Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Rabindranath Mukherjee

2026-05-06T09:38:27Z

Charnkamal: Created a stub

{{Like resume|date=March 2022}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}'''Rabindranath Mukherjee''' also known as '''R N Mukherjee''' (born 19 April 1953, at [[Tribeni, Hooghly]], [[West Bengal]], India) is an Indian former [[chemistry]] professor who is an elected fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]].<ref name=INSA/> He was former Director of [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata]].

==Education==

Mukherjee holds an M.Sc. (Specialization in Inorganic Chemistry) from The University of Burdwan (1976), West Bengal, India obtained his PhD from The [[Rajabazar Science College]], [[University of Calcutta]] (1983) working in the laboratory of Prof. Animesh Chakravorty, the then Head, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] (IACS), Calcutta (now Kolkata). After spending two years in the same laboratory as a post-doctoral research associate he joined the research group of Prof. R. H. Holm, Department of Chemistry, [[Harvard University]], USA during May 1985-September 1987.{{fact|date=May 2023}}

==Academic background==
He became a member of the faculty as an assistant professor at the Department of Chemistry, [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur]], Kanpur, India in October 1987. Since December 1995 he is a Professor of Chemistry. He was Head of Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India.{{fact|date=May 2023}}

==Positions==
# Post-doctoral Research Associate, [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] (in the laboratory of Professor Animesh Chakravorty), IACS, Calcutta (1983 - 1985)
# Post-doctoral Research Associate (in the laboratory of Professor Richard H. Holm), [[Harvard University]], USA (1985 - 1987)
# Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur|IIT Kanpur]] (1987 - 1993)
# Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry, IIT Kanpur (1993 - 1995)
# Professor, Department of Chemistry, IIT Kanpur (1995–; on deputation from 01/02/2012 to 31/01/2017)
# Head, Department of Chemistry, IIT Kanpur (2010 - )
# Chair Professor, IIT Kanpur (Poonam and [[Prabhu Goel]] Chair) (2011 - 2014)

==Awards and honors==
# Chair Professor at Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, (Poonam and Prabhu Goel Chair) (2011-2014)
# Priyadaranjan Ray Memorial Award, Indian Chemical Society, Kolkata (2010)
# J. C. Bose Fellowship, Department of Science & Technology, Government of India (2008-2013)
# Elected Fellow of [[Indian National Science Academy]], New Delhi, India (2008)<ref name = INSA>{{cite web | url =http://www.insaindia.org/detail.php?id=P08-1463 | title = Indian Fellow:Dr RN Mukherjee (Dr Rabindra Nath Mukherjee)
| last = | first = | date = | website =[[Indian National Science Academy]] | publisher = INSA Informatics Centre | access-date = 7 May 2016 | quote = }}</ref>
# Fellow, Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore (1999)
# Silver Medal, Chemical Research Society of India, Bangalore, Bangalore (2011)
# Vice President, Chemical Research Society of India (2008- )
# Member, Advisory Board of Dalton Transactions (RSC) (2008-2011)
# Member, Editorial Board of Inorganica Chimica Acta (Elsevier) (2011-2013)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Rabindranath}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:People from Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Educators from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]

Chalkoi

2026-04-27T16:25:43Z

Charnkamal: Added first details first draft

'''Chalkoi''' is a village in Churu tehsil of [[Churu district|Churu]] district in [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chalkoi Baneerotan Village Population - Churu - Churu, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/70478-chalkoi-baneerotan-rajasthan.html |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=India TV |title=Chalkoi Banirotan Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Chalkoi Banirotan, Churu, Rajasthan, India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/rajasthan/churu/chalkoi-banirotan |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>

==Demographics==
Chalkoi have high literacy rates compared to the Rajasthan state average; for instance, Chalkoi Beekan recorded 66.74%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=Chalkoi Banirotan Pin Code - 331304, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search churu Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/rajasthan/churu/chalkoi-banirotan-pincode-331304.html |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref>

==Economy==
Agriculture is a primary occupation, with a significant number of residents working as cultivators.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Churu district}}

{{coord|28|31|12|N|74|58|24|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city}}

[[Category:Villages in Churu district]]

{{Bikanerdivision-geo-stub}}

List of foreign East Bengal FC players

2026-04-15T20:09:38Z

Charnkamal: added post

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] is an Indian [[association football]] club based in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], which competes in the top tier of [[Football in India|Indian football]]. The club was formed in August 1920 when the Jorabagan Club's vice-president, Suresh Chandra Chaudhuri, resigned. He did so after the club sent out their starting eleven with the notable exclusion of defender Sailesh Bose, who was dropped from the squad for undisclosed reasons when they were about to face [[Mohun Bagan]] in the Coochbehar Cup semi-final on 28 July 1920. He, along with Raja Manmatha Nath Chaudhuri, Ramesh Chandra Sen and Aurobinda Ghosh, formed East Bengal on 1 August 1920. East Bengal started playing in the [[Calcutta Football League]], 2nd division, in 1921. In 1925, they qualified for the first division for the first time and since then they have won many Indian football titles.<ref name="RiseofEastBengal">{{cite web|title=The Rise of East Bengal Club|url=http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818124203/http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/legacy.php|archive-date=18 August 2012|access-date=10 August 2012|work=East Bengal Football Club}}</ref>

East Bengal joined the [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]] (NFL) at its inception in 1996<ref name="NFL9697">{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india97.html|title=India 1996/97|work=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=2 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611104712/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india97.html#nfl1|archive-date=11 June 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=trophylist>{{cite web|url=http://eastbengalclub.co.in/trophyroom.html|title=East Bengal Club - The Official Site of East Bengal Club|website=eastbengalclub.co.in|access-date=26 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114010717/http://eastbengalclub.co.in/trophyroom.html|archive-date=14 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> and is the only club to have played every season to date, including those after the rebranded [[I-League]] succeeded the NFL in 2007. East Bengal won the National Football League in [[2000–01 National Football League (India)|2000–01]], [[2002–03 National Football League (India)|2002–03]] and [[2003–04 National Football League (India)|2003–04]] and were runners up seven times, the most by any Indian football club. Among other trophies, East Bengal has won the [[Calcutta Football League]] 39 times, the [[IFA Shield]] 28 times, the [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]] eight times and the [[Durand Cup]] 16 times.<ref name=trophylist/> The team has been one of the most successful in Indian Football. Since the [[Indian independence movement|independence of India]], the club has attracted many foreign players and regularly featured big names from across the world, including some who have represented their nation at the [[FIFA World Cup]].{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}

This chronological list comprises all foreign players to have signed and played for the club since their foundation in 1920. Each players entry includes his nationality and season of first joining the club. There have been one hundred seventy five foreign players to play for East Bengal to date from forty-nine different countries, with thirty of them from Nigeria, the most from any single nation.

==History==
=== 1920–1947: Pre-independence era ===
[[File:1945 IFA Shield Final - East bengal captain P chakraborty and Mohun Bagan captain Anil Dey.png|thumb|upright|alt=East Bengal captain Paritosh Chakraborty and Mohun Bagan captain Anil Dey shaking hands watched by two men in front of a crowd. |1945 [[IFA Shield]] Final – East Bengal and Mohun Bagan captains before the match, in which, [[Fred Pugsley]] scored the lone goal.]]
Since the 1940s, the East Bengal Club has had many foreign international players play for them. The earliest recorded foreign player was the prince of Nepal, Major General [[Madan Shumsher JBR|Madan Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]], who donned the East Bengal jersey and played as a center-forward in an exhibition match against the Press Club Team on 4 July 1938.<ref>{{cite web|author=Soumen Majumdar|date=20 November 2014|url=https://eastbengalclubrecords.wordpress.com/page/6/|title=Prince of Nepal, Major General Sumsder Jung Bahadir Played for East Bengal Club – 1938|work=East Bengal Club, India - Records, Fun and Facts|accessdate=24 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624210634/https://eastbengalclubrecords.wordpress.com/page/6/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Ashok Lahiri|date=22 March 2009|url=https://chakdahasnapshots.blogspot.com/2009/03/prince-of-nepalmajor-general-sumser.html|title=Prince of Nepal, Major General Sumser Jung Bahadur.He played in the center forward position of the East Bengal Team in a match with the Press Club Team. In the match, P.C.T. won. Photo scanned from Sachitra Bharat-16.7.1938 issue.|work=Chakdaha Snapshots|accessdate=24 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204631/https://chakdahasnapshots.blogspot.com/2009/03/prince-of-nepalmajor-general-sumser.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The first-ever foreign recruit to play a competitive match for East Bengal was [[Fred Pugsley]] of [[Myanmar]], who joined East Bengal in 1942.<ref name=pugsley>{{cite web|last=Basu|first=Joydip|date=15 April 2020|url=https://www.newsclick.in/fred-pugsley-anglo-burmese-refugee-who-helped-shape-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-rivalry|title=Fred Pugsley: The Anglo-Burmese Refugee Who Helped Shape the East Bengal-Mohun Bagan Rivalry|work=News Click|accessdate=25 June 2021|archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125235818/https://www.newsclick.in/fred-pugsley-anglo-burmese-refugee-who-helped-shape-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-rivalry|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=recap>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfootballnetwork.com/blog/2013/06/12/foreign-recruits-in-indian-football-a-short-recap/|title=Foreign recruits in Indian football – A short recap|first=Dhritiman|last=Nandi|date=13 June 2013|work=Indian Football Network|accessdate=25 June 2021|archive-date=21 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321092935/http://www.indianfootballnetwork.com/blog/2013/06/12/foreign-recruits-in-indian-football-a-short-recap/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Gupta|first=Shirshaditya|date=13 November 2020|url=https://eastbengaltherealpower.com/pugsley/|title=Fred Pugsley - The Greatest|work=East Bengal the Real Power|accessdate=25 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624223305/https://eastbengaltherealpower.com/pugsley/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="scebpugsley">{{cite web|last=|first=|date=24 April 2021|title=Fred Pugsley: East Bengal's first foreign player|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/fred-pugsley-east-bengal-s-first-foreign-player|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424103837/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/fred-pugsley-east-bengal-s-first-foreign-player|archive-date=24 April 2021|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=2 July 2021}}</ref> Pugsley travelled {{cvt|500|km}} on foot from Burma after the Japanese invasion and reached Calcutta, where he knew only of the East Bengal club, which had toured Burma a few years back. The officials immediately recognised him. Extremely ill because of the inhuman exhaustion he suffered while running away from his country, a frail-looking Pugsley asked East Bengal club officials to allow him to try out for their team.<ref name=scroll>{{cite web|first=Joydeep|last=Basu|date=25 January 2021|url=https://scroll.in/field/985042/indian-football-fred-pugsley-chima-okorie-ranti-martins-the-foreign-strikers-who-shone-in-india|website=Scroll.in|access-date=26 June 2021|title=Indian football: Fred Pugsley, Chima Okorie, Ranti Martins – the foreign strikers who shone in India|archive-date=14 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514105606/https://scroll.in/field/985042/indian-football-fred-pugsley-chima-okorie-ranti-martins-the-foreign-strikers-who-shone-in-india|url-status=live}}</ref> The officials were hesitant at first, but after providing medical care, Pugsley tried out and became one of the greatest forwards to play for East Bengal. In the 1945 season especially, with Pugsley the top scorer in the league with 21 goals, East Bengal won the [[Calcutta Football League]] and [[IFA Shield]] double. Pugsley scored the solitary goal in the IFA Shield final against arch-rivals [[Mohun Bagan]].<ref name=pugsley/><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sen|first=Debayan|date=1 August 2020|url=https://www.espn.in/football/east-bengal/story/4139529/a-century-of-excellence-east-bengals-greatest-hits|title=A century of excellence: East Bengal's greatest hits|website=[[ESPN]]|access-date=24 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624211824/https://www.espn.in/football/east-bengal/story/4139529/a-century-of-excellence-east-bengals-greatest-hits|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=top5>{{cite web|first=Sayan|last=Chatterjee|date=6 April 2021|url=https://thebridge.in/football/top-5-foreign-footballers-india-20628|title=Top 5 foreign footballers to have played in India|accessdate=26 June 2021|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627161354/https://thebridge.in/football/top-5-foreign-footballers-india-20628|url-status=live}}</ref> He scored 48 goals for the club<ref name=scebpugsley/> and holds the unique record of scoring eight goals in a single match against B.B & C.I. Railway on 23 September 1945 in the [[Rovers Cup]] match—the most goals scored by an individual in a single match in Indian football to date.<ref name=scebpugsley/><ref name="scroll" /><ref>{{cite news|title=From the History Book|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.php?id=87|access-date=26 June 2021|work=The [[All India Football Federation]]|date=27 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221062031/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.php?id=87|archive-date=21 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== 1947–1996: Post-independence era ===

In the 50s, during the reign of [[Pancha Pandavas]], East Bengal signed Pakistani internationals [[Masood Fakhri]] and [[Riasat Ali]] in 1952.<ref name=riasat/> During his first season with the club, Fakhri helped his side win the Calcutta Football League, DCM Trophy and the [[Durand Cup]].<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news|last1=Sarmah|first1=Bhargab|title=Masood Fakhri: Pakistan's Football Wizard Who Captivated Kolkata Maidan|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/football/features/262902-masood-fakhri-pakistan-s-football-wizard-who-captivated-kolkata-maidan|accessdate=18 September 2016|work=[[NDTV]] Sports|date=17 September 2016|archive-date=19 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919073334/http://sports.ndtv.com/football/features/262902-masood-fakhri-pakistan-s-football-wizard-who-captivated-kolkata-maidan|url-status=live}}</ref> Fakhri scored the winning goals in his first two matches against East Bengal's biggest rivals, [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]], and became a fan favourite among East Bengal supporters.<ref name="NDTV"/> Fakhri was part of the East Bengal side to play tournaments and friendly matches in [[Romania]] and the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name="NDTV"/> In 1953, the [[Pakistan Football Federation]] (PFF) prohibited Pakistani players from playing in India without a permit,<ref>{{cite news |author=PTI |date=4 September 1953 |title=Pak Soccer Players Debarred from Playing in India |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NAJFAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZbcMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4477%2C4438339 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=26 December 2022 |archive-date=25 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225193032/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NAJFAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZbcMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4477,4438339 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=PTI |date=2 August 1953 |title=SUSPENDED PAK PLAYERS CAN'T PLAY IN INDIA |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FAJFAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZbcMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3226%2C2165351 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=28 September 2021 |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928180202/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FAJFAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZbcMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3226,2165351 |url-status=live }}</ref> but East Bengal still fielded Masood Fakhri and [[Niaz Ali]], stating they had received permission from the PFF. On 3 October 1953, in the 1953 IFA Shield final against the Indian Cultural League (I.C.L.) on the third replayed final, Masood Fakhri scored for East Bengal and the game ended in a 1–1 tie.<ref name=ifa1953>{{cite news |date=4 October 1953 |title=I.C.L. and East Bengal Draw for the Third Time - Pak Players Included in Calcuta Side - Bombay Team Lodge Protest After Match |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nMw-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=W0wMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6586%2C427740 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-date=5 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705094824/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nMw-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=W0wMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6586%2C427740 |url-status=live }}</ref> The I.C.L. team lodged a complaint with the [[Indian Football Association]] (IFA) immediately after the match against East Bengal over their fielding the Pakistani players.<ref name=ifa1953/> On 11 October 1953, the IFA announced I.C.L. as the winners of the IFA Shield<ref name=ifa1953b/><ref name="ifashieldchamps">{{Cite web|title=India - List of IFA Shield Finals|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-ifahist.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031142319/http://rsssf.com/tablesi/india-ifahist.html|archive-date=31 October 2012|access-date=5 July 2021|website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref> after East Bengal failed to produce a written permit for the Pakistani players from the PFF. The IFA suspended the East Bengal club from all football activities until 31 December 1954.<ref name=ifa1953b>{{cite news |date=12 October 1953 |title=I.C.L. Awarded IFA Shield - Suspension of East Bengal recommended |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pMw-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=W0wMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6886%2C927703 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-date=5 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705094824/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pMw-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=W0wMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6886%2C927703 |url-status=live }}</ref> East Bengal challenged this decision and took the IFA to court after receiving a letter from the PFF president, Dr. A. M. Malik on 25 October 1953,<ref name=ifa1953c>{{cite news |date=2 November 1953 |title=I.F.A. Tourney Committee Asked to Reconsider Decision on E. Bengal |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=uMw-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=W0wMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6806%2C2270096 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-date=5 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705121349/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=uMw-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=W0wMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6806%2C2270096 |url-status=live}}</ref> and had their suspension revoked.<ref name=ifa1953d>{{cite news |date=9 November 1953 |title=E. BENGAL CLUB OBTAIN INTERIM INJUNCTION - Suspension By I.F.A. Taken Before Calcutta High Court |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vsw-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=W0wMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4495%2C2669346 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=5 July 2021 |archive-date=5 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705121430/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vsw-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=W0wMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4495%2C2669346 |url-status=live}}</ref> A few more Pakistani internationals like Tarapada Roy, [[Jamil Akhtar]], [[Sumbal Khan]], [[Abdul Haq (footballer)|Abdul Haq]], [[Moosa Ghazi]], [[Hussain Killer]], etc. played for the club in the mid-50s, with Moosa becoming the first foreign player to score 100 goals in Kolkata football.<ref name=recap/> Moosa was the top scorer of East Bengal in 1956 and 1957 and scored a brace against Mohun Bagan in the 1957 Durand Cup final.<ref name=recap/><ref name="first">{{cite web|first=Joydeep|last=Basu|date=27 November 2020|url=https://scroll.in/field/979563/isls-kolkata-derby-heres-a-look-back-at-the-first-mohun-bagan-east-bengal-games-in-events-past|title=ISL's Kolkata Derby: Here's a look back at the first Mohun Bagan-East Bengal games in events past|work=[[Scroll.in|Scroll]]|access-date=4 July 2021|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127103026/https://scroll.in/field/979563/isls-kolkata-derby-heres-a-look-back-at-the-first-mohun-bagan-east-bengal-games-in-events-past|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the 60s and 70s, the club signed a handful of foreign players, including Selim Noor from Sri Lanka, who scored in his first match for the club against Mohun Bagan in the return leg of 1963 Calcutta League,<ref name=noor>{{cite web|author=The World Sports Today|date=1 August 2020|url=https://theworldsportstoday.com/100-years-of-east-bengal-a-timeline-of-kolkata-giants-key-milestones/|title=100 years of East Bengal: A timeline of Kolkata giant's key milestones|work=The World Sports Today|accessdate=26 June 2021|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627161358/https://theworldsportstoday.com/100-years-of-east-bengal-a-timeline-of-kolkata-giants-key-milestones/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ruk Bahadur from Hong Kong<ref name=rukbahadur>{{Cite web|url=https://i-league.org/east-bengal-calcutta-football-league-a-sublime-romantic-saga/|title=East Bengal & Calcutta Football League: A Sublime Romantic Saga - Hero I-League|access-date=25 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925033144/https://i-league.org/east-bengal-calcutta-football-league-a-sublime-romantic-saga/|archive-date=25 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and David Williams, the first Nigerian to play for East Bengal.<ref name=recap/><ref name=david79>{{cite web|first=Sumit|last=Mitra|date=30 April 1980|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/sport/story/19800430-east-bengal-players-make-a-beeline-for-mohammedan-sporting-club-806616-2014-01-30|title=East Bengal players make a beeline for Mohammedan Sporting Club|work=[[India Today]]|accessdate=25 June 2021|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627161359/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/sport/story/19800430-east-bengal-players-make-a-beeline-for-mohammedan-sporting-club-806616-2014-01-30|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1980, the club signed Iranian international [[Majid Bishkar]],<ref name=top5/> regarded as the greatest foreign player to play for East Bengal,<ref name=majid>{{cite web|author=Ved Sen|date=13 October 2014|url=https://qz.com/india/279990/long-before-the-indian-super-league-there-was-an-iranian-boy-who-mesmerized-kolkata/|title=Long before the Indian Super League, there was an Iranian boy who mesmerized Kolkata|website=[[Quartz India]]|accessdate=24 June 2021|archive-date=4 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204074313/https://qz.com/india/279990/long-before-the-indian-super-league-there-was-an-iranian-boy-who-mesmerized-kolkata/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=KC McElroy|date=13 October 2014|url=http://www.persianfootball.com/forums/showthread.php?113174-Former-Iranian-international-Majid-Bishkar|title=Former Iranian international Majid Bishkar|website=persianfootball.com|accessdate=24 June 2021|archive-date=5 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405072613/http://www.persianfootball.com/forums/showthread.php?113174-Former-Iranian-international-Majid-Bishkar|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=majidjamshid>{{cite web|first=Somnath|last=Sengupta|date=9 November 2018|url=http://www.goaldentimes.org/majid-bishkar-and-jamshid-nassiri/|title=Majid Bishkar And Jamshid Nassiri : Indian Football's Iconic Iranian Duo|work=Goalden Times|accessdate=26 June 2021|archive-date=14 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214204839/https://www.goaldentimes.org/majid-bishkar-and-jamshid-nassiri/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=tenbest>{{cite web|first=Ritabrata|last=Banerjee|date=16 May 2020|url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/lists/indian-football-east-bengal-10-best-foreigners/10npgrhj9eyrc1969hv0yp2uqf|title=Indian Football - The 10 best foreigners to have played for East Bengal|work=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|accessdate=27 June 2021|archive-date=14 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214231557/https://www.goal.com/en-us/lists/indian-football-east-bengal-10-best-foreigners/10npgrhj9eyrc1969hv0yp2uqf|url-status=live}}</ref> who featured for the Iran national team in the [[1978 FIFA World Cup]] alongside two other Iranians [[Jamshid Nassiri]]<ref name=top5/><ref name=majidjamshid/> and Mahmood Khabaji.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/In-search-of-Majid-Bishkar/articleshow/48841911.cms|title=In search of Majid Bishkar - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=18 October 2018|archive-date=19 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019073428/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/In-search-of-Majid-Bishkar/articleshow/48841911.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Majid earned the nickname "Baadshah"<ref name=baadshah/> and was voted the greatest foreign player to play for East Bengal in 2019.<ref name=baadshah>{{cite web|first=Marcus|last=Mergulhao|date=16 August 2019|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-wanted-time-for-myself-thought-no-one-would-find-me-here-majid-bishkar/articleshow/70693669.cms|title=wanted time for myself, thought no one would find me here|work=The Times of India|accessdate=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705192725/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-wanted-time-for-myself-thought-no-one-would-find-me-here-majid-bishkar/articleshow/70693669.cms|archive-date=5 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Amitabha|last=Das Sharma|date=13 August 2019|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/football-east-bengal-centenary-celebrations-majid-bishkar-returns-kolkata-jamshed-nasiri-mohun-bagan-bhaskar-ganguly-mohammedan/article29037120.ece|title=Emotional homecoming for East Bengal legend Majid 'Badsha' Beshkar|work=[[Sportstar]]|accessdate=5 July 2021|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515115606/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/football-east-bengal-centenary-celebrations-majid-bishkar-returns-kolkata-jamshed-nasiri-mohun-bagan-bhaskar-ganguly-mohammedan/article29037120.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1986, East Bengal signed their first Brazilian player, the former [[Vitória S.C.|Vitoria]] and [[Botafogo Sport Club|Botafogo]] player Manilton S. Santos,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.manisantosbraziliansoccer.com/staff.htm|title=Playing Reference - Manilton Santos|work=Manilton Santos Brazilian Soccer|accessdate=24 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204612/http://www.manisantosbraziliansoccer.com/staff.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> and later signed Nigerian midfielder [[Emeka Ezeugo]], who went on to play for the Nigerian national team and featured in the [[1994 FIFA World Cup]].<ref name="Nigerians86">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/from-chandigarh-to-fifa-world-cup-nigerian-emeka-ezeugo-traces-his-journey/story-B7n47wT9CydsJkYPwZSxtN.html|title=From Chandigarh to FIFA World Cup, Nigerian Emeka Ezeugo traces his journey|date=16 July 2018|website=hindustantimes.com|access-date=18 October 2018|archive-date=19 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019041055/https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/from-chandigarh-to-fifa-world-cup-nigerian-emeka-ezeugo-traces-his-journey/story-B7n47wT9CydsJkYPwZSxtN.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Emeka was instrumental in leading East Bengal to the 1986 IFA Shield title, including a famous 3–1 victory against Nigeria's [[Leventis United F.C.|Leventis United]] in the semi-finals.<ref>{{cite web|first=Sabyasachi|last=Chakraborty|date=23 May 2020|url=https://www.badgeb.com/throwback-when-east-bengal-fc-humbled-the-nigerian-champions/|title=THROWBACK: When East Bengal FC humbled the Nigerian Champions!|work=BADGEB|accessdate=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023054610/https://www.badgeb.com/throwback-when-east-bengal-fc-humbled-the-nigerian-champions/|archive-date=23 October 2020}}</ref>

