehapoorvam|Sahayaathrikaykku Snehapoorvam]]
'''2001'''
* Nalacharitham Naalam Divasam
* [[Ishtam (2001 Malayalam film)|Ishtam]]
* [[Karumadikkuttan (film)|Karumaadikuttan]]
* [[Unnathangalil]]
* [[Sundara Purushan (2001 film)|Sundara Purushan]]
* [[Vakkalathu Narayanankutty|Vakkaalathu Naaraayanankutti]]
* [[Rakshasa Rajavu|Raakshasa Rajavu]]
* [[Sharja To Sharja|Sharjah To Sharjah]]
* Nakshathrangal Parayaathirunnathu
* Chethaaram
'''2002'''
* [[Oomappenninu Uriyadappayyan|Oomapenninu Uriyadappayyan]]
* [[Kunjikoonan (2002 film)|Kunjikoonan]]
* [[Pranayamanithooval]]
* [[Kattuchembakam|Kaattuchembakam]]
* Basketball
* [[Snehithan]]
* [[Nammal]]
* [[Kuberan (2002 film)|Kuberan]]
'''2003'''
* [[Swapnakoodu|Swapnakkoodu]]
* [[War and Love (2003 film)|War And Love]]
* [[Pattanathil Sundaran]]
* [[Anyar (film)|Anyar]]
* [[Sadanandante Samayam]]
* [[Mr. Brahmachari]]
* Singaari Bolona
* [[Meerayude Dukhavum Muthuvinte Swapnavum]]
* Choonda
* Zameendaar
'''2004'''
* [[Kazhcha]]
* [[Koottu (film)|Koottu]]
* Udayam
'''2005'''
* [[Thanmathra]]
* [[Hridayathil Sookshikkan|Hridayathil Sookshikkaan]]
* [[Rappakal|Raappakal]]
'''2006'''
* [[The Don (2006 film)|The Don]]
* Kali
* [[Karutha Pakshikal]]
* [[Palunku]]
'''2007'''
* [[Anchil Oral Arjunan]]
* [[Payum Puli]]
* [[Nanma]]
* [[Nagaram (2007 film)|Nagaram]]
* [[Aakasham|Aakaasham]]
'''2008'''
* [[Swarnam]]
* [[Shakespeare M.A. Malayalam]]
'''2009'''
* [[Aayirathil Oruvan (2009 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]
* Pathaam Adhyaayam
* [[Bhagavan (2009 film)|Bhagavan]]
* Dalamarmarangal
* [[Bhramaram]]
* [[Malayali (film)|Malayaali]]
* [[Sufi Paranja Katha (film)|Sufi Paranja Katha]]
* [[Ividam Swargamaanu]]
* Mithram (Not released yet)
* [[Currency (film)|Currency]] (Background Score)
'''2010'''
* [[Yugapurushan]]
* [[Nallavan (2010 film)|Nallavan]]
* [[Advocate Lakshmanan - Ladies Only]]
* Inganeyum Oral
* [[Oridathoru Postman]]
* [[Kayam (2011 film)|Kayam]]
'''2011'''
* [[Ithu Nammude Katha]]
* Yaathra Thudarunnu
* [[Shankaranum Mohananum]]
* [[Kanakompathu]]
* [[Ulakam Chuttum Valiban]]
* [[Pachuvum Kovalanum]]
* [[Vellaripravinte Changathi]]
'''2012'''
* [[Last Bench]]
* Aazhakkadal
* Naadabrahmam
* [[Ezham Suryan]]
* [[Mullamottum Munthiricharum|Mullamottum Munthirichaarum]]
* [[Bhoopadathil Illatha Oridam]]
'''2013'''
* [[Ayaal]]
* [[Breaking News Live]]
'''2014'''
* My Dear Mummy
* [[To Noora with Love]]
* Color Balloon
* Little Superman 3D
'''2015'''
* Life Full of Life
'''2016'''
* Sukhamaayirikkatte
* Mud Maza
'''2017'''
* Mazha Ariyathe
'''2018'''
* Karinkannan
* Sukhamano Daveede
'''2022'''
* Oru Pakka Naadan Premam
'''2023'''
* Asthra
* Alinta
'''2024'''
* Ezhuthola
'''2025'''
* Randaam Yaamam
* Daivathaan Kunnu

