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Strobilanthes callosa

2026-05-08T00:45:16Z

Chefajaychopra123: Creating A Stub V1

{{short description|Species of plant known for distant flower cycles }}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Strobilanthes callosus.jpg
|genus = Strobilanthes
|species = callosa
|authority = [[Nees]]
|synonyms = ''Carvia callosa'' (Nees) [[Cornelis Eliza Bertus Bremekamp|Bremek]]
|}}

'''''Strobilanthes callosa''''' <ref name="USDA">{{GRIN | accessdate = December 24, 2017}}</ref> ''(Synonym: '''Carvia callosa''' (Nees) Bremek)''<ref name="USDA"/> is a [[shrub]] found mainly in the low lying hills of the [[Western Ghats]], all along the west coast of [[India]].<ref name="Flower that takes years to bloom; BBC">[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7580725.stm Flower that takes years to bloom]; by Prachi Pinglay; At Mumbai; BBC News</ref> Its standardized [[Hindi]] name is '''maruadona''' (मरुआदोना)<ref>K.P.Sagreiya and Balwant Singh:Botanical and Standardised Hindi Names of Important and Common Forest Plants of Madhya Pradesh, Gwalior Government Regional Press, 1958. Also see: [[Flora of Madhya Pradesh]]</ref> which it is called in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]] [[Flora of Madhya Pradesh|where it is also found]]. In the state of [[Maharashtra]], in the [[Marathi language]],<ref name="Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities of lupeol and 19α-H lupeol isolated from Strobilanthus callosus and Strobilanthus ixiocephala roots."/> and other local dialects and in the neighboring state of [[Karnataka]],<ref name="THE KARNATAKA FOREST MANUAL, 1976">[https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:80cbs2pe6PsJ:www.karnatakaforest.gov.in/English/Acts_Rules/acts/KFD_Manual_1976.pdf+Strobilanthes+callosus+Karnataka&hl=en&gl=ca&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShVZz4J99YdGWP8hA_NbSrnSDry5P5ijeSk-A4hYnaSDjT334GBLujC3f3W_lXU9--NoKKAuo1NVfFHjb6EM1eHLTey6pzdNePbG_Hy-JrEPzF95nC9XWaxBsowsWCrqKHcIZyv&sig=AHIEtbThkTo-jAJiXjmi9VIrNo9_FMbeeg THE KARNATAKA FOREST MANUAL]; 1976; Government of Karnataka, India. Pdf: [http://www.karnatakaforest.gov.in/English/Acts_Rules/acts/KFD_Manual_1976.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530021930/http://www.karnatakaforest.gov.in/English/Acts_Rules/acts/KFD_Manual_1976.pdf |date=2009-05-30 }}</ref> the shrub is locally known as '''karvi''' (कारवी),<ref name="Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities of lupeol and 19α-H lupeol isolated from Strobilanthus callosus and Strobilanthus ixiocephala roots."/><ref name="THE KARNATAKA FOREST MANUAL, 1976"/><ref name="Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of triterpenoids from Strobilanthes callosus Nees"/><ref name="City gears for lavender Karvi’s once-in-eight-years bloom; The Indian Express"/><ref name="Sharfuddin Khan, M. D. Forest flora of Hyderabad State. AP Forest Division, India; 1953.">Sharfuddin Khan, M. D. ''Forest flora of Hyderabad State. AP Forest Division, India; 1953.'' Available online at the Official website of the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] Forest Department: [https://forest.ap.nic.in/Forest%20Flora%20of%20Andhra%20Pradesh/Flora%20by%20M%20Sharfuddin%20Khan/Botanical%20Names/Strobilanthes%20callosus.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165047/http://forest.ap.nic.in/Forest%20Flora%20of%20Andhra%20Pradesh/Flora%20by%20M%20Sharfuddin%20Khan/Botanical%20Names/Strobilanthes%20callosus.htm |date=2011-07-21 }}. Accessed on 23 January 2010</ref><ref name="WORKING PLAN REPORT UC-NRLF [[ANKOLA]] HIGH FOREST BLOCKS XXIV & XXV">WORKING PLAN REPORT UC-NRLF [[Ankola|ANKOLA]] HIGH FOREST BLOCKS XXIV & XXV BY E. S. PEAESON, I. F. S., F. L. S., Deputy Conservator of Forests, WORKING PLANS, S. C. 1908- [[Bombay Presidency|BOMBAY]]. PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT CENTRAL PRESS 1910. Available online at [https://archive.org/stream/workingplanrepor00bombrich/workingplanrepor00bombrich_djvu.txt]. Accessed 25 January 2010</ref> sometimes spelled in English as '''karvy'''.<ref name="Nature lovers on the Karvy trail; Times of India"/><ref name="The Karvy blooms; July 2000"/>

This shrub belongs to the [[genus]] ''[[Strobilanthes]]'' which was first scientifically described by [[Nees]] in the 19th century.<ref name="The Karvy blooms; July 2000"/> The genus has around 350 species,<ref name=Moylan2004>{{ cite journal | last1=Moylan | first1=Elizabeth C. | last2=Bennett | first2=Jonathan R. | last3=Carine | first3=Mark A. | last4=Olmstead | first4=Richard G. | last5=Scotland | first5=Robert W. | title=Phylogenetic relationships among Strobilanthes s.l. (Acanthaceae): evidence from ITS nrDNA, trnL-F cpDNA, and morphology | journal=American Journal of Botany | volume=91 | issue=5 | pages=724–735 | year=2004 | doi=10.3732/ajb.91.5.724 | pmid=21653427| doi-access=free }}</ref> of which at least 46 are found in India.
Because most of these species show an unusual flowering behaviour, varying from annual to 16-year blooming cycles, there is often confusion on the national scale about which plant is flowering.<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20071021105803/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2317/stories/20060908001106600.htm Kurinji crown - The Palni Hills are once again witnessing the mass flowering of neelakurinji.]}}; TEXT & PHOTOGRAPHS by IAN LOCKWOOD; Volume 23 - Issue 17 :: Aug. 26-Sep. 08, 2006; Frontline Magazine; INDIA'S NATIONAL MAGAZINE from the publishers of THE HINDU</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Strobilanthes callosa.jpg|thumb|Strobilanthes callosa Plant spotted in SGNP Mumbai]]
[[File:Flower of Strobilanthes callosa.jpg|thumb|Flower of Strobilanthes callosa spotted in SGNP Mumbai]]
[[File:Pollen grains of Strobilanthes callosa.jpg|thumb|Pollen grains of Strobilanthes callosa taken with the [[Foldscope]]]]

It is a large shrub, sometimes attaining 6–20 ft in height and 2{{frac|1|2}} inches in diameter<ref name="Sharfuddin Khan, M. D. Forest flora of Hyderabad State. AP Forest Division, India; 1953."/> and flowers between July and September. This plant is recognized for the fact that it takes nearly a decade for the bloom cycle to occur.<ref name="Flower that takes years to bloom; BBC"/> Its leaves are home to several insects including caterpillars and snails<ref name="City gears for lavender Karvi’s once-in-eight-years bloom; The Indian Express"/> which feed on it. The shrub has an interesting [[Biological life cycle|life cycle]]; It comes alive and green every year with the advent of monsoon, but once the rainy season is over, all that is left is dry and dead-looking stems. This pattern repeats itself for seven years, but in the eighth year the plant bursts into mass flowering.<ref name="City gears for lavender Karvi’s once-in-eight-years bloom; The Indian Express">[http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/City-gears-for-lavender-Karvis-onceineightyears-bloom/347666/ City gears for lavender Karvi’s once-in-eight-years bloom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080817062032/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/City-gears-for-lavender-Karvis-onceineightyears-bloom/347666/ |date=2008-08-17 }}; by Nitya Kaushik; At Mumbai; Aug 12, 2008; [[The Indian Express]] Newspaper</ref><ref name="Nature lovers on the Karvy trail; Times of India">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811030238/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-22/mumbai/27921087_1_bloom-sanjay-gandhi-national-park-plant Nature lovers on the Karvy trail]; At Mumbai; TNN, 22 September 2008; [[The Times of India]]</ref><ref name="The Karvy blooms; July 2000">The Karvy blooms; By Shantanu Chhaya; 24 July 2000; Bombay Edition: Bombay Times; [[Times of India]] Supplement. A copy of this original Newspaper article is posted online at "mumbai-central.com": [http://www.mumbai-central.com/misc/karvy.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406202617/http://www.mumbai-central.com/misc/karvy.html |date=2010-04-06 }}</ref>

Plants that bloom at long intervals like ''Strobilanthes callosa'' are known as [[plietesials]], the term plietesial has been used in reference to perennial [[monocarpic]] plants “of the kind most often met with in the Strobilanthinae” (a subtribe of [[Acanthaceae]] containing ''[[Strobilanthes]]'' and allied [[genera]]) that usually grow gregariously, flower simultaneously following a long interval, set seed, and die. Other commonly used expressions or terms which apply to part or all of the plietesial life history include gregarious flowering, [[Mast (botany)#Mast seeding|mast seeding]], and supra-annual synchronized semelparity (semelparity = monocarpy).<ref>Daniel, Thomas F. 2006. [http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/scipubs/pdfs/v57/proccas_v57_n38.pdf Synchronous Flowering and Monocarpy Suggest Plietesial Life History forNeotropical Stenostephanus chiapensis(Acanthaceae).] PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Fourth Series. Volume 57, No. 38, pp. 1011–1018, 1 fig. December 28, 2006</ref>

In 1953 Sharfuddin Khan describing the plant in the former [[Hyderabad State]] wrote:

{{quote|'''Botanical Name - Strobilanthes callosus'''

Strobilanthes, Blume.; F.B.I. IV-429. S. callosus, Nees.; F.B.I. IV-451. Brandi's Ind. Trees, 500. Gamble's Ind. Timbers, 518. Vern. Karvi, Mar.

A large shrub, sometimes attaining 6-20 ft. in height and 2{{frac|1|2}} inches in diameter; branches often warted or scabrous-tubercled. Leaves opposite, 7 by 3 in., sometimes much larger, crenate, rough, conspicuously marked with five lines above, nerves 8-16 pair; petiole 2-3 in. Flowers in strobiliform spikes 1-4 in. long, often densely or laxly cymose; bracts 1/2 - 1 in. long, orbicular or elliptic. Calyx 1/2 in., in fruit often exceeding 3/4 in., sub-equally 5-lobed to the base; segments oblong, obtuse, softly hairy. Corolla tubular-ventricose, 1{{frac|1|2}} in., glabrous without, very hairy within, deep blue; lobes 5, nearly equal, contorted in bud. Stamens 4; filaments hairy downwards; anthers blunt; not spurred at the base. Ovary 4-ovuled; style linear; stigma of one long linear-lanceolate branch the other minute. Capsule 3/4 by 1/3 in., seeds more than 1/3 in. long, thin, obovate, acute, densely shaggy with white inelastic adpressed hair, except on the large oblong areoles.

Tolerably common on the Kannad and Ajanta ghats in Aurangabad. In 'List of Trees, Shrubs, etc., of the Bombay Presidency,' Talbot remarks. "It covers large areas on the Konkan and N. Kanara ghats, and forms the undergrowth in many of the deciduous moist forests. Sometimes a very large shrub (30 ft., high and 2{{frac|1|2}} in. in diameter). A general flowering takes place every seven or eight years. The white glabrous bracts become covered, after the flowering is over, with viscous strongly smelling hairs. The flowers vary in colour from purple-blue to pink. A general flowering of this species in N. Kanara, took place in Sept-Oct. 1887. The capsules ripen during the cold and hot seasons, and are elastically dehiscent, making a peculiar, almost continuous, noise during the shedding of the seeds in a forest of this species".|Sharfuddin Khan, M. D. ''Forest flora of [[Hyderabad State]]. [[Andhra Pradesh|AP]] Forest Division, India; 1953.''<ref name="Sharfuddin Khan, M. D. Forest flora of Hyderabad State. AP Forest Division, India; 1953."/>}}

In 1956 during the [[States Reorganisation Act|Reorganisation of the Indian States]] based along linguist lines, the above-mentioned [[state of Hyderabad]] was split up between [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Bombay state]] (later divided into states of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Gujarat]] in 1960 with the original portions of Hyderabad becoming part of the state of Maharashtra) and [[Karnataka]].

===Eight year bloom cycle and mass flowering===
The ''Strobilanthes callosa'' bush typically takes seven years to grow. It is only in its eighth year that it bursts into bloom. At that time the pink and white buds<ref name="Nature lovers on the Karvy trail; Times of India"/> bear bright purple<ref name="Flower that takes years to bloom; BBC"/> (purplish blue<ref name="The Karvy blooms; July 2000"/>) flowers in a mass flowering which covers multiple forest areas with a colorful [[Lavender (color)|lavender]] blush<ref name="City gears for lavender Karvi’s once-in-eight-years bloom; The Indian Express"/> of buds with a tinge of pink<ref name="The Karvy blooms; July 2000"/> with its profusion of violet blooms,<ref name="Nature lovers on the Karvy trail; Times of India"/> after this once in a lifetime mass flowering the bush finally dies out.<ref name="City gears for lavender Karvi’s once-in-eight-years bloom; The Indian Express"/><ref name="Nature lovers on the Karvy trail; Times of India"/> The flowers are rich in pollen and nectar and attract a wide range of species of butterflies, birds and insects including honey bees and carpenter bees that come to feed on their nectar.<ref name="City gears for lavender Karvi’s once-in-eight-years bloom; The Indian Express"/><ref name="Nature lovers on the Karvy trail; Times of India"/>

Typically the lifespan of a single ''Strobilanthes callosa'' bloom lasts between 15 and 20 days and its mass blooming usually extends from mid-August to September-end.<ref name="City gears for lavender Karvi’s once-in-eight-years bloom; The Indian Express"/>

After the mass flowering, the shrub is covered with fruits which are dry by the next year. With the coming of the [[monsoon]] and the first rains in the next year, the dried fruits absorb moisture and burst open with a pop, the hillsides where ''Strobilanthes callosa'' grows are filled with these loud popping sounds of dried [[seed pod]]s bursting open somewhat explosively [[Dehiscence (botany)|dehiscing]] [[seed dispersal|their seeds for dispersal]] and soon new plants [[seed germination|germinate]] taking root in the wet forest floor.<ref name="City gears for lavender Karvi’s once-in-eight-years bloom; The Indian Express"/><ref name="Nature lovers on the Karvy trail; Times of India"/>

===Masting===
Some species of ''Strobilanthes'' including this one are examples of a mass seeding phenomenon termed as [[Mast (botany)#Mast seeding|masting]]<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kelly | first1 = D | year = 1994 | title = The evolutionary ecology of mast seeding | url = http://www.biol.canterbury.ac.nz/masting/pdfs/Kelly94TREE.pdf | journal = Trends Ecol. Evol. | volume = 9 | issue = 12| pages = 465–470 | doi=10.1016/0169-5347(94)90310-7| pmid = 21236924 | bibcode = 1994TEcoE...9..465K }}</ref> which can be defined as "synchronous production of seed at long intervals by a population of plants",<ref>Janzen (1976) in Annul. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 7, 347-391</ref> strict masting only occurs in species that are [[monocarpic]] (or [[semelparous]]) -- individuals of the species only reproduce once during their lifetime, then die.<ref>[http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2009/01/strobilanthes_callosus.php Strobilanthes callosus; Botany Photo of the Day] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926114910/http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2009/01/strobilanthes_callosus.php |date=2010-09-26 }}; Notes posted by Daniel Mosquin; January 13, 2009</ref>

==Distribution==
''Strobilanthes callosa'' which is mostly peculiar to the hills of the [[Western Ghats]] (Sahyadris)<ref name="City gears for lavender Karvi’s once-in-eight-years bloom; The Indian Express"/><ref name="Nature lovers on the Karvy trail; Times of India"/> in India can be seen growing wild around [[Mumbai]], [[Tansa River|Tansa]], [[Khandala]], [[Bhimashankar]], [[Malshej Ghat]], Basgadh, Anjaneri, [[Dhodap]], Salher-Mulher ([[Nashik]] region), [[Mulshi Taluka|Mulshi]], [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] (common on the [[Kannad]] and Ajanta ghats),<ref name="Sharfuddin Khan, M. D. Forest flora of Hyderabad State. AP Forest Division, India; 1953."/> [[Konkan]]<ref name="Sharfuddin Khan, M. D. Forest flora of Hyderabad State. AP Forest Division, India; 1953."/> etc. in the state of [[Maharashtra]], parts of the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], parts of the state of [[Gujarat]] and in large areas of Belagavi and [[Uttara Kannada]] Ghats<ref name="Sharfuddin Khan, M. D. Forest flora of Hyderabad State. AP Forest Division, India; 1953."/> in the state of [[Karnataka]] among other places all along the Western Ghat hills on the west coast of India.

<ref name="The Karvy blooms; July 2000" />

==Medicinal uses==
While the leaves of ''Strobilanthes callosa'' are poisonous,<ref name="USDA"/><ref>Kirtikar K.R., Book: The Poisonous Plants of Bombay. Scientific Publishers (India), 2003, vi, 300 p, {{ISBN|8172333447}}. 'The Poisonous Plants of Bombay' was published during 1892–1904 in a series of papers I-XX in the [[Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society]]. Intro of the Book posted at https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no32050.htm</ref> and unfit for human consumption, the plant is used as a [[traditional medicine|traditional medicinal]] [[herb]] by the local [[adivasi]] tribals and villagers<ref name="USDA"/> for the treatment of inflammatory disorders.<ref name="Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities of lupeol and 19α-H lupeol isolated from Strobilanthus callosus and Strobilanthus ixiocephala roots."/> Its leaves are crushed and the juice obtained is believed to be a sure cure for stomach ailments.<ref name="The Karvy blooms; July 2000"/>

The plant has been the subject of scientific research which confirms its use in [[folk medicine]] as a valid [[anti-inflammatory]] and [[antimicrobial]] [[herbal drug]]<ref name="Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of triterpenoids from Strobilanthes callosus Nees">Singh, B.; Sahu, P.M.; Sharma, M.K. (2002, May 1). [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Anti-inflammatory+and+antimicrobial+activities+of+triterpenoids+from...-a092527805 Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of triterpenoids from Strobilanthes callosus Nees. (Short Communication)] The Free Library. (2002). Retrieved January 21, 2010</ref> with anti-rheumatic activity.<ref name="Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities of lupeol and 19α-H lupeol isolated from Strobilanthus callosus and Strobilanthus ixiocephala roots.">Agarwal R., Rangari V. [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:-2sD5rU9LZAJ:medind.nic.in/ibi/t03/i6/ibit03i6p384.pdf+Strobilanthes+callosus&hl=en&gl=ca&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiNhDe-JqZLmk1JeIFeO_1Y-1CuqR9OUctyCSA-R29-VhcVvirhAP_Hc2RoNqydoBp1HZ-KJRgHPK6eNHwzBh8x4lXiFLzQOn71Agfmwmgtm3NtEwsmz9n9FHipB9nuOdd0YybQ&sig=AHIEtbT3ZyKZpmmFAG9TNc8CNiTvLwUIqA Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities of lupeol and 19α-H lupeol isolated from Strobilanthus callosus and Strobilanthus ixiocephala roots.] Ind. J. Pharm. 2003;35:384–387. Pdf: [http://medind.nic.in/ibi/t03/i6/ibit03i6p384.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511140829/http://medind.nic.in/ibi/t03/i6/ibit03i6p384.pdf |date=2018-05-11 }}</ref>

Related species include ''[[Strobilanthes cusia]]'' BREMEK ([[wikt:大|大]][[wikt:青|青]][[wikt:葉|葉]], Da Ching Yeh, タイセイヨウ), used in Chinese<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 15467245 | volume=52 | issue=10 | title=A new lignan glycoside and phenylethanoid glycosides from Strobilanthes cusia BREMEK |date=October 2004 | journal=Chem. Pharm. Bull. | pages=1242–5 | doi = 10.1248/cpb.52.1242 | last1 = Tanaka | first1 = T | last2 = Ikeda | first2 = T | last3 = Kaku | first3 = M | last4 = Zhu | first4 = XH | last5 = Okawa | first5 = M | last6 = Yokomizo | first6 = K | last7 = Uyeda | first7 = M | last8 = Nohara | first8 = T| doi-access = free }}</ref> and Japanese herbal medicine,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nakanoshima-tech.co.jp/db/search.php?mode=syoyaku&query=&off=9|title=Nakanoshima Technos database}}</ref> and ''Strobilanthes forrestii'' Diels (Wei Niu Xi), used in Chinese herbal medicine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/2362233/A-Systematic-Study-on-Confused-Species-of-Chinese-Materia-Medica|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314094003/http://www.docstoc.com/docs/2362233/A-Systematic-Study-on-Confused-Species-of-Chinese-Materia-Medica|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 14, 2013|title=A Systematic Study on Confused Species of Chinese Materia Medica}} Planta Med 2006;72:865-74. November 2006, Vol. 35 No. 11</ref>

==Other uses==
''Strobilanthes callosa'' has sturdy stems which along with its leaves is generally used by the local [[adivasi]] tribals and villagers as [[thatching]] material to build their huts.<ref name="City gears for lavender Karvi’s once-in-eight-years bloom; The Indian Express"/><ref name="Nature lovers on the Karvy trail; Times of India"/><ref name="The Karvy blooms; July 2000"/>

Immediately after its mass flowering the Karvi [[honey]] collected by wild bee honey hunters is a popular local delicacy, it is much thicker and darker than other varieties.<ref name="City gears for lavender Karvi’s once-in-eight-years bloom; The Indian Express"/><ref name="Nature lovers on the Karvy trail; Times of India"/><ref name="The Karvy blooms; July 2000"/>

==Control methods==
The following Western Ghats [[forestry]] report from the year 1908 of [[Ankola]] [[High forest (woodland)|high forests]] in coastal [[Karnataka]] (then under [[Bombay Presidency]]), provides methods to clear and control this shrub, when required, from spreading uncontrollably into unwanted areas:

{{quote|() That the growth of Karvi (Sirobilanthes callosus) in many places is very heavy and is a direct check on natural regeneration. To get rid of this weed is difficult, though probably not impossible. In the Jaunsar Division areas were successfully treated in 1906 by cutting S. Wallichi when the flowers were fully out and the fruit had begun to form, but was not actually ripe. The Strobilanthes callosus flowers every seventh or eight year in Uttara Kannada and then dies down, so that, at the period of flowering, it might be treated in a similar way with advantage. It should be borne in mind that cutting off the heads of Karvi when it first com- mences to flower is useless, as it then puts out sideshoots which flower later ; it can therefore only be treated when the flowers begin to fall. The time of flowering is given as September and October.

...Karvi is the difficulty here, with care it should be burnt directly after flowering. Seed-lings will suffer relatively little by burning as they have only appeared in the patches where Karvi is absent.|WORKING PLAN REPORT UC-NRLF ANKOLA HIGH FOREST BLOCKS XXIV & XXV BY E. S. PEAESON, I. F. S., F. L. S., Deputy Conservator of Forests, WORKING PLANS, S. C. 1908- BOMBAY PRINTED AT THE GOVERNMENT CENTRAL PRESS 1910<ref name="WORKING PLAN REPORT UC-NRLF [[ANKOLA]] HIGH FOREST BLOCKS XXIV & XXV"/>}}

==Common in the hills near Mumbai==
The Karvi bush as it is locally known grows in abundance in the western ghat hills near the [[metropolis]] of [[Mumbai]] including throughout the [[Sanjay Gandhi National Park]] as in other parts of its natural range. In Sanjay Gandhi National Park its latest bloomings took place in 2000,<ref name="The Karvy blooms; July 2000"/> then in 2008, and it is scheduled to bloom there again in 2016. Termed by nature enthusiasts{{Who|date=July 2011}} as 'nature's miracle', its maximum bloom can be seen on some of the inner paths and trails that lie undisturbed in the park. It survives best on vast slopey expanses on the hillsides with [[Kanheri Caves]] area of the national park being one of the best places to observe large blooming expanses.<ref name="City gears for lavender Karvi’s once-in-eight-years bloom; The Indian Express"/><ref name="Nature lovers on the Karvy trail; Times of India"/>

In the state of Maharashtra in the neighborhood of Mumbai the mass flowering of Karvi has been observed to occur in the same year as Mumbai in Khandala and one year earlier in Bhimashankar and Malshej, beyond [[Kalyan, India|Kalyan]].<ref name="The Karvy blooms; July 2000"/>

Local [[Conservation biology|conservation]] [[NGO]]s like the [[Bombay Natural History Society]] (BNHS)<ref name="City gears for lavender Karvi’s once-in-eight-years bloom; The Indian Express"/> and [[World Wide Fund for Nature - India]] (WWF-India)<ref name="The Karvy blooms; July 2000"/> bring groups of city-dwelling people from Mumbai and elsewhere, sometimes in collaboration with other organizations, for regular nature walks in the nature trails of Sanjay Gandhi National Park<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/wet-and-wild/476303/0 Wet and Wild]; by Nitya Kaushik; Jun 15, 2009; [[The Indian Express]]</ref> and organize special trips every eight years when the rare Karvi flowers are in full bloom.<ref name="Nature lovers on the Karvy trail; Times of India"/>

Near Mumbai, the Karvi is also found in [[Karnala Bird Sanctuary|Karnala]], the [[Yeoor]] hills, Tungareshwar and some parts of [[Goregaon]] including [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]].<ref name="City gears for lavender Karvi’s once-in-eight-years bloom; The Indian Express"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://www.flickr.com/search/?s=int&w=all&q=Strobilanthes+callosus&m=text Picture Search for: "Strobilanthes callosus" on "flickr".]
* [https://www.flickr.com/search/?s=int&w=all&q=Karvi&m=text Picture Search for: "Karvi" (local name for "Strobilanthes callosus") on "flickr". CAUTION! It includes lot of other photos and some or many of other flowers]
* [https://www.flickr.com/search/?s=int&w=all&q=Karvy&m=text Picture Search for: "Karvy" (local name for "Strobilanthes callosus") on "flickr". CAUTION! It includes lot of other photos and some or many of other flowers]
* [http://humanflowerproject.com/index.php/weblog/comments/sexy_as_a_septennial/ Photo of hikers standing in Karvy or ''Strobilanthes callosus'' forest with shrubs higher than themselves when the bushes are budding pink (Lavender) just before flowering in the eight year] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125093643/http://www.humanflowerproject.com/index.php/weblog/comments/sexy_as_a_septennial |date=2019-01-25 }}, [http://humanflowerproject.com/images/uploads/karvyhike475.jpg] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223143038/http://humanflowerproject.com/images/uploads/karvyhike475.jpg |date=2012-02-23 }}
* [http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=Lifestyle%20-%20Leisure&sectid=79&contentid=200809142008091402153243851bb95cf The karvy truth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223141909/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=Lifestyle%20-%20Leisure&sectid=79&contentid=200809142008091402153243851bb95cf |date=2012-02-23 }}; By Vikas Hotwani; September 14, 2008; [[Mumbai Mirror]]; mumbaimirror.com

{{Taxonbar|from=Q7624200}}

[[Category:Strobilanthes|callosa]]
[[Category:Shrubs]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Endemic flora of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Building materials]]

S. Jayakumar (Indian politician)

2026-05-06T22:14:53Z

Chefajaychopra123: Created The Biography W/ Refs...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = S. Jayakumar
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 12 May 2021
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Perundurai Assembly constituency|Perundurai]]
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| predecessor = [[N. D. Venkatachalam]]
| successor =
}}

'''S. Jayakumar''' is an Indian politician who is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Perundurai Assembly constituency|Perundurai]] as an [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate in 2021.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211224045359/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC103.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC103.pdf|access-date= 1 May 2022 |archive-date=24 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Perundurai Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a103|access-date= 1 May 2022}}</ref>

== Elections contested ==
{{transcluded section|source=Perundurai Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Perundurai Assembly constituency|2026}}}}
{{transcluded section|source=Perundurai Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Perundurai Assembly constituency|2021}}}}

== 2026 election ==

S. Jayakumar is a candidate in the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from the [[Perundurai Assembly constituency]], representing the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].

According to his election affidavit, he reported income over the previous five financial years, while his spouse, R. Shanmugapriya, also declared income during the same period.

=== Assets and liabilities ===

As per the affidavit, Jayakumar declared total movable assets worth approximately ₹1.11 crore, while his spouse reported movable assets of about ₹1.87 crore. These include cash in hand, bank deposits, insurance investments, vehicles, and gold jewellery.

The affidavit indicates that he owns multiple vehicles, including a sport utility vehicle, utility vehicles, and two-wheelers. He declared gold jewellery holdings of 25 sovereigns, while his spouse declared 75 sovereigns of gold jewellery.

In terms of immovable assets, the affidavit states that his spouse owns agricultural land in Erode district, while Jayakumar owns non-agricultural land in Ponmudi village.<ref>{{cite web |title=Candidate Affidavit (2026) |url=AFFIDAVIT_LINK |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=DATE}}</ref>

=== Criminal record ===

The affidavit indicates that one criminal case was pending against Jayakumar at the time of nomination, related to allegations of unlawful assembly and wrongful restraint during a public protest. He declared that he has not been convicted in any criminal case.<ref>{{cite web |title=Candidate Affidavit (2026) |url=AFFIDAVIT_LINK |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=DATE}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jayakumar, S}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{AIADMK-politician-stub}}
{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Sivaganga Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T11:48:54Z

Chefajaychopra123: Creating Initial Stub Needs Work

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 186
| map_image = Constitution-Sivaganga.svg
| established = 1951
| district = [[Sivaganga district|Sivaganga]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sivaganga Lok Sabha constituency|Sivaganga]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = {{Party index link|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}

| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}

| mla = [[P. R. Senthilnathan]]
| latest_election_year = 2021
| name = Sivaganga
| electors = 278,124
| reservation = None
}}

'''Sivagangai''' is a state assembly constituency in [[Sivaganga district|Sivagangai district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 22 January 2017}}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.

The current [[Member of Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) of the constituency is [[P. R. Senthilnathan]] from the AIADMK Party.<ref name="MLA of Sivaganga">{{cite web|title=MLA of Sivaganga|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/constnamewise.htm|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|year=2012|access-date = 1 January 2014}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===

{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[R. V. Swaminathan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| D. Subramaniya Rajkumar
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| R. V. Swaminathan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[S. Sethuraman]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===
From the 1977 elections, the assembly seat was won by [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) twice during the 1989 and 1996 elections; the [[Communist Party of India]] once during the 2006 elections; [[Indian National Congress]] three times during the 1977, 1980 and 1984 elections and the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) three times during the 1991, 2001 and 2011 elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S22/partycomp198.htm|title=Partywise Comparison Since 1977|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=1 January 2014|year=2011}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | partys
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[S. Sethuraman]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan=3|[[O. Subramanian]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (I)}}
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| B. Manoharan
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| K. R. Muruganandam
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[Tha. Kiruttinan|Pasumpon Kirittinan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[V. Chandran]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|rowspan=2| [[S. Gunasekaran (Communist Party of India politician)|S. Gunasekaran]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[G. Baskaran]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[P. R. Senthilnathan]]
|-
|[[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|[[Kulanthai Rani]]
|
| [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]]
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|40.66}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.15}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|47.82}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|34.14}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.68}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|60.65}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|72.69}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|33.98}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|55.92}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|56.94}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|30.59}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|60.19}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.22}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|53.93}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|61.40}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.56}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sivaganga}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate=Kulanthai Rani A
|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam
|votes=73737
|percentage=34.41
|change=New}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate=Senthilnathan PR
|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|votes=58656
|percentage=27.37
|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate=Karunaas S
|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|votes=57300
|percentage=26.73
|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate=Indhuja R
|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi
|votes=19021
|percentage=8.88
|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate=NOTA
|party=None of the above
|votes=1053
|percentage=0.49
|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory
|votes=15081
|percentage=7.04
|change=}}

{{Election box turnout
|votes=214266
|percentage=80.61
|change=}}

{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors=265822
|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link
|winner=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam
|loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing=}}

{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sivaganga<ref>{{cite web|title=Sivaganga Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a186|access-date= 18 Jun 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. R. Senthilnathan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=82,153 |percentage=40.66% |change=-2.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Gunasekaran (Communist Party of India politician)|S. Gunasekaran]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=70,900 |percentage=35.09% |change=+27.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Mallika |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=22,500 |percentage=11.14% |change=+9.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Anbarasan |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=19,824 |percentage=9.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Joseph |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=2,105 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Viswanathan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,332 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,270 |percentage=0.63% |change=-0.18 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,253 |percentage=5.57% |change= 2.06% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=202,044 |percentage=67.09% |change= -2.20% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=394|percentage=0.20% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 301,163 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.49% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sivaganga<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=G. Baskaran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=81,697 |percentage=43.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sathianathan @ Meppal M. Sakthi |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=75,061 |percentage=39.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Gunasekaran (Communist Party of India politician)|S. Gunasekaran]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=15,114 |percentage=7.98% |change=-39.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. M. Srithar Vandaiyar |party=All India Forward Bloc (Subhasist) |votes=5,214 |percentage=2.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kottaikumar Rama |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=3,118 |percentage=1.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Vellaikkannu |party=ETMK |votes=1,809 |percentage=0.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,530 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Rajasekaran |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=1,284 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Kaleeswaran |party=GOKMK |votes=981 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,636 |percentage=3.50% |change= 0.72% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=189,342 |percentage=69.29% |change= -4.16% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 273,251 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= -4.67% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sivaganga<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Gunasekaran (Communist Party of India politician)|S. Gunasekaran]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=75,176 |percentage=47.82% |change=+13.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Rajasekaran |party=Indian National Congress |votes=70,794 |percentage=45.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. M. Rajendran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,957 |percentage=1.88% |change=+0.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Kulanthaisamy |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=2,484 |percentage=1.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Gandhi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,815 |percentage=1.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kaleeswaran @ M. Kalaiyappan |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=1,725 |percentage=1.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Subramanian |party=Independent politician |votes=1,636 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,382 |percentage=2.79% |change= -2.50% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=157,216 |percentage=73.46% |change= 10.65% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 214,027 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 13.68% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sivaganga<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Gunasekaran (Communist Party of India politician)|S. Gunasekaran]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=39,488 |percentage=34.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sevanthiappan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,375 |percentage=28.85% |change=+25.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Rajasekaran |party=Independent politician |votes=30,740 |percentage=26.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. R. Balu |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=6,114 |percentage=5.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dhanalakshmi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,730 |percentage=1.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. R. Swaminaathan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,667 |percentage=1.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Selvam |party=Independent politician |votes=792 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sundarapandian |party=Independent politician |votes=657 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,113 |percentage=5.28% |change= 1.26% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=115,675 |percentage=62.81% |change= 5.01% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 184,172 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -14.54% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sivaganga<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. Chandran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=51,708 |percentage=48.68% |change=+19.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Tha. Kiruttinan|Pasumpon Tha. Krishnan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=47,435 |percentage=44.65% |change=-15.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Jeyaraman |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,149 |percentage=2.96% |change=-3.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. K. Joseph |party=Independent politician |votes=2,430 |percentage=2.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Naina Mohammed |party=Independent politician |votes=670 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,273 |percentage=4.02% |change= -27.04% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=106,230 |percentage=57.80% |change= -5.72% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 183,912 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -11.97% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sivaganga<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Tha. Kiruttinan|Pasumpon Tha. Krishnan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=64,438 |percentage=60.65% |change=+35.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. R. Muruganandam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,437 |percentage=29.59% |change=-43.1 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Krishnan Peri |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,327 |percentage=6.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Chockalingam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,533 |percentage=1.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sadumangalaswamy @ Anbumalaikannan |party=Independent politician |votes=696 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=33,001 |percentage=31.06% |change= -16.91% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=106,254 |percentage=63.52% |change= -0.07% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 175,572 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -12.04% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sivaganga<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. R. Muruganandam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=69,506 |percentage=72.69% |change=+51.65 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=B. Manoharan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=23,635 |percentage=24.72% |change=-9.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Manoharan |party=Independent politician |votes=993 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Sathiah |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=735 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=45,871 |percentage=47.97% |change= 46.20% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=95,621 |percentage=63.59% |change= -7.18% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 157,969 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 38.70% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sivaganga<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=B. Manoharan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,982 |percentage=33.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[E. M. Sudarsana Natchiappan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,214 |percentage=32.22% |change=-23.7 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Thiagarajan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=21,033 |percentage=21.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Anbalagan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=9,888 |percentage=9.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Kottaiyan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,458 |percentage=1.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,768 |percentage=1.77% |change= -25.20% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=99,992 |percentage=70.77% |change= -3.42% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 143,895 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -21.93% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sivaganga<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[O. Subramanian]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=49,407 |percentage=55.92% |change=-1.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. R. Ayyadurai |party=Communist Party of India |votes=25,582 |percentage=28.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. P. Ulganathan |party=Independent politician |votes=10,183 |percentage=11.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. R. Muruganandam |party=Independent politician |votes=2,768 |percentage=3.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,825 |percentage=26.96% |change= 11.19% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=88,358 |percentage=74.19% |change= 11.32% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 126,030 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -1.02% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sivaganga<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[O. Subramanian]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=41,327 |percentage=56.94% |change=+26.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Natarajasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=29,875 |percentage=41.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthusamy Bharathi |party=Independent politician |votes=847 |percentage=1.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Kalla Kontan |party=Independent politician |votes=530 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,452 |percentage=15.78% |change= 12.62% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=72,579 |percentage=62.87% |change= -3.02% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 116,688 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 26.35% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sivaganga<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[O. Subramanian]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,495 |percentage=30.59% |change=-4.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. R. Muruganandam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=21,066 |percentage=27.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Shanmugam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=12,299 |percentage=16.01% |change=-44.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Aathinamilaki |party=Independent politician |votes=8,135 |percentage=10.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sk. Ar. Sm. Ramanathan Chettiar |party=Janata Party |votes=6,988 |percentage=9.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Velayuthan Chettiar |party=Independent politician |votes=3,453 |percentage=4.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. S. Gurusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,369 |percentage=1.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,429 |percentage=3.16% |change= -21.96% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=76,805 |percentage=65.89% |change= -5.86% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 118,391 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -29.60% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Sivaganga<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Sethuraman]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,320 |percentage=60.19% |change=+0.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[O. Subramanian]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,654 |percentage=35.06% |change=-5.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dl Nagasundaram |party=Independent politician |votes=2,685 |percentage=3.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthulakshmi |party=Independent politician |votes=651 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,666 |percentage=25.13% |change= 6.69% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=70,310 |percentage=71.75% |change= -7.97% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 101,660 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.97% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Sivaganga<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Sethuraman]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,604 |percentage=59.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. V. Swaminathan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,654 |percentage=40.78% |change=-13.15 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,950 |percentage=18.43% |change= 6.94% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=70,258 |percentage=79.71% |change= 10.60% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,931 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 5.29% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Sivaganga<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. V. Swaminathan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=43,410 |percentage=53.93% |change=+33.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kalailingam |party=Swatantra Party |votes=34,159 |percentage=42.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Palanichamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,958 |percentage=2.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthuramalingam |party=Independent politician |votes=965 |percentage=1.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,251 |percentage=11.49% |change= -29.44% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=80,492 |percentage=69.11% |change= 10.94% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 120,470 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= -7.47% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Sivaganga<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf| access-date=2015-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=D. Subramaniarajkumar |party=Independent politician |votes=35,237 |percentage=61.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. V. Swaminathan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,747 |percentage=20.47% |change=-30.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Veerappan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,334 |percentage=5.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Manuveludayar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,648 |percentage=4.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nithyasamathanam |party=Independent politician |votes=2,455 |percentage=4.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Narayanan |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,971 |percentage=3.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,490 |percentage=40.93% |change= 13.23% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=57,392 |percentage=58.17% |change= 1.44% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,666 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 10.84% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Sivaganga<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf| access-date=2014-10-14|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. V. Swaminathan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,502 |percentage=50.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Velayudam Chettiar |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=9,723 |percentage=22.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Seshadri |party=Independent politician |votes=5,649 |percentage=13.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Raju Pillai |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=3,643 |percentage=8.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Manickam Servai |party=Independent politician |votes=2,014 |percentage=4.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,779 |percentage=27.70% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=42,531 |percentage=56.73% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,969 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|9.85|78.49|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Sivaganga district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Shyama Prasad Mukherji College

2026-05-05T06:26:26Z

Chefajaychopra123:

{{Short description|Constituent college of University of Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Shyama Prasad Mukherji College for Women
| image = Logo_of_Shyama_Prasad_Mukherji_College_Delhi_University.jpg
| motto = "Tejasvi Navadhitam Astu"
| mottoeng = Let our efforts at learning be luminous and filled with joy, and endowed with the force of purpose
| established = {{Start date|1969|}}
| type = Public college
| campus = [[University of Delhi]], Punjabi Bagh (West), Delhi
| campus_size = {{Convert|10|acre}}
| students = 3000 (2017)
| principal = Prof Neelam Goel
| faculty = 177 permanent, , 06 Ad Hoc
| affiliations = [[University of Delhi]]
| free_label = Calendar
| free = Semester
| city = [[New Delhi]]
| country = [[India]]
| nickname = SPM
| website = {{URL|http://spm.du.ac.in/}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|28|40|22.31|N|77|7|39.11|E|display=inline,title}}
}}

'''Shyama Prasad Mukherji College for Women''' commonly known as '''SPM College''', is a constituent college of the [[University of Delhi]]. The all-women's college was founded in 1969 and named after [[Syama Prasad Mukherjee]].

At present, the college offers 19 programs including three professional courses and running nine Certificate Courses.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Annual Report - Shyama Prasad Mukherji College For Women |url=https://spm.du.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=116&Itemid=293&lang=en |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=spm.du.ac.in}}</ref> The college offers Teachers Education Programmes - B.Ed, B.El.Ed, and B.A. B.Ed. Secondary - and is among the few colleges of University of Delhi to offer the course outside the [[Central Institute of Education]] (CIE), University of Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cie.du.ac.in/About_us/about_cie.html|title=Central institute of education - University of Delhi|website=www.cie.du.ac.in|access-date=2017-06-03|archive-date=8 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908093237/http://www.cie.du.ac.in/About_us/about_cie.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The college is a part of North Campus cluster but is located off campus.

== Campus ==
[[File:Spmc..jpg|thumb]]
SPM College is located in Punjabi Bagh (West), New Delhi. The college is well connected by the [[Shivaji Park metro station|Shivaji Park Metro Station]] on the [[Green Line (Delhi Metro)|Green Line]] and Punjabi Bagh West Metro station on the Pink Line of the [[Delhi Metro|Delhi metro network]]. Special provisions for differently-abled students and staff members such as ramps, wheel chairs, washrooms, and special pavements are, in place within the college premises. Braille plates with QR codes are also displayed outside every room.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spm.du.ac.in/about-spm.aspx|title=About the Shyama Prasad Mukherji College|website=spm.du.ac.in|language=en|access-date=2017-06-03}}</ref>

The college maintains a double storey library in a separate wing for the college students. It is a fully digitalized library with a collection of 87,000 books, 22 journals, 11 newspapers, and reading halls.<ref name=":0" />

A branch of Indian Overseas Bank operates in the college.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iob.in/BranchDisplay.aspx?BranchId=159314|title=IOB Branch Information|website=iob.in|language=en|access-date=2017-06-03}}</ref>

The labs, seminar hall, and classrooms are equipped with projectors.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://spm.du.ac.in/rti.aspx|title=RTI|website=spm.du.ac.in|language=en|access-date=2017-06-03}}</ref>

== Governing body ==
According to the provisions of statute 30(1)(c)(i) of Delhi University Act, 1922, the governing body is chosen through public nomination of people from various academic and non-academic backgrounds. There are designated committees, and their management is supervised by the principal. The affairs of the college are jointly managed by the governing body, the academic council, and the executive council of the University of Delhi.<ref name="auto"/>

The present Principal (Acting) of the college is Prof. Neelam Goel<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spm.du.ac.in/principal.aspx|title=Principal|website=spm.du.ac.in|language=en|access-date=2017-06-03}}</ref>

== Departments ==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Departments - Shyama Prasad Mukherji College For Women |url=https://spm.du.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=24&Itemid=139&lang=en |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=spm.du.ac.in}}</ref>
* Applied psychology
* Commerce
* Computer science
* Economics
* Education
* English
* Environmental studies
* Food technology
* Geography
* Hindi
* History
* Human development and family empowerment
* Mathematics
* Music
* Philosophy
* Physical education
* Political science
* Sanskrit
* Sociology

==Academics==
=== Academic programmes ===
==== Undergraduate courses ====
The college offers the three year Undergraduate Programme of Delhi University in Humanities, Commerce, Computer Science Mathematics, and Social Science.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spm.du.ac.in/under-gradute.aspx|title=Under-graduate|website=spm.du.ac.in|language=en|access-date=2017-06-03}}</ref>

==== General ====
* B.A. Programme
* B.Com Programme

==== Honours ====
* B.Com (H)
* B.A.(H) Hindi
* B.A.(H) English
* B.A.(H) Sanskrit
* B.A.(H) Political Science
* B.A.(H) History
* B.A.(H) Economics
* B.A.(H) Philosophy
* B.A.(H) Applied [[Psychology]]
* B.Sc.(H) Mathematics
* B. Sc. Computer Science
* B.A.(H). Geography

==== Post Graduate Courses ====
Source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spm.du.ac.in/post-gradute.aspx|title=Post-graduate|website=spm.du.ac.in|language=en|access-date=2017-06-03}}</ref>
* M.A. Hindi
* M.A. Political Science
* M.A. Sanskrit

==== Professional Courses ====
Source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spm.du.ac.in/teacher-training-programme.aspx|title=Teacher Training Programme |website=spm.du.ac.in|access-date=2017-06-03}}</ref>
* B.El.Ed
* B.Ed.
* B.A. B.Ed. Secondary (ITEP)

====Short term courses====
The short term courses include:<ref name="auto"/>
* Certificate Course in Counselling and Psychotherapy<ref>{{Cite web| title=Certificate course in counselling and psychotherapy | url=http://spm.du.ac.in/images/combineaddon.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722064126/http://spm.du.ac.in/images/combineaddon.pdf | archive-date=2020-07-22}}</ref>
* Textile designing including Tie and Dye; Batik, fabric Painting
* Cutting and Tailoring
* Embroidery
* Dress Designing & Drafting
* Beauty culture
* Secretarial Practice Course (Stenography English)

=== Admission ===
The student demography of SPM is heterogeneous. Admission to the college is undertaken through centralized University admission every year from June to July. Reservations are followed as per government norms in the admission process.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spm.du.ac.in/Procedure.aspx|title=Procedure|website=spm.du.ac.in|language=en|access-date=2017-06-03}}</ref>

=== Placement ===
The college has an active placement cell which conducts various career-related seminars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spm.du.ac.in/placement-cell.aspx|title=placement-cell.aspx|website=spm.du.ac.in|language=en|access-date=2017-06-03}}</ref>

=== Centre ===
Under the EPOCH making Social Thinkers of India programme by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=108203|title=UGC Begins Scheme to Introduce Courses on Social Thinkers of India|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2017-06-03}}</ref> Shyama Prasad Mukherji College has a Gandhi Study Centre, Buddhist Study Centre and Guru Nanak Study Centre - that offer certificate courses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spm.du.ac.in/Buddha.aspx|title=Buddhist Study Centre|website=spm.du.ac.in|language=en|access-date=2017-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spm.du.ac.in/Gurunanak.aspx|title=Gurunanak Studies Centre|website=spm.du.ac.in|language=en|access-date=2017-06-03}}</ref>

Besides full-time courses, the college also runs study centres for the Non-Collegiate Women’s Education Board and the [[School of Open Learning]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spm.du.ac.in/Non-collegiate.aspx|title=Non-collegiate|website=spm.du.ac.in|language=en|access-date=2017-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spm.du.ac.in/ignou.aspx|title=SOL|website=spm.du.ac.in|language=en|access-date=2017-06-03}}</ref>

== Student life ==
The college conducts activities such as sports, NSS, NCC, and other ECAs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spm.du.ac.in/NSS.aspx|title=NSS|website=spm.du.ac.in|language=en|access-date=2017-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spm.du.ac.in/NCC.aspx|title=NCC|website=spm.du.ac.in|language=en|access-date=2017-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spm.du.ac.in/Sports.aspx|title=Sports|website=spm.du.ac.in|language=en|access-date=2017-06-03}}</ref> These societies are active throughout the year and organize competitions, seminars, conferences and workshops at the college and inter-college levels.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spm.du.ac.in/Societies.aspx|title=Societies|website=spm.du.ac.in|language=en|access-date=2017-06-03}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://spm.du.ac.in }}
{{University of Delhi}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi University]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1969]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in Delhi]]

Ozili mandal

2026-05-03T14:29:25Z

Chefajaychopra123: Created The Stub W/ Infobox...

{{Short description|Mandal in Tirupati district, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ozili mandal
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|Revenue division]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sullurupeta revenue division|Sullurupeta]]
| subdivision_type4 = Headquarters
| subdivision_name4 = [[Ozili]]
| mapframe = yes
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
}}

'''Ozili mandal''' is one of the 36 [[mandal]]s in [[Tirupati district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is a part of [[Sullurupeta revenue division]].
==History==
The mandal used to be a part of [[Nellore district]] and was made part of the newly formed [[Tirupati district]] on 4 April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sasidhar |first=B. M. |date=2022-04-04 |title=Chittoor, Tirupati, Annamayya districts formed as part of rejig |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/chittoor-tirupati-annamayya-districts-formed-as-part-of-rejig-736459 |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-12-04 |title=Heavy rain lashes easternmandals of Chittoor dist. |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/heavy-rain-lashes-easternmandals-of-chittoor-dist/article33253567.ece |access-date=2022-04-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Mandals in Tirupati district]]

{{Tirupati district}}

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Pete Best

2026-05-01T15:14:20Z

Chefajaychopra123: Created Basic Article More To Come...

{{Short description|British musician (born 1941)}}
{{Similar names|Peter Best (disambiguation){{!}}Peter Best}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pete Best
| birth_name = Randolph Peter Best
| image = Pete Best drumming.jpg
| alt = Best drumming in 2006
| caption = Best performing in 2006
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1941|11|24}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], British India
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Musician
* singer
* songwriter
}}
| years_active = {{hlist|1959–1968|1988–2025}}
| website = {{URL|petebest.com}}
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Rock music|Rock]]
* [[rock and roll]]
}}
| instruments = {{flatlist|
* Drums
* vocals
}}
| past_member_of = {{hlist|[[The Beatles]]|[[Lee Curtis and the All-Stars]]|Pete Best & the All-Stars|The Pete Best Four|The Pete Best Combo|[[The Pete Best Band]]}}
}}
| signature = Peter Best.svg
}}


'''Randolph Peter Best''' ({{né|'''Scanland'''}}; born 24 November 1941) is a British retired musician who was the drummer for [[the Beatles]] from 1960 to 1962. He was dismissed shortly before the band attained global fame and is one of several people referred to as a [[fifth Beatle]].

Best's mother, [[Mona Best]] (1924–1988), opened the [[Casbah Coffee Club]] in the cellar of the Bests' house in Liverpool. The Beatles (at the time known as [[the Quarrymen]]) played some of their first concerts at the club. The Beatles invited Best to join the band on 12 August 1960, on the eve of the group's first [[The Beatles in Hamburg|Hamburg season]] of club dates. [[Ringo Starr]] eventually replaced Best on 16 August 1962 when the group's manager, [[Brian Epstein]], fired Best at the request of [[John Lennon]], [[Paul McCartney]], and [[George Harrison]] following the band's first recording session. Over 30 years later, Best received a significant monetary payout for his work with the Beatles after the release of their 1995 compilation of their early recordings on ''[[Anthology 1]]''; Best played the drums on 10 of the album's tracks, including the Decca auditions.

After being a member of several commercially unsuccessful groups, Best left the music industry to pursue a career as a civil servant for 20 years before forming the Pete Best Band, active from 1988 until 2025.

== Early life ==

Best's mother, [[Mona Best]], was born in Delhi, India, the daughter of Thomas (a major from [[Ireland]]) and Mary Shaw.{{sfn|Goldsmith|2004|p=35}} Pete Best, her first child, was born on 24 November 1941 in [[Chennai|Madras]], then part of [[British Raj|British India]]. Best's biological father was marine engineer Donald Peter Scanland, who subsequently died during [[World War II]].{{sfn|Curley|2005|pp=23–24}} Best's mother was training to become a doctor in the service of the [[Red Cross]] when she met Johnny Best, who came from a family of sports promoters in Liverpool who ran [[Liverpool Stadium]], a boxing arena.{{sfn|Best|2003|p=1}}<ref>Snell, Rob (30 June 2007). "[https://boxingbiographies.com/bio/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=119&Itemid=27 Johnny Best] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115129/http://boxingbiographies.com/bio/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=119&Itemid=27 |date=26 August 2014 }}". ''Boxing Biographies''. Retrieved 22 August 2014.</ref> During World War II, Johnny Best was a [[Officer (armed forces)|commissioned officer]] serving as a [[Physical Training Instructor]] in India and was the Army's middleweight boxing champion.{{sfn|Best|2003|p=1}} Soon after their marriage on 7 March 1944 at St Thomas's Cathedral, [[Bombay]], Rory Best was born.<ref name="PeteBestBiog">[https://www.iol.ie/~beatlesireland/zBeatlesfactfiles/beatlesfactfilesindex.htm Pest Best biog] iol.ie/~beatlesireland – Retrieved 7 November 2007 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021201349/http://www.iol.ie/~beatlesireland/zBeatlesfactfiles/beatlesfactfilesindex.htm |date=21 October 2007 }}</ref> In 1945, the Best family sailed for four weeks to Liverpool on the ''[[MV Georgic (1931)|Georgic]]'', the last troop ship to leave India, carrying single and married soldiers who had previously been a part of [[William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim|General William Slim]]'s forces in south-east Asia. The ship docked in Liverpool on 25 December 1945.{{sfn|Best|2003|p=17}}<ref>[http://www.red-duster.co.uk/WSTAR11.htm General Sir William Slim and the Georgic] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212224608/http://www.red-duster.co.uk/WSTAR11.htm |date=12 December 2007 }} red-duster.co.uk – Retrieved 26 November 2007</ref>

Best's family lived for a short time at the family home, "Ellerslie" in [[West Derby]] until Best's mother fell out with her sister-in-law, Edna, who resented her brother's choice of wife.{{sfn|Best|2003|p=21}} The family then moved to a small flat on Cases Street, Liverpool, but Mona Best was always looking for a large house—as she had been used to in India—instead of one of the smaller [[semi-detached]] houses prevalent in the area. The Bests moved to 17 Queenscourt Road in 1948 and remained there for nine years.<ref name=BT>[https://www.beatlestours.co.uk/Pete%20Best.htm 17 Queenscourt Road] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028143752/http://www.beatlestours.co.uk/Pete%20Best.htm |date=28 October 2007 }}, beatlestours.co.uk – Retrieved 1 December 2007</ref>

Best passed the [[eleven plus exam]] at Blackmoor Park primary school in West Derby and was studying at the [[Liverpool Collegiate School|Liverpool Collegiate Grammar School]] in Shaw Street when he decided he wanted to be in a music group. Mona bought him a drum kit from Blackler's music store, and Best formed his own band, the Black Jacks.{{Sfn|Spitz|2005|p=161}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icons.org.uk/nom/nominations/liverpoolcollegiate|title=Welcome to ICONS – Icons of England|work=icons.org.uk|access-date=6 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717051000/http://www.icons.org.uk/nom/nominations/liverpoolcollegiate|archive-date=17 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eskimo.com/~bpentium/beatles/besttape/besttape.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990128003631/http://www.eskimo.com/~bpentium/beatles/besttape/besttape.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 January 1999|title=Pete Best Interview Video Tape|date=28 January 1999|access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref>

In 1957, Rory Best saw a large Victorian house for sale at 8 Hayman's Green and told Mona about it.<ref name=BT/> The Best family claim that Mona had pawned all her jewellery to place a bet on [[Never Say Die (horse)|Never Say Die]], a horse that was ridden by [[Lester Piggott]] in the 1954 [[Epsom Derby]]; it won at 33–1, and she saved her winnings and in 1957 used them to buy the house.{{sfn|Spitz|2005|p=161}} The house, built around 1860, had previously been owned by the West Derby [[Association of Conservative Clubs|Conservative Club]] and was unlike many other family houses in Liverpool as it was set back from the road and had 15 bedrooms and an acre of land.{{sfn|Best|2003|p=16}}{{sfn|Miles|1997|p=57}} All the rooms were painted dark green or brown, and the large garden was totally overgrown.<ref name="TheCasbahClub">[http://www.samleach.com/photos_beatles.html Photos of The Casbah Club] at SamLeach.com. Retrieved 10 October 2007 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030204140244/http://www.samleach.com/photos_beatles.html |date=4 February 2003 }}</ref> Mona later opened [[The Casbah Coffee Club]] in the house's large cellar. The idea for the club first came from Best, as he asked his mother for somewhere his friends could meet and listen to the popular music of the day.{{sfn|Spitz|2005|p=161}} As The Quarrymen, [[John Lennon]], [[Paul McCartney]], [[George Harrison]], and [[Ken Brown (musician)|Ken Brown]] played at the club after helping Mona to finish painting the walls.<ref>{{Cite web |title=This Week in 1959 - Casbah Club Opening Night |url=https://www.genesis-publications.com/news/this-week-in-1959-casbah-club-opening-night-special-offer/3108 |access-date=8 June 2024 |website=Genesis Publications |language=en |archive-date=8 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608145752/https://www.genesis-publications.com/news/this-week-in-1959-casbah-club-opening-night-special-offer/3108 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tshxHmknFcQ Anthology Zero: The Beatles at their Best] [[YouTube]].</ref> [[Chas Newby]] and Bill Barlow joined the Black Jacks, as did Ken Brown, but only after he had left the Quarrymen.{{sfn|Spitz|2005|pp=4–5,164–165}}{{sfn|Davies|1996|pp=30}} The Black Jacks later became the resident group at the Casbah, after the Quarrymen cancelled their residency because of an argument about money.<ref name=CynthiaJohnp44>Lennon, Cynthia. ''John'', 2006, p.44.</ref>

In 1960, [[Neil Aspinall]] became good friends with the young Best and rented a room in the Bests' house. During one of the extended business trips of Best's stepfather, Aspinall became romantically involved with Mona and in 1962, a son, Vincent Roag Best, was born to Aspinall and Mona.<ref name=CynthiaJohnp44 /> Aspinall later became the Beatles' road manager and denied the story for years before publicly admitting that Roag was indeed his son.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/6551609.stm |title=Faces of the Week: Neil Aspinall |date=13 April 2007 |first=Bob |last=Chaundy |publisher=BBC News |access-date=25 June 2015}}</ref>

== The Beatles ==

In 1960, Beatles' manager [[Allan Williams]] arranged a season of bookings in [[Hamburg]], beginning on 17 August 1960, but complained the group did not impress him and hoped that he could find a better act.{{sfn|Spitz|2005|p=203}}

Having no permanent drummer, [[Paul McCartney]] looked for someone to fill the Hamburg position. Best had been seen playing in the Casbah with his own group, the Black Jacks, and it was observed that he played the bass drum on all four beats in the [[Bar (music)|bar]], which pushed the rhythm.{{sfn|Spitz|2005|p=204}} In Liverpool, his female fans knew him as being "mean, moody, and magnificent", which convinced McCartney he would be suitable for the group.<ref name="TheBeatlesAnthologyDVD">''The Beatles Anthology'' DVD 2003 (Episode 1 – 0:39:26) McCartney talking Best's reputation in Liverpool</ref> After the Black Jacks broke up, McCartney persuaded Best to go to Hamburg with the band, by saying they would each earn £15 per week ({{Inflation|UK|15|1960|r=-2|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}).{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}}{{sfn|Miles|1997|p=57}}{{sfn|Lennon|2005|pp=69–70}} As Best had passed his school exams (unlike Lennon, McCartney and Harrison, who had failed most of theirs), he had the chance to attend teacher-training college, but he decided that playing in Hamburg would be a better career move.{{sfn|Spitz|2005|p=6}} Best had an audition in the Jacaranda Club, which Williams owned, and travelled to Hamburg the next day.<ref name=autogenerated5>''The Beatles Anthology'' DVD 2003 (Episode 1 – 0:39:49) Harrison talking about the audition with Best</ref><ref>[http://triumphpc.com/mersey-beat/archives/my-beatle-days.shtml My Beatle Days, by Pete Best] triumphpc.com – Retrieved 26 November 2007</ref> Williams later said that the audition with Best was unnecessary, as the group had not found any other drummer willing to travel to Hamburg, but did not tell Best in case he asked for more money.{{sfn|Goldsmith|2004|p=46}}

On their first trip to Hamburg, the group soon realised that the stage suits they wore could not withstand the hours of sweating and jumping about on stage every night, so they all bought leather jackets, jeans and cowboy boots, which were much tougher. Best initially preferred to play in cooler short sleeves on stage, which did not match the [[wikt:sartorial#Pronunciation|sartorial]] style of the group, even though he was later photographed wearing a leather jacket and jeans.{{sfn|Spitz|2005|pp=213–214}} Lennon, McCartney, Harrison and [[Stuart Sutcliffe]] were introduced to recreational drugs in Hamburg. As they played for hours every night, they often took [[Preludin]] to keep themselves awake, which they received from German customers or [[Astrid Kirchherr]], whose mother bought them.<ref name=autogenerated2>''The Beatles Anthology'' DVD 2003 (Episode 1 – 0:44:28) Starr and Harrison talking about Preludins in Hamburg</ref> Lennon often took four or five, but Best always refused.{{sfn|Miles|1997|pp=66–67}}{{sfn|Spitz|2005|p=219}}

The Beatles first played a complete show with Best on 17 August 1960<ref name="ReferenceA">The Complete Beatles Chronicle by Mark Lewisohn</ref> at the [[The Beatles in Hamburg#The Indra and Kaiserkeller|Indra Club]] in Hamburg, and the group slept in the [[The Beatles in Hamburg#Bambi Kino|Bambi Kino]] cinema in a small, dirty room with bunk beds, a cold and noisy former storeroom directly behind the screen. Upon first seeing the Indra, where they were booked to play, Best remembered it as a depressing place patronised by a few tourists and having heavy, old, red curtains that made it seem shabby compared to the larger [[Kaiserkeller]].{{sfn|Spitz|2005|p=208}} As Best had been the only group member to study [[O-Level]] German at school, he could converse with the club's owner, [[Bruno Koschmider]], and the clientele.{{sfn|Lennon|2005|p=77}} After the Indra closed following complaints about the noise, the group started a residency in the Kaiserkeller.{{Sfn|Miles|1997|pp=57–58}}{{sfn|Lennon|2005|p=76}}

In October 1960, the group left Koschmider's club to work at the [[Top Ten Club]], which Peter Eckhorn ran, as he offered the group more money and a slightly better place to sleep. In doing so, they broke their contract with Koschmider.{{sfn|Lennon|2005|p=93}}{{sfn|Miles|1997|pp=71–72}} When Best and McCartney returned to the Bambi Kino to retrieve their belongings, they found it in almost total darkness. As a snub to Koschmider, McCartney found a condom, attached it to a nail on the concrete wall of the room, and set it alight.{{Sfn|Spitz|2005|p=230}} No real damage was done, but Koschmider reported them both for attempted arson. Best and McCartney spent three hours in a local prison and were subsequently deported on 30 November 1960, as was George Harrison, for working under the legal age limit.{{sfn|Miles|1997|pp=72–73}}{{sfn|Lewisohn|1990|p=24}}

Upon the band's return from [[Hamburg]] in December 1960, [[Neil Aspinall]] hand-painted the first physical "The Beatles" logo on a 22-inch bass drum skin for Best's drum kit. However, the skin was never used in performance as it did not fit Best's 20-inch [[Premier Percussion|Premier]] bass drum. The artifact remained undiscovered for over 25 years until it was found by his brother, Roag Best, and is now displayed at the [[Liverpool Beatles Museum]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://liverpoolbeatlesmuseum.com |title=The Collection: The First Beatles Logo |website=Liverpool Beatles Museum |access-date=3 April 2026}}</ref>

Back in Liverpool, the group members had no contact with each other for two weeks, but Best and his mother made numerous phone calls to Hamburg to recover the group's equipment.{{sfn|Spitz|2005|p=231}} In late 1961, Mona arranged all the bookings for the group in Liverpool after they parted company with Williams.{{Sfn|Lennon|2005|p=106}}{{sfn|Spitz|2005|p=330}}

[[Chas Newby]], the ex-Black Jacks guitarist, was invited to play bass for four concerts, as bassist [[Stuart Sutcliffe]] had decided to stay in Hamburg.<ref>[http://www.beatlesource.com/savage/1960/1960.html Photo of Chas Newby] beatlesource.com – Retrieved 5 November 2007</ref> Newby played with the group at [[Litherland Town Hall]] and at the Casbah.{{sfn|Spitz|2005|p=234}} He was shocked at the vast improvement in their playing and singing and remembered Best's drumming to be very powerful, which pushed the group to play harder and louder.{{sfn|Spitz|2005|p=5}} It was probably thanks to McCartney that Best developed a loud drumming style, as he often told Best in Hamburg to "crank it up" (play as loud as possible).{{sfn|Spitz|2005|p=214}} When the group returned to Hamburg, by which time McCartney had switched to bass, Best was asked to sing a speciality number written by McCartney, "Pinwheel Twist", while McCartney played drums.

=== "My Bonnie" ===

The reunited Beatles returned to Hamburg in April 1961. While they played at the [[Top Ten Club]], singer [[Tony Sheridan]] recruited them to act as his backing band on a recording for the German [[Polydor Records|Polydor]] label, produced by bandleader [[Bert Kaempfert]],{{sfn|Lennon|2005|p=97}} who signed the group to a Polydor contract at the first session on 22 June 1961. On 31 October 1961, Polydor released the recording "[[My Bonnie Lies over the Ocean|My Bonnie]]" (''Mein Herz ist bei dir nur'' / My heart is only for you), which appeared on the German charts under the name "Tony Sheridan and the Beat Brothers"—a generic name used for whoever happened to be in Sheridan's backup band.{{sfn|Spitz|2005|p=250}} The song was later released in the UK.<ref name="MyBonnie">"My Bonnie"/"The Saints" 23 April 1962. Polydor NH 66833 (Tony Sheridan and the Beat Brothers)</ref> There was a second recording session on 23 June that year and a third in May 1962.

=== Decca and Parlophone ===


[[Brian Epstein]], who had been unofficially managing the Beatles for less than a month, arranged a [[The Beatles' Decca audition|recording audition]] at [[Decca Records]] in London on New Year's Day 1962.{{sfn|Unterberger|2006|p=18}} The group recorded 15 songs, mostly cover versions, plus three Lennon–McCartney songs.{{sfn|Unterberger|2006|p=19}} Best also recorded the song "Going Back Manchester" with Lennon at this time, which would later feature as a bonus track on the special edition of his album ''Best of the Beatles'', the rights of the song belonging to Best due to a legal technicality.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ozden |first=Elif |date=2022-11-21 |title=John Lennon’s Confession About Pete Best’s ‘Coward’ Dismissal From The Beatles |url=https://rockcelebrities.net/john-lennons-confession-about-pete-bests-coward-dismissal-from-the-beatles/ |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=Rock Celebrities |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pete Best (artist) |url=https://www.the-paulmccartney-project.com/artist/pete-best/ |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=The Paul McCartney project |language=en}}</ref> A month later, Decca informed Epstein the group had been rejected.{{sfn|Unterberger|2006|p=22}} All band members except for Best were informed of the rejection.{{sfn|Brocken|2010|p=101}} Epstein officially became the Beatles' manager on 24 January 1962, with the contract signed in Best's house.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brianepstein.com/brian.html|title=Life of Brian: Brian Epstein Bio|website=brianepstein.com|access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref>

Epstein negotiated ownership of the Decca audition tape, which he transferred to an acetate disc, to promote the band to other record companies in London. In the meantime, Epstein negotiated the release of the Beatles from their recording contract with Bert Kaempfert and [[Polydor Records]] in Germany, which expired on 22 June 1962.{{Sfn|Lewisohn|2013}}{{page needed|date=February 2024}} As a part of this contract, the Beatles recorded at Polydor's Studio Rahlstedt on 24 May 1962 in Hamburg as a sessions band, backing Tony Sheridan.{{sfn|Lewisohn|1996|p=42}}<ref name="MyBeatleDays">{{cite web |first=Pete |last=Best |url=http://www.triumphpc.com/mersey-beat/archives/my-beatle-days.shtml |title= My Beatle Days |publisher=Triumph PC |access-date=25 May 2009}}</ref><ref name="TheBeatlesinHamburg19601962">{{cite web|url=http://german.about.com/cs/music/a/beatleger_2.htm|title=The Beatles in Hamburg: 1960–1962|publisher=about|access-date=14 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090915191032/http://german.about.com/cs/music/a/beatleger_2.htm|archive-date=15 September 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Abbeyroadtomswain.jpg|thumb|left|270px|alt=Studio Two, Abbey Road Studios|Studio Two of Abbey Road Studios (in 2008) where Pete Best recorded with the Beatles in a test session on 6 June 1962]]
The record producer at [[EMI]], [[George Martin]], met Epstein on 9 May 1962 at the [[Abbey Road Studios|Abbey Road studios]], and was impressed with his enthusiasm. He agreed to sign the Beatles on a recording contract, based on listening to the Decca audition tape, without having met or seen them perform live.{{sfn|Miles|1997|p=90}} Soon after the recording contract was signed, the Beatles performed a "commercial test" (i.e. an evaluation of a signed artist) on 6 June 1962 in Studio Two at the Abbey Road studios.{{sfn|Martin|1994|pp=120–123}} The Beatles were not new to studio recording, and Best's drumming had been found acceptable by Polydor in Hamburg. However, Martin was alerted to Best's unsuitability for British studio work. EMI engineer [[Norman Smith (record producer)|Norman Smith]] stated in a 2006 video interview that "it was mainly down to what he was playing and not how he was playing," when "Love Me Do" was first recorded, referring to the head [[Arrangement#Jazz|arrangement]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RLAK8o0RXtA| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211116/RLAK8o0RXtA| archive-date=16 November 2021 | url-status=live|title=Bonus Beatles Stories - Special DVD Features - Norman Smith - Cinema Libre studio| date=23 January 2018|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Martin, however, found Best's timing inadequate and wanted to replace Best with an experienced studio [[Session musician|session drummer]] for the recordings, a common practice at the time.{{sfn|Martin|1994|pp=120–123}}
Martin stated years later:{{Blockquote|I decided that the drums, which are really the backbone of a good rock group, didn't give the boys enough support. They needed a good solid beat, and I said to Brian, 'Look, it doesn't matter what you do with the boys, but on record, nobody need know. I'm gonna use a hot drummer.' Brian [Epstein] said, 'Okay, fine.' I felt guilty because I felt maybe I was the catalyst that had changed his [Best's] life…<ref name=autogenerated1>''The Beatles Anthology'' DVD 2003 (Episode 1 – 1:02:54) Martin talking about Best's drumming.</ref>{{sfn|Miles|1997|p=90}}{{sfn|Spitz|2005|p=318}}}}

=== Dismissal ===
When Lennon, McCartney, and Harrison learned that Martin and the engineers preferred replacing Best with a session drummer for their upcoming recording session on 4 September 1962, they considered dismissing Best from the group. Eventually, they asked Epstein to handle this.{{sfn|Lennon|2005|p=119}} Epstein agonised over the decision. As he wrote in his autobiography, ''[[A Cellarful of Noise]]'', he "wasn't sure" about Martin's assessment of Best's drumming and "was not anxious to change the membership of the Beatles at a time when they were developing as personalities … I asked the Beatles to leave the group as it was".{{sfn|Epstein|1964|p=63}} Epstein also asked Liverpool DJ [[Bob Wooler]], who knew the Beatles intimately, for advice, to which Wooler replied that it was not a good idea, as Best was very popular with the fans.{{sfn|Spitz|2005|p=329}} Part of the dilemma for Epstein that arose at that time (when the band had not yet achieved national success, but rather local status as a good band with limited income) was that Best was an asset at gigs, popular with the group's female fans, and put on a good show, ensuring venues would have a solid audience. The counter-argument, however, was the larger consideration of the band's having the best music produced for record sales. Lennon, McCartney, and Harrison ultimately decided that record production was more important than having a drummer for live stage performances who was more image than substance. In the meantime, Epstein refrained from telling Best that EMI had made a recording contract with the band, which was orally since June and in writing at the end of July 1962. There might have been legal issues had Best known.<ref>{{cite book |last=Norman |first=Philip |date=1981 |title=Shout! |title-link=Shout!: The Beatles in Their Generation |pages=149–150}}</ref>

Epstein decided that "if the group was to remain happy, Pete Best must go." Best played his last two gigs with the Beatles on 15 August at [[the Cavern Club]], Liverpool. Epstein summoned Best to his office and dismissed him on Thursday, 16 August, ten weeks and a day after the first recording session. Epstein asked Best to play with the Beatles on 16 and 17 August at the Riverpark Ballroom, Chester, and Best agreed but had a change of heart and did not turn up; [[Johnny Hutchinson]] of [[The Big Three (English band)|the Big Three]] was rushed in as a substitute.<ref name="ReferenceA" />{{sfn|Epstein|1964|p=63}}

''[[Mersey Beat]]'' magazine's editor, [[Bill Harry]], claimed that Epstein initially offered the vacant drummer position in the group to Hutchinson, whom he also managed. Hutchinson is said to have refused the job, saying, "Pete Best is a very good friend of mine. I couldn't do the dirty on him."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.triumphpc.com/mersey-beat/a-z/petebest3.shtml |title=Bill Harry on Pete Best's Sacking |publisher=Triumphpc.com |access-date=22 October 2011}}</ref> However, McCartney and Harrison have said they wanted Starr from the beginning after he sat in with them at shows on several occasions when Best was absent. Best says that Epstein revealed at the dismissal meeting that Starr would become the new drummer.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=The OBVIOUS REASON PETE BEST Was FIRED by the BEATLES {{!}} #032 | date=6 September 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jU3a1deif-w |language=en |access-date=16 August 2022}}</ref>

Best had been good friends with [[Neil Aspinall]] since 1961 when Aspinall had rented a room in the house where Best lived with his parents. While still part of the group, Best had asked Aspinall to become the band's road manager and personal assistant. Aspinall accepted the job and bought an old [[Commer]] van for £80 ({{Inflation|UK|80|1961|r=-2|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}).{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}}{{sfn|Miles|1997|p=73}} Aspinall was waiting for Best downstairs in Epstein's NEMS record shop after the dismissal meeting. The two went to the ''Grapes'' pub on Mathew Street, the same street as the Cavern Club, where the group had played.{{sfn|Spitz|2005|p=331}} Aspinall was furious at the news, insisting to Best that he would resign from the Beatles.<ref name="triumphpc"/> Best strongly advised him to remain with the group. Aspinall's relationship with Mona Best (and their three-week-old baby, Roag) had ended. At the Riverpark Ballroom gig, Aspinall asked Lennon why they had fired Best, to which Lennon replied, "It's got nothing to do with you; you're only the driver."<ref name="triumphpc">[http://triumphpc.com/mersey-beat/beatles/neilaspinall2.shtml Aspinall, The Beatles and money – Mersey Beat] triumphpc.com – Retrieved 11 February 2007</ref>

Starr had previously played with [[Rory Storm and the Hurricanes]] – the alternating band at the Kaiserkeller – and had substituted whenever Best was ill or unable to play in Hamburg and Liverpool.{{Sfn|Miles|1997|p=90}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rory Storm in Hamburg - Conversations with Pete Best - Pete Best and Bill Harry - Mersey Beat |url=http://triumphpc.com/mersey-beat/beatles/rorystorm_hamburg.shtml |access-date=11 May 2007 |website=triumphpc.com}}</ref> [[Bill Harry]] reported Best's dismissal on the front page of ''Mersey Beat'' magazine, upsetting many Beatles fans. The group encountered some jeering and heckling in the street and on stage for weeks afterwards, with some fans shouting, "Pete forever, Ringo never!" One agitated fan [[headbutt]]ed Harrison in The Cavern, giving him a [[black eye]].<ref name=autogenerated6>''The Beatles Anthology'' DVD 2003 (Episode 1 – 1:04:24) Harrison talking about "Pete forever, Ringo never!"</ref>{{sfn|Lennon|2005|p=120}}

As Best's replacement, Starr accompanied the band on their second recording session with EMI at Abbey Road studios on 4 September 1962.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.beatle.net/50th-anniversary-of-beatles-1st-proper-recording-session/|title=50 Years Ago: Beatles First Proper Recording Session – beatle.net|website=beatle.net|date=4 September 2012|access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref> George Martin initially refused to let Starr play. He was unfamiliar with Starr and wanted to avoid any risk of his drumming not being up to par. On 11 September 1962, at the third EMI recording session, Martin used session musician [[Andy White (drummer)|Andy White]] on the drums for the whole session instead of Starr, as Martin had already booked White after the first session with Best.{{sfn|Spitz|2005|p=353}} Starr played the tambourine on some songs while White played the drums. Starr told biographer [[Hunter Davies]] years later that he had thought, "That's the end. They're pulling a Pete Best on me."{{sfn|Davies|1996|p=163}}

== Reasons for dismissal ==
=== Drumming ability ===


Lennon said Best was recruited only because they needed a drummer to go to Hamburg. "We were pretty sick of Pete Best, too, because he was a lousy drummer, you know? He never improved, you know?{{nbsp}}[...] And we were always going to dump him when we could find a decent drummer"{{nbsp}}[...] "By the time we'd rolled back from Germany, we'd trained him to keep a, you know, a stick to keep going up and down at four in the bar; he couldn't do much else."{{sfn|Anthology|2000|pp=70–72}}

McCartney stated Best was "good, but a bit limited". McCartney remembered:

{{Blockquote|George Martin was used to drummers being very 'in time' because all the big-band session drummers he used had a great sense of time. Now, our Liverpool drummers had a sense of spirit, emotion, economy even, but not a deadly sense of time. This would bother producers making a record. George took us to one side and said, 'I'm really unhappy with the drummer. Would you consider changing him?' We said, 'No, we can't!' It was one of those terrible things you go through as kids. Can we betray him? No. But our career was on the line. Maybe they were going to cancel our contract.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/25114151/The-Beatles-Anthology |title=The Beatles Anthology |via=Scribd |access-date=28 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140601030952/http://www.scribd.com/doc/25114151/The-Beatles-Anthology |archive-date=1 June 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>}}

McCartney later suggested Starr's drumming was a significant improvement over Best's:<ref name=":0" />

{{Blockquote|The truth was, we just kind of fell in love with Ringo's drumming. Ringo was in another band, and we had Pete, and we were working, and we used to see this other band. We said, "God, that drummer's good." And one night, Pete couldn't do it and Ringo sat in for him. And we all just went "[Gasp]." Behind us was this powerhouse and this person who was, like, taking care of the job. And we went, "Oh dear."|source=}}

Harrison also recalled preferring Starr's drumming. He said "Ringo kept sitting in with the band. And every time Ringo sat in with the band, it just seemed like, this was it."<ref name=":0" />

For his part, Starr said, "I felt I was a much better drummer than [Best] was."{{sfn|Anthology|2000|pp=70–72}}

Critic [[Richie Unterberger]] described Best's drumming at the Decca audition as "thinly textured and rather unimaginative",{{sfn|Unterberger|2006|p=19}} adding that Best "pushes the beat a little too fast for comfort".{{sfn|Unterberger|2006|p=22}} Unterberger thought Starr to be "more talented".{{sfn|Unterberger|2006|p=24}} Mike Savage, the session engineer, said "I thought Pete Best was very average and didn't keep good time. You could pick up a better drummer in any pub in London. If you've got a quarter of the group being very average, that isn't good. The drummer should be the rock. If the rock isn't good, you start thinking, no. If Decca was going to sign the Beatles, we wouldn't have used Pete Best on the record."<ref name=":0" /> Beatles' historian [[Ian MacDonald]], recounting the Decca audition, said that "Best's limitations as a drummer are nakedly apparent".{{sfn|MacDonald|2005|p=52}} MacDonald notes, of the EMI recording session on 6 June that "this audition version [of "Love Me Do"] shows one of the reasons why Best was sacked. In moving to the ride cymbal for the first middle eight, he slows down and the group falters."{{sfn|MacDonald|2005|p=55-56}} Beatles' critic [[Alan W. Pollack]] compared the Best, Starr, and [[Andy White (drummer)|Andy White]] versions of "[[Love Me Do]]", and concluded that Best was "an incredibly unsteady and tasteless drummer" on his version.<ref>{{cite web |title=Notes On 'Love Me Do' |url=https://www.icce.rug.nl/~soundscapes/DATABASES/AWP/lmd.shtml |access-date=22 October 2011 |publisher=Icce.rug.nl}}</ref>

After the Beatles signed a contract, EMI producer Ron Richards said, "Pete Best wasn't very good. It was me who said to [producer] [[George Martin]] he's useless. We've got to change this drummer." Martin said, "[Best] couldn't play drums very well. I mean, he couldn't keep time too well. And I was aware that the band weren't tight. They needed that sort of binding force that a good drummer should give them. So I said to [Beatles manager] Brian [Epstein] I'll get another drummer for the recording session."<ref name=":0" />

Still, Martin claimed to be surprised to learn that Best had been fired from stage shows, hearing the news from Mona via telephone. He said:

{{Blockquote|I never suggested that Pete Best must go. All I said was that for the purposes of the Beatles' first record, I would rather use a sessions man. I never thought that Brian Epstein would let him go. He seemed to be the most saleable commodity as far as looks went. It was a surprise when I learned that they had dropped Pete. The drums were important to me for a record, but they didn't matter much otherwise. Fans don't pay particular attention to the quality of the drumming.{{sfn|Harry|2001}}}}

According to biographer Bob Spitz, "All Pete could do was play [[Four on the floor (music)|Fours]]", a style of drumming that uses kick drum notes on every quarter note to hold down the beat. Spitz's book also contains an account by engineer [[Ron Richards (producer)|Ron Richards]] of his failed attempts to teach Best somewhat more complicated beats for different songs.{{sfn|Spitz|2005|p=318}}

Best has said he did not believe this was the "real reason" and that it "never held up water".<ref name=":0" />{{better source needed|reason=Exactly when and where did Best say this?|date=July 2023}} On ''[[Late Night with David Letterman]]'', he said the reason was "jealousy".<ref name="letterman">{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A3j7nqx0Pgs?t=559 | title=Pete Best Reveals Why He Was Kicked Out of the Beatles | Letterman | website=[[YouTube]] | date=29 March 2023 }}</ref>

In 1968, authorised Beatles biographer Hunter Davies opined that the firing of Best was "one of the few murky incidents in the Beatles' history. There was something sneaky about the way it was done."{{sfn|Davies|1996|p=139}} Over twenty years later, [[Mark Lewisohn]] concluded that "Despite his alleged shortcomings, it was still shabby treatment for Pete... The Beatles had had two years in which to dismiss him but hadn't done so, and now – as they were beginning to reap the rewards for their long, hard slog, with money rolling in and an EMI contract secured – he was out. It was the most underhanded, unfortunate and unforgivable chapter in the Beatles' rise to monumental power."{{sfn|Lewisohn|1990|p=58}}

===Band chemistry===


Epstein claimed in his autobiography that Lennon, McCartney and Harrison thought Best was "too conventional to be a Beatle" and added, "though he was friendly with John, he was not liked by George and Paul".{{sfn|Epstein|1964|p=63}} It has been documented, in [[Cynthia Lennon]]'s book ''John'' and elsewhere, that while Lennon, McCartney, and Harrison usually spent their offstage time together in Hamburg and Liverpool, writing songs or socialising, Best generally went off alone. This left Best on the outside, as he was not privy to many of the group's experiences, references and [[in-joke]]s.<ref name="BeatlesIreland">[https://www.iol.ie/~beatlesireland/Reviews/books/drummedout.htm The Sacking Of Pete Best] iol.ie/~beatlesireland – Retrieved 31 May 2007 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070113202925/http://www.iol.ie/~beatlesireland/Reviews/books/drummedout.htm |date=13 January 2007 }}</ref>

A German photographer, [[Astrid Kirchherr]], asked if they would not mind letting her take photographs of them in a photo session, which impressed them, as other groups had only [[Snapshot (photography)|snapshots]] taken by friends. The next morning Kirchherr took photographs on the [[Heiligengeistfeld]], a municipal event area close to the [[Reeperbahn]]. In the afternoon, Kirchherr took them to her mother's house in [[Altona, Hamburg|Altona]] – minus Best, who decided not to attend.<ref name="autogenerated3">''The Beatles Anthology'' DVD 2003 (Episode 1 – 0:47:16) Harrison talking about their friends: Kircherr, Voormann and Volmer.</ref>{{sfn|Spitz|2005|p=223}} Dot Rhone, McCartney's then-girlfriend who later visited Hamburg, described Best as being very quiet and never taking part in conversations with the group.{{sfn|Spitz|2005|p=246}}

It has been claimed that Epstein became exasperated with Best's refusal to adopt the [[mop-top]]-style [[Beatle haircut]] as part of their unified look, as he preferred to keep his [[quiff]]ed hairstyle, though Best later stated that he was never asked to change his hairstyle. In a 1995 [[BBC Radio Merseyside]] interview, Kirchherr explained: "My boyfriend, [[Klaus Voormann]], had this hairstyle, and Stuart [Sutcliffe] liked it very, very much. He was the first one who really got the nerve to get the [[Brylcreem]] out of his hair and asking me to cut his hair for him. Pete Best has really curly hair, and it wouldn't work."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Leigh |first=Spencer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zK3tBwAAQBAJ&dq=Pete+Best+has+really+curly+hair,+and+it+wouldn't+work&pg=PT34 |title=Best of the Beatles: The sacking of Pete Best |date=30 April 2015 |publisher=McNidder and Grace Limited |isbn=978-0-85716-102-4 |language=en}}</ref>

McCartney explained why [[Geoff Britton]], one-time drummer in his subsequent band [[Paul McCartney and Wings|Wings]], "didn't last long" in that group: "It's like in the Beatles, we had Pete Best. He was a really good drummer, but there just was something; he wasn't quite like the rest of us; we had like a sense of humour in common, and he was nearly in with it all, but it's a fine line, you know, as to what is exactly in and what is nearly in. So he left the band and we were looking for someone who would fit."<ref>Wingspan DVD 2001 56:30)</ref> He told [[Mark Lewisohn]], similarly, that when George Martin suggested "changing" their drummer the Beatles responded: "Well, we're quite happy with him, he works great in the clubs",<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/113016814/Mark-Lewisohn-The-Complete-Beatles-Recording-Sessions-1988-pdf|title=Mark Lewisohn – The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions (1988).pdf – The Beatles – Leisure|via=Scribd|access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref> but also that "Pete had never quite been like the rest of us. We were the wacky trio, and Pete was perhaps a little more sensible; he was slightly different from us; he wasn't quite as artsy as we were."<ref name=":1" />

Harrison said, "Pete kept being sick and not showing up for gigs", and admitted, "I was quite responsible for stirring things up. I conspired to get Ringo in for good; I talked to Paul and John until they came round to the idea."{{sfn|Goldsmith|2004|p=20}}

=== Difficulties between Mona Best and others ===
Before Epstein took the Beatles on, Mona had been handling most of the management and promotional work. According to promoter and manager Joe Flannery,<ref>Series of interviews with Liverpool promoter and manager Joe Flannery 1996–1999, recounted by Michael Brocken in Chapter 4 of his book ''Hidden Voices: Hidden Histories of Liverpool's popular music scenes, 1930s–1970s''. Burlington VT, Ashgate Publishing Company, 2010</ref> Mona had done a great deal for the band by arranging several important early gigs and lending them a badly-needed helping hand when they returned from Hamburg the first time, but this came at the cost of having to contend with her overbearing nature. At this crucial time in the history of the Beatles, Lennon confided to Flannery that he considered Mona "bossy like [his aunt] [[Mimi Smith|Mimi]]" and believed that she was using the Beatles only for the sake of her son Pete.<ref name="Brocken 2010">Brocken 2010</ref> However, this should be weighed against the fact that the Beatles' cordial relations with Mona soon resumed. She often met them while visiting Neil Aspinall at his London home. On these occasions, the Beatles often had small gifts for her, which they had acquired on their travels. For her part, Mona allowed them to use her father's military medals in the photo shoot for the ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band|Sgt. Pepper]]'' album cover.<ref>Roag Best et al. ''The Beatles: The True Beginnings''. p170</ref>

Although Epstein's publicly stated reluctance to fire Best quickly became a matter of record in the early biographies,{{sfn|Davies|1996|p=138}} he had found Mona to be the cause of mounting aggravation. She had contractual ties to the band, making it difficult to dismiss Pete; breaking the group would nullify any contract Mona held. Meanwhile, Epstein's distaste for her interference in the Beatles' management, including her "aggressive opinions about his handling of her son's career", was obvious to everyone,<ref>Carlin, Peter Ames, ''Paul: A Life''. Touchstone Books, New York 2009 p73</ref> and he also reportedly considered Mona a loose cannon who must not be allowed to interfere in his operations.<ref name="Brocken 2010" /> Moreover, the very recent birth of her son Roag further complicated matters. Although Best was not personally responsible for this development, it might have caused a scandal at a crucial moment in the Beatles' career had it become generally known. Epstein would have been horrified at the prospect.<ref>Inglis, Ian, ''The Beatles In Hamburg'', Reaktion Press, London 2009 p142 et seq.</ref>

=== Popularity ===

Best's popularity with fans was reportedly a source of friction, as many female fans considered him the band's best-looking member.{{sfn|Spitz|2005|p=322}} Radio Merseyside presenter [[Spencer Leigh (radio presenter)|Spencer Leigh]] wrote a book chronicling Best's firing, suggesting that the other members, McCartney in particular, were jealous.{{sfn|Leigh|1998}} In an issue of [[Bill Harry]]'s ''[[Mersey Beat]]'' music publication in Liverpool, dated 31 August 1961, [[Bob Wooler]] reported on the Beatles' local musical impact and singled out Best for particular praise, calling the group "musically authoritative and physically magnetic, example the mean, moody magnificence of drummer Pete Best – a sort of teenage [[Jeff Chandler (actor)|Jeff Chandler]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://triumphpc.com/mersey-beat/a-z/petebest2.shtml |title=Pete Best – Bill Harry – Mersey Beat |publisher=Triumphpc.com |access-date=28 June 2014}}</ref> During the ''Teenagers' Turn'' showcase in [[Manchester]], Lennon, McCartney and Harrison walked on stage to applause, but when Best walked on, the girls screamed.{{sfn|Spitz|2005|p=322}} Afterwards, attentive female fans surrounded Best at the stage door, while the other members were ignored after signing a few autographs. McCartney's father, Jim McCartney, was present at the time and admonished Best: "Why did you have to attract all the attention? Why didn't you call the other lads back? I think that was very selfish of you."{{sfn|Spitz|2005|p=322}} Lennon called the accusations of jealousy a "myth".{{sfn|Anthology|2000|pp=70–72}}

In 1963, on British television, Mona, with Pete present, said of his dismissal:

{{blockquote|Mona: "From the point of [[clash of personalities]], well, probably that may be it because Peter did have a terrific fan club, you know, compared to the others."