[[File:Argentina peru julian camino.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of four men on a football pitch pursuing a ball during a game|[[Julian Camino]] playing for Argentina against Peru in 1985.]]
The club signed the most prolific forward to have played for East Bengal, Nigerian [[Chima Okorie]] from [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]] in 1987.<ref name=top5/><ref name=chima>{{cite web|author=Rahim|date=10 May 2020|url=https://theawayend.co/2020/05/10/chima-okorie-indian-footballs-greatest-imports/|title=Chima Okorie, One of Indian Football's greatest imports|work=The Away End|accessdate=24 June 2021|archive-date=6 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206214128/https://theawayend.co/2020/05/10/chima-okorie-indian-footballs-greatest-imports/|url-status=live}}</ref> He scored 131 goals for the club in three seasons, becoming the top scorer in East Bengal's history, surpassing K. P. Dhanaraj, who had 127 goals, until this was crossed by [[Bhaichung Bhutia]].<ref name="East Bengal - Prothom Eksho Bochor">{{cite book |last=Saha |first=Rupak |title=East Bengal - Prothom Eksho Bochor |publisher=The Cafe Table |date=1 January 2020 |page=392 |chapter=Top 10 Scorers |isbn=978-93-89873-21-4}}</ref><ref name="TopScorers">{{cite web|first=Sabyasachi |last=Chakraborty|date=20 April 2020|url=http://www.badgeb.com/100-years-of-glory-all-time-top-scorers-for-east-bengal-fc/|title=100 Years of Glory: All time top scorers for East Bengal FC!|work=BADGEB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023211824/http://www.badgeb.com/100-years-of-glory-all-time-top-scorers-for-east-bengal-fc/|archive-date=23 October 2020|access-date=24 June 2021}}</ref> The club signed former [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] and [[Norwich City F.C.|Norwich City]] defender [[John Devine (footballer, born 1958)|John Devine]] in 1987.<ref name=recap/><ref name=devine>{{cite web|first=Paul|last=Fennessy|date=27 May 2017|url=https://www.the42.ie/john-devine-interview-arsenal-man-united-3411411-May2017/|title='I remember the 1st day Ronaldo arrived... Alex said to me: take a picture of this guy, he's going to be a star'|work=The 42|accessdate=26 June 2021|archive-date=26 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626090657/https://www.the42.ie/john-devine-interview-arsenal-man-united-3411411-May2017/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=listall>{{cite web|first=Sabyasachi|last=Chakraborty|date=18 May 2020|url=http://www.badgeb.com/east-bengal-fc-list-of-all-foreign-recruits-in-clubs-history/|title=East Bengal FC: List of all Foreign recruits in club's history!|work=BADGEB.com|access-date=13 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713202015/http://www.badgeb.com/east-bengal-fc-list-of-all-foreign-recruits-in-clubs-history/|archive-date=13 July 2020}}</ref> In 1988, East Bengal signed former Argentine international [[Julian Camino]], who featured for the Argentina national side in the [[1983 Copa América]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Abhishek|last=Ganguly|date=19 August 2011|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/former-east-bengal-boy-camino-leads-argentine-recce/articleshow/9653847.cms|title=Former East Bengal Boy Camino Leads Argentine Recce|work=The Times of India|accessdate=26 June 2021|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627161405/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/former-east-bengal-boy-camino-leads-argentine-recce/articleshow/9653847.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

East Bengal recruited four Bangladeshi internationals including the captain of the Bangladesh national team [[Monem Munna]],<ref>{{cite web|date=9 December 2011|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-213384|title=Memories of Munna|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|access-date=24 June 2021|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625104938/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-213384|url-status=live}}</ref> along with [[Sheikh Mohammad Aslam]],<ref name=gausaslam/> [[Rizvi Karim Rumi]] and Golam Mohammad Gaus in 1991.<ref name=gausaslam/><ref name="bangladeshplayers">{{cite web|date=22 October 2015|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/football/they-dont-make-em-munna-anymore-160762|title=They don't make 'em like Munna anymore|work=The Daily Star|access-date=13 May 2020|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020092326/https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/football/they-dont-make-em-munna-anymore-160762|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Subhro Mukherjee|date=14 October 2019|url=https://www.khelupdates.com/?p=577|title=Former India stars remember Munna and Rumi legacy|work=Khel Updates|accessdate=25 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624220953/https://www.khelupdates.com/?p=577|url-status=live}}</ref> The club recruited three British players, [[Steve Prindiville|Steven Alan Prindiville]], Neil Edmonds and [[Peter Maguire]] for the [[1991–92 Asian Cup Winners' Cup]].<ref name=listall/><ref name=brits>{{cite tweet|user=gautamfootball|title=Three Britishers who dished out an outstanding performance for East Bengal - 1991 which facilitated the Red & Gold Brigade to win the Durand Cup and IFA Shield - From left Neil Edmonds, Steven Prindiville and Peter Maguire.|number=1327248703036407813|date=13 November 2020|accessdate=26 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Kaushik|last=Saha|date=16 September 2014|url=http://www.goaldentimes.org/tag/kolkata-maidans/|title=Maidan Masters – Bikash Panji|work=Goalden Times|accessdate=26 June 2021|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627161408/https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Gentium+Book+Basic|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 1996–2020: National League and I-League era ===

In 1996–97, during the inaugural National Football League season, the club recruited [[Ulf Johansson (footballer)|Ulf Johansson]] from Sweden, Dev Narayan Chaudhary of Nepal,<ref name=devnarayan/> Chima Okorie, and Kelechi Okorie—Chima's younger brother and former [[AFC Bournemouth]] and Kenyan international [[Sammy Omollo]].<ref name=tenbest/><ref name=omollo>{{cite web|author=Rene Otinga|date=29 July 2020|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/370909-sammy-omollo-posta-rangers-coach-kenyan-play-indias-top-tier.html|title=Sammy Omollo, - Posta Rangers coach who became first Kenyan to play in India's top tier|work=Tuko|accessdate=24 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204722/https://www.tuko.co.ke/370909-sammy-omollo-posta-rangers-coach-kenyan-play-indias-top-tier.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Chander Mehra|date=15 March 1999|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/article/article017.html|title=Sammy Omollo says he will play on in India|work=indianfootball.de|accessdate=24 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624211851/http://www.indianfootball.de/article/article017.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1997–98, East Bengal signed Kenyan forward Toni Jose Oniyenga<ref name=listall/>—a cousin of Sammy Omollo and Kenyan international Haggi Azande Abulista,<ref name=listall/> only the second foreign goalkeeper to play for the club till date after [[Balai Dey]] in 1965.<ref name=listall/> Omollo scored the solitary goal as East Bengal snatched a victory against [[J1 League|J-League]] side [[Tokyo Verdy|Verdy Kawasaki]] in the [[1997–98 Asian Cup Winners' Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Deeparnab|last=Rakshit|date=12 November 2020|url=https://eastbengaltherealpower.com/famous-victory-against-verdy-kawasaki-of-japan/|title=Famous Victory Against Verdy Kawasaki Of Japan|work=East Bengal the Real Power|accessdate=6 July 2021|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705192148/https://eastbengaltherealpower.com/famous-victory-against-verdy-kawasaki-of-japan/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Uga Okpara.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Photograph of Uga Okpara looking straight at the camera|[[Uga Okpara]] in East Bengal, 2011]]
In 1998, the club recruited three Ghanaians, [[Suley Musah]],<ref name=tenbest/> Jackson Egypong<ref name=tenbest/> and Emmanuel Opoku,<ref name=s98>{{cite web|author=Arunava Choudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/transfers1998.html|title=Season ending Transfers 1998|work=indianfootball.de|accessdate=25 June 2021|archive-date=20 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220024544/http://www.indianfootball.de/transfers1998.html|url-status=live}}</ref> the latter a former Ghana national team player.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/36050/Emmanuel_Opoku.html|title=Opoku, Emmanuel|work=National Football Teams|access-date=24 June 2021|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305161725/http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/36050/Emmanuel_Opoku.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Opoku played for two seasons, while Jackson and Musah played together till the [[2000–01 National Football League (India)|2000–01]] season when East Bengal won their first National League title.<ref>{{cite web|author=PTI|date=30 April 2001|url=https://m.rediff.com/sports/2001/apr/30nfl3.htm|title=East Bengal win National League|work=Rediff|accessdate=24 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624221929/https://m.rediff.com/sports/2001/apr/30nfl3.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Jackson and Musah formed one of the best defensive pairings in Indian football history. They conceded just nine goals in 22 matches as East Bengal lifted the National League title in the [[2000–01 National Football League (India)|2000–01]] season.<ref>{{cite web|last=Choudhuri|first=Arunava|date=28 January 2021|title=India 2000/01|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india01.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208191428/http://rsssf.com/tablesi/india01.html|archive-date=8 February 2021|work=RSSSF|accessdate=5 July 2021}}</ref> Musah was the second foreign player to captain East Bengal club after Chima Okorie in 1990.<ref name=ebcap>{{cite web|author=Amitabha Das Sharma|date=13 August 2019|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/east-bengal-100-year-celebration-honours-former-players-majid-bishkar-jamshed-nasiri-suley-musah-manoranjan-bhattacharya-bhaskar-ganguly-indian-football/article29086011.ece|title=East Bengal showers love on former captains|work=Sportstar|accessdate=25 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204257/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/east-bengal-100-year-celebration-honours-former-players-majid-bishkar-jamshed-nasiri-suley-musah-manoranjan-bhattacharya-bhaskar-ganguly-indian-football/article29086011.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> During that period, the East Bengal club featured several Brazilian recruits like former [[Santos F.C.|Santos]] defender [[Douglas Silva (footballer, born 1974)|Douglas Silva]],<ref name=tenbest/> former [[Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense|Gremio]] forward Gilmar da Silva<ref name="Otwo"/> and former [[CR Vasco da Gama|Vasco da Gama]] forward [[Cristiano Júnior]],<ref name=tenbest/> who became the top scorer with 15 goals as East Bengal lifted the 2003–04 National League title.<ref name=tenbest/> In 2004–05, East Bengal signed Marcos Secco—brother of Douglas Silva—becoming the third foreign brother pair to play for the club.<ref name="secco">{{cite web|author=|date=5 March 2005|title=No pressure on me: Marcos|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/no-pressure-on-me-marcos/cid/1052419|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624214939/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/no-pressure-on-me-marcos/cid/1052419|archive-date=24 June 2021|work=The Telegraph|location=Kolkata|accessdate=25 June 2021}}</ref>

In 2007–08, East Bengal recruited their third World Cup player, former South African international [[MacDonald Mukansi]], who represented the Bafana-Bafana at the [[2002 FIFA World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|author=|date=17 October 2007|title=Mukansi promises to deliver|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/mukansi-promises-to-deliver/cid/1070871|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204419/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/mukansi-promises-to-deliver/cid/1070871|archive-date=24 June 2021|work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]|location=Kolkata|accessdate=25 June 2021}}</ref> The club also signed [[Edmilson Marques Pardal]],<ref name=edmilson/> [[Julius Owino]]<ref name="Oseven"/> and Bolaji Majek<ref name="Oseven"/> during this period. The prolific Ghanaian duo [[Yusif Yakubu]] and [[Ishmael Addo]] signed with the club in 2008.<ref name="Oeight">{{cite web|title=Season ending transfers 2008|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/transfers2008.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120804180147/http://www.indianfootball.de/transfers2008.html|archive-date=4 August 2012|access-date=18 October 2018|website=indianfootball.de}}</ref> Addo had represented the Ghana national team and was part of the Ghana U-17 and U-20 teams at the [[1999 FIFA U-17 World Championship]] and [[2001 FIFA World Youth Championship]].<ref name="addo">{{cite web|title=FIFA Under-17 World Championships Awards|url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/fifa-awards.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112042845/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/fifa-awards.html|archive-date=12 January 2016|website=[[RSSSF]]|accessdate=25 June 2021}}</ref>

East Bengal signed former [[CAF Champions League]] winner [[Uga Okpara]]<ref name=tenbest/><ref name=uga/> from [[Enyimba International F.C.|Enyimba]] in 2009. He was voted as the best defender of the [[2012-13 I-League|2012–13 I-League]]<ref>{{cite web|author=|date=21 June 2013|title=Uga Okpara Gets Best Defender Award|url=https://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/news.php?category=1&permalink=uga-okpara-gets-best-defender-award|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921163126/https://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/news.php?category=1&permalink=uga-okpara-gets-best-defender-award|archive-date=21 September 2013|work=East Bengal Football Club|accessdate=25 June 2021}}</ref> and played an instrumental role as East Bengal reached the semi-finals of the [[2013 AFC Cup]] unbeaten.<ref>{{cite web|author=|date=24 September 2013|title=East Bengal enter AFC Cup semi-final after 1-1 draw with Semen Padang|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/east-bengal-enter-afc-cup-semi-final-after-1-1-draw-with-semen-padang-640980.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616043248/https://www.news18.com/news/football/east-bengal-enter-afc-cup-semi-final-after-1-1-draw-with-semen-padang-640980.html|archive-date=16 June 2021|work=News 18|accessdate=6 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Ritabrata|last=Banerjee|date=11 April 2021|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/lists/afc-cup-top-five-campaigns-of-indian-clubs/1ae33pq6rj3ciz1rha2t8dgfw|title=AFC Cup: Bengaluru FC to East Bengal - Top five campaigns of Indian clubs|work=Goal|accessdate=6 July 2021|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412013339/https://www.goal.com/en-in/lists/afc-cup-top-five-campaigns-of-indian-clubs/1ae33pq6rj3ciz1rha2t8dgfw|url-status=live}}</ref> The club also acquired [[Tolgay Ozbey]],<ref name=tenbest/><ref name=tolgay/> and [[Penn Orji]]<ref name=tenbest/><ref name=Two10/> during this period.

In 2014–15, East Bengal signed their fourth ''World Cupper'', former New Zealand international [[Leo Bertos]], who represented the New Zealand national team in the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]].<ref name=bertos>{{cite web|author=Abhishek Shukla|date=20 July 2014|url=https://www.indiafooty.com/2014/07/20/east-bengal-signed-leo-bertos-as-marquee-foreigner/|title=East Bengal Signed Leo Bertos as Marquee Foreigner|work=India Footy|accessdate=25 June 2021|archive-date=8 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208221931/https://www.indiafooty.com/2014/07/20/east-bengal-signed-leo-bertos-as-marquee-foreigner/|url-status=live}}</ref> The club signed the prolific Nigerian [[Ranti Martins]]<ref name=ranti/> who scored 47 goals for the club in two seasons, winning the Golden Boot in both the [[2014-15 I-League|2014–15]] and [[2015-16 I-League|2015–16]] I-League seasons.<ref>{{cite web|author=Debabrata Majumder|date=13 May 2016|url=https://www.indiafooty.com/2016/05/13/ranti-martins-leaves-east-bengal-after-two-seasons/|title=Ranti Martins Leaves East Bengal After Two Seasons|work=India Footy|accessdate=25 June 2021|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627161408/https://www.indiafooty.com/2016/05/13/ranti-martins-leaves-east-bengal-after-two-seasons/|url-status=live}}</ref> East Bengal signed former [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] and France national team defender [[Bernard Mendy]],<ref name=mendy/> who had previously represented the France national U-20 team in the [[2001 FIFA World Youth Championship]], for a brief spell in 2015–2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastbengaltherealpower.com/news/east-bengal-club-makes-the-biggest-biggest-signing-in-indian-club-football-history|title=East Bengal Club makes the biggest biggest signing in Indian Club Football History|date=12 January 2016|access-date=26 June 2021|publisher=East Bengal Club|archive-date=15 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115074539/http://www.eastbengaltherealpower.com/news/east-bengal-club-makes-the-biggest-biggest-signing-in-indian-club-football-history|url-status=dead}}</ref> East Bengal recruited former Syrian international [[Mahmoud Amnah|Mahmoud Al Amna]] who had previously played for clubs like [[Al-Ittihad SC Aleppo|Al-Ittihad]] in 2017.<ref name=amnah/>