== Highlight songs ==
* Pranayakatha (Deepasthambham Mahascharyam)
* Uchalu Tirumalava (Mamalakalkkappurath)
* Raree rareeram raro ([[Onnu Muthal Poojyam Vare|Onnu Muthal Poojyam Varae]])
* Neermizhippeeliyil
* Ila Kozhiyum sisirathil
* Sahyasaanu sruthi
* Pathinezhinte Poomkaralin ([[Vellaripravinte Changathi|Vellaripraavinte Changaathi]])
* Pranathosmi
* Mullapoovin muthe
* Enthe nin pinakkam
* Kananakuyilinu kathilidanoru
* Hrudaya Mrudanga
* Pramadavaniyil veendum
* Krishna née en krishnamanee
* Unnee vavao ponnunnee
* Swarakanyakamar
* Mindathedi kuyile ([[Thanmathra|Thanmaathra]])
* Thekkini kolaya chumaril ([[Sufi Paranja Katha]])
* Ithaloornu veena ([[Thanmathra|Thanmaathra]])
* Mele vellithinkal ([[Thanmathra|Thanmaathra]])
* Annarakkanna vaa ([[Bhramaram]])
* Kaattru veliyedi kannamma ([[Thanmathra|Thanmaathra]])
* Pokathe kariyilakkatte (Loudspeaker)
* Shivadam shivanamam ([[Mazhavillu]])
* Dhwani tharanga tharalam
* Kanneer mazhayathu ([[Joker (2000 film)|Joker]])
* En ammae onnu kaanaan ([[Nammal]])
* Pon kasavu njoriyum
* Moonnaam thrukkannil
* Indraneelam choodi agraharam thedi
* Kukku kukku kuyile
* Oru mathavumanyamalla
* Kodi kodi adimakal
* Thekko Thekkorikkal ([[Vellaripravinte Changathi|Vellaripraavinte Changaathi]])
* Kaanumbol parayamo (''[[Ishtam (2001 Malayalam film)|Ishtam]]'')
* Chanchala dhruda pada thaalam (''[[Ishtam (2001 Malayalam film)|Ishtam]]'')
* Swapnam thyajichal swargam labhikkum ([[Rakshasa Rajavu|Raakshasaraajaavu]])
* Chandanathennalay njan ninte lolamaam
* Ponnavani vettam thirumuttam
* Chembarundin chelunde
* Kunjurangum koottinullil
* Swarajathi paadum pynkilee
* Irulin Mahanidrayil ninnunarthi nee
* Sukhamanee nilaavu ([[Nammal]])
* Oru mazhappakshi paadunnu
* Manimukilae nee
* Kannivasantham kaattil moolum
* Inayarayannam kulichu keri
* Agadha neela samudrachuzhikalil
* Thanka manassu amma manassu ([[Raappakal]])
* Kallyana prayamaanu
* Ilam manju mulam
* Manassu oru manthrikakkoodu
* Deepankuram poothorungumaakaasam
* Kettu tharaattinte thaalam
* Dhanumasappenninu poothaalam
* Enikkum oru naavundenkil
* Kadanja chandanamo nin meni
* Prema madhu thedum
* Makara nilavil madhuravumaayi
* Karimizhiyaale oru kadha parayaam njaan
* Marakkaam ellam marakkam ([[Swapnakkoodu]])
* Malarkili inayude ([[Swapnakkoodu]])
* Pedi thonni aadyam kandappol
* Kannanaayaal Raadha venam ([[Pattanathil Sundaran|Pattanatthil Sundaran]])
* Pukkikkuyile kallikkuyile ([[Anyar (film)|Anyar]])
* Neeyarinnjo neelakkuzhali ([[Sadanandante Samayam|Sadaanandante Samayam]])
* Omalale ente manassin
* Tharivala kayyalenne ([[Sadanandante Samayam|Sadaanandante Samayam]])
* Kaananakkuyilinu
* Kuyile nin kurumkuzhalil
* Kannuneer puzhayude theerathu ([[Meerayude Dukhavum Muthuvinte Swapnavum|Meerayude Dukkhavum Muthuvinte Swapnavum]])
* Thaamarakkanna
* Kuttanadan kayalile ([[Kaazhcha]])
* Kalabhakkuri charthende
* Jugnu re Jugnu re ([[Kaazhcha]])
* Aalmaram chaayum neram
* Ammaanam chemmaanam
* Meda ponveyiloothiyurukki
* Neeyente paattil sreeragamayi
* Sindoora sandhye parayoo
* Snehathin poo nulli
* Aalilakkanna
* Chanthu pottum chenkelassum
* Kilivaathilil kaathorthu njan
* Ponnolathumbi
* Ravin nilakaayal
* Mazhayil rathri mazhayil ([[Karutha Pakshikal|Karuttha Pakshikal]])
* Puthumazhayay pozhiyam
* Manassee saanthamakoo
* Thalolam thane thaaraattum
* Vala nalla kuppi vala vangitharum
* Manithaliyay ee manam thelinju
* Kunkuma malarukalo virinju
* Kaattu thulli kayalolam
* Niranazhi Ponnin ([[Valyettan]])
* Ninte kannil virunnuvannu
* Annarakkanna vaa
* Vaa vaa thaamarappenne

==Awards==
'''[[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Film Critics Awards 1977-2012 |url=https://www.keralafilmcritics.com/2020/10/film-critics-awards-complete-list-from.html |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=[[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]]}}</ref>
* 1989 – [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] - ''[[Mudra]]'', ''[[Chanakyan]]''
* 1992 – Best Background Score - ''[[Daivathinte Vikruthikal]]''
* 1996 – Best Background Score - ''[[Desadanam]]''