[Interviewer: Too good looking perhaps?]

Mona: "I'll leave that for other people to say, but from my point of view, we haven't come here to sort of throw any sticks and stones at the boys because there is no really hard feeling. There was at first, but as they say, success is hard to come by, and these things do happen, but it's just the way that it was done that has annoyed us. That's all. If it had been done a bit more straightforward, it would have been more to the mark."<ref>"Best of the Beatles" DVD 2005 (1:48:48) Mona and Pete Best reflecting on the dismissal, in vintage television clip</ref>}}

== After the Beatles ==

Lennon, McCartney, and Harrison all later stated that they regretted the manner in which Best was sacked. Lennon admitted that "we were cowards when we sacked him. We made Brian do it." McCartney stated: "I do feel sorry for him because of what he could have been on to."{{sfn|Anthology|2000|p=70}} Harrison said: "We weren't very good at telling Pete he had to go",{{sfn|Anthology|2000|p=72}} and "historically, it may look like we did something nasty to Pete and it may have been that we could have handled it better."<ref>''The Beatles Anthology'' DVD 2003 (Episode 1 – 1:03:05) Harrison discussing Best's sacking</ref> Starr, on the other hand, felt he had no apology to make: "I never felt sorry… I was not involved."{{sfn|Anthology|2000|p=72}}

After Best was dismissed, Epstein attempted to console him by offering him a position as drummer for [[the Mersey Beats]], but Best who was distraught turned it down.{{sfn|Lewisohn|2013|loc=Thirty-One: Some Other Guy}} Feeling let down and depressed, he sat at home for two weeks, not wanting to face anybody or answer the inevitable questions about why he had been sacked.{{sfn|Lennon|2005|p=119}} On 25 September 1962, Best's [[solicitor]] sent a [[demand letter]] to Epstein threatening to sue for [[wrongful dismissal]] unless Best received [[damages]]. The letter argued that since Best's name was on the Beatles' original management contract, Epstein was still required to find work for him. Epstein sent a response letter that made three arguments: he had already arranged for Best to join another group, Best had lacked the necessary talent to "fulfil his obligations" to the Beatles, and Best had left the Beatles voluntarily.{{sfn|Lewisohn|2013|loc=Thirty-One: Some Other Guy}} The band's next management contract, signed by Starr instead of Best, contained a provision allowing for one member to be dismissed at the behest of Epstein and at least two other band members; the provision was never invoked.{{sfn|Lewisohn|2013|loc=Thirty-One: Some Other Guy}}

Epstein secretly arranged with his booking agent partner, Joe Flannery, for Best to join [[Lee Curtis and the All-Stars]],{{sfn|Brocken|2010|p=102}} which broke off from Curtis to become Pete Best & the All-Stars. They signed to Decca Records, releasing the single "[[I'm Gonna Knock on Your Door]]" in 1964, which was commercially unsuccessful.<ref name="AftertheBeatles" /><ref>{{cite web |title=The Pete Best Four – I'm Gonna Knock On Your Door |url=https://www.discogs.com/master/1570882-The-Pete-Best-Four-Im-Gonna-Knock-On-Your-Door |website=[[Discogs]] |access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref>

=== The Pete Best Combo {{anchor|best_of_the_beatles}} ===
Best later moved to the United States along with songwriters [[Wayne Bickerton]] and [[Tony Waddington (songwriter)|Tony Waddington]]. As the Pete Best Four, and later as the Pete Best Combo (a [[quintet]]), they toured the United States with a combination of 1950s songs and original tunes, recording for small labels, but they had little success.<ref name="AftertheBeatles">[https://www.petebest.com/1963.asp After the Beatles], petebest.com. Retrieved 4 December 2007. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626073905/http://www.petebest.com/1963.asp |date=26 June 2012 }}</ref> They ultimately released an album on Savage Records, ''Best of the Beatles'': a play on Best's name, leading to disappointment for record buyers who neglected to read the song titles on the front cover and expected a Beatles compilation album. The group disbanded shortly afterwards. Bickerton and Waddington were to find greater success as songwriters in the 1960s and 1970s, writing a series of hits for the American female group [[The Flirtations (R&B musical group)|the Flirtations]] and the British group [[the Rubettes]].<ref name="Rub">[http://www.therubettes.de/ The Rubettes feat. Alan Williams] at therubettes.de</ref> In 1996, the record label Cherry Red reissued the Pete Best Combo's recordings as a compact disc compilation. [[Richie Unterberger]], reviewing the CD, stated that the music's "energy level is reasonably high", that Bickerton and Waddington's songwriting is "kind of catchy", but that Best's drumming is "ordinary".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/release/beyond-the-beatles-1964-1966-mr0002746031 |title=The Pete Best Combo: ''Beyond the Beatles 1964–1966'' |publisher=AllMusic |first=Richie |last=Unterberger |access-date=25 June 2015}}</ref>

American [[garage rock]] band [[Lyres (band)|Lyres]] recorded a [[cover version]] of Pete Best Combo's "The Way I Feel About You" on their 1984 album ''[[On Fyre]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lyres |url=https://trouserpress.com/reviews/lyres |website=[[Trouser Press]] |access-date=11 November 2020}}</ref>

== Later years ==

[[File:Pete Best2005.jpg|thumb|upright|Best in October 2005]]
Best decided to leave show business for good after being in many commercially unsuccessful bands. In 1968, when Hunter Davies' was researching his authorised Beatles biography, Best was unwilling to discuss his association with the Beatles for the book. Years later, he stated in his autobiography, "the Beatles themselves certainly never held out a helping hand and only contributed to the destruction with their readily printed gossip that I had never really been a Beatle, that I didn't smile, that I was unsociable and definitely not a good mixer. There was not a single friendly word from any one of them".{{sfn|Best|Doncaster|1985|p=179}} This culminated in a Beatles' interview published in ''[[Playboy]]'' magazine in February 1965 in which Lennon stated that "Ringo used to fill in sometimes if our drummer was ill. With his periodic illness." Starr added, "He took little pills to make him ill."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beatlesinterviews.org/db1965.02pl.beatles.html |title=Beatles Interview: Playboy, February 1965 (Page 1) – Beatles Interviews Database |publisher=Beatlesinterviews.org |access-date=28 June 2014}}</ref> Best sued the Beatles for [[defamation of character]], eventually agreeing to an out-of-court settlement for much less than the $18 million he had sought.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rockalmanac.com/news/69-january-18-1969-pete-best-wins-defamation-suit-against-the-beatles.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223113141/http://rockalmanac.com/news/69-january-18-1969-pete-best-wins-defamation-suit-against-the-beatles.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 February 2014 |title=News: Pete Best |publisher=Rockalmanac.com |access-date=28 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |date=26 October 1968 |title=Ex-Beatle Best Wins Playboy Libel Suit |magazine=Rolling Stone |location=San Francisco |publisher=Stone Arrow Publishers}}</ref>

Davies recalled that while working with the Beatles on their authorised biography in 1968, "when the subject of Pete Best came up, they seemed to cut off as if he had never touched their lives. They showed little reaction{{nbsp}}[...] I suppose it reminded them not just that they had been rather sneaky in the handling of Pete Best's sacking, never telling him to his face, but that for the grace of God, or Brian Epstein, circumstances might have been different and they could have ended up [like Pete]."{{sfn|Davies|1996|p=xliii}} Best attempted suicide in the 1960s, but his mother, Mona, and his brother, Rory, prevented him from completing it.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Andrea |title='There was a bit of heartbreak because of what could have been' - Pete Best on being sacked from the Beatles |url=https://www.independent.ie/entertainment/music/there-was-a-bit-of-heartbreak-because-of-what-could-have-been-pete-best-on-being-sacked-from-the-beatles-36805427.html#:~:text=While%20he%20did%20his%20best,his%20mother%20and%20brother%2C%20Rory.&text=His%20mum%20Mona%20was%20thrilled,a%20couple%20of%20weeks%20later. |access-date=22 September 2020 |publisher=Independent.ie |date=6 April 2018}}</ref>

In 1963, Best married Kathy, a [[Woolworths (United Kingdom)|Woolworths]] sales clerk whom he met at an early Beatles show;<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.clickliverpool.com/news/national-news/122714-pete-best-finally-speaks-out-over-bitter-sacking-from-the-beatles.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729080542/http://www.clickliverpool.com/news/national-news/122714-pete-best-finally-speaks-out-over-bitter-sacking-from-the-beatles.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 July 2012 |title=Pete Best finally speaks out over bitter sacking from the Beatles |work=ClickLiverpool.com |first=Pierce |last=King |date=4 February 2009 |access-date=25 June 2015}}</ref> they have remained married and have two daughters and four grandchildren.<ref>[https://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/06/12/1086749942832.html Till there was Ringo], ''The Age'', 13 June 2004. Retrieved 26 November 2007.</ref> Best did [[shift work]] loading bread into the back of delivery vans, earning £8 a week ({{Inflation|UK|8|1963|r=-2|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}).{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}}{{sfn|Schaffner|1980|p=22}} His education qualifications subsequently helped him become a civil servant working at the Garston Jobcentre in [[Liverpool]],{{sfn|Curley|2005}}{{pn|date=June 2024}} where he rose from employment officer to training manager for the [[North West England|Northwest of England]],<ref name="Original Beatles Drummer Pete Best Tells His Side of the Fab Four Story">[http://www.spinner.com/2009/09/03/original-beatles-drummer-pete-best-tells-his-side-of-the-fab-fou/ Original Beatles Drummer Pete Best Tells His Side of the Fab Four Story] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106090738/http://www.spinner.com/2009/09/03/original-beatles-drummer-pete-best-tells-his-side-of-the-fab-fou |date=6 January 2010 }} – 3 September 2009.</ref> and remembered "a steady stream of real-life [[Yosser Hughes]] types" imploring him to give them jobs. The most he could do, he recalls, was to offer to retrain them in other fields, "which was an emotional issue for people who had done one kind of work all their lives."<ref name="The Lost Beatle">[https://archive.today/20110615093715/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article5008957.ece The Lost Beatle], – ''The Times'', 27 October 2008.</ref>

Eventually, Best began giving interviews to the media, writing about his time with the group and serving as a technical advisor for the television film ''[[Birth of the Beatles]]''. He found a modicum of independent fame and has admitted to being a fan of his former band's music and owning their records.<ref>[http://www.retrosellers.com/features44.htm Pete Best interview] retrosellers.com – Retrieved 21 May 2007 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232721/http://www.retrosellers.com/features44.htm |date=3 March 2016 }}</ref> In 1995, the surviving Beatles released ''[[Anthology 1]]'', which featured ten tracks with Best as drummer, including songs from the Decca and [[Parlophone]] auditions. Best received a substantial windfall – between £1{{nbsp}}million and £4{{nbsp}}million – from the sales, although he was not interviewed for the book or the documentaries.<ref>[https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/liverpool-entertainment/the-beatles/the-beatles-news/2007/04/09/let-s-talk-again-pete-best-urges-sir-paul-100252-18878463/ Money from sales] liverpoolecho.co.uk – Retrieved 5 November 2007</ref><ref>[https://lakeconews.com/content/view/351/29/ Money from Anthology] lakeconews.com – Retrieved 5 November 2007 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905071032/http://lakeconews.com/content/view/351/29 |date=5 September 2009 }}</ref> According to writer [[Philip Norman (author)|Philip Norman]], the first time Best knew about the royalties due him for the use of those tracks "was a phone call" from Paul McCartney himself, "the one who'd been so keen to get rid of him" – the first time they'd spoken since it happened. "Some wrongs need to be righted," McCartney told him. "There's some money here that's owing to you and you can take it or leave it" – Best took it.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Norman|first1=Philip|title=Paul McCartney: The Life|date=2016|publisher=Little, Brown and Company|isbn=978-0-316-32796-1|page=658|ref=Norman}}</ref> However, Best asserts that it was [[Neil Aspinall]] and not McCartney who phoned him. "Paul McCartney claims he called me but he didn't," Best told ''[[The Irish Times]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title='There's nothing to forgive': Pete Best on being sacked from the Beatles |newspaper=The Irish Times |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/music/there-s-nothing-to-forgive-pete-best-on-being-sacked-from-the-beatles-1.4199732 |date=21 March 2020 |access-date=3 May 2020}}</ref>

The collage of torn photographs on the ''Anthology 1'' album cover includes an early group photo that featured Best, but Best's head was removed, revealing a photo of Starr's head, taken from the ''[[Please Please Me]]'' cover photo (the missing section of the photograph appears on the cover of Best's album ''[[Haymans Green]]''). A small photograph of Best can be seen on the left side of the ''Anthology'' cover.<ref name=autogenerated7>''The Beatles Anthology'' DVD 2003 (Episodes 1 & 2 cover)</ref> Best appeared in an advertisement for Carlsberg lager that was broadcast during the first commercial break of the first episode of the [[The Beatles Anthology (film)|''Anthology'' TV series]] on [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] in November 1995. The tagline was "Probably the Pete Best lager in the world", a variation of Carlsberg's well-known slogan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Neil Aspinall: The Times obituary |work=The Times |url=https://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article3612776.ece?token=null&offset=12 |date=25 March 2008 |access-date=20 June 2008}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

=== The Pete Best Band ===

In 1988, after twenty years of turning down all requests to play drums in public, Best finally relented, appearing at a Beatles convention in Liverpool. He and his brother Roag performed, and afterwards, his wife and mother both told him, "You don't know it, but you're going to go back into show business."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thesouthern.com/entertainment/feature/article_87194d2b-7bd6-5f3a-ba63-c9fcca843e37.html |title=Meet Pete Best |first=Brent |last=Stewart |date=2 October 2008 |publisher=thesouthern.com |access-date=20 November 2010}}</ref><ref>[https://www.petebest.com/1988.asp Pete best homepage] petebest.com – Retrieved 21 November 2007 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626073112/http://www.petebest.com/1988.asp |date=26 June 2012 }}</ref> The Pete Best Band's album ''[[Haymans Green]]'', made entirely from original material, was released on 16 September 2008 in the US, 24 October 2008 worldwide, excluding the UK, and 27 October 2008 in the UK.<ref>{{cite web |title=Haymans Green – Release Date |publisher=The Pete Best Forums |date=13 June 2008 |url=http://www.petebest.net/forums/showthread.php?t=2810 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913223649/http://www.petebest.net/forums/showthread.php?t=2810 |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 September 2010 |access-date=15 September 2008 }}</ref>

Following a long run of regularly touring the world with the Pete Best Band, and sharing the drumming with his younger brother Roag, Best abruptly announced his retirement from public appearances and performing on 5 April 2025, "due to personal circumstances."<ref>{{cite web |last=Cain|first= Sian |title= Original Beatles drummer Pete Best announces his retirement|work= [[The Guardian]] |url= https://www.theguardian.com/music/2025/apr/09/original-beatles-drummer-pete-best-announces-his-retirement|date=9 April 2025| access-date = 9 April 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |author=Tomás Mier |date=7 April 2025 |title=Pete Best, Original Beatles Drummer, Announces Retirement |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/pete-best-beatles-original-drummer-announces-retirement-1235311939/?fbclid=IwY2xjawJhG8RleHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHkGjorDpBSzgfVgKF_8gHpRAcqGnm-CIEHfhc8gN9-IJrkSWCyhtWpElKKKZ_aem_hLpDmsUNYFsbG1eGRyDAsg |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]}}</ref>

=== Honours ===

On 6 July 2007, Best was inducted into the ''All You Need Is Liverpool'' Music Hall of Fame as the debut Charter Member. Best was presented with a framed certificate before his band performed.<ref>[http://www.mccaffreysworld.com/pbb707.html Best being inducted to the Hall Of Fame] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714055812/http://www.mccaffreysworld.com/pbb707.html |date=14 July 2011 }}, mccaffreysworld.com – Retrieved 5 November 2007</ref> Liverpool further honoured Best with the announcement, on 25 July 2011, that two new streets in the city would be named Pete Best Drive and Casbah Close.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-14294100 |title=Pete Best Drive named in Liverpool |publisher=BBC News |date=26 July 2011 |access-date=22 August 2011}}</ref> On 3 November 2025, the [[main belt asteroid]] {{mp|1989 SD|8}} was named {{LoMP|100016|100016 Petebest}} in his honour.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=(100016) Petebest = 1989 SD8|url=https://www.wgsbn-iau.org/files/Bulletins/V005/WGSBNBull_V005_025.pdf#page=7|journal=WGSBN Bulletin|publisher=[[International Astronomical Union]]|volume=5|number=25|pages=7|date=3 November 2025|access-date=3 November 2025|quote=Pete Best (b. 1941) was The Beatles' original drummer, performing over 350 shows with the band from 1960 to 1962. Ten tracks featuring Best appear on ''The Beatles Anthology 1'' album. Later, with his own group (the Pete Best Band) he released ''Hayman's Green'', a concept album about his Beatles experience that received four Grammy nominations.}}</ref>

== Portrayals in media ==


===Film and television===
Best is portrayed in several films about the Beatles. In the 1979 biopic ''[[Birth of the Beatles]]'', for which Best was a technical advisor, he is played by Ryan Michael. In both the 1994 film ''[[Backbeat (film)|Backbeat]]''<ref name="Womack2014">{{cite book |first=Kenneth |last=Womack |title=The Beatles Encyclopedia: Everything Fab Four |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xWRyBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA68 |date=30 June 2014 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-39172-9 |pages=68, 150}}</ref> and in the 2000 television biopic ''[[In His Life: The John Lennon Story]]'', Best is played by Liverpool native [[Scot Williams]]. The 2008 [[Rainn Wilson]] film ''[[The Rocker (film)|The Rocker]]'', about a drummer kicked out of a [[glam metal]] band through no fault of his own, was inspired by Best's termination. Best had a cameo in the movie.<ref name="The Rocker">{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1031969/fullcredits#cast |title=The Rocker |publisher=20th Century Fox |date=17 October 2008 |access-date=8 May 2011}}</ref> In ''[[Midas Man]]'', a 2024 biopic about Brian Epstein, Best is played by Adam Lawrence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Travis |first=Ben |date=12 October 2024 |title=Midas Man Tells The Story Of The 'Fifth Beatle', Brian Epstein – Watch An Exclusive Clip |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/midas-man-fifth-beatle-brian-epstein-fires-pete-best-exclusive-clip/ |access-date=9 April 2025 |website=Empire |language=en}}</ref>

===Theatre===
''BEST!'', a comedy play written by [[Liverpool]] playwright [[Fred Lawless]], was staged at the Liverpool [[Everyman Theatre, Liverpool|Everyman Theatre]] and the [[Dublin Theatre Festival]] in 1995 and 1996. The play, which was mainly fiction, showed an [[alternate history]] scenario where after Pete Best's sacking, he went on to unexpectedly become a world-famous rock superstar while his ex-group struggled as [[one hit wonders]]. The play was critically acclaimed in both the ''[[Liverpool Echo]]'' and also in Spencer Leigh's 1998 book ''Drummed Out: The Sacking of Pete Best''.{{sfn|Leigh|1998}}
Pete Best is a main character in [[David Harrower]]'s 2001 play ''[[Presence (play)|Presence]]'', premiered at the [[Royal Court Theatre]], London, dramatising the Beatles' time in Hamburg.

Andrew Games portrayed Pete Best in BestBeat, which was performed at the [[Unity Theatre, Liverpool|Unity Theatre]] in 2018. The play depicted Best's dismissal in 1962.

== Discography ==
=== Albums ===

* ''Best of the Beatles'' (Savage BM 71, Released: 1965)<ref name="PeteBestDiscography" />
** Includes: "I Need Your Lovin"; "Just Wait and See"; "Casting My Spell"; "Keys to My Heart"; "Why Did You Leave Me Baby?"; "Like My Sister Kate"; "I Can't Do Without You Now"; "I'm Blue"; "Some Other Guy"; "She's Alright"; "Nobody But You"; "Last Night"; Special Edition includes bonus tracks "Need You"; "Going Back Manchester"
* ''The Beatle That Time Forgot'' [Original Version] (Phoenix PB-22, Released: 1981)<ref name="PeteBestDiscography" />
** Includes: "I'm Checking Out Now Baby"; "I'll Try Any Way"; "I Don't Know Why (I Just Do)"; "How'd You Get to Know Her Name"; "She's Not the Only Girl in Town"; "If You Can't Get Her"; "More Than I Need My Self"; "I'll Have Everything Too"; "The Way I feel About You"; "Don't Play With Me (Little Girl)"; "Rock and Roll Music"; "All Aboard"
* ''Rebirth'' (Phoenix PB-44, Released: 1981)<ref name="PeteBestDiscography" />
** Includes: "I Can't Do Without You Now"; "Off the Hook"; "She's Alright"; "I Need Your Lovin'"; "Why Did You Leave Me Baby"; "High School Shimmy"; "I Wanna Be There"; "Everybody"; "Pete's Theme"; "Keys to My Heart"
* ''The Beatle That Time Forgot'' [Reissue] (Phoenix PHX 340, Released: 1982)<ref name="PeteBestDiscography" />
** Includes: "I'll Try Anyway"; "I Don't Know Why I Do (I Just Do)"; "She's Not the Only Girl in Town"; "More Than I Need My Self"; "I'll Have Everything Too"; "I'm Checking Out Now Baby"; "How'd You Get to Know Her Name"; "If You Can't Get Her"; "Rock and Roll Music"
* ''Back to the Beat'' – (1995)<ref name="BackToTheBeat">{{cite web |url=https://www.starclustermusic.de/artists/beatles/best/bio/ebest.htm |title=Back to the Beat |publisher=starcluster |year=1995 |access-date=8 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127071721/http://www.starclustermusic.de/artists/beatles/best/bio/ebest.htm |archive-date=27 January 2011 }}</ref>
* ''The Pete Best Combo: Beyond the Beatles 1964–1966'' (1 February 1996)<ref name="BeyondtheBeatles">{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B000007XHF |title=The Pete Best Combo: Beyond the Beatles 1964–1966 |publisher=Cherry Red |date=1 February 1996 |access-date=8 May 2011}}</ref>
* ''Live at the Adelphi Liverpool 1988'' – (23 September 1996)<ref name="LiveattheAdelphi">{{cite AV media |title=Live at the Adelphi |publisher=Cherry Red |date=23 September 1996}}</ref>
* ''Best'' (18 August 1998)<ref name="BestCD">{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B000009Q1W |title=Best |publisher=Music Club |date=18 August 1998 |access-date=8 May 2011}}</ref>
* ''Casbah Coffee Club 40th Anniversary Limited Edition'' (1999)<ref name="CasbahCoffeeClubCD">{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B000025ADN |title=Casbah Coffee Club |publisher=ozit records |date=6 January 2009 |access-date=8 May 2011}}</ref>
* ''The Savage Young Beatles'' (10 May 2004)<ref name="SavageYoungBeatlesCD">{{cite AV media |title=The Savage Young Beatles [Double CD] |publisher=Thunderbolt |date=10 May 2004}}</ref>
* ''[[Haymans Green]]'' – Released 16 September 2008 (US), August 2008 (UK) (The Pete Best Band)<ref name="HaymansGreen">{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B001DSNFU0 |title=Haymans Green |website=Amazon UK |date=27 October 2008 |access-date=8 May 2011}}</ref>

=== Singles ===

* "[[I'm Gonna Knock on Your Door]]" b/w "Why Did I Fall in Love with You" (Decca F 11929, Released: 1964)<ref name="PeteBestDiscography">{{cite web |url=http://www.petebestdiscography.com/ |title=Pete Best Discography |first=Charles E |last=Moore |publisher=pete best discography |date=1 March 2009 |access-date=8 May 2011}}</ref>
* "Don't Play With Me (Little Girl)" b/w "If You Can't Get Her" (Happening 405, Released: 1965)<ref name="PeteBestDiscography" />
* "If You Can't Get Her" b/w "The Way I Feel About You" (Happening HA1117, Released: 1965)<ref name="PeteBestDiscography" />
* "Kansas City" b/w "Boys" (Cameo 391, Released: 1965)<ref name="PeteBestDiscography" />
* "(I'll Try) Anyway" b/w "I Wanna Be There" (Original Beatles Drummer 800, Released: 1965)<ref name="PeteBestDiscography" />
* "I Can't Do Without You Now" b/w "Keys to My Heart" (Mr. Maestro Records 711, Released: 1965)<ref name="PeteBestDiscography" />

==See also==
* [[Outline of the Beatles]]
* [[The Beatles timeline]]
* [[Jimmie Nicol]] - The Beatles' replacement drummer for 10 days during their [[The Beatles' 1964 tour of Australasia|1964 tour of Australasia]] while [[Ringo Starr]] was sick.

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|22em}}

== References ==
{{Refbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Best |first=Pete |title=The Beatles: The True Beginnings |publisher=[[Thomas Dunne Books]] |year=2003 |isbn=0-312-31925-8 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Best |first1=Pete |last2=Doncaster |first2=Patrick |title=BEATLE! The Pete Best Story |publisher=[[Information Today, Inc.|Plexus Publishing]] |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-85965-077-9 }}
* {{cite book |last=Brocken |first=Michael |title=Other Voices: Hidden Histories of Liverpool's Popular Music Scenes, 1930s–1970s |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing|Ashgate]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-7546-6793-3 }}
* {{cite book |last=Curley |first=Mallory |title=Beatle Pete, Time Traveller |publisher=Randy Press |year=2005 }}
* {{cite book |last=Davies |first=Hunter |author-link=Hunter Davies |title=The Beatles |url=https://archive.org/details/beatles00davi |url-access=registration |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-393-31571-4 }}
* {{cite book |last=Epstein |first=Brian |author-link=Brian Epstein |title=A Cellarful of Noise |publisher=[[Jove Books|Pyramid Books]] |year=1964 |isbn=978-0-671-01196-3 }}
* {{cite book |last=Goldsmith |first=Martin |title=The Beatles Come to America |url=https://archive.org/details/beatlescometoame00gold |url-access=registration |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-471-46964-3 }}
* {{cite book |last=Harry |first=Bill |author-link=Bill Harry |title=The Beatles Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Virgin Publishing]] |year=2001 |edition=Rev Upd |isbn=978-0-7535-0481-9 }}
* {{cite book |last=Leigh |first=Spencer |author-link=Spencer Leigh (radio presenter) |title=Drummed Out!: The Sacking of Pete Best |publisher=Northdown Publishing Ltd |year=1998 |isbn=978-1-900711-04-3 }}
* {{cite book |last=Lennon |first=Cynthia |author-link=Cynthia Lennon |title=John |publisher=[[Hodder & Stoughton]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-340-89512-2 }}
* {{cite book|last=Lewisohn|first=Mark|author-link=Mark Lewisohn|title=The Complete Beatles Chronicle|publisher=Chronicle Press|year=1996|isbn=978-1-85152-975-9}}
* {{cite book |author=Lewisohn, Mark |author-link=Mark Lewisohn |title=The Beatles: All These Years: Volume I: Tune In |publisher=Crown Archetype |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4000-8305-3|ref={{SfnRef|Lewisohn|2013}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Lewisohn |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Lewisohn |title=The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions: The Official Story of the Abbey Road Years |publisher=[[Hamlyn (publishers)|Hamlyn]] |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-600-55784-5 }}
* {{cite book |last=MacDonald |first=Ian |author-link=Ian MacDonald |title=Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties |year=2005 |edition=Third |publisher=[[Independent Publishers Group|Chicago Review Press]] |location=Chicago |isbn=978-1-55652-733-3 }}
* {{cite book |last=Martin |first=George |author-link=George Martin |title=All You Need Is Ears |publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |location=New York |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-312-11482-4 }}
* {{cite book |last=Miles |first=Barry |author-link=Barry Miles |title=[[Many Years From Now]] |publisher=[[Vintage (publisher)|Vintage]]-[[Random House]] |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-7493-8658-0 }}
* {{cite book |last=Schaffner |first=Nicholas |author-link=Nicholas Schaffner |title=The Boys from Liverpool: John, Paul, George, Ringo |publisher=Routledge Kegan & Paul |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-416-30661-3 }}
* {{cite book |last=Spitz |first=Bob |author-link=Bob Spitz |title=The Beatles – The Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/beatlesbiography00spit |url-access=registration |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-316-80352-6 }}
* {{cite book |author=The Beatles |author-link=The Beatles |title=The Beatles Anthology |publisher=[[Chronicle Books]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-8118-2684-6 |ref={{SfnRef|Anthology|2000}}}}
* {{cite AV media |author=The Beatles |author-link=The Beatles |title=[[The Beatles Anthology]] (DVD) |publisher=[[Apple records]] |year=2003 |asin=B00008GKEG}}
* {{cite book |last=Unterberger |first=Richie |author-link=Richie Unterberger |title=The Unreleased Beatles |publisher=Backbeat UK |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-87930-892-6 }}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite AV media notes |title=Best of the Beatles: Pete Best – Mean, Moody and Magnificent |date=30 August 2005 |last=Wonfor |first=Geoff |type=Closed-captioned, Color, DVD, NTSC |publisher=Lightyear |asin=B000A8AWVE}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}

* {{Official website|https://www.petebest.com/}}
* {{Discogs artist|Pete Best}}
* [http://www.petebestdiscography.com/ Complete Pete Best Discography]
* [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1417891 Pete Best interview] from NPR ''Fresh Air'' program
* [https://www.namm.org/library/oral-history/pete-best Pete Best Interview] at [[NAMM Oral History Program|NAMM Oral History Collection]] (2018)
* {{IMDb name|id=0078983}}

{{The Beatles}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Best, Pete}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:English rock drummers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chennai]]
[[Category:Musicians from Liverpool]]
[[Category:People educated at Liverpool Collegiate Institution]]
[[Category:The Beatles members]]
[[Category:English expatriate musicians in the United States]]
[[Category:English people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:People from West Derby]]
[[Category:Beat musicians]]
[[Category:Lee Curtis and the All-Stars members]]

Suhail Ahmad Bhat

2026-04-30T22:42:57Z

Chefajaychopra123:

{{short description|Indian footballer (born 2005)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Suhail Bhat
| image =
| fullname = Suhail Ahmad Bhat<ref name=wf>{{WorldFootball.net|suhail-ahmad-bhat}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2005|4|8|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| height = 1.77 m
| position = [[Forward (association football)#Striker|Striker]]
| currentclub = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
| clubnumber = 72
| youthyears1 = 2020–2022
| youthclubs1 = J&K Sports Council FA
| years1 = 2022
| clubs1 = [[Indian Arrows]]
| caps1 = 7
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2023–
| clubs2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
| caps2 = 18
| goals2 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2020–22
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-17 football team|India U17]]
| nationalcaps1 = 14
| nationalgoals1 = 8
| nationalyears2 = 2023–
| nationalteam2 = [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]]
| nationalcaps2 = 7
| nationalgoals2 = 5
| nationalyears3 = 2025–
| nationalteam3 = [[India national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps3 = 1
| nationalgoals3 = 0
| club-update = 16:30, 8 March 2025 (UTC)
| nationalteam-update = 18:30, 28 March 2026 (UTC)
}}

'''Suhail Ahmad Bhat''' (born 8 April 2005) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Striker (association football)#striker|forward]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]] and the [[India national football team|India national team]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/players/forward-178933-suhail-ahmad-bhat-profile |title=Suhail Ahmad Bhat - Indian Super League |access-date=10 February 2024 |archive-date=6 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406181616/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/players/forward-178933-suhail-ahmad-bhat-profile |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Club career==
In 2017, Bhat was selected from a football camp in [[Srinagar]] to join the Sports Council Football Academy.<ref name=goal>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/suhail-bhat-india-u16-kashmir-uae-indian-football-aiff/uxrgyli67uqt1q6ei3b0e8zqz|title=Chronicling Suhail Bhat — The prodigy from Kashmir who made his mark in UAE|first=Soham|last=Mukherjee|date=27 January 2021|access-date=28 September 2022|website=goal.com|archive-date=28 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928155143/https://www.goal.com/en/news/suhail-bhat-india-u16-kashmir-uae-indian-football-aiff/uxrgyli67uqt1q6ei3b0e8zqz|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Indian Arrows===
On 30 January 2022, He joined [[Indian Arrows]] during the [[2021-22 I-League]]. He made his professional debut in the second match of the relegation stage coming on as a 70 minute substitute in a 1-0 win over [[Sudeva Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/indian-arrows-beat-sudeva-delhi-1-0-register-first-win-of-i-league-season/articleshow/90000413.cms|date= 4 March 2022|title=Indian Arrows beat Sudeva Delhi 1-0, register first win of I-League season}}</ref> He made seven appearances but scored no goals as Arrows finished tenth. In September 2022, he was named by English newspaper ''The Guardian'' as one of the best players born in 2005 worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/ng-interactive/2022/sep/28/next-generation-2022-60-of-the-best-young-talents-in-world-football|title=Next Generation 2022: 60 of the best young talents in world football|first1=Marcus|last1=Christenson|first2=Steven|last2=Bloor|first3=Garry|last3=Blight|date=28 September 2022|accessdate=28 September 2022|work=The Guardian|archive-date=28 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928095702/https://www.theguardian.com/football/ng-interactive/2022/sep/28/next-generation-2022-60-of-the-best-young-talents-in-world-football|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Mohun Bagan ===
==== 2022–23: Youth Team ====
Following the disbanding of the [[Indian Arrows]], he was left without a club.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/football/suhail-bhat-guardian-wonder-kid-last-indian-arrow-isl-storm-36100|title=Guardian wonder kid, last Indian Arrow: Can Suhail Bhat take ISL by storm?|first=Irshad|last=Hussain|date=8 October 2022|accessdate=24 December 2022|website=thebridge.in|archive-date=24 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224221836/https://thebridge.in/football/suhail-bhat-guardian-wonder-kid-last-indian-arrow-isl-storm-36100|url-status=live}}</ref> However, on 1 January 2023, he joined [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]].<ref>{{cite web |date=1 January 2023 |title=Mohun Bagan's youth signings |url=https://thebridge.in/buzz/isl-transfers-january-2023-live-updates-47708 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106194345/https://thebridge.in/buzz/isl-transfers-january-2023-live-updates-47708 |archive-date=6 January 2023 |accessdate=6 January 2023 |website=thebridge.in}}</ref> He played for the U21 team in the [[2023 Reliance Foundation Development League]].<ref>{{cite web |date=12 March 2023 |title=Mohun Bagan name their Reliance Foundation Development League squad! |url=https://www.arunfoot.com/atk-mohun-bagan-name-their-reliance-foundation-development-league-squad/}}</ref> He played in fifteen matches and scored eight goals with a hatrick against [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]] as the Mariners finished third in the tournament.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 April 2023 |title=Mohun Bagan continue winning run in RFDL National Championships |url=https://www.rfyouthsports.com/rfdl/news/atk-mohun-bagan-continue-winning-run-in-rfdl-national-championships#:~:text=rfys&text=Mumbai%2C%2030%20April%2C%202022%3A,(SAI)%20Complex%20in%20Imphal.}}</ref> He was also selected to play in the [[Next Generation Cup|Next Gen Cup]] where he played in all matches and scored a goal against [[West Ham United F.C. Under-21s and Academy|West Ham U21]] with Mariners finishing sixth.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 May 2023 |title=Next Gen Cup: Mohun Bagan, West Ham United FC play out 1-1 draw |url=https://bhaskarlive.in/next-gen-cup-atk-mohun-west-ham-united-fc-play-out-1-1-draw/}}</ref> He remained with the youth and reserve team for most of the season unable to break in the first team.

==== 2023–24: First team breakthrough ====
He scored his debut goal for the first team of Mohun Bagan in their 5–0 win over [[Bangladesh Army football team|Bangladesh Army]] at the [[2023 Durand Cup]] group stage.

==International career==
Bhat was first called up for the [[India national under-16 football team]] in 2021,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/nt/164|date=26 January 2021|title=Friendly Match — India 4–2 UAE U18 :: 2021-01-26 (17:10:00); Al Riqa Suburb — Sharjah, UAE|website=the-aiff.com|location=New Delhi|publisher=All India Football Federation|access-date=2 October 2023|archive-date=30 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130102846/https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/nt/164}}</ref> scoring on his debut against the [[United Arab Emirates national under-16 football team|United Arab Emirates]].<ref name=goal/>

==Career statistics==

===Club===
{{updated|match played 25 October 2025}}<ref>{{Soccerway|suhail-ahmad-bhat/820502}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|[[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]
!colspan="2"|[[Durand Cup]]
!colspan="2"|Continental
!colspan="2"|Others
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goal!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|[[Indian Arrows]]
|[[2021–22 I-League|2021–22]]
|[[I-League]]
|7||0||colspan="8"|– || 7||0
|-
!colspan="3"|Indian Arrows Total
!7!!0
!colspan=8|–
!7!!0
|-
|rowspan="8"| [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|[[2023 CFL Premier Division|2023]]
|rowspan=3|[[Calcutta Football League]]
|10||8||colspan="8"|–||10||8
|-
|[[2024 CFL Premier Division|2024]]
|6||7||colspan="8"|–||6||7
|-
|[[2025 CFL Premier Division|2025]]
|1||0||colspan="8"|–||1||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!17!!15!!colspan="8"|–!!17||15
|-
|[[2023–24 Mohun Bagan Super Giant season|2023–24]]
|rowspan="3"| [[Indian Super League]]
|7||0||3||0||3||1||2||0||0||0||15||1
|-
|[[2024–25 Mohun Bagan Super Giant season|2024–25]]
|11||0||2||2||3||2||colspan="4"|– ||16||4
|-
|[[2025–26 Mohun Bagan Super Giant season|2025–26]]
|0||0||1||0||3||1||colspan="2"|–||1{{efn|name=IFAShield|Appearances in [[IFA Shield]]}}||0 ||4||1
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!18!!0!!6!!2!!9!!4!!2!!0!!1!!0!!36!!6
|-
!colspan="3"|Mohun Bagan Total
!35!!15
!6!!2
!9!!4
!2 !!0
!1!!0
!53!!21
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!42!!15!!6!!2!!9!!4!!2!!0!!1!!0!!59!!21
|}
{{Notelist}}

=== International ===
{{updated|4 June 2025}}<ref name="NFTprofile">{{NFT|99734}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[India national football team|India]]
|2025||1||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total!!1!!0
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Soccerway|820502}}
* {{WorldFootball.net|suhail-ahmad-bhat}}

{{Mohun Bagan Super Giant squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhat, Suhail}}
[[Category:2005 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:India men's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Men's association football forwards]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Indian Arrows players]]
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant players]]

{{India-footy-forward-stub}}

Amara (Udhampur district)

2026-04-30T20:03:59Z

Chefajaychopra123: place

{{Short description|Villages in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Amara
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir
| coordinates = {{coord|33.035|N|75.276|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Government of Jammu and Kashmir.svg}} [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Udhampur district|Udhampur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of subdistricts in India|Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = Khoon
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_ha = 434.2
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1062
| population_total = 1745
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 59.71%
| demographics1_title2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| demographics1_info2 = 830 [[female|♀]]/ 915 [[male|♂]] 
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020|work=[[Rising Kashmir]]|url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022062641/https://www.risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 |archive-date=22 October 2020 |accessdate=6 September 2022}}</ref>
| demographics2_title2 = Spoken
| demographics2_info2 = [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Hindi]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 182117
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 01992
| registration_plate = JK-14
| website = {{url|udhampur.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Amara''' is a village in [[Udhampur district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]], [[India]]. It is {{cvt|15|km}} from [[Majalta]] tehsil.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of CD Blocks |url=http://diragrikmr.nic.in/assets/files/List%20of%20CD%20Blocks.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511103136/http://diragrikmr.nic.in/assets/files/List%20of%20CD%20Blocks.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2021 |access-date=6 September 2022 |website=Department Of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare Kashmir {{!}} Union Territory Of Jammu & Kashmir}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Registrar |first1=India Office of the |last2=General |first2=India Office of the Registrar |title=Census of India, 1971: Series 8: Jammu & Kashmir |year=1972 |publisher=Manager of Publications |pages=455 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MTlAAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Amara%22+Udhampur+district+-wikipedia |language=en}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Amara village has a total population of 1,745 people including 915 males and 830 females with a literacy rate of 59.71%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011 - Jammu & Kashmir - Series 02 - Part XII B - District Census Handbook, Udhampur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/527/download/1756/DH_2011_0119_PART_B_DCHB_UDHAMPUR.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906005059/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/527/download/1756/DH_2011_0119_PART_B_DCHB_UDHAMPUR.pdf |archive-date=6 September 2022 |access-date=6 September 2022 |website=Directorate of Census Operations, Jammu & Kashmir}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Planning Development and Monitoring Department |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s33cec07e9ba5f5bb252d13f5f431e4bbb/uploads/2021/06/2021061244-1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906010224/https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s33cec07e9ba5f5bb252d13f5f431e4bbb/uploads/2021/06/2021061244-1.pdf |archive-date=6 September 2022 |access-date=6 September 2022 |website=District Udhampur {{!}} Government Of Jammu And Kashmir (UT) |publisher=District Statistics & Evaluation Office, Udhampur}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Population
!Total
!Male
!Female
|-
|Total population
|1,745
|915
|830
|-
|Literate population
|1,042
|598
|444
|-
|Illiterate population
|703
|317
|386
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Udhampur district]]

Garhwal United FC

2026-04-29T10:03:13Z

Chefajaychopra123: starting a info - done

{{About|the women's football team|the men's team|Garhwal Heroes FC}}{{Short description|Indian association football club based in Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Garhwal United
| fullname = Garhwal United Football Club
| image = Garhwal United FC.png
| upright = 0.85
| founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|2020}}
| owntitle = Owner
| owner = Bhagwan Singh Negi
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = Akshay Unni
| league = [[Indian Women's League]] [[Delhi Women's League]]
| season = [[2024–25 Indian Women's League 2|2024–25]]
| position = Champions
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 =
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 =
| leftarm1 = 006400
| body1 = 006400
| rightarm1 = 006400
| shorts1 = 006400
| socks1 = 006400
| pattern_la2 = _whiteborder
| pattern_b2 = _whitecollar
| pattern_ra2 = _whiteborder
| pattern_sh2 = _whitebottom
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 = FFDD00
| body2 = FFDD00
| rightarm2 = FFDD00
| shorts2 = FFDD00
| socks2 = FFDD00
| website =
}}
'''Garhwal United Football Club''' is an Indian women's professional [[Association football|football]] club from [[Delhi]]. It forms the women's section of the club [[Garhwal Heroes FC|Garhwal Heroes]] and participates in [[Indian Women's League]], the top tier of [[Indian football league system|Indian women's football]]. Their best finish in the second tier was third position in the final round in the [[2023–24 Indian Women's League 2|2023–24]] season.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/sreebhumi-fc-nita-football-academy-earn-promotion-to-iwl |title=Sreebhumi FC, Nita Football Academy earn promotion to IWL |website=AIFF |access-date=29 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2024/sreebhumi-nita-promotion-iwl-2/|title=Sreebhumi FC, Nita Football Academy earn promotion to IWL|website=Football Counter|access-date=30 May 2024}}</ref>

==History==
Garhwal FC women's team participates in the state league of Delhi in [[FD Women's League]], under the name Garhwal United FC.<ref>{{cite web|title=Football Delhi Women's League & Women's Premier League |url=https://theawayend.co/football-delhi-womens-league/ |website=The Away End |access-date=17 April 2022 }}</ref> They first participated in the state league in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|title=Women’s League |url=https://www.footballdelhi.com/womens-league/ |website=Football Delhi |access-date=17 April 2022 }}</ref>

They finished as winners in the [[2024–25 Indian Women's League 2|2024–25]] season of the [[Indian Women's League 2]], which enabled promotion to the top tier [[Indian Women's League]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://i-league.org/garhwal-united-fc-crowned-iwl-2-champions-with-perfect-record/ |title=Garhwal United FC crowned IWL 2 champions with perfect record |website=i-league.org |access-date=17 May 2025 }}</ref>

==Squad==
{{updated|December 2025|<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Women's League Squad |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/club/players/11030/11 |publisher=AIFF |access-date=17 December 2025 }}</ref>}}
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Monika Devi Shijagurumayum}}
{{Fs player|no=2|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Sanjita Devi Thingbaijam]]}}
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Juhi Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Rupali Boro}}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=GHA|pos=DF|name=Catherine Arthur}}
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=GHA|pos=DF|name=Ernestina Tetteh}}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Deepika Pal}}
{{Fs player|no=9|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Iaraplang Nongrum}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Sanfida Nongrum]]|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Ribahunshisha Kharshiing}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Shivani Toppo]]}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Monisha Singha]]}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Niki Kumari}}
{{Fs player|no=15|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Mamta Kumari}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Jyoti}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Fragrancy Riwan}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Shruti Kumari}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Gladys Zonunsangi}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Lhingdeikim Kipgen]]}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=GHA|pos=FW|name=Elizabeth Danso}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Linda Chanu Heirangkhongjam}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Ruby Thiemlalnei Gangte}}
{{Fs player|no=24|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Aarti}}
{{Fs player|no=27|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Alka Indwar}}
{{Fs player|no=28|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Lamneiniang Vaiphei}}
{{Fs player|no=49|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Ribansi Jamu]]}}
{{Fs player|no=50|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Priyanka Sutaria}}
{{Fs player|no=55|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Khushboo Kumari}}
{{Fs player|no=66|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Esther Tingjoukim}}
{{Fs end}}

==Personnel==
=== Technical staff ===
{{updated|December 2025}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position
! Name
|-
| Head coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} Akshay Unni
|-
| Assistant coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} Akash Thomas
|-
| Physio
| {{flagicon|IND}} Anubha Bhargava
|-
| Team manager
| {{flagicon|IND}} Nithin Nair
|}

==Honours==
===Domestic===
*'''[[Indian Women's League 2]]'''
**Champions (1): [[2024–25 Indian Women's League 2|2024–25]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-arrows-women-juniors-finish-runners-up-in-iwl-2-after-thrashing-krida-prabodhini-pune |title=Indian Arrows Women Juniors finish runners-up in IWL 2 after thrashing Krida Prabodhini Pune |website=AIFF |access-date=15 May 2025 }}</ref>

===Regional===
* '''[[Delhi Women's League]]'''
** Champions (2): 2023–24, 2024–25
** Runners-up (1): 2022–23

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/club/11030 Garhwal United Football Club] at AIFF

[[Category:Garhwal FC]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League 2 clubs]]
[[Category:Women's football clubs in India]]
[[Category:2020 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2020]]

{{India-footyclub-stub}}

Tadikonda Assembly constituency

2026-04-24T18:46:40Z

Chefajaychopra123: Creating A Details V1

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tadikonda
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (86- highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Tadikonda Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Guntur district|Guntur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Guntur Lok Sabha constituency|Guntur]]
| reservation = SC
| established = 1967
| constituency_no = 86
| electors = 200,065
| type = SLA
| mla = [[Tenali Sravan Kumar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
}}
'''Tadikonda''' is a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] reserved constituency in [[Guntur district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Guntur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=22, 31|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Tenali Sravan Kumar]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm|title=Assembly Election 2019|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 200,065 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1967, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1967)''.

== Mandals ==
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Thullur mandal|Tullur]]
|-
| [[Tadikonda mandal|Tadikonda]]
|-
| [[Phirangipuram]]
|-
| [[Medikonduru mandal|Medikonduru]]
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan="2" | Gadde Venkata Rattaiah
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Tamanpalli Amrutha Rao
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| rowspan="2"| [[J. R. Pushpa Raju]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| Tiruvaipati Venkaiah
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| G. M. N. V. Prasad
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| [[J. R. Pushpa Raju]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Dokka Manikya Vara Prasada Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Tenali Sravan Kumar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Undavalli Sridevi]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Tenali Sravan Kumar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tadikonda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Tenali Sravan Kumar]]
|votes = 1,09,585
|percentage = 59.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Mekathoti Sucharitha]]
|votes = 69,979
|percentage = 38.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = jai Bheem Rao Party
|candidate = Jada Sravan Kumar(MR 71)
|votes = 71
|percentage = 0.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Manichala Sushil Raja
|votes = 2,514
|percentage = 1.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None Of The Above
|votes = 995
|percentage = 0.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 39,606
|percentage = 21.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,84,100
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tadikonda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party= YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Vundavalli Sridevi]]|votes=86,848|percentage=48.66%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party= Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Tenali Sravan Kumar]]|votes=82,415|percentage=46.18%|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=4083|percentage= 2.48%|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
|2022 = Undavalli sridevi change to TDP
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tadikonda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Tenali Sravan Kumar]]|votes=80,847|percentage=50.70|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Kathera Heni Christina]]|votes=73,305|percentage=45.97|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=7,542|percentage=4.73|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=159,473|percentage=89.15|change=+4.85}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tadikonda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Dokka Manikya Vara Prasada Rao]]|votes=61,406|percentage=44.07|change=-12.17}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Tenali Sravan Kumar]]|votes=57,786|percentage=41.47|change=-0.58}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=Ravela Santhi Jyothi|votes=16,001|percentage=11.48|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=3,620|percentage=2.60|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=139,329|percentage=84.30|change=+6.33}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tadikonda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Dokka Manikya Vara Prasada Rao]]|votes=63,411|percentage=56.24|change=+11.79}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[J. R. Pushpa Raju]]|votes=47,405|percentage=42.05|change=-7.32}}
{{Election box majority||votes=16,006|percentage=14.19|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=112,743|percentage=75.97|change=+11.91}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tadikonda<ref>{{Cite web | title= AP 1999 Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4052-andhra-pradesh-1999/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[J. R. Pushpa Raju]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=51,568|percentage=49.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kuchipudi Sambasiva Rao]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=46,423|percentage=44.45%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,145 |percentage=4.93% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=106,524|percentage=65.33%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 163,048|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= Communist Party of India |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1994===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tadikonda<ref>{{Cite web | title= AP 1994 Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4051-andhra-pradesh-1994/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ G.M.N.V.Prasad]]|party= Communist Party of India |votes=53,069 |percentage=53.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Venkaiah Tiruvaipati]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=38,068|percentage=38.06%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,001 |percentage=15.00% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=101,732|percentage=67.45%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 150,823 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Communist Party of India |loser= Indian National Congress|swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1989 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tadikonda<ref>{{Cite web | title= AP 1989 Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4050-andhra-pradesh-1989/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Venkaiah Tiruvaipati]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=49,799 |percentage=50.42% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[ J. R. Pushpa Raju]]|party=Telugu Desam Party|votes=47,561|percentage=48.17%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,218 |percentage=2.25% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=101,422|percentage=69.17%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 146,627|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Indian National Congress|loser= Telugu Desam Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1985===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tadikonda<ref>{{Cite web | title= AP 1985 Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4049-andhra-pradesh-1985/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ J. R. Pushpa Raju]] |party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=40,589 |percentage=50.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Kuchipudi Sambasiva Rao]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=37,935|percentage=47.47%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,654|percentage=3.32% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=80,928|percentage=67.62%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 119,679 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Telugu Desam Party |loser |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tadikonda<ref>{{Cite web | title= AP 1983 Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4048-andhra-pradesh-1983/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ J. R. Pushpa Raju]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=42,987 |percentage=60.61% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Amrutha Rao Tamanpalli]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=16,501|percentage=23.27%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,486 |percentage=37.34% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=72,127|percentage=63.86%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 112,937 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= Indian National Congress (I) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1978===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tadikonda<ref>{{Cite web | title= AP 1978 Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4047-andhra-pradesh-1978/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Amrutha Rao Tamanpalli]]|party= Indian National Congress (I) |votes=34,042 |percentage=46.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Jonnakuti Krishna Rao]]|party=Janata Party|votes=27,565|percentage=37.93%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,477 |percentage=8.91% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=74,236|percentage=69.09%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 107,449 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner= Indian National Congress (I) ||loser= Indian National Congress |swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tadikonda<ref>{{Cite web | title= AP 1972 Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4046-andhra-pradesh-1972/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Gadde Venkata Rattaiah]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=28,206 |percentage=47.85% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Subbaiah Bandlamudi]]|party=Independent (politician)|votes=24,711|percentage=41.92%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,495 |percentage=5.93% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=60,024|percentage=68.28%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,913 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tadikonda<ref>{{Cite web | title= AP 1967 Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4045-andhra-pradesh-1967/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Gadde Venkata Rattaiah]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=23,449 |percentage=47.72% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[K Sivaramakrishnaiah]]|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=16,419|percentage=33.41%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,030 |percentage=14.31% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=51,049|percentage=69.96%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,967 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner= Indian National Congress ||loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Coord|16.42|80.45|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Guntur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Prosenjit Weds Rituparna

2026-04-22T23:16:40Z

Chefajaychopra123: Created Some Article V1...

{{Short description|2022 Indian Bengali film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Prosenjit Weds Rituparna
| image = File:Prosenjit Weds Rituparna poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| screenplay = Samrat Sharma
| story = Samrat Sharma
{{Infobox
| decat = yes
| child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = Samrat Sharma}}
| director = Samrat Sharma
| starring = Ipsita Mukherjee Rishav Basu
| cinematography = Animesh Ghorui
| editing = Pronoy Dasgupta
| music = {{ubl
| '''Songs:'''
| Debdeep Mukherjee
| Ranajoy Bhattacharjee
| Shovan Ganguly
| '''Score'''
| Shamik Guha Roy
| Durnibar Saha
| Pranjal Das
}}
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* Swastik Productions
* Neidea Creations
}}
| released = {{Film date|2022}}
| country = Indian
| language = Bengali
}}

'''''Prosenjit Weds Rituparna''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Bengali-language]] [[romantic comedy]] film directed by Samrat Sharma. The film features Ipsita Mukherjee and Rishav Basu in lead roles, with notable cameos by [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] and [[Rituparna Sengupta]], two iconic figures in Bengali cinema. Released on 25 November 2022,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/prosenjit-chatterjee-shares-release-date-of-new-movie-with-rituparna-sengupta/|title=Prosenjit Chatterjee Shares Release Date of New Movie with Rituparna Sengupta|publisher=Sangbad Pratidin|date=November 2022|access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref> the movie explores themes of love, identity, and [[celebrity culture]], blending humor with emotional depth. It was produced under the banner of Abhinava Dance Company and distributed across [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/prosenjit-and-rituparna-sengupta-talk-about-their-friday-film-prosenjit-weds-rituparna/cid/1900060|title=Prosenjit and Rituparna Sengupta Talk About Their Friday Film|newspaper=The Telegraph India|date=25 November 2022|access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tv9bangla.com/entertainment/tollywood/bengali-actor-prosenjit-chatterjee-to-get-married-to-bengali-actress-rituparna-sengupta-and-here-is-the-truth-au44-655261.html|title=Bengali Actor Prosenjit Chatterjee to Marry Rituparna Sengupta? Here's the Truth|publisher=TV9 Bangla|date=November 2022|access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story revolves around Rituparna, a young woman obsessed with the Bengali film star Prosenjit Chatterjee, who agrees to marry a man named Prosenjit simply because of his shared name with her idol. Meanwhile, her groom-to-be, Prosenjit, struggles with the burden of his famous namesake, having faced ridicule for it throughout his life. The narrative unfolds as a lighthearted exploration of their relationship, weaving in elements of mistaken identity and the influence of celebrity fandom, culminating in a blend of comedy and heartfelt moments.

==Cast==
*Ipsita Mukherjee as Rituparna
*Rishav Basu as Prosenjit
*Tania Kar
*Bhadra Basu
*[[Manasi Sinha]]
*Simoran Upadhyay
*[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] as himself (cameo)
*[[Rituparna Sengupta]] as herself (cameo)

==Production==
The film was the directorial debut of Samrat Sharma, who aimed to pay homage to the legacy of Prosenjit Chatterjee and Rituparna Sengupta, a popular on-screen pair from the 1990s and 2000s Bengali cinema. The title playfully hints at a wedding between the two stars, which sparked initial buzz and speculation among fans. The movie was promoted extensively, including events at Diamond Plaza Mall in Kolkata on 18 November 2022, ahead of its theatrical release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/prosenjit-weds-rituparna-prosenjit-chatterjee-and-rituparna-sengupta-are-getting-married-867175|title=Prosenjit Weds Rituparna: Are Prosenjit Chatterjee and Rituparna Sengupta Getting Married?|publisher=ABP Live Bengali|date=November 2022|access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref>

==Release and reception==
''Prosenjit Weds Rituparna'' premiered in theaters on 25 November 2022. Critics offered mixed reviews: some praised its nostalgic tribute to Bengali cinema's golden era and the chemistry of its leads, while others felt it fell short of expectations set by its star-studded title. Publications like [[Anandabazar Patrika]] highlighted its appeal as a fun,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-bengali-film-prosenjit-weds-rituparna-dgtl/cid/1387086|title=Review of Bengali Film Prosenjit Weds Rituparna|publisher=Anandabazar Patrika|date=25 November 2022|access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref> nostalgic ride, whereas [[Sangbad Pratidin]] noted its attempt to balance entertainment with a fresh storyline.<ref name=":0" /> According to [[The Times of India]] review of "Prosenjit Weds Rituparna," the film offers an emotional and entertaining experience for the audience. The performances by Prosenjit Chatterjee and Rituparna Sengupta effectively bring the story to life.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/prosenjit-weds-rituparna/movie-review/95788882.cms|title=Prosenjit Weds Rituparna Movie Review|publisher=Times of India|date=November 2022|access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=28334751}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Editors Guild of India

2026-04-22T02:07:21Z

Chefajaychopra123: starting data

{{Short description|Indian journalism organisation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
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'''Editors Guild of India''' ('''EGI''') is a [[Nonprofit organization|non-profit organisation]] of journalists, particularly the Editors, based in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Editors Guild |url=https://www.business-standard.com/topic/editors-guild |access-date=22 October 2021 |work=Business Standard India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Editors Guild Of India: Latest News, Photos, Videos on Editors Guild Of India |url=https://www.ndtv.com/topic/editors-guild-of-india |access-date=22 October 2021 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref> The organization has declared "objectives of protecting press freedom and for raising the standards of editorial leadership of newspapers and magazines". It was founded in 1978,<ref name="Official About us">{{cite web |title=Who We Are |url=https://editorsguild.in/about-us/ |website=Editors Guild of India |access-date=15 October 2021 |date=21 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="Jagranjosh">{{cite news |title=What is Editors Guild of India? |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/editor-s-guild-of-india-1587543800-1 |access-date=14 October 2021 |work=Jagranjosh.com |date=22 April 2020}}</ref> by [[Kuldip Nayar]].<ref>Shah, Priyal, and Aakanksha Chaturvedi. [https://sprf.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/SPRF-2021_Journalism-Paper_Curated-Voices_Final.pdf "Laws for Journalists in India: An Overview."]</ref> EGI has represented Indian newspapers in communications to the government.<ref>Kaur, Arshi Pal. [http://www.jctjournal.com/gallery/29-april-2020.pdf "FREEDOM OF PRESS IN CONTEMPORARY INDIA: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320052551/http://www.jctjournal.com/gallery/29-april-2020.pdf |date=20 March 2022 }}</ref>

The first national convention of the Guild was held in Delhi on 18–19 March 1978.<ref name="Mehta" /> The guild does not function as a trade union.<ref name="Mehta" /> EGI is managed by its president with the assistance of General Secretary, a Treasurer and an executive committee.

The official statements of EGI have highlighted the incidents of muzzling of the freedom of press and threats to the safety of journalists but have rarely made any visible impact.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sadia |first1=Jamil |title=Handbook of Research on Combating Threats to Media Freedom and Journalist Safety |date=27 December 2019 |publisher=IGI Global |isbn=978-1-7998-1300-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=85bIDwAAQBAJ&dq=Editors+Guild+of+India&pg=PA34 |access-date=22 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Indian Express">{{cite news |title=Editors Guild of India |url=https://indianexpress.com/about/editors-guild-of-india/ |access-date=22 October 2021 |work=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Editors Guild |url=https://www.thehindu.com/search/?q=Editors+Guild |access-date=22 October 2021 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

==Organization==
The members of the Guild are individuals. Institutions cannot be the members. The editors of newspapers, news agencies and periodicals can become its members. The admissions need to be approved by the screening committee.<ref name="Mehta">{{cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=D. S. |title=Mass Communication and Journalism in India |date=6 September 1979 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-7023-353-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xrEIBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA208 |access-date=22 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

EGI is managed by its president with the assistance of General Secretary, a Treasurer and an executive committee.<ref name="Memorandum">{{cite web |title=Memorandum and Articles of Association |url=https://editorsguild.in/memorandum-and-articles-of-association/ |website=Editors Guild of India |access-date=22 October 2021 |date=27 June 2018}}</ref>

===Office Bearers===
The three elected office bearers of the EGI are the President, General Secretary, and Treasurer. All three are elected by the General Body during the Annual General Meeting of the Guild.<ref name="Memorandum" />

[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/anant-nath-re-elected-as-president-of-editors-guild-of-india/article68800755.ece Anant Nath] — Editor, ''[[The Caravan]]'', is the current President of the Guild. Ruben Banerjee — Former Editor-in-Chief, ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|The Outlook]]'' and K Ve Prasad — Former Officiating Editor, ''[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]'' are the current General Secretary and Treasurer, respectively.

===Executive Committee===
According to EGI's rules, Executive Committee has an approved maximum strength of fifteen members. The President after consulting with the senior members of the Guild nominates the executive committee. The President, the General Secretary and the Treasurer are the ex-officio members of the executive committee.<ref name="Memorandum" />

==Activities==
===2002===
In 2002, the Editors Guild of India dispatched a three-person delegation to look into the media's role in the [[2002 Gujarat riots]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Narayana |first1=Usharani |last2=Kapur |first2=Priti |title=Indian Media Framing of the Image of Muslims |journal=Media Asia |date=1 January 2011 |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=153–162 |doi=10.1080/01296612.2011.11726895 |s2cid=54205082 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01296612.2011.11726895 |access-date=22 October 2021|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Their inquiry discovered that several members of the local (Gujarati language) media were anti-Muslim and had incited violence.<ref name="Rodrigues">{{cite book |last1=Rodrigues |first1=Usha M. |last2=Ranganathan |first2=Maya |title=Indian News Media: From Observer to Participant |date=26 November 2014 |publisher=SAGE Publications India |isbn=978-93-5150-464-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JVklDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT72 |access-date=22 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Samir |first1=Saif |title=Violence Against Muslims in India: The Dark History |publisher=AppLi Books |isbn=978-1-370-45296-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3alWDwAAQBAJ&dq=Editors+Guild+of+India&pg=PP68 |access-date=22 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

===2021===
In 2021, EGI demanded a probe by a court-led team, into the death of a journalist during the [[Lakhimpur Kheri massacre]], a [[vehicle-ramming attack]] and [[mob lynching]] incident during the [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest|farmers’ protest]] against [[2020 Indian agriculture acts|the farm laws]] passed by the BJP led [[Union Government of India|Union Government]].<ref name="Ashish Mishra BBC">{{cite news |title=Ashish Mishra: India minister's son arrested over Lakhimpur violence |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-58839296 |access-date=13 October 2021 |work=BBC News |date=11 October 2021}}</ref> It happened on 3 October 2021 in [[Lakhimpur Kheri district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India resulting in deaths of eight people and injuries to 10 others. Four protesters and a journalist named Kashyap were run over by the car, three others were lynched by protestors in the subsequent violence.<ref name="Local journalist">{{cite news |title=Local journalist among 8 killed in Lakhimpur Kheri violence |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/local-journalist-among-8-killed-in-lakhimpur-kheri-violence-320501 |access-date=9 October 2021 |work=Tribune India |agency=Tribune News Service |language=en}}</ref> EGI demanded a probe by a court-led team, into the death of a journalist and the incident. EGI stated, "In what is clearly a terror attack meant to spread fear amongst the farmers, the killing of Kashyap raises many questions. The Editors Guild demands that the death of Kashyap be separately probed by a Court-led [[Special Investigation Team (India)|special investigation team]] to ascertain the circumstances of his death and also attempt to recover and use the footage of his camera to build the sequence of events leading to his death. EGI is concerned about the varying versions of the incident in different sections of the media. It is imperative for the media to report the facts and not versions."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Team |first1=BS Web |title=Lakhimpur Kheri case: Editors Guild demands SIT probe on journalist's death |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/lakhimpur-kheri-case-editors-guild-demands-sit-probe-on-journalist-s-death-121100501345_1.html |access-date=14 October 2021 |work=Business Standard India |date=5 October 2021}}</ref>

After the [[2021 Tripura riots]], a fact-finding team of Supreme Court lawyers visited the area and released a report which highlighted anti-Muslim violence in Tripura. The [[Tripura Police]] filed charges against these lawyers under strict anti terror laws of [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act|Unlawful Activities Prevention Act]] (UAPA).<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 November 2021|title=Tripura Violence: UAPA Charges Levied Against Lawyers From Fact-Finding Team|url=https://thewire.in/communalism/tripura-violence-uapa-charges-levied-against-lawyers-from-fact-finding-team|work=The Wire|access-date=8 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=4 November 2021|title=Tripura violence: Delhi lawyer booked under UAPA for promoting enmity|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/71-booked-for-provocative-social-media-posts-over-communal-violence-in-tripura-101635933597857.html|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=8 November 2021}}</ref> The police also filed charges under the UAPA against 102 people including some Indian journalists<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 November 2021|title=Editors Guild condemns police action against journalists in Tripura under UAPA|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/editors-guild-condemns-police-action-against-journalists-in-tripura-under-uapa-101636286346781.html|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=8 November 2021}}</ref> for protesting, or even merely mentioning, the communal violence on social media platforms and asked [[Twitter]], [[Facebook]] and [[YouTube]] to freeze their accounts.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 November 2021|title=Tripura Police Books 102 People Under UAPA for Social Media Posts Against Communal Violence|url=https://thewire.in/communalism/tripura-police-uapa-social-media-posts|work=The Wire|access-date=8 November 2021}}</ref> The EGI released a statement, that said "This is an extremely disturbing trend where such a harsh law, where in the processes of investigation and bail applications are extremely rigorous and overbearing, is being used for merely reporting on and protesting against communal violence," The EGI expressed its outrage at the Tripura police for its coercive action against journalists, claiming that it was an attempt by the [[Government of Tripura|Tripura government]] to divert attention away from its own inability to control violence by the majority religion (Hindu) or to take action against the perpetrators. It criticized the Governments "use of stringent laws like UAPA to suppress reporting on such incidents." The EGI demanded a fair investigation into "the circumstances of the riots instead of penalising journalists and civil society activists". The Guild reaffirmed its earlier request to the Supreme Court that it consider the "unjustifiable" application of laws like UAPA and provide strict guidelines on charging journalists under them.<ref name="Wire Tripura Guild">{{cite news |title='Deeply Shocked': Editor's Guild, IWPC React to Tripura Police Booking 102 Under UAPA |url=https://thewire.in/media/deeply-shocked-editors-guild-reacts-to-tripura-police-booking-102-under-uapa |access-date=8 November 2021 |work=The Wire}}</ref><ref name="Guild Hindu Tripura">{{cite news |title=Editors Guild shocked by Tripura Police's move |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/editors-guild-shocked-by-tripura-polices-move/article37367733.ece |access-date=8 November 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=7 November 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

===2022===
====Tek Fog====
The Guild cited [[The Wire (India)|''The Wire'']]'s investigative report on [[Tek Fog]] and said that "several women journalists were subjected to thousands of abusive tweets" to "instill fear in them" and "prevent them from expressing themselves freely and go about their jobs". The Editors Guild of India condemned "the continuing online harassment of women journalists, which includes targeted and organised online trolling as well as threats of sexual abuse." The guild demanded 'urgent steps to break and dismantle this misogynistic and abusive digital eco-system'.<ref name="Newslaundry Editors Guild">{{cite news |title=From Tek Fog to 'Bulli Bai', Editors Guild condemns 'online harassment of women journalists' |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2022/01/11/from-tek-fog-to-bulli-bai-editors-guild-condemns-online-harassment-of-women-journalists |access-date=11 January 2022 |work=Newslaundry |date=11 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="Misogynistic abusive" />

The Guild cited investigative report by ''The Wire'', and urged the Supreme Court to order an investigation into the allegations that the Tek Fog app was used to harass women journalists with abusive tweets. The report had alleged that influential people from the ruling party BJP may be involved.<ref name="Misogynistic abusive">{{cite news |title='Misogynistic, abusive': Editors' Guild demands SC probe into Tek Fog app |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/misogynistic-abusive-editors-guild-demands-sc-probe-tek-fog-app-159735 |access-date=11 January 2022 |work=The News Minute |date=11 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2023 ===
On September 2, 2023, the Editors' Guild of India released a report on the [[2023 Manipur violence|2023 Manipur Violence]] after sending a three-member 'fact finding' team to the state in August. The report was criticised as ''"false, fabricated and sponsored"'' by multiple groups.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2023-09-13 |title=Army influenced Editors Guild to publish 'most biased' report on Manipur violence, says Meitei group |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1055883/army-influenced-editors-guild-to-publish-most-biased-report-on-manipur-violence-meitei-group |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> Two Manipur based journalist bodies served legal notices and the Manipur Government filed a FIR against the Guild's president and key members.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-05 |title=Editors Guild members trying to provoke clashes in Manipur: CM |url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/india-news/article/editors-guild-members-trying-to-provoke-clashes-in-manipur-cm-23307355 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> However, the Supreme Court provided interim protection to the Guild from arrest. In one of the hearings in the Supreme Court, the Guild said that the Army invited it to make an "objective assessment" on the ground in Manipur.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=2023-09-11 |title=Editors Guild of India tells Supreme Court that Army 'invited' it to Manipur |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/editors-guild-of-india-tells-supreme-court-that-army-invited-it-to-manipur/article67294500.ece |access-date=2023-10-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On September 15, the Chief Justice of India – [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|D. Y. Chandrachud]] said ''the Guild may be right or wrong in its report about "partisan media coverage" of the Manipur violence, but it has a right to free speech to put forth its views in print.''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-15 |title=Citing free speech, SC questions FIR against Editors Guild on Manipur report |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sc-extends-protection-to-editors-guild-4-members-by-two-weeks-in-firs-lodged-in-manipur-8941292/ |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='False statement in article not offence...': Supreme Court in Editors Guild case |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/story/supreme-court-extends-relief-from-arrest-to-editors-guild-members-in-manipur-cases-2436134-2023-09-15 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=2023-09-15 |title=Editors Guild of India has right to free speech, says CJI |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/editors-guild-report-on-manipur-coverage-may-be-right-or-wrong-but-that-is-what-free-speech-is-all-about-cji/article67311353.ece |access-date=2023-10-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Publications==
* {{cite book |last1=Patel |first1=Aakar |last2=Padgaonkar |first2=Dileep |last3=Verghese |first3=B. G. |title=Rights and Wrongs: Ordeal by Fire in the Killing Fields of Gujarat : Editors Guild Fact Finding Mission Report |date=2002 |publisher=Editors Guild of India }}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Patel |first1=Aakar |last2=Padgaonkar |first2=Dileep |last3=Verghese |first3=B. G. |title=Rights and Wrongs: Ordeal by Fire in the Killing Fields of Gujarat : Editors Guild Fact Finding Mission Report |date=2002 |publisher=Editors Guild of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V44ocAAACAAJ |access-date=22 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|https://editorsguild.in}}

{{Media of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Journalism organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Mass media in India]]
[[Category:Censorship in India]]
[[Category:Freedom of the press]]
[[Category:Freedom of information in India]]
[[Category:Guilds in India]]

History of Shaktism

2026-04-22T00:14:38Z

Chefajaychopra123: starting initial data from scratch!