[[File:Johnny Acosta in 2018 World Cup.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of two players trying to control a ball |Johnny Acosta for Costa Rica with the ball in the match against Switzerland in [[2018 FIFA World Cup]].]]
East Bengal signed their fifth World Cupper, Costa Rican international [[Johnny Acosta]], in 2018. He represented the Costa Rica national team in the [[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014]] and [[2018 FIFA World Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Selvaraj|first=Jonathan|date=2018-10-24|title=Johnny Acosta's journey from the World Cup to East Bengal|url=https://www.espn.in/football/indian-i-league/story/3677193/from-costa-rica-with-love-johnny-acostas-journey-from-the-world-cup-to-east-bengal|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-24 |df=dmy-all|website=ESPN|language=en|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824062404/https://www.espn.in/football/indian-i-league/story/3677193/from-costa-rica-with-love-johnny-acostas-journey-from-the-world-cup-to-east-bengal}}</ref> Acosta scored on his debut on 2 September 2018 in the Kolkata Derby and helped East Bengal to a 2–2 comeback in the [[Calcutta Premier Division|Calcutta League]].<ref>{{cite web|author=|date=3 September 2018|title=Mohun Bagan throw two-goal lead away as season's first Kolkata derby ends in 2-2 draw|url=https://scroll.in/field/892946/mohun-bagan-throw-two-goal-lead-away-as-seasons-first-kolkata-derby-ends-in-2-2-draw|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109034940/https://scroll.in/field/892946/mohun-bagan-throw-two-goal-lead-away-as-seasons-first-kolkata-derby-ends-in-2-2-draw|archive-date=9 November 2020|access-date=6 July 2021|work=Scroll.in}}</ref> The club also recruited [[Enrique Esqueda]],<ref name=esqueda/> who was a U-17 World Cup winner with Mexico and represented the [[Mexico national football team|Mexico national team]] at the [[2015 Copa America]],<ref name=herreramex>{{cite web|last=Paullier|first=Juan|date=12 June 2015|title=¿Por qué México no manda a sus estrellas a la Copa América Chile 2015?|trans-title=Why isn't Mexico sending its stars to the 2015 Copa América in Chile?|url=http://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2015/06/150610_deportes_copa_america_2015_mexico_menosprecia_chile_jp|publisher=BBC|access-date=27 June 2021|language=es|archive-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119185627/https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2015/06/150610_deportes_copa_america_2015_mexico_menosprecia_chile_jp|url-status=live}}</ref> and Spanish defender [[Borja Gomez Perez]],<ref name=borja/> as they finished runners-up in the [[2018–19 I-League]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Schöggl|first1=Hans|last2=Stokkermans|first2=Karel|date=2 June 2021|title=India 2018/19|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india2019.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221165350/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india2019.html#nfl1|archive-date=21 December 2019|work=RSSSF|accessdate=6 July 2021}}</ref> In January 2019, they roped in another former La Liga midfielder, [[Antonio Rodríguez Dovale]],<ref name=dovale/> who had played for [[RC Celta de Vigo|Celta Vigo]]. East Bengal recruited two more former La Liga players, [[Martí Crespí]]<ref name=crespi/> and [[Víctor Pérez (footballer)|Víctor Pérez]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mukherjee|first=Soham|date=12 February 2020|title=East Bengal set to rope in Victor Perez Alonso; Marti Crespi to exit|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/east-bengal-set-to-rope-in-victor-perez-alonso-marti-crespi/1huh9znt5exc1u4aptxawkl22|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-24 |df=dmy-all|website=Goal|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824062427/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/east-bengal-set-to-rope-in-victor-perez-alonso-marti-crespi/1huh9znt5exc1u4aptxawkl22}}</ref> along with Spanish compatriots [[Juan Mera González]]<ref name=mera/> and [[Marc Jiménez|Marcos de la Espada]] in 2019.<ref name=espada/>

=== 2020–present: Indian Super League era ===

The club joined the [[Indian Super League]] in 2020 and appointed former [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] [[Robbie Fowler]] as the manager and recruited former [[Premier League]] players like [[Anthony Pilkington]]<ref name="aaap"/> and [[Danny Fox]],<ref name="dfms"/> along with [[EFL League One]] stars like [[Jacques Maghoma]]<ref name="maghoma"/> and [[Bright Enobakhare]],<ref name="Bright"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=1 January 2021|title=SC East Bengal sign promising Nigerian forward Bright Enobakhare|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/sc-east-bengal-sign-promising-nigerian-forward-bright-enobakhare|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-24 |df=dmy-all|website=Indian Super League|language=en|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824063931/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/sc-east-bengal-sign-promising-nigerian-forward-bright-enobakhare}}</ref> and [[A-League]] players [[Scott Neville]]<ref name=neville/> and [[Aaron Amadi-Holloway]]<ref name="aaap"/> from [[Brisbane Roar]] and [[Matti Steinmann]] who had played for [[Hamburger SV]] in the [[Bundesliga]].<ref name="dfms"/> Matti Steinmann represented the German national U-20 team in the [[2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dfb.de/news/detail/brandt-oeztunali-und-stendera-im-wm-aufgebot-der-u-20-122936/|title=Brandt, Öztunali und Stendera im WM-Aufgebot der U 20|date=15 May 2015|work=dfb.de|accessdate=25 June 2021|archive-date=30 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630093442/https://www.dfb.de/news/detail/brandt-oeztunali-und-stendera-im-wm-aufgebot-der-u-20-122936/|url-status=live}}</ref> Danny Fox became the third foreign player to be announced officially as the captain of the East Bengal club after Chima Okorie (1990–91) and Suley Musah (2003–04).<ref name=ebcap/><ref>{{cite web|first=Team|last=Sportstar|date=26 November 2020|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/who-is-east-bengal-captain-daniel-fox-premier-league-defender-mohun-bagan-kolkata-derby-sports-news/article33182531.ece|title=ISL 2020-21: Daniel Fox named SC East Bengal captain|work=Sportstar|accessdate=28 June 2021|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611044308/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/who-is-east-bengal-captain-daniel-fox-premier-league-defender-mohun-bagan-kolkata-derby-sports-news/article33182531.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021–22 season, the club replaced all of the foreigners and announced the signings of [[Amir Dervišević]], [[Tomislav Mrcela]], [[Franjo Prce]], [[Daniel Chima Chukwu]], [[Darren Sidoel]] and [[Antonio Perošević]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Soham|last=Mukherjee|date=28 September 2021|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/lists/isl-2021-22-who-are-east-bengals-foreign-players-for-the/13efyvlbi8uub19p323hkwlvhu#cs51b3cececf83babe|title=ISL 2021-22: Who are East Bengal's foreign players for the upcoming season?|work=Goal|accessdate=12 August 2022|archive-date=28 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928051325/https://www.goal.com/en-in/lists/isl-2021-22-who-are-east-bengals-foreign-players-for-the/13efyvlbi8uub19p323hkwlvhu#cs51b3cececf83babe|url-status=live}}</ref> In the January window, the club had bought in three more players [[Marcelo Ribeiro (footballer)|Marcelo Ribeiro]],<ref name=marcelorebeiro/> [[Francisco José Sota Bernard|Francisco José Sota]]<ref name=sota/> and Nepali international [[Ananta Tamang]].<ref name=tamang/>

In 2022, the club after partnering with their new investors – the [[Emami]] group, announced the signing of five new foreigners for the season: three Brazilians — [[Alex (footballer, born December 1988)|Alex Lima]], [[Cleiton Silva]] and [[Eliandro]], Spanish defender [[Iván Garrido (footballer, born 1990)|Ivan González]] and Cyprus national team defender [[Charalambos Kyriakou (footballer, born 1989)|Charalambos Kyriakou]].<ref name=foreigner2022/> In 2023, the club roped in a Spanish quartet: [[Borja Herrera]], [[Javier Siverio]], [[Saúl Crespo]] and [[José Antonio Pardo]]. The club also roped in Jordanian defender [[Hijazi Maher]] as they became part of the [[2024 Indian Super Cup]] title victory. In 2024, the club roped in the top scorer of [[2023–24 Indian Super League]], [[Dimitrios Diamantakos]] of Greece along with French attacker [[Madih Talal]]. Later the club also signed Venezuelan [[Richard Celis]] and Cameroonian [[Messi Bouli]]. In 2025, the club roped in Palestinian national team midfielder [[Mohammed Rashid]] along with Brazilian midfielder [[Miguel Figueira]], and Argentine defender [[Kevin Sibille]].<ref name=miguelrashidkevin>{{cite web|date=18 July 2025|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/east-bengal-announces-foreign-news-signings-miguel-figueira-mohammed-rashid-kevin-sibille-transfer-indian-football/article69827437.ece|title=East Bengal announces three foreign signings ahead of 2025-26 season|work=Sportstar|accessdate=21 July 2025}}</ref> Along with them, the club also signed Moroccan international [[Hamid Ahadad]] who have previously played for African giants like [[Raja Casablanca]], [[Wydad AC|Wydad Casablanca]] and [[Zamalek SC|Zamalek]].<ref name=hamidahadad/>

== List of all foreign players ==

The list of all foreign players who have played for East Bengal as below:<ref name="TeamArchives">{{cite web |url=https://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/team-archives.php |title=TEAM ARCHIVES - East Bengal FC |access-date=13 May 2020 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609144422/https://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/team-archives.php |archive-date=9 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="TeamArchives2">{{cite web |url=http://eastbengalclub.co.in/teamarchives.html |title=TEAM ARCHIVES - East Bengal FC |access-date=13 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108213722/http://eastbengalclub.co.in/teamarchives.html |archive-date=8 November 2019}}</ref><ref name=listall/>

'''Key'''
*{{legend2|#B0C4DE||border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{dagger|alt=indian citizen}} Players with this background and symbol in the "Name" column denote individuals who were foreign citizen during the time they signed but later became Indian citizen.
*{{legend2|#EBD79B||border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{double-dagger|alt=signed but not registered in the squad}} Players with this background and symbol in the "Name" column denote individuals who were signed by the club but were not registered into the squad.
*A player name in '''bold''' signifies they have been capped by the national team.

[[File:Majid Bishkar at home in Iran.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Majid Bishkar]] in 2018.]]
[[File:Jamshid Nassiri - South 24 Parganas 2016-02-14 1193.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Jamshid Nassiri]] in 2016.]]
[[File:Edmilson Marques Pardal.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=See caption |[[Edmilson Marques Pardal]].]]
[[File:KEBTeam2013.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=See caption|[[Uga Okpara]] and [[Chidi Edeh]] in 2013]]
[[File:Bernard Mendy Floyd Ayité 8458.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=See caption|[[Bernard Mendy]], 2012.]]
[[File:Esqueda East Bengal.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=See caption |[[Enrique Esqueda]] at East Bengal, 2019.]]
[[File:Jhonny Acosta sorníe en su presentación.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=See caption |[[Johnny Acosta]] in 2020.]]
[[File:Jacques Maghoma.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=See caption |[[Jacques Maghoma]].]]
[[File:Danny Fox 2016.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=See caption |[[Danny Fox]].]]
[[File:Franjo Prce at Under-19 Championships on 20150328.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=See caption |[[Franjo Prce]].]]
[[File:Alex Monteiro de Lima - Chicago Fire 2012.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=See caption |[[Alex (footballer, born December 1988)|Alex Lima]] in 2012.]]
[[File:Dimitrios Diamantákos.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=See caption |Diamantakos with [[Greece national under-19 football team|Greece U19]] in 2012.]]