'''[[Mathrubhumi]] [[Medimix]] Film Awards'''
* 1999 – Best Music Director - ''[[Vasantiyum Lakshmiyum Pinne Njanum]]'', ''[[Deepasthambham Mahascharyam]]''<ref name="awards">{{Cite web |title=Mohan Sithara - Awards |url=http://www.mohansithara.com/awards.html |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=MohanSithara.com}}</ref>

'''[[Filmfare Awards South]]'''
* 2000 – [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Malayalam|Best Music Director – Malayalam]] - ''[[Joker (2000 film)|Joker]]''<ref name="awards" />

'''AVT Grihalakshmi TV Awards'''
* 2006 – Best Music Director - ''[[Minnukettu]]'' (Tele serial)<ref name="awards" />
'''[[Kerala State Film Awards]]'''
* 2009 – [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director – Songs|Best Music Director]] - ''[[Sufi Paranja Katha (film)|Sufi Paranja Katha]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Awards list |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards4.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234213/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards4.htm |archive-date=2016-03-03 |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=Department of Information and Public Relations (Kerala)}}</ref>
'''Annual Malayalam Movie Awards, [[UAE]]'''
* 2009 – Best Background Score - ''[[Bhramaram]]''<ref name="awards" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-24 |title=12 years of Bhramaram |url=https://x.com/Keralite1234/status/1408074718498877453 |website=[[Twitter]]}}</ref>

'''Other awards'''
* 2009 – ''Raveendra Puraskaram'' by [[Raveendran]] Music Foundation<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-03-05 |title=Music director Mohan Sitara has been selected for Ravindra Puraskaram |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2009/Mar/05/award-30450.html |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

* 2013 - ''[[M. S. Baburaj]] Memorial Award'' by All Kerala Mappila Sangeetha Academy Awards<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-10-01 |title=Rueful strain in MT's take on Mappila music in Kerala |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/rueful-strain-in-mts-take-on-mappila-music-in-kerala/article5189006.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002220736/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/rueful-strain-in-mts-take-on-mappila-music-in-kerala/article5189006.ece |archive-date=2013-10-02 |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
==Personal life==
He is married to Baby in 1986<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-01-31 |title=Mohan Sitara tells his true story |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2009/Jan/31/mohan-sitara-tells-his-true-story-22308.html |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> and has two children. His elder child, Mubina, sang a few songs directed by him and now she is married. His son, Avin (Vishnu), is a music programmer. Vishnu has already composed a few albums and has been assisting senior composers in orchestration.<ref name='sithara' />

==References==
<references />
==External links==
* [http://www.mohansithara.com Official website]
* [http://janayugomonline.com/php/newsDetails.php?nid=6925 Janayugam article] (in Malayalam)
* [http://nivinjoy.wordpress.com/2006/07/12/6/ Mohan Sithara-Shining Star In Malayalam Music World]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091203144819/http://movies.nytimes.com/person/231821/Mohan-Sithara New York Times]
* [http://www.musicindiaonline.com/music/malayalam/s/music_director.899/ MusicIndia, Mohan Sithara Contributions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102142204/http://www.musicindiaonline.com/music/malayalam/s/music_director.899/ |date=2 November 2007 }}
* {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20071128020804/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/08/05/stories/2005080501270200.htm Songs for the silver screen]}}
* [https://us.imdb.com/name/nm0803189/ Mohan Sithara Contributions]
* [http://www.malayalasangeetham.info/php/displayProfile.php?category=musician&artist=Mohan%20Sithara Mohan Sithara at MSI]

{{KeralaStateFilmAwardBestMusicDirection}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sithara, Mohan}}
[[Category:Malayalam film score composers]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Musicians from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]

T. K. Pareekutty

2025-09-15T08:14:54Z

ChenHleeLiyue: Done

{{short description|Indian film producer}}
{{Infobox person
| name = T. K. Pareekutty
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = c. 1909
| birth_place = [[Fort Kochi]], [[Kingdom of Kochi]], British India.
| death_date = 1969
| death_place = [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = Film producer, businessman
| years_active =
| known_for = ''[[Neelakuyil]]'' (1954), ''[[Mudiyanaya Puthran]]'' (1961), ''[[Thacholi Othenan (film)|Thacholi Othenan]]'' (1964), '' [[Kunjali Marakkar (film)|Kunjali Marakkar]]'' (1967)
| organization = Chandrathara Pictures
}}