{{Short description|none}}
{{Saktism}}
The roots of [[Shaktism]] – a [[Hindu denominations|Hindu denomination]] that focuses worship upon ''[[Shakti]]'' or ''[[Devi]]'', the Hindu [[Adi Parashakti|Divine Mother]] – penetrate deeply into India's prehistory. The [[Devi]]'s earliest known appearance in Indian Paleolithic settlements is believed to go back more than 8000 years ago.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

Shaktism as it exists today began with the literature of the Shankara Age, further evolved during the formative period of the Hindu epics, reached its full flower during the [[Gupta Empire|Khmer period, (1000CE)]] and continued to expand and develop thereafter.{{sfn|Bhattacharyya|1996}} [[Devi Mahatmya]], an important text in Shaktism, was composed around tenth or eleventh century CE.<ref>{{citation|last=Greenberg|first=Yudit Kornberg|title=Encyclopedia of Love in World Religions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nGoag6b3JvYC&pg=PA255|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-980-1|page=255}}</ref> Here, for the first time, "the various mythic, cultic and theological elements relating to diverse female divinities were brought together in what has been called the 'crystallization of the Goddess tradition.'"<ref name="Brown 1991">{{harvnb|Brown|1991|p=''ix''}}.</ref> Other important texts include the ''[[Lalita sahasranama|Lalita Sahasranama]]'',{{sfn|Dikshitar|1999|loc=ch. 1–2}} the ''[[Devi Gita]]'',{{sfn|Brown|1998|p={{pn|date=October 2022}}}} [[Adi Shankara]]'s ''[[Saundaryalahari]]''<ref name="Bhattacharyya 1996">{{harvnb|Bhattacharyya|1996|p=124}}</ref> and the [[Tantra|Tantras]].{{sfn|Bhattacharyya|1996|p=154}}

Recent developments related to Shaktism include the emergence of [[Bharat Mata]] ("Mother India") symbolism, the increasing visibility of Hindu female saints and gurus,{{sfn|Pechilis|2004|p=3}} and the prodigious rise of the "new" goddess [[Santoshi Mata]] following release of the Indian film ''[[Jai Santoshi Maa]]'' ("Hail to the Mother of Satisfaction") in 1975.<ref name="Hawley in Hawley">Hawley in {{harvnb|Hawley|Wulff|1996|p=4|loc="The Goddess in India"}}.</ref>

== Early origins ==
To date, the earliest Mother Goddess figurine unearthed in India (near [[Prayagraj]]) belongs to the [[Upper Paleolithic]], and carbon-dates to approximately 20,000 - 23,000 BCE.{{Citation needed|reason=How is a stone figurine carbon-dated?|date=November 2025}} Also belonging to that period are some collections of colorful stones marked with natural triangles. Discovered near [[Mirzapur]] in Uttar Pradesh, they are similar to stones still worshiped as Devi by tribal groups in the area. Moreover, they "may demonstrate connections to the later [[Tantra|Tantric]] use of ''yantras'', in which triangles manifest a vital symbolism connected with fertility."{{sfn|Joshi|2002|p=39}}

[[Image:Statuette Mehrgarh.jpg|upright|thumb|left|A [[Harappa]]n goddess figurine, c. 3000 BCE. (Musée Guimet, Paris)]]

Thousands of female statuettes dated as early as c. 5500 BCE have been recovered at [[Mehrgarh]], one of the most important [[Neolithic]] sites in world archeology, and a precursor to the great [[Indus Valley civilization]].{{sfn|Subramuniyaswami|1999|p=1211}} In [[Harappa]] and [[Mohenjo-daro]], major cities of the Indus valley civilization, female figurines were found in almost all households indicating the presence of cults of goddess worship.{{sfn|Foulston|2002|pp=4-5}} Most figurines are naked and have elaborate coiffures.{{sfn|Fowler|1997|p=90}} Some figurines have ornaments or horns on the head and a few are in poses that expose the genitals.{{sfn|Kinsley|1988|p=215}} Several small circular objects with holes in middle, possibly representing [[yoni]], were also found.{{sfnm|1a1=Kinsley|1y=1988|1pp=215-216|2a1=Foulston|2a2=Abbott|2y=2009|2p=5}} The objects and images found suggest that the goddess cults of Indus valley civilization were associated with fertility.{{sfn|Fowler|1997|p=90}}{{sfn|Kinsley|1988|p=16}}{{sfn|Maity|1988|p=45}} A seal shows a male figure standing over a seated female figure with a sickle. It probably suggests an association between the female figure and crops, and possibly implies a ritual sacrifice where the blood of the victim was offered to the goddess for ensuring agricultural productivity.{{sfnm|1a1=Littleton|1y=2005|1p=732|2a1=Kinsley|2y=1988|2p=218}}

Bhattacharya links the archaeological discoveries of Indus valley civilization to present-day Shaktism of later Hindu religion.{{sfn|Bhattacharyya|1996|p=16}} Other scholars like David Kinsley and Lynn Foulston acknowledge some similarities between the cult of goddess in Indus valley civilization and Shaktism, but think that there is no conclusive evidence that proves a link between them.{{sfnm|1a1=Foulston|1y=2002|1p=4|2a1=Kinsley|2y=1988|2p=217}}

According to Bhattacharya:

<blockquote>The later Indus Valley population centers of [[Harappa]] and [[Mohenjo-daro]] (c. 3300 - 1600 BCE) "sheltered a mixed population, the major section of which came from the adjacent villages to seek their fortune in the great cities. They also brought with them their own cults and rituals, the Female Principle of the agricultural communities, which formed the basis of Harappan [i.e., Indus Valley] religion. Some of the cults and rituals of the simpler peoples were adopted by the higher, but probably not in the original, unsophisticated form. They were given an aristocratic colour [that reflected their worshipers' more] elevated position in the society."{{sfn|Bhattacharyya|1977|p=148}}</blockquote>

As these philosophies and rituals evolved in the northern reaches of the subcontinent, additional layers of Goddess-focused tradition were expanding outward from the sophisticated [[Dravidian people|Dravidian civilizations]] of the south. The "cult of the Female Principle was a major aspect of Dravidian religion," Bhattacharyya notes. "The concept of Shakti was an integral part of their religion and their female deities eventually came to be identified with the [[Puranic]] [[Parvati]], [[Durga]] or [[Kali]]. [...] The cult of the ''[[Matrikas|Sapta Matrika]]'', or Seven Divine Mothers, which is an integral part of the Shakta religion, may [also] be of Dravidian inspiration."{{sfn|Bhattacharyya|1996|pp=25-26}}

== Philosophical development ==
Shaktism as we know it began with the literature of the [[Vedic Age]]; further evolved during the formative period of the Hindu epics; reached its full flower during the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta Age]] (300-700 CE), and continued to expand and develop thereafter.{{sfn|Bhattacharyya|1996}}

=== Vedas ===
As the Indus Valley Civilization slowly declined and dispersed, its peoples mixed with other groups to eventually give rise to the Vedic Civilization (c. 1500 - 600 BCE). Female divinity continued to have a place in belief and worship, but generally in a more subordinate role, with goddesses serving principally as consorts to the great gods.

The most important of the female deities mentioned in the [[Vedas]] is [[Ushas]]. Number of hymns in the Vedas are dedicated exclusively to her. The three divine mothers mentioned in the [[Rig Veda]] from whom the Vedic gods took their birth are [[Aditi]], [[Prithvi]] and [[Saraswati]]. Prithvi continued to exist in later Hinduism as [[Bhudevi]] (goddess of the earth).{{sfn|Foulston|2002|p=6}} According to Bhattacharyya, "it may be said that Aditi was the most ancient mother of the gods, whose features [had already become] obscure even in the Vedic Age. [...] The Harappan [Mother Goddess] was probably reflected in [the Vedic] conception of Aditi, thought to be a goddess of yore even in the ''Rigveda'' itself."{{sfn|Bhattacharyya|1996|pp=37, 53}} Indeed, Vedic descriptions of Aditi are vividly reflected in the countless so-called ''[[Lajja Gauri]]'' idols (depicting a faceless, lotus-headed goddess in birthing posture) that have been worshiped throughout India for millennia:{{sfn|Bolon|1992|p=7}}

<blockquote>In the first age of the gods, existence was born from non-existence. The quarters of the sky were born from she who crouched with legs spread. The earth was born from she who crouched with legs spread, and from the earth the quarters of the sky were born.<ref>''Rigveda'', X.72.3-4, cited in {{harvnb|Anonymous|1981|p=38}}.</ref></blockquote>

The historically recurrent theme of the Devi's all-encompassing, pan-sexual nature arises explicitly for the first time in such declarations as: "Aditi is the sky, Aditi is the air, Aditi is all gods. [...] Aditi is the Mother, the Father, and the Son. Aditi is whatever shall be born."<ref>''Rigveda'', I.89.10, cited in {{harvnb|Bhattacharyya|1996|p=36}}.</ref>

Also significant is the appearance, in the famous Rig Vedic hymn ''Devi Sukta'', of two of Hinduism's most widely known and beloved goddesses: ''[[Vāc]]'', identified with the present-day [[Saraswati]]; and ''Srī'', now better known as [[Lakshmi]]. In the hymn, still recited by thousands of Hindus each day, the Goddess unambiguously declares:

<blockquote>I am the Sovereign Queen; the treasury of all treasures; the chief of all objects of worship; whose all-pervading Self manifests all gods and goddesses; whose birthplace is in the midst of the causal waters; who in breathing forth gives birth to all created worlds, and yet extends beyond them, so vast am I in greatness.<ref>''Rigveda'', ''Devi Sukta'', Mandala X, Sukta 125. Cited in {{harvnb|Kali|2003|pp=213-217}}.</ref></blockquote>

=== Upanishads ===
The great [[Kena Upanishad]] (c. 750-500 BCE) tells an early tale in which the Devi appears as the ''shakti'', or essential power, of the Supreme Brahman. It begins with the Vedic trinity of [[Agni]], [[Vayu]] and [[Indra]] boasting and posturing in the flush of a recent victory over a demon hoard – until they suddenly find themselves bereft of divine power in the presence of a mysterious ''[[yaksha]]'', or forest spirit. When Indra tries to approach and question the ''yaksha'', it disappears, replaced by the Devi in the form of a "highly adorned" ''[[yakshini]]'':

<blockquote>It was [[Parvati|Uma]], the daughter of [[Himavat]]. Indra said to her, 'Who was that yaksha?' She replied, 'It is [[Brahman]]. It is only through the victory of Brahman that you have thus become great.' After that Indra and the ''devas'' realized the Truth [...] having known Brahman through such direct experience.<ref>''Kena Upanisad'', III.11-IV.3, cited in {{harvnb|Sarma|2001|pp=xxix-xxx}}.</ref></blockquote>

[[Image:SungaYaksa.JPG|upright|thumb|A ''[[yakshini]]'', or forest deity; the form the Devi assumed in the ''[[Kena Upanishad]]'' as the dynamic aspect of [[Brahman]]. [[Sunga Empire|Shunga Empire]], 2nd-1st century BCE. ''(Musee Guimet, Paris)'']]

Significantly, Bhattacharyya notes that "a study of the extant ''yaksha'' and ''yakshini'' images [of this period] shows that the later images of the gods and goddesses were shaped after them."{{sfn|Bhattacharyya|1996|p=68}}

The canonical ''[[Upanishad#Shakta Upanishads|Shakta Upanishads]]'' are much more recent, most dating between the 13th and 18th centuries, and generally relate to sectarian matters of [[Shri Vidya|Srividya]] worship. While their archaic Sanskrit usages "tend to create the impression that [they] belong to a hoary past, not one of the verses cast in the Vedic mold can be traced to a Vedic source."{{sfn|Krishna Warrier|1999|pp=ix-x}}

=== Epic period ===
While "no goddess of a purely Shakta character" is mentioned in the great [[Vaishnava]] epic ''[[Ramayana]]'' (c. 200 BCE - 200 CE), the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' (c. 400 BCE - 400 CE) is full of references that confirm the ongoing vitality of Shakta worship.{{sfn|Bhattacharyya|1996|p=77}}

<blockquote>
Devi is also mentioned in Devyatharva sookta, Triporopanishad, and there are many verses in vedas regarding various forms of goddess. The main Goddess of the pantheon held as Durga the central goddess. Mahabharat The Great Epic thus refers to the goddess residing in the [[Vindhya Range|Vindhyas]], the goddess who is fond of wine and meat (''{{IAST|sīdhumāṃsapaśupriyā}}'') and worshiped by the hunting peoples." The ongoing process of Goddess-worshiping indigenous peoples "coming into the fold of the caste system [also brought with it] a religious reflex of great historical consequence."{{sfn|Bhattacharyya|1996|pp=73, 81}}
</blockquote>

However, it is in the Epic's ''Durga Stotras''<ref>''Mahabharata'', IV.6 and VI.23.</ref> that "the Devi is first revealed in her true character, [comprising] numerous local goddesses combined into one [...] all-powerful Female Principle."{{sfn|Bhattacharyya|1996|p=75}} Meanwhile, the great [[Tamil literature|Tamil]] epic, ''[[Silappatikaram]]''<ref>''Silappadikaram'', Canto XXII, cited in {{harvnb|Bhattacharyya|1996|p=78}}</ref> (c. 100 CE) was one of several literary masterpieces amply indicating "the currency of the cult of the Female Principle in South India" during this period – and, once again, "the idea that Lakshmi, Saraswati, Parvati, etc., represent different aspects of the same power."{{sfn|Bhattacharyya|1996|pp=78-79}}

=== Puranas ===
Taken together with the Epics, the vast body of religious and cultural compilations known as the [[Puranas]] (most of which were composed during the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta period]], c. 300 - 600 CE) "afford us greater insight into all aspects and phases of Hinduism – its mythology, its worship, its theism and pantheism, its love of God, its philosophy and superstitions, its festivals and ceremonies and ethics – than any other works."{{sfn|Winternitz|1973|loc=Vol. I, p. 529}}

Some of the more important Shakta-oriented Puranas include the ''Devi Purana'' and the ''[[Kalika Purana]]'', in which Devi is described as "the supramental ''[[Prakriti]]''" to whom the world owes its origin, "while she does not owe her origin to anything."{{sfn|Bhattacharyya|1996|p=164}} By far, however, the most important Puranas from the Shakta standpoint are the ''[[Markandeya Purana]]'', the ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]'', and the ''[[Devi-Bhagavata Purana]]'', from which the key Shakta scriptures are drawn.

==== ''Devi Mahatmya'' ====
[[Image:Durga Mahisasuramardini.JPG|upright|thumb|Devi portrayed as ''[[Durga|Mahishasura Mardini]]'', Slayer of the Buffalo Demon – a central episode of the Devi Mahatmya, and one of the most famous in all of Hindu mythology.]]

{{main|Devi Mahatmya}}

By far, the most important text of Shaktism is the ''Devi Mahatmya'' (also known as the ''Durga Saptashati'', ''Chandi'' or ''Chandi-Path''), found in the ''Markandeya Purana''. Composed some 1,600 years ago, the text "wove together the diverse threads of already ancient memory and created a dazzling verbal tapestry that remains even today the central text of the Hindu Goddess."{{sfn|Kali|2003|p=xvii}} Here, for the first time, "the various mythic, cultic and theological elements relating to diverse female divinities were brought together in what has been called the 'crystallization of the Goddess tradition.'"<ref name="Brown 1991"/>

As the earliest Hindu scripture "in which the object of worship is conceptualized as Goddess, with a capital G",{{sfn|Coburn|1991| p=16}} the ''Devi Mahatmya'' also marks the birth of "independent Shaktism"; i.e. the cult of the Female Principle as a distinct philosophical and denominational entity.

<blockquote>The influence of the cult of the Female Principle [had already] placed goddesses by the sides of the gods of all systems as their consorts, and symbols of their energy or ''shakti''. But the entire popular emotion centering round the Female Principle was not exhausted. So need was felt for a new system, entirely female-dominated, as system in which even the great gods like Vishnu or Shiva would remain subordinate to the goddess. This new system – containing vestiges of hoary antiquity, varieties of rural and tribal cults and rituals, and strengthened by newfangled ideas of different ages – came to be known as Shaktism.{{sfn|Bhattacharyya|1996|p=108}}</blockquote>

==== ''Lalita Sahasranama'' ====
{{main|Lalita sahasranama}}
[[Image:Lalita sm.JPG|upright|thumb|left|Sri [[Tripura Sundari|Lalita]]-[[Tripura Sundari|Tripurasundari]] ([[Parvati]]) enthroned with her left foot upon the [[Sri Chakra]], holding her traditional symbols, the sugarcane bow, flower arrows, noose and goad.]]
Within the Hindu genre of ''[[Sahasranama]]s'' (literally, "thousand-name" hymns, extolling the names, deeds and associations of a given deity), the ''Sri Lalita Sahasranama Stotra'', or ''"Hymn to the Thousand Names of the Auspicious Goddess Lalita"'', is "a veritable classic, widely acknowledged for its lucidity, clarity and poetic excellence."{{sfn|Joshi|1998|loc=''front flap''}}

The ''Lalita Sahasranama'' is part of the ''Brahmanda Purana'', but its specific origins and authorship are lost to history. Based upon textual evidence, it is believed to have been composed in South India not earlier than the 9th or later than the 11th century CE. The text is closely associated with another section of the ''Brahmanda Purana'' entitled ''Lalitopakhyana'' (''"The Great Narrative of Lalita"''), which extols the deeds of the Goddess in her form as ''Lalita-Tripurasundari'', in particular her slaying of the demon ''Bhandasura''.{{sfn|Dikshitar|1999|loc=ch. 1–2}}

The text operates on a number of levels, containing references not just to the Devi's physical qualities and exploits but also an encoded guide to philosophy and esoteric practices of ''[[kundalini yoga]]'' and ''[[Shri Vidya|Srividya]]'' Shaktism. In addition, every name and group of names within the ''Sahasranama'' is considered to have high [[mantric]] value independent of its content, and are often prescribed in ''[[sadhana]]s'' or ''prayogas'' to accomplish particular purposes.{{sfn|Suryanarayana Murthy|2000|pp=44ff}}

==== ''Devi Gita'' ====
The late Puranic age saw the beginnings of ''[[Bhakti]]'' – "new religious movements of personalistic, theistic devotionalism" that would come to full fruition between 1200 and 1700 CE, and still in many ways define the mainstream of Hindu religious practice. The ''Devi Gita'' is an important milestone, as the first major Shakta "theistic work [to be] steeped in ''bhakti''."{{sfn|Brown|1998|p=17}}

The ''Devi Gita'' is the final and best-known portion of the vast 11th-century scripture known as the ''[[Devi Bhagavata|Devi Bhagavata Purana]]'', a text exclusively dedicated to the Devi "in her highest iconic mode, as the supreme World-Mother ''Bhuvaneshvari'', beyond birth, beyond marriage, beyond any possible subordination to Shiva." Indeed, the Purana's "most significant contribution to the Shakta theological tradition is the ideal of a Goddess both single and benign."{{sfn|Brown|1998|pp=10, 320}}

The ''Devi-Bhagavata Purana'' retells the tales of the ''Devi Mahatmya'' in much greater length and detail, embellishing them with Shakta philosophical reflections, while recasting many classic tales from other schools of Hinduism (particularly Vaishnavism) in a distinctly Shakta light:

<blockquote>The ''Devi-Bhagavata'' was intended not only to show the superiority of the Goddess over various male deities, but also to clarify and elaborate on her nature on her own terms. [...] The Goddess in the ''Devi-Bhagavata'' becomes less of a warrior goddess, and more a nurturer and comforter of her devotees, and a teacher of wisdom. This development in the character of the Goddess culminates in the ''Devi Gita'', which "repeatedly stresses the necessity of love for the goddess, with no mention of one's gender, as the primary qualification," a view "inspired by the devotional ideals of Shaktism.{{sfn|Brown|1998|pp=8, 21}}</blockquote>

=== Samkhya and Vedanta ===
As the first millennium wound to an end, "religious movements of the South began to exert tremendous influence on the North" – and the Southern contribution to Shaktism's emergence was significant:

<blockquote>''[[Korravai]]'', the Tamil goddess of war and victory, was easily identified with ''[[Durga]]'', [who] was also identified with the ''[[Bhagavati]]'' of Kerala and the eternal virgin enshrined in ''[[Devi Kanya Kumari|Kanyakumari]]''. She was invoked in one or another of her nine forms, ''[[Navadurga]]'', or as ''[[Bhadrakali]]''. The Tamil tradition also associates her with ''Saraswati'' or ''[[Vāc]]'', as also with ''Srī'' and ''Lakshmi''. Thus in Durga the devotee visualised the triple aspects of power, beneficence and wisdom. In addition, many southern temples included shrines to the ''[[Matrikas|Sapta Matrika]]'' and "from the earliest period the South had a rich tradition of the cult of the village mothers, concerned with the facts of daily life.{{sfn|Bhattacharyya|1996|p=111}}</blockquote>

The dualistic metaphysics of [[Tantra|Tantric]] traditions indicates the influence of Samkhya on Tantra.{{sfn|Flood|2006|p=69}} Dasgupta speculates that the Tantric image of a wild [[Kali]] standing on a slumbering [[Shiva]] was inspired from the Samkhyan conception of Prakriti as a dynamic agent and Purusha as a passive witness.{{sfn|Kripal|1998|pp=148-149}} Shakta philosophy also elaborated Samkhya theory on the phases of cosmic evolution (''[[tattvas]]'') by expanding the number of phases from 25 to [[The 36 tattvas|36 tattvas]]. "It is worthy of note that this scheme of ''tattvas'' enables the Shakta philosophy to solve the conundrum ... as to how the changeless ''Brahman'' becomes the changing universe, and how the One can become the Many. In the Shakta cosmogony the central idea is that Shakti issues out of the Absolute and is not different from ''Brahman'', being [rather] the kinetic aspect of Brahman."{{sfn|Dikshitar|1999|p=90}}

=== Tantras ===
[[Image:meru1.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Sri Yantra]]'' (shown here in the three-dimensional projection known as ''Sri Meru'' or ''Maha Meru'' used mainly in rituals of the [[Shri Vidya|Srividya]] Shakta sects) is central to most Tantric forms of Shaktism.]]

In most schools of Shaktism, the ''[[Tantra|Tantras]]'' – a large genre of ritual manuals dating from as early as the 7th century CE and as late as the 19th century – are central scriptures. The Tantras "devised two main ''margas'' (paths of ''sadhana'') to reach the same goal":{{sfn|Shankarnarayanan|2002a|p=140}}

* ''[[Vamachara]]'' lineages generally favor ''external'' worship (''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'', ''[[murti]]s'', etc.) and permit use of the ''[[panchamakara]]'' (lit. "five substances", referencing certain controversial forms of worship) at various levels under controlled circumstances; and
* ''[[Dakshinachara]]'' lineages generally prefer ''internal'' worship (meditative techniques, etc.) and essentially disapprove of the ''panchamakara'' under any circumstances.

The proper path is generally determined by the guru based upon a given devotee's personal nature – i.e., as a [[Tamas (philosophy)|tamasic]] ''pasu'' (i.e., an ordinary person not particularly given to spiritual pursuits, and mainly preoccupied with worldly matters); a [[rajas]]ic ''vira'' (an active and vigorous spiritual seeker, qualified to "heroically" engage more intensive forms of ''sadhana''); or a [[sattva|sattvic]] ''divya'' (a holy-natured person, having already achieved an extremely high level of spiritual maturity) – and various other factors.

Around 800 CE, [[Adi Shankara]], the legendary sage and preceptor of the [[Advaita Vedanta]] system, implicitly recognized Shakta philosophy and Tantric liturgy as part of mainstream Hinduism in his powerful (and still hugely popular) hymn known as ''[[Saundaryalahari]]'' or "Waves of Beauty". Shankara, while "not a Shakta in the sectarian sense, [...] had a soft corner for Shakta religion, perhaps due to its popularity among the masses."<ref name="Bhattacharyya 1996"/> Another important Shakta text often attributed to Shankara is the ''[[Mahishasura Mardini Stotra]]'', a 21-verse hymn derived from the ''Devi Mahatmya'' that constitutes "one of the greatest works ever addressed to the supreme feminine power."<ref>G. G. Kalbermatten, [http://www.dagadtrikon.com/blog/ai-giri-nandini-by-shankar-ramani/ "The Legend of Dagad Trikon"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019045722/http://www.dagadtrikon.com/blog/ai-giri-nandini-by-shankar-ramani/ |date=2007-10-19 }}. While authorship of the Stotram is popularly attributed to Shankara, many scholars have disputed the claim. For further discussion of the ''Mahishasura Mardini Stotram'', as well as a transcription and translation of the hymn, see "Mahishasura Mardini," [http://www.shaktisadhana.org/Newhomepage/shakti/mahishasuramardini.html Shakti Sadhana.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407164212/http://www.shaktisadhana.org/Newhomepage/shakti/mahishasuramardini.html |date=2010-04-07 }}. An alternative translation can be found at [http://www.celextel.org/stotrasdevi/mahishasuramardinistotra.html Celextel.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020120114/http://www.celextel.org/stotrasdevi/mahishasuramardinistotra.html |date=2007-10-20 }}</ref>

By the thirteenth century, "the Tantras had assimilated a very large number of cults of various origins – regional, tribal and sectarian – [and] had assumed a completely Shakta character." From the fourteenth century onward, "the Shakta-Tantric cults had [...] become woven into the texture of all the religious practices current in India," their spirit and substance infusing regional and sectarian vernacular as well as Sanskrit literature.{{sfn|Bhattacharyya|1996|p=154}}

== Rise of popular Shaktism ==
In the 18th and 19th centuries, "a good number of Shakta-Tantric works were composed" that "attempted to make the Tantric ideas popular among the masses." Notable examples include the ''Mahanirvana Tantra'', characterized by its "special modernism" and "liberal outlook, especially towards women." Works of the prolific and erudite [[Bhaskararaya]], the most "outstanding contributor to Shakta philosophy," also belong to this period and remain central to ''[[Shaktism#Srikula: family of Sri|Srividya]]'' practice even today.{{sfn|Bhattacharyya|1996|p=187}}

The great Tamil composer [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] (1775–1835), a Srividya adept, set one of that tradition's central mysteries – the majestic ''Navavarana Puja'' – to music in a [[Carnatic music|Caranatic classical]] song cycle known as the ''[[Kamalamba Navavarna Kritis]]''. "Dikshitar thus [threw] open the doors of [Srividya] to all those who are moved to approach the Divine Mother through devotional music."{{sfn|Shankarnarayanan|2002b|p=103}} In the meantime an even greater wave of popular Shaktism was swelling in eastern India with the passionate Shakta [[bhakti]] lyrics of two [[Bengali language|Bengali-language]] court poets—[[Bharatchandra Ray]] (1712–1760) and [[Ramprasad Sen]] (1718/20–1781)—which "opened not only a new horizon of the Shakti cult but made it acceptable to all, irrespective of caste or creed." More than 80 Shakta poets appeared in Bengal after Ramprasad [and] by 1900 the number of Shakta lyrics exceeded 4,000. And the tradition still survives."{{sfn|Bhattacharyya|1996|pp=191-92}}{{sfn|McDermott|2005|p=826}}

From this point onward, "Shaktism was evolving as a liberal, universal religion" that touched nearly every aspect of Indian life. The evolution "achieved a completeness" in the great Shakta saint [[Ramakrishna|Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa]] (1836–1886), "who held from his Shakta experience that the aim of all religions was the same and that the difference between the personal and the impersonal god was no more than that between ice and water."{{sfn|Bhattacharyya|1996|pp=200-201}}{{sfn|McDermott|2005|p=826}}

Another major advocate of Shaktism in this period was Sir [[John Woodroffe]] (1865–1936), a High Court judge in British India and "the father of modern Tantric studies," whose vast oeuvre "bends over backward to defend the Tantras against their many critics and to prove that they represent a noble, pure, ethical system in basic accord with the Vedas and Vedanta." His complete works are still in print and remain influential to this day.{{sfn|Urban|2003|p=135}}

Ramakrishna's chief disciple [[Swami Vivekananda]] (1863–1902) "inherited from Ramakrishna the Shakta-oriented, synthetic outlook which insisted on the cult of Shakti in the programme of national regeneration," and in fact "regarded the country as the living image of the Divine Mother" – an image that resonated throughout India's struggle for independence.

Another of India's great nationalists, [[Sri Aurobindo]] (1872–1950), later reinterpreted "the doctrine of Shakti in a new light" by drawing on "the Tantric conception of transforming the mortal and material body into [something] pure and divine," and setting a goal of "complete and unconditional surrender to the will of the Mother."<ref>{{harvnb|Bhattacharyya|1996|pp=202-203}}, citing Aurobindo, Sri, ''The Life Divine'' (Pondicherry, 1939).</ref>

== Modern developments ==
In certain regards, Bhattacharyya notes, Shaktism has so infused mainstream Hinduism that it has "ceased to be a sectarian religion," and presents "no difficulty for anyone to accept its essence."{{sfn|Bhattacharyya|1996|pp=203-204}}

Shakta-oriented temples and pilgrimage sites draw ever-growing crowds and recognition. For example, in 2004 the monumental [[Meenakshi Amman Temple]] was shortlisted in the "[[New Seven Wonders of the World]]" competition.<ref>"Popular demand: Meenakshi Temple in the race for 7 wonders," December 20, 2004, [http://www.new7wonders.com/fileadmin/resources/NDTV.pdf NDTV.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002534/http://www.new7wonders.com/fileadmin/resources/NDTV.pdf |date=2007-09-27 }}, via [http://www.new7wonders.com New Seven Wonders])</ref> Meanwhile, the [[Vaishno Devi]] shrine in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] attracts record numbers of pilgrims – five million in 2007.<ref>"Over 50 lakh pilgrims visit Mata Vaishno Devi," September 30, 2007, [http://www.zeenews.com/znnew/articles.asp?aid=398265&sid=REG&sname=&news=Over%2050%20lakh%20pilgrims%20visit%20Mata%20Vaishno%20Devi Zee News.com]</ref>

The Indian film industry turns out scores of Shakta devotional films, perhaps none more famous than 1975's ''[[Jai Santoshi Maa]]'' ("Hail to the Mother of Satisfaction"), a low-budget box-office phenomenon that propelled a previously unknown deity, ''[[Santoshi Mata]]'', to dizzying heights of devotional fervor. A 36-episode television miniseries in 2003 and a successful 2006 remake of the original film suggest that this "new" goddess's following continues to expand.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0876126/ ''Jai Santoshi Maa'' (2006)]</ref>

<blockquote>As her film brought her to life, ''Santoshi Ma'' quickly became one of the most important and widely worshiped goddesses in India, taking her place in poster-art form in the altar rooms of millions of Hindu homes. [...] Yet it is hard to conceive that Santoshi Ma could have granted such instant satisfaction to so many people had she not been part of a larger and already well-integrated culture of the Goddess. Her new devotees could immediately recognize many of her characteristic moods and attributes, and feel them deeply, because she shared them with other goddesses long since familiar to them.<ref name="Hawley in Hawley"/></blockquote>

Some scholars also identify a Shakta influence in the increasing visibility of Hindu female saints and gurus "through Web sites, world tours, ashrams and devotional groups across the globe, devotional publications and videos."{{sfn|Pechilis|2004|p=3}} While some of these teachers represent conservative and patriarchal lineages of mainstream Hinduism, Pechilis notes that others – for example [[Mata Amritanandamayi]] and [[Mother Meera]] – operate in a strongly "feminine mode" that is distinctly ''bhaktic'' and Shakta in nature.{{sfn|Pechilis|2004|p=6}} She observes:

<blockquote>Female gurus are understood by Hindu tradition and by their followers alike to be manifestations of the Goddess; that is, as perfect embodiments of ''shakti''. [...] The nature, presence, and teaching of the Hindu female gurus is universal. As gurus, they distinctively blend the formality and authority of classical tradition with the spontaneity of interactive encounter, harmonizing personal experience and the ultimate.{{sfn|Pechilis|2004|pp=9-10}}</blockquote>

==See also==
{{Portal|Hinduism}}
*[[Shaktism]]
*[[Navadurga]]
*[[Navaratri]]
*[[Matrikas]]
*[[Mahavidya]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}

== References ==
{{lacking ISBN|date=October 2022}}
{{refbegin|40em}}
*{{cite book |author=Anonymous |translator=Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty |lccn=82198997 |url=https://archive.org/details/rigvedapenguincl00anon |title=The Rig Veda: An Anthology |publisher=Penguin Classics Books |place=London |year=1981 |isbn=978-0140449891}}
*{{cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=N. N. |url=https://archive.org/details/indianmothergodd0000bhat |title=The Indian Mother Goddess |publisher=South Asia Books |place=New Delhi |lccn=99949122 |orig-year=1970 |edition=2nd |year=1977 |isbn=8173043248}}
*{{cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=N. N. |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofsaktare0000bhat |title=History of the Sakta Religion |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. |place=New Delhi |lccn=75900273 |oclc=35741883 |orig-year=1974 |edition=2nd |year=1996 |isbn=978-8121507134}}
*{{cite book |last=Bolon |first=Carol Radcliffe |url=https://archive.org/details/formsofgoddessla0000bolo |title=Forms of the Goddess Lajja Gauri in Indian Art |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |place=University Park, PA |lccn=90021553 |year=1992 |isbn=0271007613}}
*{{cite book |last=Brown |first=C. MacKenzie |title=The Triumph of the Goddess: The Canonical Models and Theological Issues of the Devi-Bhagavata Purana |publisher=State University of New York Press |series=Suny Series in Hindu Studies |year=1991 |isbn=0791403637}}
*{{cite book |last=Brown |first=C. Mackenzie |title=The Devi Gita: The Song of the Goddess: A Translation, Annotation and Commentary |publisher=State University of New York Press |place=Albany, NY |year=1998 |isbn=0791439399}}
*{{cite book |last=Coburn |first=Thomas B. |title=Encountering the Goddess: A translation of the Devi-Mahatmya and a Study of Its Interpretation |publisher=State University of New York Press |place=Albany |lccn=90030574 |year=1991 |isbn=8170302994}}
*{{cite book |last=Dikshitar |first=V. R. R. |year=1999 |title=The Lalita Cult |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1498-1}}
*{{cite book |last=Flood |first=Gavin |title=The Tantric Body: The Secret Tradition of Hindu Religion |year=2006 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-1-84511-011-6}}
*{{cite book |last=Foulston |first=Lynn |title=At the Feet of the Goddess: The Divine Feminine in Local Hindu Religion |year=2002 |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |isbn=978-1-902210-44-5}}
*{{cite book |last1=Foulston |first1=Lynn |last2=Abbott |first2=Stuart |title=Hindu Goddesses: Beliefs and Practices |year=2009 |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |isbn=978-1-902210-43-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesbe0000foul}}
*{{cite book |last=Fowler |first=Jeaneane D. |title=Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices |year=1997 |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |isbn=978-1-898723-60-8}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Hawley |editor1-first=John Stratton |editor2-last=Wulff |editor2-first=Donna Marie |title=Devi: Goddesses of India |publisher=University of California Press |place=Berkeley |year=1996}}{{ISBN?}}
*{{cite book |last=Joshi |first=L. M. |title=Lalita Sahasranama: A Comprehensive Study of the One Thousand Names of Lalita Maha-tripurasundari |publisher=D. K. Printworld |place=New Delhi |year=1998}}
*{{cite book |last=Joshi |first=M. C. |chapter=Historical and Iconographical Aspects of Shakta Tantrism |editor-last=Harper |editor-first=Katherine |title=The Roots of Tantra |publisher=State University of New York Press |place=Albany |year=2002}}{{ISBN?}}
*{{cite book |last=Kali |first=Davadatta |title=In Praise of the Goddess: The Devimahatmya and Its Meaning |publisher=Nicolas-Hays |place=Berwick, Maine |year=2003}}{{ISBN?}}
*{{cite book |last=Kinsley |first=David |title=Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition |publisher=University of California Press |place=Berkeley |year=1988}}{{ISBN?}}
*{{cite book |last=Kripal |first=Jeffrey J. |title=Kali's Child: The Mystical and the Erotic in the Life and Teachings of Ramakrishna |year=1998 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-45377-4}}
*{{cite book |last=Krishna Warrier |first=A. J. |title=The {{IAST|Sākta Upaniṣads}} |series=The Adyar Library and Research Center, Library Series |volume=89 |publisher=Vasanta Press |place=Chennai |orig-year=1967 |edition=3rd |year=1999}}{{ISBN?}}
*{{cite book |last=Littleton |first=C. Scott |title=Gods, Goddesses, and Mythology |year=2005 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=978-0-7614-7565-1}}
*{{cite book |last=Maity |first=Pradyot Kumar |title=Folk-Rituals Of Eastern India |year=1988 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-235-2}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |surname=McDermott |given=Rachel Fell |title=Bengali religions |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion: 15 Volume Set |editor=Lindsay Jones |edition=2nd |place=Detroit, Mi |publisher=MacMillan Reference USA |year=2005 |volume=2 |pages=824–832 |isbn=0-02-865735-7}}
*{{cite book |editor-last=Pechilis |editor-first=Karen |title=The Graceful Guru: Hindu Female Gurus in India and the United States |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004}}{{ISBN?}}
* {{cite book |last=Sarma |first=S. A. |title=Kena Upanisad: A Study From Sakta Perspective |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |place=Mumbai |year=2001}}{{ISBN?}}
*{{cite book |last=Shankarnarayanan |first=S. |title=The Ten Great Cosmic Powers: Dasa Mahavidyas |publisher=Samata Books |place=Chennai |orig-year=1972 |edition=4th |year=2002a}}{{ISBN?}}
*{{cite book |last=Shankarnarayanan |first=S. |title=Sri Chakra |publisher=Samata Books |place=Chennai |orig-year=1971 |edition=4th |year=2002b}}{{ISBN?}}
*{{cite book |last=Subramuniyaswami |first=Satguru Sivaya |title=Merging with Siva: Hinduism's Contemporary Metaphysics |publisher=Himalayan Academy |place=Hawaii |year=1999}}{{ISBN?}}
*{{cite book |last=Suryanarayana Murthy |first=C. |title=Sri Lalita Sahasranama with Introduction and Commentary |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |place=Mumbai |year=2000 |orig-year=1962}}{{ISBN?}}
*{{cite book |last=Urban |first=Hugh B. |title=Tantra: Sex, Secrecy, Politics and Power in the Study of Religion |publisher=University of California Press |place=Berkeley |year=2003}}{{ISBN?}}
*{{cite book |last=Winternitz |first=M. |title=History of Indian Literature |orig-year=1927 |place=New Delhi |year=1973}} 2 vols.
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|40em}}
*{{cite book |last=Brooks |first=Douglas Renfrew |title=The Secret of the Three Cities: An Introduction to Hindu Shakta Tantrism |publisher=University of Chicago Press |place=Chicago |year=1990 |isbn=0226075699 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |last=Brooks |first=Douglas Renfrew |title=Auspicious Wisdom: The Texts and Traditions of Srividya Shakta Tantrism in South India |publisher=State University of New York Press |place=Albany, NY |year=1992 |isbn=0791411451 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |last=Dempsey |first=Corinne G. |title=The Goddess Lives in Upstate New York: Breaking Convention and Making Home at a North American Hindu Temple |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006}}
*{{cite book |last=Erndl |first=Kathleen M. |title=Victory to the Mother: The Hindu Goddess of Northwest India in Myth, Ritual, and Symbol |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1992}}
*{{cite book |last=Johnsen |first=Linda |title=The Living Goddess: Reclaiming the Tradition of the Mother of the Universe |publisher=Yes International Publishers |place=St. Paul, Minnesota |year=1999}}
*{{cite book |last=Kinsley |first=David |title=Tantric Visions of the Divine Feminine: The Ten Mahavidyas |publisher=University of California Press |place=Berkeley |year=1997}}
*{{cite book |last=Pattanaik |first=Devdutt |title=Devi the Mother-Goddess: An Introduction |publisher=Vakils, Feffer and Simons Ltd. |place=Mumbai |year=2000}}
*{{cite book |last=White |first=David Gordon |title=Kiss of the Yogini: "Tantric Sex" in its South Asian Contexts |publisher=University of Chicago Press |place=Chicago |year=2003}}
*{{cite book |last=Woodroffe |first=John |title=Sakti and Sakta: Essays and Addresses |publisher=Ganesh & Company |place=Madras |edition=9th |year=1987 |orig-year=1927}}
{{refend}}

{{Shaktism}}
{{HinduMythology}}

{{Good article}}

[[Category:Shaktism|*]]

North American Association of Indian Students

2026-04-18T16:01:14Z

Chefajaychopra123: Created First Details First Draft...

{{Short description|Indian-American nonprofit organisation}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Advert|date=January 2022}}
{{Notability|date=March 2024}}
}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = North American Association of Indian Students (NAAIS)
| logo = NAAIS Logo.png
| logo_caption =
| founder = [[Sudhanshu Kaushik]]
| type = [[Nonprofit organization]]
| status = 501(c)(3)
| focus = [[Students]], [[youth]], [[activism]], [[mobilization]]
| location = [[New York City|New York]] / [[Delhi]]
| method =
| membership = 23,000
| founded = 2020
| website = {{URL|naais.org}}
| email =
}}
The '''North American Association of Indian Students''' (NAAIS) is an American [[nonprofit organization]] that supports [[Indian people|Indian]] and [[Indian Americans|Indian-American]] students studying in the United States.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Living in two realities': Indian diaspora reckons with crisis abroad|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2021/05/01/india-diaspora-covid-response/|access-date=2021-11-26|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Callimachi|first=Rukmini|date=2021-06-03|title=Colleges Say Students Must Get a Covid Vaccine. But No, Not That One.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/03/us/coronavirus-vaccine-college-students.html|access-date=2021-11-26|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The organization aims to connect a variety of Indian groups on college and university campuses to create better resources for Indian and Indian-American students.

With over 200,000 Indian students and over 500,000 Indian-American students studying in US institutions, young Indians are one of the largest identity groups within the United States, second only to the [[Chinese Americans|Chinese]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Kritika |date=2019-11-26 |title=21% fewer Indian students went abroad last year as US figures saw biggest drop |url=https://theprint.in/india/education/21-fewer-indian-students-went-abroad-last-year-as-us-figures-see-biggest-drop/326433/ |access-date=2019-12-30 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

NAAIS runs a workshop series to encourage bonding between Indian-origin students.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nott |first=Will |date=27 August 2021 |title=NAAIS holds workshops across US to support Indian students |url=https://thepienews.com/news/naais-holds-workshops-across-us-to-support-indian-students/ |access-date=18 April 2024 |website=The Pie News |language=en}}</ref> Additionally, NAAIS runs a mentorship program "designed to facilitate connections between undergraduate students of Indian origin, including Indian-American students, and experienced [[India|Indian]] alumni mentors".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naaindian.org/work/chotto-motto-hy23k|title=Community|website=North American Association of Indian Students|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-11}} {{dead link|date=November 2021}}</ref>{{bsn|date=April 2024}} In 2001, NAAIS also partnered with [[ZEE5]], an Indian video-on-demand service, to get its message to more young Indians around college campuses,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Patel|first=Nirali|date=2021-09-30|title=Sudhanshu Kaushik speaks to UMich Indian American Student Association|url=http://www.michigandaily.com/campus-life/sudhanshu-kaushik-speaks-to-umich-indian-american-student-association/|access-date=2021-11-20|website=The Michigan Daily|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Staff Writer|title=ZEE5 launches in the U.S., ushers in a new era of South Asian entertainment {{!}} News India Times|date=25 June 2021 |url=https://www.newsindiatimes.com/zee5-launches-in-the-u-s-ushers-in-a-new-era-of-south-asian-entertainment/|access-date=2021-11-20|language=en-US}}</ref> having visited over 50 college campuses in the United States by November that year.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-04|title=SASA Bollywood Night brings community together with trivia|url=https://dbknews.com/2021/11/04/sasa-bollywood-night-naais-community/|access-date=2021-11-26|website=The Diamondback|language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Organizations based in New York City]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]
[[Category:University and college organizations]]
[[Category:Indian-American culture in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Indian-American culture]]
[[Category:Non-profit youth organizations based in the United States]]
[[Category:Nonpartisan organizations in the United States]]
[[Category:Ethnic student organizations]]
[[Category:Student organizations]]
[[Category:Student organizations by university or college in the United States]]
[[Category:Student organizations by university or college]]
[[Category:Student societies in the United States]]

Pradyut Bordoloi

2026-04-15T12:42:03Z

Chefajaychopra123:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Pradyut Bordoloi
| native_name =
| image = File:Pradyut.jpg
| image_size = 190
| caption =
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 23 May 2019
| term_end1 = 18 March 2026
| predecessor1 = [[Rajen Gohain]]
| successor1 =
| constituency1 = [[Nagaon Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaon]]

| office2 = [[Government of Assam|Cabinet Minister, Assam]]
| term_start2 = 21 May 2006
| term_end2 = 25 January 2015
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[Tarun Gogoi]]
| 2blankname2 = Departments
| 2namedata2 = {{bulleted list|Industries and Commerce|Power|Public Enterprises|Education {{small|(2014–15)}}}}
| predecessor2 = {{ubl|[[Anjan Dutta (politician)|Anjan Dutta]] {{small|(Industries, Public Enterprises)}}|Tarun Gogoi {{small|(Power)}}|[[Himanta Biswa Sarma]] {{small|(Education)}}}}
| successor2 = {{ubl|Tarun Gogoi {{small|(Industries, Power, Public Enterprises)}}|[[Sarat Barkotoky]] {{small|(Education)}}}}

| office3 = [[Government of Assam|Minister of State (Independent Charge), Assam]]
| term_start3 = 7 June 2002
| term_end3 = 21 May 2006
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[Tarun Gogoi]]
| 2blankname3 = Departments
| 2namedata3 = {{bulleted list|Environment and Forest|Sports and Youth Welfare {{small|(2004–06)}}}}
| predecessor3 = {{ubl|[[Gobinda Chandra Langthasa]] {{small|(Environment)}}|[[Robin Bordoloi]] {{small|(Sports)}}}}
| successor3 = {{ubl|[[Rakibul Hussain]] {{small|(Environment)}}|[[Gautam Bora]] {{small|(Sports)}}}}

| office4 = [[Government of Assam|Minister of State, Assam]]
| term_start4 = 17 May 2001
| term_end4 = 7 June 2002
| 1blankname4 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata4 = [[Tarun Gogoi]]
| 2blankname4 = Departments
| 2namedata4 = {{bulleted list|Finance|Industries and Commerce|Information and Public Relations|Science and Technology|Environment and Forest}}

| office5 = [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member, Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency5 = [[Margherita Assembly constituency|Margherita]]
| term_start5 = 1998
| predecessor5 = [[Tarun Gogoi]]
| successor5 = [[Bhaskar Sharma]]
| term_end5 = 2016
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1959|04|28}}
| birth_place = [[Margherita, Assam]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| children = Two Sons
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] (2026–present)
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] (1998–2026)
| alma_mater = [[Cotton University|Cotton College]], [[Gauhati University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A]], [[Master of Arts|M.A]]) [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] ([[MPhil]])
| profession =
| sibling =
| website =
}}
'''Pradyut Bordoloi''' (born 28 April 1959) is a [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] politician from [[Assam]] who served as the [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Nagaon Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaon]] [[Lok Sabha]] constituency since [[2019 Indian general election|2019]] until 2026.<ref name="Times of India">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/pradyut-quits-cong-gets-offer-from-himanta-to-join-bjp/articleshow/129639799.cms|title=Assam assembly elections: MP Pradyut Bordoloi quits Congress after 30 years, gets offer from Himanta Biswa Sarma to join BJP|work=Times of India|access-date=2026-03-18}}</ref><ref name="business-standard1">[https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bjp-increases-seats-in-assam-119052401613_1.html Pradyut Bordoloi- Wins in Nagaon]</ref> He was previously a four-term [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|member]] of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Margherita (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Margherita]] from 1998 to 2016, and a minister in the [[Government of Assam]] between 2001 and 2015.<ref name="telegraph">[https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/congress-key-posts-for-pradyut-ne-leaders/cid/1668650 Congress key posts for Pradyut, NE leaders]</ref><ref name="business-standard2">[http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/pradyut-bordoloi-appointed-govt-spokesperson-in-assam-115060501086_1.html Pradyut Bordoloi appointed govt spokesperson in Assam]</ref>
Bordoloi was previously a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] until 2026.

== Early life ==
Bordoloi was born on 28 March 1959 in [[Margherita, Assam]].<ref name="Lok Sabha bio">[https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/pradyut-bordoloi Pradyut Bordoloi]</ref> He graduated from [[Cotton College]], [[Gauhati University]] with a [[Master of Arts|MA]], and from [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] with an [[MPhil]].<ref name="Lok Sabha bio"/> He was the President of the Assam unit of the [[National Students’ Union of India]].<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/pradyut-bordoloi-cong-hand-joins-call-for-transparency-in-party-chief-polls-8126982/ Pradyut Bordoloi, old Cong hand from Tinsukia joins call for transparency in party chief polls]</ref><ref>[https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/congress-mp-from-nagaon-pradyut-bordoloi-tests-positive-for-covid-19-575034 Congress MP From Nagaon, Pradyut Bordoloi, Tests Positive For COVID-19]</ref>

==Political career ==
Bordoloi was elected to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from [[Margherita (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Margherita]] in a by-poll in 1998,<ref>[https://www.rediff.com/news/1998/jun/06bypoll.htm Congress stuns BJD-BJP in Orissa]</ref> and was re-elected in 2001, 2006, and 2011.<ref>[https://www.sentinelassam.com/assam-election-2021/candidates/phase1/margherita-vidhan-sabha-in-assam-assembly-election-529004 Margherita Constituency - Population, Polling Percentage, Facilities, Parties Vote Share, Last Election Results]</ref> He was a minister of state in the [[First Tarun Gogoi Ministry|first]] Tarun Gogoi-led Indian National Congress government from 2001 to 2006.<ref name="telegraph"/> He held portfolios of Industries, Commerce, Power, and Public Enterprises as a senior cabinet minister in the [[Second Tarun Gogoi Ministry|second]] and [[Third Tarun Gogoi Ministry|third]] Tarun Gogoi-led Congress ministries from 2006 to 2015.<ref name="telegraph"/> He stepped down as a minister in the 2015 cabinet reshuffle,<ref name="telegraph"/> and was subsequently appointed senior government spokesperson and advisor to the Chief Minister.<ref name="business-standard2"/> In [[2019 Indian general election|2019]], Bordoloi was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Nagaon Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaon]].<ref name="business-standard1"/> He was re-elected from Nagaon in [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]. He joined the [[BJP]] in the presence of Assam Chief Minister [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]] on 18 March 2026.<ref name="Times of India"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bordoloi, Pradyut}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Assam]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:People from Tinsukia district]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]

Narsapur Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T02:13:25Z

Chefajaychopra123: Created Some Post And Citations

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Distinguish|Narasapuram (Assembly constituency)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Narsapur
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (37-Narsapur highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Narsapur Assembly constituency within Telangana
| mla = [[Vakiti Sunitha Laxma Reddy]]
| party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
| latest_election_year = 2023
| established = 1951
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Medak district|Medak]]
| electors = 1,99,626
| incumbent_image = Sunithalaxmareddya.jpg
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 37
| loksabha_cons = [[Medak Lok Sabha constituency|Medak]]
}}

'''Narsapur Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is one of ten constituencies in [[Medak district]]. It is part of [[Medak Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Vakiti Sunitha Laxma Reddy]] of [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] is the sitting MLA of the constituency since 2023.

==Mandals==
The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following Mandals:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal !!Districts
|-
| [[Narsapur, Medak|Narsapur]]
| rowspan=5|[[Medak district|Medak]]
|-
| [[Kulcharam]]
|-
| [[Yeldurthy]]
|-
| [[Shivampet]]
|-
| [[Kowdipalle]]
|-
| Hathnoora
| [[Sangareddy district|Sangareddy]]
|-
| [[Chilipched]]
| [[Medak district|Medak]]
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
Members of Legislative Assembly who represented Narsapur<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S01/partycomp223.htm |title=Partywise Comparison Since 1978. Andhra Pradesh: 223 - Narsapur Assembly Constituency |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=5 October 2018 |archive-date=1 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801051958/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S01/partycomp223.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/telangana/assembly-constituencies/narsapur.html |title=Narsapur (Telangana) Assembly Constituency Election |date= |website=elections.in}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Winner
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| 1978
| Chilumula Vithal Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| 1983
| Chowti Jagannath Rao
| style="color:inherit;background:#00FFFF" |
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 1985
|rowspan=3| [[Chilumula Vittal Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 1989
|-
| 1994
|-
| 1999
|rowspan=3| [[Vakiti Sunitha Laxma Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 2004
|-
| 2009
|-
! colspan=4| [[Telangana]]
|-
|2014
|rowspan=2|[[Chilumula Madan Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2018
|-
|2023
|[[Vakiti Sunitha Laxma Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|}

==Election results==

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2023]]: Narsapur (Assembly constituency)}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[Sunitha Laxma Reddy V | Vakiti Sunitha Laxma Reddy]]
| votes =88,410
| percentage =44.64
| change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Aavula Raji Reddy|votes=79,555|percentage=40.17|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Arragolla Muralidhar Yadav|votes=22,865|percentage=11.54|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=1,386|percentage=0.70|change=}}{{Election box majority|votes=8,855|percentage=4.47|change=}}{{Election box turnout|votes=1,98,062|percentage=|change=}}{{Election box hold with party link
| winner =Bharat Rashtra Samithi
|loser =Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}{{Election box end}}

=== Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Narsapur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[Chilumula Madan Reddy]]
| votes = 1,05,665
| percentage =57.54%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Sunitha Laxma Reddy V|Sunitha Laxma Reddy]]
| votes = 67,345
| percentage = 36.67%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Singayapalli Gopi]]
| votes = 2,848
| percentage = 1.55%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the Above
| votes = 1,669
| percentage = 0.91%
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 38,320
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,83,634
| percentage = 90.74%
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2014]]: Narsapur (Assembly constituency)}}<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20231005075223/https://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=997&cid=37 Narsapur Results]}}</ref>
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = [[Chilumula Madan Reddy]]
| votes = 85,890
| percentage =49.02%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Sunitha Laxma Reddy V|Sunitha Laxma Reddy]]
| votes = 71,673
| percentage = 40.89%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Chaganla Balvindernath
| votes = 6,088
| percentage = 3.47%
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 14,217
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,75,286
| percentage = 87.81%
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
{{coord|17.74|78.28|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Medak district]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Love Aaj Kal Porshu

2026-04-14T21:26:16Z

Chefajaychopra123:

{{short description|Indian Bengali romantic film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Love Aaj Kal Porshu
| native_name =
| image = Poster_of_Love_Aaj_Kal_Porshu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Pratim D. Gupta]]
| producer = Shrikant Mohta & Mahendra Soni
| writer = [[Pratim D. Gupta]]
| starring = [[Arjun Chakrabarty]] [[Madhumita Sarkar]] [[Paoli Dam]]
| music = [[Arindom Chatterjee]]
| cinematography = Subhankar Bhar
| editing = Sanglap Bhowmick
| studio = [[SVF Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[SVF Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2020|02|14}}
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Love Aaj Kal Porshu''''' is an Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Science fiction film|science fiction]] [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film written and directed by [[Pratim D. Gupta]].<ref>{{cite news |title=ভালবাসার খেলা! জটিল ধাঁধায় ‘লাভ আজ কাল পরশু’ |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/love-aaj-kal-porshu-trailer-arjun-madhumita-paoli-187258/ |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=2 February 2020 |language=bn}}</ref> Produced by Shrikant Mohta and Mahendra Soni under the banner of [[Shree Venkatesh Films]], the film stars [[Arjun Chakraborty]], [[Madhumita Sarkar]] in the lead roles while [[Paoli Dam]] and [[Abhijit Guha (director)|Abhijit Guha]] play other pivotal roles.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Priyanka |title=V-day debutante |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/v-day-debutante/cid/1743741 |access-date=1 March 2020 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=9 February 2020}}</ref>

The story is inspired by two [[Jim Carrey]] movies, ''[[Eternal Sunshine of a Spotless Mind]]'' and ''[[The Truman Show]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhanja |first1=Sandipta |title=বছরের শুরুতেই প্রেমসাগরে ডুব অর্জুন-মধুমিতার, প্রকাশ্যে ‘লাভ আজ কাল পরশু’র টিজার |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/pratim-d-gupta-directed-love-aaj-kal-porsu-teaser-released/ |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=1 January 2020 |language=bn}}</ref> The film was released in the theatres on 14 February 2020, coinciding with [[Valentine's Day]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Sankha |title=Wanted ‘Love Aaj Kal Porshu’ to look and sound honest in 2020: Pratim D Gupta |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/wanted-love-aaj-kal-porshu-to-look-and-sound-honest-in-2020-pratim-d-gupta/articleshow/74057716.cms |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=10 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Sankha |title=How has ‘Love Aaj Kal Porshu’ explored the concept of modern-day love? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/how-has-love-aaj-kal-porshu-explored-the-concept-of-modern-day-love/articleshow/74095175.cms |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=12 February 2020}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
The film revolves around the timeline of three days - yesterday, today and tomorrow. Kalki Maitra is the owner of Paradise Hotel and also the producer of a television show titled "Prothom Dekha", which is about the story of two strangers who meet for the first time. The lead pair working in show, wake up everyday with a new identity, as a completely changed person. As a result, the ''prothom dekha'' or first meetup takes place between different people on each of the three days. On one day, the first meet up takes place at a coffee shop between a cricketer Tripti and singer Abhirup while on another day, the meet up occurs between business reporter Abhishek and a model Tapsee. Another day, Abhijit meets Tania.

Mr. Batuk is the person behind these daily identity changes. With the help of an innovative technology, every nights he puts in several new information into the brain of Arjun and Madhumita. As a result, it creates new memories in their brain overnight. When they wake up in the morning, he or she is a completely different person, with no connections from the previous day. Abhishek not knows Abhirup nor does Tapsee know Tripti. In this manner, the same people are falling in love everyday but with a different character. Further, the true identity of the characters are revealed along with information about the longevity of a first meet up of this kind.

== Cast ==
* [[Arjun Chakrabarty]] as Avik {{aka}} Avishek / Abhijit / Abhirup<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/love-aaj-kal-porshu/movieshow/70606347.cms|title=Love Aaj Kal Porshu Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes|via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
* [[Madhumita Sarkar]] as Tista {{aka}} Tania / Tapsee / Tripti
* [[Paoli Dam]] as Kalki Maitra
* [[Anindita Bose]] as Leena
* [[Anirban Chakrabarti]] Chakrabarti as Ganesh
* [[Abhijit Guha (director)|Abhijit Guha]] as Botuk

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In an interview with ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'', the director revealed that the title of the film is suggestive of the idea of the eternal nature of love, which exists between the lead duo across three days; yesterday, today and tomorrow.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghoshal |first1=Sarmistha |title=Tollywood actors Arjun Chakrabarty and Madhumita on their latest movie, Love Aaj Kaal Porshu |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2020/Feb/13/tollywood-actors-arjun-chakrabarty-and-madhumita-on-their-latest-movie-love-aaj-kaal-porshu-22298.html |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express|Indulge Express]] |date=14 February 2020}}</ref> He revealed that he came up with the idea of this film from his observation asa to how everything around us slowly becoming doctored. He mentioned that we are told who to worship and who to not, what to eat and what not and were are being brainwashed about who is a hero and who is a villain. He wanted to present this troubling thought persisting in our society through an entertaining love story.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pratim D. Gupta the former journalist grills Pratim D. Gupta the filmmaker on his new film Love Aaj Kal Porshu |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/pratim-d-gupta-the-former-journalist-grills-pratim-d-gupta-the-filmmaker-on-his-new-film-love-aaj-kal-porshu/cid/1744945 |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=13 February 2020}}</ref>

The Shubh Muhurat of the film took place at the SVF office on 15 October 2019. The Shubh Muhurat ceremony was also shared by the Muhurat of [[Srijit Mukherji]]'s then upcoming film, ''[[Dwitiyo Purush]]''. The shooting of the film was started from the second week of November 2019 and was wrapped by December 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Two most anticipated films hit the floor! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/two-most-anticipated-films-hit-the-floor/articleshow/71612965.cms |access-date=1 March 2019 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=16 October 2019}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Initially, he decided to cast Ritwick Chakraborty but changed his decision to cast [[Jisshu Sengupta]], after completing the final draft. But due to date issues of Jisshu, he was replaced by Arjun as the male lead.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Ruman |title=Pratim is keeping himself busy on his birthday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/pratim-is-keeping-himself-busy-on-his-birthday/articleshow/72004906.cms |access-date=1 March 2023 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=11 November 2019}}</ref> Madhumita Sarcar was his first choice for the script.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Sankha |title=My valentine is now work: Madhumita ahead of her big screen debut |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/my-valentine-is-now-work-madhumita-ahead-of-her-big-screen-debut/articleshow/74093391.cms |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=12 February 2020}}</ref> Paoli Dam agreed to play a negative shaded role in the film, owing to the character of Kalki Mitra in the film.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Hia |title=Paoli Dam on love being eternal, her Friday film 'Love Aaj Kal Porshu' and V-day favourites |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/paoli-dam-on-love-being-eternal-her-friday-film-love-aaj-kal-porshu-and-valentine-s-day-favourites/cid/1744314 |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=11 February 2020}}</ref> In an interview with ''[[The Times of India]]'', Madhumita mentioned that initially she was skeptical about the kissing scenes and steamy scenes in the movie as the audience is used to her image of a traditional girl wearing saree or salwar from her previous films. But after shooting a few, she mentioned that she was comfortable with those scenes.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Sankha |title=Madhumita was skeptical about shooting the steamy scenes in ‘Love Aaj Kal Porshu’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/madhumita-was-skeptical-about-shooting-the-steamy-scenes-in-love-aaj-kal-porshu/articleshow/76438366.cms |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=18 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Sankha |title=How comfortable was it for Madhumita to shoot the intimate scenes? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/how-comfortable-was-it-for-madhumita-to-shoot-the-intimate-scenes/articleshow/74488443.cms |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=5 March 2020}}</ref>

=== Marketing ===
The official teaser of film was released on 31 December 2019 by [[Shree Venkatesh Films]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Love Aaj Kal Porshu' teaser: Arjun and Madhumita show a sparking on-screen chemistry |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/love-aaj-kal-porshu-teaser-arjun-and-madhumita-show-a-sparking-on-screen-chemistry/articleshow/73055262.cms |accessdate=8 January 2020 |publisher=Times of India |date=1 January 2020}}</ref> The trailer was released on 1 February 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=অর্জুন-মধুমিতার লাভ আজ কাল পরশু'র ট্রেলার, প্রেমের গল্পে রহস্যের মায়াজাল |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/arjun-madhumita-starrer-love-aaj-kal-porshu-s-trailer-is-out-31580575972771.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923135810/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/arjun-madhumita-starrer-love-aaj-kal-porshu-s-trailer-is-out-31580575972771.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 September 2020 |access-date=1 March 2020 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=1 February 2020 |language=bn}}</ref> The event was marked by music performances from Dev Arijit and [[Nikhita Gandhi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=In pics: Arjun Chakraborty, Madhumita Sarkar to star in Pratim D Gupta's Love Aaj Kal Porshu |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/galleries/parties/2020/Feb/06/in-pics-arjun-chakraborty-madhumita-sarkar-to-star-in-pratim-d-guptas-love-aaj-kal-porshu-1074.html |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express|Indulge Express]] |date=6 February 2020}}</ref> A special screening of the film was held on 20 February 2020, which was attended by young and newcomer actors, actresses and musicians in the industry.<ref>{{cite news |title=In pics: Arjun and Madhumita hit the big screen with their sizzling chemistry in Love Aaj Kal Porshu |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/galleries/parties/2020/Feb/20/in-pics-arjun-and-madhumita-hit-the-big-screen-with-their-sizzling-chemistry-in-love-aaj-kal-porshu-1095.html |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express|Indulge Express]] |date=20 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Priyanka |title=Arjun Chakrabarty: Turning 10 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/arjun-chakrabarty-turning-10/cid/1745240 |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=14 February 2020}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Love Aaj Kal Porshu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Arindom Chatterjee]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2020
| recorded = 2019
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 12:21
| language = Bengali
| label = [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF]]
| producer = Shrikant Mohta Mahendra Soni
| misc =
}}

The music of the film has been composed by [[Arindom Chatterjee]]. The lyrics have been penned by Prasen.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goswami |first1=Ranita |title=Love Aaj Kal Porshu-র গান 'শুনে নে', সাহসী চরিত্রে মধুমিতা |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/movie-review-of-love-aaj-kal-porshu-acted-by-arjun-chakrabarty-and-madhumita-sarkar-dgtl-1.1109282 |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=[[Zee News]] |date=20 January 2020 |language=bn}}</ref>

The first single "Shune Ne" was released on 14 January 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title='Shune Ne' from ‘Love Aaj Kal Porshu’: Every frame oozes with romance, Arjun-Madhumita’s sparkling chemistry wins hearts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/shune-ne-from-love-aaj-kal-porshu-every-frame-oozes-with-romance-arjun-madhumitas-sparkling-chemistry-wins-hearts/articleshow/73416343.cms |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=20 January 2020}}</ref> The second single "Aye Dekhe Jaa" was released on 9 February 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=‘Aye Dekhe Ja’ from ‘Love Aaj Kal Porshu’ combines magic of Arijit Singh with singalong chorus |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/aye-dekhe-ja-from-love-aaj-kal-porshu-combines-the-magic-of-arijit-singh-with-a-singalong-chorus/articleshow/74057406.cms |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=10 February 2020}}</ref> The third single "Tomay Notun Kore" was released on 16 February 2020.

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 12:21
| extra_column = Singer
| title1 = Aye Dekhe Jaa
| length1 = 3:01
| extra1 = [[Arijit Singh]]
| title2 = Shune Ne
| length2 = 2:45
| extra2 = Dev Arijit, [[Nikhita Gandhi]]
| title3 = Tomay Notun Kore
| length3 = 3:15
| extra3 = Shaheb Chattopadhyay
| title4 = Shune Ne Reprise
| length4 = 3:20
| extra4 = [[Ash King]], [[Nikhita Gandhi]]
}}

== Release ==
The film was released in the theatres on 14 February 2020, on the celebration of [[Valentine's Day]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Sankha |title=Arjun and Madhumita the best thing happened to ‘Love Aaj Kal Porshu’: Pratim D Gupta |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/arjun-and-madhumita-the-best-thing-happened-to-love-aaj-kal-porshu-pratim-d-gupta/articleshow/73664064.cms |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=28 January 2020}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===
Antara Chakraborthy of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' reviewed the film and opined " Love Aaj Kal Porshu is a Bengali romantic drama that can be explained as a cross between Groundhog Day, The Truman’s Show and Love Aaj Kal."<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Chakraborthy |first1=Antara |title=Love Aaj Kal Porshu review: A complicated love story that makes you think |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/love-aaj-kal-porshu-review-a-complicated-love-story-that-makes-you-think-6345634/ |url-access=subscription |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=4 April 2020}}</ref> Roushani Sarkar of ''Cinestaan'' reviewed the film and wrote " The film delivers a mixed experience, leaving the viewer confused whether to focus on the elements of romance in the movie or the twists and turns in the plot. Overall, Love Aaj Kal Porshu does not fascinate the viewer with its twists. It keeps the audience hooked with the anticipation of making sense of the narrative."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/love-aaj-kal-porshu-42027|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221101527/https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/love-aaj-kal-porshu-42027|url-status=live|archive-date=21 February 2020|title = Love Aaj Kal Porshu review: Lots of appealing moments that don't add up to a seamless experience|date=14 February 2020|last1=Sarkar |first1=Roushani}}</ref>

Indradutta Basu of ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'' reviewed the film and noted "The film successfully depicts the new generation definition of love but fails to utilise the true potential of the script due to the weak screenplay. Although the director wanted to focus on love, but bits of science fiction, technology and thrill spoils the broth." She praised the Arjun and Madhumita's acting and the music but criticised the fact that the film shows the use of advanced technology but the lifestyle of the people is completely normal.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Basu |first1=Indradutta |title=মুভি রিভিউ ‘লাভ আজ কাল পরশু’: পাঁচমিশালি হল, কিন্তু শেষমেশ সুস্বাদু হল না |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/movie-review-of-love-aaj-kal-porshu-acted-by-arjun-chakrabarty-and-madhumita-sarkar-dgtl-1.1109282 |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=14 February 2020 |lang=bn}}</ref>

Shamayita Chakraborty of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 3.5/5 calling it "a whiff of fresh air". Raving about the movie, the review said: "It brings in an unusual flavour in Bengali cinema. It thrills you, makes your heart melt in love and most importantly, engages you with its tight script — a perfect concoction for this season of love without being melodramatic."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita| title=Love Aaj Kal Porshu Movie Review : A whiff of fresh air |date= 15 February 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/love-aaj-kal-porshu/movie-review/74148170.cms|access-date=15 February 2020}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Indian Express|The Indian Express Bangla]]'' rated the film 3/5 stars and wrote "The film loses its appeal and focus from all the genres owing to the weak screenplay. The less focused backstory makes the film lose its reliability." She praised Madhumita's acting but bemoaned not well stringed story.<ref>{{cite news |title=লাভ আজ কাল পরশু: প্রেমের রহস্য 'রোমাঞ্চ' ধরে রাখতে ব্যর্থ |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/love-aaj-kal-porshu-bengali-film-review-191995/ |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=14 February 2020 |language=bn}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Bishakha Pal of ''[[Sangbad Pratidin]]'' reviewed the film and opined "Pratim has successfully maintained the mystrey till the first half of the film. He has been successfully able to explain that love is eternal whereas one night stand is temporary." She praised the director for subtly using humour in the film, the music, acting skills of Arjun, Madhumita and Paoli but mentioned that the climax in the ending could have been better.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pal |first1=Bishakha |title=প্রেম আর রহস্যের মেলবন্ধনে জমজমাট ‘লাভ আজ কাল পরশু’ |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/film-review/read-the-review-of-arjun-madhumitas-love-aaj-kal-porsu/ |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=14 February 2020 |language=bn}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt10801042}}
{{Shree Venkatesh Films}}

[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:2020 Indian films]]
[[Category:2020 romance films]][[Category:2020 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language romantic drama films]][[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Arindam Chatterjee]]
[[Category:Films directed by Pratim D. Gupta]]
[[Category:Shree Venkatesh Films]]

Bhavnagar Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-13T17:30:59Z

Chefajaychopra123: new!

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Gujarat}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| map_image = ભાવનગર – Bhavnagar.svg
| map_caption =
| name = Bhavnagar Lok Sabha Constituency ભાવનગર લોક સભા મતદાર વિભાગ
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Nimuben Jayantibhai Bambhaniya being welcomed on her arrival for assumption of charge as the Minister of State for Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution (cropped).jpg
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| mp = [[Nimuben Bambhaniya]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| state = [[Gujarat]]
| assembly_cons = [[Talaja Assembly constituency|Talaja]] [[Palitana Assembly constituency|Palitana]] [[Bhavnagar Rural Assembly constituency|Bhavnagar Rural]] [[Bhavnagar East Assembly constituency|Bhavnagar East]] [[Bhavnagar West Assembly constituency|Bhavnagar West]] [[Gadhada Assembly constituency|Gadhada]] [[Botad Assembly constituency|Botad]]
}}
'''Bhavnagar Lok Sabha constituency''' ({{langx|gu|ભાવનગર લોકસભા મતવિસ્તાર}}) is one of the 26 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Bhavnagar Lok Sabha constituency comprises seven [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceogujarat.nic.in/site/download/FINAL_ROLL_2009.pdf |title=Parliament Constituency wise Electors Detail, Polling Stations & EPIC - Loksabha Election 2009 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Gujarat website |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416162919/http://ceogujarat.nic.in/site/download/FINAL_ROLL_2009.pdf |archivedate=2009-04-16 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number
! width="200px" |Name
! width="120px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
! width="150px" |District
! colspan="2"|Party
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|100
|[[Talaja Assembly constituency|Talaja]]
|None
| rowspan="5" |[[Bhavnagar district|Bhavnagar]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=6}}
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|-
|102
|[[Palitana Assembly constituency|Palitana]]
|None
|-
|103
|[[Bhavnagar Rural Assembly constituency|Bhavnagar Rural]]
|None
|-
|104
|[[Bhavnagar East Assembly constituency|Bhavnagar East]]
|None
|-
|105
|[[Bhavnagar West Assembly constituency|Bhavnagar West]]
|None
|-
|106
|[[Gadhada Assembly constituency|Gadhada]]
|SC
| rowspan="2" |[[Botad district|Botad]]
|-
|107
|[[Botad Assembly constituency|Botad]]
|None
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! Colspan=2|Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Chimanlal Chakubhai Shah]]
|rowspan="3" style="background-color:#00BFFF" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Balwantrai Mehta]]
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Jashvant Mehta]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}" |
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[Jivraj N. Mehta]]
|bgcolor="#00BFFF" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|1969^
| rowspan="3" |[[Prasannbhai Mehta]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (O)|dab=yes|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Gigabhai Gohil]]
|rowspan="1" style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Shashibhai Jamod]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|Mahavirsinh Gohil
|rowspan="9" style="background-color:#FF9933" |
| rowspan="9" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Rajendrasinh Rana]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiben Shiyal]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| [[Nimuben Bambhaniya]]
|}

== Election results ==
===2024===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Bhavnagar]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Bhavnagar">{{cite news |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Bhavnagar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0615.htm |access-date=9 June 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609163004/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0615.htm |archive-date=9 June 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Nimuben Bambhaniya]]
|votes = 7,16,883
|percentage = 68.46
|change = {{increase}} 4.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Umeshbhai Naranbhai Makwana
|votes = 2,61,594
|percentage = 24.98
|change = ''New''
|Result =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 18,765
|percentage = 1.79
|change = {{increase}} 0.22
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,55,289
|percentage = 43.48
|change = {{increase}} 11.83
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,51,181
|percentage = 54.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{increase}}4.95
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Bhavnagar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Bharatiben Shiyal]]
|votes = 6,61,273
|percentage = 63.51
|change = {{increase}} 3.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Patel Manharbhai Nagjibhai
|votes = 3,31,754
|percentage = 31.86
|change = {{increase}} 4.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 16,383
|percentage = 1.57
|change = {{increase}} 0.52
|Result =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,29,519
|percentage = 31.65
|change = {{decrease}} 0.56
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,41,279
|percentage = 61.0
|change = {{increase}} 3.42
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{increase}} 3.61
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Bhavnagar]]<ref name="auto">CEO Gujarat. ''[http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Contesting_Candidates_LS2014.PDF Contesting Candidates LS2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514025434/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Contesting_Candidates_LS2014.PDF |date=14 May 2014 }}''</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0620.htm?ac=20|title=Constituencywise-All Candidates|publisher=ECI|access-date=17 May 2014|archive-date=17 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517135238/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0620.htm?ac=20|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dr. [[Bharatiben Shiyal]]
|votes = 5,49,529
|percentage = 59.90
|change = +25.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Pravinbhai Rathod
|votes = 2,54,041
|percentage = 27.69
|change = -5.60
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Dr. Kanubhai Kalsaria
|votes = 49,540
|percentage = 5.40
|change = +5.40
|Result =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 9,590
|percentage = 1.05
|change = ---
|Result =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,95,488
|percentage = 32.21
|change = +31.27
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,18,144
|percentage = 57.58
|change = +12.43
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General elections 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Bhavnagar]]<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rajendrasinh Rana]]
|votes = 2,13,358
|percentage = 34.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mahavirsinh Gohil
|votes = 2,07,446
|percentage = 33.29
|change =
|Result =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = MJP
|candidate = Gordhanbhai Zadafia
|votes = 1,56,570
|percentage = 25.12
|change =
|Result =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,893
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,23,928
|percentage = 45.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title=General Elections, 2009 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=2014-04-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |archivedate=2014-08-11 }}</ref>

=== General elections 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: Bhavnagar<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rajendrasinh Rana]]
|votes = 2,47,336
|percentage = 55.60
|change =
|Result = Win
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Gigabhai Gohil
|votes = 1,66,910
|percentage = 37.52
|change =
|Result =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 80,426
|percentage = 18.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 4,44,833
|percentage = 35.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Bhavnagar]]
* [[Bhavnagar district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Gujarat}}
{{Bhavnagar district}}
{{coord|21.8|72.2|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Bhavnagar district]]

Bombay to Goa (1972 film)

2026-04-13T03:41:45Z

Chefajaychopra123: starting pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bombay to Goa
| image = Bombay to Goa 1972 poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[S. Ramanathan (film director)|S. Ramanathan]]
| story = Usalai Somanathan
| producer = [[Mehmood Ali|Mehmood]] [[N. C. Sippy]]
| studio = Mahmood Productions
| writer = [[Rajendra Krishan|Rajinder Krishan]] (dialogue)
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Madras to Pondicherry]]''|Usalai Somanathan}}
| starring = [[Amitabh Bachchan]] [[Aruna Irani]] [[Shatrughan Sinha]] [[Nazir Hussain]] [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]] [[Anwar Ali (actor)|Anwar Ali]]
| music = [[R. D. Burman]]
| cinematography = [[Jal Mistry]]
| editing = A. Paul Durai Singham
| distributor = 
| released = {{film date|1972|3|3|df=y}}
| runtime = 
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross =
}}
'''''Bombay to Goa''''' is a [[List of Hindi films of 1972|1972]] [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Hindi]]-language [[Road movie|road]] [[Comedy film|comedy]] film directed by [[S. Ramanathan (film director)|S. Ramanathan]] and produced by [[Mehmood Ali|Mehmood]] and [[N. C. Sippy]]. Released in [[India]] on 3 March 1972, the film stars [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Aruna Irani]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Nazir Hussain]], [[Mehmood Ali|Mehmood]] and [[Anwar Ali (actor)|Anwar Ali]] in lead roles. The film is known particularly for its catchy tunes and was a "[[Blockbuster (entertainment)|superhit]]" at the [[box office]]. The film is a remake of a 1966 hit [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Madras to Pondicherry]]'' <ref name=":0" /> and was an inspiration for the 2004 [[Marathi language|Marathi]] movie ''[[Navra Maza Navsacha]]'' which in turn was remade in [[Kannada]] in 2007 as ''[[Ekadantha]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swamy |first=Rohan |date=13 February 2013 |title=The Remake Saga |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the-remake-saga/1073397/0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802022955/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the-remake-saga/1073397/0 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' had reported that [[Rajiv Gandhi]] was offered the lead role by Mehmood but he had turned it down.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last1=Guy |first1=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=29 September 2012 |title=Madras to Pondicherry 1966 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Madras-To-Pondicherry-1966/article12572848.ece |url-status=live |access-date=25 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605093056/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Madras-To-Pondicherry-1966/article12572848.ece |archive-date=5 June 2018}}</ref> The music is composed by [[R. D. Burman]] with lyrics by [[Rajendra Krishan]].