{{updated|18 February 2026}}
''Each player is mentioned only once, some of them have rejoined the club later again in different seasons but those entries are excluded from the list.''
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%"
|-
! No.
! Season Joined
! Nationality
! Name
! Position
! Ref.
|-
! 1
! 1942–43
| {{flagicon|British Burma}} [[Myanmar|Burma]]
| '''[[Fred Pugsley]]'''
| FW
| <ref name=pugsley/><ref name=scebpugsley/>
|-
! 2
! rowspan="2"| 1952–53
| {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]]
| '''[[Masood Fakhri]]'''
| FW
| <ref name="legends2">{{cite web |title=East Bengal Club - Legends |url=http://eastbengalclub.co.in/legends.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127153453/http://eastbengalclub.co.in/legends.html |archive-date=27 November 2018 |accessdate=1 July 2021 |work=eastbengalclub.co.in}}</ref><ref name="TeamArchives" />
|-
! 3
| {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]]
| '''[[Riasat Ali]]'''
| DF
| <ref name=riasat>{{cite news|date=26 September 1952|title=রোভার্স কাপে পাকিস্তানি দল, ইস্টবেঙ্গলের ফকরি ও রিয়াসত আলির যোগদানের কথা|trans-title=Pakistani team in Rovers Cup, Fakhri and Riasat Ali to join from East Bengal|language=bn|work=Jugantor}}</ref>
|-
! 4
!1953–54
| {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]]
| '''[[Niaz Ali]]'''
| MF
| <ref name=ifa1953/><ref name="TeamArchives" />
|-
! 6
! rowspan="4" | 1954–55
| {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]]
| Mohammad Ghazi
| FW
| <ref name=pak54>{{cite news |date=25 May 1954 |title=ইস্টবেঙ্গলে পাক খেলোয়াড় |trans-title=Pakistani players in East Bengal |language=bn |work=Jugantor }}</ref><ref name="TeamArchives" />
|-
! 7
| {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]]
| Muhammad Qasim
| MF
| <ref name=pak54/><ref name="TeamArchives" />
|-
! 8
| {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]]
|bgcolor="#B0C4DE"| '''Tarapada Roy'''{{efn|name=Ray|Tarapada Roy was born in the [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]. He made his international debut for [[Pakistan national football team]] during the [[Asian Quadrangular Football Tournament]] in 1953,<ref>{{cite news|title=Quadrangular Football: India's Win|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sMw-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=W0wMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4159%2C1770595|access-date=18 September 2022|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=25 October 1953|location=Rangoon, Burma|page=9|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513054108/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sMw-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=W0wMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4159%2C1770595|archive-date=13 May 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> before acquiring the [[Indian nationality law|Citizenship of India]]. Between 1955 and 1956, he became an Indian citizen.<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/307603873267894/posts/556285145066431/ East Bengal Samachar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223065135/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2F307603873267894%2Fposts%2F556285145066431%2F |date=23 February 2022 }} ''Facebook''. Retrieved 8 September 2021</ref>}} {{dagger|alt=indian citizen}}
| FW
| <ref>{{cite web|last=Morrison|first=Neil|date=12 February 2015|title=1955 USSR and India reciprocal tours|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesu/ussr-india-tours55.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420150040/http://rsssf.com/tablesu/ussr-india-tours55.html|archive-date=20 April 2015|work=RSSSF|accessdate=28 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="TeamArchives" />
|-
! 9
| {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]]
| '''[[Jamil Akhtar]]'''
| FW
| <ref name="TeamArchives"/>
|-
! 10
! rowspan="2" | 1955–56
| {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]]
| '''[[Sumbal Khan]]'''
| MF
| <ref name=pak55>{{cite news |date=16 June 1955 |title=কলকাতায় দুইজন পাক খেলোয়াড়, ইস্টবেঙ্গলে খেলার কথা|trans-title=Two Pakistani players in Kolkata, Set to play for East Bengal |language=bn |work=Jugantor }}</ref><ref name="TeamArchives" />
|-
! 11
| {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]]
| '''[[Abdul Haq (footballer)|Abdul Haq]]'''
| DF
| <ref name=pak55/><ref name="TeamArchives" />
|-
! 12
! rowspan="2" | 1956–57
| {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]]
| '''[[Moosa Ghazi]]'''
| FW
| <ref name="legends2" /><ref name="TeamArchives4">{{cite web |title=TEAM ARCHIVES - East Bengal FC |url=https://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/team-archives.php |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609144422/https://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/team-archives.php |archive-date=9 June 2019 |access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
! 13
| {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]]
| '''[[Hussain Killer]]'''
| MF
| <ref name="legends2" /><ref name="TeamArchives4"/>
|-
! 14
! 1963–64
| {{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Sri Lanka]]
| '''Selim Mohammed Noor'''
| FW
| <ref name=noor/>
|-
! 15
! rowspan="3"| 1965–66
| {{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Sri Lanka]]
| '''Peter Wilfred'''
| FW
| <ref name="TeamArchives"/>
|-
! 16
| {{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Sri Lanka]]
| '''Muhammed Lafir'''
| FW
| <ref name="TeamArchives"/>
|-
! 17
| {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]]
|bgcolor="#B0C4DE"| '''[[Balai Dey]]'''{{efn|name=Dey|[[Balai Dey]] was born in the [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]. He made his senior international debut for [[Pakistan national football team|Pakistan national team]] during their China tour in 1964, before acquiring the [[Indian nationality law|Citizenship of India]] in 1966. He later broke into the [[India national football team|India national team]] in 1969 and earned the title ''"Indian Rock"'' for outstanding performance in the [[Merdeka Tournament]] in Malaysia in the same year.<ref name="Balai Dey BD">{{cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/state/kolkata/balai-dey-who-played-for-india-and-pakistan-1/wb20190616125621719|title=ভারত-পাকিস্তানের জার্সি গায়ে মাঠে নেমেছিলেন বলাই দে [Balai Dey, who played for both the India and Pakistan]|date=16 June 2019|access-date=5 April 2022|website=www.etvbharat.com|publisher=[[ETV Network]]|archive-date=4 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404112728/https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/state/kolkata/balai-dey-who-played-for-india-and-pakistan-1/wb20190616125621719|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Shishir|last=Hoque|date=4 March 2018|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/sport/football/2018/03/04/football-before-the-birth-of-bangladesh|title=Football before the birth of Bangladesh|access-date=7 September 2021|website=Dhaka Tribune|url-status=live|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907171751/https://www.dhakatribune.com/sport/football/2018/03/04/football-before-the-birth-of-bangladesh}}</ref><ref name=balaidey/>}} {{dagger|alt=indian citizen}}
| GK
| <ref name=balaidey>{{cite web|first=Sruti|last=Chakraborty|date=24 February 2023|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/balai-dey-the-man-who-connects-india-pakistan-and-the-hero-santosh-trophy|title=Balai Dey: The man who connects India, Pakistan and the Hero Santosh Trophy|work=The AIFF|accessdate=27 February 2023|archive-date=24 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224114350/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/balai-dey-the-man-who-connects-india-pakistan-and-the-hero-santosh-trophy|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 18
! 1975–76
| {{flagicon|Hong Kong|1959}} [[Hong Kong]]
| Ruk Bahadur
| FW
| <ref name=rukbahadur/>
|-
! 19
! 1979–80
| {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Nigeria]]
| David Williams
| FW
| <ref name=david79/>
|-
! 20
! rowspan="3" | 1980–81
| {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Iran]]
| Mahmood Khabaji
| MF
| <ref name=majid/>
|-
! 21
| {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Iran]]
| '''[[Majid Bishkar]]'''
| FW
| <ref name=majid/>
|-
! 22
| {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Iran]]
| [[Jamshid Nassiri]]
| FW
| <ref name=majidjamshid/>
|-
! 23
! 1984–85
| {{flagicon|Nepal}} [[Nepal]]
| '''[[Ganesh Thapa]]'''
| MF
| <ref name="TeamArchives"/><ref>{{cite web|first=Dhiman|last=Sarker|date=31 July 2013|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/difficult-saff-draw-for-india/story-Wi54fJjY3DLzImFIasWUdN.html|title=Difficult SAFF draw for India|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=28 June 2021|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628101813/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/difficult-saff-draw-for-india/story-Wi54fJjY3DLzImFIasWUdN.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 24
! rowspan="6" | 1986–87
| {{flagicon|IRN}} [[Iran]]
| Gholam Ali
| FW
| <ref name="TeamArchives"/>
|-
! 25
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil]]
| Manilton Santos
| MF
| <ref name="TeamArchives"/>
|-
! 26
| {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Nigeria]]
| Charles Apu
| MF
| <ref name="TeamArchives"/>
|-
! 27
| {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Nigeria]]
| '''[[Emeka Ezeugo]]'''
| MF
| <ref name="Nigerians86"/>
|-
! 28
| {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Nigeria]]
| [[Chibuzor Nwakanma]]
| FW
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mykhel.com/football/footballer-turned-priest-reforms-kids-at-nigeria-012227.html|title=Footballer turned priest reforms kids in Nigeria|work=My Khel|access-date=14 May 2020|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627161427/https://www.mykhel.com/football/footballer-turned-priest-reforms-kids-at-nigeria-012227.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 29
| {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Bangladesh]]
|'''[[Khandoker Wasim Iqbal]]'''
| FW
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagonews24.com/sports/news/570752|title=ফুটবল মাঠই নয় রূপালী পর্দাও কাঁপিয়েছেন ওয়াসিম ইকবাল|trans-title=Wasim Iqbal shook not only the football field but also the silver screen|language=bn|work=Jago News 24|accessdate=19 May 2023|archive-date=30 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230114407/https://www.jagonews24.com/sports/news/570752|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 30
! rowspan="4" | 1987–88
| {{flagicon|Ireland}} [[Republic of Ireland]]
| '''[[John Devine (footballer, born 1958)|John Devine]]'''
| DF
| <ref name=devine/>
|-
! 31
| {{flagicon|IRN}} [[Iran]]
| Samad Naorojian
| MF
| <ref name="TeamArchives"/>
|-
! 32
| {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Nigeria]]
| [[Chima Okorie]]
| FW
| <ref name=chima/>
|-
! 33
| {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Nigeria]]
| Johnny Akujebi
| DF
| <ref name="TeamArchives"/>
|-
! 34
! 1988–89
| {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Argentina]]
| '''[[Julian Camino]]'''
| DF
| {{citation needed|date=December 2025}}
|-
! 35
! rowspan="8" | 1991–92
| {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Bangladesh]]
| '''[[Monem Munna]]'''
| DF
| <ref name="bangladeshplayers"/>
|-
! 36
| {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Bangladesh]]
| '''[[Sheikh Mohammad Aslam]]'''
| FW
| <ref name="bangladeshplayers"/><ref name=gausaslam/>
|-
! 37
| {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Bangladesh]]
| '''[[Rizvi Karim Rumi]]'''
| MF
| <ref name="bangladeshplayers"/>
|-
! 38
| {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Bangladesh]]
| '''[[Golam Gauss|Golam Mohammad Gaus]]'''
| MF
| <ref name="bangladeshplayers"/><ref name=gausaslam>{{cite tweet|user=gautamfootball|title=Two Bangladeshis Mohammed Aslam and Gholam Ghouse along with Kuljit Singh and Tushar Rakshit attacking for East Bengal in 1991.|number=1391570840970424327|date=10 May 2021|accessdate=26 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
! 39
| {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Nigeria]]
| Lulu Nwike
| MF
| <ref name="TeamArchives"/>
|-
! 40
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[England]]
| [[Steve Prindiville|Steven Alan Prindiville]]
| DF
| <ref name=brits/>
|-
! 41
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[England]]
| Neil Edmonds
| MF
| <ref name=brits/>
|-
! 42
| {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Scotland]]
| [[Peter Maguire]]
| FW
| <ref name=brits/>
|-
! 43
! rowspan="1" | 1992–93
| {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Nigeria]]
| Christopher Kem
| DF
| <ref name="TeamArchives"/>
|-
! 44
! rowspan="3" | 1994–95
| {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Bangladesh]]
| '''[[Rakib Hossain (footballer, born 1973)|Rakib Hossain]]'''
| MF
| <ref name=mizanur/>
|-
! 45
| {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Bangladesh]]
| '''[[Mizanur Rahman Mizan|Mizanur Rahman]]'''
| MF
| <ref name=mizanur>{{cite web|date=5 February 2018|url=https://www.banglatribune.com/sport/football/290431/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE|title=ফুটবলার মিজানের হতাশা|trans-title=Footballer Mizan's frustration|language=bn|work=Bangla Tribune|accessdate=20 January 2022|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115114504/https://www.banglatribune.com/sport/football/290431/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 46
| {{flagicon|SDN}} [[Sudan]]
| Jallaluddin
| FW
| <ref name="TeamArchives"/>
|-
! 47
! rowspan="6" | 1996–97
| {{flagicon|Latvia}} [[Latvia]]
| F. Valērijs Tomaskov
| DF
| <ref name="TeamArchives"/>
|-
! 48
| {{flagicon|Latvia}} [[Latvia]]
| Sergejs Kutov
| MF
| <ref name=recap/>
|-
! 49
| {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Sweden]]
| [[Ulf Johansson (footballer)|Ulf Johansson]]
| MF
| <ref name="TeamArchives"/>
|-
! 50
| {{flagicon|NPL}} [[Nepal]]
| '''Dev Narayan Chaudhary'''
| MF
| <ref name=devnarayan>{{cite web|url=https://goalnepalfootball.blogspot.com/2021/05/dev-narayan-chaudhary.html|title=Dev Narayan Chaudhary|date=3 May 2021|work=Goal Nepal Football|accessdate=5 July 2021|archive-date=5 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705192211/https://goalnepalfootball.blogspot.com/2021/05/dev-narayan-chaudhary.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 51
| {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Nigeria]]
| Kelechi Okorie
| DF
| <ref name="TeamArchives"/>
|-
! 52
| {{flagicon|KEN}} [[Kenya]]
| '''[[Sammy Omollo]]'''
| DF
| <ref name=omollo/>
|-
! 53
! rowspan="8" | 1997–98
| {{flagicon|KEN}} [[Kenya]]
| '''Haggi Azande Abulista'''
| GK
| <ref name="listall"/>
|-
! 54
| {{flagicon|KEN}} [[Kenya]]
| Toni Jose Oniyenga
| FW
| <ref name="listall"/>
|-
! 55
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil]]
| Hugo Fernando Garcia "Preto"
| FW
| <ref name="listall"/>
|-
! 56
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil]]
| Marcelo Gonçalves Domingos Araújo
| DF
| <ref name="listall"/>
|-
! 57
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil]]
| Oliviera
| FW
| <ref name="listall"/>
|-
! 58
| {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Nigeria]]
| Beili
| MF
| <ref name="listall"/>
|-
! 59
| {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Nigeria]]
| Humphrey Zebba
| MF
| <ref name="listall"/>
|-
! 60
| {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Nigeria]]
| Felix Abayomi
| FW
| <ref name="listall"/>
|-
! 61
! rowspan="3" | 1998–99
| {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Ghana]]
| [[Suley Musah]]
| DF
| <ref name=s98/>
|-
! 62
| {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Ghana]]
| Jackson Egypong
| DF
| <ref name=s98/>
|-
! 63
| {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Ghana]]
| '''Emmanuel Opoku'''
| MF
| <ref name=s98/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/36050/Emmanuel_Opoku.html|title=Opoku, Emmanuel|work=National Football Teams|access-date=12 May 2020|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305161725/http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/36050/Emmanuel_Opoku.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 64
! rowspan="4" | 1999–00
| {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Ghana]]
| Abu Iddrisu
| MF
| <ref name="listall"/>
|-
! 65
| {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Ghana]]
| Willie Brown
| MF
| <ref name="listall"/>
|-
! 66
| {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Ghana]]
| Kennedy Ofosuhene Amponsah
| FW
| <ref name="listall"/>
|-
! 67
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil]]
| Oseías Luíz Ferreira
| FW
| <ref name=oseias>{{cite web|date=1 February 2000|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000202/sports.htm#3|title=Salgaocar meet E. Bengal today|work=Tribune India|accessdate=5 February 2023|archive-date=5 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205114531/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000202/sports.htm#3|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 68
! rowspan="6" | 2000–01
| {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Nigeria]]
| Awoyemi Isiaka
| DF
| <ref name="OO">{{cite web|title=Season ending transfers 2000|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/transfers2000.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111031416/http://www.indianfootball.de/transfers2000.html|archive-date=11 January 2021|access-date=8 August 2019|website=indianfootball.de}}</ref><ref name="durand00">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/e-bengal-ooze-confidence/cid/1224880|title=E. Bengal Ooze Confidence|work=The Telegraph India|access-date=13 May 2020|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627161419/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/e-bengal-ooze-confidence/cid/1224880|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 69
| {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Ukraine]]
| [[Andriy Malchevskyi]]
| FW
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/east-bengal-escape-with-1-0-win/cid/1227408|title=EAST BENGAL ESCAPE WITH 1-0 WIN|work=The Telegraph India|access-date=14 May 2020|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627161358/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/east-bengal-escape-with-1-0-win/cid/1227408|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 70
| {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Ghana]]
| Siva Mumuni
| DF
| <ref name="OO" /><ref name="durand00"/>
|-
! 71
| {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Uzbekistan]]
| Ilhom Sharipov
| FW
| <ref name="OO" />
|-
! 72
| {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Uzbekistan]]
| Olim Talliaev
| MF
| <ref name="OO" />
|-
! 73
| {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Nigeria]]
| Omolaja Olalekan
| FW
| <ref name="OO" />
|-
! 74
! rowspan="2" | 2001–02
| {{flagicon|Tanzania}} [[Tanzania]]
| '''Ally Mayay Tembele'''
| FW
| <ref name="Oone">{{cite web|title=Season ending transfers 2001|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/transfers2001.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108020146/http://www.indianfootball.de/transfers2001.html|archive-date=8 January 2021|access-date=8 August 2019|website=indianfootball.de}}</ref>
|-
! 75
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil]]
| Jose Carlos
| FW
| <ref name="Oone" />
|-
! 76
! rowspan="3" | [[2002–03 East Bengal F.C. season|2002–03]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil]]
| [[Douglas De Silva]]
| DF/MF
| <ref name="Otwo">{{cite web|title=Season ending transfers 2002|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/transfers2002.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206211846/http://www.indianfootball.de/transfers2002.html|archive-date=6 February 2021|access-date=8 August 2019|website=indianfootball.de}}</ref>
|-
! 77
| {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Nigeria]]
| [[Mike Okoro]]
| FW
| <ref name="Otwo" />
|-
! 78
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil]]
| Gilmar da Silva
| MF
| <ref name="Otwo" />
|-
! 79
! [[2003–04 East Bengal F.C. season|2003–04]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil]]
| [[Cristiano Júnior]]
| FW
| <ref name="Othree">{{cite web|title=Season ending transfers 2003|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/transfers2003.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000301/http://www.indianfootball.de/transfers2003.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=8 August 2019|website=indianfootball.de}}</ref>
|-
! 80
! rowspan="6" | 2004–05
| {{flagicon|Rwanda}} [[Rwanda]]{{efn|Aniweta player was born in Nigeria but played International football for Rwanda<ref>{{FIFA player|313946}}</ref>}}
| '''[[Louis Aniweta]]'''
| DF
| <ref name="Ofour" />
|-
! 81
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil]]
| [[Paulo Roberto da Silva Zaltron|Paolo Da Silva]]
| FW
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/news/|title=Brazilian Paulo Roberto DaSilva to come for trials|work=East Bengal Club|access-date=4 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040923102801/https://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/news/|archive-date=23 September 2004|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref name="Ofour" />
|-
! 82
| {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Nigeria]]
| [[Ernest Jeremiah Chukwuma|Ernest Jeremiah]]
| FW
| <ref name="Ofour" />
|-
! 83
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil]]
| [[Juliano Pescarolo Martins|Juliano Martins]]
| FW
| <ref name="Ofour" />
|-
! 84
| {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Ghana]]
| '''[[Felix Aboagye]]'''
| FW
| <ref name="Ofour" />
|-
! 85
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil]]
| Marcos Secco
| MF
| <ref name="Ofour">{{cite web|title=Season ending transfers 2004|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/transfers2004.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315065920/http://www.indianfootball.de/transfers2004.html|archive-date=15 March 2016|access-date=8 August 2019|website=indianfootball.de}}</ref><ref name=secco/>
|-
! 86
! rowspan="4" | [[2005–06 East Bengal F.C. season|2005–06]]
| {{flagicon|DRC}} [[DR Congo]]
| '''[[Liswa Nduti]]'''
| DF
| <ref name="Ofive">{{cite web|title=Season ending transfers 2005|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/transfers2005.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000410/http://www.indianfootball.de/transfers2005.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=18 October 2018|website=indianfootball.de}}</ref>
|-
! 87
| {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[South Africa]]
| [[Sydney Nkalanga]]
| FW
| <ref name="Ofive" />
|-
! 88
| {{flagicon|CMR}} [[Cameroon]]
| Ngassa Guy Martial
| DF
| <ref name="Ofive" />
|-
! 89
| {{flagicon|CMR}} [[Cameroon]]
| Ndem Guy Herve
| MF
| <ref name="Ofive" />
|-
! 90
! rowspan="8" | [[2006–07 East Bengal F.C. season|2006–07]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil]]
| Luiz Octavio Alvez de Souza
| DF
| <ref name="Osix">{{cite web|title=Season ending transfers 2006|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/transfers2006.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000401/http://www.indianfootball.de/transfers2006.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=18 October 2018|website=indianfootball.de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/search/index.asp?news_id=219|title=Luiz Octavio D'Souza signs for East Bengal|work=East Bengal Club|access-date=5 June 2020|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502193141/http://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/search/index.asp?news_id=219|archive-date=2 May 2008}}</ref>
|-
! 91
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil]]
| Marcio Fernandes Tomaz
| FW
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/search/index.asp?news_id=236|title=Marcio Tomaz & Rajat Ghosh Dastidar signs for East Bengal|work=East Bengal Club|access-date=5 June 2020|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502193314/http://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/search/index.asp?news_id=236|archive-date=2 May 2008}}</ref>
|-
! 92
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil]]
| Daniel Carlos Jorge
| MF
| <ref name="EB06">{{cite web|url=http://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/search/index.asp?news_id=277|title=Brazilian Daniel & Thiago officially signed for East Bengal|work=East Bengal Club|access-date=5 June 2020|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502193630/http://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/search/index.asp?news_id=277|archive-date=2 May 2008}}</ref>
|-
! 93
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil]]
| Thiago de Sousa Ferreira da Costa
| FW
| <ref name="EB06"/>
|-
! 94
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Japan]]
|bgcolor="#B0C4DE"| [[Arata Izumi]]{{efn|[[Arata Izumi]] joined East Bengal when he carried a Japanese passport. He acquired Indian citizenship in 2012,<ref>{{cite web|title=Arata Izumi becomes first foreign national to be selected for Indian football team|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/202674-arata-izumi-becomes-first-foreign-national-to-be-selected-for-indian-football-team|work=NDTV Sport|access-date=2 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221161316/http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/202674-arata-izumi-becomes-first-foreign-national-to-be-selected-for-indian-football-team|archive-date=21 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> and represented the [[India national football team]] in the [[2013 SAFF Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Wim Koevermans names India squad for SAFF Championship|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/213001-wim-koevermans-names-india-squad-for-saff-championship|work=NDTV Sports|access-date=2 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111015152/http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/213001-wim-koevermans-names-india-squad-for-saff-championship|archive-date=11 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} {{dagger|alt=indian citizen}}
| MF
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/search/index.asp?news_id=281|title=
Izumi Arata & Naseem Akhtar signs for East Bengal|work=East Bengal Club|access-date=5 June 2020|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502193656/http://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/search/index.asp?news_id=281|archive-date=2 May 2008}}</ref>
|-
! 95
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil]]
| Cristiano Hilario de Oliveira
| DF
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/search/index.asp?news_id=289|title=Cristiano signs in favour of East Bengal|work=East Bengal Club|access-date=5 June 2020|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502193736/http://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/search/index.asp?news_id=289|archive-date=2 May 2008}}</ref>
|-
! 96
| {{flagicon|KEN}} [[Kenya]]
| '''[[Boniface Ambani]]'''
| FW
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/search/index.asp?news_id=298|title=Boniface Ambani signs for East Bengal|work=East Bengal Club|access-date=5 June 2020|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502193826/http://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/search/index.asp?news_id=298|archive-date=2 May 2008}}</ref>
|-
! 97
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil]]
| [[Edmilson Marques Pardal|Edmilson]]
| FW
| <ref name=edmilson>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/search/index.asp?news_id=317|title=Brazilian striker Edmilson signs for East Bengal|work=East Bengal Club|access-date=5 June 2020|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502194003/http://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/search/index.asp?news_id=317|archive-date=2 May 2008}}</ref>
|-
! 98
! rowspan="6" | [[2007–08 East Bengal F.C. season|2007–08]]
| {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Ghana]]
| [[Samed Abdul Awudu|Abdul Samad Okocha]]
| DF
| <ref name="Oseven">{{cite web|title=Season ending transfers 2007|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/transfers2007.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061731/http://www.indianfootball.de/transfers2007.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=18 October 2018|website=indianfootball.de}}</ref>
|-
! 99
| {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Nigeria]]
| Bolaji Majek
| DF
| <ref name="Oseven" />
|-
! 100
| {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Nigeria]]
| Abeeku Gaiesi
| FW
| <ref name="Oseven" />
|-
! 101
| {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[South Africa]]
| '''[[MacDonald Mukansi]]'''
| MF
| <ref name="Oseven" />
|-
! 102
| {{flagicon|KEN}} [[Kenya]]
| '''[[Julius Owino]]'''
| DF
| <ref name="Oseven" />
|-
! 103
| {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Nigeria]]
| Ibe Ikechukwu Gift
| MF
| <ref name="Oseven" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/east-bengal-shock-al-wihdat/cid/599022|title=East Bengal shock Al Wihdat|work=The Telegraph India|access-date=13 May 2020|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627161351/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/east-bengal-shock-al-wihdat/cid/599022|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 104
! rowspan="2" | [[2008–09 East Bengal F.C. season|2008–09]]
| {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Ghana]]
| [[Yusif Yakubu]]
| FW
| <ref name=yakubu>{{cite web|author=PTI|date=20 September 2008|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/yakubu-to-play-for-east-bengal-apologises-to-salgaocar/articleshow/3506658.cms|title=Yakubu to play for East Bengal, apologises to Salgaocar|work=The Times of India|accessdate=20 January 2022|archive-date=23 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223065137/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/yakubu-to-play-for-east-bengal-apologises-to-salgaocar/articleshow/3506658.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 105
| {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Ghana]]
| '''[[Ishmael Addo]]'''
| MF
| <ref name=ishmaeladdo>{{cite web|first=Rahul|last=Bali|date=1 December 2008|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/1263/india-south-central-asia/2008/12/01/991719/india-east-bengal-replace-edmilson-with-addo|title=India: East Bengal Replace Edmilson With Addo|work=Goal|accessdate=20 January 2022|archive-date=23 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223065135/https://www.goal.com/en/news/1263/india-south-central-asia/2008/12/01/991719/india-east-bengal-replace-edmilson-with-addo|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 106
! rowspan="5" | [[2009–10 East Bengal F.C. season|2009–10]]
| {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Czech Republic]]
| [[Jan Berger (footballer, born 1976)|Jan Berger]]
| MF
| <ref name=janomar>{{cite web|author=Staff Reporter|date=15 July 2009|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/east-bengal-unveil-jan-sebastian/cid/613472|title=East Bengal unveil Jan, Sebastian|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=25 June 2021|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627161350/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/east-bengal-unveil-jan-sebastian/cid/613472|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 107
| {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Argentina]]
| [[Omar Sebastián Monesterolo|Sebastian Monesterolo]]
| FW
| <ref name=janomar/>
|-
! 108
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia]]
| [[Srećko Mitrović]]
| MF
| <ref>{{cite web|author=Tribal Football Staff|date=16 November 2009|url=https://www.tribalfootball.com/articles/mitrovic-delighted-first-winning-start-east-bengal-447391|title=Mitrovic delighted with first winning start for East Bengal|work=Tribal Football|accessdate=25 June 2021|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625115905/https://www.tribalfootball.com/articles/mitrovic-delighted-first-winning-start-east-bengal-447391|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 109
| {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Ghana]]
| [[Abel Hammond]]
| FW
| <ref>{{cite web|author=Staff Reporter|date=15 October 2009|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/big-two-try-out-foreigners/cid/588605|title=Big Two try out foreigners|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=25 June 2021|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627161429/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/big-two-try-out-foreigners/cid/588605|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 110
| {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Nigeria]]
| [[Uga Okpara]]
| DF
| <ref name=uga>{{cite web|first=Sandipan|last=Chakraborty|date=15 October 2009|url=http://eastbengaltherealpower.com/news/342/Uga-Okpara,-Nigerian-Defender-lands-in-Kolkata-|title=Uga Okpara, Nigerian Defender lands in Kolkata|work=[[East Bengal the Real Power]]|accessdate=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710163554/http://eastbengaltherealpower.com/news/342/Uga-Okpara,-Nigerian-Defender-lands-in-Kolkata-|archive-date=10 July 2011}}</ref>
|-
! 111
! rowspan="4" | [[2010–11 East Bengal F.C. season|2010–11]]
| {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Nigeria]]
| [[Penn Orji]]
| MF
| <ref name=Two10>{{cite web|first=KFC|last=Media|date=16 July 2010|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/july5_2010.html|title=East Bengal named their new coach for coming season and team Squad|work=Kolkata Football|accessdate=26 June 2021|archive-date=5 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905134245/http://kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/july5_2010.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 112
| {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Nigeria]]
| [[Ekene Ikenwa]]
| FW
| <ref name=Two10/>
|-
! 113
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia]]
| [[Tolgay Özbey]]
| FW
| <ref name="tolgay">{{cite web|last=|first=|date=3 September 2010|title=Goal Machine Ozbey from Australia watched East Bengal match.|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/sept1stweek_2010.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905135730/http://kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/sept1stweek_2010.html|archive-date=5 September 2013|work=kolkatafootball.com|accessdate=26 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Football|last=NSW|date=11 September 2010|url=https://footballnsw.com.au/2010/09/11/tolgay-ozbey-crowned-nsw-premier-leagues-best-at-2010-gold-medal-dinner/|title=Tolgay Ozbey Crowned New Premier League's Best at 2010 Gold Medal Dinner|work=Football NSW|accessdate=26 June 2021|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920014258/https://footballnsw.com.au/2010/09/11/tolgay-ozbey-crowned-nsw-premier-leagues-best-at-2010-gold-medal-dinner/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 114
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil]]
| [[Alexandro da Silva Santos|Leko]]
| FW
| <ref>{{cite web|first=Nilesh|last=Bhattacharya|date=21 January 2011|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/a-new-attacking-midfielder-from-brazil-alexander-da-silva-santos-has-landed-in-kolkata-for-trials-with-east-bengal-the-brazilian-is-expected-to-undergo-trials-under-coach-trevor-morgans-supervision-on-sunday-or-monday-club-sources-have-informed-/articleshow/7336926.cms|title=A new attacking midfielder from Brazil, Alexander da Silva S ..|work=The Times of India|accessdate=26 June 2021|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628125717/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/a-new-attacking-midfielder-from-brazil-alexander-da-silva-santos-has-landed-in-kolkata-for-trials-with-east-bengal-the-brazilian-is-expected-to-undergo-trials-under-coach-trevor-morgans-supervision-on-sunday-or-monday-club-sources-have-informed-/articleshow/7336926.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 115
! [[2011–12 East Bengal F.C. season|2011–12]]
| {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Scotland]]
| [[Alan Gow]]
| FW
| <ref>{{cite web|first=BBC|last=Media|date=15 August 2011|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/scotland/14531983|title=Alan Gow heads for East Bengal in Indian top flight|work=[[BBC]]|accessdate=26 June 2021|archive-date=24 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524193109/https://www.bbc.com/sport/scotland/14531983|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 116
! rowspan="2" | [[2012–13 East Bengal F.C. season|2012–13]]
| {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Nigeria]]
| [[Chidi Edeh]]
| FW
| {{citation needed|date=November 2025}}
|-
! 117
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia]]
| [[Andrew Barisic]]
| FW
| <ref>{{cite web|title=East Bengal sign Aussie striker Andrew Barisic|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/item/201704-east-bengal-sign-aussie-striker-andrew-barisic|work=NDTV|accessdate=26 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610183918/http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/item/201704-east-bengal-sign-aussie-striker-andrew-barisic|archive-date=10 June 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! 118
! rowspan="2" | [[2013–14 East Bengal F.C. season|2013–14]]
| {{flagicon|South Sudan}} [[South Sudan]]
| '''[[James Moga]]'''
| FW
| {{citation needed|date=November 2025}}
|-
! 119
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Japan]]
| [[Ryuji Sueoka]]
| FW
| <ref>{{cite web|first=Atanu|last=Mitra|date=11 August 2013|url=https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/3952/asia/2013/08/11/4178940/ryuji-sueoka-i-joined-east-bengal-because-of-the-chance-to|title=Ryuji Sueoka: I joined East Bengal because of the chance to play in the AFC Cup|work=Goal|accessdate=26 June 2021|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625194805/https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/3952/asia/2013/08/11/4178940/ryuji-sueoka-i-joined-east-bengal-because-of-the-chance-to|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 120
! rowspan="4" | [[2014–15 East Bengal F.C. season|2014–15]]
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia]]
| [[Milan Susak]]
| DF
| <ref>{{cite web|first=I-League|last=Media Team|date=5 November 2014|url=https://i-league.org/east-bengal-complete-milan-susak-signing-2/|title=East Bengal Complete Milan Susak Signing|work=I-League|accessdate=26 June 2021|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627161423/https://i-league.org/east-bengal-complete-milan-susak-signing-2/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 121
| {{flagicon|NZL}} [[New Zealand]]
| '''[[Leo Bertos]]'''
| MF
| <ref name=bertos/>
|-
! 122
| {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Nigeria]]
| [[Ranti Martins]]
| FW
| <ref name=ranti>{{cite web|first=Abhishek|last=Shukla|date=1 May 2014|url=https://www.indiafooty.com/2014/05/01/east-bengal-rope-in-ranti-martins/|title=East Bengal Rope in Ranti Martins|work=India Footy|accessdate=26 June 2021|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627161430/https://www.indiafooty.com/2014/05/01/east-bengal-rope-in-ranti-martins/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 123
| {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Nigeria]]
| [[Dudu Omagbemi]]
| FW
| <ref>{{cite web|first=Samya|last=Majumdar|date=7 August 2014|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2014/east-bengal-the-signing-of-dudu-omagbemi-and-possible-formations/|title=East Bengal: The Signing of Dudu Omagbemi and Possible Formations|work=The Hard Tackle|accessdate=26 June 2021|archive-date=6 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306053648/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2014/east-bengal-the-signing-of-dudu-omagbemi-and-possible-formations/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 124
! rowspan="4" | [[2015–16 East Bengal F.C. season|2015–16]]
| {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Nigeria]]
| [[Bello Razaq]]
| DF
| <ref>{{cite web|last=Team|first=TFG|date=7 June 2015|url=https://thefangarage.com/articles/87-bello-razaq-jumps-ship-joins-east-bengal-in-surprise-move|title=Bello Razaq jumps ship; joins East Bengal in surprise move|work=The Fan Garage|accessdate=25 June 2021|archive-date=26 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426082933/https://thefangarage.com/articles/87-bello-razaq-jumps-ship-joins-east-bengal-in-surprise-move|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 125
| {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[South Korea]]
| [[Do Dong-hyun|Do Dong Hyun]]
| FW
| {{citation needed|date=November 2025}}
|-
! 126
| {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Nigeria]]
| [[Orok Essien]]
| FW
| <ref>{{cite web|first=Abbhishek|last=Shukla|date=17 October 2015|url=https://www.indiafooty.com/2015/10/17/east-bengal-names-23-member-squad-for-sk-kamal-int-club-cup/|title=East Bengal Names 23-member Squad for SK. Kamal Int. Club Cup|work=India Footy|accessdate=25 June 2021|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625213144/https://www.indiafooty.com/2015/10/17/east-bengal-names-23-member-squad-for-sk-kamal-int-club-cup/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 127