'''T. K. Pareekutty''' (c. 1909 – 21 July 1969) was an Indian film producer who was active in [[Malayalam cinema]] during the 1950s and 1960s. He produced numerous films, including [[Neelakuyil]] (1954), [[Mudiyanaya Puthran]] (1961), [[Thacholi Othenan (film)|Thacholi Othenan]] (1964), and [[Kunjali Marakkar (film)|Kunjali Marakkar]] (1967). Pareekutty also introduced [[Kerala]]’s first 70 mm theatre in [[Kochi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abootty |date=2013-08-29 |title=Gone with an unfulfilled dream |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2013/Aug/29/gone-with-an-unfulfilled-dream-511484.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Biography==
Pareekutty was born in [[Fort Kochi]] in 1909. He began his career in the coir trade and owned a fleet of boats before moving into the film business.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vijayakr̥ṣṇan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f_4rAAAAIAAJ&q=%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86.+%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF |title=മലയാള സിനിമയുടെ കഥ |date=1987 |publisher=Kēraḷa Saṃsthāna Calaccitr̲a Vikasana Kōrppar̲ēṣan |language=ml}}</ref> In 1952, Pareekutty started a film distribution company under the name Chandrathara Pictures. His first major success was [[Neelakuyil]] (1954), co-directed by [[Ramu Kariat]] and [[P. Bhaskaran|Bhaskaran]]. The film is often described as a landmark in [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vijaya |first=Krishnan |title=Malayala Cinema: Charitram, Varthamanam, Bhaviyum.}}</ref> It became the first [[South India|South Indian]] film to receive the [[Discontinued and Intermittent National Film Awards|President’s Silver Medal for Best Feature Film]]. Several of his productions won the [[National Film Award for Best Malayalam Feature Film|National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam]], including [[Mudiyanaya Puthran]] (1961), [[Thacholi Othenan (film)|Thacholi Othenan]] (1964) and [[Kunjali Marakkar (film)|Kunjali Marakkar]] (1967).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-21 |title=അധികൃതർ മൗനം നടിക്കുന്നു; കോക്കേഴ്സ് തിയേറ്റർ നാശത്തിലേക്ക് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/amp/movies-music/news/kokers-theatre-fort-kochi-turns-to-debris-malayalam-cinema-tk-pareekutty-1.7714638 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref> Beyond film production, Pareekutty also invested in exhibition. He built the Saina Theatre in [[Fort Kochi]], which later became known as [[Kokers Theatre|Koker’s Theatre]], remembered as Kerala’s first 70 mm theatre. Pareekutty died on 21 July 1969.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-10-19 |title=The reluctant producer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-reluctant-producer/article6516825.ece |access-date=2025-09-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Selected films produced by T. K. Pareekutty
|-
! Year !! Title !! Director(s) !! Notes
|-
| 1954 || ''[[Neelakuyil]]'' || [[P. Bhaskaran]], [[Ramu Kariat]] || First Malayalam film to win President’s Silver Medal for Best Feature Film
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Rarichan Enna Pauran]]'' || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Mudiyanaya Puthran]]'' || Ramu Kariat || [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam]]
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Moodupadam]]'' || Ramu Kariat ||
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Thacholi Othenan (film)|Thacholi Othean]]'' || P. Bhaskaran || National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Bhargavi Nilayam]]'' || [[A. Vincent]] || First horror film in Malayalam cinema
|-
| 1967 || ''[[Kunjali Marakkar (film)|Kunjali Marakkar]]'' || [[S. S. Rajan]] || National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam
|-
| 1969 || ''[[Aalmaram]]'' || A. Vincent ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:T. K. Pareekutty}}

[[Category:1909 births]]
[[Category:1969 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayalam film producers]]

Bare (Kasaragod)

2025-08-28T11:00:16Z

ChenHleeLiyue:

{{Short description|Village in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bare
| native_name =
| other_name = Bara
| settlement_type = [[Census Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.4479|N|75.0421|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluks of Kerala|Taluk]]
| parts = [[Hosdurg taluk|Hosdurg]]
| government_type =
| governing_body = Udma Grama Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 12.31
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 12,804
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam]], English<ref>{{cite web |title=The Kerala Official Language (Legislation) Act, 1969 |url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911111246/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 September 2014}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 671318,671319
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL-60]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bare''' is a [[census town]] in [[Udma]] [[Grama Panchayat]] of [[Hosdurg taluk]] in [[Kasaragod district]] in Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/kerala/|title = Kerala (India): Districts, Cities and Towns - Population Statistics, Charts and Map}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As of [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], Bare (Mangad) census town had population of 12,804 which constitutes 5,970 males and 6,834 females. Bare town has an area of {{cvt|12.31|km2}} with 2,744 families residing in it. The sex ratio of Bare was 1145 higher than state average of 1084. Population of children in the age group 0-6 was 1,597 (12.5%) where 813 are males and 784 are females. Bare had an overall literacy of 88.4% lower than state average of 94%. The male literacy stands at 92.9% and female literacy was 84.6%.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kerala |first1=Directorate of Census Operations |title=District Census Handbook, Kasaragod |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |page=106,107 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3201_PART_B_KASARAGOD.pdf |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref>

==Religions==
As of 2011 Indian [[census]], Bare census town had total population of 12,804б which constitutes 8,327 Hindus (65%), 4,461 Muslims (34.8%) and 0.12% others.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web |title=Religion – Kerala, Districts and Sub-districts |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW32C-01%20MDDS.XLS |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General}}</ref>

==Administration==
Bare is part of [[Udma (State Assembly constituency)]] under Kasaragod Loksabha.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|title = Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies
|accessdate = 2008-10-18
|work = Kerala
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011026/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|archivedate = 2009-03-04
}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Kanhangad area]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Kasaragod district]]

{{Kasaragod-geo-stub}}

Anay Goswamy

2025-06-20T02:34:43Z

ChenHleeLiyue: new a stub...