==Plot==
The lives of Atmaram ([[Nazir Hussain]]) and his wife ([[Dulari (actress)|Dulari]]) are turned upside down when they see the [[photograph]]s of their daughter, Mala ([[Aruna Irani]]), in a [[magazine]]. They arrange for Mala's marriage with the son of Ramlal ([[Agha (actor)|Agha]]), but Mala is opposed to marrying anyone who she has not met, and is at the same time thrilled that the two persons she trusted, one Sharma ([[Shatrughan Sinha]]) and the other Verma ([[Manmohan (actor)|Manmohan]]), had actually submitted her photographs to a magazine, and were now willing to sign her up for a [[Bollywood]] film. Mala is not able to understand her parents' opposition to her way to fame and runs away from home with a lot of money for Sharma and Verma. Greed overtakes Sharma, leading to the death of Verma. Mala, who witnessed Sharma kill Verma, is now on the run for her life. She boards a [[bus]] from [[Mumbai]] which is bound for [[Goa]]. Sharma soon overtakes her and has one of his armed henchmen on the bus to kill her, and then arrives Mala's admirer and [[bodyguard]], Ravi Kumar ([[Amitabh Bachchan]]), who not only protects Mala, but also accompanies her throughout the journey. Mala begins to trust and subsequently falls in love with Ravi Kumar. The bus journey is adventurous with the [[passenger]]s, a totally mixed bunch, from all over [[India]], different [[religion]]s, [[culture]]s, and [[faith]]s, all thrown together for this journey. The bus is in the "control" of [[bus driver]] Rajesh ([[Anwar Ali (actor)|Anwar Ali]]), and [[bus conductor]] Khanna ([[Mehmood Ali|Mehmood]]).
== Cast ==
* [[Amitabh Bachchan]] as Ravi Kumar
* [[Aruna Irani]] as Mala
* [[Shatrughan Sinha]] as Sharma
* [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]] as Khanna (Bus conductor)
* [[Anwar Ali (actor)|Anwar Ali]] as Rajesh (Bus driver)
* [[Nazir Hussain]] as Atmaram (Mala's father)
* [[Dulari (actress)|Dulari]] as Mala's mother
* [[Manmohan (actor)|Manmohan]] as Verma
* [[Manorama (Hindi actress)|Manorama]] as Young girl's mother in the bus
* [[Lalita Pawar]] as Kashibai
* [[Mukri]] as [[South Indian people|South Indian]] passenger
* [[Agha (actor)|Agha]] as Ramlal (Ravi's father)
* [[Parveen Paul]] as Ravi's mother
* [[Pakoda Kadhar]] as [[Pakora]] Boy
* [[Randhir (actor)|Randhir]] as Kader Bhai
* [[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]] as Pandit
* [[Keshto Mukherjee]] as [[Bengali people|Bengali]] passenger
* [[Yusuf Khan (actor)|Yusuf Khan]] as [[Boxing|Boxer]] John Ragada
* [[Babbanlal Yadav]] as John Ragada's henchman
* [[Asit Sen (actor)|Asit Sen]] as [[Dhaba]] owner
* [[Birbal (actor)|Birbal]] as [[Marathi people|Marathi]] passenger
* [[Raj Kishore]] as Passenger
* [[Darshan Lal]] as Army man
* [[Kishore Kumar]] as Himself ([[Cameo Appearance]])
* [[Mehmood Jr.|Junior Mehmood]] as Dhaba waiter (Cameo Appearance)
* [[Usha Iyer]] as Herself (Cameo Appearance)

==Soundtrack==
# "Dekha Na Haye Re" - [[Kishore Kumar]]
# "Yeh Mehki Mehki Thandi Hawa" - Kishore Kumar
# "Tum Meri Zindagi Mein" - Kishore Kumar, [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
# "Dil Tera Hai Main Bhi Teri" - Kishore Kumar, Lata Mangeshkar
# "Listen To The Pouring Rain" - [[Usha Uthup]]
# "Haye Haye Yeh Thanda Paani" - [[Asha Bhosle]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0068305|Bombay to Goa}}

{{S. Ramanathan}}

[[Category:1972 films]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:1970s adventure comedy films]]
[[Category:1972 adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian adventure comedy films]]
[[Category:1972 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1972 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]
[[Category:1970s comedy road movies]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. Ramanathan]]
[[Category:Indian comedy road movies]]
[[Category:1972 comedy films]]

Generali Central Life Insurance

2026-04-10T09:10:44Z

Chefajaychopra123: starting bio - done

{{Short description|Indian life insurance company}}{{Infobox company
| name = Generali Central Life Insurance
| logo = Generali_Central_Life_Insurance_Company_Limited.svg
| logo_size = 190px
| former_name = Future Generali India Life Insurance
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| industry = [[Life insurance]]
| founded = {{Start date|2007}}
| hq_location = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| key_people = Alok Rungta (MD & CEO)
| products = Life insurance
| owner = {{ubl|[[Generali Group]]|[[Central Bank of India]]}}
| parent = {{ubl|[[Generali Group]]|[[Central Bank of India]]}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.generalicentrallife.com/}}
}}
'''Generali Central Life Insurance''' (formerly Future Generali India Life Insurance Company Limited) is an Indian publicly held life insurance company headquartered in [[Mumbai|Mumbai, India]]. It operates as a joint venture between the [[Assicurazioni Generali|Generali Group]], an Italian insurance company based in Trieste, and the [[Central Bank of India]]. The company has operations in over 1,100 locations across India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Soumya |title=Kishore Biyani's Hamletian muddle: Will the Future Group founder walk his talk? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/prime/consumer/kishore-biyanis-hamletian-muddle-will-the-future-group-founder-walk-his-talk/primearticleshow/68088500.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":032">{{Cite web |date=27 April 2022 |title=Future Generali India onboards Bruce de Broize as MD, CEO |url=https://www.vccircle.com/future-generali-india-onboards-bruce-de-broize-as-md-ceo |access-date= |website=VCCircle |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 27 June 2025, [[Central Bank of India]] acquired a 25.18% stake in the company from Future Enterprises.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rani |first=Megha |date=2025-06-27 |title=Central Bank of India completes acquisition in Future Generali Insurance Arms - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/central-bank-of-india-completes-acquisition-in-future-generali-insurance-arms-19628356.htm |access-date= |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

Generali Central Life Insurance was established on 30 July 2025 as a joint venture between the Generali Group and the Central Bank of India.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Generali Group and Central Bank of India announces new brand identity for their joint venture |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/marketing/generali-group-and-central-bank-of-india-announces-new-brand-identity-for-their-joint-venture/123090648 |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=ETBrandEquity.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Mittal |first=Meghna |date=June 27, 2025 |title=Central Bank of India partners with Italy’s Generali to strengthen insurance business |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/central-bank-of-india-partners-with-italy-s-generali-to-strengthen-insurance-business-13195067.html |work=Moneycontrol}}</ref>

== History ==
The company was originally established in 2007 as a joint venture between Future Group (74% owner) and Generali Group (26% owner).<ref>{{Cite web |last=GUNASEKARAN |first=DHURAIVEL |date=2023-12-07 |title=Mid-cap mania: These ULIPs deliver up to 26% returns in the last 5 years |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/photos/business/personal-finance/mid-cap-mania-these-ulips-deliver-up-to-26-returns-in-the-last-5-years-11865741-3.html |access-date= |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref> In 2013, Future Group sold 22.5% to Industrial Investment Trust Limited for ₹350 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-12-18 |title=Biyani sells 22.5% in insurance JV to IITL for Rs 350cr |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/biyani-sells-22-5-in-insurance-jv-to-iitl-for-rs-350cr/articleshow/27547034.cms |access-date=2023-08-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-03-09 |title=Future Generali Life Insurance sells 22.5% stake to IITL |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/future-generali-life-insurance-sells-22-5-stake-to-iitl/articleshow/18866355.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-21 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> In 2022, Generali purchased 16.62% for ₹225 crore (€26 million) from Industrial Investment Trust Limited.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-30 |title=Generali is majority shareholder in Future Generali India Life Insurance |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/generali-is-majority-shareholder-in-future-generali-india-lifeinsurance/article65273357.ece |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-27 |title=Generali Asia appoints Bruce de Broize as MD and CEO of Future Generali India Life Insurance |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/generali-asia-appoints-bruce-de-broize-as-md-and-ceo-of-future-generali-india-life-insurance/article65359242.ece |access-date= |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, FGILI became the first Indian insurance company to have 74% [[Foreign Direct Investment]] (FDI), with Generali becoming the major stakeholder with a 73.99% stake.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-01 |title=Future hands over majority stake to Generali in insurance JVs |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/enterprise/future-hands-over-majority-stake-to-generali-in-insurance-jvs/106859 |access-date= |website=www.fortuneindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhanjal |first=Swaraj Singh |date=2022-01-27 |title=Future to sell 25% stake in insurance biz |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/future-to-sell-25-stake-in-insurance-biz-11643304117150.html |access-date= |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-07 |title=Generali completes acquisition of 25 per cent stake in Future Generali India Insurance |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/generali-completes-acquisition-of-25-per-cent-stake-in-future-generali-india-insurance/article65391311.ece |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kishore |first=Vijay |date=2023-06-12 |title=IT, Realty remain strong as Sensex, Nifty end in green; Infosys, HCL Tech shine |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/stock-market-live-sensex-nifty-to-begin-on-steady-note-sgx-nifty-in-green-11686529974250.html |access-date= |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

In August 2024, the company introduced Women in Insurance (WiN), a digital sales distribution channel led by women. The programme recruits women, particularly from non‑metro MBA institutions, and provides training for sales roles in the company.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-08-28 |title=Future Generali India Life Insurance launches women-led digital sales channel 'WiN' |url=https://mediabrief.com/future-generali-india-life-insurance-introduces-women-led-digital-sales-channel/ |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=MediaBrief |language=en-US}}</ref>

The [[Reserve Bank of India]] has approved [[Central Bank of India]]'s insurance sector entry via a joint venture with Future Generali India Insurance and Future Generali India Life.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-11-22 |title=RBI nod for Central Bank of India’s insurance foray in JV with Future Generali |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/rbi-nod-for-central-bank-of-indias-insurance-foray-in-jv-with-future-generali/article68899121.ece |access-date= |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> With a Rs 508 crore investment, the bank acquired a 24.91% stake in FGIICL and 25.18% in FILICL, they got IRDAI approvals.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-06-05 |title=Central Bank of India acquires Future’s stake in life, general insurance JVs with Generali for ₹508 crore |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/central-bank-of-india-acquires-futures-stake-in-life-general-insurance-jvs-with-generali-for-508-crore/article69660712.ece |access-date= |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Starting from April 2024, Alok Rungta has been appointed as the Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer at Future Generali India Life Insurance.<ref>{{Cite news |date=Mar 1, 2024 |title=Future Generali India Life Insurance appoints Alok Rungta as MD & CEO |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/future-generali-india-life-insurance-appoints-alok-rungta-as-md-ceo-124030100410_1.html |work=Business-Standard}}</ref>

As of June 30, 2025, the Future Apex Fund was rated five-star by [[Morningstar, Inc.|Morningstar]], delivering up to 24.2 % CAGR over five years, and the Future Midcap Fund was rated four-star by Morningstar, delivering up to 30.80 % CAGR over the past five years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Future Generali Life - Future Apex Fund {{!}} Insurance Fund Overview {{!}} Morningstar India |url=https://www.morningstar.in/insurance/f00000nusf/future-generali-life-future-apex-fund/overview.aspx |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=www.morningstar.in}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
{{Insurance in India}}

[[Category:Indian companies established in 2007]]
[[Category:Insurance companies of India]]
[[Category:Life insurance companies of India]]

Super Machi

2026-04-03T23:06:21Z

Chefajaychopra123: Creating New Pg Nd Citations

{{short description|2021 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Super Machi
| image = Super Machi poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Puli Vasu
| writer = Puli Vasu
| producer = Rizwan
| starring = {{ubl|[[Kalyaan Dhev]]|[[Rachita Ram]]}}
| cinematography = [[Shyam K. Naidu]]
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| music = [[S. Thaman]]
| studio = Rizwan Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|2022|01|14|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Super Machi''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[comedy-drama]] film written and directed by debutant Puli Vasu. Produced by Rizwan Entertainment, it stars [[Kalyaan Dhev]] and [[Rachita Ram]] (her Telugu debut) while [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] and [[Posani Krishna Murali]] play supporting roles. The title is inspired by [[S/O Satyamurthy (soundtrack)|the song of the same name]] from ''[[S/O Satyamurthy]]''.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}} The film began its production in early 2019 but was delayed by the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. ''Super Machi'' was released theatrically on 14 January 2022, coinciding with the festival of [[Makar Sankranti|Sankranti]].

==Plot==
{{no plot|section|date=January 2022}}

== Cast ==
* [[Kalyaan Dhev]] as Raju
* [[Rachita Ram]] as Meenakshi
* [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]
* [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]]
* [[Posani Krishna Murali]]
* [[Pragathi]]
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]]
* Jabardasth Mahesh
* [[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]]
* Bhadram
* [[Prudhvi Raj]]

== Production and release ==
''Super Machi'' is the second film of [[Kalyaan Dhev]], ex-son-in-law of [[Chiranjeevi]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-10|title=Super Machi: Kalyaan Dhev's new film title and first look poster unveiled|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/super-machi-kalyaan-dhevs-new-film-title-and-first-look-poster-unveiled/articleshow/71772347.cms|access-date=|website=The Times of India}}</ref> It is directed by debutant Puli Vasu with music composed by [[S. Thaman]]. Initially, [[Rhea Chakraborty]] was signed as the female lead.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-19|title=Rhea Chakraborty roped in for Kalyan Dhev's next|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rhea-chakraborty-roped-in-for-kalyan-dhevs-next/articleshow/67435672.cms|access-date=|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> However, she was later replaced by [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] actress [[Rachita Ram]] who makes her Telugu debut.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-17|title=Rachita Ram's Telugu debut|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/171119/rachita-rams-telugu-debut.html|access-date=|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> The film began its production in early 2019 but was put on hold due to major changes in the script.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}} Production resumed in November 2019,''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2019-12-12|title=Kalyaan Dhev and Rachita Ram's 'Super Machi' to release in Kannada too|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kalyaan-dhev-and-rachita-rams-super-machi-to-release-in-kannada-too/articleshow/72955121.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref>'' but was halted again in March 2020 due to [[COVID-19 lockdown in India]]. The final schedule of the film began in June 2021 at [[Ramanaidu Studios]], [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vyas|date=2020-06-22|title=Kalyaan Dhev Super Machi Last Schedule Begins|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/kalyaan-dhev-super-machi-last-schedule-begins-629465|website=The Hans India}}</ref>

The film was planned to simultaneously release in [[Kannada]] with the title ''This Property Belongs to Meenakshi,'' however, the Kannada version was subsequently dropped.<ref name=":0" /> After several delays,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-21|title=Kalyaan Dhev, Rhea Chakraborty's 'Super Machi' to release on OTT?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kalyaan-dhev-rhea-chakrabortys-super-machi-to-release-on-ott/articleshow/82829096.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref> the film was released theatrically on 14 January 2022, coinciding with the festival of [[Makar Sankranti|Sankranti]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 Jan 2022|title=Kalyaan Dhev's 'Super Machi' Joins List Of Sankranth Releases|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-sankranth-2022-kalyaan-dhevs/407863|website=Outlook India}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack album consists of five songs composed by [[S. Thaman]], and released by [[Aditya Music]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Super Machi|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/super-machi/Qh,apTS2otU_|access-date=2022-01-14|website=Jio Saavn|date=24 December 2020 }}</ref>
{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 18:17
| headline = Super Machi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
| title1 = Chusanae Chusanae
| extra1 = [[Rita Thyagarajan]]
| lyrics1 = Krishna Kanth
| length1 = 3:55
| title2 = Meenamma
| extra2 = Venu Srirangam, [[Geetha Madhuri]]
| lyrics2 = Krishna Kanth
| length2 = 4:18
| title3 = Dinchaku Dinchaku
| extra3 = Saketh Komanduri
| lyrics3 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| length3 = 2:33
| title4 = Rahasya Premikudu
| extra4 = Sony Komanduri
| lyrics4 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| length4 = 4:03
| title5 = Thana Chinni Navve
| extra5 = [[Kalyani Malik]]
| lyrics5 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| length5 = 3:31
}}

== Reception ==
''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.75/5 and wrote, "''Super Machi'' is an emotional suspense drama with a pure love story, which will appeal to the youth. Kalyaan Dhev's sincere performance and good drama in the first half are basic assets."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-14|title='Super Machi' review: Kalyaan Dhev's sincere performance and gripping narrative make it a must|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/super-machi-review-kalyaan-dhevs-sincere-performance-and-gripping-narrative-make-it-a-must-watch/articleshow/88902556.cms|access-date=|website=The Times of India}}</ref> A reviewer from [[Sakshi (newspaper)|''Sakshi'']] appreciated the director for bringing novelty in a routine storyline but opined that the emotional scenes in the latter half were poorly executed.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-14|title='సూపర్‌ మచ్చి'మూవీ రివ్యూ|url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/super-machi-movie-review-and-rating-telugu-1427306|website=Sakshi|language=te}}</ref> Raju Aithagoni of [[Asianet News Network|''Asianet News'']] also echoed the same while praising the film's climax.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Raju|first=Aithagoni|date=2022-01-14|title=Super Machi Review: 'సూపర్‌ మచ్చి' సినిమా రివ్యూ.. రేటింగ్‌|url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/super-machi-telugu-movie-review-r5oi1m|access-date=|website=Asianet News Network|language=te}}</ref>

Praveen Kumar Vadla of [[News18|News18 Telugu]] felt that it was part-emotional and part-confusing, rating it 2.5/5.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-14|title=Super Machi movie review: 'సూపర్ మచ్చి' మూవీ రివ్యూ.. కాస్త ఎమోషన్.. కాస్త కన్ఫ్యూజన్..|url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/chiranjeevi-son-in-law-kalyaan-dhev-super-machi-movie-review-and-rating-pk-1162628.html|access-date=|website=News18 Telugu|language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|11603828}}

[[Category:2022 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2022 romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Film productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:2021 Telugu-language films]]

Hubballi Junction railway station

2026-03-27T04:27:53Z

Chefajaychopra123: cleanup

{{Short description|Railway station in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Shree Siddharoodha Swamiji Hubballi Junction
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]]
| other_name = Hubballi Junction / SSS Hubballi
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Hubli railway.jpg
| image_caption = Entrance of the station
| address = Near Railway Colony, [[National Highway 63 (India)|NH 63]], [[Hubballi]]–580 020. [[Karnataka]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|15.3500|75.1491|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|626.97|m}}
| line = [[Guntakal–Vasco da Gama section]] [[Bangalore–Arsikere–Hubli line]]
| connections = Auto stand, HD BRTS, CBT Hubballi
| distance =
| structure = standard on ground
| platform = 8
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 12
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = Yes
| opened = {{Start date and age|1886}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible = {{Access icon|20px}} Available
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = UBL
| zone = [[South Western Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Hubballi}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railways]]
| status = Functioning
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services =
| map_type = India Karnataka
| route_map =
| map_dot_label = SSS Hubballi Junction
| map_state =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
}}

'''Shree Siddharoodha Swamiji Hubballi Junction Railway Station''' (Station code: '''UBL'''), is a [[railway junction]] station under [[Hubballi railway division]] of [[South Western Railway zone]] (SWR) of [[Indian Railways]] situated in [[Hubballi]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. The platform number 1 of Hubballi Junction has a length of 1,507 metres, making it the longest railway platform in the world {{as of|March 2023|lc=y}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hubballidharwadinfra.com/worlds-longest-railway-platform-at-hubballi-to-be-inaugurated-tomorrow/|title=World's Longest Railway Platform at Hubballi to be inaugurated tomorrow|date=11 March 2023|accessdate=14 April 2023}}</ref>

SSS Hubballi Junction Railway Station has three entrances to get into station. One is the main entrance, the other in front of Central Railway Hospital of Gadag road, and the third one few metres ahead of main entrance i.e near yard. The station has an interesting platform bifurcation. It has total 8 platforms, five of them are alike other stations i.e one beside the other, and the other three in the next entry. The longest platform is divided into two parts, it has platform no 1 and 8 on same platform.

== Description ==
[[File:Nameplate_of_the_Hubli_Railway_Station_-_panoramio.jpg|left|thumb|Hubli Junction station during redevelopment]]
Hubballi Junction is public and commercial transportation hub in Karnataka, connecting northwest to Mumbai ({{convert|460|km}}), west to Goa ({{convert|160|km}}), south to Bengaluru ({{convert|410|km}}) and east to Hyderabad ({{convert|450|km}}) with heavy mass transportation.

It is the second-busiest railway station in Karnataka, after KSR Bengaluru. The Hubballi division situated in Hubballi city connects Bengaluru, Mysuru, Mangaluru, Hyderabad, Mumbai, New Delhi, Chennai, Thiruvananthapuram, Goa and more.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

Commercial goods such as [[manganese]] are the main source of income, with public transport being secondary.

The Hubballi Junction (under [[Hubballi railway division|Hubballi Division]]) has Goods Shed, Diesel Loco Shed, Carriage Repair Workshop, Train Yard, and many more of Railways. The station was opened in the late 19th century c. 1886-87 by the British Company; it is currently one of the oldest railway stations in the state. It was an important station for both passengers as well as goods from the old era itself. It has major importance in the South Western Railway jurisdiction. It has connection to almost every part of India, Bengaluru, Chennai, Trivandrum, Mumbai, Pune, Ahmedabad, Udaipur, New Delhi, Varanasi, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Vishakhapatnam, Madgaon-Vasco-Goa and many more. The station is the second busiest in the zone after Bengaluru.

[[File:Hubli Railway Station from the overbridge - panoramio.jpg|thumb|An old picture of Hubli Railway Station]]

== Lines ==
The [[Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway]] opened the {{convert|130.02|km}} Hubballi–Harihara rail line on 18 October 1886. And Hubballi–Londa, Hosapet–Hubballi and Chikjajur–Hubballi (part of {{convert|469|km}} Bengaluru–Hubballi) rail lines were converted during 1995.<ref name=line>{{cite web|author1=R. P. Saxena|title=Indian Railway History Time line|url=http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm|website=IRSE|access-date=25 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229092028/http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm|archive-date=29 February 2012 |date=29 February 2012}}</ref>

==Diesel Loco Shed, Hubballi==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Serial No. !! Locomotive Class !! Horsepower !! Quantity
|-
| 1. || [[WDP-4|WDP-4/4D]] || 4000/4500 || 31
|-
| 2. || [[WDG-4|WDG-4/4D]] || 4000/4500 || 146
|-
| 3. || [[WAP-7]] || 6350 || 29
|-
| 4. || [[WAG-9]] || 6120 || 125
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Total Locomotives Active as of March 2026'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Railways (Railway Board) |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,366,541,710,717 |access-date=29 May 2025 |website=Railway Board, Indian Railways}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Electric Loco Holding |url=https://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Holding/holding.html |access-date=29 May 2025 |website=Railnet}}</ref>||329
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.dharwadhubli.com/hubli-railway-station All about Hubli Railway Station]
*[https://shayarifie.com/hubli-railway-station-contact-numbers Hubli Railway Station Contact Numbers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104061138/https://shayarifie.com/hubli-railway-station-contact-numbers/ |date=4 November 2020 }}
{{Commons category-inline|Hubli Junction railway station}}
{{Railway stations in Karnataka}}

[[Category:Railway junction stations in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Hubli railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Dharwad district]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1886]]
[[Category:Transport in Hubli-Dharwad]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Hubli-Dharwad]]
[[Category:1886 establishments in India]]

Ali

2026-03-26T14:02:23Z

Chefajaychopra123: minor edit

{{Short description|1st Shia Imam and 4th Rashidun caliph (656–661)}}
{{About|the Islamic figure|3=Ali (disambiguation)}}
{{Pp|small=y}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Ali {{lang|ar|عليّ}}
| title = {{transliteration|ar|[[Amir al-Mu'minin]]}} {{transliteration|ar|[[Abu Turab]]}} {{transliteration|ar|[[Asadullah]]}} {{transliteration|ar|[[Islamic honorifics#Prophets, messengers, and Ahl al-Bayt|ʿAlayhi-s-Salām]]}} [[Islamic honorifics#Muhammad's companions|Raḍiya Ilāhu ʿAnhū]]
| image = {{multiple image
| caption_align = center
| border = infobox
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Istanbul - Santa Sofia - Medalló (cropped).JPG
| alt1 =
| thumbtime1 =
| caption1 = Calligraphic seal featuring Ali's name, on display in the [[Hagia Sophia]], Istanbul
| image2 = Fonds Christian Bromberger - Affiches de la période de la Révolution islamique (Iran, 1978-1979) - Au premier plan Ali ibn Abi Talib, premier imam chiite, se tient derrière un lion, un sabre à la main et un paysa (MédiHAL 1791071).jpg
| alt2 =
| thumbtime2 =
| caption2 = A conventional depiction of Ali ibn Abi Talib in the [[Shia]] tradition
}}
| image_size = 280
| caption =
| succession = 4th [[Caliph]] of the [[Rashidun Caliphate]]
| reign = 17 June 656 – 28 January 661
| predecessor = [[Uthman]]
| successor = [[Hasan ibn Ali]] (as [[List of caliphs#Hasan ibn Ali's Caliphate (661)|caliph]])<ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.cambridge.org/highereducation/books/a-history-of-islamic-societies/22183D81CFE5E37E5DBED1A0F5AB0FB9/the-abbasids-caliphs-and-emperors/4CD1946A08F2AA9609888ECD9D7D115D | doi=10.1017/CBO9781139048828 | title=A History of Islamic Societies | date=2014 | last1=Lapidus | first1=Ira M. | isbn=978-0-521-51430-9 }}</ref>
| birth_date = {{circa|600}} CE
| birth_place = [[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]], [[Pre-Islamic Arabia|Arabia]]
| death_date = {{circa|28 January 661 CE}} ({{circa|[[21 Ramadan|21]] [[Ramadan]] 40 [[Hijri year|AH]]}}) (aged {{circa|60}})
| death_place = [[Kufa]], [[Rashidun Caliphate]]
| burial_place = Believed to be [[Imam Ali Shrine]], [[Najaf]], [[Iraq]] {{coord|31.996111|44.314167|display=inline}}
| spouse = {{Plainlist|
* [[Fatima|Fatima bint Muhammad]]
* [[Umama bint Abi al-As]]
* [[Umm al-Banin|Fatima bint Huzam]]
* [[Asma bint Umais]]
* [[Khawla al-Hanafiyya]]
* Layla bint Mas'ud
* Al-Sahba bint Rabi'a
* Umm Sa'id bint Urwa
* Muhayya bint Imru al-Qays}}
| issue = '''[[Alids|Descendants of Ali]]'''
{{plainlist|
* [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]]
* [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]]
* [[Zaynab bint Ali|Zaynab]]
* [[Umm Kulthum bint Ali|Umm Kulthum]]
* [[Muhsin ibn Ali|Muhsin]]
* [[Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya|Muhammad]]
* [[Abbas ibn Ali|Abbas]]
* [[Ruqayya bint Ali|Ruqayya]]
* Umamah
* [[Abdullah ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib|Abdullah]]
* [[Ja'far ibn Ali|Ja'far]]
* [[Muhammad al-Awsat ibn Ali|Muhammad al-Awsat]]
* [[Uthman ibn Ali|Uthman]]
* [[Umar ibn Ali|Umar]]
* [[Abu Bakr ibn Ali|Abu Bakr]]
* [[Muhammad al-Asghar ibn Ali|Muhammad al-Asghar]]
}}
| house = [[Quraysh]] ([[Banu Hashim]])
| house-type = Tribe
| father = [[Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib]]
| mother = [[Fatima bint Asad]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
| succession1 = 1st [[imamate in Shia doctrine|Shia Imam]]
| reign-type1 = Tenure
| reign1 = 8 June 632 – 28 January 661
| predecessor1 = ''Established position''
| successor1 = [[Hasan ibn Ali]]
}}
{{Ali}}

'''Ali ibn Abi Talib''' ({{langx|ar|عليّ بن أبي طالب|translit=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib}}; {{Circa|600 – {{CE|661}}}}) was the fourth [[Rashidun caliph]] who ruled from {{CE|656}} until [[Assassination of Ali|his assassination]] in 661, as well as the first [[imamate in Shia doctrine|Shia Imam]]. He was the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]]. Born to [[Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib]] and [[Fatima bint Asad]], Ali was raised in the household of his cousin Muhammad and was [[Early Muslims|among the first]] to accept his teachings.

Ali played a pivotal role in the early years of [[Islam]] when [[Muslims]] were severely persecuted in [[Mecca]].{{cn|date=March 2026}} After the immigration ({{Transliteration|ar|[[hijrah|hijra]]}}) to [[Medina]] in 622, Muhammad gave his daughter [[Fatima]] to Ali in marriage and swore a pact of brotherhood with him. Ali served as Muhammad's secretary and deputy in this period, and was the flag-bearer of his army. Numerous sayings of Muhammad praise Ali, the most controversial of which was uttered in 632 at the [[Ghadir Khumm]], "Whoever I am his {{Transliteration|ar|[[mawla]]}}, then Ali is his {{Transliteration|ar|mawla}}." The interpretation of the [[polysemous]] Arabic word {{Transliteration|ar|mawla}} is disputed: for [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]], Muhammad thus invested Ali with his religious and political authority, while [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]] view this as a mere statement of friendship and rapport. When Muhammad died in the same year, a group of Muslims met in the absence of Ali and appointed [[Abu Bakr]] ({{Reign|632|634}}) as their leader. Ali later relinquished his claims to leadership and resigned from public life during the reigns of Abu Bakr and his successor, [[Umar]] ({{Reign|634|644}}). Even though his advice was occasionally sought, the conflicts between Ali and the first two caliphs are epitomized by his refusal to follow their practices. This refusal cost Ali the caliphate to the benefit of [[Uthman]] ({{Reign|644|656}}), who was thus appointed to succeed Umar by the electoral council. Ali was also highly critical of Uthman, who was widely accused of nepotism and corruption. Yet Ali also repeatedly mediated between the caliph and the provincial dissidents angered by his policies.

Following [[Assassination of Uthman|Uthman's assassination]] in June 656, Ali was elected caliph in Medina. He immediately faced two separate rebellions to avenge Uthman: The triumvirate of [[Talha ibn Ubayd Allah|Talha]], [[Zubayr ibn al-Awwam|Zubayr]], both companions of Muhammad, and his widow [[Aisha]] captured [[Basra]] in [[Lower Mesopotamia|Iraq]] but were defeated by Ali in the [[Battle of the Camel]] in 656. Elsewhere, [[Mu'awiya I|Mu'awiya]], whom Ali had removed from the governorship of [[Bilad al-Sham|Syria]], fought against Ali in the inconclusive [[Battle of Siffin]] in 657, which ended in a failed arbitration process that alienated some of Ali's supporters. These formed the [[Kharijites]], who later terrorized the public and were crushed by Ali in the [[Battle of Nahrawan]] in 658. Ali was assassinated in 661 by the Kharijite dissident [[Ibn Muljam]], which paved the way for Mu'awiya to seize power and found the dynastic [[Umayyad Caliphate]].

Ali is revered for his courage, honesty, unbending devotion to Islam, [[magnanimity]], and equal treatment of all Muslims. For his admirers, he has thus become the archetype of uncorrupted Islam and pre-Islamic chivalry. Sunni Muslims regard him as the last of the {{Transliteration|ar|[[Rashidun Caliphate|rashidun]]}} ({{Lit|rightly-guided}}) caliphs, while Shia Muslims venerate him as their first [[Imamate in Shia doctrine|Imam]] and the rightful religious and political successor to Muhammad. Ali's place is said to be second only to Muhammad in Shia [[Muslim culture]]. The [[Imam Ali Shrine|shrine of Ali]] in [[Najaf]], Iraq, is a major destination for Shia pilgrimage. The legacy of Ali is collected and studied in numerous books, the most famous of which is {{Transliteration|ar|[[Nahj al-balagha]]}}.

==Birth and early life==
{{See also|Birthplace of Ali ibn Abi Talib|Early Muslims|Hadith of warning}}
[[File:New York Public Library, Spencer Collection Turk. MS. 3 Siyar-i Nabî fol. 378r Ali mounted on his blue mule.jpg|thumb|Ali in an illustrated copy of the [[Turkish language|Turkish]] epic ''[[Siyer-i Nebi|Siyer-i nebi]]'']]
Ali was born in [[Mecca]] to [[Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib]] and his wife [[Fatimah bint Asad|Fatima bint Asad]] around 600 [[Common Era|CE]].{{sfn|Gleave|2008}} His date of birth is possibly 13 [[Rajab]],{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2015b}}{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}} which is the occasion celebrated annually by [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]].{{sfn|Momen|1985|p=239}} Ali may have been the only person born inside the [[Kaaba|Ka'ba]],{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}}{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2015b}}{{sfn|Gleave|2008}} the holiest site of [[Islam]], which is located in Mecca. Ali's father was a leading member of the [[Banu Hashim]], a clan within the Meccan tribe of [[Quraysh]].{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2015b}} Abu Talib also raised his nephew Muhammad after his parents died. Later, when Abu Talib fell into poverty, Ali was taken in at the age of about five and raised by Muhammad and his wife [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadija]].{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}}

Aged about eleven,{{sfn|Gleave|2008}} Ali was among the first to accept Muhammad's teachings and profess Islam. Ali did so either after Khadija or after Khadija and Muhammad's successor, [[Abu Bakr]]. While the precise order here is debated among Shia and [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] scholars,{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}} the earliest sources place Ali before Abu Bakr.{{sfn|Gleave|2008}} Muhammad's call to Islam in Mecca lasted from 610 to 622, during which Ali assiduously supported the small Muslim community, especially the poor.{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}} Some three years after his first revelation,{{sfn|Rubin|1995|p=130}} Muhammad gathered his relatives for a [[Hadith of warning|feast]], invited them to Islam, and asked for their assistance.{{sfn|Momen|1985|p=12}} Aged about fourteen,{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=12}}{{Sfn|Abbas|2021|p=34}} Ali was the only relative there who offered his support, after which Muhammad told his guests that Ali was his brother and his successor,{{sfn|Gleave|2008}}{{sfn|Momen|1985|p=12}} according to the Sunni historian [[al-Tabari]] ({{Died in|923}}). The Shia interpretation of this episode is that Muhammad had already designated Ali as his successor.{{sfn|Momen|1985|p=12}}{{sfn|Rubin|1995|pp=136–7}}

== Companionship of Muhammad ==
{{See also|Laylat al-Mabit|Event of the mubahala|Military career of Ali|Hadith of the position|Ghadir Khumm}}

When tipped off about an assassination plot in 622, Muhammad escaped to Yathrib, now known as [[Medina]], but Ali stayed behind as his decoy.{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}}{{sfn|Huart|2012a}} That Ali risked his life for Muhammad is said to be the reason for the revelation of the [[Quran]]ic passage, "But there is also a kind of man who gives his life away to please God."{{sfn|Mavani|2013|p=71, 98}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|pp=46, 206}}{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2015b}} This emigration marks the beginning of the [[Islamic calendar]] (AH). Ali also escaped Mecca after returning the goods that had been entrusted to Muhammad there.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}} Later in Medina, Muhammad selected Ali as his brother when he paired [[Muslims]] for [[Brotherhood among the Sahabah|fraternity pacts]].{{sfn|Poonawala|1982}} Around 623–625, Muhammad gave his daughter [[Fatima]] to Ali in marriage,{{sfn|Kassam|Blomfield|2015}}{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}} aged about twenty-two at the time.{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}} Muhammad had earlier turned down marriage proposals for Fatima by some of his [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]], notably, Abu Bakr and [[Umar]].{{sfn|Klemm|2005|p=186}}{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}{{sfn|Qutbuddin|2006|p=248}}

===Event of the {{Transliteration|ar|mubahala}}===
{{Main|Event of the mubahala}}

[[File:83_Imam_Ali_searching_of_Doldol_from_Khavaran_Nameh.jpg|thumb|Muhammad and Ali, a folio from the fifteenth century [[Iran]]ian epic ''Khavarannama'']]

A [[Christians|Christian]] envoy from [[Najran]], located in [[South Arabia]], arrived in Medina circa 632 and negotiated a peace treaty with Muhammad.{{Sfn|Momen|1985|pp=13{{ndash}}14}}{{Sfn|Schmucker|2012}} The envoy also debated with Muhammad the nature of [[Jesus]], human or divine.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=16}}{{Sfn|Osman|2015|p=110}} Linked to this episode is verse 3:61 of the Quran,{{sfn|Nasr|Dagli|Dakake|Lumbard|2015|pp=|p=379}} which instructs Muhammad to challenge his opponents to {{Transliteration|ar|mubahala}} ({{Lit|mutual cursing}}),{{Sfn|Haider|2014|p=35}} perhaps when their debate had reached a deadlock.{{Sfn|Osman|2015|p=110}} Even though the delegation ultimately withdrew from the challenge,{{Sfn|Schmucker|2012}} Muhammad appeared for the occasion of {{Transliteration|ar|mubahala}}, accompanied by Ali, his wife Fatima, and their two sons, [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]].{{Sfn|Haider|2014|p=36}}{{sfn|Poonawala|1982}} The inclusion of these four by Muhammad in the {{Transliteration|ar|mubahala}} ritual, as his witnesses and guarantors,{{Sfn|McAuliffe|2023}}{{Sfn|Fedele|2018|p=56}} likely raised their religious rank within the community.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=16}}{{sfn|Lalani|2006|p=29}} If the word 'ourselves' in the verse is a reference to Ali and Muhammad, as Shia authors argue, then the former naturally enjoys a similar religious authority in the Quran as the latter.{{Sfn|Mavani|2013|p=72}}{{Sfn|Bill|Williams|2002|p=29}}[[File:Levha (panel) in honor of Imam 'Ali.jpg|thumb|The topmost Arabic text reads, "There is no brave youth except Ali and there is no sword except Zulfiqar"]]

===Political career===
In Medina, Ali acted as Muhammad's secretary and deputy.{{sfn|Momen|1985|p=13}}{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}} He was also one of the scribes tasked with committing the Quran to writing.{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}} In 628, Ali wrote down the terms of the [[Treaty of al-Hudaybiya]], the peace treaty between Muslims and Meccan pagans. In 630, divine orders pushed Muhammad to replace Abu Bakr with Ali for a key Quranic announcement in Mecca,{{sfn|Momen|1985|p=14}}{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2014}} according to the canonical Sunni source {{Transliteration|ar|[[al-Sunan al-Sughra|Sunan al-Nasa'i]]}}.{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2015b}} Ali also helped ensure that the [[Conquest of Mecca]] in 630 was bloodless and later destroyed the idols housed in Ka'ba.{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}} In 631, Ali was sent to preach Islam in [[Yemen (region)|Yemen]],{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}} as a consequence of which the [[Hamdanids (Yemen)|Hamdanids]] peacefully converted.{{sfn|Huart|2012a}}{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2015b}} Ali also peacefully resolved a blood feud between Muslims and the [[Banu Jadhimah|Banu Jadhima]].{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2015b}}

===Military career===
{{Main|Military career of Ali}}

[[File:Sword and shield reproduction from Bab al Nasr gate Cairo Egypt.jpg|thumb|right|Zulfiqar with and without its shield, carved on [[Bab al-Nasr (Cairo)|Bab al-Nasr]] in [[Islamic Cairo|Cairo]], Egypt]]

Ali accompanied Muhammad in all of his military missions except the [[Expedition of Tabuk]] in 630, during which Ali was left behind in charge of Medina.{{sfn|Huart|2012a}} The [[hadith of the position]] is linked to this occasion, "Are you not content, Ali, to stand to me as [[Aaron in Islam|Aaron]] stood to [[Moses in Islam|Moses]], except that there will be no prophet after me?" This statement appears in the canonical Sunni sources {{transliteration|ar|[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]}} and {{transliteration|ar|[[Sahih Muslim]]}}, among others.{{sfn|Miskinzoda|2015|p=69}} For the Shia, this [[hadith]] signifies Ali's usurped right to succeed Muhammad.{{sfn|Miskinzoda|2015|pp=76–7}} In the absence of Muhammad, Ali commanded the expedition to [[Expedition of Ali ibn Abi Talib (Fadak)|Fadak]] in 628.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}}{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}}
[[File:Hazrat Ali slays Marhab.JPG|thumb|220x220px|Ali in the Battle of Khaybar]]
Ali was renowned for his bravery on the battlefield,{{sfn|Poonawala|1982}}{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}} and for his magnanimity towards his defeated enemies.{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2019|p=46}} He was the [[standard-bearer]] in the [[Battle of Badr]] (624) and the [[Battle of Khaybar]] (628).{{sfn|Momen|1985|p=13}} He vigorously defended Muhammad in the [[Battle of Uhud]] (625) and the [[Battle of Hunayn]] (630),{{sfn|Poonawala|1982}}{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}} and Muslims' victory in the Battle of Khaybar has been attributed to his courage,{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}} where he is said to have torn off the iron gate of the enemy fort.{{sfn|Poonawala|1982}} Ali also defeated the pagan champion [[Amr ibn Abd al-Wud|Amr ibn Abd Wudd]] in the [[Battle of the Trench]] in 627.{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2015b}} According to al-Tabari,{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2015b}} Muhammad reported hearing a divine voice at Uhud, "[There is] no sword but [[Zulfiqar]] [Ali's sword], [there is] no chivalrous youth ({{Transliteration|ar|fata}}) but Ali."{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2014}}{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}} Ali and another companion, [[Zubayr ibn al-Awwam|Zubayr]], apparently oversaw the killing of the [[Banu Qurayza]] men for treachery in 626{{Ndash}}627,{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}} though the historicity of this account has been doubted.{{sfn|Faizer|2006}}{{sfn|Donner|2010|pp=72–3}}{{sfn|Arafat|1976}}

===Ghadir Khumm===
[[File:Chronology of Ancient Nations, f.162r miniature.jpg|thumb|The Investiture of Ali at the Ghadir Khumm ([[MS Arab 161]], fol. 162r, 1307–8 [[Ilkhanid]] manuscript illustration)]]
On his return trip from the [[Farewell Pilgrimage|Hajj pilgrimage in 632]], Muhammad halted the large caravan of pilgrims at the [[Ghadir-e Khumm|Ghadir Khumm]] and addressed them after the [[Congregational prayer (Islam)|congregational prayer]].{{sfn|Dakake|2007|pp=34–9}} After the prayer,{{Sfn|Mavani|2013|p=79}} Muhammad delivered a sermon to a large number of Muslims in which he emphasized the importance of the [[Quran]] and his {{Transliteration|ar|[[ahl al-Bayt|ahl al-bayt]]}} ({{Lit|people of the house}}, his family).{{Sfn|Amir-Moezzi|2014}}{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=16}}{{Sfn|Mavani|2013|p=80}}{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012b}} Taking Ali by the hand, Muhammad then asked if he was not {{transliteration|ar|awla}} ({{Lit|have more authority over|closer to}}) the believers than themselves,{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012b}}{{Sfn|Lalani|2000|p=70–71}} this is evidently a reference to verse 33:6 of the Quran.{{Sfn|Dakake|2007|p=34}}{{Sfn|Lalani|2000|p=71}} When they affirmed,{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012b}} Muhammad then declared, "He whose {{transliteration|ar|[[mawla]]}} I am, Ali is his {{transliteration|ar|mawla}}."{{sfn|Dakake|2007|pp=34–7}}{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012b}} {{Transliteration|ar|[[Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal|Musnad Ibn Hanbal]]}}, a canonical Sunni source, adds that Muhammad repeated this statement three or four more times and that Umar congratulated Ali after the sermon, "You have now become the {{Transliteration|ar|mawla}} of every faithful man and woman."{{sfn|Momen|1985|p=15}}{{sfn|Mavani|2013|p=80}} Muhammad had earlier alerted Muslims about his impending death.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012d}}{{sfn|Amir-Moezzi|2014}}{{sfn|Jones|2009}} Shia sources describe the event in greater detail, linking the announcement to verses 5:3 and 5:67 of the Quran.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012d}}

The authenticity of the Ghadir Khumm is rarely contested,{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012b}}{{sfn|Mavani|2013|p=20}}{{sfn|Dakake|2007|p=35}}{{sfn|Amir-Moezzi|2014}} as its "among the most extensively acknowledged and substantiated" reports in classical Islamic sources.{{sfn|Lalani|2011}} However, ''{{transliteration|ar|mawla}}'' is a [[polysemous]] Arabic word and its interpretation in the context of the Ghadir Khumm is split along sectarian lines. Shia sources interpret ''{{transliteration|ar|mawla}}'' as 'leader', 'master', and 'patron',{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=20}} while Sunni sources interpret it as love or support for Ali.{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}}{{sfn|Dakake|2007|p=45}} Shias, therefore, view the Ghadir Khumm as the investiture of Ali with Muhammad's religious and political authority,{{sfn|Mavani|2013|p=2}}{{sfn|Dakake|2007|p=47}}{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2015b}} while Sunnis regard it as a statement about the rapport between the two men,{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}}{{sfn|Amir-Moezzi|2014}}{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=21}} or that Ali should execute Muhammad's will.{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}} Shias point to the extraordinary nature of the announcement,{{sfn|Dakake|2007|p=45}} give Quranic and textual evidence,{{sfn|Mavani|2013|p=70}}{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012d}}{{sfn|Amir-Moezzi|2014}} and argue to eliminate other meanings of {{Transliteration|ar|mawla}} in the hadith except for authority,{{sfn|Dakake|2007|p=46}} while Sunnis minimize the importance of the Ghadir Khumm by casting it as a simple response to earlier complaints about Ali.{{sfn|Dakake|2007|pp=44–5}} During his [[caliphate]], Ali is known to have asked Muslims to come forward with their testimonies about the Ghadir Khumm,{{sfn|Lalani|2006|p=590}}{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=253}}{{sfn|McHugo|2017|loc=§2.IV}} presumably to counter challenges to his legitimacy.{{sfn|Dakake|2007|p=41}}

==Life under Rashidun Caliphs==
{{See also|Succession to Muhammad|Saqifa|Attack on Fatima's house|Fadak|Sermon of Fadak|Hadith of Muhammad's inheritance|Burial of Fatima|Sunni view of Ali#Political views|Election of Uthman|Siege of Uthman|Assassination of Uthman}}

===Succession to Muhammad===
[[File:Ambigram_-_Muhammad_and_Ali2.svg|thumb|[[Ambigram]] depicting Muhammad (right) and Ali (left) written in a single word. The 180-degree inverted form shows both words.]]

====Saqifa====
Muhammad died in 632 when Ali was in his early thirties.{{Sfn|Afsaruddin|2013|p=51}} As he and other close relatives prepared for the burial,{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=39}}{{sfn|Momen|1985|p=18}} a group of the [[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]] (Medinan natives, {{Literal translation|helpers}}) gathered at the [[Saqifah|Saqifa]] to discuss the future of Muslims or to retake control of their city, Medina. Abu Bakr and Umar were among the few representatives of the [[Muhajirun]] (Meccan converts, {{Literal translation|migrants}}) at the Saqifa.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=30–2}} The case of Ali was unsuccessfully brought up at the Saqifa in his absence,{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=37}}{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=35}} and, ultimately, those present there appointed Abu Bakr to leadership after a heated debate that is said to have become violent.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=31–33}} Clan rivalries at the Saqifa played a key role in favor of Abu Bakr,{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=39}}{{Sfn|Momen|1985|pp=18–9}} and the outcome may have been different in a broad council ([[Shura|{{transliteration|ar|shura}}]]) with Ali as a candidate.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=36, 40}}{{sfn|McHugo|2017|loc=§1.III}} In particular, the Quraysh tradition of hereditary succession strongly favored Ali,{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=5}}{{sfn|Mavani|2013|p=34}}{{sfn|Keaney|2021|loc=§3.1}} even though his youth weakened his case.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}}{{Sfn|Afsaruddin|2013|p=51}} By contrast, the succession (caliphate) of Abu Bakr is often justified on the basis that he led some of the prayers in Muhammad's final days,{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=39}}{{sfn|Walker|2014|p=3}} but the veracity and political significance of such reports have been questioned.{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=39}}{{sfn|Lecomte|2012}}{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=16}}

===== Attack on Fatima's house =====
While the appointment of Abu Bakr was met with little resistance in Medina,{{sfn|Walker|2014|p=3}} the Banu Hashim and some companions of Muhammad soon gathered in protest at Ali's house.{{sfn|Khetia|2013|pp=31–2}}{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=32}} Among them were Zubayr and Muhammad's uncle [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Abbas]].{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=32}} These protestors held Ali to be the rightful successor to Muhammad,{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}{{sfn|Fedele|2018}} probably in reference to the Ghadir Khumm.{{sfn|Amir-Moezzi|2014}} Among others,{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=43}} al-Tabari reports that Umar then led an armed mob to Ali's residence and threatened to set the house on fire if Ali and his supporters did not pledge their allegiance to Abu Bakr.{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=40}}{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}{{sfn|Qutbuddin|2006|p=249}}{{sfn|Cortese|Calderini|2006|p=8}} The scene soon grew violent,{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=43}}{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=41}} but the mob retreated after Ali's wife, Fatima, pleaded with them.{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=40}} Abu Bakr later placed a successful boycott on the Banu Hashim,{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=43–4}} who eventually abandoned their support for Ali.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=43–4}}{{sfn|Jafri|1979|pp=40–1}} Most likely, Ali himself did not pledge his allegiance to Abu Bakr until Fatima died within six months of her father, Muhammad.{{sfn|Soufi|1997|p=86}} In Shia sources, the death (and miscarriage) of the young Fatima are attributed to an [[Attack on Fatima's house|attack on her house]] to subdue Ali by the order of Abu Bakr.{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=78}}{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}}{{sfn|Fedele|2018}} Sunnis categorically reject these reports,{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=98}} but there is evidence in their early sources that a mob entered Fatima's house by force and arrested Ali,{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=|pp=84–5}}{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|pp=17–20}}''{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=35}}'' an incident that Abu Bakr regretted on his deathbed.{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=84}}{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=38}} Likely a political move to weaken the Banu Hashim,{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=47}}{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=50}}{{sfn|Mavani|2013|p=116}}{{sfn|Soufi|1997|pp=104–105}} Abu Bakr had earlier confiscated from Fatima the rich lands of Fadak, which she considered her inheritance (or a gift) from her father.{{Sfn|Sajjadi|2018}}{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012c}} The confiscation of Fadak is often justified in Sunni sources with a hadith about [[Hadith of Muhammad's inheritance|prophetic inheritance]], the authenticity of which has been doubted partly because it contradicts Quranic injunctions.{{sfn|Sajjadi|2018}}{{sfn|Soufi|1997|p=100}}

===Caliphate of Abu Bakr (r. 632–634)===
In the absence of popular support, Ali eventually accepted the temporal rule of Abu Bakr, probably for the sake of Muslim unity.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=141}}{{sfn|Momen|1985|pp=19–20}}{{sfn|McHugo|2017|p=40}} In particular, Ali turned down proposals to forcefully pursue the caliphate.{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=44}}{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}} He nevertheless viewed himself as the most qualified candidate for leadership by virtue of his merits and his kinship with Muhammad.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=141, 253}}{{sfn|Mavani|2013|p=113{{ndash}}114}}{{sfn|Momen|1985|p=62}} Evidence suggests that Ali further considered himself as the designated successor of Muhammad.{{sfn|Mavani|2013|pp=114, 117}}{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=253}}{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2019|p=79}} Unlike Muhammad's lifetime,{{sfn|Anthony|2013}}{{sfn|Mavani|2013|p=117}} Ali retired from public life during the caliphates of Abu Bakr and his successors, Umar and [[Uthman]].{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}}{{sfn|Anthony|2013}}{{Sfn|Poonawala|1982}} Ali did not participate in the [[Ridda wars]] and the [[early Muslim conquests]],{{Sfn|Poonawala|1982}} though he remained an advisor to Abu Bakr and Umar on government and religious matters.,{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}}{{sfn|Poonawala|1982}} However, their conflicts with Ali is also well-documented,{{sfn|Aslan|2005|p=122}}{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=42, 52–54, 213–4}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=94}} but largely ignored in Sunni sources.{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=45}}{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2019|p=78}} These tensions were epitomized during the proceedings of the electoral council in 644 when Ali refused to be bound by the precedence of the first two caliphs.{{sfn|Mavani|2013|p=117}}{{sfn|Anthony|2013}} In contrast, Shia sources view Ali's pledge to Abu Bakr as a (coerced) act of political expediency ({{transliteration|ar|[[taqiya]]}}).{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2019|p=81}} The conflicts with Ali are probably magnified in Shia sources.{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=45}}

===Caliphate of Umar (r. 634–644)===
Before his death in 634, Abu Bakr designated Umar as his successor.{{Sfn|Dakake|2007|p=50}} Ali was not consulted about this appointment, which was initially resisted by some senior companions.{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|pp=47–8}} Ali himself did not press any claims this time and kept aloof from public affairs during the caliphate of Umar,{{sfn|Momen|1985|p=20}} who nevertheless consulted Ali in certain matters.{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}}{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a|p=382}} For instance, Ali is credited with the idea of adopting the migration to Medina ([[Hijrah|{{Transliteration|ar|hijra}}]]) as the beginning of the Islamic calendar.{{Sfn|Huart|2012a}} Yet Ali's political advice was probably ignored.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}} For example, Umar devised a state register ({{Transliteration|ar|[[dewan|diwan]]}}) to distribute excess state revenues according to Islamic precedence,{{Sfn|Afsaruddin|2013|p=32}} but Ali held that those revenues should be equally distributed among Muslims, following the practice of Muhammad and Abu Bakr.{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|p=32}}{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}} Ali was also absent from the strategic meeting of notables near [[Damascus]].{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}} Ali did not participate in Umar's military expeditions,{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=46}}{{sfn|Gleave|2008}} although he does not seem to have publicly objected to them.{{sfn|Gleave|2008}} Umar likely opposed the combination of prophethood and caliphate in the Banu Hashim,{{sfn|Glassé|2001|p=40}}{{Sfn|Tabatabai|1975|p=158}} and he [[Hadith of Pen and Paper|prevented Muhammad]] from dictating his will on his deathbed,{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=16}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=89}}{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=22}} possibly fearing that he might expressly designate Ali as his successor.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=66–7}} Nevertheless, perhaps realizing the necessity of Ali's cooperation in his collaborative scheme of governance, Umar made some limited overtures to Ali and the Banu Hashim during his caliphate.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=62, 65}} For instance, Umar returned Muhammad's estates in Medina to Ali, but kept Fadak and Khayber.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=62–64}} By some accounts, Umar also insisted on marrying Ali's daughter [[Umm Kulthum bint Ali|Umm Kulthum]], to which Ali reluctantly agreed when the former enlisted public support for his demand.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=67}}

==== Election of Uthman (644) ====
[[File:Balami - Tarikhnama - the election of 'Othman as the caliphate of Medina (cropped).jpg|thumb|The election of Uthman, a folio from ''[[Tarikhnama]]'']]
Before his death in 644,{{sfn|Pellat|1983}} Umar tasked a small committee with choosing the next caliph among themselves.{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=50}} Ali and Uthman were the strongest candidates in this committee,{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=52}}{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|p=43}} whose members were all early companions of Muhammad from the Quraysh tribe.{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=50}} Another member, [[Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf]], was given the deciding vote either by the committee or by Umar.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=71}}{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=51}}{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=21}} After deliberations, Ibn Awf appointed his brother-in-law Uthman as the next caliph,{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=54}}{{Sfn|Kennedy|2016|p=60}} when the latter promised to follow the precedent of the first two caliphs.{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=54}} By contrast, Ali rejected this condition,{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=54}}{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=21}} or gave an evasive answer.{{Sfn|Keaney|2021|loc=§3.4}} The Ansar were not represented in the committee,{{Sfn|Shaban|1971|pp=62–3}}{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=51}} which was evidently biased toward Uthman.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=71–2}}{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=|pp=52–3}}{{sfn|Momen|1985|p=21}} Both of these factors worked against Ali,{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=51}}{{Sfn|Abbas|2021|p=116}}{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=68}} who could not have been simply excluded from the proceedings.{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=|pp=52{{ndash}}53, 55}}

===Caliphate of Uthman (r. 644–656)===
Uthman was widely accused of nepotism,{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=87}} corruption,{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|1970|p=67}}{{Sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2019|p=84}} and injustice.{{Sfn|Dakake|2007|p=52}} Ali too criticized Uthman's conduct,{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}}{{Sfn|Gleave|2008}}{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=|pp=108, 113}} including his lavish gifts for his kinsmen.{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=53}}{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=108}} Ali also protected outspoken companions, such as [[Abu Dharr al-Ghifari|Abu Dharr]] and [[Ammar ibn Yasir|Ammar]],{{Sfn|Hinds|1972a|p=467}}{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=109}} and overall acted as a restraining influence on Uthman.{{Sfn|Hinds|1972a|p=467}} Some supporters of Ali were part of the opposition movement,{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=63}}{{Sfn|Daftary|2014|p=30}} joined in their efforts by [[Talha ibn Ubayd Allah|Talha]] and Zubayr, both senior companions of Muhammad, and by his widow [[A'isha|Aisha]].{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=98}}{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=100–2}}{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=63}} Among such supporters of Ali were [[Malik al-Ashtar]] and other religiously learned {{Transliteration|ar|qurra}} ({{Lit|Quran readers}}).'''{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=59}}'''{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=108}} These supporters wanted to see Ali as the next caliph but there is no evidence that he coordinated with them.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=107–8}} Ali also rejected the requests to lead the rebels,{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}}{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=22}} although he probably sympathized with their grievances.{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=62}}{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=22}} He was therefore considered a natural focus for the opposition,{{Sfn|McHugo|2017|p=49}} at least morally.{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}}

==== Assassination of Uthman (656) ====
As their grievances mounted, provincial dissidents poured into Medina in 656.{{Sfn|Poonawala|1982}} The [[Egypt]]ian opposition sought the advice of Ali, who urged them to negotiate with Uthman.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=121}}{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=118–9}} Ali similarly asked the [[Lower Mesopotamia|Iraqi]] opposition to refrain from violence, which they heeded.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=128}} He also repeatedly mediated between Uthman and the dissidents,{{Sfn|Poonawala|1982}}{{Sfn|Anthony|2013|p=31}}{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=111}} to address their economic and political grievances.{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|1970|p=68}}{{Sfn|Poonawala|1982}} In particular, Ali negotiated and guaranteed the agreement that ended the first siege.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=111, 119}}{{Sfn|Poonawala|1982}} He then convinced Uthman to publicly repent,{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=122}} which the caliph did but then retracted his statement, possibly influenced by his secretary [[Marwan I|Marwan ibn al-Hakam]].{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=123}} Egyptian rebels laid siege to Uthman's residence for a second time when they intercepted an official letter ordering their punishment. They demanded the caliph's abdication but he refused and maintained his innocence about the letter,{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=112}} for which Marwan is often blamed in the early sources.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=127}}{{sfn|Levi Della Vida|Khoury|2012}} Ali also sided with Uthman,{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=112}} but the caliph apparently accused him about the letter.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=126}} This is probably when Ali refused to further intercede for Uthman,{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=112}}{{Sfn|McHugo|2017|p=49}} who was assassinated soon after by Egyptian rebels.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=127}}{{Sfn|Hinds|1972a}}{{Sfn|Donner|2010|p=152}} Ali played no role in the deadly attack,{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}}{{Sfn|Kennedy|2016|p=65}} and his son [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] was injured while guarding Uthman's besieged residence at Ali's behest.{{Sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}}{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012f}}{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=63}} He also convinced the rebels to deliver water to Uthman's house during the siege.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=112}}{{Sfn|Hinds|1972a|p=467}}

==Caliphate==
{{See also|Election of Ali to the caliphate|Administrative policies of Ali|Battle of the Camel|Battle of Siffin|Battle of Nahrawan}}

===Election (656)===
[[File:British Library MS Oriental 7238, fol. 9v Maktel-i Ali Resul The swearing of allegiance to Ali at Kufa after the murder of Osman.jpg|thumb|Ali receiving pledges of allegiance, from a manuscript of {{Transliteration|ar|Maktel-i Ali resul}}, dated late sixteenth or early seventeenth century.]]
When Uthman was assassinated in 656 by Egyptian rebels,{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=127}} the potential candidates for caliphate were Ali and Talha. The Umayyads had fled Medina, leaving the provincial rebels and the Ansar in control of the city. Among the Egyptians, Talha enjoyed some support, but the Iraqis and most of the Ansar supported Ali.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=141}} The majority of the Muhajirun,{{Sfn|Poonawala|1982}}{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=22}}{{Sfn|Donner|2010|p=157}} and key tribal figures also favored Ali at this time.{{Sfn|Lapidus|2002|p=56}} The caliphate was offered by these groups to Ali, who, after some hesitation,{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=22}}{{Sfn|Poonawala|1982}}{{Sfn|Gleave|2008}} publicly took the oath of office.{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|p=81}}{{Sfn|Bahramian|2015}}{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=142–3}} Malik al-Ashtar might have been the first to pledge his allegiance to Ali.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=142–3}} Talha and Zubayr, who both aspired to the caliphate,{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=24}}{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|p=70}} also gave their pledges to Ali, most likely willingly,{{Sfn|Gleave|2008}}{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=143}}{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012f}} but later broke their oaths.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=147}}{{Sfn|Gleave|2008}}{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=64}} Ali probably did not force anyone to pledge,{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|p=81}} and there is little evidence of any violence, even though many broke with Ali later, claiming that they had pledged under duress.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=144–5}} At the same time, the supporters, who were in majority in Medina, might have intimidated others.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=144}}

==== Legitimacy ====
[[File:Ali Receiving the Bay'a (Swearing of Allegiance) (painting, recto; text, verso), folio from a manuscript of Maktel-i Ali Resul of Lami‘i Chelebi, late 16th century.jpg|thumb|Ali receiving pledges of allegiance, same source]]

Ali thus filled the power vacuum created by the regicide.{{Sfn|Shaban|1971|p=71}}{{Sfn|Anthony|2013|p=31}}{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|p=85}} His election, irregular and without a council,{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=141}} faced little public opposition in Medina,{{Sfn|Kennedy|2016|p=65}}{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|1970|p=69}}{{Sfn|Shaban|1971|p=71}} but the rebels' support for him left him exposed to accusations of complicity in Uthman's assassination.{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}} Even though underprivileged groups readily rallied around Ali,{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=72}}{{sfn|Momen|1985|p=24}} he had limited support among the powerful Quraysh, some of whom aspired to caliphate.{{Sfn|Donner|2010|p=158}}{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=141}} Within the Quraysh, two camps opposed Ali: the Umayyads, who believed that the caliphate was their right after Uthman, and those who wished to restore the caliphate of Quraysh on the same principles laid by Abu Bakr and Umar. This second group was likely the majority within the Quraysh.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=147}}{{Sfn|Kennedy|2016|p=65}} Ali was indeed vocal about the divine prerogative of Muhammad's kin to leadership,{{Sfn|Keaney|2021|loc=§3.5}}{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=72}} which would have jeopardized the political ambitions of the rest of the Quraysh.{{Sfn|Abbas|2021|p=115}}

=== Administrative policies ===
[[File:Islamic coin, Time of the Rashidun. Khosrau type. AH 31-41 AD 651-661.jpg|thumb| [[Arab–Sasanian coinage]] minted in [[Bishapur]] during the [[caliphate]] of Ali contains both [[Arabs|Arabic]] and [[Sasanian]] symbols (image of the crowned [[Khosrow II]], [[Atar|holy fire]] center, and crescent-star, [[Basmala|bismillah]] in [[Arabic script|Arabic]] on margin).<ref>{{Cite web |title=ARAB-SASANIAN COINS |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arab-sasanian-coins/ |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=Encyclopaedia Iranica |language=en-US}}</ref> Unlike known historical figures such as [[Ibn Zubayr]] and [[Mu'awiya I]], there are no coins minted in the names of [[Rashidun]] that could be evidence of [[Hegemony|political predominancy]]{{cn|date=August 2025}}]]

==== Justice ====
The caliphate of Ali was characterized by his strict justice.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=309–10}}{{sfn|Momen|1985|p=25}}{{Sfn|Poonawala|1982}} He implemented radical policies to restore his vision of prophetic governance,{{Sfn|Tabatabai|1975|p=43}}{{Sfn|McHugo|2017|p=53}}{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|p=91}} and dismissed nearly all of Uthman's governors,{{Sfn|Donner|2010|p=158}} whom he considered corrupt.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=148}} Ali also distributed the treasury funds equally among Muslims, following the practice of Muhammad,{{Sfn|Tabatabai|1975|p=45}} and is said to have shown zero tolerance for corruption.{{Sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2019|p=105}}{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=272}} Some of those affected by Ali's egalitarian policies soon revolted against him under the pretext of revenge for Uthman.{{Sfn|Tabatabai|1975|p=44}} Among them was [[Mu'awiya I|Mu'awiya]], the long-time governor of the [[Bilad al-Sham|Levant]].{{Sfn|Daftary|2014|p=30}} Ali has therefore been criticized by some for political naivety and excessive rigorism,{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}}{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=|pp=149–50}} and praised by others for righteousness and lack of political expediency.{{Sfn|Tabatabai|1975|p=44}}{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|p=91}} His supporters identify similar decisions of Muhammad,{{Sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2019|p=89}}{{Sfn|Tabatabai|1975|p=46}} and argue that Islam never allows for compromising on a just cause, citing verse 68:9 of the Quran,{{Sfn|Tabatabai|1975|p=46}} "They wish that thou might compromise and that they might compromise."{{Sfn|Tabatabai|1975|p=64}}{{sfn|Nasr|Dagli|Dakake|Lumbard|2015|p=3203}} Some instead suggest that Ali's decisions were actually justified on a practical level.{{Sfn|Bahramian|2015}}{{Sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2019|pp=89–90}}{{Sfn|Poonawala|1982}} For instance, the removal of unpopular governors was perhaps the only option available to Ali because injustice was the main grievance of the rebels.{{Sfn|Bahramian|2015}}

==== Religious authority ====
As evident from his public speeches,{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=150}} Ali viewed himself not only as the temporal leader of the Muslim community but also as its exclusive religious authority.{{Sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2019|p=77}}{{Sfn|Shaban|1971|p=73}} He thus laid claim to the religious authority to interpret the Quran and [[Sunnah|Sunna]].{{sfn|Shaban|1971|pp=72–73}}{{Sfn|Mavani|2013|pp=67–68}} Some supporters of Ali indeed held him as their divinely-guided leader who deserved the same type of loyalty that Muhammad did.{{Sfn|Dakake|2007|p=57}} They felt an absolute and all-encompassing bond of spiritual loyalty ({{Transliteration|ar|walaya}}) to Ali that transcended politics.{{Sfn|Haider|2014|p=34}} For instance, many of them publicly offered Ali their unconditional support circa 658.{{Sfn|Dakake|2007|pp=|p=60}}{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=251{{ndash}}252}} They justified their absolute loyalty to Ali on the basis of his merits, precedent in Islam,{{Sfn|Dakake|2007|p=59}} his kinship with Muhammad,{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=71}} and also the announcement by the latter at the Ghadir Khumm.{{Sfn|Haider|2014|p=34}} Many of these supporters also viewed Ali as the rightful successor to Muhammad after his death,{{Sfn|Dakake|2007|pp=58–59}} as evidenced in the poetry from that period, for instance.{{Sfn|Dakake|2007|p=262n30}}{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=67}}

==== Fiscal policies ====
Ali opposed centralized control over provincial revenues.{{sfn|Lapidus|2002|p=56}} He equally distributed excess taxes and booty among Muslims,{{sfn|Lapidus|2002|p=56}}{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}} following the precedent of Muhammad and Abu Bakr.{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=133}}{{Sfn|Tabatabai|1975|p=45}} In comparison, Umar had distributed the state revenues according to Islamic merit,{{Sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2019|p=90}}{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|p=83}} and Uthman was widely accused of nepotism and corruption.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=87}}{{Sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2019|p=|pp=84, 90}}{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|1970|p=67}} The strictly egalitarian policies of Ali earned him the support of underprivileged groups, including the Ansar, the {{Transliteration|ar|qurra}}, and the late immigrants to Iraq.{{sfn|Shaban|1971|p=72}} By contrast, Talha and Zubayr were both Qurayshite companions of Muhammad who had amassed immense wealth under Uthman.{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|pp=55–6}} They both revolted against Ali when he refused to grant them favors.{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|p=94}}{{Sfn|Tabatabai|1975|p=45}} Some other figures among the Quraysh similarly turned against Ali,{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|p=95}}{{Sfn|McHugo|2017|p=64}} who even withheld public funds from his relatives,{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=264}}{{Sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2019|pp=105–6}} whereas his archenemy Mu'awiya readily offered monetary gifts.{{Sfn|McHugo|2017|p=64}}{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=276}} Ali instructed his officials to collect tax payments on a voluntary basis and without harassment, and to prioritize the poor when distributing public funds.{{Sfn|Abbas|2021|p=153}} A letter attributed to Ali directs his governor to pay more attention to land development than taxation.{{sfn|Lambton|1991|pp=xix, xx}}{{Sfn|Abbas|2021|p=156}}

==== Rules of war ====
During the civil war, Ali forbade his soldiers from looting,{{sfn|Heck|2023}}{{Sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2019|p=94}} and instead paid them from the tax revenues.{{sfn|Heck|2023}} He also pardoned his enemies in victory.{{Sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2019|p=94}}{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|p=84}} Both of these practices were later enshrined in [[Fiqh|Islamic law]].{{Sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2019|p=94}} Ali also advised his commander al-Ashtar not to reject any calls to peace, not to violate any agreements,{{Sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2019|p=115}} and ordered him not to commence hostilities.{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|p=109}} Ali similarly barred his troops from disturbing civilians,{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|p=108}} killing the wounded and those who fled, mutilating the dead, entering homes without permission, looting, and harming women.{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|p=|pp=109–10}} He prevented the enslavement of women in victory, even though some protested.{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}} Before the [[Battle of Siffin]], Ali did not retaliate and allowed his enemies to access drinking water when he gained the upper hand.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=227}}{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|pp=111–2}}

===Battle of the Camel===
[[File:Paris, BnF, Supplément Persan 1030 fol. 513v-514r Ali defeats Aisha and takes her captive.jpg|thumb|Islamic miniature depicting Ali (depicted as a golden flame) defeating Aisha and taking her captive during the Battle of the Camel]]
Aisha publicly campaigned against Ali immediately after his accession.{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|p=89}}{{Sfn|Donner|2010|p=158}} She was joined in Mecca by her close relatives, Talha and Zubayr,{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=133}} who thus broke their earlier oaths of allegiance to Ali.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=147}}{{Sfn|Gleave|2008}}{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=64}} This opposition demanded the punishment of Uthman's assassins,{{Sfn|Cappucci|2014|p=19}}{{Sfn|Anthony|2013|p=31}} and accused Ali of complicity in the assassination.{{Sfn|Anthony|2013|p=31}}{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=147}}{{Sfn|Poonawala|1982}} They also called for the removal of Ali from office and for a Qurayshite council to appoint his successor.{{Sfn|Donner|2010|p=158}}{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=157}} Their primary goal was likely the removal of Ali, rather than vengeance for Uthman,{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=157}}{{Sfn|Aslan|2005|p=132}}{{Sfn|McHugo|2017|loc=§2.II}} against whom the triumvirate had stirred up public opinion.{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012f}}{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=|pp=98, 101, 107}}{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|p=88}} The opposition failed to gain enough traction in [[Hijaz|Hejaz]],{{sfn|Poonawala|1982}}{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}} and instead captured [[Basra]] in Iraq,{{sfn|Gleave|2008}}{{sfn|Poonawala|1982}} killing many there. Ali raised an army from nearby [[Kufa]],{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012f}}{{sfn|Hinds|1971|p=361}} which formed the core of Ali's forces in the coming battles.{{sfn|Hinds|1971|p=361}} The two armies soon camped just outside of Basra,{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=166}}{{sfn|Poonawala|1982}} both probably numbered around ten thousand men.{{sfn|Hazleton|2009|p=107}} After three days of failed negotiations,{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=169|pp=}} the two sides readied for battle.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=169}}{{sfn|Poonawala|1982}}{{sfn|Gleave|2008}}

==== Account of the battle ====
The battle took place in December 656.{{Sfn|Donner|2010|p=159}}{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=169–70}} The rebels commenced hostilities,{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012f}}{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=170}} and Aisha was present on the battlefield, riding in an armored palanquin atop a red camel, after which the battle is named.{{sfn|Hazleton|2009|p=113}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=139}} Talha was soon killed by another rebel, Marwan, the secretary of Uthman.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=171–2}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=140}} Zubayr, an experienced fighter, deserted shortly after the battle had begun,{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=170}}{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012f}} but was pursued and killed.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=170}}{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012f}} His desertion suggests he had serious moral misgivings about their cause.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=171}}{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012f}} Ali won the day,{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012f}}{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=172}}{{Sfn|Bahramian|2015}} and Aisha was respectfully escorted back to Hejaz.{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=141}}{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012f}}{{Sfn|Donner|2010|p=159}} Ali then announced a public pardon,{{sfn|Hazleton|2009|p=121}} setting free all war prisoners, including Marwan,{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=180-1}}{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=141}} and prohibiting the enslavement of their women. Their seized properties were also returned.{{Sfn|Hazleton|2009|p=122}} Ali then stationed himself in Kufa,{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=182}} which thus became his de facto capital.{{Sfn|Donner|2010|p=159}}{{Sfn|McHugo|2017|loc=§2.II}}

===Battle of Siffin===
[[File:First Fitna Map, Ali-Muawiya Phase.png|thumb|Map of the [[First Fitna]]; green territory under Ali's control; pink territory under Mu'awiya's control.]] [[File:Balami - Tarikhnama - Battle of Siffin (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Combat between the forces of Ali and Mu'awiya during the Battle of Siffin, from the ''[[Tarikhnama]]'']]
Mu'awiya, the incumbent governor of [[Bilad al-Sham|Greater Syria]], was deemed corrupt and unfit by Ali,{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=148}} who removed him from his post.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=194}}{{Sfn|Petersen|1958|p=165}}{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|p=97}} In turn, Mu'awiya refused to step down and informed Ali through a representative that he would recognize Ali as caliph in exchange for the continued governorship of Syria, and possibly the annexation of Egypt.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=203}} Ali rejected this proposal.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=204}}

In response, Mu'awiya launched a propaganda campaign across Syria, blaming Ali for the regicide and calling for revenge.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=190}}{{Sfn|Abbas|2021|p=144}}{{Sfn|Rahman|1995|p=58}} Mu'awiya also joined forces with [[Amr ibn al-As]]{{Sfn|Donner|2010|p=160}}, a military strategist,{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|p=99}} who pledged to back the Umayyads against Ali in return for the life-long governorship of Egypt.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=196}} Mu'awiya then formally declared war, charging Ali with complicity in the regicide, demanding his removal, and a council in Syria thereafter to elect the next caliph.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=204–205}} Contemporary authors tend to view Mu'awiya's call for revenge as a pretext to retain power.{{Sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2014|p=23}}{{Sfn|Shaban|1971|p=73}}{{Sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2019|pp=95–6}}{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=186}}{{Sfn|Kennedy|2016|p=66}}{{Sfn|McHugo|2017|loc=2.III}}

==== Account of the battle ====
In the summer of 657, Ali's Iraqi army and Mu'awiya's Syrian forces camped at Siffin, west of the [[Euphrates|Euphrates River]],{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=226}} numbering perhaps at 100,000 and 130,000, respectively.{{Sfn|Lecker|2012}} Many of Muhammad's companions were present in Ali's army, whereas Mu'awiya could only boast a handful.{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=25}}{{Sfn|Lecker|2012}} The two sides negotiated for a while, to no avail,{{Sfn|Anthony|2013|p=31}}{{Sfn|Donner|2010|p=161}}{{Sfn|Poonawala|1982}}{{Sfn|Shaban|1971|p=75}}{{Sfn|Kennedy|2016|p=67}} after which the main battle took place from Wednesday, 26 July 657,{{Sfn|McHugo|2017|loc=2.III}}{{Sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2014|p=23}} until Friday or Saturday morning.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=232}}{{sfn|Donner|2010|p=161}} Ali probably refrained from initiating hostilities,{{Sfn|Bahramian|2015}} and later fought alongside his men on the frontline, whereas Mu'awiya led from his pavilion,{{sfn|Hazleton|2009|p=198}}{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=234}} and rejected a proposal to settle the matters in a personal duel with Ali.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=235}}{{Sfn|McHugo|2017|loc=2.III}}{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|p=119}} Among those killed fighting for Ali was Ammar ibn Yasir.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=234}} In canonical Sunni sources, a prophetic hadith predicts Ammar's death at the hands of {{Transliteration|ar|al-fi'a al-baghiya}} ({{Lit|rebellious aggressive group}}).{{Sfn|Abbas|2021|p=149}}{{Sfn|Lecker|2012}}{{Sfn|Donner|2010|p=161}}

==== Call to arbitration ====
Fighting stopped when some Syrians raised pages of the Quran on their lances, shouting, "Let the Book of God be the judge between us."{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=238}}{{Sfn|Donner|2010|p=161}} Since Mu'awiya had for long insisted on battle, this call for arbitration suggests that he now sensed defeat.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=238}}{{Sfn|Anthony|2013|p=31}}{{Sfn|Adamec|2017|p=406}} By contrast, Ali exhorted his men to fight, telling them that raising Qurans was for deception, but to no avail.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=238}}{{Sfn|McHugo|2017|loc=2.III}} Through their representatives, the {{Transliteration|ar|qurra}} and the {{Transliteration|ar|[[Ridda Wars|ridda]]}} tribesmen of Kufa,{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|1970|p=70}}{{Sfn|Shaban|1971|p=75}}{{Sfn|Donner|2010|p=161}} the largest bloc in Ali's army,{{Sfn|Poonawala|1982}}{{Sfn|Shaban|1971|p=75}} both threatened Ali with mutiny if he did not answer the Syrians' call.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=238}}{{Sfn|Poonawala|1982}}{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|pp=123–4}}{{Sfn|Hinds|1972b|p=97}} Facing strong peace sentiments in his army, Ali accepted the arbitration proposal,{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=241}} most likely against his own judgment.{{sfn|Donner|2010|p=161}}{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=241}}