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[France]]
| '''[[Bernard Mendy]]'''
| DF
| <ref name="mendy">{{cite web|last=|first=|date=13 January 2016|title=Chennaiyin FC's Bernard Mendy signs for East Bengal|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/chennaiyin-fc-s-bernard-mendy-signs-for-east-bengal|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625183112/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/chennaiyin-fc-s-bernard-mendy-signs-for-east-bengal|archive-date=25 June 2021|access-date=25 June 2021|work=Indian Super League}}</ref>
|-
! 128
! rowspan="7" | [[2016–17 East Bengal F.C. season|2016–17]]
| {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Nigeria]]
| [[Oluwaunmi Somide|Somide Adelaja]]
| FW
| <ref>{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|date=29 July 2016|url=https://www.arunfoot.com/east-bengal-sign-nigerian-striker-somide-adelaja-third-foreigner-cfl/|title=East Bengal sign Nigerian striker Somide Adelaja as third foreigner for CFL!|work=ArunFoot.com|accessdate=25 June 2021|archive-date=6 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006095720/http://www.arunfoot.com/east-bengal-sign-nigerian-striker-somide-adelaja-third-foreigner-cfl/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 129
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[England]]
| [[Calum Angus]]
| DF
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2016/06/25/25025042/east-bengal-sign-british-defender-calum-angus-exclude-alvito|title=East Bengal sign British defender Calum Angus, exclude Alvito D'Cunha from the squad|work=Goal|access-date=8 December 2020|archive-date=30 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630093146/https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2016/06/25/25025042/east-bengal-sign-british-defender-calum-angus-exclude-alvito|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 130
| {{flagicon|Haiti}} [[Haiti]]
| '''[[Wedson Anselme]]'''
| FW
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2016/11/08/29307942/i-league-update-east-bengal-sign-wedson-anselme|title=I-League Update: East Bengal sign Wedson Anselme|work=Goal|access-date=8 December 2020|archive-date=3 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103040737/https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2016/11/08/29307942/i-league-update-east-bengal-sign-wedson-anselme|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 131
| {{flagicon|Trinidad and Tobago}} [[Trinidad and Tobago]]
| '''[[Willis Plaza]]'''
| FW
| {{citation needed|date=November 2025}}
|-
! 132
| {{flagicon|UGA}} [[Uganda]]
| '''[[Ivan Bukenya]]'''
| DF
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2016/11/28/29978032/i-league-east-bengal-sign-ugandan-defender-ivan-bukenya|title=I-League: East Bengal sign Ugandan defender Ivan Bukenya|work=Goal|access-date=8 December 2020|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020141936/https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2016/11/28/29978032/i-league-east-bengal-sign-ugandan-defender-ivan-bukenya|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 133
| {{flagicon|Kyrgyzstan}} [[Kyrgyzstan]]
| '''[[Ildar Amirov]]'''
| FW
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansportsnews.com/football-news/43276-east-bengal-sign-fourth-foreigner-ildar-amirov|title=East Bengal sign fourth foreigner Ildar Amirov|work=Indian Sports News|access-date=8 December 2020|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627161432/https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Montserrat|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 134
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia]]
| [[Chris Payne (footballer)|Chris Payne]]
| FW
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/i-league-2017-east-bengal-sign-chris-payne-as-ildar-amirov/9k8js19a98eb1nraxrn0m80g3|title=I-League 2017: East Bengal rope in Chris Payne as Ildar Amirov replacement|work=Goal|access-date=8 December 2020|archive-date=6 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806180833/http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/i-league-2017-east-bengal-sign-chris-payne-as-ildar-amirov/9k8js19a98eb1nraxrn0m80g3|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 135
! rowspan="8" | [[2017–18 East Bengal F.C. season|2017–18]]
| {{flagicon|Syria}} [[Syria]]
| '''[[Mahmoud Amnah]]'''
| MF
| <ref name=amnah>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/838467/east-bengal-sign-lalramchullova-and-mahmoud-al-amna-from-aizawl-fc|title=East Bengal sign Lalramchullova and Mahmoud Al-Amna from Aizawl FC|work=[[Scroll.in]]|date=23 May 2017|access-date=24 August 2019|archive-date=24 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824112100/https://scroll.in/field/838467/east-bengal-sign-lalramchullova-and-mahmoud-al-amna-from-aizawl-fc|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 136
| {{flagicon|Trinidad and Tobago}} [[Trinidad and Tobago]]
| '''[[Carlyle Mitchell]]'''
| DF
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/calcutta-football-league-east-bengal-sign-trinidadian/120kj1lo5wl0l19y9unb548v9b|title=Calcutta Football League: East Bengal sign Trinidadian defender Carlyle Mitchell|work=Goal.com|date=8 July 2018|access-date=24 August 2019|archive-date=24 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824112058/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/calcutta-football-league-east-bengal-sign-trinidadian/120kj1lo5wl0l19y9unb548v9b|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 137
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil]]
| [[Charles (footballer, born 1993)|Charles]]
| FW
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportscrunch.in/east-bengal-sign-brazilian-striker-charles/|title=East Bengal sign Brazilian striker Charles|work=Sports Crunch|date=1 July 2017|access-date=24 August 2019|archive-date=24 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824100332/https://www.sportscrunch.in/east-bengal-sign-brazilian-striker-charles/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 138
| {{flagicon|CIV}} [[Ivory Coast]]
| [[Bazie Armand]]
| MF
| <ref>{{cite web|first=Atanu|last=Mitra|date=1 February 2018|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/i-league-2017-18-east-bengal-release-armand-bazie-open-talks/g0gv75l243cx11tlijbd1xd7q|title=I-League 2017-18: East Bengal release Armand Bazie, open talks with Boris Kadio|work=goal.com|accessdate=25 June 2021|archive-date=18 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218081756/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/i-league-2017-18-east-bengal-release-armand-bazie-open-talks/g0gv75l243cx11tlijbd1xd7q|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 139
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Japan]]
| [[Katsumi Yusa]]
| MF
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/sport/katsumi-yusa-signs-for-east-bengal-dgtl-1.662184|title=মোহনবাগানের 'প্রাণভোমরা'কে তুলে চমকে দিল ইস্টবেঙ্গল|work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|date=22 August 2017|access-date=24 August 2019|archive-date=24 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824112057/https://www.anandabazar.com/sport/katsumi-yusa-signs-for-east-bengal-dgtl-1.662184|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 140
| {{flagicon|Equatorial Guinea}} [[Equatorial Guinea]]
| '''[[Eduardo Ferreira]]'''
| DF
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/news/article/east-bengal-sign-eduardo-fereira-ileague-2017-18|title=East Bengal finds injured Caribbean defender Carlyle Mitchell's replacement|work=Khel Now|date=21 October 2017|access-date=24 August 2019|archive-date=24 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824112059/https://khelnow.com/news/article/east-bengal-sign-eduardo-fereira-ileague-2017-18|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 141
| {{flagicon|Liberia}} [[Liberia]]
| [[Ansumana Kromah]]
| FW
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/i-league-2017-18-east-bengal-ansumana-kromah-mohun-bagan/16exgrz6hcdy61900menv83ac9|title=I-League 2017-18: East Bengal offer two-day trial to former Mohun Bagan striker Ansumana Kromah|work=Goal.com|date=26 January 2018|access-date=24 August 2019|archive-date=24 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824094826/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/i-league-2017-18-east-bengal-ansumana-kromah-mohun-bagan/16exgrz6hcdy61900menv83ac9|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 142
| {{flagicon|UGA}} [[Uganda]]
| '''[[Khalid Aucho]]'''
| MF
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/i-league-2017-18-east-bengal-khalid-aucho-armand-bazie/2u5ub42dpm7f1if73zi7912ep|title=I-League 2017-18: East Bengal sign Khalid Aucho as replacement for Bazie Armand|work=Goal.com|date=14 February 2018|access-date=24 August 2019|archive-date=24 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824070930/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/i-league-2017-18-east-bengal-khalid-aucho-armand-bazie/2u5ub42dpm7f1if73zi7912ep|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 143
! rowspan="6" | [[2018–19 East Bengal F.C. season|2018–19]]
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[France]]
| [[Kassim Aidara]]
| MF
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/kassim-aidara-officially-signs-east-bengal-minerva-punjab/1awiq4vzfeqk017p2sgajyqwv0|title=East Bengal sign Kassim Aidara, shortlist foreign striker|work=Goal.com|date=2 August 2018|access-date=24 August 2019|archive-date=26 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826214426/http://www.goal.com/en-us/news/kassim-aidara-officially-signs-east-bengal-minerva-punjab/1awiq4vzfeqk017p2sgajyqwv0|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 144
| {{flagicon|Costa Rica}} [[Costa Rica]]
| '''[[Jhonny Acosta]]'''
| DF
| <ref name=acosta>{{cite web|url=http://eastbengalclub.co.in/newsdetails.php?NId=349|title=Quess East Bengal ropes World Cupper|work=East Bengal Club|date=11 July 2018|access-date=24 August 2019|archive-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728171120/http://eastbengalclub.co.in/newsdetails.php?NId=349|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 145
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Spain]]
| [[Borja Gomez Perez]]
| DF
| <ref name=borja>{{cite web|url=http://eastbengalclub.co.in/newsdetails.php?NId=363|title=East Bengal FC continues to build a solid team by signing on stellar Spanish Central Defender Borja Gómez Pérez|work=East Bengal Club|date=23 August 2018|access-date=24 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327123416/http://eastbengalclub.co.in/newsdetails.php?NId=363|archive-date=27 March 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! 146
| {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Mexico]]
| '''[[Enrique Esqueda]]'''
| FW
| <ref name="esqueda">{{cite web|last=Parasar|first=Swapnaneel|date=30 August 2018|title=I-League: East Bengal sign Enrique Esqueda|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/east-bengal-sign-enrique-esqueda-mexico-striker/mr7dd21rtvml10atiuz5votre|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831002439/http://www.goal.com/en/news/east-bengal-sign-enrique-esqueda-mexico-striker/mr7dd21rtvml10atiuz5votre|archive-date=31 August 2018|access-date=24 August 2019|work=Goal}}</ref>
|-
! 147
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Spain]]
| [[Jaime Santos|Jaime Santos Colado]]
| MF
| {{citation needed|date=November 2025}}
|-
! 148
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Spain]]
| [[Antonio Rodríguez Dovale]]
| MF
| <ref name=dovale>{{cite web|date=10 December 2018|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/i-league-2018-19-east-bengal-toni-dovale-mahmoud-al-amna/bz5qkdx5ea0s1noik29hmi2l1|title=I-League 2018-19: East Bengal sign Toni Dovale as Mahmoud Al Amna's replacement|work=Goal|accessdate=2 July 2021|archive-date=2 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702141508/https://www.goal.com/en/news/i-league-2018-19-east-bengal-toni-dovale-mahmoud-al-amna/bz5qkdx5ea0s1noik29hmi2l1|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 149
! rowspan="4" | [[2019–20 East Bengal F.C. season|2019–20]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Spain]]
| [[Martí Crespí]]
| DF
| <ref name=crespi>{{cite web|date=3 July 2019|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/i-league-east-bengal-marti-crespi-former-delhi-dynamos/1wm2guzte0wyq14km1v43kw7ol|title=I-League: East Bengal rope in former Delhi Dynamos centre back Marti Crespi|work=Goal|accessdate=2 July 2021|archive-date=4 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704151732/https://www.goal.com/en/news/i-league-east-bengal-marti-crespi-former-delhi-dynamos/1wm2guzte0wyq14km1v43kw7ol|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 150
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Spain]]
| [[Marcos Jiménez de la Espada Martín|Marcos de la Espada]]
| FW
| <ref name="espada">{{cite web|last=Bhattacharya|first=Atrayo|date=6 August 2019|title=East Bengal sign experienced Spanish striker Marcos Jimenez de la Espada|url=https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2019-20-east-bengal-sign-striker-marcos-jimenez-de-la-espada-martin|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702141620/https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2019-20-east-bengal-sign-striker-marcos-jimenez-de-la-espada-martin|archive-date=2 July 2021|access-date=16 March 2020|website=Khel Now}}</ref><ref name=espada2>{{cite web|author=Nehal|url=https://theawayend.co/2019/08/07/east-bengal-fc-sign-marcos-jimenez-de-la-espada-martin/|title=East Bengal FC sign Spanish forward Marcos Jiménez de la Espada Martín|publisher=The Away End|date=7 August 2019|accessdate=31 October 2020|archive-date=25 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125064202/https://theawayend.co/2019/08/07/east-bengal-fc-sign-marcos-jimenez-de-la-espada-martin/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 151
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Spain]]
| [[Juan Mera González]]
| MF
| <ref name=mera>{{Cite web|author=Nehal|url=https://theawayend.co/2019/08/24/east-bengal-fc-sign-juan-mera-gonzalez/|title=East Bengal FC sign Spanish forward Juan Mera González|date=24 August 2019|website=THE AWAY END|language=en-GB|access-date=18 September 2019|archive-date=2 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002060840/https://theawayend.co/2019/08/24/east-bengal-fc-sign-juan-mera-gonzalez/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 152
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Spain]]
| [[Víctor Pérez Alonso]]
| MF
| <ref name=victor>{{cite web|url=http://www.badgeb.com/quess-east-bengal-fc-rope-in-former-real-madrid-castilla-midfielder/|title=Quess East Bengal FC rope in former Real Madrid Castilla midfielder|work=BADGEB.com|date=12 February 2020|access-date=12 February 2020|archive-date=13 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213070223/http://www.badgeb.com/quess-east-bengal-fc-rope-in-former-real-madrid-castilla-midfielder/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 153
! rowspan="9"|[[2020–21 SC East Bengal season|2020–21]]
| {{flagicon|IRN}} [[Iran]]
|bgcolor="#EBD79B"| [[Omid Singh]] {{double-dagger|alt=signed but not registered in the squad}}
| MF
| {{efn|[[Omid Singh]] was signed by East Bengal in April for the 2020–21 season,<ref name=omid>{{cite web|date=5 April 2020|url=https://scroll.in/field/958272/irans-indian-origin-winger-omid-singh-pens-two-year-deal-with-kolkata-giants-east-bengal-report|title=Iran's Indian-origin winger Omid Singh pens two-year deal with East Bengal, says club official|work=Scroll|accessdate=9 January 2022|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718191148/https://scroll.in/field/958272/irans-indian-origin-winger-omid-singh-pens-two-year-deal-with-kolkata-giants-east-bengal-report|url-status=live}}</ref> however, after their entry into the [[Indian Super League]] he was not registered into the squad and was later released by the club.<ref name=omidsingh>{{cite web|first=Rahul|last=Roy|date=17 May 2022|url=https://technosports.co.in/2022/05/17/fifa-east-bengal-pay-iran-omid-singh/|title=FIFA order East Bengal to pay Rs 1.65 crores to Iranian player Omid Singh|work=Techno Sports|accessdate=9 January 2022|archive-date=17 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517160845/https://technosports.co.in/2022/05/17/fifa-east-bengal-pay-iran-omid-singh/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|-
! 154
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia]]
| [[Scott Neville]]
| DF
| <ref name=neville>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/scott-neville-joins-east-bengal-isl-indian-football/1nmlofbi1ggc912qw3d7las2g3|title=Scott Neville joins East Bengal on a loan deal from A-League side Brisbane Roar|work=Goal|access-date=16 October 2020|archive-date=18 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118210230/https://www.goal.com/en/news/scott-neville-joins-east-bengal-isl-indian-football/1nmlofbi1ggc912qw3d7las2g3|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 155
| {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Wales]]
| [[Aaron Amadi-Holloway]]
| FW
| <ref name="aaap">{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-east-bengal-sign-anthony-pilkington-aaron-joshua-amadi/s4to00n0e0j21402ouwkiicu0|title=ISL: East Bengal rope in Anthony Pilkington and Aaron Joshua Amadi-Holloway|work=Goal|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=19 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019092125/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/isl-east-bengal-sign-anthony-pilkington-aaron-joshua-amadi/s4to00n0e0j21402ouwkiicu0|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 156
| {{flagicon|IRL}} [[Republic of Ireland]]
| '''[[Anthony Pilkington]]'''
| MF
| <ref name="aaap"/>
|-
! 157
| {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Scotland]]
| '''[[Danny Fox]]'''
| DF
| <ref name="dfms">{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl-sc-east-bengal-signs-jeje-lalpekhlua/article32885956.ece|title=Danny Fox, Matti Steinman and Jeje Lalpekhlua sign for SC East Bengal|work=Sportstar|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023002147/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl-sc-east-bengal-signs-jeje-lalpekhlua/article32885956.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 158
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Germany]]
| [[Matti Steinmann]]
| MF
| <ref name="dfms"/>
|-
! 159
| {{flagicon|DRC}} [[DR Congo]]
| '''[[Jacques Maghoma]]'''
| MF
| <ref name="maghoma">{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/isl-east-bengal-sign-midfielder-jacques-maghoma/a9estwcphp301h728yxlp0auu|title=ISL: East Bengal sign former Birmingham City midfielder Jacques Maghoma|work=Goal|access-date=19 October 2020|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020230913/https://www.goal.com/en/news/isl-east-bengal-sign-midfielder-jacques-maghoma/a9estwcphp301h728yxlp0auu|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 160
| {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Nigeria]]
| [[Bright Enobakhare]]
| FW
| <ref name="Bright">{{Cite web|date=1 January 2020|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-sign-promising-nigerian-forward-bright-enobakhare|title=SC East Bengal sign promising Nigerian forward Bright Enobakhare|work=SC East Bengal|access-date=1 January 2021|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101075547/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-sign-promising-nigerian-forward-bright-enobakhare|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
! 161
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[England]]
|bgcolor="#EBD79B"| [[Calum Woods]] {{double-dagger|alt=signed but not registered in the squad}}
| DF
| {{efn|[[Calum Woods]] was signed as the 8th foreigner of the season, joining the team in Goa but was not registered into the [[Indian Super League]] squad and kept as a backup.<ref name=woods>{{cite web|first=Rishab|last=Chakladar|date=16 December 2020|url=https://technosports.co.in/2020/12/16/sc-east-bengal-have-signed-calum-woods-as-their-8th-foreigner/|title=SC East Bengal have signed Calum Woods as their eighth foreigner|work=Techno Sports|access-date=11 January 2021|archive-date=13 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113055958/https://technosports.co.in/2020/12/16/sc-east-bengal-have-signed-calum-woods-as-their-8th-foreigner/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|-
! 162
! rowspan="9" |[[2021–22 SC East Bengal season|2021–22]]
| {{flagicon|SLO}} [[Slovenia]]
| '''[[Amir Dervišević]]'''
| MF
| <ref name=dervisevic>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=11 September 2021|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/star-slovenian-midfielder-amir-dervi%C5%A1evi%C4%87-joins-sc-east-bengal|title=Star Slovenian Midfielder Amir Dervišević Joins SC East Bengal|work=SC East Bengal|access-date=11 September 2021|archive-date=11 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911152348/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/star-slovenian-midfielder-amir-dervi%C5%A1evi%C4%87-joins-sc-east-bengal|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
! 163
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia]]
| [[Tomislav Mrcela]]
| DF
| <ref name=mrcela>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=14 September 2021|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/star-a-league-defender-tomislav-mrcela-joins-sc-east-bengal|title=Star A-League Defender Tomislav Mrcela Joins SC East Bengal|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=14 September 2021|archive-date=14 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914103304/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/star-a-league-defender-tomislav-mrcela-joins-sc-east-bengal|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
! 164
| {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Croatia]]
| [[Franjo Prce]]
| DF
| <ref name=prce>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=15 September 2021|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-rope-in-former-lazio-defender-franjo-prce|title=SC East Bengal Rope In Former Lazio Defender Franjo Prce|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=15 September 2021|archive-date=15 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915134504/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-rope-in-former-lazio-defender-franjo-prce|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
! 165
| {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Nigeria]]
| [[Daniel Chima Chukwu]]
| FW
| <ref name=danielchima>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=16 September 2021|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-snap-up-nigerian-striker-daniel-chima-chukwu|title=SC East Bengal Snap Up Nigerian Striker Daniel Chima Chukwu|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=16 September 2021|archive-date=17 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917132316/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-snap-up-nigerian-striker-daniel-chima-chukwu|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
! 166
| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Netherlands]]
| [[Darren Sidoel]]
| MF
| <ref name=sidoel>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=17 September 2021|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-sign-dutch-utility-player-darren-sidoel|title=SC East Bengal Sign Dutch Utility Player Darren Sidoel|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=17 September 2021|archive-date=17 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917131814/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-sign-dutch-utility-player-darren-sidoel|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
! 167
| {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Croatia]]
| '''[[Antonio Perošević]]'''
| FW
| <ref name=perosevic>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=23 September 2021|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-snap-up-croatia-forward-pero%C5%A1evi%C4%87|title=SC East Bengal Snap Up Croatia Forward Perošević|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=23 September 2021|archive-date=11 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011115928/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-snap-up-croatia-forward-pero%C5%A1evi%C4%87|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
! 168
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil]]
| [[Marcelo Ribeiro (footballer)|Marcelo Ribeiro]]
| FW
| <ref name=marcelorebeiro>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=10 January 2022|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-rope-in-young-brazilian-striker-marcelo-on-loan|title=SC East Bengal Rope in Young Brazilian Striker Marcelo on Loan|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110121824/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/sc-east-bengal-rope-in-young-brazilian-striker-marcelo-on-loan|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
! 169
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Spain]]
| [[Francisco José Sota Bernard|Francisco José Sota]]
| MF
| <ref name=sota>{{cite web|first=SC East Bengal|last=Media|date=25 Jan 2022|url=https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/versatile-midfielder-fran-sota-joins-sc-east-bengal|title=Versatile Midfielder Fran Sota Joins SC East Bengal|work=SC East Bengal|accessdate=25 Jan 2022|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125132833/https://www.sceastbengal.co/post/versatile-midfielder-fran-sota-joins-sc-east-bengal|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
! 170
| {{flagicon|NEP}} [[Nepal]]
| '''[[Ananta Tamang]]'''
| DF
| <ref name=tamang>{{cite web|first=Atrayo|last=Bhattacharya|date=12 Feb 2022|url=https://www.insidesport.in/isl-season-8-sc-east-bengal-bolster-their-backline-by-signing-nepal-international-ananta-tamang/|title=ISL Season 8: SC East Bengal bolster their backline by signing Nepal international Ananta Tamang|work=Inside Sport|accessdate=23 Feb 2022|archive-date=11 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211063858/https://www.insidesport.in/isl-season-8-sc-east-bengal-bolster-their-backline-by-signing-nepal-international-ananta-tamang/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 171
! rowspan="7" |[[2022–23 East Bengal FC season|2022–23]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Spain]]
| [[Iván Garrido (footballer, born 1990)|Iván González]]
| DF
| <ref name=foreigner2022>{{cite web|date=12 August 2022|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/east-bengal-signs-five-international-players-indian-football-news/article65762764.ece|title=Emami East Bengal announces signing of five international players|work=Sportstar|accessdate=12 August 2022|archive-date=12 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812200236/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/east-bengal-signs-five-international-players-indian-football-news/article65762764.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 172
| {{flagicon|CYP}} [[Cyprus]]
| [[Charalambos Kyriakou (footballer, born 1989)|'''Charalambos Kyriakou''']]
| DF
| <ref name=foreigner2022/>
|-
! 173
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil]]
| [[Alex (footballer, born December 1988)|Alex Lima]]
| MF
| <ref name=foreigner2022/>
|-
! 174
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil]]
| [[Cleiton Silva]]
| FW
| <ref name=foreigner2022/>
|-
! 175
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil]]
| [[Eliandro]]
| FW
| <ref name=foreigner2022/>
|-
! 176
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia]]
| [[Jordan O'Doherty]]
| MF
| {{citation needed|date=November 2025}}
|-
! 177
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[England]]
| [[Jake Jervis]]
| FW
| {{citation needed|date=November 2025}}
|-
! 178
! rowspan="9" |[[2023–24 East Bengal FC season|2023–24]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Spain]]
| [[Borja Herrera]]
| MF
| <ref name=borja2024>{{cite web|date=12 June 2023|url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-06-east-bengal-sign-borja-herrera|title=ISL: East Bengal sign Spanish midfielder Borja Herrera|work=Khel Now|accessdate=12 June 2023|archive-date=12 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612083937/https://khelnow.com/football/2023-06-east-bengal-sign-borja-herrera|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 179
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Spain]]
| [[Javier Siverio]]
| FW
| <ref name=siveriosaul>{{cite web|date=17 June 2023|url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-06-isl-east-bengal-sign-javier-siverio-saul-crespo|title=East Bengal sign Javier Siverio and Saul Crespo|work=Khel Now|accessdate=18 June 2023|archive-date=17 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617213616/https://khelnow.com/football/2023-06-isl-east-bengal-sign-javier-siverio-saul-crespo|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 180
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Spain]]
| [[Saúl Crespo]]
| MF
| <ref name=siveriosaul/>
|-
! 181
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Spain]]
| [[José Antonio Pardo]]
| DF
| <ref name=elseypardo>{{cite web|date=5 August 2023|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/emami-east-bengal-fc-signs-jordan-elsey-jose-antonio-pardo-lucas-transfers/article67161011.ece|title=East Bengal signs Jordan Elsey, Jose Antonio Pardo Lucas|work=Sportstar|accessdate=5 August 2023|archive-date=5 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805041449/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/emami-east-bengal-fc-signs-jordan-elsey-jose-antonio-pardo-lucas-transfers/article67161011.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 182
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia]]
| [[Jordan Elsey]]
| DF
| <ref name=elseypardo/>
|-
! 183
| {{flagicon|JOR}} [[Jordan]]
| '''[[Hijazi Maher]]'''
| DF
| <ref name=hijazi>{{cite web|date=28 September 2023|url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-09-indian-football-isl-east-bengal-sign-hijazi-maher|title=East Bengal sign Hijazi Maher as Jordan Elsey's replacement|work=Khel Now|accessdate=28 September 2023|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928083807/https://khelnow.com/football/2023-09-indian-football-isl-east-bengal-sign-hijazi-maher|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 184
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Spain]]
| [[Víctor Vázquez (footballer, born 1987)|Víctor Vázquez]]
| MF
| <ref name=vasquez>{{cite web|date=31 January 2024|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/isl-10-east-bengal-signs-spanish-victor-vazquez-end-of-the-season-indian-super-league-2023-24-transfers/article67796513.ece|title=Former Messi teammate in ISL 10: La Masia product Victor Vazquez joins East Bengal until end of season|work=Sportstar|accessdate=1 February 2024|archive-date=31 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131123939/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/isl-10-east-bengal-signs-spanish-victor-vazquez-end-of-the-season-indian-super-league-2023-24-transfers/article67796513.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 185
| {{flagicon|CRI}} [[Costa Rica]]
| '''[[Felicio Brown Forbes]]'''
| FW
| <ref name=felicio>{{cite web|date=1 February 2024|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/east-bengal-signs-felicio-brown-forbes-siverio-replacement-isl-2023-24-indian-football-transfer-news/article67801048.ece|title=ISL 2023-24: East Bengal signs Felicio Brown Forbes till the end of the season|work=Sportstar|accessdate=1 February 2024|archive-date=1 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201164936/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/east-bengal-signs-felicio-brown-forbes-siverio-replacement-isl-2023-24-indian-football-transfer-news/article67801048.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 186
| {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Serbia]]
| [[Aleksandar Pantić (footballer, born 1992)|Aleksandar Pantić]]
| DF
| <ref name=pantic>{{cite web|date=15 February 2024|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/east-bengal-signs-aleksandar-pantic-serbia-former-la-liga-centre-back-indian-super-league-isl-transfer-news/article67850752.ece|title=ISL 2023-24: East Bengal signs former La Liga centre-back Aleksandar Pantic|work=Sportstar|accessdate=15 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
! 187
! rowspan="5" |[[2024–25 East Bengal FC season|2024–25]]
| {{flagicon|GRE}} [[Greece]]
| '''[[Dimitrios Diamantakos]]'''
| FW
| {{citation needed|date=November 2025}}
|-
! 188
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[France]]
| [[Madih Talal]]
| MF
| <ref name=madih>{{cite web|date=27 June 2024|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2024-25-east-bengal-madih-talal-202406|title=East Bengal bolster midfield with signing of Madih Talal|work=Khel Now|accessdate=27 June 2024|archive-date=27 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627074604/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2024-25-east-bengal-madih-talal-202406|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 189
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Spain]]
| [[Héctor Yuste]]
| DF
| <ref name=yuste>{{cite web|date=1 August 2024|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/east-bengal-signs-isl-shield-winning-defender-hector-yuste-indian-football-transfer-news/article68474706.ece|title=ISL: East Bengal signs shield-winning defender Hector Yuste|work=Sporstar|accessdate=2 August 2024|archive-date=10 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910125502/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/east-bengal-signs-isl-shield-winning-defender-hector-yuste-indian-football-transfer-news/article68474706.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 190
| {{flagicon|VEN}} [[Venezuela]]
| '''[[Richard Celis]]'''
| FW
| <ref name=celis>{{cite web|first=Triyasha|last=Chatterjee|date=7 January 2025|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-isl-east-bengal-richard-celis-202501|title=East Bengal rope in Venezuelan forward Richard Celis until end of ISL 2024-25 season|work=Khel Now|accessdate=7 January 2025|archive-date=7 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250107173055/https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-isl-east-bengal-richard-celis-202501|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! 191
| {{flagicon|CMR}} [[Cameroon]]
| '''[[Messi Bouli]]'''
| FW
| <ref name=messi>{{Cite news |date=5 February 2025 |title=ISL 2024-25: East Bengal signs Cameroon forward Messi Bouli until end of season |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/isl-2024-25-east-bengal-signs-messi-bouli-cameroon-forward-player-profile-stats-achievements-ebfc-transfer-news/article69184895.ece |access-date=5 February 2025 |work=Sportstar}}</ref>
|-
! 192
! rowspan="7" |[[2025–26 East Bengal FC season|2025–26]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil]]
| [[Miguel Figueira|Miguel Figueira Damasceno]]
| MF
| <ref name=miguelrashidkevin/>
|-
! 193
| {{flagicon|PSE}} [[Palestine]]
| '''[[Mohammed Rashid]]'''
| MF
| <ref name=miguelrashidkevin/>
|-
! 194
| {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Argentina]]
| [[Kevin Sibille]]
| DF
| <ref name=miguelrashidkevin/>
|-
! 195
| {{flagicon|MAR}} [[Morocco]]
| '''[[Hamid Ahadad]]'''
| FW
| <ref name=hamidahadad>{{cite web|date=30 July 2025|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/east-bengal-sign-moroccan-forward-hamid-ahadad-for-2025-26-season-1503464348.html|title=East Bengal sign Moroccan forward Hamid Ahadad for 2025-26 season|work=The Statesman|accessdate=30 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 196
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Japan]]
| [[Hiroshi Ibusuki]]
| FW
| <ref name=hiroshiibusuki>{{cite web|date=17 September 2025|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/east-bengal-transfer-news-hiroshi-ibusuki-joins-isl-kolkata-side-ebfc-diamantakos-replacement/article70062854.ece|title=East Bengal signs Hiroshi Ibusuki before Super Cup as potential replacement for Diamantakos|work=Sportstar|accessdate=17 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 197
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Spain]]
| [[Youssef Ezzejjari]]
| FW
| <ref name=youssef>{{cite web|date=7 February 2026|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/isl-2025-26-east-bengal-signing-youssef-ezzejjari-indian-super-league-news/article70600901.ece|title=ISL 2025-26: East Bengal signs Spanish forward Youssef Ezzejjari|work=Sportstar|accessdate=9 February 2026}}</ref>
|-
! 198
| {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Denmark]]
| [[Anton Søjberg]]
| FW
| <ref name=anton>{{cite web|date=18 February 2026|url=https://revsportz.in/east-bengal-boost-attack-with-signing-of-danish-striker-anton-sojberg/?amp=1|title=East Bengal Boost Attack with Signing of Danish Striker Anton Søjberg|work=Rev Sportz|accessdate=18 February 2026}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Players by nationality ==
{{updated|18 February 2026}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%"
!Region!! Nationality !! No. of players
|-
! rowspan=16|[[Confederation of African Football|Africa]]
| {{flagicon|CMR}} [[Cameroon]] || 3
|-
| {{flagicon|DRC}} [[DR Congo]] || 2
|-
| {{flagicon|EQG}} [[Equatorial Guinea]] || 1
|-
| {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Ghana]] || 12
|-
| {{flagicon|CIV}} [[Ivory Coast]] || 1
|-
| {{flagicon|KEN}} [[Kenya]] || 5
|-
| {{flagicon|LBR}} [[Liberia]] || 1
|-
| {{flagicon|MAR}} [[Morocco]] || 1
|-
| {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Nigeria]] || 30
|-
| {{flagicon|RWA}} [[Rwanda]] || 1
|-
| {{flagicon|RSA}} [[South Africa]] || 2
|-
| {{flagicon|SSD}} [[South Sudan]] || 1
|-
| {{flagicon|SDN}} [[Sudan]] || 1
|-
| {{flagicon|TZA}} [[Tanzania]] || 1
|-
| {{flagicon|UGA}} [[Uganda]] || 2
|-
! Total|| 64
|-
! rowspan=16|[[Asian Football Confederation|Asia]]
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia]]{{efn|[[Football Australia]], a former member of the [[Oceania Football Confederation|OFC]], joined the [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] in 2006.<ref name="Timeline of Australian Football">{{cite web|title=Timeline of Australian Football|url=http://www.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au/exhibitions/worldcup/timeline.shtml|publisher=migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au|access-date=17 September 2021|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217101940/http://www.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au/exhibitions/worldcup/timeline.shtml|archive-date=17 December 2014}}</ref>}} || 9
|-
| {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Bangladesh]] || 7
|-
| {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Hong Kong]] || 1
|-
| {{flagicon|IRN}} [[Iran]] || 6
|-
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Japan]] || 4
|-
| {{flagicon|JOR}} [[Jordan]] || 1
|-
| {{flagicon|KGZ}} [[Kyrgyzstan]] || 1
|-
| {{flagicon|MMR}} [[Myanmar]] || 1
|-
| {{flagicon|NEP}} [[Nepal]] || 3
|-
| {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan]] || 12
|-
| {{flagicon|PSE}} [[Palestine]] || 1
|-
| {{flagicon|KOR}} [[South Korea]] || 1
|-
| {{flagicon|LKA}} [[Sri Lanka]] || 3
|-
| {{flagicon|SYR}} [[Syria]] || 1
|-
| {{flagicon|UZB}} [[Uzbekistan]] || 2
|-
! Total|| 54
|-
! rowspan=19|[[UEFA|Europe]]
| {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Croatia]] || 2
|-
| {{flagicon|CYP}} [[Cyprus]] || 1
|-
| {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Czech Republic]] || 1
|-
| {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Denmark]] || 1
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[England]] || 5
|-
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[France]] || 3
|-
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Germany]] || 1
|-
| {{flagicon|GRE}} [[Greece]] || 1
|-
| {{flagicon|LAT}} [[Latvia]] || 2
|-
| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Netherlands]] || 1
|-
| {{flagicon|IRE}} [[Republic of Ireland]] || 2
|-
| {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Scotland]] || 3
|-
| {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Serbia]] || 1
|-
| {{flagicon|SLO}} [[Slovenia]] || 1
|-
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Spain]] || 16
|-
| {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Sweden]] || 1
|-
| {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Ukraine]] || 1
|-
| {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Wales]] || 1
|-
! Total|| 44
|-
! rowspan=5|[[CONCACAF|North America]]
| {{flagicon|CRC}} [[Costa Rica]] || 2
|-
| {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mexico]] || 1
|-
| {{flagicon|TTO}} [[Trinidad and Tobago]] || 2
|-
| {{flagicon|HAI}} [[Haiti]] || 1
|-
! Total|| 6
|-
! rowspan=2|[[Oceania Football Confederation|Oceania]]
| {{flagicon|NZL}} [[New Zealand]] || 1
|-
! Total|| 1
|-
! rowspan="4"|[[CONMEBOL|South America]]
| {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Argentina]] || 3
|-
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Brazil]] || 25
|-
| {{flagicon|VEN}} [[Venezuela]] || 1
|-
! Total|| 29
|-
! colspan=2|Overall Total || 198
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20040719075800/http://eastbengalfootballclub.com/ Official website]}}