{{Short description|Indian film Cinematographer (born 1977)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anay Goswamy
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1977|08|16}}
| birth_place = [[Chandigarh]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Cinematographer]]
| spouse =
}}

'''Anay Goswamy''' (born 16 August 1977) is an Indian cinematographer. He is a graduate from the Government College of Arts, Chandigarh and [[Film and Television Institute of India]].

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Film
! Language
! Notes
|-
| 2005
| ''Chauras Chand''
| Hindi
| Short film
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Chabiwali Pocket Watch]]''
| Hindi
| Short film
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008
| ''[[Dil Kabaddi]]''
| Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Mumbai Cutting]]''
| Hindi
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[The Japanese Wife]]''
| Bengali
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[No One Killed Jessica]]''
| Hindi
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Kai Po Che]]''
| Hindi
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Fitoor]]''
| Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
| ''[[Mom (film)|Mom]]''
| Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Qaidi Band]]''
| Hindi
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Super 30 (film)|Super 30]]''
| Hindi
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Shamshera]]''
| Hindi
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Tiger 3]]''
| Hindi
|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Mr. & Mrs. Mahi]]''
| Hindi
|
|-
|}

==Awards and nominations==
* Won Star Entertainment Award for Best Cinematography for [[The Japanese Wife]]
* Won Best Cinematography award in the 'Emerging Filmmakers' section at [[Cannes Film Festival]] for ''[[Chabiwali Pocket Watch]]'' (2006) <ref>{{cite web | title = View Finder |publisher=Indian Express| url = http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/view-finder/1092034/ |date=23 March 2013| accessdate = 2014-06-26 }}</ref>
* Won Kodak Award (Asia Pacific region) for [[Chabiwali Pocket Watch]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101015055953/http://www.mastimovies.in/2010/06/the-japanese-wife-now-an-award-winning-love-poem/ The Japanese Wife NOW AN AWARD WINNING LOVE POEM]
* http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100708/ttlife1.htm
* https://web.archive.org/web/20110723085639/http://motion.kodak.com/motion/uploadedFiles/japaneseWife.pdf

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|3440793}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goswamy, Anay}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Film and Television Institute of India alumni]]
[[Category:Artists from Chandigarh]]

Gidugu Rudra Raju

2025-04-09T11:05:01Z

ChenHleeLiyue: creating initial info more to come!

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1953)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}{{Infobox officeholder
| office = 23rd [[Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee|President of the Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee]]
| image =
| term_start = {{Start date|df=y|2022|11|23}}
| term_end = {{End date|df=y|2024|1|15}}
| constituency =
| 1blankname = [[All India Congress Committee|AICC]] President
| 1namedata = [[Mallikarjun Kharge]]
| predecessor = [[Sake Sailajanath]]
| successor = [[Y. S. Sharmila]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1969|01|18}}
| birth_place = [[Amalapuram, Andhra Pradesh]], India
| alma_mater = [[Osmania University]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]|
}}
'''Gidugu Rudra Raju''' (born 18 January 1969) is an Indian politician who served as the president of [[Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee]] (APCC)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-23 |title=Gidugu Rudra Raju appointed Andhra Pradesh Congress president |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/gidugu-rudra-raju-appointed-andhra-pradesh-congress-president/article66176057.ece |access-date=2022-11-26 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and formerly served as an MLC in the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biennial Elections to the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council from Local Authorities’ Constituencies. |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=69904 |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Biennial Elections to the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council from Local Authorities’ Constituencies. |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/2342-biennial-elections-to-the-andhra-pradesh-legislative-council-from-local-authorities-constituencies/?do=download&r=5554&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=ee7a6e950a8481b4716ab027309a5f45 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref> He also served as [[All India Congress Committee]] Secretary incharge of [[Odisha]].

== Early life ==
Rudraraju is a native of [[Amalapuram]] in [[East Godavari district]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=24 November 2022 |title=Who is Gidugu Rudraju, YSR loyalist and new Andhra Pradesh Congress chief |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2022/11/24/who-is-gidugu-rudraju-ysr-loyalist-and-new-andhra-pradesh-congress-chief.html |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Rudraraju started his career in politics at a young age, being an active student union leader of the [[National Students' Union of India]] (NSUI), student wing of the [[Indian National Congress]]. He then went on to hold key posts in the [[Indian Youth Congress|Andhra Pradesh Youth Congress]]. When [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]] (YSR) was the APCC president, he was a campaign committee member.<ref name="Dil Se : Gidugu Rudraraju Dyed-in-the-wool Congressman">{{cite news |last1=The Pioneer |title=Dil Se : Gidugu Rudraraju Dyed-in-the-wool Congressman |url=https://pynr.in/dil-se-gidugu-rudraraju-dyed-in-the-wool-congressman/ |access-date=15 January 2024 |date=3 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115120951/https://pynr.in/dil-se-gidugu-rudraraju-dyed-in-the-wool-congressman/ |archive-date=15 January 2024}}</ref> During the [[First Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ministry|chief ministership of YSR]], he served as the chairman of the Andhra Pradesh Medical Infrastructure Corporation. He also formerly served as an MLC in the undivided Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council.