==== Arbitration agreement ====
Mu'awiya now proposed that representatives from both sides should find a Quranic resolution.{{Sfn|Poonawala|1982}}{{Sfn|Hinds|1972b|p=98}} Mu'awiya was represented by his ally Amr,{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=241–2}} whereas, despite Ali's opposition, the majority in his camp pressed for the neutral Abu Musa, the erstwhile governor of Kufa.{{sfn|Afsaruddin|2013|p=53}}{{sfn|Donner|2010|p=161}}{{Sfn|Dakake|2007|p=|pp=1–2}} The arbitration agreement was written and signed on 2 August 657,{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=243}} stipulating that the two representatives should meet on neutral territory,{{Sfn|Dakake|2007|p=1}} adhere to the Quran and Sunna, and restore peace.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=243}}{{Sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2014|p=23}} Both armies left the battlefield after the agreement.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=247}} The arbitration agreement thus divided Ali's camp, as many did not support his negotiations with Mu'awiya, whose claims they considered fraudulent. By contrast, the agreement strengthened Mu'awiya's position, who was now an equal contender for the caliphate.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=245}}

==== Formation of the Kharijites ====
[[File:Iraq under the Abbasid Caliphate (cropped).png|thumb|The [[Nahrawan Canal]] ran parallel to the east bank of the [[Tigris]]]]

Some of Ali's men left him in protest to the arbitration agreement.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=247}}{{Sfn|Bahramian|2015}} Many of them eventually rejoined Ali,{{Sfn|Rauf|2007|p=191}}{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=248–249}}{{sfn|Donner|2010|p=163}}{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}} while the rest gathered in the town of [[al-Nahrawan]].{{Sfn|Bahramian|2015}} They became known as the [[Kharijites]] ({{lit|seceders}}), who later took up arms against Ali in the [[Battle of Nahrawan]].{{sfn|Levi Della Vida|2012}}{{sfn|Donner|2010|p=162}}{{sfn|Poonawala|1982}} The Kharijites, many of whom belonged to the {{Transliteration|ar|qurra}},{{Sfn|Hinds|1972b|p=100}} were likely disillusioned with the arbitration process.{{Sfn|Hinds|1972b|p=101}}{{Sfn|Poonawala|1982}} Their slogan was, "No judgment but that of God,"{{Sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2014|p=23}} highlighting their rejection of arbitration (by men) in reference to the Quranic verse 49:9.{{Sfn|Rauf|2007|p=|pp=190–191}} Ali called this slogan a word of truth by which the seceders sought falsehood because he viewed the ruler as indispensable in the conduct of religion.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=249–50}}

==== Arbitration proceedings ====
The two arbitrators met together in [[Dumat al-Jandal]],{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|p=129}} perhaps in February 658.{{Sfn|Poonawala|1982}} There they reached the verdict that Uthman had been killed wrongfully and that Mu'awiya had the right to seek revenge.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=255}}{{sfn|Aslan|2005|p=137}}{{sfn|Poonawala|1982}} They could not agree on anything else.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=256}} Rather than a judicial ruling, this was a political concession by Abu Musa, who probably hoped that Amr would later reciprocate this gesture.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=256}} Ali denounced the conduct of the two arbitrators as contrary to the Quran and began organizing a second Syria campaign.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=257}}{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}} Solely an initiative of Mu'awiya,{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=255}} there was also a second meeting in [[Udhruh]].{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=255}}{{Sfn|Bahramian|2015}} The negotiations there also failed,{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=257}} as the two arbitrators could not agree on the next caliph: Amr supported Mu'awiya,{{Sfn|Poonawala|1982}} while Abu Musa nominated his son-in-law Abd Allah ibn Umar,{{Sfn|Poonawala|1982}}{{Sfn|Glassé|2001|p=40}} who stood down.{{Sfn|Poonawala|1982}}{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=286}} At its closure, Abu Musa publicly deposed both Mu'awiya and Ali and called for a council to appoint his successor per earlier agreements with Amr. When Amr took the stage, however, he deposed Ali and appointed Mu'awiya as his successor.{{sfn|Glassé|2001|p=40}}{{sfn|Donner|2010|p=165}}{{sfn|Poonawala|1982}} The Kufan delegation reacted furiously to Abu Musa's concessions,{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=257}} and the common view is that the arbitration failed,{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=255}}{{sfn|Afsaruddin|2013|p=53}} or was inconclusive.{{Sfn|Fadel|2013|p=43}}{{Sfn|Rauf|2007|p=191}}{{Sfn|Hinds|1972b|p=102}} It nevertheless strengthened the Syrians' support for Mu'awiya and weakened the position of Ali.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=255}}{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=65}}{{sfn|Momen|1985|p=25}}{{sfn|Poonawala|1982}}{{Sfn|Daftary|2013|p=31}}

===Battle of Nahrawan===
[[File:British Library MS Oriental 7238, fol 10v Maktel-i Ali Resul The Battle of Nehrevan.jpg|thumb|Ali bearing a green turban and [[Zulfiqar]] at the Battle of Nahrawan, folio from a manuscript of {{Transliteration|ar|Maqtel-i Ali resul}}, late sixteenth or early seventeenth century]]
After the arbitration, Mu'awiya received the Syrians' pledge as caliph.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=257–8}} Ali then organized a new, much smaller,{{sfn|Poonawala|1982}} Syria campaign.{{sfn|Donner|2010|p=163}}{{sfn|Glassé|2001|p=40}}{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=255, 257}} But he postponed the expedition,{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=259–60}} and instead marched to Nahrawan with his army,{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=259–60}} when he learned that the Kharijites were interrogating and executing civilians.{{sfn|Wellhausen|1901|pp=17–18}}{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=254}} They killed many, apparently not even sparing women.{{Sfn|Levi Della Vida|2012}} Ali convinced many of the Kharijites to separate from their army, leaving about 1,500{{Ndash}}1,800, or 2,800, out of about 4,000 fighters.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=260}}{{sfn|Wellhausen|1901|p=18}} The rest of the Kharijites then attacked and were crushed by Ali's army of about 14,000 men.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=259–261}}{{sfn|Wellhausen|1901|p=18}} The battle took place either on 17 July 658,{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=260–1}}{{sfn|Donner|2010|p=163}} or in 657.{{sfn|Wellhausen|1927|p=85}}{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=260–1}} Ali has been criticized by some for killing his erstwhile allies,{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|p=|pp=141, 171}}{{sfn|Donner|2010|p=164}}{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=262}} many of whom were outwardly pious Muslims. For others, subduing the Kharijites was necessary, for they were violent and radicalized rebels who posed a danger to Ali's base in Kufa.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=261}}{{Sfn|Kelsay|1993|p=87}}{{Sfn|Afsaruddin|2013|p=53}}{{Sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2019|pp=97–8}}

===Final years===
Following the Battle of Nahrawan, Ali could not muster enough support for a second Syria campaign.{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|pp=|p=141}}{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=262}} Perhaps his soldiers were demoralized,{{sfn|Donner|2010|p=164}} or perhaps they were recalled by their tribal leaders,{{Sfn|Shaban|1971|p=77}}{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=123}} many of whom had been bribed and swayed by Mu'awiya.{{Sfn|Kennedy|2016|p=68}}{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=123}}{{sfn|Donner|2010|p=164}} By contrast, Ali did not grant any financial favors to tribal chiefs as a matter of principle.{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|p=95}}{{Sfn|McHugo|2017|p=64}} At any rate, the secession of so many of the {{Transliteration|ar|qurra}} and the coolness of the tribal leaders weakened Ali.{{Sfn|Shaban|1971|p=77}}{{Sfn|Anthony|2013|p=31}}{{Sfn|Kennedy|2016|p=69}} Ali consequently lost Egypt to Mu'awiya in 658.{{Sfn|Donner|2010|p=165}}{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=|pp=268{{ndash}}9}} Mu'awiya also began dispatching military detachments,{{sfn|Donner|2010|p=165}} which targeted civilians along the Euphrates river, near Kufa, and most successfully, in the Hejaz and Yemen.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=262, 288–291, 293}} Ali could not mount a timely response to these assaults.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}} He eventually found sufficient support for a second Syria offensive, set to commence in late winter 661. His success was in part due to the public outrage over Syrian raids.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=307}} However, plans for a second campaign were abandoned after the [[assassination of Ali]].{{sfn|Donner|2010|p=166}}

==Assassination and burial==
{{main|Assassination of Ali|Imam Ali Shrine|Mausoleum of Imam Ali}}

{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 = Kufa Mosque 1.jpg
| caption1 = The [[Great Mosque of Kufa]] in Kufa, [[Iraq]], where Ali was assassinated
| image2 = Meshed ali usnavy (PD).jpg
| caption2 = [[Imam Ali Shrine]] in [[Najaf]], near Kufa, where Ali is believed to be buried
| image3 = روضه شریف.jpeg
| caption3 = [[Hazrat Ali Mazar]], also called Rawz-e-Sharif, in [[Mazar-i Sharif]], [[Afghanistan]], where some claim Ali is buried.
}}

Ali was assassinated during the [[Fajr prayer|morning prayer]] on 28 January 661 (19 [[Ramadan (calendar month)|Ramadan]] 40 AH) at the [[Great Mosque of Kufa]]. The other given dates are 26 and 30 January. He was struck over his head by the Kharijite dissident [[Ibn Muljim|Ibn Muljam]] with a poison-coated sword,{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012g}} in revenge for their defeat in the Battle of Nahrawan.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=308}} Ali died from his wounds about two days later, aged sixty-two or sixty-three. By some accounts, he had long known about his fate by premonition or through Muhammad.{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012g}}

Before his death, Ali requested either a meticulous application of {{Transliteration|el|[[lex talionis]]}} to Ibn Muljam or his pardon. At any rate, Ibn Muljam was later executed by Hasan, the eldest son of Ali.{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012g}}

Fearing that his body might be exhumed and profaned by his enemies, Ali's burial place was kept a secret and remains uncertain.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}} Several sites are mentioned as containing Ali's remains, including the [[Imam Ali Shrine|shrine of Ali]] in [[Najaf]] and the [[shrine of Ali]] in [[Mazar, Afghanistan|Mazar]].{{Sfn|Kohlberg|1982}} The former site was identified during the reign of the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] caliph [[Harun al-Rashid]] ({{Reign|786|809}}) and the town of Najaf developed around it, which has become a major destination for Shia pilgrimage.{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}} The present shrine was built by the [[Safavid Iran|Safavid]] monarch [[Safi of Persia|Safi]] ({{Reign|1629|1642}}),{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=26}} near which lies an immense cemetery for Shias who wished to be buried next to their [[Imamate in Shia doctrine|imam]].{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}} Najaf is also home to top religious colleges and prominent Shia scholars.{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}}{{sfn|Gleave|2008}} Other sites for Ali's burial are claimed to be [[Baghdad]], [[Damascus]], [[Medina]], [[Rayy|Ray]] while a minority of Shias believe it be somewhere in the city of [[Kufa]].{{Sfn|Kohlberg|1982}}

==Succession==
{{Main|Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan–Muawiya treaty|}}

{{See also|Umayyad tradition of cursing Ali}}

When Ali died, his son Hasan was acknowledged as the next caliph in Kufa.{{sfn|Wellhausen|1901|p=18}}{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012e}} As Ali's legatee, Hasan was the obvious choice for the Kufans, especially because Ali was vocal about the exclusive right of Muhammad's kin to leadership.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=311}}{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012e}} Most surviving companions of Muhammad were in Ali's army, and they also pledged their allegiance to Hasan,{{sfn|Momen|1985|pp=26–7}}{{sfn|Jafri|1979|p=91}} but overall the Kufans' support for Hasan was likely weak.{{sfn|Momen|1985|p=27}}{{sfn|Jafri|1979|pp=109–10}} Hasan later [[Hasan–Mu'awiya treaty|abdicated]] in August 661 to Mu'awiya when the latter invaded Iraq with his Syrian army.{{sfn|Momen|1985|p=27}}{{sfn|Jafri|1979|pp=109–10}} Mu'awiya thus founded the dynastic [[Umayyad Caliphate]]. Throughout his reign, he persecuted the family and supporters of Ali,{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=334}}{{sfn|Lewis|2012}} and authorized the [[Umayyad tradition of cursing Ali|cursing of Ali]] as part of the communal prayers.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=334}}{{sfn|Dakake|2007|pp=67,78}}

==Descendants of Ali==
{{Main|Alids}}

{{See also|Muhsin ibn Ali|Hasanids|Husaynids|Twelvers|Isma'ilism|Kaysanites|Zaydism}}
The first marriage of Ali was to Fatima, who bore him three sons, Hasan, Husayn, and [[Muhsin ibn Ali|Muhsin]].{{Sfn|Lewis|2012}} Muhsin either died in infancy,{{sfn|Buehler|2014|p=186}} or Fatima miscarried him when she was injured in a [[Attack on Fatima's house|raid]] on her house during the succession crisis.{{sfn|Khetia|2013|p=78}} The descendants of Hasan and Husayn are known as the [[Hasanids]] and the [[Husaynids]], respectively.{{Sfn|Daftary|2014}} As the progeny of Muhammad, they are honored in Muslim communities by nobility titles such as {{Transliteration|ar|[[sharif]]}} and {{Transliteration|ar|[[sayyid]]}}.{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}} Ali and Fatima also had two daughters, [[Zaynab bint Ali|Zaynab]] and [[Umm Kulthum bint Ali|Umm Kulthum]].{{Sfn|Huart|2012b}} After [[Burial of Fatima|Fatima's death]] in 632, Ali remarried multiple times and had more children, including [[Muhammad al-Awsat ibn Ali|Muhammad al-Awsat]] and [[Abbas ibn Ali]].{{Sfn|Huart|2012b}} In his life, Ali fathered seventeen daughters, and eleven, fourteen, or eighteen sons,{{Sfn|Lewis|2012}} among whom, Hasan, Husayn, and [[Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya]] played a historical role.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}} Descendants of Ali are known as the [[Alids]].{{Sfn|Daftary|2014}}

=== Under the Umayyads (661{{Ndash}}750) ===
Mu'awiya succeeded Ali in 661 and founded the dynastic Umayyad Caliphate,{{Sfn|Madelung|2003}} during which Alids were severely persecuted.{{Sfn|Huart|2012b}} After Ali, his followers ({{Transliteration|ar|shi'a}}) recognized his eldest son Hasan as their imam. When he died in 670, likely poisoned at the instigation of Mu'awiya,{{sfn|Momen|1985|p=28}}{{sfn|Madelung|2003}}{{Sfn|Anthony|2013|p=216}} the Shia community followed Hasan's younger brother Husayn, who was killed by Umayyad forces in the [[Battle of Karbala]] in 680, alongside many of his relatives.{{Sfn|Daftary|2014}} To revenge the Karbala massacre, soon followed in 685 the Shia uprising of [[Mukhtar al-Thaqafi|al-Mukhtar]], who claimed to represent Ibn al-Hanafiyya.{{Sfn|Daftary|2014}} The main movements that followed this uprising were the now-extinct [[Kaysanites]] and the Imamites.{{Sfn|McHugo|2017|p=104}} The Kaysanites mostly followed [[Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya|Abu Hashim]], the son of Ibn al-Hanafiyya. When Abu Hashim died around 716, this group largely aligned itself with the Abbasids, that is, the descendants of Muhammad's uncle Abbas.{{Sfn|Daftary|2014}}{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=69}} On the other hand, the Imamites were led by quiescent descendants of Husayn, through his only surviving son, [[Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin|Ali Zayn al-Abidin]] ({{Died in|713}}). An exception was Ali's son [[Zayd ibn Ali|Zayd]], who led a failed uprising against the Umayyads around 740.{{Sfn|Daftary|2014}} For his followers, known as the [[Zaydism|Zaydites]], any learned Hasanid or Husaynid who rose against tyranny qualified as imam.{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=|pp=49, 50}}

=== Under the Abbasids (750{{Ndash}}1258) ===
Alids were also persecuted under the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasids]], who toppled the Umayyads in 750.{{Sfn|Daftary|2014}}{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=71}} Some of the Alids thus revolted,{{Sfn|Lewis|2012}} while some established regional dynasties in remote areas.{{Sfn|Daftary|2014}}{{Sfn|Donner|1999|p=26}} In particular, through imprisonment or surveillance, the Abbasids removed the imams of the Imamites from public life,{{Sfn|Sachedina|1981|p=25}}{{Sfn|Dakake|2007|p=211}} and they are thought to be responsible for the imams' deaths.{{Sfn|Pierce|2016|p=44}}{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=44}} Mainstream Imamites were the antecedents of the [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelvers]],{{Sfn|McHugo|2017|p=107}} who believe that their twelfth and final imam, [[Muhammad al-Mahdi]], was born around 868,{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=161}} but was hidden from the public in 874 for fear of persecution. He remains in occultation by divine will until his reappearance at the end of time to eradicate injustice and evil.{{Sfn|Amir-Moezzi|1998}}{{Sfn|McHugo|2017|p=108}} The only historic split among the Imamites happened when their sixth imam, [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]], died in 765.{{Sfn|Daftary|2014}}{{Sfn|McHugo|2017|p=107}} Some claimed that his designated successor was his son [[Isma'il ibn Ja'far|Isma'il]], who had predeceased al-Sadiq. These were the antecedents of the [[Isma'ilism|Isma'ilites]],{{Sfn|Daftary|2014}} who found political success at the turn of the tenth century,{{Sfn|Haider|2014|p=92}} as the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] in Egypt and the [[Qarmatians]] in [[Eastern Arabia|Bahrain]].{{Sfn|Daftary|2007|pp=2, 110, 128}}

==Works==
{{main|Nahj al-balagha|Principles of good governance in the letter of Ali to al-Ashtar|Ghurar al-hikam|Mushaf of Ali|Kitab Ali||}}

{{see also|Shaqshaqiya sermon|al-Jafr (book)|Du'a Kumayl|Codex Mashhad}}

[[File:Folio from a Nahj al-Balagha.gif|thumb|Folio from an old manuscript of {{Transliteration|ar|Nahj al-balagha}}, circa 1150 CE]]
Most of the works attributed to Ali were first delivered as speeches and later committed to writing by others. There are also supplications, such as [[Du'a Kumayl]], which he may have taught others.{{sfn|Gleave|2008}}

==={{Transliteration|ar|Nahj al-balagha}}===

{{Transliteration|ar|Nahj al-balagha}} ({{Lit|the path of eloquence}}) is an eleventh-century collection of sermons, letters, and sayings, all attributed to Ali, compiled by [[Al-Sharif al-Radi|Sharif al-Radi]] ({{Died in|1015}}), a prominent Twelver scholar.{{sfn|Thomas|2008}}{{Sfn|Esposito|2003|p=227}} Because of its sometimes sensitive content, the authenticity of {{Transliteration|ar|Nahj al-balagha}} has long been polemically debated. However, by tracking its content in earlier sources, recent academic research has attributed most of {{Transliteration|ar|Nahj al-balagha}} to Ali.{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2006}}{{sfn|Djebli|2012}} The book, particularly its letter of [[Letter of Ali ibn Abi Talib to Malik al-Ashtar|instructions]] addressed at al-Ashtar,{{sfn|Gleave|2008}} has served as an ideological basis for Islamic governance.{{sfn|Esposito|2003|p=227}} The book also includes detailed discussions about social responsibilities, emphasizing that greater responsibilities result in greater rights.{{sfn|Esposito|2003|p=227}} {{Transliteration|ar|Nahj al-balagha}} also contains sensitive material, such as sharp criticism of Ali's predecessors in its [[Shaqshaqiya sermon]],{{sfn|Gleave|2008}} and disapproval of Aisha, Talha, and Zubayr, who had revolted against Ali.{{sfn|Thomas|2008}}{{Sfn|Dakake|2007|p=225}} Celebrated as an example of the most eloquent Arabic,{{Sfn|Gleave|2008}} {{Transliteration|ar|Nahj al-balagha}} has significantly influenced the Arabic literature and rhetoric.{{Sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2006}} Numerous commentaries have been written about the book, including the comprehensive work of the [[Mu'tazilism|Mu'tazilite]] scholar [[Ibn Abi'l-Hadid|Ibn Abil-Hadid]] ({{Died in|1258}}).{{sfn|Gleave|2008}}

=== ''{{Transliteration|ar|Ghurar al-hikam}}'' ===
[[File:Ghurar al-Hikam wa Durar al-Kalim.jpg|thumb|343x343px|Folio from an old manuscript of {{Transliteration|ar|Ghurar al-hikam}}]]

{{Transliteration|ar|[[Ghurar al-hikam wa durar al-kalim]]}} ({{Literal translation|exalted aphorisms and pearls of speech}}) was compiled by [[Abd al-Wahid Amidi|Abd al-Wahid al-Amidi]] ({{Died in|1116}}), who was either a [[Shafiʽi school|Shafi'i]] jurist or a Twelver scholar. The book contains thousands of short sayings of Ali on piety and ethics.{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2007|p=4}}{{sfn|Gleave|2008}} These aphorisms and other works attributed to Ali have considerably influenced the [[Sufism|Islamic mysticism]].{{Sfn|Jozi|Shah-Kazemi|2015}}

===Mushaf of Ali===
[[File:The Mushaf of Imam Ali.jpg|thumb|The first three verses of the [[Al-Burooj|Surah al-buruj]] (85:1–3) in what might be a folio from the Mushaf of Ali in the library of the [[Imam Ali Shrine|Imam Ali shrine]], [[Najaf]], Iraq]]
[[Mushaf of Ali]] is a recension of the Quran compiled by Ali, who was one of its first scribes.{{sfn|Modarressi|2003|p=2}} By some Shia accounts, this codex ({{Transliteration|ar|[[mushaf]]}}) of Ali was rejected for official use during the succession crisis.{{Sfn|Modarressi|1993|p=13}} Some early Shia traditions also suggest differences with the standard [[History of the Quran#Uthman ibn Affan and the canonization|Uthmanid codex]],{{Sfn|Amir-Moezzi|2009|p=24}} although now the prevalent Shia view is that Ali's recension matches the Uthmanid codex, save for the order of its content.{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=|pp=77, 81}} Ali's codex is said to be in the possession of Muhammad al-Mahdi, who would reveal the codex (and its authoritative commentary by Ali) when he reappears.{{Sfn|Amir-Moezzi|1994|p=89}}{{Sfn|Amir-Moezzi|1998}}

=== ''{{Transliteration|ar|Kitab Ali}}'' ===
{{Transliteration|ar|[[Kitab Ali]]}} ({{Literal translation|book of Ali}}) is a non-extant collection of prophetic sayings gathered by Ali. The book may have concerned matters of lawfulness ([[halal|{{transliteration|ar|halal}}]]) and unlawfulness ([[haram|{{transliteration|ar|haram}}]]), including a detailed penal code. ''{{Transliteration|ar|Kitab Ali}}'' is also often linked to {{Transliteration|ar|[[al-Jafr (book)|al-Jafr]]}}, which is said to contain the esoteric teachings of Muhammad for his household.{{sfn|Esposito|2003|pp=175–176}}{{sfn|Modarressi|2003|p=5}} Copies of ''{{Transliteration|ar|Kitab Ali}}'' were likely available until the early eighth century, and parts of it have survived in later Shia and Sunni works.{{Sfn|Pakatchi|2015}}

===Other works===
The {{Transliteration|ar|[[Du'a' Kumayl]]}} is a popular Shia supplication attributed to Ali, transmitted by his companion, [[Kumayl ibn Ziyad]].{{sfn|Gleave|2008}} Also attributed to Ali is {{Transliteration|ar|Kitab al-Diyat}} on Islamic law, fully quoted in the Shia hadith collection {{Transliteration|ar|[[Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih|Man la yahduruhu al-faqih]]}}.{{sfn|Modarressi|2003|pp=12–13}} The judicial decisions and executive orders of Ali during his caliphate have also been recorded.{{sfn|Modarressi|2003|p=17}} Other extant works attributed to Ali are collected in {{Transliteration|ar|[[Kitab al-Kafi]]}} and other Shia sources.{{sfn|Gleave|2008}}

== Contributions to Islamic sciences ==
{{Main article|Ali and Islamic sciences}}

The standard recitation of the Quran has been traced back to Ali,{{Sfn|Modarressi|2003|p=3}}{{sfn|Hulmes|2008|p=45}}{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=25}} and his written legacy is dotted with Quranic commentaries.{{Sfn|Pakatchi|2015}} [[Ibn Abbas]], a leading early exegete, credited Ali with his interpretations of the Quran.{{Sfn|Lalani|2006|p=28}} Ali also related several hundred prophetic hadiths.{{Sfn|Pakatchi|2015}} He is further credited with the first systematic evaluations of hadiths, and is often considered a founding figure for hadith sciences.{{Sfn|Pakatchi|2015}} Ali is also regarded by some as the founder of [[Kalam|Islamic theology]], and his sayings contain the first rational proofs of the [[Tawhid|unity of God]] ({{Transliteration|ar|tawhid}}) in Islam.{{sfn|Nasr|2006|p=|pp=2, 120}}{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2014}} In later [[Islamic philosophy]], Ali's sayings and sermons were mined for metaphysical knowledge.{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}} In particular, {{Transliteration|ar|Nahj al-balagha}} is a vital source for Shia philosophical doctrines, after the Quran and Sunna.{{Sfn|Corbin|2006|pp=35{{ndash}}36}} As a Shia imam, statements and practices attributed to Ali are widely studied in Shia Islam, where they are viewed as the continuation of prophetic teachings.{{Sfn|Pakatchi|2015}}

==Names and titles==
{{See also|Abu Turab}}[[File:Mirror writing2.jpg|thumb|[[Mirror writing]] of "Ali is the vicegerent of God" ([[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]], circa 1720–1730)]]
Ali is known by many honorifics in the Islamic tradition, some of which are especially used by Shias.{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}} His main {{Transliteration|ar|[[Kunya (Arabic)|kunya]]}} (teknonym) was {{Transliteration|ar|[[Abu al-Hasan|ʾAbū al-Ḥasan]]}} ("father of al-Hasan").{{Sfn|Haj Manouchehri|2015}}{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}} His titles include [[Murtaza|''al-Murtaḍā'']] ({{lit|one with whom [God] is pleased|one who is chosen and contented}}),{{Sfn|Haj Manouchehri|2015}}{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}} [[Asadullah|''Asad Allāh'']] ({{lit|lion of God}}),{{Sfn|Alizadeh|2015}} [[Haydar|''Ḥaydar'']] ({{lit|lion}}, the name initially his mother gave him),{{Sfn|Haj Manouchehri|2015}} ''[[Amir al-Mu'minin|Amīr al-Muʾminīn]]'' ({{lit|commander of the faithful' or 'prince of the faithful}}), and ''Imām al-Muttaqin'' ({{lit|leader of the God-fearing}}).{{Sfn|Haj Manouchehri|2015}}{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}} In particular, Twelvers consider the title of Amir al-Mu'minin to be unique to Ali.{{sfn|Gibb|2012}} He is also referred to as [[Abu Turab|''Abū Turāb'']] ({{lit|father of dust}}),{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}} which might have initially been a pejorative by his enemies.{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}} ''Siddiq al-Akbar'' and [[Al-Farooq (title)|al-Farooq]] (the one who distinguishes right from wrong) are other titles of Ali.{{Sfn|Haj Manouchehri|2015}}

== Character ==
[[File:Bab al-Nasr in 2017, photo by Hatem Moushir 26.jpg|thumb|Ali's sword and shield carved on the Bab al-Nasr, Cairo]]
Often praised for his piety and courage,{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=25}}{{Sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2019|p=72}}{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}} Ali fought to uphold his beliefs,{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}}{{Sfn|Steigerwald|2004}} but was also magnanimous in victory,{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=309–310}}{{sfn|Momen|1985|p=25}} even risking the ire of some supporters to prevent the enslavement of women.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}} He also showed his grief, wept for the dead, and reportedly prayed over his enemies.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}} Yet Ali has also been criticized for his idealism and political inflexibility,{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}}{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=|pp=149–50}} for his egalitarian policies and strict justice antagonized many.{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|p=134}}{{Sfn|Tabatabai|1975|p=44}} Or perhaps these qualities were also present in Muhammad,{{Sfn|Tabatabai|1975|p=46}}{{Sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2019|p=89}} whom the Quran addresses as, "They wish that thou [Muhammad] might compromise and that they might compromise."{{Sfn|Tabatabai|1975|p=|pp=46, 64}} At any rate, these qualities of Ali, rooted in his religious beliefs, contributed to his image today for his followers as a paragon of Islamic virtues,{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}}{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=310}}{{Sfn|Ayoub|2014|p=134}} particularly justice.{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2015b}} Ali is also viewed as the model {{Transliteration|el|par excellence}} for Islamic chivalry ({{Transliteration|ar|[[futuwwa]]}}).{{Sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2007|p=189n1}}{{Sfn|Glassé|2001|p=41}}{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=90}}

Historical accounts about Ali are often tendentious.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}} For instance, in person, Ali is described in some Sunni sources{{Citation needed|date=March 2026|reason=L. Veccia Vaglieri 2012a doesn't specify that these descriptions come from Sunni sources, so additional source is required for that claim}} as bald, heavy-built, short-legged, with broad shoulders, hairy body, long white beard, and affected by eye inflammation.{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}} Shia accounts about the appearance of Ali are markedly different. Those perhaps better match his reputation as a capable warrior.{{sfn|Abbas|2021|p=63}} Likewise, Ali is presented in some Sunni sources{{Citation needed|date=March 2026|reason=L. Veccia Vaglieri 2012a doesn't specify that these descriptions come from Sunni sources, so additional source is required for that claim}} as rough, brusque, and unsociable.{{sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012a}} By contrast, Shia sources describe him as generous, gentle, and cheerful,{{sfn|Glassé|2001|p=41}}{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2015b}} to the point that the Syrian war propaganda accused him of frivolity.{{Sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2019|p=105}} Shia and [[Sufism|Sufi]] sources are also replete with reports about his acts of kindness, especially to the poor.{{Sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2019|p=|pp=35{{ndash}}36}} The necessary qualities in a commander, described in a letter attributed to Ali, may have well been a portrait of himself: slow to anger, happy to pardon, kind to the weak, and severe with the strong.{{Sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2019|p=104}} His companion, [[Sa'sa'a bin Sohan|Sa'sa'a ibn Suhan]], described him similarly, "He [Ali] was amongst us as one of us, of gentle disposition, intense humility, leading with a light touch, even though we were in awe of him with the kind of awe that a bound prisoner has before one who holds a sword over his head."{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2015b}}{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2019|p=104}}

== Assessment and legacy ==
{{Main|Ali in the Quran|Ali in hadith literature|Sunni view of Ali|Shia view of Ali}}

{{See also|Administrative policies of Ali|Druze|Yarsanism}}

{{Infobox saint
| name = Ali
| image = The first three Shiite Imams- Ali with his sons Hasan and Husayn, illustration from a Qajar manuscript, Iran, 1837-38 (gouache on paper).jpg
| imagesize = 150
| alt =
| caption = Gouache illustration of Ali (centre) and his sons, Hasan and Husayn, 1838, by an unknown painter
| titles = {{Hlist
| Caliph
| Imam}}
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| home_town =
| residence =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| feast_day =
| venerated_in = {{Plainlist|
* [[Islam]]
* [[Baháʼí Faith]]
* [[Druze Faith]]
* [[Yarsanism]]
}}
| beatified_date =
| beatified_place =
| beatified_by =
| canonized_date =
| canonized_place =
| canonized_by =
| major_shrine = [[Imam Ali Shrine]], [[Najaf]]
| attributes =
| patronage =
| issues =
| suppressed_date =
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}}

=== In Islam ===
Ali's place is said to be second only to Muhammad in [[Islamic culture|Muslim culture]].{{sfn|Poonawala|1982}} Ali is revered for his courage, honesty, unbending devotion to Islam, magnanimity, and equal treatment of all Muslims.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=309–310}} For his admirers, he has thus become the archetype of uncorrupted Islam and pre-Islamic chivalry.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|p=310}}

==== In the Quran ====
Ali regularly represented Muhammad in missions which are commonly linked to Quranic injunctions.{{sfn|Lalani|2006}}{{sfn|Momen|1985|pp=11–12}} For instance, the [[Verse of walaya|verse of {{Transliteration|ar|walaya}}]] (5:55) is a reference to when Ali gave his ring to a beggar, while praying in the mosque, according to Shia and some Sunni accounts.{{sfn|Nasr|Dagli|Dakake|Lumbard|2015|p=706}} If so, then this verse gives Ali the same spiritual authority ({{Transliteration|ar|[[walaya]]}}) as Muhammad.{{sfn|Nasr|Dagli|Dakake|Lumbard|2015|p=706-7}}{{Sfn|Mavani|2013|p=46}} In Shia sources, the {{Transliteration|ar|[[verse of tabligh]]}} (5:67) spurred Muhammad to designate Ali as his successor at the Ghadir Khumm, while the {{Transliteration|ar|[[verse of ikmal al-din]]}} (5:3) subsequently announced the perfection of Islam.{{Sfn|Mavani|2013|pp=70{{ndash}}71}} The [[verse of purification]] (33:33) concerns the status of purity of the [[Ahl al-Bayt]] ({{Lit|people of the house}}), which is limited to Ali, Fatima, and their two sons in Shia and some Sunni sources.{{Sfn|Momen|1985|pp=16, 17}}{{Sfn|Leaman|2006}}{{Sfn|Momen|1985|pp=16–7, 325}} Another reference to the Ahl al-Bayt might be the [[Verse of mawadda|verse of {{Transliteration|ar|mawadda}}]] (42:23).{{sfn|Lalani|2000|p=66}}{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=152}}{{Sfn|Mavani|2013|p=|pp=41, 60}} For Shias, this verse is a Quranic mandate to love and follow the Ahl al-Bayt.{{Sfn|Mavani|2013|p=41|pp=}}{{sfn|Lalani|2000|pp=|p=66}}

==== In hadith literature ====
Muhammad frequently praise the qualities of Ali. The most controversial such statement, "He whose {{Transliteration|ar|mawla}} I am, Ali is his {{Transliteration|ar|mawla}}," was delivered at the Ghadir Khumm. This gave Ali the same spiritual authority ({{Transliteration|ar|walaya}}) as Muhammad, according to the Shia.{{Sfn|Tabatabai|1975|p=35}} Elsewhere, the [[hadith of the position]] likens Muhammad and Ali to Moses and Aaron,{{sfn|Miskinzoda|2015|p=69}} and thus supports the usurped right of Ali to succeed Muhammad in Shia Islam.{{Sfn|Miskinzoda|2015|p=76}} Other examples in standard Shia and Sunni collections of hadith include, "There is no youth braver than Ali," "No-one but a believer loves Ali, and no-one but a hypocrite ([[Munafiq|{{transliteration|ar|munafiq}}]]) hates Ali," "I am from Ali, and Ali is from me, and he is the {{Transliteration|ar|wali}} ({{Literal translation|patron|guardian}}) of every believer after me," "The truth revolves around him [Ali] wherever he goes," "I am the city of knowledge and Ali is its gate ([[Bab (Shia Islam)|{{transliteration|ar|bab}}]])," "Ali is with the Quran and the Quran is with Ali. They will not separate until they return to me at the [paradisal] pool."{{sfn|Momen|1985|pp=14{{ndash}}15}}{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2014}}

==== In Sufism ====
Ali is the common source of mystical and spiritual currents within both Sunni and Shia sects of Islam.{{Sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2007|p=134}}{{Sfn|Louër|2020|p=30}} In particular, Ali is the spiritual head of some Sufi movements,{{sfn|Gleave|2008}} for Sufis believe that Ali inherited from Muhammad his esoteric knowledge and saintly authority,{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}} which guide believers on their journey toward God.{{sfn|Gleave|2008}} Nearly all Sufi orders trace their lineage to Muhammad through Ali, an exception being the [[Naqshbandi]]s, who reach Muhammad through Abu Bakr.{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}}

==== In Sunni Islam ====

In Sunni Islam, Ali is venerated as a close companion of Muhammad,{{Sfn|Rauf|2007|p=201}} a foremost authority on the Quran and Islamic law,{{Sfn|Lalani|2006|p=28}}{{Sfn|Rauf|2007|p=202}} and the fountainhead of wisdom in Sunni spirituality.{{Sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2007|p=134}} When the prophet died in 632, Ali had his claims to leadership, perhaps in reference to the Ghadir Khumm,{{Sfn|Momen|1985|pp=19{{ndash}}20}}{{Sfn|Amir-Moezzi|2014}} but he eventually accepted the temporal rule of the first three caliphs in the interest of Muslim unity.{{Sfn|Keaney|2021|p=136}} Ali is portrayed in Sunni sources as a trusted advisor of the first three caliphs,{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}}{{sfn|Poonawala|1982}} while their conflicts with Ali are minimized,{{Sfn|Jafri|1979|p=45}}{{Sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2019|p=78}} in line with the Sunni tendency to show accord among companions.{{Sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2019|p=78}}{{Sfn|Lucas|2004|p=255-84}}{{Sfn|Soufi|1997|p=120}} As the fourth and final Rashidun caliph, Ali holds a particularly high status in Sunni Islam, although this doctrinal reverence for Ali is a recent development for which the prominent Sunni traditionist [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal|Ibn Hanbal]] ({{Died in|855}}) is likely to be credited.{{Sfn|Gleave|2008}} Sunni hierarchy of companions places Ali below his three predecessors and above those who fought against him.{{Sfn|Gleave|2008}}{{Sfn|Crone|2005|p=135}}{{Sfn|Rauf|2007|p=201}} This ordering has required Sunni reinterpretation of those prophetic sayings that explicitly elevate Ali above all companions.{{Sfn|Gleave|2008}}

==== In Shia Islam ====
[[File:The Prophet Muhammad and Ali removing the idols from the Kaaba, 18th century, Kashmir, India (crop).jpg|thumb|A {{circa|18th century}} miniature painting from [[Shi'ism in Kashmir|Kashmir]], India, showing Muhammad and Ali removing idols from the Kaaba. Muhammad urges Ali to stand on his shoulders, as a symbolic representation of Ali being his rightful successor.]]
Ali takes center stage in Shia Islam:{{Sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}} The Arabic word ''shi'a'' itself is short for '{{Transliteration|ar|shi'a}} of Ali' ({{Lit|followers of Ali}}),{{Sfn|Shomali|2003|p=14}} his name is incorporated into the daily call to prayer ({{Transliteration|ar|[[adhan]]}}),{{Sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}} and he is regarded as the foremost companion of Muhammad.{{Sfn|Steigerwald|2004|p=36}}{{Sfn|Poonawala|2014|p=305}} The defining doctrine of Shia Islam is that Ali was the rightful successor of Muhammad through divinely-ordained designation,{{Sfn|Poonawala|1982}}{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=147}} which is primarily a reference to the Ghadir Khumm.{{Sfn|Daftary|2015|p=172}} Ali is thought to have inherited the political and religious authority of Muhammad, even before his ascension to the caliphate in 656.{{sfn|Gleave|2004}}{{sfn|Mavani|2013|pp=52, 53}} In particular, Ali's predecessors are regarded as illegitimate rulers and usurpers of his rights.{{Sfn|Poonawala|1982}} The all-encompassing bond of loyalty between Shia Muslims and their imams (and Muhammad in his capacity as imam) is known as {{Transliteration|ar|walaya}}.{{Sfn|Haider|2014|p=34}} Ali is also thought to be endowed with the privilege of [[Shafa'a|intercession]] on the [[Judgement Day in Islam|Judgment Day]].{{sfn|Gleave|2008}} Early on, some Shias even attributed divinity to Ali,{{Sfn|Poonawala|1982}}{{Sfn|Steigerwald|2004|p=36}} but such extreme views were gradually rooted out of Shi'ism.{{Sfn|Momen|1985|pp=67{{ndash}}68}}

In Shia belief, Ali also inherited the esoteric knowledge of Muhammad,{{Sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2015b}}{{Sfn|Steigerwald|2004|p=37}} for instance, in view of the prophetic hadith, "I [Muhammad] am the city of knowledge, and Ali is its gate."{{Sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2015b}} Ali is thus regarded, after Muhammad, as the interpreter, {{Transliteration|el|par excellence}}, of the Quran and the sole authoritative source of its (esoteric) teachings.{{Sfn|Daftary|2015|p=172}} Unlike Muhammad, however, Ali is not thought to have received [[Wahy|divine revelation]] ({{Transliteration|ar|wahy}}), though he might have been guided by divine inspiration ({{Transliteration|ar|ilham}}).{{sfn|Gleave|2004}}{{sfn|Mavani|2013|pp=52{{ndash}}53}} Verse 21:73 of the Quran is sometimes cited here, "We made them imams, guiding by Our command, and We revealed ({{Transliteration|ar|awhayna'}}) to them the performance of good deeds, the maintenance of prayers, and the giving of [[Zakat|{{transliteration|ar|zakat}}]] (alms), and they used to worship Us."{{sfn|Tabatabai|1975|pp=186–189}} Shia Muslims also believe in the [[Ismah|infallibility]] of Ali, as with Muhammad, that is, their divine protection from sins.{{sfn|Gleave|2008}}{{Sfn|Haider|2014|p=42}} Here, the [[verse of purification]] is sometimes cited.{{sfn|Mavani|2013|p=68}}{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=155}} Ali's [[Sunnah|words and deeds]] are therefore considered a model for the Shia community and a source for their religious injunctions.{{sfn|Momen|1985|p=174}}{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2015a|p=38}}

==== In Ibadism ====
Ibadis maintain a distinct theological judgment of Ali based on his adherence to Quranic principles during the First Fitna. While they initially recognized his legitimacy and approved of his stance against the rebellions of [[Aisha]] and [[Mu'awiya I|Mu'awiya]], their tradition holds that Ali forfeited his right to lead upon accepting arbitration at the [[Battle of Siffin]].{{sfn|Hoffman|2012|p=7}} From the Ibadi perspective, this decision was an abandonment of a divine mandate that rendered him unfit for the imamate.

This view is solidified by his subsequent military action at the [[Battle of Nahrawan]] where he killed the Ahl al-Nahr (People of the River). Ibadis regard these opponents of Ali as the true keepers of the faith and consider their leader, [[Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi]], as the legitimate successor to the imamate following the error of Ali at Siffin.{{sfn|Hoffman|2012|p=10}} Consequently, Ali is not viewed as a rightly-guided figure in his later years. Instead, the genealogy of Islam ({{transliteration|ar|nasab al-islām}}) is believed to have passed through individuals such as [[Hurqus ibn Zuhayr as-Sa'di]] who preserved the faith in its original form.{{sfn|Gaiser|2010|p=43}}

==== In Alawism ====
The [[Alawites]] venerate Ali, the first of the Twelve Imams, as the physical manifestation of God.{{Sfn|Nisan|2002|p=116}}{{Sfn|Cosman|Jones|2009|p=407}} Even, the Alawite testimony of faith (''[[shahada]]'') translates as "there is no God but Ali".{{Sfn|Atwan|2015|p=58}} The Alawite trinity envisions God as being composed of three distinct manifestations, ''Ma'na'' (meaning), ''Ism'' (Name) and ''Bab'' (Door); which together constitute an "indivisible trinity". ''Ma'na'' symbolises the "source and meaning of all things" in Alawite mythology. According to Alawite doctrines, ''Ma'na'' generated the ''Ism'', which in turn built the ''Bab''. These beliefs are closely tied to the Alawite doctrine of reincarnations of the trinity.{{Sfn|Ismail|2016|p=67}}{{Sfn|Moosa|1987|p=311–312}} The final trinity of [[reincarnation]] in the Alawite trinity consists of Ali (''Ma'na''), Muhammad (''Ism'') and [[Salman the Persian]] (''Bab''). Alewites depict them as the sky, sun and moon respectively. Alawites deify Ali as the "last and supreme manifestation of God" who built the universe, attribute to him divine superiority, and believe that Ali created Muhammad and gave him the mission to spread Qur'anic teachings on earth.{{Sfn|Moosa|1987|p=312}}{{Sfn|Esposito|Moosa|1995|p=64}}{{Sfn|Ismail|2016|p=67}}{{Sfn|Nisan|2002|p=115, 117}}

=== In other religions ===
In the [[Druze]] faith, Ali is considered a "minor prophet," like [[Plato]] and [[Socrates]].<ref>[https://rpl.hds.harvard.edu/faq/druze-syria "Druze in Syria"]. ''Harvard Divinity School''. [[Harvard University Press]]. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20230920161333/https://rpl.hds.harvard.edu/faq/druze-syria the original] on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.</ref> Even though the faith originally developed out of the [[Isma'ilism|Isma'ili]] branch of Shia Islam, the Druze are not Muslims,{{Sfn|Jacobs|2014|p=193}}{{Sfn|McLaurin|1979|p=114}} and do not accept the [[Five Pillars of Islam|five pillars of Islam]].{{Sfn|McLaurin|1979|p=114}} In [[Yarsanism]], a religion founded by the [[Kurdish population|Kurdish]] mystic [[Sultan Sahak]], Ali is thought to be an incarnation of God,{{Sfn|Algar|1994|p=513}} and superior to Muhammad,{{Sfn|Algar|1994|p=513}} but their image as a [[Ghulat]] ({{Lit|exaggerators|extremists}}) subsect of Shia Islam is incorrect''.''{{Sfn|Algar|1994|p=513}}

<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Memorial_stone_Imam_Reza.jpg|The verse of {{Transliteration|ar|walaya}}, possibly the most controversial statement in the Quran linked to Ali, is engraved on the margins of this memorial stone, dating to the [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk]] era
File:Arabic caligraphic seal in Hagia Sophia.jpg|The word 'Ali' in [[Islamic calligraphy|Arabic calligraphy]], inscribed in [[Hagia Sophia]], [[Turkey]]
File:Shi'i_talismanic_piece.jpg|Ali with his sons, nineteenth century [[Iranian carpet|Iranian tapestry]]
</gallery>

==Historiography==
{{See also|Historiography of early Islam}}

Much has been written about Ali in Islamic literature, second only to Muhammad.{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}} However, much of this material is colored by a positive or negative bias towards Ali.{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}} The [[primary sources]] about Ali are the Quran, hadiths, and other [[Historiography of early Islam|early Islamic works]],{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}} the most notable being ''[[The Book of Sulaym ibn Qays]]'', attributed to a companion of Ali.{{sfn|Clarke|2005|p=59}} Such works were initially scarce, but this changed with the introduction of affordable paper in the Abbasid period. For instance, at least twenty-one monographs were composed on the Battle of Siffin between 750 and 950, thirteen of which were authored by the early historian [[Abu Mikhnaf]] ({{Died in|773{{ndash}}774}}). Most of these monographs are not extant except through quotations in later collections, such as the tenth-century {{Transliteration|ar|[[Tarikh al-Tabari]]}}.{{sfn|Robinson|2003|pp=27, 28, 34}} In addition to numerous works authored by Muslims, the [[secondary source]]s about Ali include writings of [[Christian Arabs|Arab Christians]], [[Hindus]], and also works by Western scholars.{{sfn|Afsaruddin|Nasr|2023}} When writing about Ali, early Western scholars often dismissed as fabricated the reports gathered in later periods because their authors often advanced their own Sunni or Shia partisan views. For instance, [[Leone Caetani|L. Caetani]] ({{Died in|1935}}) often rejected the historical reports attributed to the pro-Ali Ibn Abbas and anti-Ali Aisha. Caetani instead preferred accounts reported without [[isnad|{{transliteration|ar|isnad}}]] by early historians like [[Ibn Ishaq]] ({{Died in|767}}). By contrast, [[Wilferd Madelung|W. Madelung]] ({{Died in|2023}}) argued that the tendentiousness of a report alone does not imply its fabrication. Madelung instead advocated for the authentication of historical reports on the basis of their compatibility with other events and figures.{{sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=xi, 19, 20}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|20em}}

==References==
===Books===
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Abbas |first=H. |title=The Prophet's Heir: The Life of Ali ibn Abi Talib |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-300-25205-7 |author-link=Hassan Abbas (scholar)}}
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* {{cite book |title=Islamic Messianism: The Idea of the Mahdi in Twelver Shi'ism |author-first=A.A. |author-last=Sachedina |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-87395-458-7 |author-link=Abdulaziz Sachedina}}
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* {{cite book |title=The Study of Shi'i Islam: History, Theology, and Law |editor1-first=F. |editor1-last=Daftary |editor2-first=G. |editor2-last=Miskinzoda |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-78076-506-8 |chapter=The Evolution of al-Qādi al-Nu'man's Theory of Ismaili Jurisprudence as Reflected in the Chronology of his Works on Jurisprudence |author-first=I.K. |author-last=Poonawala |pages=295{{ndash}}351}}
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* {{cite book|first=Adam B. |last=Gaiser|title=Muslims, Scholars, and Soldiers: The Origin and Elaboration of the Ibadi Imamate Traditions|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-973893-9}}
* {{EI3|last=Gaiser|first=Adam|year=2021|title=Ibāḍiyya|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_30614}}
* {{Cite book|first= Valerie Jon|last= Hoffman|title= The Essentials of Ibadi Islam|location= [[Syracuse, New York|Syracuse]]|publisher= [[Syracuse University Press]]|year= 2012|isbn= 9780815650843|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JNxvMRJM3EAC}}
{{refend}}

===Encyclopedias===
====''Encyclopædia Iranica''====
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |year=1998 |title=Eschatology iii. Imami Shi'ism |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/eschatology-iii |author-link=Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi |volume=VIII/6 |pages=575–581 |author-first=M.A. |author-last=Amir-Moezzi }}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=1982 |title=ʿALĪ B. ABĪ ṬĀLEB ii. ʿAlī as seen by the Community |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ali-b-abi-taleb#pt2 |last=Kohlberg |first=E.}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Madelung |first=W. |author-link=Wilferd Madelung |date=2003 |title=Ḥasan b. 'Ali b. Abi Ṭāleb |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hasan-b-ali |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131117041057/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hasan-b-ali |archive-date=17 November 2013 |pages=26{{ndash}}28 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=Abū Lo'Lo'a |author-first=Ch. |author-last=Pellat |year=1983 |volume=I/3 |pages=333{{ndash}}334 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abu-loloa-a-persian-slave-of-mogira-b }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author-first=I.K. |author-last=Poonawala |author-link=Ismail Poonawala |title='Alī b. Abī Ṭāleb I. Life |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |edition=Online |year=1982 |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ali-b-abi-taleb#pt1}}
{{refend}}

====''Encyclopaedia of Islam''====
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=1994 |title=EHL-i HAK |encyclopedia=[[İslâm Ansiklopedisi]] |publisher= |last=Algar |first=Hamid |volume=10 |pages=513–515 |language=Turkish |chapter=}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Amir-Moezzi |author-first=M.A. |title=Ghadīr Khumm |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=Third |editor1-first=K. |editor1-last=Fleet |editor2-first=G. |editor2-last=Krämer |editor3-first=D. |editor3-last=Matringe |editor4-first=J. |editor4-last=Nawas |editor5-first=D.J. |editor5-last=Stewart |year=2014 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419 |isbn=978-90-04-26961-3}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Daftary |first=F. |title='Alids |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=Third |editor1-first=K. |editor1-last=Fleet |editor2-first=G. |editor2-last=Krämer |editor3-first=D. |editor3-last=Matringe |editor4-first=J. |editor4-last=Nawas |editor5-first=D.J. |editor5-last=Stewart |year=2014 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_26329 |isbn=978-90-04-17137-4}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Djebli |author-first=M. |title=Nahd̲j̲ al-Balāg̲h̲a |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=Second |editor1-first=P. |editor1-last=Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |year=2012 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5752 |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Gibb |first=H.A.R. |date=2012 |title=Amīr al-Mu'minīn |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_0617 |edition=Second |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Gleave |first=R.M. |date=2008 |title='Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_26324 |edition=Third |editor1-last=Fleet |editor2-first=G. |editor2-last=Krämer |editor3-first=D. |editor3-last=Matringe |editor4-first=J. |editor4-last=Nawas |editor5-first=D.J. |editor5-last=Stewart |isbn=978-90-04-17137-4 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Huart |author-first=Cl. |date=2012a |title='Ali |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |doi=10.1163/2214-871X_ei1_COM_0020 |edition=First |editor1-first=M.Th. |editor1-last=Houtsma |editor2-first=T.W. |editor2-last=Arnold |editor3-first=R. |editor3-last=Basset |editor4-first=R. |editor4-last=Hartmann |isbn=978-90-04-08265-6}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Huart |author-first=Cl. |title='Alids |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |editor1-first=M.Th. |editor1-last=Houtsma |editor2-first=T.W. |editor2-last=Arnold |editor3-first=R. |editor3-last=Basset |editor4-first=R. |editor4-last=Hartmann |year=2012b |doi=10.1163/2214-871X_ei1_SIM_0645 |isbn=978-90-04-08265-6 |edition=First}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Lecker |author-first=M. |title=Ṣiffīn |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=Second |editor1-first=P. |editor1-last=Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |year=2012 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7018 |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Lecomte |first=G. |year=2012 |title=Al-Saḳīfa |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0980 |edition=Second |editor1-first=P. |editor1-last=Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Levi Della Vida |first1=G. |last2=Khoury |first2=R.G. |year=2012 |title='Ut̲h̲mān b. 'Affān |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1315 |edition=Second |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4 |editor1-last=Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Levi Della Vida |first=G. |author-link=Giorgio Levi Della Vida |title=K̲h̲ārid̲j̲ites |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam |year=2012 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0497 |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4 |edition=Second |editor1-last=Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Lewis |author-first=B. |title='Alids |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=Second |editor1-first=P. |editor1-last=Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |year=2012 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_0543 |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4 |author-link=Bernard Lewis}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Madelung |first=W. |author-link=Wilferd Madelung |year=2012 |title=S̲h̲ī'a |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_6920 |edition=Second |editor1-first=P. |editor1-last=Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Schmucker |author-first=W. |title=Mubāhala |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=Second |editor1-first=P. |editor1-last=Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |year=2012 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5289 |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Veccia Vaglieri |first=L. |author-link=Laura Veccia Vaglieri |date=2012g |title=Ibn Muld̲j̲am |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0339 |edition=Second |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4 |editor1-first=P. |editor1-last=Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Veccia Vaglieri |first=L. |author-link=Laura Veccia Vaglieri |date=2012f |title=al-D̲j̲amal |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_1962 |edition=Second |editor1-first=P. |editor1-last=Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Veccia Vaglieri |first=L. |author-link=Laura Veccia Vaglieri |date=2012b |title=G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2439 |edition=Second |editor1-first=P. |editor1-last=Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title='Alī b. Abī Ṭālib |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=Second |editor1-first=P. |editor1-last=Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4 |year=2012a |author-last=Veccia Vaglieri |author-first=L. |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0046}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Veccia Vaglieri |author-first=L. |date=2012d |title=Fāṭima |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0217 |edition=Second |editor1-first=P. |editor1-last=Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Veccia Vaglieri |author-first=L. |title=(al-)Ḥasan b. 'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=Second |editor1-first=P. |editor1-last=Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |year=2012e |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0272 |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Veccia Vaglieri |author-first=L. |title=Fadak |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=Second |editor1-first=P. |editor1-last=Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |year=2012c |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2218 |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Watt |first=M.W. |author-link=W. Montgomery Watt |date=1986 |title=Abū Bakr |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_0165 |edition=Second |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4 |editor1-first=P. |editor1-last=Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs}}
{{refend}}

====''Encyclopaedia Islamica''====
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author-first=M. |author-last=Alizadeh |translator-first=F. |translator-last=Negahban |title='Alī b. Abī Ṭālib 11. The Iconography of Imam 'Alī in Persianate Islamic Art |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Islamica |editor-first=F. |editor-link=Farhad Daftary |editor-last=Daftary |year=2015 |doi=10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_036126 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Bahramian |author-first=A. |title='Alī b. Abī Ṭālib 3. Caliphate |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Islamica |editor-first=Farhad |editor-last=Daftary |year=2015 |doi=10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_036126 |translator-first=M. |translator-last=Melvin-Koushki}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author-first=F. |author-last=Haj Manouchehri |translator-first=Matthew |translator-last=Melvin-Koushki |title='Alī b. Abī Ṭālib 1. Names and Titles |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Islamica |editor-first=F. |editor-link=Farhad Daftary |editor-last=Daftary |year=2015 |doi=10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_036126 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |year=2015 |title='Alī b. Abī Ṭālib 6. Mysticism (''Taṣawwuf'' and'' 'Irfān'') |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Islamica |editor-last=Daftary |editor-first=F. |editor-link=Farhad Daftary |author2-last=Shah-Kazemi |author2-first=R. |translator-first=K. |translator-last=Brown |author1-first=M.R. |author1-last=Jozi |doi=10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_036126 |author2-link=Reza Shah-Kazemi}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |year=2015 |title='Alī b. Abī Ṭālib 4. Qur'ān and Ḥadīth Sciences |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Islamica |editor-last=Daftary |editor-first=F. |editor-link=Farhad Daftary |first1=A. |last1=Pakatchi |doi=10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_036126 |translator-last=Valey |translator-first=M.I. }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Sajjadi |first=S. |date=2018 |title=Fadak |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Islamica |doi=10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_036126 |translator-first=A. |translator-last=Khaleeli |editor-first=F. |editor-last=Daftary }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title='Alī b. Abī Ṭālib 2. Biography |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Islamica |editor-first=F. |editor-last=Daftary |year=2015b |author-first=R. |author-last=Shah-Kazemi |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_26324 |translator-first=M. |translator-last=Melvin-Koushki |isbn=978-90-04-17137-4 }}
{{refend}}

====Others====
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Afsaruddin |first=A. |date=2006 |editor-first=O. |editor-last=Leaman |title=Ghadir Khumm |encyclopedia=The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9-78-0-415-32639-1 |page=218 |url=https://archive.org/details/quranencyclopedi2006unse/page/218/mode/2up |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2023 |title=Ali |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ali-Muslim-caliph |author1-link=Asma Afsaruddin |last2=Nasr |first2=S.H. |last1=Afsaruddin |first1=A. |author2-link=Seyyed Hossein Nasr}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Anthony |first=S.W. |date=2013 |title=Ali b. Abi Talib |encyclopedia=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |publisher=Princeton University Press |url=https://archive.org/details/princetonencyclo0000unse/ |editor-last=Bowering |editor-first=G. |isbn=978-0-691-13484-0 |pages=30{{ndash}}32}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Buehler |author-first=A.F. |date=2014 |title=Fatima |encyclopedia=Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God |publisher=ABC-CLIO |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadinhistor0000unse_h4s1/mode/2up |editor1-last=Fitzpatrick |editor1-first=C. |volume=1 |pages=182–187 |isbn=978-1-61069-178-9 |editor2-last=Walker |editor2-first=A.H. |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God |editor1-first=C. |editor1-last=Fitzpatrick |editor2-first=A.H. |editor2-last=Walker |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-61069-178-9 |volume=1 |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadinhistor0000unse_h4s1/page/18/mode/2up |pages=18–20 |author-first=J. |author-last=Cappucci |title='A'isha |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Faizer |first=R. |date=2006 |editor-last=Meri |editor-first=J.W. |title=Sira |encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia |publisher=Routledge |page=754 |isbn=0-415-96692-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/MedievalIslamicCivilizationAnEncyclopedia_201603/page/n797/mode/2up?q=%222%3A207%22 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2013 |title=Arbitration |encyclopedia=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |publisher=Princeton University Press |url=https://archive.org/details/princetonencyclo0000unse/ |last=Fadel |first=M. |editor-last=Bowering |editor-first=G. |isbn=978-0-691-13484-0 |pages=43{{ndash}}44 |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Fedele |author-first=V. |date=2018 |editor-last=de-Gaia |editor-first=S. |title=Fatima |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Women in World Religions |publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=56 |isbn=978-1-4408-4850-6}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Glassé |editor-first=C. |url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas/page/39/mode/2up |encyclopedia=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |year=2001 |isbn=0-7591-0189-2 |title='Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (598-40/598-661) |pages=39–41 |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Gleave |first=R. |date=2004 |title=Imamate |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam and the Muslim world |volume=1 |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |isbn=0-02-865604-0 |editor-first=R.C. |editor-last=Martin |pages=350{{ndash}}351}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Heck |first=P.L. |date=2023 |title=Politics and the Quran |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān |doi=10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00149 |editor-first=J. |editor-last=Pink }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islamic Civilisation and Religion |editor-first=I.R. |editor-last=Netton |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-700-71588-6 |title='Ali ibn Abi Talib |pages=43{{ndash}}45 |author-first=E.D.A. |author-last=Hulmes}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |year=2009 |title=Ali ibn Abi Talib |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=Facts on File |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopedia-of-islam_202006/page/32/mode/2up |editor-last=Campo |editor-first=J.E. |pages=33{{ndash}}34 |url-access=registration |author-first=L.G. |author-last=Jones |isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title='Ali ibn Abi Talib |encyclopedia=The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia |publisher=Routledge |url=https://archive.org/details/quranencyclopedi2006unse/page/28/mode/2up |last=Lalani |first=A.R. |editor-last=Leaman |editor-first=O. |editor-link=Oliver Leaman |pages=28{{ndash}}32 |isbn=9780415326391 |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia |editor-first=O. |editor-last=Leaman |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-32639-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/thequrananencyclopediaed.byoliverleaman_201909/page/n709/mode/2up |author-first=O. |author-last=Leaman |title=Ahl al-Bayt |pages=16–17 |url-access=registration |author-link=Oliver Leaman}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author-last=McAuliffe |author-first=J.D. |title=Fāṭima |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān |editor-first=J. |editor-last=Pink |author-link=Jane Dammen McAuliffe |year=2023 |doi=10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00153 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title=Fatima (al-Zahra') bint Muhammad |encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia |publisher=Routledge |url=https://archive.org/details/MedievalIslamicCivilizationAnEncyclopedia_201603/page/n291/mode/2up |editor-last=Meri |editor-first=J.W. |volume=1 |pages=248–250 |isbn=0-415-96692-2 |author-first=T. |author-last=Qutbuddin |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title='Ali ibn Abi Talib |encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia |publisher=Routledge |url=https://archive.org/details/MedievalIslamicCivilizationAnEncyclopedia_201603/page/n79/mode/2up |author-link=Reza Shah-Kazemi |editor-last=Meri |editor-first=J.W. |volume=1 |pages=36{{endash}}37 |isbn=978-0-415-96690-0 |author-first=R. |author-last=Shah-Kazemi |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title='Ali ibn Abi Talib |encyclopedia=Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God |publisher=ABC-CLIO |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadinhistor0000unse_h4s1/mode/2up |last=Shah-Kazemi |first=R. |year=2014 |editor1-last=Fitzpatrick |editor1-first=C. |volume=1 |pages=182–187 |isbn=978-1-610-69177-2 |editor2-last=Walker |editor2-first=A.H. |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title='Ali |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0001unse/page/34/mode/2up |editor-last=Martin |editor-first=R.C. |volume=1 |pages=35{{endash}}38 |isbn=0028656040 |author-first=D. |author-last=Steigerwald |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Thomas |first=D. |date=2008 |title=Nahj al-balagha |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islamic Civilisation and Religion |publisher=Routledge |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0000unse_h2t8/mode/2up |editor-last=Netton |editor-first=I.R. |isbn=978-0-7007-1588-6 |pages=477{{ndash}}478 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2014 |title=Abu Bakr al-Siddiq |encyclopedia=Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God |publisher=ABC-CLIO |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadinhistor0000unse_h4s1/mode/2up |editor1-last=Fitzpatrick |editor1-first=C. |volume=1 |pages=1–4 |isbn=9781610691789 |editor2-last=Walker |editor2-first=A.H. |author-last=Walker |author-first=A.H. |url-access=registration}}
{{refend}}

===Journals and theses===
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite journal |last=Arafat |first=W. N. |date=1976 |title=New Light on the Story of Banū Qurayẓa and the Jews of Medina |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |pages=100–107 |volume=108 |issue=2 |jstor=25203706 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00133349 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hinds |first1=M. |date=1971 |title=Kûfan Political Alignments and Their Background in the Mid-Seventh Century A.D. |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=346–367 |doi=10.1017/S0020743800001306 }}
* {{cite journal |author-last=Hinds |author-first=M. |year=1972a |title=The Murder of the Caliph 'Uthman |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=3 |pages=450–469 |issue=4 |doi=10.1017/S0020743800025216 }}
* {{cite journal |author-last=Hinds |author-first=M. |title=The Siffin Arbitration Agreement |journal=Journal of Semitic Studies |volume=17 |year=1972b |issue=1 |pages=93–129 |doi=10.1093/jss/17.1.93}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Khetia |first=V. |title=Fatima as a Motif of Contention and Suffering in Islamic Sources |date=2013 |publisher=Concordia University |url=https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/976817/}}
* {{cite journal |last=Lalani |first=A. |date=2011 |title=Ghadir Khumm |doi=10.1093/obo/9780195390155-0105 |journal=Islamic Studies}}
* {{cite journal |last=Miskinzoda |first=G. |year=2015 |title=The Significance of the ''ḥadīth'' of the Position of Aaron for the Formulation of the Shī'ī Doctrine of Authority |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=67–82 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X14001402 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Modarressi |first=H. |year=1993 |title=Early Debates on the Integrity of the Qur'ān: A Brief Survey |journal=Studia Islamica |volume=77 |issue=77 |pages=5–39 |doi=10.2307/1595789 |jstor=1595789 }}
* {{cite journal |author-last=Petersen |author-first=E. L. |title='Alī and Mu'āwiah: The Rise of the Umayyad Caliphate 656–661 |journal=Acta Orientalia |volume=23 |year=1958 |pages=157–196 |doi=10.5617/ao.5297 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Soufi |first=D. L. |date=1997 |title=The Image of Fatima in Classical Muslim Thought |publisher=Princeton University |degree=PhD |oclc=232578992 |id={{ProQuest|304390529}} }}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Hamidullah |first=Muhammad |title=The Prophet's Establishing a State and His Succession |year=1988 |publisher=University of California |isbn=978-969-8016-22-7 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Merrick |first=James L. |date=2005 |title=The Life and Religion of Mohammed as Contained in the Sheeah Traditions |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |isbn=978-1-4179-5536-7 |ref=none}}
{{refend}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-off}}{{S-hou|[[Banu Hashim]]||{{circa|600}}|{{circa|28 January}}|661|[[Quraysh]]|name=Ali}}
{{s-rel|su}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Uthman ibn Affan]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[List of Caliphs|Caliph of Islam]] 4th Rashidun Caliph
| years = 656–661
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Hasan ibn Ali]]
}}
{{S-rel|sh}}
{{S-bef
| before = [[Muhammad]]
| as = [[Khatam an-Nabiyyin|Final prophet]]
| rows = 4
}}
{{S-ttl
| title = [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver]] Imam{{Clear}}[[Zaidiyyah|Zaidi]] Imam{{Clear}} [[Isma'ilis|Ismaili]] Imam{{clear}}[[Alevism|Alevi]] Imam{{clear}}[[Alawites|Alawite]] Imam
| years = 632–661
}}
{{S-aft
| after = [[Hasan ibn Ali]]
| as = Imam
| rows = 2
}}
{{S-end}}
{{Ali's companions}}
{{Rashidun Caliphs}}
{{Shia Imams}}
{{Ten companions of Muhammad}}
{{Sister bar}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ali| ]]
[[Category:600 births]]
[[Category:661 deaths]]
[[Category:7th-century caliphs]]
[[Category:Arab generals]]
[[Category:Arab Muslims]]
[[Category:Arab politicians]]
[[Category:Assassinated caliphs]]
[[Category:Assassinated Shia imams]]
[[Category:Characters in the Divine Comedy]]
[[Category:Companions of the Prophet]]
[[Category:Deaths by edged and bladed weapons]]
[[Category:Deified men]]
[[Category:Family of Muhammad]]
[[Category:Islamic philosophers]]
[[Category:People of the First Fitna]]
[[Category:Philanthropists]]
[[Category:Rashidun caliphs]]
[[Category:Sahabah martyrs]]
[[Category:Sahabah who participated in the battle of Badr]]
[[Category:Sahabah who participated in the battle of Uhud]]
[[Category:Shia imams]]
[[Category:Twelve Imams]]
[[Category:Writers of the medieval Islamic world]]
[[Category:Zaydi imams]]
[[Category:People from Mecca]]

Indian Language School

2026-03-26T06:05:38Z

Chefajaychopra123: refine content additionally per standard format

{{More citations needed|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| established = 1982
| name = Indian Language School
| image = Indian Language School main entrance, Nigeria.jpg
| caption = The Main entrance to Indian Language School, established in 1982
| city = Ilupeju, Lagos
| county = Nigeria
| state =
| schooltype = Private school
| type =
| founder =
| coordinates = {{coord|6.55188|3.36416|region:NG|display=inline,title}}
}}

The '''Indian Language School'''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-28|title=School events in Delhi- NCR|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/school-events-in-delhi-ncr/story-kwoJhC1JtbaHM2Y9Py9h9H.html|access-date=2020-09-29|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> was established in [[Lagos]], [[Nigeria]] in 1982 in light of the growing [[Indian diaspora|Indian]] community in the city. The school is under the Indian high commission in Nigeria and managed by a Board of Trustees made up of prominent businesspeople.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2025-11-22|title=The Indian school in Nigeria: Helping strengthen bonds|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/the-indian-school-in-nigeria-helping-strengthen-bonds/427298/|date=23 October 2016}}</ref>

It was originally set up in a residential neighborhood at 11 Johnson Street, Illupeju, Lagos. The school began as converted residences — with three floors, a playground, a [[association football|football]] court, a [[basketball]] court, and a [[volleyball]] court. Over the past few years, the school has expanded significantly, acquiring nearby properties, thus catering to the large number of students that enroll with the school each year. This is currently the only Indian school in Lagos and offers education till 12th standard. It has classes from LKG to 12 and has been holding CBSE Board Examinations for Grades 10 and 12, since the late 1980s.<ref>It has classes from LKG to XII and has been holding CBSE Board Examinations for Grades X and XII, since the late 1980s.</ref>

In 2024, allegations arose on social media that the school only accepted Indian nationals as students and did not allow Nigerians to be admitted; a correspondent from ''[[The Punch]]'' visited to confirm the claims and was denied entry by a receptionist and a security guard, who asked if the children he was seeking admission for had an Indian relative. The Lagos state government announced that it would investigate the matter, while a representative of the Indian high commission stated that the staff who denied the journalist entry would be sanctioned.<ref>{{Cite news|first1=Joshua|last1=Bassey|access-date=2025-11-22|title=Lagos threatens to shut down schools with discriminatory admission policy|url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/lagos-threatens-to-shut-down-schools-with-discriminatory-admission-policy/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|date=25 April 2024|newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|first1=Gbenga|last1=Oloniniran|access-date=2025-11-22|title=High Commission to sanction workers barring Nigerians from Indian school|url=https://punchng.com/high-commission-to-sanction-workers-barring-nigerians-from-indian-school/|date=24 April 2024|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref>

==Organization==
Approximately 3,000 students are registered. The school follows the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] curriculum and helps Indian students residing in Lagos [[the most populated city in Nigeria]] to transition into higher education programs. The current principal of the school is [https://www.linkedin.com/in/sonali-rajan-gupta-64579945/ Sonali Rajan-Gupta]. The former principal, [https://www.linkedin.com/in/suman-kanwar-20096a9/ Ms Suman Kanwar] was principal from 1985 to 2013.

==Alumni==

[[Vir Das]] – Indian actor and comedian

Vasudevan Kadalayil - Indian architect

Chitrabhanu Kadalayil - Indian journalist

== See also ==
* [[India–Nigeria relations]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icbse.com/schools/indian-language-school-p665rz|title = Indian Language School, Lagos - Address, Fees, Reviews and Admissions 2021}}</ref>
==External links==
{{Portal bar|Nigeria|India|Schools}}
* [https://ilslagos.com/ Indian Language School]
* [http://www.cbse.nic.in/ Central Board of Secondary Education, India]
* [http://ncert.nic.in/textbooks/backup/Index.htm Text books prescribed by National Council of Education and Research, India]
{{Lagos}}
{{International schools in Nigeria}}
{{Indian international schools}}

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1982]]
[[Category:International schools in Lagos]]
[[Category:Indian international schools]]
[[Category:1982 establishments in Nigeria]]
[[Category:Asian-Nigerian culture]]
[[Category:India–Nigeria relations]]

Azad Maidan (public square)

2026-03-23T12:13:49Z

Chefajaychopra123:

{{Short description|Martyrs' monument and ground in Panaji, Goa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{coord|15|30|0|N|73|49|34|E|display=title}}
{{infobox military memorial
|name=Azad Maidan
| country =India
|body=
|image=Azad Meidan Monument.jpg
|caption=A photo of the Martyrs Memorial
|commemorates=[[Annexation of Goa]]
|use_dates=
|coordinates=
|location=[[Goa]], [[Panaji]], India
|nearest_town=
|designer=
|inscription=
|established=
|unveiled= 23 March 1973
|unknowns=
|commemorated=
|source=
}}

'''Azad Maidan''' (formerly '''Square of the Seven Windows'''; {{langx|pt|Praça de Sete Janelas}}) is a public square<ref name=":0" /> in the Indian state of [[Panaji]], [[Goa]]. It is located opposite the [[Goa Police headquarters]] on the [[Mahatma Gandhi]] Road, Panaji. It is located at {{Coord|15|30|0|N|73|49|34|E}}.<ref name=tourist>{{cite web|title=Azad maidan|url=http://www.touristlink.com/india/ga-azad-maidan/overview.html|publisher=Tourist Link|accessdate=5 July 2013}}</ref>

==History==
Originally built only as a public square, it was known as the ''Praça de Sete Janelas'' (''Square of the Seven Windows''). The name was derived from the [[Goa Police]] headquarters building, which has seven windows each to its either ends and the entrance. The building originally had a ground floor and three sets of seven windows each on the first floor.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211208/ZtZ4_irUPp0 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20170406061257/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZtZ4_irUPp0 Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZtZ4_irUPp0| title = Prudent Media My Goem │22 feb 17 | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In 1843, a statue of the Portuguese general [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] was laid inside the domed structure at the Azad Maidan. The iron beams and granite pillars for the monuments were brought from the Convent of S. Domingos, [[Velha Goa]]. The pillars and columns for the dome came from the College of St. Thomas Aquinas, located on a hillock of Conceição. After Albuquerque's statue was installed, the square came to be known as ''Praça Afonso de Albuquerque''.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211208/ZtZ4_irUPp0 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20170406061257/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZtZ4_irUPp0 Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZtZ4_irUPp0| title = Prudent Media My Goem │22 feb 17 | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Post annexation==
After the [[annexation of Goa]], the statue of Portuguese general [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] was removed from the domed pedestal by a mob of [[Marathi people|Marathi]] immigrants in the city.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211208/ZtZ4_irUPp0 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20170406061257/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZtZ4_irUPp0 Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZtZ4_irUPp0| title = Prudent Media My Goem │22 feb 17 | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Albuquerque's statue was transferred to the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] Museum at [[Old Goa]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.goa-tourism.com/GTDC-holidays/see-museum-archaeological-museum-of-goa.htm |title=Goa Tourism - Archaeological Museum of Goa |access-date=22 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223125651/https://www.goa-tourism.com/GTDC-holidays/see-museum-archaeological-museum-of-goa.htm |archive-date=23 February 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goaholidayhomes.com/information/the-azad-maidan.html|title=The Azad Maidan in Panjim Goa, Azad Maidan the monument dedicated to those who fought to liberate Goa from the Portuguese}}</ref> A brass urn containing the mortal remains of [[Goan]] nationalist [[Tristão de Bragança Cunha]] was subsequently installed in its place.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170223212035/http://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Panjim/Memorial-for-freedom-fighters-is-resting-place-for-beggars-and-stray-dogs/89809.html Herald Goa] </ref>

===Martyrs' Memorial===
A martyrs' memorial was built at Azad Maidan by the Freedom Fighters' Association with public donations, in memory of those who died in the [[Goa liberation movement]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/martyrs-memorial-an-icon-of-the-resistance-and-brotherhood/|title = Martyrs' Memorial – an icon of the resistance and brotherhood|date = 17 June 2016}}</ref> The memorial is a tall structure with a crest displaying a four-armed structure. The four-armed structure has a pyramid between and atop these arms. The four-armed structure acknowledges the participation of freedom fighters from the four corners of India in the Goa liberation movement, while the pyramid structure indicates ashes, indicating the sacrifice of these freedom fighters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/panaji-a-city-honours-remembers-its-past/|title = Panaji – A City Honours & Remembers itItsast|date = 18 November 2016}}</ref>

The memorial was unveiled on 23 March 1973 by [[Lieutenant general]] [[Kunhiraman Palat Candeth]], who had led the [[Indian Armed Forces]]' [[annexation of Goa]] in December 1961.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/martyrs-memorial-an-icon-of-the-resistance-and-brotherhood/|title = Martyrs' Memorial – an icon of the resistance and brotherhood|date = 17 June 2016}}</ref> A stanza composed by the poet [[Balakrishna Bhagwant Borkar]] has been etched on the memorial as follows:

''धन्य लोहिया, धन्य भूमी ही''
''धन्य तिचे पुत्र''
''धन्य तयाचा त्याग देखते ''
''जनतेचे नेत्र''
which translated as "''Fortunate are the eyes, which saw the sacrifices of its brave sons, brave [[Ram Manohar Lohia]] for its lands''".<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211208/ZtZ4_irUPp0 Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20170406061257/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZtZ4_irUPp0 Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZtZ4_irUPp0| title = Prudent Media My Goem │22 feb 17 | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On the either side of this monument are two rectangular pillars which display the name of 67 freedom fighters of the Goa liberation movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/martyrs-memorial-an-icon-of-the-resistance-and-brotherhood/|title = Martyrs' Memorial – an icon of the resistance and brotherhood|date = 17 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/panaji-a-city-honours-remembers-its-past/|title = Panaji – A City Honours & Remembers itItsast|date = 18 November 2016}}</ref>

Every year on national days, dignitaries pay homage by laying a wreath at the memorial and observing silence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/new-generation-needs-to-know-about-freedom-struggle-governor/|title = New generation needs to know about freedom struggle: Governor|date = 19 June 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Martyrs-Day-on-Jan-30/84113.html Martyr's Day] heraldgoa.in {{dead link|date=September 2023}}</ref>

==The ''Maidan'' today==
In the modern times, Azad Maidan has become a melting pot for [[Goan]]s, where different opinions were voiced and issues discussed openly.<ref name=parrikar>{{cite web|title=Panjim Promenade - Azad Maidan|url=http://www.parrikar.com/blog/2011/04/12/panjim-promenade-azad-maidan/|publisher=Parrikar.com|accessdate=5 July 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130705154405/http://www.parrikar.com/blog/2011/04/12/panjim-promenade-azad-maidan/|archive-date=2013-07-05|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=best>{{cite web|title=Azad Maidan |url=http://www.bestgoadeals.com/Azad-Maidan.html |publisher=Best Goa Deals |accessdate=5 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527023506/http://www.bestgoadeals.com/Azad-Maidan.html |archivedate=27 May 2013 }}</ref>

The grounds are used for holding meetings and protests.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/protest-in-panaji-over-halting-of-mining-in-goa/article4309246.ece|title = Protest in Panaji over halting of mining in Goa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://digitalgoa.com/demonstration-held-at-azad-maidan-to-protest-demonitisation/|title = Demonstration held at Azad Maidan to protest demonitisation|date = 28 November 2016}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/the-wanton-destruction-of-panajis-iconic-azad-maidan/articleshow/56547599.cms | title=The wanton destruction of Panaji's iconic Azad Maidan | date=15 January 2017 | newspaper=The Times of India | accessdate=19 December 2018 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Panaji]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Panaji]]
[[Category:Martyrs' monuments and memorials]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Goa]]

Pravin Ghoghari

2026-03-18T11:51:13Z

Chefajaychopra123:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

'''Pravin Ghoghari''' (born 5 April 1967)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Pravinbhai Ghoghari, BJP MLA from Karanj - Our Neta |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/pravinbhai-ghoghari/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. He is a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from Karanj Assembly constituency in [[Surat district]]. He won the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=marathi |title=Gujarat karanj Election Results, Gujarat Elections 2022 Vote Counting LIVE |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/electionselections/gujarat-assembly-election-2022/gujarat-karanj-constituency-162.html |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=marathi.abplive.com |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-09 |title=Gujarat Election Results 2022: Full list of winners & constituencies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-election-results-2022-full-list-of-winners-constituencies/articleshow/96105904.cms |access-date=2025-01-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Ghoghari is born in [[Pachhegam]], Surat district, Gujarat.<ref name=":0" /> He is the son of Manjibhai Ghoghari. He studied Class 12 at M. D. Patel Higher Secondary School, [[Gariadhar|Gariyadhar]] and passed the examinations in 1986. He married Vimlaben Ghoghari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pravinbhai Manjibhai Ghoghari(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- KARANJ(SURAT) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=5447 |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Ghoghari won from [[Karanj Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. He polled 60,493 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Manoj Sorathiya of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]], by a margin of 35,974 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pravinbhai Manjibhai Ghoghari in Gujarat Assembly Elections 2022 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/gujarat/pravinbhai-manjibhai-ghoghari-karanj-candidate-s06a162c03/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Election Result 2022: Constituency Wise Winning Candidates List |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/gujarat-election-results-2022-constituency-wise-winning-candidates-list |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] defeating advocate Bhumbhaliya Bhaveshbhai Govindbhai of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-07 |title=Karanj Election Result 2022 LIVE: BJP's Pravinbhai Manjibhai Ghoghari retains Karanj seat, with a margin of over 35,000 votes - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/karanj-election-result-2022-live-check-election-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-15342891.htm |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghoghari, Pravin}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Surat district]]

Nain Singh

2026-03-15T21:04:19Z

Chefajaychopra123: Created New Biography Basic Info

{{short description|Pundit who explored the Himalayas for the British}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nain Singh
| image = NainSingh.gif
| caption = Nain Singh
| birth_date = 21 October 1830
| birth_place = [[Pithoragarh district|Pithoragarh]], [[Kumaon Division]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1882|2|1|1830|10|21|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Moradabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], British India
| other_names =
| occupation = [[List of explorers|Asian explorer]]
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| signature =
}}
'''Nain Singh''' '''Rawat''' (21 October 1830{{snd}}1 February 1882),{{efn|The dates are tentative. The date of birth is based on the Google Doodle issued in 2017. The date of death is based on an obituary ''letter'' where Col. Edmund Smyth notes in April 1882 that Nain Singh died of cholera at Moradabad around the "1st of February last". He mentions an obituary in "the Times" dated 15 March.}} was one of the first Indian explorers (dubbed "[[Pundit (explorer)|pundits]]") employed by the [[British India|British]] to explore the [[Himalayas]] and [[Central Asia]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dean|first=Riaz|title=Mapping The Great Game: Explorers, Spies & Maps in Nineteenth-century Asia|publisher=Casemate (UK)|year=2019|isbn=978-1-61200-814-1|location=Oxford|pages=173–199}}</ref> He came from the [[Johar Valley]] in [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]]. He surveyed the trade route through Ladakh to Tibet, determined the location and altitude of [[Lhasa]] in [[Tibet]], and surveyed a large section of [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]]. His reports were initially made under the code name '''Number 9'''. He walked "1,580 miles, or 3,160,000 paces, each counted."<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Wade.|first=Davis|title=Into the Silence : The Great War, Mallory, and the Conquest of Everest|date=2012|publisher=Vintage Books|isbn=9780375708152|location=New York|pages=49|oclc=773021726|quote=The pundit Nain Singh, the first surveyor to fix the location of the Tibetan capital, traveled on foot from Sikkim to Lhasa and then all over central Tibet, walking 1,580 miles, or 3,160,000 paces, each counted.}}</ref>

==Early life==
Nain Singh Rawat was born to Lata Burha in 1830 in [[Milam, India|Milam]] village, a [[Bhotiyas of Uttarakhand|Bhotia]] village at the foot of the [[Milam Glacier|Milam glacier]] on the [[Line of Actual Control|India-China border]] in present day [[Uttarakhand]] state of India. Milam is in the [[Johar Valley]], one of the Bhotia abodes in the [[Kumaon division]], where the river [[Gori Ganga|Goriganga]] originates. The Rawats ruled over the Johar Valley, during the reign of [[Chand kings|Chand]] dynasty in [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]]; this was followed by the [[Kingdom of Nepal|Gorkha]] rule. In 1816 the British defeated the Gorkhas but maintained a policy of non-interference and friendship towards the Johar Bhotias. The famous Bhotia explorers mostly belong to the villages of Johar.