{{East Bengal F.C.}}

[[Category:East Bengal Club-related lists|Players]]
[[Category:Lists of footballers in India by club]]
[[Category:Association football player non-biographical articles]]

Tirthahalli Koppa Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:36:35Z

Charnkamal: Put up a info...

{{Short description|Former constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tirthahalli Koppa
| state = [[Mysore State]]
| constituency_no =
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| district = [[Shimoga district|Shimoga]] and [[Chikmagalur district|Chikmagalur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Shimoga Lok Sabha constituency|Shimoga]]
| division = [[Bangalore division|Bangalore]] and [[Mysore division|Mysore]]
| established = 1951
| abolished = 1957
| electors = 
| reservation =
| mla =
| party =
| latest_election_year =
}}
'''Tirthahalli Koppa Assembly constituency''' was one of the [[State legislative assemblies of India|Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies in the state assembly of [[Mysore State]], in India. It was part of [[Shimoga Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="delimitation1952">{{cite web |date=1952 |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1956 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |access-date=13 October 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Kadidal Manjappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Tirthahalli Koppa <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kadidal Manjappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,570 |percentage = 59.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Ramakrishna Rao |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 7,552 |percentage = 27.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Sadasivs Rao |party = Socialist Party (India) |votes = 3,705 |percentage = 13.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,018 |percentage = 32.41% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 27,827 |percentage = 70.48% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 27,827}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 39,480 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|13.594581|75.310521|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Shimoga district]]
[[Category:Chikmagalur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]

Sundernagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:36:00Z

Charnkamal: Put up entry...