He has been described as a hardcore loyalist to his party and YSR.<ref name=":0" />

Gidugu Rudra Raju was appointed as [[Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee|Andhra Pradesh Congress president]] ([[Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee|APCC]]) president on 23 November 2022<ref name="Who is Gidugu Rudraju, YSR loyalist and new Andhra Pradesh Congress chief">{{cite news |last1=The Week |title=Who is Gidugu Rudraju, YSR loyalist and new Andhra Pradesh Congress chief |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2022/11/24/who-is-gidugu-rudraju-ysr-loyalist-and-new-andhra-pradesh-congress-chief.html |access-date=15 January 2024 |date=24 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115120446/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2022/11/24/who-is-gidugu-rudraju-ysr-loyalist-and-new-andhra-pradesh-congress-chief.html |archive-date=15 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gidugu Rudra Raju appointed Andhra Pradesh Congress president">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |title=Gidugu Rudra Raju appointed Andhra Pradesh Congress president |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/gidugu-rudra-raju-appointed-andhra-pradesh-congress-president/article66176057.ece |access-date=15 January 2024 |date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115120619/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/gidugu-rudra-raju-appointed-andhra-pradesh-congress-president/article66176057.ece |archive-date=15 January 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref> and he resigned from the post on 15 January 2024.<ref name="Andhra Congress chief resigns">{{cite news |last1=India Today |title=Andhra Congress chief resigns |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/andhra-pradesh-congress-chief-rudra-raju-resigns-ys-sharmila-new-president-sources-2488961-2024-01-15 |access-date=15 January 2024 |date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115121211/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/andhra-pradesh-congress-chief-rudra-raju-resigns-ys-sharmila-new-president-sources-2488961-2024-01-15 |archive-date=15 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Gidugu Rudra Raju was appointed as special invitee to the [[Congress Working Committee]] on 16 January 2024.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rudra Raju, Gidugu}}
[[Category:Members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Presidents of Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee]]

{{AndhraPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

Rohan Rathi

2025-04-04T01:21:32Z

ChenHleeLiyue: expanded details for accuracy and updated info per standard format

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1995)}}
{{Notability|date=March 2024}}
{{use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Rohan Rathi
| image =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|9|21|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| batting =
| bowling =
| role =

| club1 =
| year1 =
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 =
| year2 =
| clubnumber2 =

| date = 12 November 2019
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/930197.html Cricinfo
}}
'''Rohan Rathi''' (born 21 September 1995) is an Indian [[cricket]]er.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/930197.html |title=Rohan Rathi |accessdate=12 November 2019 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[Twenty20]] debut on 12 November 2019, for [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] in the [[2019–20 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]].<ref name="T20">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1205776.html |title=Group E, Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy at Surat, Nov 12 2019 |accessdate=12 November 2019 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=930197}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rathi, Rohan}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Delhi cricketers]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
{{India-cricket-bio-1995-stub}}

Harl Assembly constituency

2025-02-12T12:14:28Z

ChenHleeLiyue: new.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Harl
| type= SLA
| state = Jammu and Kashmir
| established = 1967
| abolished = 1977
| electors = 35,426 (1972)
| constituency_no = 6
| latest_election_year = [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}
'''Harl''' (or '''Harli''') was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan=2 | Abdul Gani Mir || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Harl<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Gani Mir |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,474 |percentage=57.51% |change={{decrease}}9.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Syed Alishah Jeelani |party=Jamaat-e-Islami |votes=4,511 |percentage=20.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Qadir Masala |party=Independent politician |votes=4,310 |percentage=19.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Aziz Mir |party=Independent politician |votes=397 |percentage=1.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,963 |percentage=36.71% |change= {{increase}}1.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,692 |percentage=65.27% |change= {{increase}}8.06 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 35,426 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.14 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.91 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Harl<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006052138/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Gani Mir |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,226 |percentage=67.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Rasool |party=Independent politician |votes=5,425 |percentage=32.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,801 |percentage=34.84% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,651 |percentage=54.99% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,313 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

{{coord missing|Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]

{{JammuandKashmir-geo-stub}}

Jina and Etiben

2024-11-09T14:40:49Z

ChenHleeLiyue: stub

{{short description|Naga folk tale}}
{{Infobox folk tale
|Folk_Tale_Name = Jina and Etiben
|Image_Name =
|Image_Caption =
|AKA =
|Mythology =
|Region = [[Ao Naga]]
|Published_In =
|Related =
}}