After leaving school, Nain Singh helped his father. He visited different centres in Tibet with him, learned the [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan language]], customs and manners and became familiar with the Tibetan people. This knowledge of the Tibetan language, local customs, and protocol came in handy in Nain Singh's work as a "spy explorer". Due to the extreme cold conditions, Milam and other villages of the upper Johar valley are inhabited only for a few months from June to October. During this time the men used to visit [[Gya'nyima]], [[Gartok]] and other markets in Western Tibet.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

== Schlagintweit expedition ==
Singh traveled to [[Ladakh]] in 1856 along with family members Mani and Dolpha Singh, accompanying an expedition by [[Hermann Schlagintweit|Hermann]], [[Adolf Schlagintweit|Adolf]], and [[Robert Schlagintweit]]. He learned the use of survey instruments during this expedition. The Schlagintweit brothers planned to send Nain and Mani Singh to Lhasa as well, but in the end, that expedition did not take place. They also wanted to take Singh with them back to Europe, but he declined. Adolf Schlagintweit wrote a letter of recommendation for Nain and Mani which they later presented to British survey officials.{{r|waller|page=40}}

== British Tibetan expeditions ==
=== Context ===
The [[East India Company]], and later the [[British Empire]], sought to form trade relations with Tibet. Additionally, exploration of Central Asia and Tibet were of particular interest during the [[Great Trigonometric Survey]] of India because their geography was largely unknown to the British. However, [[Qing China]] closed Tibet's borders after gaining significant control over Tibet's internal politics following the 1791 [[Sino-Nepalese War]]. A number of Europeans tried to reach Lhasa from India over the next hundred years; however, few successfully reached it, and local officials turned back most attempts at entry.{{r|waller|pages=9-10,12,25}} A British attempt to reach Tibet from the east by travelling up the [[Yangtse River]] failed in 1861, and [[Edmund Smyth]]'s attempts to enter Tibet from the west between 1861 and 1863 all failed as well.{{r|waller|pages=30-31}} Because of the Great Trigonometrical Survey's past success with native surveyors, [[Thomas Montgomerie]] (the astronomical assistant of the survey), proposed that native explorers be recruited to explore Central Asia and Tibet. Montgomerie's plan was approved in 1862, and his first recruits were [[Abdul Hamid (surveyor)|Abdul Hamid]] for an expedition to [[Yarkand County#Qing dynasty|Yarkand]], followed by Nain Singh and his cousin Mani Singh for an expedition to Lhasa.{{r|waller|pages=29,33,38}}

=== Recruitment and training ===
In an 1861 letter, Smyth recommended Singh as a possible surveyor to Walker. Walker travelled to meet with Singh and recruit him and his cousin Mani. The two were sent to [[Dehradun]], the Survey's headquarters, and placed under Montgomerie's command. The two would spend two years training for their expeditions, learning a number of surveying techniques. Because the survey needed to be clandestine, a number of techniques were developed to hide the surveying. Mercury for thermometers was hidden in the bottom of a bowl, notes were stored inside a [[Tibetan prayer wheel|prayer wheel]], and survey gear was hidden inside the luggage. A [[Japamala|string of prayer beads]], which usually had 108 beads, was modified to only have 100 beads; the pundits were trained to move one bead every hundred paces to count their steps. They were also trained to have a precise stride length of 33 inches across varying terrain.{{r|stewart}}

=== First expedition ===
Singh's first expedition began in 1865. He and Mani separated during the survey, with Mani travelling through western Tibet and Nain walking to Lhasa. Nain Singh reached Lhasa on 10 January 1866. He spent some time in Lhasa as a teacher of accounts before returning to India.{{r|mason|pages=431}} During this expedition, Nain Singh estimated the altitude of Lhasa as 3,420 meters by boiling water; this was close to the actual value of 3,540 meters. He also estimated the position of Lhasa with celestial observations.{{r|denny|pages=195}}

=== Second expedition ===
Singh's second expedition explored western Tibet in 1867.{{r|denny|pages=195-196}} Nain and Mani were accompanied by Kalian Singh, Nain's brother, and the three disguised themselves as [[Bushahr|Bashahri]] traders. The expedition reached the goldfield at [[Thok Jalung]], mapped the [[Sutlej]] river, performed an 850-mile-long route survey, and verified the position of [[Gartok]]. {{r|mason|pages=432-433}}

=== Third expedition ===
Singh's third and final expedition returned to Lhasa via a more northern route than his first expedition and ran from 1873 to 1875.{{r|denny|pages=196}}

=== Surveys ===
During his secret survey of Tibet, Nain Singh was the first non-Tibetan to visit many legendary areas of Tibet, including the [[Thok Jalung]] goldfields on 26 August 1867.<ref name="doodle">{{Cite web |url=https://doodles.google/doodle/nain-singh-rawats-187th-birthday/ |title=Nain Singh Rawat's 187th birthday |website=Google |publisher=Alphabet |access-date=24 April 2019}}</ref> He would later say that Thok Jalung was the coldest place he had ever visited.<ref name="HopkirkTrespassers">{{cite book|last=Hopkirk|first=Peter|author-link=Peter Hopkirk|title=Trespassers on the Roof of the World: The Race for Lhasa|year=2006|publisher=John Murray|location=London|isbn=0719564492|page=39|chapter=Panning for Gold on the Roof of the World}}</ref>

Nain Singh was a cousin of [[Kishen Singh (explorer)|Kishen Singh]], another famous pundit explorer.<ref name="study1">BALASUNDARAM, M., DUBE, A. Ramgarh, 1973, "Structure, India", [[Nature (journal)]], 242, 40 [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:10.1038/242040a0.</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:Map illustrating the journey of the Pundit Nain Singh through Great Tibet from Ladákh to Assam.tif|thumb|Map of Nain Singh's exploration of Tibet]]
In May 1877, Singh was awarded the [[Royal Geographical Society]]'s [[Patron's Medal]] "for his great journeys and Surveys in Tibet and along the Upper Brahmaputra, he has determined the position of Lhasa, and positive knowledge of the map of Asia." [[Henry Yule]] received the award on Singh's behalf and in his acceptance speech said that "[Singh's] observations have added a larger amount of important knowledge to the map of Asia than those of any other living man."<ref name="rgs-award-proceedings">{{cite journal |title=Presentation of the Royal and Other Awards |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London |date=23 July 1877 |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=397–403 |jstor=1799720}}</ref>

[[File:Nain Singh Rawat 2004 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Nain Singh Rawat, 2004 stamp of India.]]
On 27 June 2004, an Indian postage stamp featuring Nain Singh<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050208163057/http://sio.midco.net/mapstamps/trigsurv.htm Trigonometrical Survey]. midco.net</ref> was issued commemorating his role in the [[Great Trigonometric Survey]] of India. In 2006, [[Shekhar Pathak]] and [[Uma Bhatt]] brought out a biography of Nain Singh with three of his diaries and the [[Royal Geographical Society|RGS]] articles about his travels in three volumes titled ''Asia ki Peeth Par'' published by Pahar, Naini Tal.

The mountains south of [[Lake Pangong]] are named Nain Singh Range in his memory and honour.{{r|waller|p=121}}

On 21 October 2017, [[Google]] celebrated Nain Singh Rawat's 187th birthday with a [[Google Doodle]].<ref name="doodle"/>

==See also==
* [[Shauka - Johar]]
* [[Krishna Singh Rawat]]
* [[Mani Singh Rawat]]
* [[Cartography of India]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
<references>

<ref name="waller">{{cite book |last1=Waller |first1=Derek |title=The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia |date=1990 |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |location=Lexington, KY |isbn=978-0-8131-4904-2}}</ref>
<ref name="stewart">{{cite book|last=Stewart|first=Jules|title=Spying for the Raj: The Pundits and the Mapping of the Himalaya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COITDQAAQBAJ|year=2006|publisher=History Press|isbn=978-0-7524-9586-6}}</ref>
<ref name="denny">{{cite book |last1=Denny |first1=Mark |title=The Science of Navigation: From Dead Reckoning to GPS |date=29 June 2012 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-1-4214-0511-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=88smdocoApUC |access-date=29 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="mason">{{Cite journal |last=Mason |first=Kenneth |date=1923 |title=Kishen Singh and the Indian Explorers |journal=The Geographical Journal |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=429–440 |doi=10.2307/1781169 |jstor=1781169 |bibcode=1923GeogJ..62..429M }}</ref>

</references>

==Further reading==
{{Commons category|Nain Singh Rawat}}
; Secondary sources
*{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Robert|title=Spying for Empire: The Great Game in Central and South Asia, 1757-1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SvVtAAAAMAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Greenhill Books|isbn=978-1-85367-670-3}}
*{{cite book|last=Dean|first=Riaz|title=Mapping the Great Game: Explorers, Spies and Maps in 19th-century Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WF3JDwAAQBAJ|year=2020|publisher=Casemate|isbn=978-1-61200-815-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Hopkirk|first=Peter|title=Trespassers on the Roof of the World: The Race for Lhasa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ooc5AgAAQBAJ|year=2012|publisher=John Murray Press|isbn=978-1-84854-726-1}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Smyth |first=Edmund |date=1882 |title=Obituary: The Pundit Nain Singh |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=315–317 |jstor=1800228}}
; Primary sources
* {{Cite journal |last=Montgomerie |first=T. G. |date=1868a |title=Report of a Route-Survey Made by Pundit, from Nepal to Lhasa, and Thence Through the Upper Valley of the Brahmaputra to Its Source |journal=The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London |volume=38 |pages=129–219 |doi=10.2307/1798572 |jstor=1798572}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Montgomerie |first=T. G. |date=1868b |title=Report of the Trans-Himalayan Explorations during 1867 |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=183–198 |doi=10.2307/1798932 |jstor=1798932}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Montgomerie |first=T. G. |date=1869 |title=Report of the Trans-Himalayan Explorations during 1867 |journal=The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London |volume=39 |pages=146–187 |doi=10.2307/1798550 |jstor=1798550}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Trotter |first=H. |date=1876 |title=Account of the Pundit's Journey in Great Tibet from Leh in Ladákh to Lhása, and of His Return to India viâ Assam |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=325–350 |doi=10.2307/1799962 |jstor=1799962|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1449388 }}

==External links==
{{commons category|Nain Singh Rawat}}
*[http://mappa.mundi.net/cartography/Wheel/ A Nain Singh anecdote]
* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/tibet/ascend/singh.html Chapter from The Pundits: British exploration of Tibet and Central Asia] by Derek Waller

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Nain}}
[[Category:Explorers from British India]]
[[Category:People from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Kumaoni people]]
[[Category:Explorers of the Himalayas]]
[[Category:1830 births]]
[[Category:1882 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Royal Geographical Society Patron's Medal]]
[[Category:Explorers of Tibet]]
[[Category:Indian surveyors]]

Nesippaya

2026-03-12T18:50:03Z

Chefajaychopra123: Created A Page With Sources

{{Short description|2025 Indian film by Vishnuvardhan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Nesippaya.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]]
| writer = Vishnuvardhan Neelan Sekar
| producer = S. Xavier Britto Sneha Britto
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Akash Murali
* [[Aditi Shankar]]
}}
| cinematography = Cameron Eric Bryson
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| studio = XB Film Creators
| distributor = Romeo Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|01|14}}
| country = India
| runtime = 147 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nesippaya |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMzAzMDEyMDI1MDAwNTY= |website=Central Board of Film Certification}}</ref>
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Nesippaya''''' ({{Translation|Will you love me?}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]] and produced by XB Film Creators.<ref name="title" /> The film stars Akash Murali in his acting debut, alongside [[Aditi Shankar]], [[R. Sarathkumar]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] and [[Khushbu]]. The film has music composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], cinematography handled by Cameron Eric Bryson and editing by [[A. Sreekar Prasad]].<ref name="technical">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-23 |title=Akash Murali-Aditi Shankar's Nesippaya teaser to be out on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Sep/23/akash-murali-aditi-shankars-nesippaya-teaser-to-be-out-on-this-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924025352/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Sep/23/akash-murali-aditi-shankars-nesippaya-teaser-to-be-out-on-this-date |archive-date=2024-09-24 |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> ''Nesippaya'' was released in theatres on 14 January 2025.

==Plot==
In 2016, during his college days, Arjun Vishwanathan fell in love with Diya Ramalingam. Their relationship is soon disrupted when Diya received a job offer in [[Portugal]] and she is prepared to relocate. When Arjun asks to accompany her to Portugal, she advised him to focus on his career and expresses her need for space in their relationship. Arjun informed both their families about their relationship, hoping to arrange their marriage before Diya's departure. Diya resisted the idea of immediate marriage, leading to a heated argument. A misunderstanding about a delayed visa application further escalated the situation, culminating in a public breakup.

Seven years later, Arjun, now running a software startup with his friend Subramaniaraju, is shocked to learn that Diya had been arrested in Portugal for murdering Karthik Adhinarayanan, the son of a wealthy and influential businessman, Adhinarayanan. Despite their breakup, Arjun immediately rushes to Portugal to help Diya. There, he meets Diya's mother, Geeta, and consults with Diya's lawyer, Indirani "Indira" Jahan, to understand the case. Arjun attempts to meet Adhinarayanan to plead on Diya's behalf but is dismissed by Adhinarayanan's business associate, Varadharajan. Diya, overwhelmed by guilt for avoiding Arjun in the past, refuses to meet him.

In prison, Diya is attacked by a fellow inmate, Jenni, resulting in hospitalisation. Determined to uncover the truth, Arjun sought out Monty, Jenni's lover, to gather information. Arjun had previously rescued Monty's sister from drug peddlers, but Monty refused to provide any information, hinting instead that Vasundhra, Karthik's mother, might be involved in orchestrating the attack on Diya. Arjun confronts Adhinarayanan prompting him to warn Vasundhra against further involvement and vows to seek justice for Diya through legal means. Indira visits Diya in prison, where Diya recounts the events leading up to the murder. After joining Adhinarayanan's company in Portugal, Diya befriended Karthik and [[gay|his partner]], Avik, who kept their relationship a secret from Karthik's father. When Avik began distancing himself from Karthik, Karthik turned to drugs, and Diya became his sole supporter. Varadharajan misinterpreted her friendship with Karthik as a romantic relationship and warned her to stay away. Diya returned to India, unaware that Adhinarayanan had arranged Karthik's marriage to Rakhi. Upon her return to Portugal, Karthik reached out to Diya, confessing his suicidal thoughts. Diya rushed to rescue him but was beaten by an unknown assailant. When she regained consciousness, she was arrested for Karthik's murder, with Rakhi as the key witness. Diya confides in Indira that she withheld the truth to protect Karthik's secret.

Indira and Arjun meet Rakhi, but she provides no information. That night, goons ambush them, but Arjun fights them off. With Monty's help, Arjun locates Avik, who reveals that Varadharajan forced Avik into hiding. Arjun deduces that Varadharajan orchestrated the events to secure his son Akash's control over Adhinarayanan's vast properties and suspects Varadharajan's involvement in Karthik's murder. Varadharajan's men shoot Avik, and Arjun narrowly escapes. Diya learns of Arjun's efforts to prove her innocence and apologises for her past actions. Their emotional reunion inspires Indira to reconcile with her estranged husband. Arjun attempts to expose Varadharajan's actions to Adhinarayanan but is caught and beaten by Varadharajan's men. He escapes with Monty's help and obtains a gun and car to negotiate with the government. Arjun hijacks a bus and demands that Special Officer Gautham bring Diya and Varadharajan to the scene. Varadharajan hires an assassin, Martin, to kill Arjun. However, Martin follows Adhinarayanan's instructions and shoots both Varadharajan and Arjun.

It is revealed that Adhinarayanan was aware of Karthik's sexual orientation and had threatened Avik to stay away. Adhinarayanan had also manipulated his mistress, Rakhi, into marrying Karthik. When Karthik discovered the truth, Adhinarayanan and Varadharajan conspired to murder him and framed Diya. Vasundhra, who had learned of Adhinarayanan's crimes through Akash, exposes him to the police. Humiliated and feeling ashamed, Adhinarayanan takes his own life. Gautham apprehends Martin, and Rakhi is arrested, clearing Diya of all the charges.

In a [[post-credits scene]], Arjun, who survived the gunshot and was imprisoned for the hijacking, is released and finally reunites with Diya.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* Akash Murali as Arjun Vishwanathan
* [[Aditi Shankar]] as Diya Ramalingam
* [[R. Sarathkumar]] as Adhinarayanan
* [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Gautham, Special officer
* [[Khushbu]] as Vasundhra Adhinarayanan
* [[Kalki Koechlin]] as Indirani Jahan "Indira", Portugal-based lawyer
* [[Shiv Panditt]] as Monty, Jenni's boyfriend
* [[Raja (Tamil actor)|Raja]] as Varadharajan
* [[George Kora]] as Karthik Adhinarayanan
* Murali Satagopan as Avik, Karthik's boyfriend
* Vikkals Vikram as Subramaniaraju "Subbu"
* Mathew Varghese as S. A. Vishwanathan, Arjun's father
* [[Sriranjani (Tamil actress)|Sriranjani]] as Vaidehi, Arjun's mother
* [[Parvathi T.|Parvathi T]] as Geeta, Diya's mother
* Prajna Ravi as Arjun's sister
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In mid-April 2021, XB Film Creators announced their second project after ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'' under the tentative title ''Production No: 2'' directed by [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]], introducing Akash Murali, son of actor [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] and the younger brother of [[Atharvaa]].<ref name="akash">{{Cite news |date=14 April 2021 |title=Atharvaa's brother Akash Murali to debut in Vishnuvardhan's direction |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/atharvaas-brother-akash-murali-to-debut-in-vishnuvardhans-direction/articleshow/82067198.cms |access-date=26 August 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Akash who had married Sneha in August 2020 is the daughter of the film's producer Xavier Britto.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 April 2021 |title=Master producers to launch Akash Murali under Vishnuvardhan's direction |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/Apr/14/master-producers-to-launch-akash-murali-under-vishnuvardhans-direction-23947.html |access-date=26 August 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> [[Aditi Shankar]] was announced as the lead actress making her third venture, while she was simultaneously shooting for ''[[Maaveeran (2023 film)|Maaveeran]]''.<ref name="aditi">{{Cite news |date=20 March 2023 |title=Aditi Shankar will be Akash's love interest in his debut film with Vishnuvardhan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aditi-shankar-will-be-akashs-love-interest-in-his-debut-film-with-vishnuvardhan/articleshow/98792464.cms |access-date=26 August 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 February 2024 |title=Vishnu Varadhan to helm debut film of Murali's son Akash; Aditi Shankar to play female lead |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vishnu-varadhan-to-helm-debut-film-of-muralis-son-akash-aditi-shankar-to-play-female-lead/article67831914.ece |access-date=26 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In November 2023, [[Shiv Panditt]] who was last seen in ''[[Leelai]]'' (2012) was speculated to make his return to Tamil Cinema after 12 years for a special appearance along with [[Kalki Koechlin]] who previously worked together in ''[[Shaitan (film)|Shaitan]]'' (2011).<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 November 2023 |title='Shaitan' co-stars Kalki Koechlin and Shiv Panditt reunite for THIS film - EXCLUSIVE! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shaitan-co-stars-kalki-koechlin-and-shiv-panditt-reunite-for-this-film-exclusive/articleshow/105199479.cms |access-date=4 September 2024}}</ref> The official title was revealed in June 2024.<ref name="title">{{Cite news |date=29 June 2024 |title='Nesippaya': First look of Vishnu Varadhan's film with Aditi Shankar, Akash Murali out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nesippaya-first-look-of-vishnu-varadhans-film-with-aditi-shankar-akash-murali-out/article68347346.ece |access-date=26 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 June 2024 |title=அப்பாவின் கடைசி தருணம்... தம்பி ஆகாஷின் முதல் பட விழாவில் எமோஷ்னலாக பேசி கலங்கிய அதர்வா முரளி! |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/cinema/atharva-emotional-speech-in-nesipaya-movie-first-look-launch-mma-sfu4ij |work=[[Asianet News]] |language=ta}}</ref> In early July 2024 it was confirmed that Kalki Koechlin who was earlier seen in ''[[Nerkonda Paarvai]]'' (2019) and ''[[Paava Kadhaigal]]'' (2020) is seen to have portrayed a role of a Portugal based lawyer named Indira.<ref name="kalki">{{Cite web |date=2 July 2024 |title=Kalki Koechlin joins the cast of Vishnuvardhan's 'Nesippaya' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kalki-koechlin-joins-the-cast-of-vishnuvardhans-nesippaya/articleshow/111437386.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826061914/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kalki-koechlin-joins-the-cast-of-vishnuvardhans-nesippaya/articleshow/111437386.cms |archive-date=26 August 2024 |access-date=26 August 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Music composer [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], editor [[A. Sreekar Prasad]], cinematographer Cameron Eric Bryson and production designer Saravanan Vasanth were chosen for the technical crew.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=2025-01-04 |title=Nesippaya Trailer: Akash Murali and Aditi Shankar's love faces the ultimate test |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/04/nesippaya-trailer-akash-murali-and-aditi-shankars-love-faces-the-ultimate-test |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Despite announcing in 2021, the [[principal photography]] commenced in March 2023 after a two-year delay. It was shot sporadically in several legs with filming locations including Portugal, Spain, and India, and [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] by mid-February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2023 |title=Akash Murali & Aditi Shankar's film Vishnuvardhan to move abroad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/akash-murali-aditi-shankars-film-with-vishnuvardhan-to-move-abroad/articleshow/101412544.cms |access-date=26 August 2024 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Nesippaya
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| released = {{Start date|2025|1|4}}
| recorded =
| studio = U1 Records
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=14|s=34}}
| language = Tamil
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| prev_title = [[Parachute (TV series)|Parachute]]
| prev_year = 2024
| year = 2025
| next_title = [[Aghathiyaa]]
| next_year = 2025
| misc = {{Singles|
|name = Nesippaya
|type = Soundtrack
|single1 = Tholanja Manasu
|single1date = 11 October 2024
|single2 = Solo Violin
|single2date = 31 October 2024
|single3 = Nesippaya Nee Ennai
|single3date = 9 January 2025
}}
}}
{{External media|audio1={{YouTube|u5w5CI5VSPk| Nesippaya Full Album Audio Jukebox}}}}

The music and soundtrack are composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] in his ninth collaboration with [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-10-09 |title=Nesippaya first single to be out on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/09/nesippaya-first-single-to-be-out-on-this-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009182205/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/09/nesippaya-first-single-to-be-out-on-this-date |archive-date=9 October 2024 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>{{efn| [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] and [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]] previously collaborated on ''[[Kurumbu]]'' (2003), ''[[Arinthum Ariyamalum]]'' (2005), ''[[Pattiyal]]'' (2006), [[Billa (2007 film)|''Billa'']] (2007), ''[[Sarvam]]'' (2009), ''[[Panjaa]]'' (2011), ''[[Arrambam]]'' (2013) and ''[[Yatchan]]'' (2015).}} The first single "Tholanja Manasu" released on 11 October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-10-11 |title='Tholanja Manasu' from Vishnu Vardhan's Nesippaya out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/11/tholanja-manasu-from-vishnu-vardhans-nesippaya-out |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The second single "Solo Violin" released on 31 October 2024, coinciding with [[Diwali]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2024-10-29 |title='Solo Violin' from Nesippaya to be out on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/29/solo-violin-from-nesippaya-to-be-out-on-this-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241128150710/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/29/solo-violin-from-nesippaya-to-be-out-on-this-date |archive-date=28 November 2024 |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The pre-release audio launch event was held on 3 January 2024 at Lady Andal auditorium.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-01-02 |title=Vishnu Vardhan's Nesippaya audio and trailer to be launched on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/02/vishnu-vardhans-nesippaya-audio-and-trailer-to-be-launched-on-this-date |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The third video single "Nesippaya Nee Ennai" released on 9 January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-01-09 |title='Nesippaya Nee Ennai' from Nesippaya out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/09/nesippaya-nee-ennai-from-nesippaya-out |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Sol Nee Sol
| length1 = 3:14
| lyrics1 = [[Pa. Vijay]]
| extra1 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| title2 = Yarra Iva
| length2 = 1:36
| lyrics2 = Adesh Krishna
| extra2 = Yuvan Shankar Raja, Sathyaprakash
| title3 = Tholanja Manasu
| length3 = 2:49
| lyrics3 = Pa. Vijay
| extra3 = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| title4 = Nesippaya Nee Ennai
| length4 = 3:32
| lyrics4 = [[Vignesh Shivan]]
| extra4 = [[Javed Ali]], [[Bela Shende]]
| title5 = Solo Violin
| length5 = 3:23
| lyrics5 = Pa. Vijay
| extra5 = Yuvan Shankar Raja, [[Haricharan]]
| total_length = 14:34
}}

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
''Nesippaya'' released in theatres on 14 January 2025 coinciding with [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=2025-01-02 |title=Vishnu Vardhan's Nesippaya gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/02/vishnu-vardhans-nesippaya-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The film has been certified U/A by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-01-07 |title=Vishnu Varadhan's Nesippaya clears censorship formalities |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/07/vishnu-varadhans-nesippaya-clears-censorship-formalities |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
=== Distribution ===
Romeo Pictures acquired the distribution rights of the film in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2024-12-18 |title=Vishnu Vardhan's Nesippaya gets a release window |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Dec/18/vishnu-vardhans-nesippaya-gets-a-release-window |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
''Nesippaya'' began streaming on both [[Sun NXT]], [[Lionsgate Play]] and [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 16 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-05-08 |title=Akash Murali-Aditi Shankar's Nesippaya gets OTT release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2025/May/08/akash-murali-aditi-shankars-nesippaya-gets-ott-release-date |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nesippaya Now Streaming on Lionsgate Play: What You Need to Know About Akash Murli and Aditi Shankar Starrer Movie|url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/news/nesippaya-tamil-film-ott-release-on-lionsgate-play-cast-plot-and-critical-reception-8421751|work=Gadgets360|accessdate=16 May 2025}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Avinash Ramachandran of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Nesippaya is Vishnu Varadhan’s [[Roja (film)|Roja]], and it is the man who goes to the gallows to save his woman from certain death. It is poetic, heartwarming, indulgent, triumphant, and romantic. But it is also all over the place with an almost flat narrative that spends too much time in limbo before getting a life of its own towards the end."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-15 |title=Nesippaya movie review: A promising yet meandering romantic drama that has one too many rough edges |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/nesippaya-movie-review-a-promising-yet-meandering-romantic-drama-that-has-one-too-many-rough-edges-9779159/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Roopa Radhakrishnan of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Nesippaya had so much promise with its cast of proven talents and an intriguing basic premise, but the film never reaches up to its expectations. [...] it tries to stick to a standard and seen-before template, which further works against the film's favour."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nesippaya Movie Review : A subpar film with an intriguing premise |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/nesippaya/movie-review/117235758.cms |access-date=2025-01-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Jayabhuvaneshwari B of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "''Nesippaya'' tries to craft an everlasting tale of romance, but its inconsistencies make it feel more like a forgettable affair. For all its noble intentions, ''Nesippaya'' struggles to transcend its safe tropes and predictable beats."<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=2025-01-14 |title=Nesippaya Movie Review: This romance drama starts off with sparks but fizzles out soon after |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2025/Jan/14/nesippaya-movie-review-this-romance-drama-starts-off-with-sparks-but-fizzles-out-soon-after |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Anusha Sundar of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Nesippaya is a racy thriller entwined with romance. [...] A certain revelation and character arc may be found under-utilized, but Nesippaya comes out as a decent entertainer that could have been a lot better."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nesippaya Movie Review: Aditi Shankar and Akash Murai's film is racy in parts |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/nesippaya-movie-review-aditi-shankar-and-akash-murais-film-is-racy-in-parts-and-inadequate-for-most/95ef33b5a8674 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

Raisa Nasreen of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote " Nesippaya, a thrilling suspense drama is powered by the film's highly relatable dialogues, well-sketched characters and actor Kalki Koechlin's incredible performance.[...] Overall, the film could have packed a punch with sharp and short storytelling but it limps into the race."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-14 |title=Nesippaya Movie Review: Vishnuvardhan's Suspense Drama Is Engaging In Parts |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/nesippaya-movie-review-vishnuvardhans-suspense-drama-is-engaging-in-parts-review-117228597 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "Nesippaya is director Vishnuvardhan's weakest film yet. The suspense drama suffers because of predictability and lacks any big suspense."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-14 |title=Nesippaya review: Aditi Shankar, Akash Murali's suspense drama lacks thrill |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/nesippaya-movie-review-aditi-shankar-akash-murali-vishnuvardhan-2664657-2025-01-14 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Bhuvanesh Chandar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "''Nesippaya'' could have become something more than ordinary; it only confuses you about the kind of film it wishes to be. The thriller that follows is trite, predictable and contrived, to put it straight."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=2025-01-14 |title='Nesippaya' movie review: Contrived writing clouds Vishnu Varadhan's promising premise |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nesippaya-movie-review-contrived-writing-clouds-vishnu-varadhans-promising-premise/article69098720.ece |access-date=2025-01-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{Vishnuvardhan (director)}}

[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2020s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2025 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vishnuvardhan (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Films shot in Portugal]]
[[Category:Films shot in Spain]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic thriller films]]

Super Duper (film)

2026-03-07T05:48:03Z

Chefajaychopra123: minor rework section as per guidelines and updated info

{{short description|Tamil-language comedy thriller film directed by Arun Karthik}}
{{Use Indian English|date = September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Super Duper
| image = Super Duper Film.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Arun Karthik
| producer = Shalini Vasan
| writer =
| starring = Dhruva [[Indhuja Ravichandran|Indhuja]] [[Shah Ra]]
| music = Divakara Thiyagarajan
| cinematography = Sundar Ram Krishnan Thalapathy Rathnam
| studio = Flux Films
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=y|2019|09|20}}
| runtime = 118 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| based_on =
}}

'''''Super Duper''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama film|drama]] [[comedy thriller film]] written and directed by Arun Karthik. The film stars Dhruva, [[Indhuja Ravichandran]] and [[Shah Ra]] in the lead roles. The film is produced by Shalini Vasan under the production banner Flux Films. The music for the film is composed by Divakara Thiyagarajan and the cinematography is handled by duo Sundar Ram Krishnan and Thalapathy Rathnam. The [[principal photography]] of the film commenced in August 2018 as a short schedule. The film was theatrical released on 20 September 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhruva & Indhuja's 'Super Duper' to release soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dhruva-indhujas-super-duper-to-release-soon/articleshow/71023410.cms |access-date=2019-09-18 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-12 |title='Super Duper' to release 20 Sept |url=https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2019/09/12/super-duper-to-release-20-sept/ |access-date=2019-09-18 |website=News Today {{!}} First with the news |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
* Dhruva as Sathya<ref name="Fun">{{Cite web |last=M Suganth |title=Fun is the USP of 'Super Duper' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/fun-is-the-usp-of-super-duper/articleshow/66120211.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Indhuja Ravichandran|Indhuja]] as Sherin<ref name="Fun" />
* [[Shah Ra]] as Mama, Sathya's uncle and Vikram<ref name="Fun" />
* Adithya Shivpink as Michael
* Srini as Vedha
* Nagarajan Kannan as Lawrence
* Janaki Suresh as Banu
* [[Soundariya Nanjundan]] as Mona
* Saranya Vivek as Chitra
* Akila Murali as Hema
* V. R. Balaji as Kutty
* A. M. Senthamizhan as Neruppu
* Easter Raj as Seenu
* Akshita Merlyn as child Sherin
* Magesh Swami Kannu as Bobby
* Vaishali Balaji as Swetha
* Shivakumar Raju as Shivam
* Pradeep Raj as Babu
* Kavan as Mani
* Sathish Kumar P as Sathish
* Ramkumar as Sethu
* Guna Babu as Guna
* Santhosh as Arivu
* Gowri Shankar M. as Gowri
* Rolling Sir Abhinayakumar as Abhinayakumar
{{Colend}}

== Reception ==
''The Times of India'' gave the film a rating of two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote that "Super Duper has some flashy visuals but fails in its storytelling".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Super Duper Movie Review {2.5/5}: Critic Review of Super Duper by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/super-duper/movie-review/71206696.cms |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> ''The Hindu Tamil Thisai'' praised the screenplay of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=திரை விமர்சனம் - சூப்பர் டூப்பர் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/516884-super-duper-review-3.html}}</ref> ''Dinamalar'' gave the film a rating of two out of five.<ref>{{Cite web |title=சூப்பர் டூப்பர் - விமர்சனம் |trans-title=Super Duper - Review |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/2673/Super%20Duper/ |website=cinema.dinamalar.com |language=ta}}</ref> ''Maalai Malar'' praised the cinematography and the music.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2019 |title=காதலிக்காக போதை மருந்து கடத்தல் கும்பலை எதிர்க்கும் நாயகன் - சூப்பர் டூப்பர் விமர்சனம் |url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2019/09/20140340/1262472/Super-Duper-Review-in-Tamil.vpf}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt10225092}}

[[Category:2019 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2019 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2010s comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Trivikrama (film)

2026-03-06T05:07:53Z

Chefajaychopra123: Creating First Article W/ Infobox

{{Short description| Indian Kannada film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Trivikrama
| image = Trivikrama (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sahana Murthy S
| producer = Ramco Somanna
| starring = Vikram Ravichandran [[Akanksha Sharma]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Arjun Janya]]
| editing = K. M. Prakash
| cinematography = Santosh Rai Pathaje
| studio = Gowri Entertainers
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|06|24}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Trivikrama''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by S. Sahana Murthy and produced by Ramco Somanna. The film stars Vikram Ravichandran and [[Akanksha Sharma]] in lead roles, while [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]], [[Suchendra Prasad]], [[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]], [[Chikkanna]], [[Sadhu Kokila]] and [[Rohit Roy]] appear in supporting roles. The music is done by [[Arjun Janya]], while the cinematography and editing were handled by Santosh Rai Pathaje and K. M. Prakash.

''Trivikrama'' was released on 24 June 2022 where it received mixed reviews from critics and became an average venture at the box office.

== Plot ==
Vikram, a middle-class guy and the son of a government servant, falls in love with Trisha, an [[ahimsa]]-buddhist girl and the daughter of a rich businessperson in [[Bangalore]]. Vikram and Trisha fall for each other, but Trisha distances herself from Vikram after seeing his violent nature. Trisha heads to [[Rajasthan]], where her father arranges for her to marry a family friend, but Vikram also arrives there and manages to convince Trisha, who tearfully reunites with him. They head to Bangalore to seek blessings from their family. Just before their engagement, Vikram is secretly attacked and killed by Trisha's father and his goons as Trisha's father hates the alliance. However, Trisha learns of her father's involvement in Vikram's death, where she becomes a widow and cherishes her memories with Vikram.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*Vikram Ravichandran as Vikram
*[[Akanksha Sharma]] as Trisha
*[[Akshara Gowda]] as Sakshi
*Shivamani
*[[Chikkanna]] as Vasu
*[[Sadhu Kokila]] as Sadhu
*[[Suchendra Prasad]] as Vikram's father
*[[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]] as Vikram's mother
*[[Adi Lokesh]] as Vikram's brother
*[[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Trisha's father
*[[Rohit Roy]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack album has six singles composed by [[Arjun Janya]], and released on A2 Music.
{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| headline = Trivikrama (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
| title1 = Mummy Please Mummy
| extra1 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| length1 = 4:52
| title2 = Honey Bunny Feel My Love
| extra2 = [[Sanjith Hegde]]
| length2 = 3:50
| title3 = Shakuntala Shake Your Body Please
| extra3 = [[Nakash Aziz]], [[Aishwarya Rangarajan]]
| length3 = 4:07
| title4 = Nenne Tanaka
| extra4 = [[Sanjith Hegde]]
| length4 = 3:16
| title5 = Hey Sajjna
| extra5 = Keerthan Holla
| length5 = 2:57
| title6 = Hey Hrudayave
| extra6 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]]
| length6= 5:35
}}

==Release==
The film was released on 24 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Trivikrama to release on June 24 - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/trivikrama-to-release-on-june-24/articleshow/91467602.cms |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=The Times of India |date=10 May 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/jun/29/itsgreat-start-for-any-newcomer-saysvikram-ravichandran-overwhelmed-with-trivikrama-response-2470796.html|title=It's great start for any newcomer, says Vikram Ravichandran overwhelmed with 'Trivikrama' response|website=The New Indian Express |date=29 June 2022 |access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
A. Sharadhaa of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Vikram Ravichandran and Akanksha's debut might be formulaic, but Trivikrama is definitely worth a watch, and it is a confident start for two rising talents that have the potential to make quite the mark."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2022/jun/25/trivikrama-movie-review-new-talent-brings-freshness-to-a-formulaic-plot-32324.html | title=Trivikrama Movie Review: New talent brings freshness to a formulaic plot | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=25 June 2022 }}</ref>
Sunayana Suresh of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Trivikrama could still appeal to those who want the formulaic romantic storyline with regular doses of action and songs. But if you are looking for something more or different, it might disappoint."<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/trivikrama/movie-review/92432759.cms | title=Trivikrama Movie Review: A formulaic story that seems a little dated | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> Prathibha Joy of ''[[HT Media|OTTplay]]'' gave 1.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Kannada filmmakers really need to stop what they think is playing to the gallery with these cliched lines that harp about the popularity of the star whose kid/grandkid they are working with. Trivikrama gave me a massive headache. Should you go ahead and still watch it, well, you’ve been warned."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/trivikrama-movie-review-sahana-murthys-launchpad-for-vikram-ravichandran-is-quite-the-disaster/ed99788a9e858 | title=Trivikrama movie review: Sahana Murthy's launchpad for Vikram Ravichandran is quite the disaster}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt11306896}}

[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2022 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Kannada-language romantic drama films]]

{{2020s-Kannada-film-stub}}
{{2020s-romantic-drama-film-stub}}

Shakthi Leelai

2026-03-04T04:53:36Z

Chefajaychopra123: Creating First Entry More To Come

{{for|the 1977 film|Sri Krishna Leela (1977 film)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{No plot|date=October 2023}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shakthi Leelai
| image = Shakthi Leelai.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[T. R. Ramanna]]
| writer = Thuraiyur K. Moorthy
| producer = T. G. Somasundaram
| starring = [[Gemini Ganesan]] [[Jayalalithaa]] [[Sivakumar]]
| cinematography = M. A. Rahman
| editing = T. R. Srinivasalu
| music = [[T. K. Ramamoorthy]]
| studio = Raaman Pictures
| released = {{film date|1972|5|12|df=y}}
| runtime = 163 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Shakthi Leelai''''' ({{Translation|The Plays of Goddess Shakti}}) is a 1972 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Hindu mythological film]] directed by [[T. R. Ramanna]] and written by Thuraiyur K. Moorthi. The film stars [[B. Saroja Devi]], [[Gemini Ganeshan]], [[Jayalalithaa]], [[K. B. Sundarambal]] and [[K. R. Vijaya]]. It is noted for being the last multi-starrer mythological film. The music was provided by [[T. K. Ramamoorthy]]. It was a successful film on its release.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=11 September 2014 |title=Kamal and the Art of Screenplay Writing |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Kamal-and-the-art-of-screenplay-writing/article61451555.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231018113432/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Kamal-and-the-art-of-screenplay-writing/article61451555.ece |archive-date=18 October 2023 |access-date=18 October 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2015 |title=தென்னகத்தின் இசைக்குயில் மறைந்தது; தமிழ் சினிமா முன்னோடிகள் தொடர்-19 |url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/politics/56909-kb-sundarambal-tamil-cinema-pioneers- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231018113758/https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/politics/56909-kb-sundarambal-tamil-cinema-pioneers- |archive-date=18 October 2023 |access-date=18 October 2023 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2023 |title=பெரியபாளையத்து பவானி அம்மனாக ஜெயலலிதா நடித்த சக்திலீலை |url=https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-shakthi-leelai-movie-completes-51-years-now-released-on-may-12th-1972-976076.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231018113543/https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-shakthi-leelai-movie-completes-51-years-now-released-on-may-12th-1972-976076.html |archive-date=18 October 2023 |access-date=18 October 2023 |website=[[News18]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Gemini Ganeshan]] as [[Shiva]]
* [[Ushanandini]] as [[Parvati|Shakti]]/[[Mariamman|Samayapuram Mariamman]]
* [[Jayalalithaa]] as Periyapalayathu Bhavani amman/[[Devi Kanya Kumari|Punyakshi Devi]]
* [[Sivakumar]] as [[Narada Muni]]
* [[Major Sundararajan]] as [[Jamadagni]] Munivar
* [[Saroja Devi]] as [[Renuka]]mbal
* [[Usharani]] as [[Saraswati]]
* [[Master Sridhar]] as [[Parashurama|Parasuraman]]
* [[K. B. Sundarambal]] as Woman Saint
* [[S. V. Sahasranamam]] as The King
*[[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]] as The Minister
* [[A. V. M. Rajan]] as Prohit
* [[Manjula Vijayakumar|Manjula]] as Poonguzhali, a Classical dancer
* [[Gandhimathi]] as Poonkuzhali's Mother
* [[K. R. Vijaya]] as Thangam
* [[K. Vijayan]] as Thangam's Husband
* [[S. A. Ashokan]] as [[Banasura|Vaana Sooran]]
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Kaveri
* [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Kaveri's Husband
* [[Pakoda Kadhar]] as Gopal, Kaveri's Adaptive Son
* [[V. Nagayya]] as Tamil Pandit Devi Daasan
* K. Kannan
* [[Shanmuga Sundaram]] as Brinkki Munivar
* Karikol Raju as Washerman
*Udaiyappan as Vettiyan
* V. R. Thilagam as Vettiyan's Wife
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[T. K. Ramamoorthy]] and lyrics were written by [[Kannadasan]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}
{| class="wikitable"
! Songs !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Sakthi Vandhaladi" || [[L. R. Eswari]] || 03:19
|-
| "Ambikai Nadagam Akilam" || [[P. Susheela]] || 03:18
|-
| "Malargal Enge" || P. Susheela || 04:03
|-
| "Unnai Thaan Paarthen" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] || 03:17
|-
| "Kalai Pozhuthae Varuga" || P. Susheela || 02:52
|-
| "Thannai Vendravan Yaarum" || [[M. S. Rajeswari]] || 04:25
|-
| "Mullai Poo Pole Pillai" || Sarala and Pattu || 06:22
|-
| "Urangak Koodathu Kanne" || M. R. Vijaya || 03:35
|-
| "Engum Deivam" || [[K. B. Sundarambal]] ||
|-
| "Sakthi Ennum Deivam" || K. B. Sundarambal ||
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1467065}}

{{T. R. Ramanna}}

[[Category:1970s dance films]]
[[Category:1972 Indian films]]
[[Category:1972 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1972 films]]
[[Category:Films about reincarnation]]
[[Category:Films about royalty]]
[[Category:Films about shapeshifting]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. R. Ramanna]]
[[Category:Films scored by T. K. Ramamoorthy]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Indian dance films]]
[[Category:Indian musical films]]
[[Category:Indian religious epic films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:1972 musical films]]

Jaadugar (1989 film)

2026-03-03T23:48:54Z

Chefajaychopra123: starting first stub basic info!

{{About||the 2022 film|Jaadugar (2022 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jaadugar
| image = Jaadugar.jpg

| caption = Poster
| director = [[Prakash Mehra]]
| producer = [[Prakash Mehra]]
| story = Suraj Sanim
| screenplay = Suraj Sanim
| writer = {{ubl|[[Kader Khan]]|[[Laxmikant Sharma]]|[[Javed Akhtar]] (Dialogue)}}
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Amitabh Bachchan]]|[[Jaya Prada]]|[[Aditya Pancholi]]|[[Amrita Singh]]}}
| music = [[Kalyanji-Anandji]]
| cinematography =
| editing = B. S. Glaad
| studio =
| distributor = {{ubl|[[Eros Entertainment]]|Prakash Mehra Productions}}
| released = {{Film date|1989|8|25|df=y}}
| runtime = 166 minutes (''theatrical version'') 300 minutes (''Original Version with two intervals'') <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0097609/trivia|title=Jaadugar Trivia|website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = {{INR}}1.8 crores<ref name="talkingmoviez.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.talkingmoviez.com/2018/06/amitabh-bachchan-hits-flops-and.html?m=1|accessdate=14 September 2019|title=Amitabh Bachchan hits and flops|last=talkingmoviez|date=20 December 2018}}</ref>
}}
'''''Jaadugar''''' ({{translation|Magician}}) is a 1989 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[fantasy comedy]] film directed and produced by [[Prakash Mehra]] starring [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Jaya Prada]], [[Aditya Pancholi]], [[Amrita Singh]], [[Amrish Puri]] and [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] in the lead roles.<ref name="cinestaan.com">{{cite web|access-date=16 September 2019|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/jaadugar-14945|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124193130/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/jaadugar-14945|url-status=live|archive-date=24 January 2021|title=Jaadugar (1989) Cast & Crew|last=Cinestaan}}</ref> Mehra and Bachchan collaborated for the eighth and final time on this movie.

The movie was poorly received by critics and audiences and was a box office flop. Amrish Puri's charisma as the godman made him a popular choice for negative roles with other directors.<ref>{{cite web|title=God Men Of Bollywood|url=https://toistudent.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/features/god-men-of-bollywood/418.html}}</ref>

==Plot==

Returned American [[Non-resident Indian|NRI]] Shankar Narayan is baffled to witness his former businessman and jailbird dad posing as a soothsayer by the name of Mahaprabhu Janak Sagar Jagat Narayan, in a small town called Dharampur. He learns that his father has learned a few magician's tricks from a fellow inmate, and is able to fool the entire township with his "divine" powers. Shankar enlists the assistance of noted magician Goga, and brings him to Dharampur. Goga challenges the Mahaprabhu; he is able to dethrone him, ousts him from his temple, and takes over. His task over, Shankar asks Goga to leave; but power-hungry Goga, who now calls himself Gogeshwar, refuses to let go of his new-found position.

Actually Goga is not as power-hungry as he seems to be. Mahaprabhu, however, refuses to give up and uses all deceitful methods to expose the fact that Goga is just a mortal, and it is he who is actually divine. He tries to poison the 'Prasad' that Goga gives to his 'followers' but they all escape. In the end, Goga completely exposes 'Mahaprabhu' in front of the whole public along with the fact that he himself is a common man who posed as a 'Divine' man just to match and teach 'Mahaprabhu'. He then returns to his best role – being the people's magician.

==Cast==
*[[Amitabh Bachchan]] as Goga / Gogeshwar
*[[Jaya Prada]] as Meena
*[[Aditya Pancholi]] as Shankar Narayan
*[[Amrita Singh]] as Mona
*[[Raza Murad]] as Rajbharti
*[[Amrish Puri]] as Mahaprabhu Jagatsagar Chintamani
*[[Pran (actor)|Pran]] as Gajendra
*[[Alka Nupur]] as Amina
*[[Harbans Darshan M. Arora]] as Police Inspector (as Harbans Darshan)
*[[Vikas Anand]] as Kanchan
*[[Bharat Bhushan]] as Gyaneshwar
*[[Ram Sethi]] as Pyarelal
*[[Bob Christo]] as Bob
*[[Leena Das]] as Flory
*[[C. S. Dubey]] as Pujari
*[[K. S. Ramesh]] as himself (Magician)
*Gorilla as Bajrangi
*[[Satyendra Kapoor]] as Police Commissioner
*[[Johnny Lever]] as Nilkanth
*[[Ram Mohan]] as M.L.A.
*[[Mukri]] as Nathulal
*[[Babbanlal Yadav]] as Gambler

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Jaadugar
| image =
| artist = Kalyanji Anandji
| released = 1 December 1989
| recorded = 1989
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| type = Soundtrack
| label = Saregama
}}
The Soundtrack was composed by [[Kalyanji Anandji]]. The lyrics were written by [[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]], [[Prakash Mehra]] and [[Javed Akhtar]].
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Lyricist(s)
|-
| 1
| "Aaye Hain Duaen Dene"
| [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Jolly Mukherjee]], [[Sadhana Sargam]], [[Sapna Mukherjee]]
| [[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]]
|-
| 2
| "Kya Samjhen Aap Ko"
| Sapna Mukherjee
| Anjaan
|-
| 3
| "Main Jaadugar"
| Kumar Sanu, Jolly Mukherjee
| Anjaan with [[Prakash Mehra]]
|-
| 4
| "Naach Meri Radha"
| Kumar Sanu, [[Alka Yagnik]]
| Prakash Mehra
|-
| 5
| "Padosan Apni Murgi"
| [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
| [[Javed Akhtar]]
|}
<ref name="allmusic.com">{{cite web|title=Jaadugar songs|website=[[AllMusic]] |accessdate=16 September 2019|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/jaadugar-mw0001576400}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0097609}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes|m/jaadugar}}
*[https://gaana.com/album/jaadugar/''Jaadugar''] at [[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]
*[https://mobile.twitter.com/hashtag/27yearsofjaadugar/''Jaadugar''] at [[Twitter]]
*[https://www.hungama.com/album/jaadugar/1935115/''Jaadugar''] at [[Bollywood Hungama]]

{{Prakash Mehra}}

[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:1989 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1989 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Prakash Mehra]]
[[Category:Films scored by Kalyanji Anandji]]

Raag (film)

2026-03-03T00:46:42Z

Chefajaychopra123: Created Some Article V1

{{short description|2014 Assamese-language film by Rajni Basumatary}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raag
| image = Poster of Assamese film Raag the rhythm of love.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster of Raag
| director = [[Rajni Basumatary]]
| producer = [[Assam State Film (Finance and Development) Corporation Ltd.|ASFFDC]] Manna Films
| writer = Rajni Basumatary
| screenplay = Rajni Basumatary
| starring = [[Adil Hussain]] [[Zerifa Wahid]] [[Kenny Basumatary]] [[Kopil Bora]]
| music = Avinash Baghel
| cinematography = [[Ajayan Vincent]]
| editing = Rupam Kalita
| studio = Manna Films
| released = {{Film date|2014|2|7|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Assamese
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|1 crore}}<ref name="BO"/>
}}

'''''Raag''''' ({{translation|The Rhythm of Love}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Assamese language|Assamese]]-language [[drama film]], starring [[Adil Hussain]] and [[Zerifa Wahid]] in the lead roles. The film was directed by [[Rajni Basumatary]] and produced by [[Assam State Film (Finance and Development) Corporation Ltd.|Assam State Film (Finance & Development) Corporation Limited]] in association with Manna Films. The film was initially released on 7 February 2014 in the state of [[Assam]] and later on 7 March 2014<ref name="raag"/> in selected theaters across rest of [[India]] via [[PVR Cinemas|PVR Director's Rare]].

== Plot ==
''Raag'' is set in [[Delhi]] where Radhika, a Hindustani singer, lives with her businessman husband Alok. They first met during one of Radhika's musical performances in [[Guwahati]] several years ago. Despite their different philosophies of life they fall in love with each other and get married. Due to Alok's career change, they later relocate to Delhi. Even after seven years of marriage Alok is still not ready to become a father. He starts to ignore Radhika as an individual and as an artiste. Her music that apparently made him fall in love with her has now become unappealing.

Radhika meets her neighbour Iqbal, a painter. Soon they become friends. Surajeet Sahay, whose terrace Iqbal has been using as his shelter and his studio for last ten years, wants Iqbal to vacate the place. The flat was actually Iqbal's. He had to sell it to Sahay as Iqbal could not arrange money to send off his wife, Natalie (Natasha Mago), and daughter, Noor, to [[Prague]]. Iqbal had stayed back on the terrace of the flat, as he didn't want to stay away from the place that holds memories of his wife and daughter, Noor. Now Surajeet Sahay wants to sell off the flat and migrate to [[Canada]]. Radhika arranges an exhibition of Iqbal's painting to help him buy the house back. But she fails at that. Just then Partho, her childhood singer friend reappears in her life. He was secretly in love with Radhika but had let her go her way when he found out that she married Alok. With his great marketing and PR skills, Partho helps Radhika to organise another exhibition of Iqbal's painting, which deservedly turns out to be a smashing hit. Iqbal gets his house back. Partho goes back to Guwahati.

Alok, on the other hand, made love without precautions and impregnates his colleague Nandini during one of their business trips outside Delhi. Radhika came to know about it. But they both (Alok and Nandini) claim that it was just an accident and that there is no emotional involvement from either side. It is a decisive moment for Radhika to choose amongst Alok, Iqbal and Partho. The script does not show the decision Radhika made and leaves it open for interpretations. Flashforwarding to five years, the film ends with Radhika and Partho singing ''[[jugalbandi]]'' on a performance stage and Iqbal and a four-year-old girl sitting among the audience and enjoying the ''jugalbandi''.

==Cast==
* [[Adil Hussain]] as Iqbal
* [[Zerifa Wahid]] as Radhika
* [[Kenny Basumatary]] as Alok
* [[Kopil Bora]] as Partho
* Natasha Mago as Natalie
* Saumya Agarwal as Nandini
* [[Rajni Basumatary]] as Socialite (cameo role)

== Production ==
''Raag'' is the directorial debut of Rajni Basumatary, who had earlier written and produced the critically acclaimed Assamese film ''Anurag''. In an interview with [[The Times of India]], Basumatary said that she likes to explore the complexity of human situations and that human emotions are universal, no matter where one is from.<ref name="raag">{{cite interview |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Ive-been-terribly-affected-by-witch-hunt-killings-for-years-Rajani-Basumatary/articleshow/30546971.cms| title=I've been terribly affected by witch hunt killings for years | date=17 February 2014 | accessdate=16 March 2014 | last=Basumatary | first=Rajni | interviewer=Rashmi Sarmah}}</ref> The entire film was shot in various locations in [[Delhi]] and [[Assam]].<ref name="Thumbprint">{{cite web | url=http://www.thethumbprintmag.com/content.php?cat=Culture%20and%20Society&content=Rhythm%20of%20love | title=Rajni Basumatary's new film will fill the vacumn in Assamese cinema | publisher=The Thumb Print Magazine | date=26 November 2013 | accessdate=16 March 2014}}</ref>
The music of the film was scored by [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]] musician Avinash Baghel. The music is highly influenced by [[Hindustani classical music]]. The soundtrack of the film was released on 15 January 2014 and contains 5 songs.<ref>{{YouTube|VTbznw4wDAE| RAAG - Assamese Film - Full Songs - Jukebox}}. (4 February 2014). Retrieved on 16 March 2014.</ref>

== Release ==
The film was first released on 7 February 2014 in the Indian state of [[Assam]], a month ahead of all India release.<ref name="senti">{{cite news | url=http://www.sentinelassam.com/saturday/saturday1.php?sec=16&subsec=0&ppr=3&dtP=2013-12-23 | title=New Assamese film 'Raag–The rhythm of love' | work=[[The Sentinel (Gauhati)|The Sentinel]] | date=23 December 2013 | accessdate=16 March 2014 | author=Deka, Prantik}}</ref> Later, ''Raag'' was released in selected theaters across rest of India on 7 March 2014 via [[PVR Cinemas|PVR Director's Rare]].<ref name="pti">{{cite news | url=http://ptinews.com/news/4481224_-Raag--the-rhythm-of-Love--releases-this-month-.html | title='Raag: the rhythm of Love' releases this month | work=[[Press Trust of India]] | date=8 March 2014 | accessdate=16 March 2014 | location=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref>

=== Controversy ===
Despite performing quite well in the box office, ''Raag'' was removed after only one week run in the theaters of [[Assam]] allegedly by the distributors of [[Yash Raj Films]] to make room for their big budget [[Hindi language|Hindi]] film ''[[Gunday]]''.<ref name="Jagaran">{{cite news | url=http://post.jagran.com/gunday-distributors-armtwisting-in-assam-1392800872 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324011336/http://post.jagran.com/gunday-distributors-armtwisting-in-assam-1392800872 | url-status=dead | archive-date=24 March 2014 | title='Gunday' distributors arm-twisting in Assam? | work=Jagaran Post | date=19 February 2014 | accessdate=16 March 2014 | location=Mumbai}}</ref><ref name="dna">{{cite news | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-bollywood-threat-to-regional-cinema-is-real-1966636 | title=Bollywood threat to regional cinema is real | work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] | date=4 March 2014 | agency=DNA | accessdate=16 March 2014 | author=Chatterjee, Garga}}</ref>
This led to a controversy against [[Bollywood]] movies generally trying to suppress regional films.<ref name="tpt">{{cite web | url=http://thethumbprintmag.com/content.php?cat=Culture+and+Society&content=Conversation+on+films | title=Does Bollywood bulldoze regional cinema was discussed in The Thumb Print Conversations recently. A report | publisher=The Thumbprint Magazine | date=17 February 2014 | accessdate=16 March 2014 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316141806/http://thethumbprintmag.com/content.php?cat=Culture+and+Society&content=Conversation+on+films | archivedate=16 March 2014 }}</ref>

== Awards ==
''Raag'' won three awards at the [[Prag Cine Awards 2014]]: Best Actor Male (for [[Adil Hussain]]), Best Art Direction (for Deepti Chawla and Archana Malhotra), and Best Makeup (for Akash Gogoi). It was nominated in 9 categories: Best Film, Best Director, Best Screenplay, Best Actor Female, Best Supporting Actor Male, Best Music Direction, Best Lyrics, Best Playback Singer Female, and Best Costume Design.<ref>{{Cite news|title=List of Award Winners : Prag Cine Award 2014|work=Magical Assam|url=https://www.magicalassam.com/2014/03/list-of-award-winners-prag-cine-award-2014.html|access-date=18 September 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt8826176}}
*{{Official website|http://raagthefilm.com/|Official website of the film}}

[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:2010s Assamese-language films]]

List of Hindi films of 2012

2026-03-03T00:08:57Z

Chefajaychopra123: minor update

{{Short description|List of Hindi films released in 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2013}}{{Bollywood films}}
{{one source|date=June 2015}}
This is a list of [[Bollywood|Hindi]] films released in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Release Dates|url=http://www.news.biharprabha.com/2012/01/bollywood-movies-which-you-must-watch-in-2012|work=Biharprabha News|access-date=7 January 2012}}</ref>

==Box office collection==
The 10 highest worldwide grossing Bollywood films of 2012 are as follows:<ref>[https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2012/ Worldwide Highest Grossing Bollywood Movies on 2012 – Bollywood Hungama]</ref>

{| class= wikitable
! Rank !! Title !! Production company!! Worldwide Gross
|-
| 1 || ''[[Ek Tha Tiger]]'' || [[Yash Raj Films]]|| {{INRConvert| 334.39|c|year=2012|mode=historical}}
|-
| 2 || ''[[Dabangg 2]]'' || [[Eros International]] [[Arbaaz Khan|Arbaaz Khan Productions]] Stellar Films|| {{INRConvert|255|c|year=2012|mode=historical}}
|-
| 3 || ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]''|| Yash Raj Films|| {{INRConvert|235|c|year=2012|mode=historical}}
|-
| 4 || ''[[Rowdy Rathore]]''||[[UTV Motion Pictures]] [[Bhansali Productions]]|| {{INRConvert|203.39|c|year=2012|mode=historical}}
|-
| 5. || ''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]'' || [[Eros International]] [[Dharma Productions]]|| {{INRConvert|193|c|year=2012|mode=historical}}
|-
| 6 || ''[[Barfi!]]'' || [[UTV Motion Pictures]] Ishana Movies|| {{INRConvert|175|c|year=2012|mode=historical}}
|-
| 7 || ''[[Talaash: The Answer Lies Within]]'' || [[Reliance Entertainment]] Aamir Khan Productions [[Excel Entertainment]]|| {{INRConvert|180.83|c|year=2012|mode=historical}}
|-
| 8 || ''[[Housefull 2]]'' || [[Eros International]] [[Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment]]|| {{INRConvert|179.15|c|year=2012|mode=historical}}
|-
| 9 || ''[[Bol Bachchan]]'' || [[Fox Star Studios]] [[Ajay Devgn FFilms]] [[Shree Ashtavinayak Cine Vision]] Shree Ashtavinayak LFS Infra|| {{INRConvert| 165.68|c|year=2012|mode=historical}}
|-
| 10 || ''[[Son of Sardaar]]'' || [[Ajay Devgn FFilms]] YRV Infra & Media [[Viacom 18 Motion Pictures]] [[Eros International]]|| {{INRConvert|161.48|c|year=2012|mode=historical}}
|}

==January – March==



{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#b0e0e66; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |Opening
! style="width:19%;" | Title
! Director
! Cast
! Genre
! Studio
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a; textcolor:#000;"| '''J A N'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;" | '''6'''
| ''[[Players (2012 film)|Players]]'' || [[Abbas–Mustan]] || [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Abhishek Bachchan]], [[Bipasha Basu]], [[Sonam Kapoor]], [[Bobby Deol]], [[Neil Nitin Mukesh]], [[Sikander Kher]], [[Omi Vaidya]], [[Johnny Lever]], [[Vyacheslav Razbegaev]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540906 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107175422/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540906 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2012 |title=Players (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2012-01-05}}</ref> || [[Action film|Action]]/[[Thriller film|Thriller]] || [[Viacom18 Motion Pictures]], Burmawala Bros.
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;" | '''13'''
| ''[[Chaalis Chauraasi]]'' || Hriday Shetty || [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Atul Kulkarni]], [[Kay Kay Menon]], [[Ravi Kishan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/545957 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107175439/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/545957 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2012 |title=Chaalis Chauraasi (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2011-12-11}}</ref>|| [[Comedy film|Comedy]]/[[Crime film|Crime]] ||
|-
| ''[[Ghost (2012 film)|Ghost]]'' || Puja Jatinder Bedi || [[Shiney Ahuja]], [[Sayali Bhagat]], [[Deepraj Rana]], [[Julia Bliss]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/547534 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107175504/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/547534 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2012 |title=Ghost (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2011-12-11}}</ref> || [[Adult film|Adult]]/[[Horror film|Horror]] ||
|-
| ''[[Sadda Adda]]'' || Muazzam Beg || [[Karanvir Sharma]], [[Shaurya Chauhan]], Bhaumik Sampat, Kahkkashan Aryan, Rohin Robert, Rohit Arora<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2011/sadda-adda-team-kickstart-promotional-activity-121211.html|title=Sadda Adda team kick-starts its promotional activities|last=Shekhar|date=12 December 2011|work=Entertainment One India|publisher=Greynium Information Technologies Pvt. LTd|access-date=18 February 2013}}</ref> || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] ||
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#ffdacc; textcolor:#000;" | '''26'''
| ''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]'' || [[Karan Malhotra]] || [[Hrithik Roshan]], [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Priyanka Chopra]], [[Om Puri]], [[Zarina Wahab]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/503039 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107175347/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/503039 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2012 |title=Agneepath (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2011-12-11}}</ref> || [[Action film|Action]]/[[Drama film|Drama]] || [[Eros International]], [[Dharma Productions]]
|-
| rowspan="10" style="text-align:center; background:#dcc7df; textcolor:#000;"| '''F E B'''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;" | '''3'''
| ''[[Gali Gali Chor Hai]]'' || Rumi Jaffrey || [[Akshaye Khanna]], [[Shriya Saran]], [[Mugdha Godse]], [[Satish Kaushik]], [[Vijay Raaz]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/547369 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107175444/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/547369 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2012 |title=Gali Gali Mein Chor Hai (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2011-12-11}}</ref>|| [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
| ''[[Staying Alive (2012 film)|Staying Alive]]'' || [[Anant Mahadevan]] || [[Anant Mahadevan]], [[Saurabh Shukla]], [[Chandan Roy Sanyal]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/504074 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108012130/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/504074 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 January 2012 |title=Staying Alive (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2012-02-08}}</ref> || [[Social film|Social]] ||
|-
| ''[[Love You To Death (2012 film)|Love You To Death]]'' || Rafeeg Ellias || Yuki Ellias, [[Chandan Roy Sanyal]], [[Sheeba Chaddha]], [[Suhasini Mulay]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/546909 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110062709/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/546909 |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 January 2012 |title=Love You To Death (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2012-02-18}}</ref> || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;" | '''10'''
| ''[[Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu]]'' || Shakun Batra || [[Kareena Kapoor]], [[Imran Khan (Bollywood actor)|Imran Khan]], [[Ratna Pathak Shah]], [[Boman Irani]], [[Ram Kapoor]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/537949 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107175412/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/537949 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2012 |title=Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2011-12-11}}</ref> || [[Romance film|Romance]]/[[Comedy film|Comedy]] ||[[UTV Motion Pictures]], [[Dharma Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Valentine's Night]]'' || Krishan Kumar || [[Payal Rohatgi]], [[Sangram Singh]], Rahul Minz, Neha Thakur<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/549834 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202204218/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/549834 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 February 2012 |title=Valentine's Night (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2012-02-18}}</ref> || [[Adult film|Adult]]/[[Romance film|Romance]]/[[Thriller film|Thriller]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;" | '''17'''
| ''[[Ekk Deewana Tha]]'' || [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] || [[Prateik Babbar]], [[Amy Jackson]], [[Manu Rishi]], [[Ramesh Sippy]], [[Sachin Khedekar]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/547975 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107175530/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/547975 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2012 |title=Ek Deewana Tha (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2011-12-11}}</ref> || [[Romance film|Romance]] ||[[Fox Star Studios]], [[Photon Kathaas|Photon Kathaas Productions]], [[RS Infotainment]]
|-
| ''[[?: A Question Mark]]'' || Allyson Patel Yash Dave || [[Maanvi Gagroo]], Akhlaque Khan, Yaman Chatwal, [[Varun Thakur]], Chirag Jain, [[Sonam Mukherjee]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/549855 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206063029/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/549855 |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 February 2012 |title=?: A question mark (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2012-02-19}}</ref> || [[Adult film|Adult]]/[[Horror film|Horror]] ||
|-
| ''[[Married 2 America]]'' || Dilip Shankar ||[[Jackie Shroff]], [[Archana Joglekar]], Anjali Malhotra, [[Shweta Tiwari]], [[Raghubir Yadav]], Chetan Pandit, Ashok Samarth, [[Akhilendra Mishra]]|| [[Drama]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ede3ef; textcolor:#000;" | '''24'''
| ''[[Jodi Breakers]]'' || Ashwini Chaudhary || [[R. Madhavan]], [[Bipasha Basu]], [[Milind Soman]], [[Dipannita Sharma]], [[Omi Vaidya]], [[Mrinalini Sharma]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/547540 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107175510/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/547540 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2012 |title=Jodi Breakers (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2011-12-11}}</ref>|| [[Romance film|Romance]] ||
|-
| ''[[Tere Naal Love Ho Gaya]]'' || Mandeep Kumar || [[Riteish Deshmukh]], [[Genelia D'Souza]], [[Om Puri]], [[Tinnu Anand]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/547453 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107175454/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/547453 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2012 |title=Tere Naal Love Ho Gaya (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2011-12-11}}</ref> || [[Romance film|Romance]]/[[Comedy film|Comedy]] ||[[UTV Motion Pictures]], [[Tips Industries]]
|-
| rowspan="11" style="text-align:center; background:#98fb98; textcolor:#000;"| '''M A R'''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#cdfecd; textcolor:#000;"| '''2'''
| ''[[London, Paris, New York]]'' ||Anu Menon || [[Ali Zafar]], [[Aditi Rao Hydari]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/547819 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107175515/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/547819 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2012 |title= London, Paris, New York (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2012-05-01}}</ref> || [[Romance film|Romance]] || [[Fox Star Studios]], Rose Movies
|-
| ''[[Paan Singh Tomar (film)|Paan Singh Tomar]]'' || [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]] || [[Irrfan Khan]], [[Mahie Gill]], [[Vipin Sharma]], [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/505853 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114170738/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/505853 |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 January 2012 |title=Paan Singh Tomar (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2011-12-11}}</ref> || [[Crime film|Crime]] ||[[UTV Motion Pictures|UTV Spotboy]], Tigmanshu Dhulia Films
|-
| ''[[Will You Marry Me? (film)|Will You Marry Me?]]'' || Aditya Dutt || [[Shreyas Talpade]], [[Rajeev Khandelwal]], Tripta Parashar, [[Mugdha Godse]], [[Celina Jaitly]], Muzammil Ibrahim<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/537931 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205163152/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/537931 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 February 2012 |title =Will You Marry Me? (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2011-12-11}}</ref> || [[Romance film|Romance]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#cdfecd; textcolor:#000;"| '''9'''
| ''[[Kahaani]]'' || [[Sujoy Ghosh]] || [[Vidya Balan]], [[Parambrata Chatterjee]], [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]], [[Indraneil Sengupta]], [[Saswata Chatterjee]]<ref name="Kahaani 2012">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/542221 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108210813/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/542221 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 January 2012 |title=Kahaani (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2011-12-11}}</ref> || [[Drama film|Drama]]/[[Thriller film|Thriller]] || [[Viacom18 Motion Pictures]], [[Pen Studios]], Boundscript
|-
| ''[[Chaar Din Ki Chandni]]'' || [[Samir Karnik]] || [[Kulraj Randhawa]], [[Tusshar Kapoor]], [[Anupam Kher]], [[Om Puri]], [[Anita Raj]]<ref name="Kahaani 2012" /> || [[Comedy Film|Comedy]] || Top Angle Productions
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#cdfecd; textcolor:#000;"| '''16'''
| ''[[Say Yes to Love (film)|Say Yes to Love]]'' || Mahrukh Mirza Beg || Asad Mirza, Nazia Hussain, [[Aditya Raj Kapoor]]<ref name="bollywoodhungama1">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/503036 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107201023/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/503036 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2012 |title=Agent Vinod (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2011-12-11}}</ref> || [[Romance film|Romance]] ||
|-
| ''Akkad Bakkkad Bam Be Bo'' || Dweep Raj Kochhar || Dweep Raj Kochhar<ref name="bollywoodhungama2">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/542221 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108210813/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/542221 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 January 2012 |title=Kahaani (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2011-12-16}}</ref> || [[Romance film|Romance]] ||
|-
| ''[[Zindagi Tere Naam]]'' || [[Ashu Trikha]] || [[Mithun Chakraborthy]], [[Ranjeeta Kaur]], Ashish Sharma<ref name="bollywoodhungama2" /> || [[Romance film|Romance]] ||
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#cdfecd; textcolor:#000;"|'''23'''
|''[[Agent Vinod (2012 film)|Agent Vinod]]''||[[Sriram Raghavan]]||[[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Kareena Kapoor]], [[Ram Kapoor]], [[Prem Chopra]], [[Shahbaz Khan (actor)|Shahbaz Khan]], [[Adil Hussain]], [[Ravi Kishan]]<ref name="bollywoodhungama1" />||[[Suspense film|Suspense]]/[[Thriller film|Thriller]] || [[Eros International]], [[Illuminati Films]]
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#cdfecd; textcolor:#000;" |'''30'''
| ''[[Blood Money (2012 film)|Blood Money]]''|| Vishal Mahadkar ||[[Kunal Khemu]], [[Amrita Puri]], [[Manish Chaudhari]], [[Teeshay Shah]], [[Puja Gupta]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/547398 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107175449/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/547398 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2012 |title=Blood Money (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2011-12-11}}</ref>||[[Thriller film|Thriller]] || [[Viacom18 Motion Pictures]], [[Vishesh Films]]
|-
| ''[[Bumboo]]'' || Jagdish Rajpurohit || [[Sharat Saxena]], [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]]<ref name="bollywoodhungama1" /> || [[Comedy]] ||
|}