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Himachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sundernagar
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 27
| map_image = 27-Sundernagar constituency.svg
| mla = [[Rakesh Jamwal]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| district = [[Mandi district|Mandi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mandi Lok Sabha constituency|Mandi]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:83690}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14751-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2012 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|1}}
}}
'''Sundernagar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 68 constituencies in the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] a northern state of [[India]]. [[Sundernagar]] is also part of [[Mandi Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Sundernagar Assembly constituency |url=http://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/sundernagar.html |work=Elections.in |access-date= November 2, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= November 2, 2017 }}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1952 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
| Baldev Chand ||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Laxmi Datt Sharma ||
|-
|[[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Ganga Singh ||
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan=4| Roop Singh ||rowspan=4|
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
|[[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| Sher Singh ||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| Roop Singh ||
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| [[Sohan Lal Thakur]] ||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| Roop Singh ||
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Sohan Lal Thakur]] ||
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Rakesh Jamwal]]<ref name=election2017/> ||
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Rakesh Jamwal]]
|
|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sundernagar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rakesh Jamwal]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=29,432 |percentage=44.16% |change={{decrease}}11.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sohan Lal|party=Indian National Congress|votes=21,307|percentage=31.97%|change={{decrease}}8.09}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Abhishek Thakur|party=Independent politician|votes=14,704|percentage=22.06%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Narayan Singh|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=275|percentage=0.41%|change={{decrease}}0.66}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=211|percentage=0.32%|change={{decrease}}1.07}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Thakur Singh|party=Sainik Samaj Party|votes=195|percentage=0.29%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Tek Chand|party=Independent politician|votes=149|percentage=0.22%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pooja Thakur|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=148|percentage=0.22%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Het Ram|party=Independent politician|votes=140|percentage=0.21%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ran Vijay Singh|party=Rashtriya Devbhumi Party|votes=90|percentage=0.14%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,125 |percentage=12.19% |change= {{decrease}}3.75 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=66,651|percentage=79.64%|change={{increase}}1.48}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,690 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.55 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}11.84 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sundernagar<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakesh Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=32,545 |percentage=56.00% |change={{increase}}33.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sohan Lal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,282 |percentage=40.06% |change={{decrease}}6.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=807 |percentage=1.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharam Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=624 |percentage=1.07% |change={{increase}}0.15 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,263 |percentage=15.94% |change= {{decrease}}1.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=58,120 |percentage=78.16% |change= {{increase}}0.71 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,361 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.50 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}9.87 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sundernagar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sohan Lal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,258 |percentage=46.12% |change={{increase}}2.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roop Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=15,268 |percentage=29.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakesh Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=12,076 |percentage=22.96% |change={{decrease}}26.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lekh Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=486 |percentage=0.92% |change={{decrease}}4.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chet Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=435 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,990 |percentage=17.09% |change= {{increase}}10.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=52,592 |percentage=77.45% |change= {{increase}}0.94 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,908 |ref = |change= {{increase}}34.48 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}3.20 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sundernagar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Roop Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=19,056 |percentage=49.33% |change={{increase}}7.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sohan Lal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,698 |percentage=43.22% |change={{decrease}}11.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satya Pal Gautam |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,244 |percentage=5.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bali Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=623 |percentage=1.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,358 |percentage=6.10% |change= {{decrease}}6.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=38,631 |percentage=76.50% |change= {{decrease}}1.39 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,497 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.07 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}5.28 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2003 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sundernagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sohan Lal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,248 |percentage=54.60% |change={{increase}}15.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roop Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=15,610 |percentage=42.10% |change={{increase}}0.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devender Kumar Salwani |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=763 |percentage=2.06% |change={{decrease}}14.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devender Sharma |party=Independent politician |votes=461 |percentage=1.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,638 |percentage=12.51% |change= {{increase}}10.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=37,082 |percentage=77.94% |change= {{increase}}6.33 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 47,606 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.10 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}12.53 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sundernagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Roop Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,136 |percentage=42.07% |change={{increase}}3.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sher Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,367 |percentage=39.61% |change={{decrease}}19.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajit Ram |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=5,088 |percentage=16.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=534 |percentage=1.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=769 |percentage=2.46% |change= {{decrease}}17.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,225 |percentage=72.32% |change= {{decrease}}4.46 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 43,634 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.95 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}16.66 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1993 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sundernagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111133700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sher Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,380 |percentage=58.73% |change={{increase}}24.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roop Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,843 |percentage=38.88% |change={{decrease}}23.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chander Mani |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=536 |percentage=1.92% |change={{increase}}0.16 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,537 |percentage=19.85% |change= {{decrease}}8.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=27,889 |percentage=76.67% |change= {{increase}}4.62 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 36,684 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.37 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sundernagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114181905/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Roop Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=15,778 |percentage=62.87% |change={{increase}}8.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sher Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,641 |percentage=34.43% |change={{decrease}}10.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhup Chand |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=441 |percentage=1.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madan Mohan Jagga |party=Independent politician |votes=129 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,137 |percentage=28.44% |change= {{increase}}19.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,096 |percentage=71.74% |change= {{increase}}4.96 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 35,147 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.94 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}8.63 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sundernagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114090530/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Roop Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,220 |percentage=54.24% |change={{decrease}}4.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharam Dutt |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,492 |percentage=45.07% |change={{increase}}11.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sher Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=131 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,728 |percentage=9.17% |change= {{decrease}}16.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,843 |percentage=66.85% |change= {{decrease}}4.45 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,359 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.26 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sundernagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1982 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117041754/eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Roop Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,560 |percentage=58.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lachhami Dutt |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,520 |percentage=33.16% |change={{increase}}5.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sher Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=569 |percentage=2.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Kumar |party=Communist Party of India |votes=544 |percentage=2.77% |change={{increase}}1.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=315 |percentage=1.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Chand |party=Janata Party |votes=152 |percentage=0.77% |change={{decrease}}32.65 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,040 |percentage=25.64% |change= {{increase}}20.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,660 |percentage=71.47% |change= {{increase}}17.75 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,731 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}3.49 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}25.37 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sundernagar<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319174923/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Roop Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=5,105 |percentage=33.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajit Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=4,278 |percentage=28.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharam Dutt |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,245 |percentage=27.80% |change={{increase}}3.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Siwan Siri Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,021 |percentage=6.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhani Ram |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=436 |percentage=2.85% |change={{increase}}0.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohenga Ram |party=Communist Party of India |votes=187 |percentage=1.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=827 |percentage=5.42% |change= {{decrease}}2.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,272 |percentage=53.76% |change= {{decrease}}1.88 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,734 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}26.52 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |swing= {{increase}}1.43 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sundernagar<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3802-himachal-pradesh-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganga Singh |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=6,886 |percentage=32.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lachmi Datt |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,286 |percentage=24.56% |change={{decrease}}17.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dila Ram Chauhan |party=Lok Raj Party Himachal Pradesh |votes=3,841 |percentage=17.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunetai Prakash Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,463 |percentage=11.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajit Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,389 |percentage=6.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharam Dutt |party=Independent politician |votes=1,248 |percentage=5.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Chand |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=406 |percentage=1.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,600 |percentage=7.44% |change= {{increase}}1.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,519 |percentage=56.57% |change= {{increase}}15.90 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 39,102 |ref = |change= {{increase}}38.21 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}10.10 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sundernagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081612/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Datt |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,660 |percentage=42.10% |change={{decrease}}36.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,965 |percentage=35.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharam Dutt |party=Independent politician |votes=2,445 |percentage=22.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=695 |percentage=6.28% |change= {{decrease}}51.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,070 |percentage=42.81% |change= {{increase}}10.45 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,291 |ref = |change= {{increase}}119.46 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}36.75 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sundernagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HP.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114191147/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HP.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Baldev Chand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,915 |percentage=78.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chet Ram |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=782 |percentage=21.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,133 |percentage=57.70% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,697 |percentage=28.68% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,891 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Sundernagar]]
* [[List of constituencies of Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Himachal Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/74-himachal-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh|state=expanded}}
{{Himachal Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}
{{Mandi district}}

{{coord|31.54|76.9|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mandi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]

Social media

2026-03-27T17:18:38Z

Charnkamal: corrected intro for consistency and added references

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Virtual online communities}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2025}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
[[File:Social media platter.svg|thumb|300px|Various social media platforms]]
'''Social media''' are [[new media]] technologies that facilitate the [[Content creation|creation]], [[information exchange|sharing]] and [[news aggregator|aggregation]] of [[Content (media)|content]] (such as ideas, interests, and other forms of expression) amongst [[virtual communities]] and [[Network virtualization|networks]].<ref name="Kietzmann" /><ref name="SMDefinition" /> Common features include:<ref name="SMDefinition">{{cite journal |last1=Obar |first1=Jonathan A. |last2=Wildman |first2=Steve |title=Social media definition and the governance challenge: An introduction to the special issue |journal=Telecommunications Policy |date=2015 |volume=39 |issue=9 |pages=745–750 |doi=10.1016/j.telpol.2015.07.014 |ssrn=2647377 }}</ref>

* Online platforms enable users to create and share content and participate in [[Social network|social networking]].<ref name="SMDefinition" /><ref name="usersoftheworld" /><ref name="Fuchs-2017">{{Cite book |last=Fuchs |first=Christian |title=Social media: a critical introduction |date=2017 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4739-6683-3 |edition=2nd |location=Los Angeles London New Delhi Singapore Washington DC Melbourne}}</ref>
* [[User-generated content]] such as text posts or comments, [[digital photo]]s or [[video]]s, and [[data]] generated through [[online]] interactions.<ref name="SMDefinition" /><ref name="usersoftheworld" />
* Service specific profiles that are designed and maintained by the [[List of social networking services|social media organization]].<ref name="SMDefinition" /><ref name="boydEllison">{{cite journal|last1=Boyd|first1=Danah M.|last2=Ellison|first2=Nicole B.|year=2007|title=Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship|journal=Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication|volume=13|issue=1|pages=210–30|doi=10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00393.x|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* Social media helps the development of online [[social network]]s by connecting a [[User profile|user's profile]] with those of other individuals or groups.<ref name="SMDefinition" /><ref name="boydEllison" />

The term ''social'' in regard to media suggests platforms enable communal activity. Social media helps people connect and build networks.<ref name="Dijck">{{Cite book |last=Dijck |first=Jose van |url={{Google books|t5RpAgAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}}|title=The Culture of Connectivity: A Critical History of Social Media |date=2013-01-02 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-997079-7 |language=en}}</ref> Users access social media through web-based or mobile applications. These interactive platforms allow individuals, communities, businesses, and organizations to share, co-create, discuss, participate in, and modify user-generated or self-curated content.<ref name="Schivinski-2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Schivinski |first1=Bruno |last2=Brzozowska-Woś |first2=Magdalena |last3=Stansbury|first3=Ellena|last4=Satel|first4=Jason|last5=Montag|first5=Christian|last6=Pontes|first6=Halley M.|date=2020|title=Exploring the Role of Social Media Use Motives, Psychological Well-Being, Self-Esteem, and Affect in Problematic Social Media Use |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=11 |page=3576 |article-number=617140 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2020.617140 |pmc=7772182|pmid=33391137|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="boydEllison" /><ref name="Kietzmann">{{cite journal |last1=Kietzmann |first1=Jan H. |first2=Kristopher |last2=Hermkens |title=Social media? Get serious! Understanding the functional building blocks of social media |journal=Business Horizons |year=2011 |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=241–251 |doi=10.1016/j.bushor.2011.01.005 |url=http://summit.sfu.ca/item/18103 |type=Submitted manuscript |archive-date=17 September 2019 |access-date=1 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917190204/http://summit.sfu.ca/item/18103 |url-status=live }}</ref> Social media is used to share memories, form friendships, build communities and learn.<ref name="Schurgin-2011" /> They may be used to promote people, companies, products, and ideas.<ref name="Schurgin-2011" /> Social media can be used to consume, publish, or share news.

Popular social media platforms with over 100 million registered users include [[Twitter]], [[Facebook]], [[WeChat]], [[ShareChat]], [[Instagram]], [[Pinterest]], [[Qzone|QZone]], [[Weibo]], [[VK (service)|VK]], [[Tumblr]], [[Baidu Tieba]], [[Threads (social network)|Threads]], and [[LinkedIn]]. Depending on the interpretation, other popular platforms that are sometimes referred to as social media services include [[YouTube]], [[Letterboxd]], [[Tencent QQ|QQ]], [[Quora]], [[Telegram (software)|Telegram]], [[WhatsApp]], [[Signal (messaging app)|Signal]], [[Line (software)|LINE]], [[Snapchat]], [[Viber]], [[Reddit]], [[Discord]], and [[TikTok]]. [[Wiki]]s and [[Roblox]] are examples of collaborative [[content creation]].
[[File:Example_social_media_profile_pic.png|thumb|An example of a social media profile.]]

Social media outlets differ from [[old media]] (e.g. [[newspaper]]s, [[Television broadcaster|TV]], and [[radio broadcasting]]) in many ways, including quality,<ref name="qualitymedia">{{cite journal|last1=Agichtein|first1=Eugene|last2=Castillo|first2=Carlos|last3=Donato|first3=Debora|last4=Gionis|first4=Aristides|last5=Mishne|first5=Gilad|title=Finding high-quality content in social media|journal=WISDOM – Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining|year=2008|pages=183–193|url=http://184pc128.csie.ntnu.edu.tw/presentation/09-03-09/Finding%20High-Quality%20Content%20in%20Social%20Media.pdf|access-date=8 January 2019|archive-date=23 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523090540/http://184pc128.csie.ntnu.edu.tw/presentation/09-03-09/Finding%20High-Quality%20Content%20in%20Social%20Media.pdf}}</ref> [[Reach (advertising)|reach]], [[frequency]], usability, relevancy, and permanence.<ref name="Tao-2016">{{cite journal |last1=Tao |first1=Xiaohui |last2=Huang |first2=Wei |last3=Mu |first3=Xiangming |last4=Xie |first4=Haoran |title=Special issue on knowledge management of web social media |journal=Web Intelligence |date=18 November 2016 |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=273–274 |doi=10.3233/WEB-160343 }}</ref> Social media outlets operate in a ''[[dialogic]]'' transmission system (many sources to many receivers) while traditional media operate under a {{Wikt-lang|en|monologic}} transmission model (one source to many receivers). For instance, a newspaper is delivered to many subscribers, and a radio station broadcasts the same programs to a city.<ref name="Pavlik-2015">{{cite book |last1=Pavlik |first1=John |title=Converging Media 4th Edition |last2=MacIntoch |first2=Shawn |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-934230-3 |location=New York, NY |page=189}}</ref>

Social media has been criticized for a range of negative impacts on children and teenagers, including exposure to inappropriate content, exploitation by adults, sleep problems, attention problems, feelings of exclusion, and various mental health maladies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Social Media Affects Your Teen's Mental Health: A Parent's Guide |url=https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/social-media-teen-mental-health-a-parents-guide |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=Yale Medicine |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-10 |title=Social Media and Teen Mental Health |url=https://www.aecf.org/blog/social-medias-concerning-effect-on-teen-mental-health |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=The Annie E. Casey Foundation |language=en}}</ref> Social media has also received criticism as worsening [[political polarization]] and undermining [[democracy]], exacerbated by [[media capture|platform capture]] by vested interests,<ref>{{cite book | last=Usher|first=Nikki|chapter= From Media Capture to Platform Capture |editor-last=Schiffrin | editor-first=Anya | title=Media Capture: How Money, Digital Platforms, and Governments Control the News | publisher=Columbia University Press | date=2021-06-22 | isbn=978-0-231-54802-1 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qdzfDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1955| access-date=2025-10-23 | page=155-}}</ref><ref name="w325">{{cite journal |last1=Zaid |first1=Bouziane |last2=Ibahrine |first2=Mohammed |last3=Ben Moussa |first3=Mohamed |last4=Makki |first4=Alaa |title=Shifting Power Dynamics: Media Capture and Platform Dominance in Journalism |journal=Digital Journalism |date=9 August 2025 |volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=1311–1330 |doi=10.1080/21670811.2025.2532509 }}</ref> with journalist [[Maria Ressa]] deeming it "toxic sludge" for increasing distrust among members of society.<ref>{{cite AV media|author=Asialink|title=The 2025 Southeast Asia Oration with Maria Ressa|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hBpZYYZ75J0&t=4907s|website=[[YouTube]]|publisher=[[Google|Google LLC]]|access-date=2025-09-05|date=2025-09-03|time=1:21:47|archive-date=5 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251005040411/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hBpZYYZ75J0&t=4907s|url-status=live}}</ref> Major news outlets often have strong controls in place to avoid and fix false claims, but social media's unique qualities bring viral content with little to no oversight. "Algorithms that track user engagement to prioritize what is shown tend to favor content that spurs negative emotions like anger and outrage. Overall, most online misinformation originates from a small minority of "superspreaders," but social media amplifies their reach and influence."<ref>{{cite web|title=How and why does misinformation spread?|date=2024-03-01|publisher=[[American Psychological Association]]|url=https://www.apa.org/topics/journalism-facts/how-why-misinformation-spreads|access-date=14 October 2024|archive-date=10 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110100748/https://www.apa.org/topics/journalism-facts/how-why-misinformation-spreads|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Toclimit}}

==History==
{{see also|Timeline of social media}}

=== Early computing ===
The [[PLATO (computer system)|PLATO system]] was launched in 1960 at the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign|University of Illinois]] and subsequently commercially marketed by [[Control Data Corporation]]. It offered early forms of social media features with innovations such as Notes, PLATO's message-forum application; TERM-talk, its instant-messaging feature; [[Talkomatic]], perhaps the first [[online chat room]]; News Report, a [[crowdsourced]] online [[newspaper]], and blog and Access Lists, enabling the owner of a note file or other application to limit access to a certain set of users, for example, only friends, classmates, or co-workers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Communications |first=Grainger Engineering Office of Marketing and |title=PLATO |url=https://grainger.illinois.edu/news/magazine/plato |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=grainger.illinois.edu |language=en}}</ref>

[[ARPANET]], which came online in 1969, had by the late 1970s enabled exchange of non-government/business ideas and communication, as evidenced by the [[ARPANET#Rules and etiquette|network etiquette]] (or "[[netiquette]]") described in a 1982 handbook on computing at [[MIT]]'s [[MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory|Artificial Intelligence Laboratory]].<ref name="Stacy">{{cite web |last=Stacy |first=Christopher C. |date=September 7, 1982 |title=Getting Started Computing at the AI Lab |issue=Working Paper 235 |publisher=MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory |url=https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/41180/ai_wp_235.pdf?sequence=4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323132534/https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/41180/AI_WP_235.pdf?sequence=4 |archive-date=2019-03-23 }}</ref> ARPANET evolved into the [[Internet]] in the 1990s.{{ref RFC|675}} [[Usenet]], conceived by [[Tom Truscott]] and [[Jim Ellis (computing)|Jim Ellis]] in 1979 at the [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]] and [[Duke University]], was the first open social media app, established in 1980.

A precursor of the electronic [[bulletin board system]] (BBS), known as [[Community Memory]], appeared by 1973. Mainstream BBSs arrived with the Computer Bulletin Board System in Chicago, which launched on February 16, 1978. Before long, most major US cities had more than one BBS, running on [[TRS-80]], [[Apple II]], [[Atari 8-bit computers]], [[IBM PC]], [[Commodore 64]], [[Sinclair Research|Sinclair]], and others. [[CompuServe]], [[Prodigy (online service)|Prodigy]], and [[AOL]] were three of the largest BBS companies and were the first to migrate to the Internet in the 1990s. Between the mid-1980s and the mid-1990s, BBSes numbered in the tens of thousands in [[North America]] alone.<ref name="Edwards-2016">{{cite web| last= Edwards| first= Benj| title= The Lost Civilization of Dial-Up Bulletin Board Systems| url= https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/11/the-lost-civilization-of-dial-up-bulletin-board-systems/506465/| work= The Atlantic| date= November 4, 2016| access-date= 2018-02-05| archive-date= 6 December 2021| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211206140131/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/11/the-lost-civilization-of-dial-up-bulletin-board-systems/506465/| url-status= live}}</ref> Message forums were the signature BBS phenomenon throughout the 1980s and early 1990s.

[[File:Koala Country Doors Menu.jpg|thumb|A bulletin board system menu, featuring [[opinion poll]]s and a "Who's been on today?" query]]In 1991, [[Tim Berners-Lee]] integrated [[HTML]] [[hypertext]] software with the Internet, creating the [[World Wide Web]]. This breakthrough led to an explosion of [[blog]]s, [[Mailing list|list servers]], and [[email]] services. Message forums migrated to the web, and evolved into [[Internet forum]]s, supported by cheaper access as well as the ability to handle far more people simultaneously.