"'''Jina and Etiben'''" is an [[Ao Naga]] folktale about two lovers from [[Mopungchuket]] who were tragically separated due to the differences in their social status.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://india360.theindianadventure.com/2020/05/15/history-revisited-the-romance-of-etiben-and-jina-a-folk-tale-of-ao-tribes/|title=History revisited: The romance of Etiben and Jina, a folk tale of Ao tribes|date=15 May 2020|website=india360.theindianadventure.com|access-date=21 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.famousplacesinindia.in/Nagaland/Famous-Places-in-Mopongchuket.aspx|title=Famous places in Mopungchuket|website=www.famousplacesinindia.in|access-date=21 August 2020|archive-date=19 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219085146/http://www.famousplacesinindia.in/Nagaland/Famous-Places-in-Mopongchuket.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Plot==
Etiben and Jina were the residents of Mopungchuket village during the 12th century. Jina was a poor, unrefined boy unlike Etiben who was intelligent, beautiful and belonged to a wealthy family. Etiben's beauty was known throughout the region and many rich and good looking men wanted to marry her. But Etiben was carried away by the love and charm of Jina and they became inseparable.
As time went by, Jina and Etiben's love affair came to be known to every villager. Etiben's parents were greatly opposed to their relationship, and asked him for dowry if he wanted Etiben as his wife. Before Jina could arrange the money for dowry, another rich and handsome man named Tenyür came with the dowry and Etiben was married off to him. But Etiben's marriage did not stop her and Jina from meeting secretly in the fields.
One day, when Jina and Etiben were together in the field, Tenyür caught them red handed and beat Etiben black and blue until she fell unconscious. She felt sick and her condition worsened and finally she died. Jina became so dismal and inconsolable that he also fell sick and never recovered, leading to his death.

Etiben and Jina's love got united only after their death.

== Cultural legacy ==
=== Stage and musical theater ===
The folktale has been adapted into many stage plays.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/beyond-headlines/cid/1533919|title=Beyond Headlines : Taste of folklore in Nagamese play Best debut Birthday gift|website=The Telegraph|date=20 September 2007|access-date=21 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-11 |title=Hill Theatre’s Jina and Etiben mesmerizes a packed audience |url=https://nagalandtoday.in/state/2019/01/hill-theatres-jina-and-etiben-mesmerizes-a-packed-audience/ |access-date=2020-11-03 |website=Nagaland Today |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

=== Literature ===
The folktale has also been adapted into a poem by Nabina Das and is taught in schools across Nagaland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://onlinefreenotes.com/jina-and-etiben/|title=Jina and Etiben|website=onlinefreenotes.com|access-date=21 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?feature=youtu.be&v=4NOqn5OONYI|title=17 May 2020 Class X English|date=17 May 2020|website=YouTube|access-date=21 August 2020}}</ref>

=== Jina and Etiben tower ===
The two lovers have been commemorated with their own towers and with additional sculptures at the Mopungchuket's ecology park.

== See also ==
* [[Naga folklore]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category: Naga folklore]]

Pinaki Das Chowdhury

2024-08-02T01:17:28Z

ChenHleeLiyue: new some article first draft - done

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
'''Pinaki Das Chowdhury''' is an Indian politician and member of [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pinaki Das Chowdhury|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/tripura-assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/pinaki-das-chowdhury-23027-2|access-date=2023-03-04|website=[[NDTV]]}} {{failed verification|date=July 2023}} {{deadlink|date=August 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Politics}}
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[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Tripura]]

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Shohratgarh

2024-05-16T00:36:26Z

ChenHleeLiyue: Put Up.

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shohratgarh
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.23|N|82.57|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Siddharthnagar district|Siddharthnagar]]
| leader_title3 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|M.L.A.]] A S Chaudhary (bjp)
| leader_name3 =
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 94
| population_total = 35000
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| blank1_name_sec2 = Languages
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Hindi]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] Awadhi
| government_type = Town Area
| governing_body = [[Local Government]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 272205
| registration_plate = UP-55
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91-5544
| blank1_name_sec1 = Distance from [[New Delhi]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{convert|817|km|mi}} SE
| website = {{URL|http://sidharthnagar.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| Education =
}}
'''Shohratgarh''' is a town and tehsil in [[Siddharthnagar district]], Uttar Pradesh state of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/india/where-is-shohratgarh.html|title=Shohratgarh Location Map, Where is Shohratgarh|website=Mapsofindia.com|access-date=27 September 2019}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}}, the India [[census]], the population of Shohratgarh town is 35000 and total population of this sub division is 420,532,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.co.in/subdistrict/shohratgarh-tehsil-siddharthnagar-uttar-pradesh-932|title=Shohratgarh Tehsil Population, Religion, Caste Siddharthnagar district, Uttar Pradesh - Census India|last=|first=|date=|website=Censusindia.co.in|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=27 September 2019}}</ref> with the sex ratio of 970 female per 1000 male. Males constitute about 52 percent of the total population and females 48 percent. The literacy rate of Shohratgarh town is about 78.08 percent, higher than the state average of 68 percent. Male literacy is 79.98 percent, and the female is 68.04 percent approx. In Shohratgarh, 15 percent of the population is under six years of age.