==April – June==



{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#b0e0e66; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Opening
! style="width:19%;" | Title
! Director
! Cast
! Genre
! Studio
|-
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center; background:#b4cae3;"| '''A P R'''
| style="text-align:center; background:#d9e4f1; textcolor:#000;"| '''5'''
| ''[[Housefull 2]]'' || [[Sajid Khan (director)|Sajid Khan]]|| [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Asin]], [[John Abraham]], [[Jacqueline Fernandez]], [[Riteish Deshmukh]], [[Zareen Khan]], [[Shreyas Talpade]], [[Shazahn Padamsee]], [[Chunky Pandey]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Randhir Kapoor]], [[Boman Irani]], [[Johnny Lever]], [[Neelu Kohli]], [[Suparna Marwah]], [[Malaika Arora]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/542290 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107201054/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/542290 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2012 |title=Housefull 2 (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2011-12-11}}</ref> || [[Action comedy film|Action comedy]] || [[Eros International]], [[Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment]]
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#d9e4f1;" | '''13'''
| ''[[Bittoo Boss]]'' || Supavitra Babul || [[Pulkit Samrat]], [[Amita Pathak]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/548034 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109190811/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/548034 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 January 2012 |title=Bittoo Boss (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2011-12-11}}</ref>|| [[Comedy film|Comedy]] || [[Viacom18 Motion Pictures]], Wide Frame Pictures
|-
|''[[Ab Hoga Dharna Unlimited]]''|| Deepak Tanwar || Saurabh Malik, Rekha Rana, [[Omkar Das Manikpuri]]<ref name="youtube1" />||[[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#d9e4f1;" | '''20'''
|''[[Vicky Donor]]''||[[Shoojit Sircar]]||[[Ayushmann Khurrana]], [[Yami Gautam]], [[Annu Kapoor]], [[John Abraham]]<ref name="bollywoodhungama3">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/548152 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115125854/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/548152 |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 January 2012 |title=Vicky Donor (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2012-02-15}}</ref>||[[Comedy film|Comedy]] || [[Eros International]], JA Entertainment, Rampage Motion Pictures, Rising Sun Films
|-
|''[[Hate Story]]''||[[Vivek Agnihotri]]||[[Paoli Dam]], [[Gulshan Devaiah]], [[Nikhil Dwivedi]]<ref name="bollywoodhungama3" />||[[Adult film|Adult]]/[[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] || [[T-Series Films]]
|-
| ''[[Chhodo Kal Ki Baatein]]'' || Pramod Joshi || [[Sachin Khedekar]], [[Aanjjan Srivastav]], [[Atul Parchure]], [[Anupam Kher]]<ref name="youtube1">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LF3kIqQpEtI |title=Someday (2012) |via=YouTube |access-date=2012-01-12}}</ref> || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#d9e4f1;"| '''27'''
| ''[[Tezz]]'' || [[Priyadarshan]] ||[[Ajay Devgn]], [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Kangana Ranaut]], [[Zayed Khan]], [[Sameera Reddy]], [[Boman Irani]], [[Mohanlal]], [[Mallika Sherawat]]<ref name="Tezz 2012">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/537946 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107190703/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/537946 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2012 |title=Tezz (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2012-12-11}}</ref>|| [[Action film|Action]] || [[Eros International]], [[Venus Records & Tapes|Venus Worldwide Entertainment]], United 7 Entertainment
|-
| ''[[Life Ki Toh Lag Gayi]]'' || Rakesh Mehta ||[[Ranvir Shorey]], [[Kay Kay Menon]], [[Manu Rishi]], [[Rukhsar Rehman]], [[Neha Bhasin]]<ref name="Tezz 2012" /> || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] ||
|-
| rowspan="14" style="text-align:center; background:hotPink;"| '''M A Y'''
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#ffb5da;"| '''4'''
| ''[[Jannat 2]]'' || [[Kunal Deshmukh]] || [[Emraan Hashmi]], [[Esha Gupta]], [[Randeep Hooda]]<ref name="Jannat 2 2012">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/547835 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107201104/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/547835 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2012 |title=Jannat 2 (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2012-12-11}}</ref> || [[Crime film|Crime]]/[[Thriller film|Thriller]] || [[Fox Star Studios]], [[Vishesh Films]]
|-
| ''[[Fatso!]]'' || [[Rajat Kapoor]] || [[Ranvir Shorey]], [[Gul Panag]], [[Purab Kohli]]<ref name="Jannat 2 2012" /> || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] || Pritish Nandy Communications
|-
| ''The Forest'' || [[Ashvin Kumar]] || [[Ankur Vikal]], [[Nandana Sen]], [[Jaaved Jaaferi]]<ref name="Jannat 2 2012" />|| [[Horror film|Horror]]||
|-
| ''Love, Lies & Seeta'' || Chandra Pemmaraju || Melanie Kannokada, [[Arjun Gupta (actor)|Arjun Gupta]], [[Lavrenti Lopes]]<ref name="Jannat 2 2012" /> || [[Comedy film|Comedy]]||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ffb5da;" | '''11'''
| ''[[Dangerous Ishq]]'' || [[Vikram Bhatt]] || [[Karisma Kapoor]], [[Rajneesh Duggal]], [[Jimmy Sheirgill]], [[Divya Dutta]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/537910 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108205700/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/537910 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 January 2012 |title=Dangerous Ishq (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2012-01-19}}</ref> || [[Romance film|Romance]]/[[Thriller film|Thriller]] || [[Reliance Entertainment]], Dar Motion Pictures, ASA Productions & Enterprises
|-
|''[[Chhota Bheem and the Curse of Damyaan (2012 film)|Chhota Bheem and the Curse of Damyaan]]''||[[Rajiv Chilaka]]|| Voice-over by Kaustav Ghosh, Rupa Bhimani<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Chhota-Bheem-And-The-Curse-Of-Damyaan/movie-review/13299089.cms |title=Chhota Bheem And The Curse Of Damyaan (2012) |work=The Times of India |access-date=2012-05-19}}</ref>||[[Animation film|Animation]]||[[PVR Pictures]], [[Green Gold Animation]]
|-
| ''[[Ishaqzaade]]'' || [[Habib Faisal]] || [[Arjun Kapoor]], [[Parineeti Chopra]], [[Gauahar Khan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/548051 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114161214/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/548051 |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 January 2012 |title=Ishaqzaade (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2012-02-10}}</ref> || [[Romance film|Romance]] || [[Yash Raj Films]]
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#ffb5da;" | '''18'''
| ''[[Department (film)|Department]]'' || [[Ram Gopal Varma]] || [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Rana Daggubati]], [[Anjana Sukhani]], [[Lakshmi Manchu]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/537948 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120011711/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/537948 |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 January 2012 |title=Department (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2012-02-23}}</ref> || [[Adult film|Adult]]/[[Action film|Action]]/[[Crime film|Crime]] || [[Viacom18 Motion Pictures]], Uberoi Line Productions, Wave Cinemas
|-
| ''[[Mr. Bhatti on Chutti]]'' || [[Karan Razdan]] || [[Anupam Kher]], [[Abid Ali (actor)|Abid Ali]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/504770 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130230006/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/504770 |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 January 2012 |title=Mr. Bhatti on Chutti (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2012-02-23}}</ref> || [[Comedy Film]] ||
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background: #ffb5da;"| '''25'''
| ''[[Arjun: The Warrior Prince]]'' || Arnab Chaudhuri || Voice-over by Yuddvir Bakolia, [[Anjan Srivastav]], [[Sachin Khedekar]], [[Ila Arun]], [[Vishnu Sharma]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/article3423952.ece |title=Arjun: The Warrior Prince (2012) |work=The Hindu|access-date=2012-05-16}}</ref> || [[Computer-animated film|Computer-Animated]] || [[Walt Disney Pictures]], [[UTV Motion Pictures]]
|-
| ''MLA'' || Shiv Dube || [[Mukesh Tiwari]], [[Omkar Das Manikpuri]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Shiv-Dube-to-show-the-power-of-common-man/articleshow/13297190.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120726094443/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-20/news-interviews/31779051_1_common-man-mla-real-face |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-07-26 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=MLA (2012) |access-date=2012-05-16}}</ref> || [[Crime film|Crime]] ||
|-
| ''[[Rakhtbeej]]'' || Anil Balani || Maanas Srivastavam, Sayantani Nandi || [[romantic comedy]] ||
|-
| ''[[Yeh Khula Aasmaan]]'' || Gitanjali Sinha || [[Raghubir Yadav]], [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]] || [[Romance film|Romantic]] ||
|-
| ''[[Love, Wrinkle-free]]'' || [[Sandeep Mohan]] || [[Ash Chandler]], [[Shernaz Patel]] || [[Adult film|Adult]]/[[Romance film|Romantic]] ||
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#50c878;"| <big>'''J U N'''</big>
| style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#a8e4bc;"| '''1'''
| ''[[Rowdy Rathore]]'' || [[Prabhu Deva]] || [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Sonakshi Sinha]], [[Paresh Ganatra]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/545805 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107221930/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/545805 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2012 |title=Rowdy Rathore (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2011-12-11}}</ref> || [[Action film|Action/comedy]] || [[UTV Motion Pictures]], Bhansali Productions
|-
| style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#a8e4bc;"| '''8'''
| ''[[Shanghai (2012 film)|Shanghai]]'' || [[Dibakar Banerjee]] || [[Emraan Hashmi]], [[Abhay Deol]], [[Kalki Koechlin]], [[Prasenjit Chatterjee]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/542091 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111062035/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/542091 |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 January 2012 |title=Shanghai (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2012-02-02}}</ref>|| [[Political film|Political]]/[[Thriller film|Thriller]] || [[PVR Pictures]], DBP
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#a8e4bc;"| '''15'''
|''[[Ferrari Ki Sawaari]]''|| Rajesh Mapuskar ||[[Sharman Joshi]], [[Boman Irani]], [[Vidya Balan]], Ritvik Sahore<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/505855 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107201035/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/505855 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2012 |title=Ferrari Ki Sawaari (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2011-12-11}}</ref>||[[Drama film|Drama]]/[[Comedy film|Comedy]] || [[Eros International]], [[Vinod Chopra Films]]
|-
| ''Qasam Se Qasam Se''|| Azim Rizvi ||Faith, [[Rakhi Sawant]], [[Satish Kaushik]], [[Mukesh Tiwari]], [[Omkar Das Manikpuri]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Qasam-Se-Qasam-Se/movie-review/14123727.cms |title=Qasam Se Qasam Se (2012) |work=The Times of India |access-date=2012-06-14}}</ref>||[[Romance film|Romance]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#a8e4bc;"| '''22'''
| ''[[Teri Meri Kahaani (film)|Teri Meri Kahaani]]'' || [[Kunal Kohli]] || [[Shahid Kapoor]], [[Priyanka Chopra]], [[Prachi Desai]], [[Neha Sharma]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/547563 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107201059/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/547563 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2012 |title=Teri Meri Kahani (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2012-01-25}}</ref> || [[Romance film|Romance]]/[[Comedy film|Comedy]] || [[Eros International]], Kunal Kohli Productions
|-
| ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur – Part 1]]'' || [[Anurag Kashyap]] || [[Manoj Bajpai]], [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]], [[Piyush Mishra]], [[Richa Chadda]], [[Huma Qureshi]], [[Reema Sen]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/537934 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109191321/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/537934 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 January 2012 |title=Gangs of Wasseypur (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2012-02-23}}</ref> || [[Crime film|Crime]]/[[Thriller film|Thriller]] ||[[Viacom18 Motion Pictures]], Tipping Point Films, [[AKFPL]], [[Phantom Films]], Elle Driver, Bohra Bros
|-
| style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#a8e4bc;"| '''29'''
| ''[[Maximum (film)|Maximum]]'' || [[Kabeer Kaushik]] || [[Sonu Sood]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Neha Dhupia]], [[Vinay Pathak]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/542149/Maximum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201202639/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/542149/Maximum |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 February 2012 |title=Maximum (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=2012-01-25}}</ref> || [[Thriller film|Thriller]] ||
|}

==July – September==



{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#b0e0e66; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Opening
! style="%;" | Title
! Director
! Cast
! Genre
! Studio
|-
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#40e0d0;"| '''J U L'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#afeeee;"| '''6'''
| ''[[Bol Bachchan]]'' || [[Rohit Shetty]] || [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Abhishek Bachchan]], [[Asin]], [[Prachi Desai]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/545484/Bol+Bachchan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114143901/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/545484/Bol+Bachchan |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 January 2012 |title=Bol Bachchan (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=2011-12-11}}</ref> || [[Comedy film|Comedy]]/[[Action film|Action]] || [[Fox Star Studios]], [[Ajay Devgn FFilms]], [[Shree Ashtavinayak Cine Vision]], Shree Ashtavinayak LFS Infra
|-
| ''[[3 Bachelors]]'' || Ajay Sinha || [[Sharman Joshi]], [[Riya Sen]], [[Raima Sen]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/548941/3+Bachelors |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108012213/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/548941/3+Bachelors |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 January 2012 |title=3 Bachelors (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2011-12-11}}</ref> || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] ||
|-
| style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#afeeee;"| '''13'''
| ''[[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]'' || [[Homi Adajania]] || [[Deepika Padukone]], [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Diana Penty]], [[Dimple Kapadia]], [[Boman Irani]], [[Randeep Hooda]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/547301/Cocktail |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115070332/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/547301/Cocktail |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 January 2012 |title=Cocktail (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2011-12-11}}</ref> || [[Romance film|Romance]] || [[Eros International]], [[Illuminati Films]], [[Maddock Films]]
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#afeeee;"| '''20'''
| ''[[Gattu]]'' || [[Rajan Khosa]] || Sarvasva, [[Mohammad Samad]], Naresh Kumar<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/549879/Gattu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213133125/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/549879/Gattu |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 February 2012 |title=Gattu (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2011-12-11}}</ref> || [[Children's film|Children]] ||
|-
| ''[[Challo Driver]]'' || Vickrant Mahajan || [[Kainaz Motivala]], Vickrant Mahajan, [[Prem Chopra]], Manoj Pahwa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/552671/Challo+Driver |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715022408/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/552671/Challo+Driver |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 July 2012 |title=Challo Driver (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2011-12-11}}</ref> || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] ||
|-
| ''[[Mere Dost Picture Abhi Baki Hai]]'' || Rajnish Raj Thakur || [[Suniel Shetty]], [[Rajpal Yadav]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/553266/Mere+Dost+Picture+Abhi+Baki+Hai |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625221824/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/553266/Mere+Dost+Picture+Abhi+Baki+Hai |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 June 2012 |title=Mere Dost Picture Abhi Baki Hai (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2011-12-11}}</ref> || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#afeeee;"| '''27'''
| ''[[Kyaa Super Kool Hain Hum]]'' || [[Sachin Yardi]] || [[Tusshar Kapoor]], [[Riteish Deshmukh]], [[Neha Sharma]], [[Sarah-Jane Dias]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/545587 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107221924/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/545587 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2012 |title=Kya Super Kool Hai Hum (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2012-02-02}}</ref> || [[Adult film|Adult]]/[[Comedy film|Comedy]] ||[[Balaji Motion Pictures]], ALT Entertainment
|-
| ''[[Aalaap (film)|Aalaap]]'' || Manish Manikpuri || Amit Purohit, Pitobash Tripathy, [[Gamya Wijayadasa]], [[Rituparna Sengupta]]|| [[Social]] ||
|-
| ''[[Overtime (2012 film)|Overtime]]'' || Ajay Yadav || Swati Sharma, [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]], [[Satish Kaushik]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movieweaver.com/upcoming-films/ |title=Overtime (2012) |publisher=MovieWeaver | access-date=2012-01-06}}</ref> || [[Drama]] ||
|-
| rowspan="10" style="text-align:center; background:plum; textcolor:#000;"| '''A U G'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#f3c0f3;"| '''3'''
| ''[[Jism 2]]'' || [[Pooja Bhatt]] || [[Sunny Leone]], [[Arunoday Singh]], [[Randeep Hooda]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/549466 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108191129/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/549466 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 January 2012 |title=Jism 2 (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2012-01-06}}</ref> || [[Adult film|Adult]]/[[Thriller film|Thriller]] ||
|-
| ''[[Krishna Aur Kans]] '' || Vikram Veturi || Voice-over by [[Om Puri]], [[Juhi Chawla]], [[Manoj Bajpai]], [[Anupam Kher]], [[A. K. Hangal]], [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]], [[Supriya Pilgaonkar]], Prachi Save<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Krishna-Aur-Kans-to-release-in-four-languages/articleshow/15164133.cms |title=Krishna Aur Kans (2012) |work=The Times of India |access-date=2012-07-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movie/krishna-aur-kans/2051/ |title=Krishna Aur Kans (2012) |publisher=glamsham.com |access-date=2012-07-26}}</ref> || [[Computer-animated film|Computer-Animated]] || [[Reliance Entertainment|Reliance Animation]]
|-
| style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#f3c0f3;"| '''8'''
| ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur – Part 2]]'' || [[Anurag Kashyap]] || [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]], [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]], [[Piyush Mishra]], [[Richa Chadda]], [[Huma Qureshi]], [[Reema Sen]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/gangs-of-wasseypur-part-ii-to-release-aug-8_114700.htm |title=Gangs of Wasseypur – Part 2 (2012) |publisher=Zee News |access-date=2012-07-05}}</ref> || [[Adult film|Adult]]/[[Crime film|Crime]]/[[Thriller film|Thriller]] || [[Viacom18 Motion Pictures]], Tipping Point Films, [[AKFPL]], [[Phantom Films]], Bohra Bros
|-
|style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#f3c0f3;"| '''10'''
| ''[[Paanch Ghantey Mien Paanch Crore]]'' || [[Faisal Saif]] || [[Meera (Irtiza Rubab)|Meera]], Abhishek Kumar, [[Kavita Radheshyam]], [[Shawar Ali]]|| [[Thriller film|Thriller]] ||
|-
| style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#f3c0f3;"| '''15'''
| ''[[Ek Tha Tiger]]'' || [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]] || [[Salman Khan]], [[Katrina Kaif]], [[Ranvir Shorey]], [[Girish Karnad]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/545809 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107225757/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/545809 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2012 |title=Ek Tha Tiger (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2011-12-11}}</ref> || [[Romance film|Romance]]/[[Action film|Action]] || [[Yash Raj Films]]
|-
| style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#f3c0f3;"| '''24'''
| ''[[Shirin Farhad Ki Toh Nikal Padi]]'' || Bela Sehgal || [[Boman Irani]], [[Farah Khan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/546287 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529001434/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/546287 |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 May 2012 |title=Shirin Farhad Ki Toh Nikal Padi (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2012-06-04}}</ref> || [[Romance film|Romance]]/[[Comedy]] || [[Eros International]], Bhansali Productions
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#f3c0f3;"| '''31'''
| ''[[Joker (2012 film)|Joker]]'' || [[Shirish Kunder]] || [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Sonakshi Sinha]], [[Chitrangada Singh]], [[Shreyas Talpade]], [[Minissha Lamba]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/504775 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107201029/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/504775 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2012 |title=Joker (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2012-07-26}}</ref> || [[Drama film|Drama]] || [[Hari Om Entertainment]], [[UTV Motion Pictures]], Three's Company Productions
|-
| ''[[Jalpari: The Desert Mermaid]]'' || [[Nila Madhab Panda]] || [[Rahul Singh (actor)|Rahul Singh]], [[Suhasini Mulay]], Lehar Khan, [[Harsh Mayar]], [[Tannishtha Chatterjee]], [[Parvin Dabas]]|| [[Thriller film|Thriller]]/[[Social]] || [[Ultra Media & Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[From Sydney with Love]]'' || Prateek Chakraborty || [[Sharad Malhotra]], Prateek Chakraborty, [[Evelyn Sharma]], [[Bidita Bag]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3835774.ece |title=From Sydney with Love (2012) |work=The Hindu|access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> || [[Romance film|Romantic]] ||
|-
| ''[[I M 24]]'' || [[Saurabh Shukla]] || [[Ranvir Shorey]], [[Neha Dhupia]], [[Saurabh Shukla]], [[Rajat Kapoor]], [[Manjari Fadnis]], [[Delnaaz Irani]], [[Lillete Dubey]], [[Karan Singh Grover]]|| [[Comedy]] || [[Junglee Pictures|Mirchi Movies]], Planman Motion Pictures
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:orange; textcolor:#000;"| '''S E P'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#ffdead;"| '''7'''
| ''[[Raaz 3: The Third Dimension]]'' || [[Vikram Bhatt]] || [[Emraan Hashmi]], [[Bipasha Basu]], [[Esha Gupta]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/546056 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107225803/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/546056 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2012 |title=Raaz 3 (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2011-12-11}}</ref> || [[Adult film|Adult]]/[[Suspense film|Suspense]]/[[Thriller film|Thriller]] || [[Fox Star Studios]], [[Vishesh Films]]
|-
| ''[[Chal Pichchur Banate Hain]]'' || Pritish Chakraborty || Rahil Tandon, Bhavna Ruparel<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/564199/Chal+Pichchur+Banate+Hain |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120810222017/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/564199/Chal+Pichchur+Banate+Hain |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 August 2012 |title=Chal Pichchur Banate Hain (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2011-12-11}}</ref>|| [[Comedy film|Comedy]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#ffdead;"| '''14'''
| ''[[Barfi!]]'' || [[Anurag Basu]] || [[Ranbir Kapoor]], [[Priyanka Chopra]], [[Ileana D'Cruz]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/547829 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107221948/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/547829 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2012 |title=Barfi! (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2012-06-12}}</ref> || [[Romance film|Romance]]/[[Comedy]] || [[UTV Motion Pictures]], Ishana Movies
|-
| ''[[Jeena Hai Toh Thok Daal]]'' || [[Manish Vatsalya]] || [[Ravi Kishan]], [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]], [[Govind Namdev]], [[Hazel Crowney]], [[Sharat Saxena]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/550319/Jeena+Hai+Toh+Thok+Daal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415004246/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/550319/Jeena+Hai+Toh+Thok+Daal |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 April 2012 |title=Jeena Hai Toh Thok Daal (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2012-06-12}}</ref> || [[Drama Film|Drama]] ||
|-
| style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#ffdead;"| '''21'''
| ''[[Heroine (2012 film)|Heroine]]'' || [[Madhur Bhandarkar]] || [[Kareena Kapoor]], [[Arjun Rampal]], [[Randeep Hooda]], [[Mugdha Godse]], [[Raqesh Bapat]], [[Divya Dutta]], [[Lillete Dubey]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/537929 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107221915/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/537929 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2012 |title=Heroine (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2012-02-02}}</ref> || [[Adult film|Adult]]/[[Drama film|Drama]] || [[UTV Motion Pictures]], Bhandarkar Entertainment
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000;background:#ffdead;"| '''28'''
| ''[[Kamaal Dhamaal Malamaal]]'' || [[Priyadarshan]] || [[Paresh Rawal]], [[Om Puri]], [[Nana Patekar]], [[Shreyas Talpade]], [[Rajpal Yadav]], [[Nyra Banerjee]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/505613 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125231005/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/505613 |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2012 |title=Kamaal Dhamaal Malamaal (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2012-08-23}}</ref> || [[Comedy]] || [[Percept Picture Company|Percept Pictures]]
|-
| ''[[OMG – Oh My God!]]'' || [[Umesh Shukla]] || [[Paresh Rawal]], [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Nidhi Subbaiah]], [[Lubna Salim]], [[Prabhu Deva]], [[Sonakshi Sinha]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/No-heroine-needed-for-Oh-My-God-Paresh-Rawal/articleshow/15615356.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103154923/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-23/news-interviews/33341304_1_krishan-vs-kanhaiya-film-paresh |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-01-03 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Oh My God (2012) |access-date=2012-08-23}}</ref> || [[Comedy]]/[[Fantasy]] || [[Viacom18 Motion Pictures]], Spice Studios, [[Grazing Goat Pictures]], Wave Cinemas
|}

==October – December==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#b0e0e66; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Opening
! style="width:19%;" | Title
! Director
! Cast
! Genre
! Studio
|-
| rowspan="11" style="text-align:center; background:#eef003;"| '''O C T'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#f9fab3; textcolor:#000;"| '''5'''
| ''[[English Vinglish]]'' || [[Gauri Shinde]] || [[Sridevi]], [[Priya Anand]], [[Mehdi Nebbou]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=ENTEN20120206890&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=233277&rhsm |title=English Vinglish (2012) |publisher=Ndtv.com |access-date=2012-06-19}}</ref> || [[Drama]] || [[Eros International]], Hope Productions
|-
| ''[[Kismat Love Paisa Dilli]]'' || Sanjay Khanduri || [[Vivek Oberoi]], [[Mallika Sherawat]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_nervous-to-play-a-25-year-old-in-klpd-vivek-oberoi_1744229 |title=Kismet Love Paisa Dilli (2012) |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=2012-09-23}}</ref> || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#f9fab3; textcolor:#000;" | '''12'''
| ''[[Aiyyaa]]'' || [[Sachin Kundalkar]] || [[Rani Mukerji]], [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-15/news-interviews/33215703_1_aiyya-sachin-kundalkar-rani-mukerji |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103181005/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-15/news-interviews/33215703_1_aiyya-sachin-kundalkar-rani-mukerji |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-03 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Aiyyaa (2012) |access-date=2012-08-15}}</ref> || [[romantic comedy|Rom-Com]] || [[Viacom18 Motion Pictures]], [[AKFPL]]
|-
| ''[[Login (film)|Login]]'' || [[Sanjeev Reddy]] || Himansu Bhatt, Radhika Roy, Akkash Basant, [[Rashmi Gautam]], [[Nandini Rai]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Login/movie-review/16767317.cms|title=Login Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Login by Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>|| [[Drama film|Drama]]/[[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] || Cocktail Pictures
|-
| ''[[Chittagong (film)|Chittagong]]'' || [[Bedabrata Pain]] || [[Manoj Bajpai]], [[Vega Tamotia]], [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]], [[Barry John (theatre director)|Barry John]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-07/news-interviews/33676645_1_manoj-bajpayee-bedabrata-pain-revolutionaries |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103083521/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-07/news-interviews/33676645_1_manoj-bajpayee-bedabrata-pain-revolutionaries |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-03 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Chittagong (2012) |access-date=2012-09-07}}</ref> || [[Drama]] || Bohra Bros
|-
| ''[[Bhoot Returns]]'' || [[Ram Gopal Verma]] || [[Manisha Koirala]], [[J. D. Chakravarthy]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/rgv-ready-to-scare-audience-with-bhoot-returns/1055506.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906194602/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/rgv-ready-to-scare-audience-with-bhoot-returns/1055506.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-09-06 |title=bhoot returns (2012) |publisher=ibnlive.in.com |access-date=2012-09-01}}</ref> || [[Horror film|Horror]] || [[Eros International]], Alumbra Entertainment
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#f9fab3; textcolor:#000;" | '''19'''
| ''[[Student of the Year]]'' || [[Karan Johar]] || [[Sidharth Malhotra]], [[Alia Bhatt]], [[Varun Dhawan]], [[Rishi Kapoor]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/541770 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114163757/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/541770 |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 January 2012 |title=Student Of The Year (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2012-04-23}}</ref> || [[Romance film|Romance]]/[[Comedy film|Comedy]] || [[Dharma Productions]], [[Red Chillies Entertainment]]
|-
|''[[Delhi Safari]]''||[[Nikhil Advani]]|| Voice-over by [[Akshaye Khanna]], [[Suniel Shetty]], [[Urmila Matondkar]], [[Boman Irani]], [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Swini Khara]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/504872/Delhi+Safari |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816230526/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/504872/Delhi+Safari |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 August 2012 |title=Delhi Safari (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2012-09-30}}</ref>||[[Computer Animated Film|Computer Animated]] || Arc Entertainment, Applied Art Productions, Fantastic Films International, Krayon Pictures, [[Emmay Entertainment]]
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#f9fab3; textcolor:#000;"| '''24'''
| ''[[Chakravyuh (2012 film)|Chakravyuh]]'' || [[Prakash Jha]]|| [[Arjun Rampal]], [[Abhay Deol]], [[Esha Gupta]], [[Manoj Bajpai]], [[Kabir Bedi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/generalnews/news/arjun-rampal-playingcop-in-chakravyuh/1699/|title=Chakravyuh (2012) |work=Business Standard}}</ref>|| [[Political Thriller]] || [[Eros International]], Prakash Jha Productions
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#f9fab3; textcolor:#000;"| '''26'''
| ''[[Ajab Gazabb Love]]'' || [[Sanjay Gadhvi]]|| [[Jackky Bhagnani]], [[Nidhi Subbaiah]], [[Arjun Rampal]], [[Darshan Jariwala]], [[Kirron Kher]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Jackky-to-show-off-eight-pack-abs-in-Ajab-Gazabb-Love/Article1-921774.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031043437/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Jackky-to-show-off-eight-pack-abs-in-Ajab-Gazabb-Love/Article1-921774.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 October 2014 |title=Ajab Gazabb Love (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2012-09-07}}</ref> || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] || [[Pooja Entertainment]]
|-
| ''[[Rush (2012 film)|Rush]]'' || Shamin Desai, Priyanka Desai || [[Emraan Hashmi]], [[Neha Dhupia]], [[Sagarika Ghatge]], [[Aditya Pancholi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/502853 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205095344/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/502853 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 February 2012 |title=Rush (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2012-10-01}}</ref> || [[Thriller Film|Thriller]]/[[Crime film|Crime]] ||
|-
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center; background:#db7093;"| '''N O V'''
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#edb7c9; textcolor:#000;"| '''2'''
| ''[[Luv Shuv Tey Chicken Khurana]]'' || Sameer Sharma || [[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)|Kunal Kapoor]], [[Huma Qureshi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/548826 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107201431/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/548826 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2012 |title=Luv Shuv Tey Chicken Khurana (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2012-09-11}}</ref> || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] || [[UTV Motion Pictures]]
|-
| ''[[1920: The Evil Returns]]'' || Bhushan Patel || [[Aftab Shivdasani]], [[Tia Bajpai]], [[Vidya Malvade]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/547818 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123041757/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/547818 |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 January 2012 |title=1920 – Evil Returns (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> || [[Horror film|Horror]] || [[Reliance Entertainment]], ASA Productions & Enterprises
|-
| ''[[Ata Pata Laapata]]'' || [[Rajpal Yadav]] || [[Rajpal Yadav]], [[Ashutosh Rana]], [[Asrani (actor)|Asrani]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/537924 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116223739/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/537924 |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 January 2012 |title=Ata Pata Laapata |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2012-07-06}}</ref> || [[Musical comedy]] ||
|-
| ''[[Sons of Ram]]'' || Kushal Ruia || Voice over by [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], Aditya Kapadia, Devansh Doshi, Saptharishi Ghosh<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2317103/ |title=Sons of Ram |publisher=IMDb |access-date=2012-09-17}}</ref> || [[Animation]]/[[Drama Film|Drama]]/[[Children]] ||
|-
| ''Future To Bright Hai Ji'' || [[Sanjay Amar]] || [[Aamir Bashir]], [[Sonal Sehgal]], [[Satish Kaushik]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/547818 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123041757/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/547818 |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 January 2012 |title=1920 – Future To Bright Hai Ji (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2012-06-29}}</ref>|| [[Drama film|Drama]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#edb7c9; textcolor:#000;"| '''13'''
| ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]'' || [[Yash Chopra]] || [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Katrina Kaif]], [[Anushka Sharma]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/SRK-and-Kats-YRF-film-titled-Jab-Tak-Hai-Jaan/articleshow/16348619.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023010625/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-11/news-interviews/33761775_1_yash-chopra-anushka-sharma-shahrukh-khan |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-10-23 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Jab Tak Hai Jaan (2012) |access-date=2012-09-11}}</ref> || [[Romance film|Romance]]/[[Drama film|Drama]] || [[Yash Raj Films]]
|-
| ''[[Son Of Sardaar]]'' || [[Ashwni Dhir]] || [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Juhi Chawla]], [[Sonakshi Sinha]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/547451 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107221940/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/547451 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2012 |title=Son Of Sardar (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2012-01-06}}</ref> || [[Comedy film|Comedy]] || [[Ajay Devgn FFilms]], YRV Infra & Media, [[Viacom18 Motion Pictures]], [[Eros International]]
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#edb7c9; textcolor:#000;"| '''30'''
| ''[[Talaash: The Answer Lies Within]]'' || [[Reema Kagti]] || [[Aamir Khan]], [[Rani Mukerji]], [[Kareena Kapoor]], [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]], [[Rajkumar Rao]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/545485 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107190723/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/545485 | url-status=dead | archive-date=7 January 2012 | title=Talaash (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2011-12-11}}</ref>|| [[Drama film|Drama]]/[[Suspense film|Suspense]] ||[[Reliance Entertainment]], Aamir Khan Productions, [[Excel Entertainment]]
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:skyBlue;" | '''D E C'''
| style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#b7e1f3;"| '''7'''
| ''[[Khiladi 786]]'' || [[Ashish R Mohan]] || [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Asin]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Raj Babbar]], [[Himesh Reshammiya]], [[Paresh Rawal]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://songs.muskurahat.com/movies/details.asp?movie=khiladi-786 |title=Khiladi 786 (2012) |publisher=muskurahat.com |access-date=2012-06-12}}</ref>|| [[Action film|Action]]/[[Comedy film|Comedy]] || [[Hari Om Entertainment]], [[Eros International]], [[HR Musik Limited|HR Musik]]
|-
| style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#b7e1f3;"| '''12'''
| ''[[The Last Act (film)|The Last Act]]'' || 12 directors || [[Saurabh Shukla]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/the-last-act/movie-review/17598784.cms|title=The Last Act Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of The Last Act by Times of India|work=The Times of India}}</ref> || [[Anthology film|Anthology]] ||
|-
| style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#b7e1f3;"| '''14'''
| ''[[Cigarette Ki Tarah]]'' || Akashaditya Lama || Bhoop Yaduvanshi, [[Prashant Narayanan]], Madhurima Tuli, [[Sudesh Berry]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/559254 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721055043/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/559254 |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 July 2012 |title=Cigarette Ki Tarah (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2012-11-06}}</ref>|| [[Drama Film|Drama]]/[[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] ||
|-
| style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#b7e1f3;"| '''21'''
| ''[[Dabangg 2]]'' || [[Arbaaz Khan]] || [[Salman Khan]], [[Sonakshi Sinha]], [[Arbaaz Khan]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Vinod Khanna]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/542696 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107190714/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/542696 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 January 2012 |title=Dabangg 2 (2012) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2012-03-12}}</ref> || [[Action film|Action]]/[[Comedy film|Comedy]] || [[Eros International]], Arbaaz Khan Production, Stellar Films
|-
|}


===Other releases===
The following films were also released in 2012, though the release date remains unknown.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Cast !! Notes !! class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| ''[[Mysterious Girl (film)|Mysterious Girl]]'' || [[Uday Kiran]], Venya || Delayed release || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/mysterious-girl/english/mysterious-girl-movie-reviews-1638-2.html|title=Mysterious Girl Review|last=Domingo|first=Christopher|work=Full Hyderabad|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825032805/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/mysterious-girl/english/mysterious-girl-movie-reviews-1638-2.html|archive-date=25 August 2012}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Bollywood films of 2013]]
* [[List of Bollywood films of 2011]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Bollywood|horiz}}
{{2012 films}}
{{Indian film list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bollywood Films Of 2012}}
[[Category:Lists of 2012 films by language|Hindi]]
[[Category:Lists of Hindi films by year|2012]]
[[Category:2012 in Indian cinema]]
[[Category:2012 Hindi-language films|*]]

List of Hindi films of 2012

2026-03-03T00:08:57Z

Chefajaychopra123: minor update

Kamandalu

2026-02-18T06:05:27Z

Chefajaychopra123: enhanced details for accuracy and updated info for accuracy

{{Short description|Type of pot from the Indian subcontinent}}
[[File:Sadhu's Kamandalu.jpg|thumb|A brass kamaṇḍalu, held by a [[sadhu]].]]
'''Kamandalu''' ({{langx|skt|kamaṇḍalu}}<ref>[http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/serveimg.pl?file=/scans/MWScan/MWScanjpg/mw0252-kaMvat.jpg Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (2008 revision)]</ref>) is an oblong water pot, originating from the [[Indian subcontinent]], made of a dry [[gourd]] ([[pumpkin]]) or [[coconut]] shell, metal, wood of the kamaṇḍalataru tree,<ref>http://sanskritdocuments.org/all_sa/shankara108m_sa.html, Shankarachrya's ashtotaram)</ref> or from clay, usually with a handle and sometimes with a spout. [[Hindu ascetic]]s or [[yogi]]s often use it for storing drinking water.<ref>{{cite book |last=Radha |first=Swami Sivananda |title=Kundalini Yoga |year=1992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xfDzSaOju8gC&q=Kamandalu |access-date=2008-08-20 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn= 9788120808126 |pages=357}} p.40</ref> The water-filled kamaṇḍalu, which is invariably carried by ascetics, is stated to represent a simple and self-contained life.

The kamaṇḍalu also appears in [[Hindu iconography]] in depictions of deities associated with [[asceticism]] or water. It is thus regarded as a symbol of [[asceticism]] in [[Hinduism]]. The kamaṇḍalu is also used by [[Jain monks]] and in depictions of some [[bodhisattva]]s.<ref>http://www.hindudharmaforums.com/archive/index.php?t-448.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711170357/http://www.hindudharmaforums.com/archive/index.php?t-448.html |date=2011-07-11 }}, ''Sanatana Dharma for Kids:'' Hindu Trinity: Brahma - Sarasvati</ref>

==Method of making==
The kamaṇḍalu may be made of various materials, including metal, clay, wood and dry gourd. For making the gourd kamaṇḍalu, a ripe pumpkin is plucked and the inner plum and seeds are cleaned. This leaves only the outer shell, which is used as the kamaṇḍalu. This is interpreted on a spiritual level as the removal of ego from a person. The ripe pumpkin represents the person, seed being the ego. Cleaning the seed thus symbolizes the removal of ego, forming a cleansed person fit to accept self-realization.
<ref>{{cite book |last=Pandit |first=Bansi |title=Explore Hinduism |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PT5h4IjBMk0C&dq=Kamandalu&pg=PA48 |access-date=2008-08-21 |publisher=Heart of Albion |isbn= 9781872883816 |pages=187}} p.48</ref>

==In Hinduism==
[[File:Brahma (musée d'art asiatique de Berlin).jpg|thumb|left|Brahma holding a kamaṇḍalu in his right hand]]
Water in a kamaṇḍalu represents [[amrita]]—the elixir of life—thus a symbol of fertility, life and wealth.<ref name = "A">{{cite book |last=Jansen |first=Eva Rudy |title=The Book of Hindu Imagery |year=1993 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1iASyoae8cMC&dq=Kamandalu&pg=PA144 |access-date=2008-08-21 |publisher=Binkey Kok Publications |isbn= 9789074597074 |pages=158}} p.52</ref> The kamaṇḍalu is often depicted in hands of gods, who appear as ascetics, like [[Shiva]] and [[Brahma]] and also water deities like [[Varuna]], [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] (the goddess of the [[Ganges]] river) and [[Sarasvati|Saraswati]].<ref name = "A"/> [[Adi Shankara]]'s ''ashtotaram'' hymn praises Shiva whose hand is adorned with the kamaṇḍalu. Other deities, such as the fire-god [[Agni]] and the preceptor of the gods, [[Brihaspati]], are depicted carrying the kamaṇḍalu.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chaplin |first=Dorothea |title=Mythlogical Bonds Between East and West |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GiAwgX1Eg1wC&dq=Kamandalu&pg=PA114 |access-date=2008-08-21 |publisher=READ BOOKS |isbn= 9781406739862 |pages=160}} p.117</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Chakrabarti |first=Dilip K. |title=Archaeological Geography of the Ganga Plain |year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OEZe-wAIiKIC&dq=Kamandalu&pg=PA84 |access-date=2008-08-21 |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn= 9788178240169 |pages=301}} p.40</ref> The goddess Karamgamaladharini is described as wearing a garland of kamaṇḍalus.<ref>{{cite book |last=Harper |first=Katherine Anne |author2=Robert L. Brown |title=The Roots of Tantra |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M7Fbj5hrmQoC&dq=Kamandalu&pg=PA240 |access-date=2008-08-21 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn= 9780791453056 |pages=270}} p.240</ref> The text [[Devi Mahatmya]] describes goddess [[Matrikas|Brahmani]] slay demons by sprinkling holy water from her kamaṇḍalu.<ref>{{cite book |last=Coburn |first=Thomas B. |title=Devī-Māhātmya |year=1988 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hy9kf7_TOHgC&dq=Kamandalu&pg=PA146 |access-date=2008-08-21 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn= 9788120805576 |pages=359}} p.146</ref> A 183–165 BC coin depicts the god [[Krishna]] holding a kamaṇḍalu.
<ref>{{cite book |last=Kala |first=Jayantika |title=Epic Scenes in Indian Plastic Art |year=1988 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MLcGKezqdDIC&dq=Kamandalu&pg=PA92 |access-date=2008-08-21 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn= 9788170172284 |pages=107}} p.92</ref>

Several mythological stories refer to the kamaṇḍalu. [[Vamana]] the dwarf avatar of god [[Vishnu]], requests demon king [[Mahabali]] for three feet of land. The donation of the land is sanctified through pouring water through a kamaṇḍalu. When [[Shukra]], the demons' preceptor, tried to prevent flow of water from the kamaṇḍalu by blocking the spout, Mahabali pierced the spout with a stick, which blinded Shukra.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20050207221439/http://www.pichu.info/nav.htm, Suryanar Koil</ref> In the [[Bhagavata Purana]], the King [[Shraddhadeva Manu|Satyavarta]] after initially put [[Matsya]] (Vishnu's avatar as a fish) which he found in the river into his kamaṇḍalu, to protect it from the big fish. Later, the fish expanded and protected the king from the great deluge of Hindu mythology.<ref>[http://www.geocities.com/bhagvatjee/bhaag/kathaa/skandh8/9matsya.htm http://www.geocities.com/bhagvatjee/bhaag/kathaa/skandh8/9matsya.htm]{{dead link|date=October 2010|bot=AnomieBOT}}. Sri Mad Bhagavat Puran, Skand 8, page 9, Chapter 24)</ref> The [[Mahabharata]] records the god [[Dhanvantari]] brought Amrita in a kamaṇḍalu, when he emerged from the churning of the ocean ([[Samudra manthan|Samudra Manthana]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Feller |first=Danielle |title=The Sanskrit epics' representation of Vedic myths |year=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G3yQJU-4mOoC&dq=Kamandalu&pg=PA187 |access-date=2008-08-21 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ |isbn= 9788120820081 |pages=382}} p.187</ref> The Hindu epic [[Ramayana]] records the monkey-god [[Hanuman]] disguised himself as a sage and fooling the demons to drink his urine stored in his kamaṇḍalu.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bose |first=Mandakranta |title=The Ramayana Revisited |year=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OiPdOBHGVp4C&dq=Kamandalu&pg=PA102 |access-date=2008-08-21 |publisher=Oxford University Press US |isbn= 9780195168327 |pages=400}} p.103</ref>

[[File:Sadhu In Haridwar.jpg|thumb|A [[sadhu]] (ascetic) with a kamaṇḍalu to his right]]
The mythical [[Sarasvati river]] traces her creation legends to the creator-god [[Brahma]]'s kamaṇḍalu.<ref>{{cite book |last=Darian |first=Steven G. |title=The Ganges in Myth and History |year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0obUy_W9NREC&dq=Kamandalu&pg=PA60 |access-date=2008-08-21 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn= 9788120817579 |pages=235}} p.60</ref> The river Ganges is also believed to flow through Brahma's kamaṇḍalu.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hiltebeitel |first=Alf |author-link=Alf Hiltebeitel |title=The Ritual of Battle |year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vwWGX08JAx8C&dq=Kamandalu&pg=PA160 |access-date=2008-08-21 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn= 9780791402498 |pages=368}} p.160</ref> One legend about the Ganges' birth says Brahma washed the big toe of the foot of Vamana and collected the water in his kamaṇḍalu, which turns into the river Ganges.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20091027080628/http://geocities.com/dr_gda/ganga.htm, ''Origin of Holy River Ganga''</ref>

Another river, [[Silambu]], has a similar origin. When Brahma washed Vamana's foot by the water of his kamaṇḍalu, one of the drops fell from Vamana's foot on the earth, turning into the river.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121101023241/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/07/08/stories/2006070800440200.htm] Deep in the Woods</ref>
Another mythical tale about the pilgrimage place Darsha Pushkarini narrates how sage [[Agastya]] trapped the river [[Kaveri]] in his kamaṇḍalu when she declined his marriage proposal. This led to famine in the region. Upon noticing this, Kaveri escaped from the kamaṇḍalu but was cursed by the sage and was finally purified at Darśa Puṣkaraṇi.<ref>https://saranathantg.blogspot.com/2008_03_01_archive.html, Srimad Bhagawat Geeta</ref> A variant tells that, angered by Kaveri's confinement, god Ganesha, in the form of a crow, pushed Agastya's kamaṇḍalu down, rescuing Kaveri and leading to the river's formation.<ref>[http://chennaionline.com/columns/Lifehistory/history05.asp,(Agastya–Part]{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} V</ref>

In the Sarada legends of Kashmir (based on oral tradition) narrated by Romesh Kumar, it is said that when [[Ravana]] was engaged in a war with [[Rama]], goddess [[Parvati]] advised Rama to take her to [[Uttarakhand]] away from the war scene. Thus, Parvati was carried by [[Hanuman]] in the form of water in a kamaṇḍalu to be dropped wherever she desired to be dropped. Wherever Hanuman rested on his way to Uttarakhand, drops of water which fell out of the kamaṇḍalu on the ground formed the springs Masanag at Gushi and the Devibal spring at Tikr in [[Kashmir]]—the kamaṇḍalu was kept in a nearby hillock where Parvati rested, where there is a [[Sharada Peeth]]. At [[Amarkantak]], the source of the [[Narmada River|Narmada]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]], an ancient kamaṇḍalu which is always filled with water is called the ''[[Bhṛgu]] kamaṇḍalu''.<ref>http://www.kashmirsentinel.com/jan2003/16.html, Sarada Legends – Different versions</ref>

The ''[[Garuda Purana]]'' states that the donation of a kamaṇḍalu in the [[śrāddha]] (funerary ritual) ensures that the deceased has ample drinking water in his afterlife journey.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Garuda Purana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bHm6nKenVK4C&dq=Kamandalu&pg=PT56 |access-date=2008-08-21 |isbn=978-0-9793051-1-5|last1 = Debroy|first1 = Dipavali|last2 = Debroy|first2 = Bibek|year = 1992}}</ref>

==In Buddhism and Jainism==
Buddhists pour water from the kamaṇḍalu onto the palms of people, before rituals, where the water symbolizes [[elixir]] of life.<ref>{{cite book |last=Blau |first=Tatjana |author2=Mirabai Blau |title=Buddhist Symbols |year=2002 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bcf46Ye46qUC&dq=Kamandalu&pg=PA225 |access-date=2008-08-21 |publisher=Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. |isbn= 9781402700330 |pages=256}} p.225</ref> It is also called ''bhumba''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jansen |first=Eva Rudy |author2=Tony Langham |title=The Book of Buddhas |year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GngtR4O6Y_EC&dq=Kamandalu&pg=PA28 |access-date=2008-08-21 |publisher=Binkey Kok |isbn= 9789074597029 |pages=110}} p.28</ref> [[Bodhisattva]]s like [[Maitreya]] and [[Avalokiteśvara]] are depicted carrying the kamaṇḍalu.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wong |first=Dorothy C. |title=Chinese Steles |year=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4gNk5HzIIKgC&dq=Kamandalu&pg=PA93 |access-date=2008-08-21 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn= 9780824827830 |pages=226}} p.93</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Donaldson |first=Thomas E. |title=Iconography of the Buddhist Sculpture of Orissa |year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DbxE8zOuRbUC&dq=Kamandalu&pg=PA195 |access-date=2008-08-21 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn= 9788170173755 |pages=792}} p.195</ref> The kamaṇḍalu was initially imported from [[Hinduism]] to Buddhism, through god [[Brahma]] to Maitreya; it later was incorporated in representations of many [[Mahayana Buddhist]] deities.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jacques Duchesne-Guillemin |author-link=Jacques Duchesne-Guillemin |title=Acta Iranica |year=1974 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_MoUAAAAIAAJ&dq=Kamandalu&pg=PA97 |access-date=2008-08-21 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-03902-5}} p.97</ref>

[[Digambara]] Jain sages use the kamaṇḍalu for storing water for "toilet purposes".<ref>{{cite book |last=Jaini |first=Padmanabh S. |title=Collected Papers on Jaina Studies |year=2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HPggiM7y1aYC&dq=Kamandalu&pg=PA164 |access-date=2008-08-21 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn= 9788120816916 |pages=428}} p.164</ref> 

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Kamandalu}}

[[Category:Containers]]
[[Category:Hindu symbols]]
[[Category:Objects used in Hindu worship]]

1820 in India

2026-02-17T14:58:01Z

Chefajaychopra123: stub

{{Short description|none}} 
Events in the year '''1820 in [[India]]'''.

==Events==
*National income - ₹11,684 million
*[[June 10]] – [[Thomas Munro, 1st Baronet|Sir Thomas Munro]] is appointed as the British colonial [[List of colonial Governors and Presidents of Madras|Governor of the Madras Presidency]], which encompasses most of southern [[India]].<ref>T. H. Beaglehole, ''Thomas Munro and the Development of Administrative Policy in Madras 1792-1818'' (Cambridge University Press, 1966) p121</ref>

==Law==
*Divorce Bills Evidence Act (British statute)

{{Year in India|1820}}

== Births ==

* 26 September – [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]], the "Father of Bengali prose", [[educator]] and [[social reformer]] (died 1891)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1820 in India]]

Kanishka Soni

2026-02-12T05:11:49Z

Chefajaychopra123: starting some details more to come

{{short description|Indian actress and model from Mumbai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kanishka Soni
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Kanishka Soni -6.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = Kanishka Soni
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat, India
| years_active = 2007–present
| occupation = Actress, singer, model
| website = {{URL|www.kanishkasoni.com}}
}}
'''Kanishka Soni''' is an Indian actress and model from [[Mumbai]]. She has an MBA in finance from the [[University of Mumbai]]. After her studies she was selected for singing in the reality show [[bathroom singer]] on [[Filmy]] Tv by Optimystix Entertainment. She is best known for her character ''Daisa's bahu'' in the [[Star Plus]] Tv show [[Diya Aur Baati Hum]], ''Manjari Satya Nayak'' in the [[Life Ok]] Television series [[Do Dil Ek Jaan]] opposite [[Akshay Dogra]], [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]]'s sister [[Revati]] in [[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]] on [[Life Ok]], Parashavi (Vidur's Wife) in the Star Plus TV soap opera [[Mahabharat]], Maya Thakur in [[Begusarai (TV series)]] on [[&TV]], [[Sumitra]] in ''[[Sankatmochan Mahabali Hanumaan]]'' on [[Sony Entertainment Television]], Inspector Redkar in the most popular show on star plus ''[[Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala]]''. Currently she is seen as Devi River [[Ganga]] in [[Devi Adi Parashakti]] on [[Dangal TV]]. She is a Politician with [[Ramdas Athawale]]'s [[Republican Party of India (Athawale)|political party]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/west/rpi-chief-ramdas-athawale-tests-positive-for-covid-19-907642.html |title=RPI chief Ramdas Athawale tests positive for Covid-19 {{!}} Deccan Herald |date=27 October 2020}}</ref>

==Early life==
Soni was born in [[Ahmedabad]] in the Indian state of [[Gujarat]]. She completed her schooling from [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]], [[Shahibaug]] and Masters and Post Graduation in diploma in finance from [[University of Mumbai]].

==Career==
Soni started her career in 2007 when she got selected for a singing reality show [[Bathroom singer]] on [[Filmy]] Tv by Optimystix Entertainment Pvt. Ltd. after completing her studies. Although her career started as a singer, she was more passionate towards acting. Initially she got an opportunity as a model to accompany [[Akshay Kumar]] in Grand Finale of [[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi (season 2)|Fear Factor Khatron Ke Khiladi Level 2]] and with VJ Juhi in ''Exhausted'' on [[Channel V]] both by [[Endemol]] India Pvt. Ltd.. She made her debut in a Tamil movie ''Pathayeram Kodi'' opposite to [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pathayeram Kodi |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/movie-review/18217463.cms?prtpage=1 |access-date=14 January 2014}}</ref> She has appeared in multiple movies, such as ''Pathaayiram Kodi'', [[Devaraya (film)|Devaraya]] and ''Yuvrajayam''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Srikanth's Devaraya Movie Hyderabad Theaters |url=http://timesofap.com/cinema/srikanth-s-devaraya-movie-hyderabad-theaters.html |access-date=14 January 2014}}</ref> She has played various roles in TV shows as Manjari Satya Nayak in the television series [[Do Dil Ek Jaan]] on Life OK Tv channel opposite [[Akshay Dogra]] and [[Pavitra Rishta]] on [[Zee Tv]] as Sukruti.

She was paired opposite to [[Hasan Zaidi]] in [[Channel V]] show [[Gumrah: End of Innocence]], season 3.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hasan Zaidi and Kanishka Soni in Gumrah |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Hasan-Zaidi-and-Kanishka-Soni-in-Gumrah/articleshow/21328309.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116073803/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-25/tv/40793328_1_gumrah-bollywood-debut-horror-story |url-status=live |archive-date=16 January 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 July 2013 |access-date=14 January 2014}}</ref> Currently she is doing [[Diya Aur Baati Hum]] on [[Star Plus]] as Daisa's Bahu and [[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]] on [[Life Ok]] Tv channel as Princess Raveti.<ref>{{cite news |title=कनिष्का को मिला नए रोल का ऑफर |url=http://rajasthanpatrika.patrika.com/story/entertainment/kanishka-got-new-role-in-mahadev-391215.html |access-date=26 June 2015 |work=[[Rajasthan Patrika]] |date=6 February 2014 |archive-date=8 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708071229/http://rajasthanpatrika.patrika.com/story/entertainment/kanishka-got-new-role-in-mahadev-391215.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> She has been acted in commercial advertisement of Huggies diaper, Shriram cement, Slicer and Dicer Tele, and corporate advertising and promos for [[Imagine TV|N.D.T.V. Imagine]] shows, promo for [[Channel V]] show [[Yeh Jawani Ta Ra Ri Ri]] and been model for brands like [[Life Insurance Corporation of India|LIC]], Provo Glasses and JULIET Punjabi dresses. She has played various roles in Tv shows as such [[C.I.D. (Indian TV series)|CID]], [[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]] and [[Hum Ne Li Hai- Shapath|Shapath]]. Soni played the role of ''Saraswati Devi'' and ''Mata Parvati'' in an air show ''Sankatmorchan Hanumaan'' on [[DD National]]. She has appeared in various live show events with singers [[Anup Jalota]] and Ram shankar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Aisi lagi lagan, Meera ho gayi magan |publisher=Dainik Jagran |date=4 April 2010}}</ref> She has also sung songs for DD National Show ''Sankatmorchan Hanumaan'' and for music composer Nikhil Kamath.

Soni has signed to act in the show [[Balaji Telefilms|MTV Webbed-Cyber Abuse (Season 2)]] hosted by [[Kritika Kamra]] on [[MTV]] along with [[Do Dil Ek Jaan]] co-actor [[Nikita Sharma]] by [[Balaji Telefilms]] and is said to act in Gumrah: End of Innocence, season 4 and [[&TV]]'s Tujhse Naraz Nahi Zindagi.

Soni has got her first break as a playback singer for upcoming movie [[M A PASS]] which is by the same makers of 2014 released [[B.A. Pass]] starer [[Shilpa Shukla]] which claimed many national and international awards, The song is composed by Geet Vani, recreated by Dhiren Raichura and mixing by Sajan patel who are very known and experienced people from the industry. while experiencing herself phase of struggle into music industry, she has registered her own company KASO MUZIK which can make easy access for singers from outside world to enter into Bollywood industry<ref name="connectgujarat.com">{{cite web |url=http://connectgujarat.com/kanishka-soni-tellywood-actress-vadodara-supporting-girls-saved-prostitution/ |title=Kanishka Soni a tellywood actress from Vadodara is supporting the girls saved from prostitution |date=12 October 2016}}</ref>

==Recognition==
* 2007: As a singer, She won a contest on DD National show ''Close Up Music Masti Aur Dhoom'', and a game/quiz show by [[Indian Television Academy Awards|Indian Television Academy]], hosted by [[Anu Kapoor]] in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Indian Television Academy Awards |url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2007 |access-date=14 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006030252/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2007 |archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>
* 2015 : Gorwanta Gujarati award, for contribution in the Indian Entertainment industry.<ref>{{cite news |title=૨૨ ગૌરવવંતા ગુજરતીયોને અવૉર્ડ આપિને આયી કરાયા સન્માનિત |url=http://epaper.divyabhaskar.co.in/Ahmedabad/12/16062015/0/1/#.VYLpI8QhyvQ.gmail |access-date=26 June 2015 |work=[[Divya Bhaskar]] |date=16 June 2015}}</ref>
*2015 : Due to her acting, modelling and singing achievements she has been declared by [[The Times of India]] multi talented beauty.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31819&articlexml=Multi-talented-Beauty-19102015011018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021205325/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31819&articlexml=Multi-talented-Beauty-19102015011018 |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 October 2016 |title=Multi-talented Beauty |date=19 October 2015 |newspaper=Mirror |location=Ahmedabad |access-date=12 November 2018}}</ref>
*2016 : Soni was recognised for her social activities for supporting "save girl child" and associating herself with RESCUE FOUNDATION owned by [[Triveni Acharya]]<ref name="connectgujarat.com"/><ref>{{Cite web | title=TV aartist Kanishka soni halp to Girls trapped in the sex racket in mumbai- m.divyabhaskar.co.in | url=http://m.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/MGUJ-VAD-c-35-629220-NOR.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021203411/http://m.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/MGUJ-VAD-c-35-629220-NOR.html | access-date=2024-12-24 | archive-date=2016-10-21}}</ref>

==Television and filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:100%"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Show
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Bathroom Singer]]'' || Contestant || Reality Television,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31821&articlexml=SABSE-BADA-RUPAIYA-Urban-poor-scramble-for-some-10112016014021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903183019/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31821&articlexml=SABSE-BADA-RUPAIYA-Urban-poor-scramble-for-some-10112016014021 |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 September 2018 |title=SABSE BADA RUPAIYA – Urban poor scramble for some usable cash |date=10 November 2016 |newspaper=Mirror |location=Mumbai |first1=Ankita |last1=Bhatkhande |first2=Lievanta |last2=Millar |access-date=12 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi|Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 2]]'' || Guest Contestant || Reality Television, in asso. with [[Endemol]] India Pvt. Ltd.
|-
| 2009 || ''Exhausted with VJ Juhi'' || rowspan="3" | Guest || Reality Television
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Rakhi Ka Swayamwar]]'' || Reality Television
|-
| 2010 || ''Jamunia''||
|-
| 2011–2012 || ''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]'' || Kajal ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Devaraya (film)|Devaraya]]'' || Dance number with Srikant || Telagu Movie
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2012 || ''[[Pavitra Rishta]]'' || Sukruti ||
|-
| ''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]'' || [[Revati|Princess Revati]] || Mythological Drama<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/TV-actress-Kanishka-Sonis-drastic-makeover/articleshow/55722370.cms |title=TV actress Kanishka Soni's drastic makeover |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=December 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| ''Sankatmorchan Hanumaan'' || Saraswati Devi and Maa Parvati || Mythological Drama
|-
| ''[[Baal Veer]]'' || Kanishka || [[Comedy drama]]
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Pathayeram Kodi]]'' || Karishma || Tamil Movie, with Vivek and Dhruv bhandari
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2013 || ''Niharika''|| Gracy ||
|-
| ''Matha Bhare Manjula''|| Priya ||
|-
| ''[[Gumrah: End of Innocence]]'' Season 3 and 4 || Self || Episodic appearance
|-
| 2014 || ''Yuvrajayam'' || Tamil superstar Shreya || Tamil Movie, with Venkat
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2014 || ''[[Do Dil Ek Jaan]]'' || Manjari Satya Nayak ||
|-
| ''[[Tum Aise Hi Rehna]]'' || Self || Drama
|-
| ''[[Firangi Bahu]]'' || Juhi ||
|-
| ''MTV Webbed''|| Priya || Episodic appearance
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2015 || ''[[CID (Indian TV series)]]'' || Doctor Prishita ||
|-
| ''[[Crime Patrol (TV series)]]'' || Chitra Nigam || Reality Documentary
|-
| ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)]]'' || Parashvi; Vidur's Wife || Mythological Drama
|-
| ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]'' || Dance Number || Mythological Drama, [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)]]
|-
| ''[[SuperCops vs Supervillains]]'' || Sheila || Action Drama
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Paisa Ho Paisa]]'' || Karishma || [[Bollywood]] Movie, with Dhruv Bhandari and Vivek
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Savdhaan India]]'' || Maya ||(Ep. 1346)
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2016 || ''[[Sankatmochan Mahabali Hanuman]]'' || Sumitra || Mythological Drama
|-
| ''[[Begusarai (TV series)]]'' || Maya Thakur || Mythological Drama
|-
| ''[[Savdhaan India]]'' || Sweety ||(Ep. 1843)
|-
| ''[[Yeh Jawani Ta Ra Ri Ri]]'' || Self ||
|-
|2018 || '' [[Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala]]''|| Inspector Redkar || <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kanishka-soni-re-enters-kullfi-kumarr-baljewala/articleshow/65621601.cms |title=Kanishka Soni re-enters 'Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala' |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=31 August 2018 |archive-date=1 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901053419/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kanishka-soni-re-enters-kullfi-kumarr-baljewala/articleshow/65621601.cms |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2020 || '' [[Resurrection jaago aur jiyo]]''|| Vedika || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/jaago-aur-jiyo-movie-review-an-intriguing-tale-of-life-and-death/22954231 |title=Jaago Aur Jiyo movie review: An intriguing tale of life and death |date=25 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2020 || '' [[Devi Adi Parashakti]]''|| Devi Ganga || <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/every-woman-has-a-ganga-in-her-says-kanishka-soni-who-plays-the-river-goddess-in-devi/articleshow/78705253.cms |title=Every woman has a Ganga in her, says Kanishka Soni, who plays the river Goddess in 'Devi' |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 October 2020 }}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{facebook|kanishka16}}
* {{Twitter}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Soni, Kanishka}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Khulta Kali Khulena

2026-02-11T15:51:40Z

Chefajaychopra123: starting the bio from scratch!

{{short description|Marathi-language television program}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Khulta Kali Khulena.jpeg
| genre = [[Drama]]
| image_size =
| writer =
| director = Hemant Deodhar Vijay Rane
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| opentheme = ''"Khulta Kali Khulena"'' by [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| theme_music_composer = Samir Saptiskar
| language = Marathi
| country = India
| num_episodes = 372
| company = Atharva Theatre & Events
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2016|07|18|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2017|09|16|df=y}}
| producer = Santosh Kanekar
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| runtime = 22 minutes
}}

'''''Khulta Kali Khulena''''' ({{translation|The opening bud did not open}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] TV series which aired on [[Zee Marathi]]. It starred Omprakash Shinde, [[Mayuri Deshmukh]] and [[Abhidnya Bhave]] in the lead roles. It premiered from 18 July 2016 by replacing ''[[Majhe Pati Saubhagyawati]]''.

== Plot ==
Dr. Vikrant Dalvi, who is a renowned [[gynaecologist]] by profession, is set to tie the knot with Monica. Vikrant hails from a renowned family of doctors by profession, while Monica and her sister Manasi were orphaned at the ages of five and three, respectively, due to a horrific accident. Ever since, they have been raised by their paternal grandparents. Vikrant shows love toward Monica after she married him despite learning that she is three months pregnant and soon reveals it to Nirmala as well as his new sister-in-law Manasi, but they all keep the nasty truth hidden for the sake of both Monica, the Dalvis' family honour and the aged Deshpandes. Later, Vikrant confronts Monica, but she denies any allegation of a previous affair, and considers her situation an honest mistake. Hence, Vikrant and Monica get along with each other. Monica tries to get an abortion, but Vikrant prevents it due to the health risks to her and the advanced stage of her pregnancy. Soon, Manasi joins Nirmala’s hospital as a [[pediatrician]] and later become best friends. Monica becomes jealous seeing their friendship and confronts them from time to time. Vikrant and Manasi swiftly deflect Monica's confrontations. Throughout the marriage, Monica is established as an extremely selfish, manipulative, and ungrateful woman who treats her in-laws with utter disrespect no matter how much tender love and care they give her for her pregnancy and unborn child despite suspecting an inconsistency between the date of her marriage and the stage of her pregnancy. Eventually, Monica is forced to insist that the unborn child's biological father is Vikrant in order to prevent confrontation. The Dalvis earlier turned cold by this revelation, however they get along well with the Deshpandes for the sake of the unborn child.

Later, Vikrant learns that the Monica was aware about her pregnancy before her marriage. Hence, Vikrant confronts her in front of whole family. By this shocking stance of Vikrant, the entire family sides Vikrant about the divorce, but Monica threatens the family to hurt her unborn child. Manasi starts dating Salil Pandit on her grandparents' recommendation. But her mind is focused on and concerned about Vikrant and the unborn child, something gone unnoticed by neither Salil nor her grandparents. During a court hearing on a chilly January morning, Monica collapses and goes into labour pain. Post 8 hours of surgery, her daughter is born and later named Isha. On the day of Isha's naming ceremony, Vikrant confesses to his family that everything was a lie, he is not Isha's biological father, and that the food poisoning Monica encountered was too a lie, because it was really a suicide attempt which got thwarted by Vikrant to save the innocent unborn daughter. Ajji gets salty and slaps both Vikrant and Monica. Due to troubles caused by Monica and her overall neglect towards Isha, Manasi eventually shifts to Delhi with Isha.

;3 years later
Later, Isha and Manasi return to Mumbai. Vikrant's Ajji moved back to her native village due to escape the constant conflict within her family. Monica, who lives with Vikrant to fund her expensive lifestyle, gets insecure because of Isha and Manasi. Later, when Vikrant tries to divorce her, she uses Isha as a pawn against Vikrant. Also, Manasi confesses to Salil about her emotional attachment to Vikrant and Isha. Monica's ex-boyfriend and Isha's biological father Rajan returns, and defrauds Monica, leaving her torn and trembling on the road. Finally, Vikrant and Manasi express their love for each other but decide not to marry each other against Isha's will.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Mayuri Deshmukh]] as Dr. Manasi Shashikant Deshpande
* Omprakash Shinde as Dr. Vikrant Vijay Dalvi
* [[Abhidnya Bhave]] as Monica Vikrant Dalvi / Monica Shashikant Deshpande

=== Recurring ===
* [[Usha Nadkarni]] as Parvati Sadashiv Dalvi - Vikrant's grandmother
* [[Savita Prabhune]] as Alka Vijay Dalvi - Vikrant's mother
* [[Sanjay Mone]] as Vijay Sadashiv Dalvi - Vikrant's father
* Lokesh Gupte / Mangesh Salvi as Mohan Sadashiv Dalvi - Vikrant's uncle
* Sharvari Lohokare / [[Sharvani Pillai]] as Geeta Mohan Dalvi - Vikrant's aunt
* Manasi Magikar as Malati Govind Deshpande - Manasi and Monica's grandmother
* Arun Mohare as Govind R. Deshpande - Manasi and Monica's grandfather
* Asha Shelar as Dr. Nirmala Sadashiv Dalvi - Vikrant's aunt
* Rutuja Dharmadhikari as Richa - Monica's friend
* Sankarshan Karhade as Salil Gajanan Pandit - Manasi's fiance
* Sunil Godbole as Nanu Ajoba - Vikrant's great-uncle
* Sharvari Patankar as Sai - Deshpandes' paying guest
* Seema Ghogale as Bakula (Bucks) - Monica's personal assistant
* Niranjan Namjoshi as Rajan Manohar Sawant - Monica's boyfriend, Isha's biological father

== Reception ==
=== Special episode (1 hour) ===
# 21 August 2016<ref>{{Cite news|title='Khulta Kali Khulena' kicks off with a surprising element - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/Khulta-Kali-Khulena-kicks-off-with-a-surprising-element/articleshow/53304826.cms|access-date=2022-07-05|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=2016-07-20}}</ref>
# 25 December 2016<ref>{{Cite news|title=Three mahaepisodes on Christmas - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/marathi/three-mahaepisodes-on-christmas/articleshow/56144083.cms|access-date=2022-11-21|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=2016-12-23}}</ref>

=== Ratings ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Week
! rowspan="2" | Year
! colspan="2" | [[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC]] Viewership
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! [[Target Rating Point|TRP]]
! Rank
|-
|Week 47
|2016
|2.4
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=टीआरपीमध्ये 'माझ्या नवऱ्याची बायको' मालिका अव्वल|url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/news/kallabaji/mazya-navryachi-bayko-get-more-trp-in-serials/340816|access-date=2021-04-15|website=[[Zee 24 Taas]]|date=2 December 2016 |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|25 December 2016
|1 Hour Special
|3.2
|3
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-08-29|title='खुलता कळी खुलेना' घेणार प्रेक्षकांचा निरोप; ही नवी मालिका होणार सुरु...|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/marathi-serial-khulata-kali-khulena-tv-serial-going-off-air-zee-marathi-1540369/|access-date=2020-12-23|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Week 6
|2017
|2.0
|5
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=PICS: 'Khulta Kali Khulena' hits a century! - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/pics-khulta-kali-khulena-hits-a-century/articleshow/55375211.cms|access-date=2022-11-21|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=2016-11-11}}</ref>
|-
|Week 8
|2017
|2.7
|4
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Shreya Ghoshal sings for Marathi serial - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/shreya-ghoshal-sings-for-marathi-serial/articleshow/53241603.cms|access-date=2022-11-21|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=2017-01-16}}</ref>
|-
|Week 17
|2017
|2.3
|5
|<ref>{{Cite web|title='तुझ्यात जीव रंगला' टीआरपीमध्ये अव्वल|url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/tuzyat-jeev-rangla-top-in-trp/366365|access-date=2021-08-15|website=[[Zee 24 Taas]]|date=26 May 2017 |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Week 38
|2017
|3.1
|4
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=A new show on Marathi TV - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/marathi/a-new-show-on-marathi-tv/articleshow/53241512.cms|access-date=2022-11-21|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=2016-07-16}}</ref>
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Zee Marathi Awards 2016]]
!Category
!Recipient
!Role
|-
|Best Character Female
|[[Usha Nadkarni]]
|Parvati Dalvi
|-
|Best Title Song
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/khulata-kali-khulena/0-6-160 ''Khulta Kali Khulena''] at [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|tt13848542}}

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series debuts]]

Suresh Wadkar

2026-01-08T00:52:05Z

Chefajaychopra123: Article updated with improved flow

{{Short description|Indian singer (born 1955)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Suresh Wadkar
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Suresh_Wadkar_2008_-_still_29248_crop.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt = Wadkar in 2008
| caption = Suresh Wadkar in 2008
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1955|08|07}}
| birth_place = [[Kolhapur]], [[Bombay State]] (present{{endash}}day [[Maharashtra]]), India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Playback singer]] [[music director]]
| years_active = 1976–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Padma Wadkar|1998}}
| children = 2
| awards = {{plainlist|
* [[Padma Shri]] (2021)
* [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2018)
* [[Lata Mangeshkar Award]] (2023)
}}
| website = 
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| background = solo_singer
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Devotional song|Devotional]]
* [[Indian classical music|Classical]]
* [[Ghazals]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-01-20 |title=Suresh Wadkar sings Marathi ghazal |url=http://www.indiablooms.com/BollywoodDetailsPage/2012/bollywoodDetails170112b.php |access-date=2022-03-28 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120131139/http://www.indiablooms.com/BollywoodDetailsPage/2012/bollywoodDetails170112b.php |archive-date=20 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}
| instrument = [[Vocal]]s

}}
}}

'''Suresh Ishwar Wadkar''' (born 7 August 1955) is an Indian playback singer. He performs in both [[Hindi]] and [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] films. He has sung songs in some [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] films, [[Cinema of Odisha|Odia albums and bhajans]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.odiamusic.com/Category/CategoryResult.php?first=0&second=Suresh+Wadekar|title=Suresh Wadekar :: Odia Music Songs Collection|access-date=11 January 2017|archive-date=24 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524062924/https://www.odiamusic.com/Category/CategoryResult.php?first=0&second=Suresh+Wadekar|url-status=dead}}</ref> and in [[Konkani language|Konkani]] films.

He was awarded the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for 2018 for Sugam Sangeet.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The General Council of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Announces Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowships (Akademi Ratna) and Sangeet Natak Akademi Awards (Akademi Puraskar) for the Year 2018 |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1578893 |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=pib.gov.in |archive-date=20 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220104950/https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1578893 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2020, the [[Government of India]] honoured him with the [[Padma Shri]].

==Early life and musical training ==
Wadkar was born in [[Kolhapur]] in a middle-class family that soon moved to [[Girangaon]]. His father Ishwar Wadkar worked in cloth mills and his mother cooked food for the mill workers.<ref name="IE warmth">{{cite news |last1=Khurana |first1=Suanshu |title='Where is the warmth in the voices now?': Padma Shri singer Suresh Wadkar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/singer-suresh-wadkar-padma-shri-where-is-the-warmth-in-the-voices-now-7616536/ |access-date=28 March 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=10 November 2021 |language=en |archive-date=28 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328190602/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/singer-suresh-wadkar-padma-shri-where-is-the-warmth-in-the-voices-now-7616536/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In youth, he wrestled at akhadas and frequented the Talwalkar gym with his father, who was also a wrestler.<ref name="HT Nostalgia"/>

In 1968, when Wadkar was 13, [[Jialal Vasant]] encouraged him to work towards the "Prabhakar" certificate offered by the Prayag Sangit Samiti, because it was equivalent to a BEd and qualifies the awardee to teach professionally. Wadkar successfully completed his "Prabhakar" and joined Arya Vidya Mandir in [[Mumbai]] as a music teacher.<ref name="IE warmth"/>

==Singing career==
{{Main article|List of songs recorded by Suresh Wadkar}}
Though groomed for Indian classical music, Wadkar entered the Sur-Singar competition in 1976. He won the competition which was judged by composers from the Indian film industry including [[Jaidev]] and [[Ravindra Jain]].<ref name="IE warmth"/> Ravindra Jain introduced him to the world of playback singing, and Wadkar sang Jain's composition ''Sona Kare Jhilmil Jhilmil Vrishti Pade Tapur Tupur'' in the film ''[[Paheli (1977 film)|Paheli]]'' (1977).<ref name="voicing-his-soul">{{cite news |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pune-times/voicing-his-soul/articleshow/13995116.cms |title= Voicing his soul |access-date= 23 October 2008 |newspaper= [[The Times of India]] |date= 24 June 2002 |first1= Devayani |last1= Shahane |archive-date= 11 November 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121111234358/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pune-times/Voicing-his-soul/articleshow/13995116.cms |url-status= live }}</ref> Jaidev also offered him the song "Seene Mein Jalan" in the film ''[[Gaman]]'' (1978).<ref name="HT Nostalgia">{{cite news |last1=Raheja |first1=Dinesh |title=Nostalgia with Suresh Wadkar: "I had to sell my bike after my father threatened to drop it from the terrace" |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/brunch/nostalgia-with-suresh-wadkar-i-had-to-sell-my-bike-after-my-father-threatened-to-drop-it-from-the-terrace-101645295877529.html |access-date=28 March 2022 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=20 February 2022 |language=en |archive-date=28 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328190602/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/brunch/nostalgia-with-suresh-wadkar-i-had-to-sell-my-bike-after-my-father-threatened-to-drop-it-from-the-terrace-101645295877529.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

At the time, [[Lata Mangeshkar]] was so impressed with his voice that she strongly recommended him to film personalities including [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]], [[Mohammed Zahur Khayyam|Khayyam]] and [[Kalyanji-Anandji]].<ref name="rediff Lata M.">{{cite news |last=Vijaykar |first=Rajiv |title=I am fortunate I lived in her time |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1999/sep/lata/lata3.htm |date=September 1999 |work=[[Rediff]] |access-date=29 August 2006 |archive-date=26 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061026235452/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1999/sep/lata/lata3.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Laxmikant-Pyarelal, impressed with his voice, soon recorded a duet with Lata, "Chal Chameli Bagh Mein" for ''[[Krodhi]]'' (1981).<ref name="HT Nostalgia"/> Soon after, he was given the opportunity to perform for songs in ''[[Hum Paanch (1980 film)|Hum Paanch]]'', ''[[Pyaasa Sawan]]'' ("Megha Re Megha Re") and above all, his turning point in films – [[Raj Kapoor]]'s ''[[Prem Rog]]'' (1982).<ref name="HT Nostalgia"/> After that, Wadkar sang many songs under the [[R.K. Films|R. K. Banner]], and he often gave his voice for [[Rishi Kapoor]] in [[Henna (film)|Henna]], [[Prem Granth]], [[Bol Radha Bol]], [[Vijay (1988 film)|Vijay]] and others. He also sang for [[Rajiv Kapoor]] in [[Ram Teri Ganga Maili]]. Two of his most famous songs are "Tum Se Milke" from [[Parinda]] (1989) and "Aye Zindagi Gale Laga Le" from [[Sadma]] (1983) and "Gori Sapno me hai" from Insaaf ki Manzil (1988). Wadkar sang his first Tamil song in the 2009 film [[Kanden Kadhalai]], an adaptation of the Hindi blockbuster [[Jab We Met]]. The song is a ghazal type song called "Naan Mozhi Arindhaen". He has sung numerous devotional songs in various Indian languages for many denominations including many [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnav]] and [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] sampradayas such as the [[Swaminarayan Sampradaya]]. In 1996, Wadkar sang [[Channeache Rati]] among several other songs in Rajendra Talak's Konkani album ''Daryachya Deger'' with [[Asha Bhosle]].

===Marathi music career===
Suresh Wadkar has worked with some of the top class Marathi music directors like Pt.[[Hridaynath Mangeshkar]], [[Sudhir Phadke]], [[Shrinivas Khale]], [[Shridhar Phadke]], [[Vasant Desai]], [[Ashok Patki]], Anil-Arun etc.

==Other work==
In 2002, Wadkar produced the film "Tanman.com".<ref>{{cite news |title=Suresh Wadkar to produce Tanman.com |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/suresh-wadkar-to-produce-tanman-com/articleshow/20496882.cms |access-date=28 March 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 August 2002 |language=en |archive-date=28 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328190604/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/suresh-wadkar-to-produce-tanman-com/articleshow/20496882.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2003, he collaborated with arist Shivanand (Udayraj A. Gadnis) on ''Cosmic Raga Mandal'' project.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/12760.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704004614/http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/12760.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 July 2009 |title=The colour of divine sound |access-date=23 October 2008 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 June 2003 }}</ref> He was a judge on the Indian TV singing show [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs]] and at the 2005 Sangeet Awards.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs judges meet renowned singer Suresh Wadkar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-lil-champs-judges-meet-renowned-singer-suresh-wadkar-see-pics/articleshow/87240301.cms |access-date=28 March 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=October 24, 2021 |language=en |archive-date=28 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328190602/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-lil-champs-judges-meet-renowned-singer-suresh-wadkar-see-pics/articleshow/87240301.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/mixing-it-all-up/cid/1277092 |title= Mixing it all up |access-date= 23 October 2008 |newspaper= [[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |date= 30 August 2005 |location= Calcutta, India |archive-date= 28 March 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220328190602/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/mixing-it-all-up/cid/1277092 |url-status= live }}</ref> In 2022, he was the judge for [[Zee TV]]'s devotional music reality show ''Swarna Swar Bharat'' along with [[Kumar Vishwas]] and [[Kailash Kher]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chauha |first1=Harmisha |title=EXCLUSIVE! Suresh Wadkar on Swarna Swar Bharat being the first-ever devotional singing reality show: It is a much more difficult genre as it is connected with classical singing |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/exclusive-suresh-wadkar-swarna-swar-bharat-being-the-first-ever-devotional-singing |access-date=28 March 2022 |work=Tellychakkar.com |language=en |archive-date=16 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416015504/https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/exclusive-suresh-wadkar-swarna-swar-bharat-being-the-first-ever-devotional-singing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rizvi |first1=S Farah |title=There is no shelf life of songs made today: Suresh Wadkar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/there-is-no-shelf-life-of-songs-made-today-suresh-wadkar-101643980215841.html |access-date=28 March 2022 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=4 February 2022 |language=en |archive-date=28 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328190602/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/there-is-no-shelf-life-of-songs-made-today-suresh-wadkar-101643980215841.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Music schools===
Wadkar is the director of the ''Ajivasan(Acharya Jialal Vasant Sangeet NIkaetan) Music Academy'' in Mumbai <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ajivasan.com/ |title=Home |website=ajivasan.com |access-date=7 August 2022 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807134152/https://www.ajivasan.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He also has a training institute in and [[New Jersey]]/[[New York City]] area.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} He has also started an online music school, called SWAMA (Suresh Wadkar Ajivasan Music Academy), under Ace Open University.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

==Personal life==
Wadkar is married to [[Indian classical music|classical singer]] Padma and the couple has two daughters, Ananya and Jiya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Famous singer Suresh Wadkar apologized to wife Padma on the stage of Hunar Haat, sang this song for Madhuri Dixit |url=https://www.newsncr.com/entertainment/famous-singer-suresh-wadkar-apologized-to-wife-padma-on-the-stage-of-hunar-haat-sang-this-song-for-madhuri-dixit/ |access-date=28 March 2022 |work=News NCR |date=26 November 2021 |archive-date=27 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127092425/https://www.newsncr.com/entertainment/famous-singer-suresh-wadkar-apologized-to-wife-padma-on-the-stage-of-hunar-haat-sang-this-song-for-madhuri-dixit/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050505/asp/calcutta/story_4695699.asp |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050507120741/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050505/asp/calcutta/story_4695699.asp |url-status= dead |archive-date= 7 May 2005 |title= Sony's Santiniketan |access-date=23 October 2008 |newspaper= [[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |date= 5 May 2005 |location=Calcutta, India}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations ==
[[File:Pratibha Devisingh Patil presenting the Rajat Kamal Award to Shri Suresh Wadkar for the Best Male Playback Singer (Mee Sindhutai Sapkal), at the 58th National Film Awards function, in New Delhi on September 09, 2011.jpg|thumb|Wadkar was conferred upon the [[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] by President [[Pratibha Patil]] for his rendition of ''Hey Bhaskara'' in the biopic ''[[Mee Sindhutai Sapkal]]'' (2010).]]
In 1976, Wadkar won the [[Madan Mohan]] Best Male Playback Singer Award at the Sur-Singar competition.<ref name="voicing-his-soul"/><ref name="HT Nostalgia"/> He is also a recipient of the 2004 Lata Mangeshkar Puraskar instituted by [[Madhya Pradesh]] government.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/498874.cms |title=पार्श्व गायक सुरेश वाडकर लता अंलकरण से सम्मानित |date=16 February 2004 |newspaper=[[Navbharat Times]] |location=[[Indore]] |language=hi |access-date=7 August 2012 |archive-date=1 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201045402/http://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/498874.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He also won the 2007 Maharashtra Pride Award which is given by the government of [[Maharashtra]] to citizens of note.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/parties/others/And-the-award-goes-to/articleshow/2588021.cms |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121022023913/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-12-02/others/27973668_1_swami-agnivesh-suresh-wadkar-maharashtra-pride-award |url-status= live |archive-date= 22 October 2012 |title= And the award goes to... |access-date=23 October 2008 |newspaper= [[The Times of India]] |date= 2 December 2007 }}</ref> He got awarded by Late Sadashiv Amarapurkar Award 2017 by Ahmednagar's Think Global Foundation.

He was awarded the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for 2018 for ''Sugam Sangeet''.<ref name=":0" /> On January 25, 2020, his name was announced for Government of India's fourth highest civilian honour, the [[Padma Shri]], for his work in the field of arts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://padmaawards.gov.in/PDFS/2020AwardeesList.pdf|title=Padma Awards 2020|access-date=25 January 2020|archive-date=22 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522072654/https://padmaawards.gov.in/PDFS/2020AwardeesList.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Suresh Wadkar receives Padma Shri; says, 'There's no bigger achievement than people's love' |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/suresh-wadkar-receives-padma-shri-says-there-no-bigger-achievement-than-people-love-23200088 |access-date=28 March 2022 |work=[[mid-day]] |agency=ANI |date=8 November 2021 |language=en |archive-date=28 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328190602/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/suresh-wadkar-receives-padma-shri-says-there-no-bigger-achievement-than-people-love-23200088 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Padma is late, but welcome: Suresh Wadkar |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/life-style/the-padma-is-late-but-welcome-suresh-wadkar-715142 |access-date=28 March 2022 |work=[[The Hans India]] |date=13 November 2021 |language=en |archive-date=28 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328190603/https://www.thehansindia.com/life-style/the-padma-is-late-but-welcome-suresh-wadkar-715142 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== [[National Film Awards]] ===

==== Wins ====

* 2010 – [[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] – "Hey Bhaskara Kshitijavari Ya" (''[[Mee Sindhutai Sapkal]]'')''<ref>{{cite web |title=58th National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/Press%20Release%20-%2058th%20National%20Film%20Awards%20Winners%202010.pdf |access-date=29 March 2012 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |archive-date=8 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708120534/http://dff.nic.in/Press%20Release%20-%2058th%20National%20Film%20Awards%20Winners%202010.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>''

=== [[Filmfare Awards]] ===
He, along with [[KK (singer)|KK]], holds the record for most number of nominations for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] without ever winning.