== Transport ==
Shohratgarh railway station (station code–SOT) is located on the way to [[Gorakhpur]] from [[Gonda, Uttar Pradesh|Gonda]] and connected to Gorakhpur Lucknow, Kanpur, Mumbai and New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/shohratgarh-sot/5097|title=Shohratgarh Station - 22 Train Departures NER/North Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry|last=Ali|first=Saif|date=|website=indiarailinfo.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=27 September 2019}}</ref> The national highways - 730 are connected to this town from Kushinagar Gorakhpur and Balrampur sravasti pilibhit as the part of India-Japan Buddhist circuit project for the roadways facility of indian government.{{Citation needed |date=June 2023 |reason=The url ‘https://www.ifc.org/errorpage.html' show no citation.}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Siddharthnagar district}}

==External links==
* [https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/932-shohratgarh-siddharth-nagar-uttar-pradesh.html Village Population of Shohratgarh sub division]

[[Category:Cities and towns in Siddharthnagar district]]

Hari Ram (pundit)

2024-03-30T09:40:59Z

ChenHleeLiyue: done

{{More citations needed|date=September 2022}}
'''Hari Ram''' was a [[Pundit (explorer)|pundit]] who explored the region around [[Mount Everest]] in 1871-1872. At first he was not allowed to enter [[Tibet]], but his luck changed when he met a district official whose wife was ill. He examined her, checked his medical book for a disease with similar symptoms, and gave her some pills. To his own surprise, the woman recovered, and from then he found relatively little difficulty in travelling on. He gave a frightening account of his trip along the [[Bhote Koshi]] river:

<blockquote>He followed the general course of the Bhotia-Kosi River, which he was obliged to cross fifteen times within twenty-five miles [40 km]. At one place the river ran in a gigantic [[chasm]], the sides of which were so close to one another that a bridge of 24 paces was sufficient to span it. Near this bridge the precipices were so impractible that the path had to be supported on iron pegs let into the face of the rock - the path being formed by bars of iron and slabs of stone stretching from peg to peg and covered with earth. This extraordinary path is in no place more than eighteen inches [460 mm], and often not more than nine inches [230 mm] in width, and is carried for more than a third of a mile [500 m] along the face of the cliff, at some 1,500 feet [500 m] above the river, which could be seen roaring below in its narrow bed. The Pundit, who has seen much difficult ground in the [[Himalayas]], says he never in his life met anything to equal this bit of path.<ref>''report of [[Thomas Montgomerie|Montgomerie]] to the [[Royal Geographical Society]]''</ref>
</blockquote>

During his voyage, Hari Ram had opened up 30,000 square miles (78,000 km2) of virtually unknown territory. He had travelled all the way around Mount Everest, but because other mountains stood in between, he never actually saw it. On a second journey, Hari Ram traversed northern [[Nepal]] from west to east.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Explorers of Asia|Ram, Hari]]

Incapora anamallensis

2024-01-06T05:04:28Z

ChenHleeLiyue: made.

{{Short description|Species of flatworm}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Incapora anamallensis 124450014.jpg
| image_alt = A narrow, brown flatworm on a rock.
| taxon = Incapora anamallensis
| authority = ([[Paul Marais de Beauchamp|de Beauchamp]], 1930)
| synonyms = ''Rhynchodemus anamallensis'' de Beauchamp, 1930
}}

'''''Incapora anamallensis''''' is a species of [[land planarian]] belonging to the subfamily [[Microplaninae]].<ref name=worms>Tyler, S., Artois, T.; Schilling, S.; Hooge, M.; Bush, L.F. (eds) (2006-2022). World List of turbellarian worms: Acoelomorpha, Catenulida, Rhabditophora. [https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=483060 ''Incapora anamallensis'' (de Beauchamp, 1930)]. Accessed 2023-06-28.</ref> It is found in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].

==Etymology==
The specific epithet, ''anamallensis'', while not explicitly stated, is presumed to derived from one of the species' type localities, [[Anaimalai Hills]].<ref name=debeauchamp1930>Beauchamp, P. de. (1930). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/43724352#page/751/mode/1up Turbellaries Triclades de l'Inde meridionale]. ''Revue Suisse de Zool'', 37:673-746</ref>

==Description==
''I. anamallensis'' is about 40 mm long and 4 mm wide. The backside can range from an earthy yellow to a yellow-brown in color, with a dark midline. The underside is a pale color.<ref name=debeauchamp1930 />

==Distribution==
Type specimens of the species were all found within the [[Western Ghats]] in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] in [[India]]; of two original specimens, one was found in the [[taluk]] of [[Valparai]], in [[Anaimalai Hills]], while the other was found at the peak of [[Vandaravu]] in the [[Palani Hills]].<ref name=debeauchamp1930 />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2181800}}

[[Category:Animals described in 1930]]
[[Category:Geoplanidae]]
[[Category:Fauna of India]]

{{Flatworm-stub}}

List of alumni of the University of Mumbai

2022-11-11T11:52:56Z

ChenHleeLiyue: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[University_of_Mumbai#Notable_alumni]]

Meenakshi Kumari

2022-10-03T23:23:18Z

ChenHleeLiyue: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Baghpat#Panchayat judgements against women]]

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