==== Nominations ====

* 1983 – [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] – "Mein Hoon Prem Rogi" (''[[Prem Rog]]'')
* 1983 – Best Male Playback Singer – "Meri Kismat Mein Tu" (''Prem Rog'')
* 1986 – Best Male Playback Singer – "Main Hi Main Hoon" (''[[Ram Teri Ganga Maili]]'')
* 1990 – Best Male Playback Singer – "Lagi Aaj Sawan Ki" ([[Chandni (1989 film)|''Chandni'']])
* 1991 – Best Male Playback Singer – "O Priya Priya" (''[[Dil (1990 film)|Dil]]'')
* 1997 – Best Male Playback Singer – "Chappa Chappa Charkha Chale" (shared with [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]) (''[[Maachis]]'')

=== [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]] ===
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=वाडकर, सुरेश |url=https://maharashtranayak.in/vaadakara-sauraesa |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=महाराष्ट्र नायक |language=en}}</ref>
* 1980 – [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] – "Gandh Phulancha Gela Sangun" (''[[Bhalu]]'')
* 1981 – Best Male Playback Singer – "Aga Naach Naach Radhe" (''Gondhalat Gondhal'')
* 1982 – Best Male Playback Singer – "Aga Dis Jatil Dis Yetil" (''[[Shapit]]'')
* 1983 – Best Male Playback Singer – "Pahile Na Mi Tula" (''[[Gupchup Gupchup]]'')
* 1984 – Best Male Playback Singer – "Jeevanachi Ghadi" (''Rath Jagannathacha'')
* 1987 – Best Male Playback Singer – "Urala Surala Gharpan Sarala" (''Khatyal Sasu Nathal Soon'')
* 1988 – Best Male Playback Singer – "Me Avaguni" (''Pandharichi Waari'')
* 1990 – Best Male Playback Singer – "Ubhe Abhagi Jeevan Sare" (''Aaghat'')
* 1993 – Best Male Playback Singer – "Saibabancha Mahima Apaar" (''Saibaba'')
* 2000 – Best Male Playback Singer – "Kshitijavaril Tara" (''Jodidaar'')

=== [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]] ===

* 1986 – [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Male Playback Singer (Hindi)|Best Hindi Male Playback Singer]] – "Ram Teri Ganga Maili Ho Gayee Hain" (''[[Ram Teri Ganga Maili]]'')
==Collaborators ==
Suresh Wadkar has sung for a variety of composers in the Indian film industry. These include:
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Shrinivas Khale]] ([[Marathi language|Marathi]])
* [[Shridhar Phadke]] (Marathi)
* [[Anil Mohile|Anil]]-[[Arun Paudwal|Arun]]
* [[Laxmikant Pyarelal]]
* [[Kalyanji Anandji]]
* [[R.D. Burman]]
* [[Ilayaraja]]
* [[Ravindra Jain]]
* [[Bappi Lahiri]]
* [[Mohammed Zahur Khayyam|Khaiyyam]]
* [[Usha Khanna]]
* [[Arun Paudwal]]
* [[A.R. Rahman]]
* [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
* [[Nadeem-Shravan]]
* [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
* [[Rajesh Roshan]]
* [[Raamlaxman]]
* [[Shiv-Hari]]
* [[Jatin–Lalit]]
* [[Hridaynath Mangeshkar]]
* [[Shridhar Phadke]]
* [[Anand–Milind]]
* [[Anu Malik]]
* [[Himesh Reshammiya]]
* [[Shankar–Jaikishan]]
* [[Ravi (music director)|Ravi]]
* [[Chitragupta]]
* [[Rajkamal]]
* [[Jaidev]]
* [[Mohinderjit Singh]]
* [[Brahma Kumaris]]
* [[Kaushal Inamdar]]
* [[Dr Swaroop Roy]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://www.ajivasan.com/ Ajivasan Music Academy]
* {{IMDb name|0905574}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{National Film Award Best Male Playback Singer}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wadkar, Suresh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Performers of Hindu music]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Marathi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Konkani-language singers]]
[[Category:Bhojpuri-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Odia-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:People from Kolhapur]]
[[Category:Best Male Playback Singer National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

Jangladesh

2026-01-06T22:13:56Z

Chefajaychopra123: starting the details nd citations

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Historical region in northern Rajasthan}}
{{distinguish|Bangladesh}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| settlement_type = [[Historical region]]
| image_map = Map rajasthan dist 7 div.png
| map_caption = The districts of Rajasthan. The northern-most light pink coloured region is roughly equivalent to Jangladesh, comprising the modern districts of [[Bikaner District|Bikaner]], [[Churu District|Churu]], [[Ganganagar District|Ganganagar]], and [[Hanumangarh District|Hanumangarh]].
| subdivision_type =Country
| subdivision_name =India
}}

'''Jangladesh''', also known as '''Jangaldesh''' or '''Janglu''', was a [[historical region]] in what is now northern [[Rajasthan]]. It included the present-day districts of [[Bikaner District|Bikaner]], [[Churu District|Churu]], [[Ganganagar District|Ganganagar]], [[Hanumangarh District|Hanumangarh]], and parts of [[Sirsa District|Sirsa]]. It was bounded on the south by [[Marwar]] and [[Jaisalmer]], and on the east by [[Ajmer-Merwara]].<ref name="Jibraeil">{{cite book |author=Jibraeil |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Vir |title=Jats: Their Role and Contribution to the Socio-Economic Life and Polity of North and North-West India |volume=2 |year=2006 |publisher=Originals |isbn=978-81-88629-51-0 |page=223 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8BFuAAAAMAAJ |chapter=Position of Jats in Churu Region}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Karni|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=07sBAAAAMAAJ&q=Jangal+desh|title=The Relations of the House of Bikaner with the Central Powers, 1465-1949|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers|year=1974|isbn=978-0-8364-0457-9|pages=12|quote="The old name of the territories which went to constitute the Rathore principality of Bikaner, had been 'Jangal Desh'.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hooja|first=Rima|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ&q=Jangal+desh|title=A History of Rajasthan|publisher=Rupa & Company|year=2006|isbn=978-81-291-0890-6|pages=6|quote=In a different context, a part of the desert land now part of the administrative division of Bikaner was apparently known as 'Jangal' (also 'Jangal-desh).|language=en}}</ref>

The term Jangladesh means "rough and dry country", and it is first mentioned in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', although it does not mention an exact location. Later [[Sanskrit]] texts, such as ''Bhava Prakasha'' and ''Shabdakalpadruma Kosha'', suggested that the land was a hot, arid region, where trees grow with little water.<ref name=":5" />

==History==
{{expand section|date=July 2025}}
The core territory of the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]] (551-1192 CE) was in this region, and it was known as both Sapadalaksha and Jangala-desha.<ref name=":5">{{cite book |author=Har Bilas Sarda |author-link=Har Bilas Sarda |title=Speeches And Writings Har Bilas Sarda |publisher=Vedic Yantralaya |location=Ajmer |year=1935 |url=https://archive.org/stream/speechesandwriti030754mbp#page/n272/mode/1up}}</ref><ref>For a theorized map of the Chahamana territory: {{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=147, map XIV.3 (d) |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185 |archive-date=5 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605005217/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Between the 10th and 12th centuries, the political landscape had changed. Much of the northern and western regions were ruled by the [[Bhati|Bhati Rajputs]]. Around [[Bhatner]], there were many settlements of [[Muslim]] [[Bhatti]]s and [[Johiya]]s. The remaining regions were controlled by [[Jats]], who were ruled by their own chiefs and largely governed by their own customs.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=Dasharatha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W1dXAAAAMAAJ&q=rajasthan+through+the+ages|title=Rajasthan Through the Ages: From the earliest times to 1316 A.D|publisher=Rajasthan State Archives|year=1966|location=Bikaner|pages=287–288|language=en|quote=There is good reason to believe that parts of the present north-eastern and north-western Rajasthan were inhabited by Jat clans ruled by their own chiefs and largely governed by their own customary law.}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Hooja|first=Rima|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ&q=Jangal+desh|title=A History of Rajasthan|publisher=Rupa & Company|year=2006|isbn=978-81-291-0890-6|pages=385|quote=the Bhatis who controlled the territories to the north and west while to the east, north-east and south east were the settlements of different Jat clans...around this renowned Bhatner were the settlements of the chiefly muslim Bhattis, Johiyas and others.}}</ref><ref name="Jibraeil1">{{cite book |author=Jibraeil |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Vir |title=Jats: Their Role and Contribution to the Socio-Economic Life and Polity of North and North-West India |volume=2 |year=2006 |publisher=Originals |isbn=978-81-88629-51-0 |pages=221–223 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8BFuAAAAMAAJ |chapter=Position of Jats in Churu Region}}</ref>

In the 15th century, [[Rao Bika]], emboldened by the prophecies of [[Karni Mata]], successfully led a coalition of [[Rathores]], [[Charan]]s, and [[Godara]] Jats, and captured the region. As a result, most Jat [[chieftain]]s had to accept the [[suzerainty]] of the [[Bikaner State]]. Bika also saved the Jats from the predations of the [[Bhati|Bhatis]], acting as their buffer.<ref name="Jibraeil"/><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Kothiyal|first=Tanuja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&dq=rao+bika+jats&pg=PA78|title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2016|isbn=9781107080317|pages=78|access-date=2020-09-17}}</ref>{{clarification needed|date=July 2025}} The region was subsequently renamed to Bikaner, and would later be incorporated into the [[Rajputana Agency]].

==States==
=== Sidhmukh State ===
The Sidhmukh State (1068 - 17th century) was established by the [[Jat#Hindu Jats|Hindu Jat]] adventurer Rao Kasupal Kaswan of [[Mandore]]. In 1068 AD, Kasupal attacked the Mohil [[Rajput]] principality of [[Chhapar]] with 5000 soldiers,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Qanungo|first1=Kalika Ranjan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F149AAAAMAAJ&q=Jangal+desh|title=Studies in Rajput History|last2=Kānūnago|first2=Kālikā Rañjana|date=1960|publisher=S. Chand|pages=60|quote=whereas the Jats lived in the Jangal-desh (a portion of ancient Kuru-Jangal region), which covers Bikanir and some portion of the Jodhpur State.|language=en}}</ref> and then marched on [[Sidhmukh]], establishing his rule after defeating Ranjit Singh [[Johiya]].<ref name=":1" /> Thus, he established Kaswan Jat rule over Sidhmukh and its environs. Kasupal then moved towards [[Satyun|Satyu]] and killed 7 [[Chauhan (surname)|Chauhan]] chiefs, capturing their territories.{{cn|date=December 2025}}

==See also==
*[[Bagar (region)]]
*[[Bikaner State]]
*[[History of Rajasthan]]
*[[History of Haryana]]
*[[Shekhawati]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:History of Rajasthan]]

Leela Omchery

2025-12-22T21:51:59Z

Chefajaychopra123: Created Some Post Initial Version

{{Short description|Indian singer (1929–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Leela Omchery
| image = A portrait of Leela Omchery who will be presented with the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for Traditional & Folk Music - Kerala by the President Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam in New Delhi on October 26, 2004.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Omchery in 2004
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1929|5|31}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvattar]], [[Kingdom of Travancore]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now in [[Kanyakumari district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2023|11|1|1929|5|31}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[NCT of Delhi]], India
| othername =
| occupation = Singer, musicologist, writer
| yearsactive =
| spouse = [[Omchery N. N. Pillai]]
| children = 2, including [[Deepti Omchery Bhalla]]
| parents = Mankoyikkal Parameswara Kurup Lakshmikutty Amma
| relatives = [[Kamukara Purushothaman]] (brother)
| website = http://leelaomchery.org
| awards = [[Padmashri]] [[Sangeet Natak Academi Award|Kendra Sangeet Natak Academy Award]] Marunaadan Malayaali Award Fellow – [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]] Sangeeta Kulapathi Sangeet Kovida Kalaacharya Sangeeta Sarva Bhouma
}}

'''Leela Omchery''' (31 May 1929 – 1 November 2023) was an Indian classical singer, musicologist and writer. She is known for her contributions to classical music and was a recipient of the [[Padma Shri]] award from the Government of India for her contributions to Indian classical dance and music.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=July 21, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

==Early life ==
Leela Omchery was born on 31 May 1929 in Mankoyikkal tharavdu in Thiruvattar in Kanyakumari district in Tamil Nadu to Parameswara Kurup and Lakshmikutty Amma.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-01 |title=ഡോ. ലീലാ ഓംചേരി അന്തരിച്ചു |language=en |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/literature/news/drleela-omchery-classical-singer-musicologist-and-writer-passes-away-at-delhi-1.9035116 |access-date=2023-11-02}}</ref> She started learning music from an early age under a Karnatic music guru, Thiruvattar Arumugham Pillai Bhagavathar, along with her younger brother, the late [[Kamukara Purushothaman]], a classical and playback singer in Malayalam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiaclub.com/shop/AuthorSelect.asp?Author=Leela+Omchery |title=Archived copy |access-date=2 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502191147/http://www.indiaclub.com/shop/AuthorSelect.asp?Author=Leela+Omchery |archive-date=2 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hailing from a family of musicians, she had the opportunity to hone her musical talents under the guidance of her grandmother and mother who were musicians in their own right.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

After early schooling in [[Kanyakumari]], she obtained a graduate degree in [[Carnatic music]] from [[Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram]] and continued her studies in [[Hindustani music]] at Punjab University, obtaining another graduate degree.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} Her Master's degree came from [[Meerut University]] and she got her PhD in music from [[Delhi University]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://leelaomchery.org/academic-record |title=Academic Record | PROF. DR. LEELA OMCHERY |access-date=2 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120120617/http://leelaomchery.org/academic-record/ |archive-date=20 January 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Career==
Leela Omchery was working as a Professor in ''Kamukara School of Music, Dance and Research Studies'', Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala and as Professor and Principal of ''Trikalaa Gurukulam'' in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://leelaomchery.org/career |title=Career | PROF. DR. LEELA OMCHERY |access-date=2 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520214848/http://leelaomchery.org/career/ |archive-date=20 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Omchery was the President of ''Dakshina Bharati'' (a south Indian Women’s Organization) and Vice President of ''Swaralaya'', Delhi.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

Omchery was an accredited Supervisor and Guide to Ph.D and M.Phil candidates from various universities including Delhi, Kerala, Calicut, Baroda, Nalanda, and Mumbai. She was also a member of the Selection Board of AIR, [[Doordarshan]], ICCR, IGNCA, SNA (Delhi), the Ministry of Culture and [[IGNOU]].{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

Omchery also worked as the Associate Professor and Head, Karnatak Music Section, Faculty of Music & Fine Arts, University of Delhi (1964–1994). She served as Editorial Staff of Indian Music Journal, ''Vageeshwari'', (1975–1994).{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

Omchery also wrote some short stories.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

==Personal life and death==
Omchery was married to writer [[Omchery N. N. Pillai]] and resided in New Delhi. The couple had two children, S.D. Omchery and [[Deepti Omchery Bhalla]], a classical dancer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Noted musician Leela Omchery, who sang a tribute after Gandhi assassination, dies |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/11/01/obituary-musician-leela-omchery-dies.html |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>

Leela Omchery died on 1 November 2023, aged 94.<ref>[https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1180328&u=leela-omchery-classical-music-pioneer-dies-aged-94 Leela Omchery, classical music pioneer dies aged 94]</ref>

==Works==

===English===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Publisher !! Year
|-
| Indian Music and Allied Arts (5 volumes) || Sandeep Prakashan, Delhi || 1990
|-
| Gleanings in Indian Music || Sandeep Prakashan, Delhi || 1991
|-
| Immortals of Indian Music || Gyan Books, Delhi || 1998
|-
|}

===Malayalam===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Publisher !! Year
|-
| Abhinaya Sangeetham || Bhasha Institute, Kerala || 1981
|-
| Paadavum Padhavum || D.C. Books, Kerala ||
|-
| Keralathile Laasya Rachanakal || D.C. Books, Kerala || 2003
|-
| Chinakkara Koothu Paattukal || Mudra Books, Delhi || 2008
|-
| Leela Omcheriyude Pathangal || Poorna Books, Kerala || 2009
|-
| Karuna Cheyvanenthu Thamsam Krishna || D.C. Books, Kerala || 2011
|-
| Vettam Mangiya Kovil Paattukal || Poorna Books, Kerala || 2012
|-
|}

===On Other Topics===
* Leelanjali (Short stories)
* Jeevitham (Drama)
* Parthivan Kanavu – Translation from Tamil
* Katha Bharathi – Translation from Tamil
* Aaharavum Aarogyavum

She is also credited with over 200 published articles.

==Awards and recognitions==
{{unreferenced section|date= September 2022}}
* [[Padmashri]] by Government of India in 2009
* [[Sangeet Natak Academi Award|Kendra Sangeet Natak Academy Award]] for the contribution to Traditional Music (Sopaana Sangeetham) and popular music of Kerala in 2003
* ''Marunaadan Malayaali Award'' for Excellence in the field of Traditional music and Arts, Delhi in 2008
* [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]] in 1990<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/classical-music/456|title=Classical Music|publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala|access-date=24 February 2023}}</ref>
* ''Sangeeta Kulapathi'' from Kalaadarppanam, Kerala in 2003
* ''Sangeet Kovida'' from Gayatri Fine Arts, Delhi in 2003
* ''Kalaacharya'' from Akhila Kerala Maaraar Mahaa Sabha, Kerala in 1990
* ''Sangeeta Sarva Bhouma'' from Astika Samaj, Delhi in 2006
* Award for overall contributions to Music and Culture, Panchavaadya Trust, Delhi in 2006
* Senior Fellowships/Associate ship for Research Projects from various prestigious national organizations like Indian Council of Historical Research (ICHR), [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC), Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts and Culture (IGNCA), SNA (Delhi).

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book
| title = Gleanings of Indian Music and Art
| author = Leela Omchery / [[Deepti Omchery Bhalla]]
| year = 1991
| publisher = MLBD
| isbn = 8185067775
}}
* {{cite book
| title = Studies in Indian Music and Allied Arts (5 Vols.)
| author = Leela Omchery
| year = 1990
| publisher = MLBD
| isbn = 8185067600
}}
* {{cite book
| title = Karuna Cheyvanenthu Thamsam Krishna
| author = Leela Omchery / [[Deepti Omchery Bhalla]]
| year = 2012
| publisher = DC Books
| isbn = 9788124019221
}}

==External links==
* [https://www.facebook.com/pages/Padmashree-Dr-Leela-Omchery/152559338267728 Facebook]
* {{discogs artist|Leela Omchery}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Omchery, Leela}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Indian women musicologists]]
[[Category:Indian musicologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian women classical musicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:Singers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:Educators from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Women writers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women educators from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]]

Chyavana

2025-11-25T19:09:07Z

Chefajaychopra123:

{{Short description|Ancient Hindu sage}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| image = Chyavana.jpg
| alt = Chyavana
| caption = 17th century artist's imagination of Chyavāna
| father = [[Bhrigu]]
| mother = [[Puloma]]
| spouse = [[Sukanya]]
| children = Aurava, Apnavana, Dadhicha, Pramati, Sumana and Harita
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}
[[File:The Goddess Worshiped by Rishi Chyavana.jpeg|thumb|''The Goddess worshipped by the sage Chyavana'' from a [[Tantra|Tantric]] [[Devi]] series attributed to [[Kripal of Nurpur]] identified as a tantric form of Goddess [[Lakshmi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rishi Chyavana Worships The Tantric Roopa Of Lakshmi (Tantric Devi Series) {{!}} Exotic India Art |url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/product/paintings/rishi-chyavana-worships-tantric-roopa-of-lakshmi-tantric-devi-series-hl32/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=www.exoticindiaart.com |language=en}}</ref>(active c. 1660 - c. 1690). [[Freer Gallery of Art]]]]
'''Chyavana''' ({{Langx|sa|च्यवन|translit=Cyavana}}) was a [[rishi|sage (rishi)]] in [[Hinduism]]. He was a son of [[Bhrigu]], also known as Bhrigu Varuni in the [[Upanishads]], and is known for his rejuvenation through a special herbal paste (ayurvedic jam) or tonic known as ''[[chyawanprash|chyavanaprasham]]'',<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sivarajan |first1=V. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jCMNAQAAMAAJ&q=Cyavanapr%C4%81%C5%9Bam |title=Ayurvedic Drugs and Their Plant Sources |last2=Balachandran |first2=Indira |author-link2=Indira Balachandran |date=1994 |publisher=International Science Publisher |isbn=978-1-881570-21-9 |pages=28 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-04-06 |title=Cyavanaprasha, Cyavanaprāśa, Cyavana-prasha: 5 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/cyavanaprasha |access-date=2022-10-31 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> which was prepared by the [[Ashvins]].<ref>Mahabharat</ref> According to the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', he was powerful enough to oppose the celestial thunderbolt (''[[vajra]]'') of [[Indra]], and was responsible for the [[Ashvins]] getting their share of the sacrificial offerings. He created an [[asura]], [[Mada]], to achieve it.<ref name="dowson">{{cite book|last=Dowson|first=John|title=A classical dictionary of Hindu mythology, and religion, geography, history|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=Delhi|year=2004|pages= 73–5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ejh82j8G_CYC&pg=PA73 | isbn=978-81-206-1786-5}}</ref>

Chyavana (with a different spelling: च्यवान Cyavāna) is also mentioned in the ''[[Rigveda]]'', where he is described as an aged and feeble person whose youth and strength was restored by the twin Aśvins (RV VII.68:6).<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Rigveda : the earliest religious poetry of India|others=Jamison, Stephanie W., Brereton, Joel P., 1948-|year=2014|isbn=9780199370184|location=New York|pages=968|oclc=849801119}}</ref> According to Rigveda X.61:1-3,<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Rigveda : the earliest religious poetry of India|others=Jamison, Stephanie W., Brereton, Joel P., 1948-|year=2014|isbn=9780199370184|location=New York|pages=1475|oclc=849801119}}</ref> Cyavāna is a weak opponent of Tūrvayāṇa, an Indra worshipper and a [[Pakthas|Paktha]] king, as the former was closer to the Ashvins.<ref name=vi>{{cite book|last1=Macdonnel|first1=Arthur Anthony |last2=Keith|first2=Arthur Berriedale |title=Vedic Index of Names and Subjects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6TVLlPvuMAC&pg=PA264 |volume=1|orig-year=1912|year=1985|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|location=Delhi|isbn=81-208-1332-4|pages=264–5}}</ref>

According to one tradition, he married [[Vaivasvata Manu]]'s daughter Arushi. Their son was [[Aurva]]. According to another tradition, he married [[Sukanya|Sukanyā]], daughter of Vedic king Sharyati and granddaughter of Vaivasvata Manu. They had two sons: Apnavana and Dadhicha.<ref>Pargiter, F.E. (1922, reprint 1972). ''Ancient Indian Historical Tradition'', Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, pp.193-7</ref> He is also considered as the father of Harita and Uddalaka Varuni.<ref name="dowson"/>

==Legend==

=== Birth ===
According to an account found in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' (''[[Adi Parva]]'', Ch.5-6), when Bhrigu's wife Puloma was pregnant and lived in her hermitage, a ''[[rakshasa]]'' harassed her. Puloma's child slipped from her womb, called a 'chyuta' child in Sanskrit ("early delivery") and thus received his name '''Chyavana'''. The ''rakshasa'' released the mother after seeing the child drop,<ref>{{cite book|last=O'Flaherty|first=Wendy Doniger|title=The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sktbYRG_LO8C&dq=Bhrgu+Puloma+Cyavana&pg=PA304|year=1988|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|location=Delhi|isbn=81-208-0386-8|page=304}}</ref> but immediately got converted into ashes.

Chyavana studied the ''Vedas'' from his father and later acquired the knowledge of ''Vedas'' from [[Brahma]]. He subsequently became a ''Brahmarshi''.

=== Austerities and rejuvenation ===
The earliest version of the narrative of Chyavana's practice of austerities and subsequent restoration of youth is found in the ''[[Brahmanas]]''. A later version of this narrative is found in the ''Mahabharata''. More later versions are found in the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' and the ''[[Padma Purana]]''.<ref name="wilson">{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Horace Hayman (tr.)|title=The Vishnu Purana|year=1840|publisher=John Murray|page=354fn29|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp093.htm|location=London}}</ref>

==== ''Brahmanas'' ====
In a narrative found in the ''[[Satapatha Brahmana]]'' (IV.1.5.1-13), Chyavana is mentioned as a descendant of Bhrigu. While the other [[Bhargava|Bhrigus]] were away, Chyavana, with a senile body, was living in his [[ashram]]a. Once, King Sharyati, son of Manu, came for hunting near Chyavana's ashrama (hermitage) with his army. Sharyati's children were also with him. They went to Chyavana Rishi's ashrama, where the rishi was in meditation. While white-ants had covered his body, only his eyes were visible. They humiliated Chyavana, and in his fury, the sage cursed them. His curse created discord amongst Sharyati's family. When Sharyati found the cause of his misfortune, he offered his daughter Sukanya in marriage to Chayavana, so that she could take care the revered saint.

Later, the Ashvins came to his ashrama, and tried to seduce Sukanya. Sukanya, who refused to leave her husband, instead asked the Ashvins to restore Chyavana's youth. Following their advice, Chyavana's youth was restored by a combination of three treatments. Certain herbs were put into a pond and the rishi was asked to have a dip in the pond.<ref>{{cite book|last=O'Flaherty|first=Wendy Doniger|title=Śiva, the Erotic Ascetic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dnfZ_MBErlQC&dq=Cyavana+rejuvenation&pg=PA57|year=1981|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=London|isbn=0-19-520250-3|pages=57–61}}</ref> A herbal paste was prepared for application on the body of the rishi, which was part of '[[Kayakalpa]]'. A special herbal paste, [[Chyawanprash|chyavanaprasham]], was prepared for the rishi to take as a medicine.

In return, the Ashvins obtained a share in the sacrificial offerings in [[Kurukshetra]] on her suggestion. In the [[Aitareya Brahmana]] (VIII.21.4), the inauguration of Sharyata by him is compared with [[Indra]]'s coronation.<ref name=vi/>

==== Mahabharata ====
According to the narrative found in the [[Vana Parva]] (Ch.122-5) of the Mahabharata, Chyavana was so absorbed in practising austerities on the side of a lake that termites built up their mound all over his body and only his eyes were left. Once, Sharyati, along with his army and household, came to visit the place. [[Sukanya]], daughter of king Sharyati, seeing only two bright eyes in what seemed to be an anthill, poked them with a stick. Chyavana felt excessive pain and became furious. He obstructed the calls of nature of Sharyati's army. He was pleased only after the king gave him his daughter in marriage.<ref name="ganguli1">{{cite book|last=Ganguli|first=Kisari Mohan |title=The Mahabharata: Book 3: Vana Parva|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03122.htm|date=1883–1896|publisher=Sacred texts archive|chapter=Ch.CXXII}}</ref> Subsequently, the Ashvins came to the hermitage of Chyavana. They saw Sukanya while she was bathing, and tried to convince Sukanya to reject old and ugly Chyavana and accept one of them as her husband. They also promised to restore the youth of Chyavana first so that she could make an unbiased choice amongst Chyavana and one of them. Sukanya rejected their proposal and informed Chyavana. Later, at the behest of Chyavana, Sukanya requested the Ashvins to do so. All three took bath in the lake and came out with the same youthful divine look. Each of them requested Sukanya to be his bride, but she identified Chyavana and selected him. In gratitude, Chyavana assured the Ashvins that he would ensure that the Ashvins get their share of the sacrificial offerings.<ref name="ganguli2">{{cite book|last=Ganguli|first=Kisari Mohan |title=The Mahabharata: Book 3: Vana Parva|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03123.htm|date=1883–1896|publisher=Sacred texts archive|chapter=Ch.CXXIII}}</ref> Accordingly, Chyavana, while officiating as a priest of Sharyati in a [[soma sacrifice]], offered the share of the sacrifice to the Ashvins. [[Indra]] objected to this, stating that as mere servants of the devas, they have no right to receive offering of Soma juice. When the sage ignored his opinion, he tried to hurl his [[vajra]] (thunderbolt) towards Chyavana, but his arms were paralysed by Chyavana before he could do so. Chyavana, by virtue of his ascetic energy, created a huge asura, Mada, with four fangs.<ref name="ganguli3">{{cite book|last=Ganguli|first=Kisari Mohan |title=The Mahabharata: Book 3: Vana Parva|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03124.htm|date=1883–1896|publisher=Sacred texts archive|chapter=Ch.CXXIV}}</ref> Mada was on the point of devouring Indra, when he became afraid, and finally accepted the right of the Ashvins to have a share of the offerings.<ref name="ganguli4">{{cite book|last=Ganguli|first=Kisari Mohan |title=The Mahabharata: Book 3: Vana Parva|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03125.htm|date=1883–1896|publisher=Sacred texts archive|chapter=Ch.CXXV}}</ref>

=== Chyavana and Kushika ===
[[File:King kushik with sage Chyavan.jpg |thumb|King Kushika with the sage Chyavana.]]
In a narrative found in the ''Anushasana Parva'' (Ch.52-56) of the Mahabharata, Chayvana exacted many menial offices from king Kushika and his queen for 21 days. Later, he was pleased by their devotion and rewarded them by creating a magical palace of gold and predicting the birth of their grandson endued with great energy, [[Vishvamitra]], who would attain the status of a [[Brahmana]].<ref name="dowson"/><ref name = "ganguli5">{{cite book|last=Ganguli|first=Kisari Mohan |title=The Mahabharata: Book 13: Anusasana Parva|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m13/m13b020.htm|date=1883–1896|publisher=Sacred texts archive|chapter=Ch.LV}}</ref>

==Hermitage==
According to the [[Padma Purana]] (Patala Khanda, Ch.8), his hermitage was on the [[Satpura Range]], near the river ''[[Purna River (tributary of Tapti)|Payoshni]]''. According to another tradition, his hermitage was in [[Dhosi Hill]] in the Vedic State of [[Brahmavarta]], near [[Narnaul]] in [[Mahendragarh district]].<ref>Bhargava, Sudhir (20–22 November 2009). Location of Brahmavarta and Drishadwati river is important to find earliest alignment of Saraswati river. Saraswati river – a perspective. organised by: Saraswati Nadi Shodh Sansthan, Haryana. Kurukshetra: Kurukshetra University. pp. 114–117</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ashvins]]
* [[Shaunaka]]
* [[Sukanya]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Rishis of Hindu mythology}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rishis]]

Protests against the Sri Lankan civil war

2025-11-25T07:54:27Z

Chefajaychopra123: Created New Post With Sources

{{Short description|2008–2009 protests in several countries}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}

Between 2008 and 2009, major '''protests against the Sri Lankan civil war''' (often referred to as the '''Tamil protests''' by [[Western world|Western]] news media) took place in several countries around the world, urging national and world leaders and organisations to take action on bringing a unanimous [[cease fire]] to the [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]], which had taken place for twenty-six years.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Munasinghe|first=P.A.A.D.|title=War and Terrorism in Sri Lanka.|journal=Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka}}</ref> [[Tamil diaspora]] populations around the world expressed concerns regarding the conduct of the civil war in the island nation of Sri Lanka. The civil war, which took place between the [[Sri Lankan Army]] and the separatist group [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] is believed to have killed over 100,000 civilians.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.welt.de/english-news/article3831743/World-may-never-know-how-many-died-in-civil-war.html |title=Sri Lanka report : World 'may never know' how many died in civil war – Nachrichten English-News – DIE WELT |newspaper=Die Welt |publisher=Welt.de |date=23 November 2011}}</ref> Protesters and critics of the Sri Lankan government that triggered a culturally based civil war to be a systematic [[genocide]] and [[ethnic cleansing]] of the [[Sri Lankan Tamil people|Sri Lankan Tamil]] minority in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greenleft.org.au/2009/780/40219 |title=Sri Lanka: Genocide of the Tamil minority | Green Left Weekly |publisher=Greenleft.org.au |date=23 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090718033251/http://www.greenleft.org.au/2009/780/40219 |archive-date=18 July 2009 }}</ref>

While opposition by [[Tamil people|Tamils]] was expressed at various stages of the war since 1983, opposition intensified in January 2009. Protesters appealed to international politicians intervene in the Sri Lankan civil war and request a ceasefire, send humanitarian aid to the [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern Province]], promote the creation of [[Tamil Eelam]], and remove the LTTE from lists of terrorist organisations. After the government of Sri Lanka declared victory over the LTTE on 18 May 2009, protests continued, accusing then-Sri Lankan President [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]] of [[war crime]]s. Protests took several forms, including [[human chain (politics)|human chains]], [[Demonstration (people)|demonstrations]], [[Demonstration (people)|rallies]], [[hunger strike]]s, and [[self-immolation]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ireport.com/docs/DOC-212746 |title=In front of U.N office in Geneva aTamil youth has self-immolated himself today – CNN iReport |publisher=Ireport.com |date=13 February 2009 |access-date=27 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609135126/http://www.ireport.com/docs/DOC-212746 |archive-date=9 June 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Protests occurred internationally and not in Sri Lanka itself. Following increasing protests in [[Chennai]] and other cities in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2009/02/indi-f05.html|title=India: Statewide protest in Tamil Nadu against the war in Sri Lanka|first1=Ganesh|last1=Dev|first2=Ram|last2=Kumar|website=www.wsws.org|access-date=31 January 2020}}</ref> predominantly peaceful demonstrations were held concurrently around the world by the Tamil diaspora, mainly in national [[capital city|capitals]], [[central business district]]s, near embassies and high commissioner offices, and sites of national or supranational government. Protesters ranging from several dozens to several thousands gathered in the cities of [[Delhi]],<ref name="socialism1">{{cite web| url = http://www.socialism.in/index.php/protesters-in-new-delhi-bangalore-and-chennai-joined-hundreds-of-others-around-the-world-on-8-april/| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161105032450/http://www.socialism.in/index.php/protesters-in-new-delhi-bangalore-and-chennai-joined-hundreds-of-others-around-the-world-on-8-april/| archive-date = 2016-11-05| title = Protesters in New Delhi, Bangalore and Chennai joined hundreds of others around the world on 8 April}} </ref> [[Bangalore]],<ref name="socialism1"/> [[Singapore]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebalitimes.com/arts-entertainment/rare-singapore-%e2%80%98protest-over-sri-lanka-war%e2%80%99/|title=Rare Singapore 'Protest over Sri Lanka War'|date=6 February 2009|access-date=31 January 2020}}</ref> [[Kuala Lumpur]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bloggerdasteran.com/India-usa-uk-news/latest-news/554313/TamilNadu/2/20/2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825192307/http://www.indopia.in/India-usa-uk-news/latest-news/554313/TamilNadu/2/20/2|url-status=dead|title=BloggerDasteran ~ Tutorial Buat Blog Mudah Menghasilkan ala Mamak|archive-date=25 August 2009|website=bloggerdasteran.com|access-date=31 January 2020}}</ref> [[London]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8007858.stm|title=Tamil demonstrators block streets|date=20 April 2009|access-date=31 January 2020|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> [[Paris]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/5191085/French-arrest-200-protesters-in-Paris-Tamil-demonstration-on-Sri-Lanka.html|title=French arrest 200 protesters in Paris Tamil demonstration on Sri Lanka|date=20 April 2009|access-date=31 January 2020|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> [[Brussels]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/322125|title=Thousands protest Tamils' killing|date=17 March 2009|website=Arab News|access-date=31 January 2020}}</ref> [[Berlin]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.expatica.com/de/uncategorized/thousands-of-tamils-protest-in-berlin-93319/|title=Thousands of Tamils protest in Berlin|date=25 April 2009|website=Expat Guide to Germany | Expatica|access-date=31 January 2020}}</ref> [[The Hague]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archief.wereldomroep.nl/english/article/tamils-demand-justice-hague-protest |title=Tamils demand justice in Hague protest | Radio Netherlands Worldwide |access-date=4 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105094424/http://archief.wereldomroep.nl/english/article/tamils-demand-justice-hague-protest |archive-date=5 November 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Zürich]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=29023|title=TamilNet|website=www.tamilnet.com|access-date=31 January 2020}}</ref> [[Geneva]],<ref name="theguardian1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/feb/19/tamil-suicide-protest-geneva|title=Tamil man kills himself in Switzerland|first=Sam|last=Jones|date=19 February 2009|access-date=31 January 2020|via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref> [[Bern]],<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/leading-swiss-tamil-in-protest-fast/7335744 | title=Leading Swiss Tamil in protest fast}}</ref> [[Oslo]],<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2009/04/200941335616257400.html | title=Tamil protesters raid Oslo embassy | News | al Jazeera}}</ref> [[Toronto]],<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/tamil-protesters-end-blockade-on-major-toronto-highway-1.829118 |title = Tamil protesters end blockade on major Toronto highway | CBC News}}</ref> [[Montreal]],<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/tamils-protest-at-busy-montreal-intersection-1.848120| title = Tamils protest at busy Montreal intersection {{!}} CBC News}} </ref> [[Vancouver]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jnarvey.com/2009/04/27/globe-post-tamil-protest-in-vancouver-the-tigers-are-back/ |title=Globe & Post: Tamil Protest in Vancouver. The Tigers Are Back | This Blog in Which I Write Stuff |access-date=5 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106062132/http://jnarvey.com/2009/04/27/globe-post-tamil-protest-in-vancouver-the-tigers-are-back/ |archive-date=6 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Ottawa]],<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2009/04/21/tamil_protesters_urge_ottawa_to_help_stop_war.html |title = Tamil protesters urge Ottawa to help stop war | the Star|newspaper = The Toronto Star|date = 21 April 2009}}</ref> [[New York City]],<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=30296 | title=TamilNet}}</ref> [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]],<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.zimbio.com/pictures/jUc4to2ThL9/Sri+Lankan+Tamils+Protest+Civilian+Deaths/4DBzuap_yE9 | title=Sri Lankan Tamils Protest Civilian Deaths in Washington}}</ref> [[Sydney]],<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2009-05-23-voa10-68816062/413175.html |title = Tamils Protest in Sydney}}</ref> [[Melbourne]],<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-04-08/tamil-supporters-stage-protest-in-melbourne-cbd/1645790 | title=Tamil supporters stage protest in Melbourne CBD| newspaper=ABC News| date=8 April 2009}}</ref> [[Canberra]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/04/18/2546312.htm |access-date=21 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090421235607/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/04/18/2546312.htm |archive-date=21 April 2009 |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |title=Tamil hunger strike ends - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) }}</ref> [[Auckland]],<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/new-zealand-march-against-massacre-tamils | title=New Zealand: March against massacre of Tamils| date=6 September 2016}}</ref> [[Wellington]],<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0902/S00335.htm | title=NZ Tamils Protest in Wellington | Scoop News}}</ref> and [[Durban]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world/protests-in-durban-against-genocide-of-tamils/story-iyqGVOP62mY4LwVY3tMD8M.html |title = Protests in Durban against|date = 5 February 2009}}</ref>

==Notable locations and events==

===Australia===
In Australia, large protests took place in [[Sydney]], [[Melbourne]] and [[Canberra]]. Over a thousand protested during Sri Lankan foreign minister [[Rohitha Bogollagama]]'s visit to Australia on 14 October 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tamilsydney.com/content/view/1465/37/ |title=Australian Tamils protest Sri Lankan foreign minister Rohitha Bogollagama's visit in Canberra |publisher=Tamil Sydney |access-date=7 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619001700/http://www.tamilsydney.com/content/view/1465/37/ |archive-date=19 June 2009 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The protest took place in Canberra outside the [[National Press Club (Australia)|National Press Club]]. The protesters accused the Sri Lankan government alleging attack on civilians and the prevention of aid by the United Nations reaching affected areas. In response to the protests, Australian foreign minister [[Stephen Smith (Australian politician)|Stephen Smith]] stated that he raised the concern of the violence amid the civil war. He also assured that Australia insists that military means will not solve the problem and that a political solution can only result in the ending of the war.

After several local demonstrations, mostly in Sydney, larger protests were organised within Australia during the month of April 2009, with the most significant one being the non-stop protest in Sydney. As of April, 60 rallies and protests had occurred across Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilnational.com/events/australia/783-sydneys-george-street-to-be-closed.html |title=Sydney's George Street to be Closed for 'Boycott Sri Lanka' Campaign Launch |publisher=Tamilnational.com |date=26 April 2009}}</ref> On 11 April, three Australian protesters began [[hunger strikes]], like those concurrently occurring in [[Ottawa]] and London. The hunger strike ended on 17 April.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilnational.com/events/australia/630-hunger-strikers-in-canberra.html |title=Hunger Strikers continue their protest in Canberra |publisher=Tamilnational.com |date=13 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilnational.com/events/australia/603-fast-unto-acton-australia.html |title=Three Australian Tamil youth are on FAST UNTO ACTON |publisher=Tamilnational.com |date=10 April 2009}}</ref> On 17 April, a "March for Peace" took place in Canberra.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilnational.com/events/australia/654-march-for-peace-in-canberra-.html |title='March for Peace' in Canberra on 17th April; hunger strike past 100 hours |publisher=Tamilnational.com |date=15 April 2009}}</ref> On 13 April, protests took place in front of Prime Minister [[Kevin Rudd]]'s residence in Sydney, urging him to call an immediate ceasefire.<ref>{{cite web|author=jayabalan |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/tamils-protest-outside-australian-pms-house/446407/ |title=Tamils protest outside Australian PM's house |publisher=Indian Express |date=16 April 2009}}</ref> Several hundred protesters rallied in [[North Sydney, New South Wales|North Sydney]] urging [[Joe Hockey]], member for North Sydney, to take the concerns of his constituents to the [[Prime Minister of Australia|Australian Prime Minister]] and [[Foreign Minister of Australia|Foreign Minister]]. Similar protests occurred on 22 April, as over 600 protesters converged outside [[Julie Owens]]'s office to voice their frustration at the lack of action by the Australian Labour Government in preventing thousands of Tamil civilians from allegedly being killed by the Sri Lankan Military.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilnational.com/events/australia/744-australian-tamils-to-rally-.html |title=Australian Tamils to Rally in North Sydney – {{sic|2|3nd|nolink=yes}} 9 April |publisher=Tamilnational.com |date=22 April 2009}}</ref> A "Boycott Sri Lankan Products" campaign was launched in Sydney during the last week of April. The demonstrations occurred with a few roads being closed down to make way. The protests were paused for [[ANZAC Day]] on 25 April.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilnational.com/events/australia/764-australian-tamils-pause-demonstrations.html |title=Australian Tamils Pause Demonstrations for ANZAC Day |publisher=Tamilnational.com |date=24 April 2009}}</ref>

In three separate occasions, some Sinhalese Australians were targeted in hate crimes, such as [[acid attack]]s and home invasions, in Sydney on 10 May 2009.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-05-18/sri-lankans-petrified-after-sydney-acid-attack/1686912 |title = Sri Lankans 'petrified' after Sydney acid attack|newspaper = ABC News|date = 18 May 2009}}</ref>

===Canada===
{{main|Protests against the Sri Lankan Civil War in Canada}}
[[File:Tamil protest blocks Gardiner Expressway.jpg|right|thumb|Protesters blocking the [[Gardiner Expressway]] in Toronto on 10 May 2009]]
Some of the largest [[Demonstration (people)|demonstrations]] against the Sri Lankan civil war took place in Canada, mostly in [[Toronto]] and [[Ottawa]], but also in [[Montreal]], [[Vancouver]] and [[Calgary]]. Protesters attempted to appeal to the Prime Minister of Canada, [[Stephen Harper]], the President of the United States, [[Barack Obama]] and the Consulate General of Sri Lanka in Canada, [[Bandula Jayasekara]], to take action in ending the conflict.

The first notable demonstration took place on 28 January 2009 in front of the Consulate General of Sri Lanka in [[Midtown Toronto]] involving a few hundred people. Protesters began to grow from then onwards. After negative remarks from Jayasekara, protests continued in front of the Consulate General of the United States on [[University Avenue (Toronto)|University Avenue]]. Protesters also convened on [[Parliament Hill]] in Ottawa for several days, before returning to continue in Toronto.

===India===
{{See also|Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War|Indian Peace Keeping Force|Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|K. Muthukumar|2013 Anti-Sri Lanka protests|Attacks on Sri Lankans in Tamil Nadu}}
In India, large-scale protests took place primarily in the [[States of India|Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Protests, rallies, human chains, strikes and demonstrations have continuously taken place throughout [[Chennai]] by lawyers, politicians, activists, student groups, celebrities, and many organisations. The aim of the protests was to urge leaders, such as Tamil Nadu's Chief Minister [[M. Karunanidhi]], leader of the opposition [[J. Jayalalithaa]], Indian Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] and Minister of External Affairs [[Pranab Mukherjee]] to intervene and stop the [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]] and stop any diplomatic assistance or relations with Sri Lanka.

Tamil Nadu, which has the highest rate of self-immolation deaths among states in India,<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.sify.com/news/self-immolation-and-political-martyrdom-in-tamil-nadu-news-columns-qjvkM4cjccbig.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921155935/http://www.sify.com/news/self-immolation-and-political-martyrdom-in-tamil-nadu-news-columns-qjvkM4cjccbig.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=21 September 2016 |title = Self-immolation and political martyrdom in Tamil Nadu}}</ref> saw increased incidents in 2009. On 29 January 2009, journalist and activist [[K. Muthukumar]] was the first to kill himself while protesting against the Sri Lankan civil war in Chennai; he left a four-page statement in which he accused the Indian government of a historical lack of sympathy towards Tamils and referred to [[Barack Obama]] as "our hope".<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2009/02/indi-f02.html | title=Large demonstration in India against Sri Lankan war}}</ref> Muthukumar's suicide was thought to intensify protests in Tamil Nadu and trigger uprisings around the world by the [[Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora]]. At least a dozen other self-immolation deaths occurred in Tamil Nadu during the year protesting the Sri Lankan civil war.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=4&contentid=2009021020090210023332194b2134c4f&sectxslt= |title=TN: Another suicide over Tamil issue, News – Nation – Ahmedabad Mirror,Ahmedabad Mirror |publisher=Ahmedabadmirror.com |date=10 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618172503/http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=4&contentid=2009021020090210023332194b2134c4f&sectxslt= |archive-date=18 June 2009 }}</ref><ref name="news.webindia123.com">{{cite web|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20090225/1185659.html |title=55 yr old DMK sympathiser immolates for Tamils cause |publisher=News.webindia123.com |date=25 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jain |first=Nishank |url=http://www.aol.in/tamil/news/2009/02/19/tn-self-immolation-cuddalore-vck-functionary-dies.html |title=CoolAge – College Life on the Go |publisher=Aol.in |date=9 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=28502 |title=23.02.09 DMK supporter self-immolates during Chennai human-chain protest |publisher=TamilNet |date=23 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=28344 |title=08.02.09 Diaspora Tamil dies in self-immolation urging Obama to stop Colombo's war |publisher=TamilNet }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=28336 |title=07.02.09 Congress cadre immolates himself to death protesting party inaction |publisher=TamilNet |date=7 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/index.php?issueid=87&id=27790&option=com_content&task=view&sectionid=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621033720/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/index.php?issueid=87&id=27790&option=com_content&task=view&sectionid=4 |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 June 2009 |title=Spate of immolations for Lankan Tamils rocks TN : Latest Headlines, News – India Today |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=10 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20090417/1229869.html |title=Middle-aged man attempts self immolation for cause of Tamils |publisher=News.webindia123.com |date=17 April 2009}}</ref>

===Norway===
Norway had acted as a peace mediator in Sri Lanka prior to it being asked to leave by the Sri Lankan government of Rajapakse which ended the ceasefire in 2006 after alleging multiple violations by the LTTE. Pro-LTTE Tamil communities and organisations within Norway organised large protests including ones outside the [[Parliament of Norway Building]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=79&artid=28956 |title=No more excuses in waging the war – Protestors in Oslo |publisher=Tamilnet.com |date=7 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=28252 |title=Eelam Tamils protest against war in Vanni, in Norway, Germany |publisher=Tamilnet.com |date=1 February 2009}}</ref> [[Inkognitogata 18]],<ref name="TVNZ_2627601">{{cite web |url=http://tvnz.co.nz/content/2627601 |title=Tamil supporters protest in London, Oslo |date=8 April 2009 |work=[[Television New Zealand]] |access-date=14 September 2011}}</ref> and other parts of [[Oslo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.norwaypost.no/content/view/21868/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090623174508/http://www.norwaypost.no/content/view/21868/|url-status=dead|title=200 Tamils protested in Oslo|first=Rolleiv|last=Solholm|archive-date=23 June 2009|website=The Norway Post|access-date=31 January 2020}}</ref> There were also protests outside the Sri Lankan embassy where a few protesters broke into the embassy, making it the first violent movement in the Tamil diaspora protests around the world. Although no one was hurt, severe damage was done inside the Embassy of Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://in.reuters.com/article/southAsiaNews/idINIndia-39005020090412 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090413190114/http://in.reuters.com/article/southAsiaNews/idINIndia-39005020090412 | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 April 2009 | work=Reuters | title=Protesters break into Sri Lankan embassy in Oslo | date=12 April 2009| access-date= 7 June 2009 }}</ref> Hundreds of Tamils gathered in [[Bergen]], organising a 48-hour famine protest starting on 20 November.<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618170750/http://www.sibernews.com/20081121162.html |title=Norway, Bergen Tamils 48 Hours Famine Protests |archive-date=18 Jun 2009 |url=http://www.sibernews.com/20081121162.html |publisher=Sibernews.com }}</ref>

===Switzerland===
On 19 February 2009, 26-year-old Murugathasan Varnakulasingham from [[London]] joined the ongoing protests in front of the [[United Nations Office at Geneva|United Nations Office]] in [[Geneva]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.harrowtimes.co.uk/news/4177137.Funeral_for_Harrow_Tamil_martyr/ | title=Funeral for Harrow Tamil martyr}}</ref> Shortly after 20:00 [[Central European Time|CET]], he doused himself in gasoline and set himself on fire. Police attempted to rescue him but he succumbed to his injuries. A statement letter he wrote in English and Tamil read, "We Tamils, displaced and all over the world, loudly raised our problems and asked for help before [the] international community in your own language for three decades. But nothing happened ... So I decided to sacrifice my life ... The flames over my body will be a torch to guide you through the liberation path." According to his brother, Murugathasan emigrated from Sri Lanka seven years prior to his death and reports and images from the civil war being circulated via internet and news media would leave him emotional.<ref name="theguardian1"/> His [[self-immolation]] was an apparent [[copycat suicide]] following similar deaths during protests in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7929236.stm |title = Tamil family proud of son's 'sacrifice'|date = 7 March 2009}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
[[File:Tamil protesters UK 1.jpg|right|thumb|Protesters in [[Parliament Square]], London in January 2009]]
The largest of the protests occurred in the United Kingdom. Protests were organised by the [[British Tamil Forum]], a prominent diaspora organisation and a key association organising of the event, aiming to encourage British intervention in the Sri Lankan civil war. The first protest began on 18 January 2009 with around 9000 British Tamils in front of 10 Downing Street in London, participating in a mass vigil.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=28055 |title=18.01.09 9000 British Tamils gather in protest against war on Tamils in Vanni |publisher=TamilNet |date=18 January 2009}}</ref> A larger scaled protest occurred on 31 January 2009 which attracted a crowd of around 150,000 Tamils.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=28240 |title=31.01.09 British Tamils stage largest ever march protesting genocide, mandating Tamil Eelam |publisher=TamilNet |date=31 January 2009}}</ref>

On 6 April an ongoing protest began, which continued into the middle of May. The next major protest took place on 11 April 2009, which attracted more than 200,000 Tamils.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tamileelamonline.com/en/Apr_11_19:14_-_Two-thirds_of_British_Tamils_march_for_Ceasefire_and_Tamil_Eelam |title=The Leading Tamil Eelam Online Site on the Net |publisher=tamileelamonline.com |access-date=7 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619040741/http://www.tamileelamonline.com/en/Apr_11_19:14_-_Two-thirds_of_British_Tamils_march_for_Ceasefire_and_Tamil_Eelam |archive-date=19 June 2009 |url-status=usurped |df=dmy-all }}</ref> While the protesters diminished in numbers later on in the day, a number of people took place in non-stop protests on the streets, similar to protests that occurred in Canada.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5i99-WLWbuW7nyagJUxASZ29ygy2Q |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130124212633/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5i99-WLWbuW7nyagJUxASZ29ygy2Q |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 January 2013 |title=AFP: Truce call as 100,000 rally in London Tamil protest |date=11 April 2009}}</ref> Two British Tamils, 21-year-old Sivatharsan Sivakumaravel and 28-year-old Parameswaran Subramanyam, went on hunger strike.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tamileelamonline.com/en/Apr_10_02:36_-_Tamil_hunger_strikers%27_condition_deteriorates_in_London |title=The Leading Tamil Eelam Online Site on the Net |publisher=tamileelamonline.com |access-date=7 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610080434/http://www.tamileelamonline.com/en/Apr_10_02%3A36_-_Tamil_hunger_strikers%27_condition_deteriorates_in_London |archive-date=10 June 2009 |url-status=usurped |df=dmy-all }}</ref> On 11 May, the protesters in [[Parliament Square]] "spilled through police lines" causing roads to be blocked, with the protesters "noisy but peaceful."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8043773.stm|title= Tamil protesters take to streets |access-date=12 May 2009 | date=11 May 2009 | work=BBC News| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090514171341/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8043773.stm| archive-date= 14 May 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref>

In October 2009 the ''[[Daily Mail]]'' falsely claimed that a police surveillance team had been watching the two hunger strikers discovered that Subramanyam had been secretly eating [[McDonald's]] sandwiches with the help of clandestine deliveries. Subramaniyan denied the ''Daily Mail'''s allegations, calling them "entirely baseless" and a "conspiracy to defame the Tamil struggle".<ref name="bbc091009">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8299935.stm|title=Protest Tamil denies burger claim |last=Natarajan|first=Swaminathan|date=9 October 2009|publisher=BBC News|access-date=10 October 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091012052834/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8299935.stm| archive-date= 12 October 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref> He stated that he also had medical proof.<ref name="bbc091009"/> The police refused to discuss the allegations.<ref name="bbc091009"/> The false claims were widely reported in the Sri Lankan media, allowing the [[Sri Lankan government]] and its supporters used them to condemn the Tamil protesters.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hunger striker's £7m Big Mac: Tamil who cost London a fortune in policing was sneaking in fast-food |url=http://www.news.lk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=11843&Itemid=52|publisher=The Official Government News Portal of Sri Lanka| access-date= 29 July 2010 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100728104615/http://www.news.lk//index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=11843&Itemid=52| archive-date= 28 July 2010| url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hunger striker's £7m Big Mac: Tamil who cost London a fortune in policing was sneaking in fast-food|url=http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=20091009_05|publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (Sri Lanka)]]|access-date=29 July 2010 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012033555/http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=20091009_05|archive-date=12 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pro-LTTE hunger striker tucks into Big Macs|url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2009/10/10/sec05.asp|newspaper=Daily News, Sri Lanka|date=10 October 2009|access-date=29 July 2010 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120193010/http://www.dailynews.lk/2009/10/10/sec05.asp|archive-date=20 January 2012}}</ref> Subramanyam then took legal action for [[libel]] against the ''Daily Mail'' and ''[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]'', which had repeated the false claims. He won the settlement in June 2010.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tamil hunger striker wins damages over burger claims|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-10802491|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=29 July 2010| access-date= 29 July 2010 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100729190201/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-10802491| archive-date= 29 July 2010| url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hunger striker wins burger-munching libel case|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/29/AR2010072901524.html|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|date=29 July 2010| access-date= 29 July 2010 }}{{dead link|date=June 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The newspapers accepted that the claims had been entirely false, apologised to Subramanyam and paid him a total of £77,500 in damages—£30,000 from ''The Sun'', and £47,500 from the ''Daily Mail''—and paid his legal costs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2010/jul/29/daily-mail-sun-parameswaran-subramanyam|title=Daily Mail and Sun pay out to Tamil hunger striker|first=Sam|last=Jones|date=29 July 2010|access-date=31 January 2020|via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref>

It was discovered that the United Kingdom sold arms to Sri Lanka worth over £13.6 million in the last three years of the conflict, contravening the 1998 Code of Conduct on Arms Exports by the [[European Union]] that restricts business with countries facing internal conflicts or with poor human rights records and a history of violating international law. Several members of parliament expressed anger at the development. Four committees in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] expressed concern in a joint statement that arms made in the United Kingdom were fired on civilians during battles in Sri Lanka. In their annual report, the cross-party committees on arms export controls recommended the government should review all arms exports to Sri Lanka following the crackdown on rebels. The MPs also questioned the government's commitment to tackling corruption and bribery and called on ministers to investigate what British-supplied military equipment was used in the campaign against the Tamils.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/srilanka/5426520/Britain-sold-arms-to-Sri-Lanka-during-Tamil-Tiger-conflict.html | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | title=Britain sold arms to Sri Lanka during Tamil Tiger conflict | date=2 June 2009| access-date= 13 January 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/politics/domestic_politics/british%2Bguns%2Baposfired%2Bat%2Bsri%2Blanka%2Bciviliansapos/3314087.html |title=British guns 'fired at Sri Lanka civilians' – Channel 4 News |publisher=Channel4.com }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/6049670/UK-arms-used-against-civilians-in-Sri-Lanka-and-Gaza.html | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | first=Rosa | last=Prince | title=UK arms used against civilians in Sri Lanka and Gaza | date=19 August 2009| access-date= 13 January 2012 }}</ref>

A number of protesters, such as [[Jan Jananayagam]] of [[Tamils Against Genocide]], reiterated to the [[BBC]] that Tamils lived under "existential threat" in North Eastern Sri Lanka, that delayed recognition of genocidal acts cost lives, and that based on its record in Rwanda, the United Nations had not proved that it alone could defend Tamil people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=50vZbOu-a5Y |title=BBC Newshour interview Tamils under existential threat |publisher=YouTube |date=12 February 2009}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead Youtube links|date=February 2022}}</ref>

A Sinhalese Buddhist temple in Kingsbury was attacked and its members blamed LTTE sympathisers for the attack.<ref name="harrowtimes">{{cite news |last1=Kirk |first1=Tristan |title=Kingsbury temple fearful of further attacks |url=https://www.harrowtimes.co.uk/news/4385822.kingsbury-temple-fearful-of-further-attacks/ |access-date=28 February 2023 |publisher=Harrow Times |date=21 May 2009}}</ref> A Sinhalese chicken shop chain had experienced attacks at several of its locations by Tamil vandals in late May and its staff were threatened. The owner noted that his staff was shouted at and asked if they were Tamil or Sinhalese. One month earlier, a gang had threatened to burn down his restaurant and accused him of supporting the Sri Lankan government.<ref name="evening standard">{{cite news |title=Sri Lankan fast-food chain targeted by Tamil revenge mob |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/hp/front/sri-lankan-fastfood-chain-targeted-by-tamil-revenge-mob-6783604.html |work=Evening Standard |date=22 May 2009}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sri Lankan Civil War}}
{{Anti-war}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamil Diaspora Protests, 2009}}
[[Category:Sri Lankan civil war protests| ]]
[[Category:Tamil Eelam]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora]]
[[Category:2009 protests|Protests against the Sri Lankan Civil War]]
[[Category:Hunger strikes|Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:India–Sri Lanka relations]]
[[Category:2009 in India]]
[[Category:Protests in India]]
[[Category:Anti-war protests|Sri Lankan Civil War]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan civil war]]

Mazaak Mazaak Mein

2025-11-25T06:46:38Z

Chefajaychopra123: Created Some Details Initial Version

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Mazaak Mazaak Mein.jpeg
| caption =
| genre = [[Talent show]] [[Television comedy]]
| creator = [[Ekta Kapoor]] [[Shobha Kapoor]]
| based_on =
| director =
| writer = Ekta Kapoor Shobha Kapoor
| creative_director =
| presenter = [[Karishma Kotak]] replaced by Shraddha Aarya
| judges =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 20
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| producer = Ekta Kapoor Shobha Kapoor
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime =
| company = [[Balaji Telefilms]]
| channel = [[Life OK]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2016|7|23}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2016|09|25}}
}}

'''''Mazaak Mazaak Mein''''' is an Indian Hindi-language reality television talent competition, which premiered on 23 July 2016 on [[Life OK]]. The series is produced by [[Balaji Telefilms]] of [[Ekta Kapoor]] and [[Shobha Kapoor]].<ref name="Shoaib Akhtar and Harbhajan Singh to judge a TV show">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shoaib-Akhtar-and-Harbhajan-Singh-to-judge-a-TV-show/articleshow/53058623.cms|title=Shoaib Akhtar and Harbhajan Singh to judge a TV show|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 July 2016|access-date=10 July 2016|archive-date=8 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708124805/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shoaib-Akhtar-and-Harbhajan-Singh-to-judge-a-TV-show/articleshow/53058623.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/television/No-better-job-than-being-paid-to-enjoy-jokes-Shoaib-Akhtar/2016/07/07/article3518045.ece|title=No better job than being paid to enjoy jokes: Shoaib Akhtar|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=7 July 2016|access-date=10 July 2016|archive-date=8 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708133814/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/television/No-better-job-than-being-paid-to-enjoy-jokes-Shoaib-Akhtar/2016/07/07/article3518045.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/will-indian-mazak-league-prove-to-be-a-refreshing-change-for-viewers-lifetv-17292-2016-06-30|title=Will Indian Mazak League prove to be a refreshing change for viewers?|newspaper=[[India Today]]|date=30 June 2016|access-date=10 July 2016|archive-date=9 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709183854/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/will-indian-mazak-league-prove-to-be-a-refreshing-change-for-viewers-lifetv/1/704583.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Harbhajan Singh]] and [[Shoaib Akhtar]] were the judges.<ref name="Shoaib Akhtar and Harbhajan Singh to judge a TV show"/>

==Plot==
The show is a reality show, but the main aim of the show is to select the best comedians in the field of comedy.<ref name="Shoaib Akhtar and Harbhajan Singh to judge a TV show"/>

==Judges==
* [[Shoaib Akhtar]]
* [[Harbhajan Singh]]

==Cast==
* [[Chandan Prabhakar]]
* [[Raju Srivastava]]
*Suresh Albela
* [[Vrajesh Hirjee]]
*Zafri Khan

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Life OK Programmes}}
{{Balaji Telefilms}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mazaak Mazaak Mein}}
[[Category:Balaji Telefilms television series]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian comedy television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Life OK original programming]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian stand-up comedy television series]]

Secunderabad–Nagpur Express

2025-11-11T17:40:47Z

Chefajaychopra123: Creating Initial Post From Scratch

{{Short description|Indian high-speed rail}}
{{Orphan|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Secunderabad–Nagpur (now Raipur) Superfast Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2013|03|11}}
| last =
| operator = [[South Central Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Secunderabad Junction}} (SC)
| stops = 12
| end = {{stnlnk|Raipur Junction}} (R)
| distance = {{convert|877|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 15h 55m
| frequency = Tri-weekly {{efn|Runs three days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering E-catering
| observation = LHB rakes
| entertainment = No
| baggage = No
| other facilities= Below the seats
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 12771/12772
| speed = {{convert|56|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The '''Secunderabad–Nagpur Superfast Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] train belonging to [[South Central Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Secunderabad Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Nagpur Junction}} in India. It is currently being operated with 12771/12772 train numbers on tri-weekly basis. And now it has been extended up to Raipur.<ref>[http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,5,268&dcd=9033&did=14973492064862C2CF1ED96B7E815D1709F831ECA0A44.web91 Secunderabad Division leverages Twitter for Fast Response to Customer Needs]</ref><ref>[http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,5,268&dcd=8334&did=1483701853892CC64F443833244FB9AF21B51846297C3.web91 Two Trains Cancelled]</ref>

== Service==

The 12771/Secunderabad–Nagpur SF Express has an average speed of 56 km/h and covers 575 km in 10h 15m. The 12772/Nagpur–Secunderabad SF Express has an average speed of 55 km/h and covers 575 km in 10h 25m.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{stnlnk|Secunderabad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Jangoan}}
* {{stnlnk|Kazipet Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Jammikunta}}
* {{stnlnk|Ramagundam}}
* {{stnlnk|Mancherial}}
* {{stnlnk|Balharshah Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Chandrapur}}
* {{stnlnk|Sewagram Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Nagpur Junction}}

==Coach composition==

The train runs with modern LHB rakes with max speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 17 coaches:

* 2 AC II Tier
* 1 AC III Tier
* 8 Sleeper coaches
* 4 General Unreserved
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Lallaguda|Lallaguda electric loco shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from [[Nagpur]] to [[Secunderabad]] and vice versa.

== See also ==

* [[Nagpur Junction railway station]]
* [[Secunderabad Junction railway station]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/21745 12771/Secunderabad - Nagpur SF Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/21744 12772/Nagpur - Secunderabad SF Express]

{{South Central Railway}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Secunderabad-Nagpur Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Secunderabad]]
[[Category:Transport in Nagpur]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2013]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Khalid Alvi

2025-10-16T17:17:06Z

Chefajaychopra123: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Indian academic}}
{{for|the Pakistani cricketer|Khalid Alvi (cricketer)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Khalid Alvi
| image = Khalid Alvi 8.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|06|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chandpur, Bijnor]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| education = PhD (Delhi University)
}}
'''Khalid Alvi''' also known as '''Khalid Mustafa Alvi''' is a professor at the [[University of Delhi]], critic, and [[Urdu language|Urdu]] poet. He has written twelve books and edited the English journal ''Furtherance'' and the Urdu monthly ''Shahkaar''.{{citation needed|date = May 2013}} Some of his works have been translated into German, Persian and Uzbek Languages.

==Early life and education==
{{BLP unsourced section|date = May 2013}}
Khalid Alvi received his early education in his home town Chandpur, Bijnor, Uttar Pradesh and then he joined the University of Delhi as a Research Scholar. During his stay at University of Delhi as a research scholar he was invited to deliver a series of lecture on Indian literature by Peshawar University, Oriental Institute Tashkent and some other Organisations in various parts of the world.

==Career==
{{BLP unsourced section|date = May 2013}}
After Alvi finished his MPhil, he was offered an assistant professorship at the college of Delhi University.

===Writing===
One of Alvi's books, ''[[Angarey]]'', has been the subject of controversy. The book is a collection of Urdu short stories, first published in the 1930s, and then banned in 1933. It was written by [[Sajjad Zaheer]], [[Rashid Jahan]], Mahmud-uz-Zafar and [[Ahmed Ali (writer)|Ahmed Ali]]<ref name=firstpost>{{cite news|last=Swami|first=Praveen|title=India's cricket god Dhoni and our crazed god squad|url=http://www.firstpost.com/world/indias-cricket-god-dhoni-and-our-crazed-god-squad-759279.html|accessdate=29 May 2013|newspaper=Firstpost World|date=7 May 2013}}</ref> Alvi reissued the book in 1993, but, when doing so, had to excise major portions of it.<ref name=bookontrial>{{cite book|last=Kumar|first=Girja|title=The book on trial: fundamentalism and censorship in India|year=1997|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|page=124|isbn=9788124105252|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n-KUICFfA00C&dq=%22Khalid+alvi%22&pg=PA124}}</ref> In 2014 he along with Vibha S. Chauhan translated the book in English.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The literary forest fire that censors failed to extinguish|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/bookbeat/angarey|access-date=2020-12-27|website=www.sunday-guardian.com|archive-date=5 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705215702/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/bookbeat/angarey|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
*''[https://books.google.com/books?id=jq4qHQAACAAJ Hifazat e hadis]''
*''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Esy0YgEACAAJ Angarey ka tareekhi pasmenzar]''
*''[https://books.google.com/books?id=R39uHAAACAAJ&q=Peghambrana+duaen Peghambrana duaen]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alvi, Khalid}}
[[Category:Academic staff of Delhi University]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Alvis]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:People from Bijnor district]]

Jayaprakash Nagar, Mysore

2025-10-04T17:07:19Z

Chefajaychopra123: starting some pg w/ sources!

{{about|the locality in [[Mysore]]|the locality in Bangalore|Jayaprakash Nagar, Bangalore}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Unreferenced|date=September 2013}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jayaprakash Nagar, Mysore
|image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.26075|76.64715|display=inline}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
}}
[[File:Chamundi Hill view from J.P.Nagar Library, Mysore.jpg|thumb|Chamundi Hill view from J.P.Nagar stadium]]
[[File:Rama Bhai Village. J.P.Nagar.jpg|thumb|Rama Bhai village on Gorur Road]]

'''Jayaprakash Narayan Nagar''', popularly known as '''J. P. Nagar''', is one of the residential layouts in [[Mysore]], under Krishnaraja Constituency, that is very adjacent to the outer ring road.
J.P. Nagar was originally meant to be an industrial layout. But recently it has become an important residential area with many shops and establishments catering to the residents.

==J.P.Nagar Library and Stadium==

The J.P.Nagar Library near to police booth has an extensive collection of English and Kannada books. It has got a very spacious reading space with special facilities for the child reader. There is a yoga center on the first floor of the library. A special niche park called Sri Puttaraj Gawai Stadium is attached to the library and there is a 500-meter walking track, a tennis court and an open-air auditorium adjacent to the library. There are facilities for playing cricket, handball, basketball, table tennis, Tennis -clay and football. The swimming pool was built by ''Build-Operate-Transfer'' scheme and it has a short course of eight lines. There is another indoor pool of three lines. A gymnasium and a skating ring are also included in the facility.

==Speciality Parks==
The stadium also has two speciality parks on either side of the library building. One is a children's park with all playing facilities. Another is a niche park for couples and philosophers with a lot of privacy included.

== Areas nearer to J.P.Nagar==
* [[Chamundipuram]], Vishweshwara Nagar and Shanidevara temple
* Vidyaranyapura and Goblimara
* Policebooth and Kavitha bakery
* JP Nagar last bus stop
* Nanchana Halli Palaya
* JP Nagar sports club
* Navodaya layout

==See also==
* [[Mysore South]]
* [[Gurur]]
* [[Vidyaranyapura, Mysore]]
* [[Ashokapuram, Mysore]]
* [[Nanju Mallige]]
* [[Mananthavady Road]]

<gallery>
File:Gorur Road, J.P (2).jpg|Housing for the poor at Gurur road
File:Gorur Road, J.P (3).jpg|Temple on Gurur road
File:Nanchana Halli Palaya.srirampura-1.jpg|N.H.Palaya
File:JP Nagar Park, Mysore.jpg|J.P.Park
</gallery>

{{Commons category|Jayaprakash Nagar Mysore}}

[[Category:Mysore South]]
[[Category:Suburbs of Mysore]]

Ghar Aaja Pardesi

2025-09-22T11:43:55Z

Chefajaychopra123: Updated entries and formatting

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{for|the 1995 Pamela Chopra song|Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (soundtrack)}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Gharaajapardesilogo.png
| caption =
| genre = [[Television drama|Drama]]
| creator = [[Gajendra Singh (producer)|Gajendra Singh]]
| writer = {{ubl|Gaurav Desai|Sanjay Joshi|Amitabh Singh}}
| director = {{ubl|Indraneil Goswami|Inder Das}}
| creative_director = Kadar kazi(kk)
| starring = [[Ghar Aaja Pardesi#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer = Anuj Kappu
| opentheme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 95
| executive_producer = {{ubl|Sri Kant|Nishant Verma}}
| producer = Gajendra Singh
| editor = {{ubl|Avadh Narayan Singh|Sonu Yadav|Sunil Singh}}
| location = [[Banaras]]
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = Approx 23 minutes
| company = [[Saibaba Telefilms]]
| channel = [[Sahara One]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2013|1|28}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2013|6|7}}
}}

'''''Ghar Aaja Pardesi''''' ({{Translation|''Come home stranger''}}) is an Indian television show that aired on [[Sahara One]] from 28 January 2013 to 7 June 2013, produced by [[Gajendra Singh (producer)|Gajendra Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-27/tv/36576787_1_sahara-one-media-fiction-gajendra-singh|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411033100/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-27/tv/36576787_1_sahara-one-media-fiction-gajendra-singh|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2013|title=Sahara One launched 'Ghar Aaja Pardesi'|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 January 2013}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Ruchi Savarn]] as Devika
* [[Vikram Gokhale]] as Bhavanishankar Mishra
* [[Mahesh Thakur]] as Raghav Mishra
* Anita Kulkarni as Sajni Raghav Mishra
* [[Smita Jaykar]]
* [[Sapna Pabbi]] / [[Pooja Banerjee]] as Rudrani
* Agastya Jain as Ajit Banarasi
* [[Abir Goswami]] / [[Iqbal Azad]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Iqbal Azad to replace Abir Goswami in TV show|work=[[Zee News]]|url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/iqbal-azad-to-replace-abir-goswami-in-tv-show_134960.html|date=21 May 2013|accessdate=10 June 2020}}</ref> as Madhav Mishra
* Kashi Tiwari as Guddu Mishra
* Jaideep Suri
* Niyati Joshi
* Geetanjali Mishra
* Vijay Badlani
*[[Ankit Mohan]] as Prateek Pandey

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sahara One Programmes}}

[[Category:Sahara One original programming]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:2013 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2013 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows filmed in India]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Uttar Pradesh]]

Kalo Dungar

2025-09-02T04:01:13Z

Chefajaychopra123: starting initial details v1!

{{short description|Mountain in Gujarat, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Kalo Dungar (Mount Karo)
| other_name =
| photo = Rann of Kutch - Highest Point.jpg
| photo_caption = Monument on Kala dunger
| elevation_m = 462
| elevation_ref =
| prominence_m =
| prominence_ref =
| listing =
| location = [[Khavda]], Kutch district, Gujarat, India
| range =
| map = India Gujarat | region =
| map_caption = Location in Gujarat
| label = Kalo Dungar
| label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|23|56|03|N|69|48|50|E|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| first_ascent =
| easiest_route =
}}
'''Kalo Dungar''' or '''Black Hill''' is the highest point in [[Kutch]], Gujarat, India, at {{cvt|462|m}}. It is located {{cvt|97|km}} from District headquarters of [[Bhuj]] and {{cvt|25|km}} from nearest town [[Khavda]].<ref name=a>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gujarattourism.com/showpage.aspx?contentid=34&webpartid=42|title=The Black Hills (Kalo Dungar)|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028024313/http://www.gujarattourism.com/showpage.aspx?contentid=34&webpartid=42|archive-date=2011-10-28|access-date=2019-12-19}}</ref><ref name=b>[https://bichhubooti.wordpress.com/2010/06/16/the-jackals-and-legend-of-kalo-dungar/ The Jackals and Legend of Kalo Dungar]</ref><ref name=c>[https://books.google.com/books?id=gZRLGZNZEoEC&dq=kalo+dungar&pg=PA324 KALO DUNGAR]</ref>

It is near the border with Pakistan and there is an army post at the top where only military personnel are allowed.<ref name=a/><ref name=b/><ref name=c/>

The Kalo Dungar also has a 400-year-old [[Dattatreya]] temple.<ref name=a/><ref name=b/><ref name=c/> ''Kalo Dungar magnetic hill'' is an [[optical illusion]] where a vehicle seems to [[gravity hill|defy the gravity]] and roll up the slope.<ref name=kd1/><ref name="Kaushik 2011"/>

==Etymology==
The word ''Kalo Dungar'' means the ''Black Hill'' in [[Kutchi language]], from the words ''Kalo'' for the ''Black'' and ''Dungar'' for the ''Hill''.<ref>[https://www.nativeplanet.com/travel-guide/gravity-hills-in-india-002880.html Not Just One, There are 3 Gravity Hills in India], nativeplanet.com, 18 April 2018.</ref>

==Dattatreya temple==
The Kalo Dungar is also famous for a 400-year-old [[Dattatreya]] temple. Legend says that when Dattatreya walked on the earth, he stopped at the Kalo Dungar and found a band of starving jackals. Being a god, he offered them his body to eat and as they ate, his body continually regenerated itself. Because of this, for the last four centuries, the priest at the temple has prepared a batch of [[Prasad (food offering)|prasad]], cooked rice, that is fed to the jackals after the evening [[aarti]].<ref name=a/><ref name=b/><ref name=c/>

Another, legend has it that there was once a holy man named Lakkh Guru residing at Kala Dungar and worshiping the Lord Dattatreya. He used to feed wild jackals. There came a day when he found he had no food, so he cut off a part of his body and offered it to the jackals, saying, "Le ang!" ("take the body part"). Over the centuries, this got corrupted to "Long".<ref name=b/>

{{Wide image|Kado dungar.jpg|1100px|Panoramic view of the [[Great Rann of Kutch]] from Kalo dungar}}

== Gravity hill optical illusion ==
{{ anchor | Kalo Dungar magnetic hill | Kalo Dungar gravity hill | Dungar optical illusion}}
{{ see also | List_of_gravity_hills#India | l1= List of gravity hills in India }}

'''Kalo Dungar magnetic hill''' or '''Kalo Dungar Anti Gravity slope''' is an hill road with [[optical illusion]] of a [[gravity hill]] where vehicle seems to defy the gravity and roll from down slope to up the slope. A strange phenomenon was observed at Kalo Dungar, when some visitors noticed that their vehicles would attain speeds over {{convert|80|km/h}} driving down the hill even with the ignition switched off, a much higher velocity than descending other nearby peaks. A team of experts from the Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority (GSDMA); Institute of Seismological Research, [[Gandhinagar]]; and [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]] studied the phenomenon.<ref name=kd1>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120606143913/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-26/ahmedabad/28256947_1_gsdma-rann-utsav-phenomenon Experts set to probe mystery roll-down at Kalo Dungar] TIMES OF INDIA, DEC 26,2010</ref> It was concluded that the vehicles pick up speed because the slope is steeper than it appears to the traveller (see [[gravity hill]]).<ref name="Kaushik 2011">{{cite web | last=Kaushik | first=Himanshu | title=Nothing magnetic about Kala Dungar | website=The Times of India | date=20 October 2011 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Nothing-magnetic-about-Kala-Dungar/articleshow/10421349.cms | access-date=7 February 2016}}</ref>

It is {{cvt|5.2|km}} west of the Kutch Dattaterya Temple, {{cvt|5.6|km}} south of India Bridge historic landmark, {{cvt|5.6|km}}east of BSF Camp on State Highway SH45, {{cvt|5.4|km}} east of the [[Intersection (road)#Road segments|Y-fork intersection]] the intersection where Kalo Dungar road starts off the State Highway SH45, {{cvt|3|km}} east of Drobhana post office, {{cvt|12|km}} northeast of [[Khavda]], {{cvt|33|km}} northwest of [[Kutch]] city, {{cvt|52.6|km}} south of [[India–Pakistan border]], {{cvt|83|km}} north of [[Bhuj]], {{cvt|138|km}} north of [[Gandhidham]], and 410 northwest of [[Ahmedabad]] via NH947-NH27-NH314.

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
Image:Mount Kiro.jpg|Mount Kiro
Image:Kala Dunger mountain view.jpg|Kala Dunger mountain view
Image:View from kala dunger kutch.JPG|View from kala dunger
Image:View from kala dunger.JPG|View from kala dunger
Image:Salt desert.jpg|Salt desert from Karo Dunger
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Panchmai Pir]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}

[[Category:Hills of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Geography of Kutch district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kutch district]]
[[Category:Gravity hills]]