These early text-based systems expanded to include images and video in the 21st century, aided by [[digital cameras]] and [[camera phones]].<ref name="spinoff">{{cite web |year=2017 |title=CMOS Sensors Enable Phone Cameras, HD Video |url=https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2017/cg_1.html |access-date=6 November 2019 |website=[[NASA Spinoff]] |publisher=[[NASA]] |archive-date=14 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214205655/https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2017/cg_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Social media platforms ===
[[File:SixDegrees.com logo.png|thumb|[[SixDegrees.com|SixDegrees]], launched in 1997, is often regarded as the first social media site.]]
The evolution of online services progressed from serving as channels for networked communication to becoming interactive platforms for networked social interaction with the advent of [[Web 2.0]].<ref name="Dijck"/>

Social media started in the mid-1990s with the invention of platforms like [[Classmates.com]], and [[SixDegrees.com]].<ref name="Ngak-2011">{{cite web |last=Ngak |first=Chenda |date=2011-07-06 |title=Then and now: a history of social networking sites |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/then-and-now-a-history-of-social-networking-sites/2/ |access-date=2018-01-26 |work=CBS news |archive-date=23 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723003553/https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/then-and-now-a-history-of-social-networking-sites/2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> While instant messaging and chat clients existed at the time, SixDegrees was unique as it was the first online service designed for people to connect using their actual names instead of anonymously. It boasted features like profiles, friends lists, and school affiliations, making it "the very first social networking site".<ref name="Ngak-2011" /><ref name="Kirkpatrick-2011">{{cite book |last1=Kirkpatrick |first1=David |title=The Facebook effect: the real inside story of Mark Zuckerberg and the world's fastest-growing company |date=2011 |publisher=Virgin |location=London}}</ref> The platform's name was inspired by the "[[six degrees of separation]]" concept, which suggests that every person on the planet is just six connections away from everyone else.<ref name="Dewzilla-2020">{{Cite web |date=2020-02-11|title=A Brief History of Social Media & timeline - 1973 to 2021 |url=https://dewzilla.com/a-brief-history-of-social-media/ |access-date=2022-06-01 |website=Dewzilla |language=en|archive-date=2020-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023215054/https://dewzilla.com/a-brief-history-of-social-media/}}</ref>

In the early 2000s, social media platforms gained widespread popularity with [[BlackPlanet]] (1999) preceding [[Friendster]] and [[Myspace]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Giorgis |first=Hannah |date=2024-04-12 |title=The Homepage of the Black Internet |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2024/05/blackplanet-social-media-history/677839/ |access-date=2025-03-22 |work=The Atlantic |archive-date=2 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260202114636/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2024/05/blackplanet-social-media-history/677839/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Complex">{{citation |title=BlackPlanet's founder talks MySpace, why he was sceptical of Twitter, and if Facebook may have peaked |date=2011-03-23 |work=Complex |url=http://www.complex.com/tech/2011/03/interview-blackplanet-founder-talks-myspace-twitter-facebook |access-date=2011-04-19 |archive-date=19 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819073836/http://www.complex.com/tech/2011/03/interview-blackplanet-founder-talks-myspace-twitter-facebook |url-status=live }}</ref> followed by [[Facebook]], [[YouTube]], and [[Twitter]].<ref name="EB-2022">{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Social media|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-media|access-date=2022-06-14|archive-date=2 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802020534/https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-media|url-status=live}}</ref>

Research from 2015 reported that globally, users spent 22% of their online time on social networks,<ref name="Nielsen-2022">{{cite web |last1=Nielsen Company |date=June 15, 2010 |title=Social Networks Blogs Now Account for One in Every Four and a Half Minutes Online |url=http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/news/2010/social-media-accounts-for-22-percent-of-time-online.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506180045/https://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/article/2010/social-media-accounts-for-22-percent-of-time-online/ |archive-date=2022-05-06 |access-date=2015-04-30 |website=Nielsen}}</ref> likely fueled by the availability of smartphones.<ref name="Sterling-2016">{{Cite web|last=Sterling|first=Greg|date=April 4, 2016|title=Nearly 80 percent of social media time now spent on mobile devices|url=http://marketingland.com/facebook-usage-accounts-1-5-minutes-spent-mobile-171561|publisher=Marketing Land|access-date=2022-08-29}}</ref> As of 2023, as many as 4.76 billion people used social media<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Social Media Statistics |url=https://datareportal.com/social-media-users |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=DataReportal – Global Digital Insights |language=en-GB |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806235517/https://datareportal.com/social-media-users |url-status=live }}</ref> some 59% of the global population.

==Definition==

A 2015 review identified four features unique to social media services:<ref name="SMDefinition" />
* [[Web 2.0]] Internet-based applications.<ref name="SMDefinition" /><ref name="usersoftheworld" />
* [[User-generated content]]<ref name="SMDefinition" /><ref name="usersoftheworld" />
* User-created self profiles<ref name="SMDefinition" /><ref name="boydEllison" />
* [[Social network]]s formed by connections between profiles,<ref name="SMDefinition" /><ref name="boydEllison" /> such as followers, groups, and lists.

In 2019, [[Merriam-Webster]] defined social media as "forms of electronic communication (such as websites for social networking and microblogging) through which users create online communities to share information, ideas, personal messages, and other content (such as videos)."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/social+media|title=social media|publisher=Merriam-Webster|access-date=March 2, 2022|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110141731/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/social+media|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] defines it as "Forms of electronic communications, including websites and applications, that enable users to create and share content or to participate in social networking."<ref name="nistDefinition">{{cite web |title=NIST Small Business Cybersecurity Corner Glossary |url=https://www.nist.gov/itl/smallbusinesscyber/training/glossary#S |website=National Institute of Standards and Technology |date=8 February 2019 |access-date=January 23, 2026}}</ref>

== Services ==
Social media encompasses an expanding suite of services:<ref name="IJMR Article">{{cite journal |last1=Aichner |first1=Thomas |last2=Jacob |first2=Frank |title=Measuring the Degree of Corporate Social Media Use |journal=International Journal of Market Research |date=March 2015 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=257–276 |doi=10.2501/IJMR-2015-018 }}</ref>
* [[Blog]]s (ex. [[HuffPost]], [[Boing Boing]])
* [[professional network service|Business networks]] (ex. [[LinkedIn]], [[XING]])
* [[open collaboration|Collaborative projects]] ([[Mozilla]], [[GitHub]])
* [[enterprise social networking|Enterprise social networks]] ([[Yammer]], [[VMware#Acquisitions|Socialcast]], [[Slack (software)|Slack]])
* [[Internet forum|Forums]] ([[Gaia Online]], [[IGN]])
* [[Microblogging|Microblogs]] ([[Twitter]], [[Tumblr]], [[Weibo]])
* [[Image sharing|Photo sharing]] ([[Pinterest]], [[Flickr]], [[Photobucket]])
* [[Review site|Products/services review]] ([[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], [[Upwork]])
* [[Social bookmarking]] ([[Delicious (website)|Delicious]], [[Pinterest]])
* [[Social network game|Social gaming]] including [[MMORPG|MMORPGs]] ([[Fortnite]], [[World of Warcraft]])
* [[Social networking service|Social network]] ([[Facebook]], [[Instagram]], [[Baidu Tieba]], [[VK (service)|VK]], [[Qzone|QZone]], [[ShareChat]], [[WeChat]], [[Line (software)|LINE]])
* [[Online video platform|Video sharing]] ([[YouTube]], [[Dailymotion|DailyMotion]], [[Vimeo]])
* [[Virtual world]]s ([[Second Life]], [[Twinity]])

Some services offer more than one type of service.<ref name="boydEllison" />

== Mobile social media ==
Mobile social media refers to the use of social media on [[mobile device]]s such as [[smartphone]]s and [[tablet computer|tablet]]s. It is distinguished by its ubiquity, since users no longer have to be at a desk in order to participate on a [[computer]]. Mobile services can use [[Internet geolocation|the user's location]] to offer [[information]], connections, or services relevant to that location.

According to [[Andreas Kaplan]], mobile social media activities fall among four types:<ref name="mobileKaplan">{{cite journal |last=Kaplan |first=Andreas M. |date=March–April 2012 |title=If you love something, let it go mobile: Mobile marketing and mobile social media 4x4 |journal=Business Horizons |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=129–139 |doi=10.1016/j.bushor.2011.10.009}}</ref>

* Space-timers (location and time-sensitive): Exchange of messages with relevance for a specific location at a specific point in time (posting about a traffic jam)
* Space-locators (only location sensitive): Posts/messages with relevance for a specific location, read later by others (e.g. a restaurant review)
* Quick-timers (only time sensitive): Transfer of traditional social media [[mobile apps]] to increase immediacy (e.g. posting status updates)
* Slow-timers (neither location nor time sensitive): Transfer of traditional social media applications to mobile devices (e.g. watching a video)

== Elements and function ==

=== Virality ===
{{Main|Viral phenomenon}}

Certain [[Content creation|content]], has the potential to spread ''virally'', an analogy for the way [[Viral disease|viral infections]] spread contagiously from individual to individual. [[Viral video|Viral videos]] are one example. One user spreads a post across their [[Social networking service|network]], which leads those users to follow suit. A post from a relatively unknown user can reach vast numbers of people within hours. Virality is not guaranteed; few posts make the transition.

[[Viral marketing]] campaigns are particularly attractive to [[business]]es because they can achieve widespread advertising coverage at a fraction of the cost of traditional marketing campaigns. [[Nonprofit organization]]s and [[Activism|activists]] may also attempt to spread content virally.

Social media sites provide specific functionality to help users re-share content, such as [[Twitter|X]]'s and [[Facebook]]'s "like" option.<ref>{{Cite arXiv|eprint=1106.0346|class=cs.SI|first=Rumi|last=Ghosh|title=Entropy-based Classification of 'Retweeting' Activity on Twitter|date=June 2011}}</ref>

==== Bots ====
{{Main|Internet bot}}

Bots are automated programs that operate on the [[internet]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=bots|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/bots?s=t|access-date=2017-05-11|website=Dictionary.com|archive-date=12 February 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260212021711/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/bots?s=t|url-status=live}}</ref> They automate many communication tasks. This has led to the creation of an industry of bot providers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DemTech {{!}} Industrialized Disinformation: 2020 Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation |url=https://demtech.oii.ox.ac.uk/research/posts/industrialized-disinformation/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=demtech.oii.ox.ac.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref>

[[Chatbot]]s and [[social bot]]s are programmed to mimic human interactions such as liking, commenting, and following.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Martinez Rodrigo|first1=Salto|last2=Jacques-García|first2=Fausto Abraham|title=2012 Ninth International Conference on Information Technology - New Generations |chapter=Development and Implementation of a Chat Bot in a Social Network |year=2012|doi=10.1109/ITNG.2012.147 |pages=751–755 |isbn=978-1-4673-0798-7 }}</ref> Bots have also been developed to facilitate [[social media marketing]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Castronovo|first1=Cristina|last2=Huang|first2=Lei|date=2012|title=Social Media in Alternative Marketing Communication Model|journal=Journal of Marketing Development & Competitivness|volume=6|pages=117–136}}</ref> Bots have led the [[marketing industry]] into an analytical crisis, as bots make it difficult to differentiate between human interactions and bot interactions.<ref name="Baym-2013">{{Cite journal|last=Baym|first=Nancy K.|date=October 7, 2013|title=Data Not Seen: The uses and shortcomings of social media metrics|journal=First Monday|volume=18|issue=10|doi=10.5210/fm.v18i10.4873 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Some bots violate platforms' [[terms of use]], which can result in bans and campaigns to eliminate bots categorically.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://help.instagram.com/478745558852511|title=Terms of Use|website=help.instagram.com|language=en|access-date=2017-06-26|archive-date=24 February 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260224161242/https://help.instagram.com/478745558852511|url-status=live}}</ref> Bots may even pose as real people to avoid prohibitions.<ref name="cgwj" />

'[[Cyborg]]s'—either bot-assisted humans or human-assisted bots<ref name="cgwj">{{cite journal|last1=Chu|first1=Z.|last2=Gianvecchio|first2=S.|last3=Wang|first3=H.|last4=Jajodia|first4=S.|year=2012|title=Detecting automation of Twitter accounts: Are you a human, bot, or cyborg?|journal=IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing|volume=9|issue=6|pages=811–824|doi=10.1109/tdsc.2012.75|bibcode=2012ITDSC...9..811C }}</ref>—are used for both legitimate and illegitimate purposes, from spreading [[fake news]] to creating [[marketing buzz]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Stone-Gross|first1=B.|last2=Holz|first2=T.|last3=Stringhini|first3=G.|last4=Vigna|first4=G.|year=2011|title=The Underground Economy of Spam: A Botmaster's Perspective of Coordinating Large-Scale Spam Campaigns|url=http://static.usenix.org/events/leet11/tech/full_papers/Stone-Gross.pdf|journal=LEET|volume=11|page=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://s.telegraph.co.uk/graphics/projects/the-future-is-android/index.html|last=House|first=Arthur|title=The real cyborgs - in-depth feature about people merging with machines|newspaper=Telegraph.co.uk|access-date=March 2, 2022|archive-date=21 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621061313/http://s.telegraph.co.uk/graphics/projects/the-future-is-android/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/09/donald-trump-twitter-army-228923|title=Inside Trump's 'cyborg' Twitter army|date=2016-09-30|work=Politico|last=Schreckinger|first=Ben|access-date=2022-08-29}}</ref> A human writes a post content and the bot posts it a specific time. In other cases, cyborgs spread [[fake news]].<ref name="cgwj" /> Cyborgs may work as [[Sock puppet account|sock puppets]], where one human pretends to be someone else, or operates multiple accounts, each pretending to be a person.

====Patents====
{{main|Software patent}}

A multitude of [[United States]] patents are related to social media, and their numbers are growing, albeit unevenly. For example, there were 897 patents in Q3 2024 and 1,674 in Q2. And even in Q3, the U.S. share of all social media patent applications was 50% of all patent applications, with second-placed China at 18%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-29 |title=Q3 2024 update: social media related patent activity in the technology industry |url=https://www.verdict.co.uk/data-insights/patent-activity-socialmedia-technology-industry/ |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=Verdict |language=en-US}}</ref> {{As of|2020}}, over 5000 social media patent applications had been published in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.html&r=0&p=1&f=S&l=50&Query=spec%2F%22social+media%22&d=PG01 |title=USPTO search on published patent applications mentioning "social media" |publisher=Appft.uspto.gov |access-date=2012-04-24 |archive-date=2018-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915174948/http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.html&r=0&p=1&f=S&l=50&Query=spec%2F%22social+media%22&d=PG01 }}</ref> Only slightly over 100 patents had been issued.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.htm&r=0&p=1&f=S&l=50&Query=spec%2F%22social+media%22&d=PTXT |title=USPTO search on issued patents mentioning "social media" |publisher=Patft.uspto.gov |access-date=2012-04-24 |archive-date=2021-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224013356/http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.htm&r=0&p=1&f=S&l=50&Query=spec%2F%22social+media%22&d=PTXT }}</ref>

=== Platform convergence ===
{{anchor|Scope expansion and feature merge}}

As an instance of [[technological convergence]], various social media platforms adapted functionality beyond their original scope, increasingly overlapping with each other.

Examples are the social hub site [[Facebook]] launching an integrated [[video platform]] in May 2007,<ref>{{cite web |first=Pete |last=Cashmore |title=Facebook Video Launches: YouTube Beware! |url=http://mashable.com/2007/05/24/facebook-video-launches/ |website=[[Mashable]] |date=May 25, 2007 |access-date=June 15, 2017 |archive-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612112134/https://mashable.com/2007/05/24/facebook-video-launches/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Instagram]], whose original scope was low-resolution photo sharing, introducing the ability to share quarter-minute 640×640 pixel videos<ref>{{cite web |title=Introducing Video on Instagram|date=2013-06-20|url=https://about.instagram.com/blog/announcements/introducing-video-on-instagram |publisher=Instagram|language=en}}</ref> (later extended to a minute with increased resolution). Instagram later implemented [[stories (social media)|stories]] (short videos self-destructing after 24 hours), a concept popularized by [[Snapchat]], as well as ''[[IGTV]]'', for seekable videos.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://animoto.com/blog/video-marketing/instagram-video-length |title=Instagram Video Length Guide (An Easy Cheat Sheet)|last=Livesay|first=Kari|date=2022-04-13|publisher=Animoto|access-date=2022-08-29}}</ref> Stories were then adopted by [[YouTube]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Alexander |first1=Julia |title=YouTube is rolling out its Instagram-like Stories feature to more creators |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/11/29/18117670/youtube-stories-creators-subscribers-instagram-philip-defranco |website=The Verge |language=en |date=29 November 2018 |access-date=5 January 2021 |archive-date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005224112/https://www.theverge.com/2018/11/29/18117670/youtube-stories-creators-subscribers-instagram-philip-defranco |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Twitter|X]], whose original scope was text-based microblogging, later adopted photo sharing,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Parr |first1=Ben |title=Twitter Rolls Out Photo Sharing to All Users |url=https://mashable.com/2011/08/09/twitter-photo-sharing-all/ |website=Mashable |language=en |date=Aug 10, 2011}}</ref> then video sharing,<ref>{{cite web |title=Now on Twitter: group Direct Messages and mobile video camera |url=https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/a/2015/now-on-twitter-group-direct-messages-and-mobile-video-capture.html|last=Kamdar|first=Jinen|publisher=Twitter|date=2015-01-27|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=New ways to tap into video on Twitter |url=https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/a/2016/new-ways-to-tap-into-video-on-twitter.html|publisher=Twitter|date=2016-06-21|last=Rishel|first=Jeremy|language=en-us |access-date=2022-08-29}}</ref> then a media studio for business users, after YouTube's Creator Studio.<ref>{{cite web |title=Twitter Updates Media Studio, Expands Access to All Users |url=https://www.socialmediatoday.com/social-business/twitter-updates-media-studio-expands-access-all-users |last=Hutchinson|first=Andrew|date=2017-03-15|publisher=Social Media Today|access-date=2022-08-29}}</ref>

The discussion platform [[Reddit]] added an integrated [[Image hosting service|image hoster]] replacing the external image sharing platform [[Imgur]],<ref>{{cite web |title=r/announcements - Image Hosting on Reddit |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/announcements/comments/4p5dm9/image_hosting_on_reddit/ |publisher=reddit |date=2016-06-21|access-date=2022-08-29}}</ref> and then an internal video hosting service,<ref>{{cite web |title=r/changelog - [Reddit change] Introducing video uploading beta |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/changelog/comments/6jo5it/reddit_change_introducing_video_uploading_beta/ |publisher=reddit |date=2017-06-26|access-date=2022-08-29}}</ref> followed by image galleries (multiple images in a single post), known from Imgur.<ref>{{cite web |title=Introducing Reddit Image Galleries |url=https://redditblog.com/2020/07/15/introducing-reddit-image-galleries-now-redditors-can-share-multiple-images-and-gifs-in-one-post/ |website=Upvoted |date=2020-07-15|archive-date=2020-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716191433/https://redditblog.com/2020/07/15/introducing-reddit-image-galleries-now-redditors-can-share-multiple-images-and-gifs-in-one-post/}}</ref> Imgur implemented video sharing.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Liao |first1=Shannon |title=Imgur adds 30-second video uploads so your GIFs can have soundtracks |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/5/29/17406840/imgur-video-upload-unmuted-gifs-sound-on |website=The Verge |language=en |date=29 May 2018 |access-date=5 January 2021 |archive-date=11 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211173350/https://www.theverge.com/2018/5/29/17406840/imgur-video-upload-unmuted-gifs-sound-on |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=How to Upload Video |url=https://help.imgur.com/hc/en-us/articles/360003632072-How-to-Upload-Video |website=Imgur|archive-date=2019-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613074923/https://help.imgur.com/hc/en-us/articles/360003632072-How-to-Upload-Video}}</ref>

[[YouTube]] rolled out a Community feature, for sharing text-only posts and [[Survey (human research)|poll]]s.<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=TeamYouTube |number=1072581870389473281 |title=New on the Community tab: Post Playlists to engage with your audience! If you have Community posts enabled on your channel, learn more about Playlist posts here → }}</ref>

==Usage statistics ==
{{main|List of social platforms with at least 100 million active users}}

According to [[Statista]], it is estimated that, in 2022, around 3.96 billion people were using social media globally. This number is up from 3.6 billion in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Number of global social network users 2017-2025{{!}} Statista|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/278414/number-of-worldwide-social-network-users/|access-date=2022-08-29|website=Statista|language=en|archive-date=2021-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818050635/https://www.statista.com/statistics/278414/number-of-worldwide-social-network-users/}}</ref>

The following is a list of the most popular [[social networking service]]s based on the number of active users {{as of|January 2024|lc=y}} per [[Statista]].<ref name="Statista-2022">{{cite web |title=Most popular social networks worldwide as of January 2022, ranked by number of monthly active users (in millions)|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/272014/global-social-networks-ranked-by-number-of-users/ |website=[[Statista]]|archive-date=2022-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129042041/https://www.statista.com/statistics/272014/global-social-networks-ranked-by-number-of-users/}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
Social networking services with the most users, January 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biggest social media platforms 2024 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/272014/global-social-networks-ranked-by-number-of-users/ |access-date=2024-02-05 |website=Statista |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917142233/https://www.statista.com/statistics/272014/global-social-networks-ranked-by-number-of-users/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
!#
!Network
!Number of users (millions)
!Country of origin
|-
|1
|[[Facebook]]
|3,049
|[[United States]]
|-
|2
|[[YouTube]]
|2,491
|United States
|-
|3
|[[WhatsApp]]
|2,000
|United States
|-
|4
|[[Instagram]]
|2,000
|United States
|-
|5
|[[TikTok]]
|1,526
|[[China]]
|-
|6
|[[WeChat]]
|1,336
|China
|-
|7
|[[Facebook Messenger]]
|979
|United States
|-
|8
|[[Telegram (software)|Telegram]]
|800
|[[Russia]]
|-
|9
|[[Douyin]]
|752
|China
|-
|10
|[[Snapchat]]
|750
|United States
|-
|11
|[[Kuaishou]]
|685
|China
|-
|12
|[[Twitter]]
|619
|United States
|}

===Usage: before the pandemic===
A 2009 study suggested that individual differences may help explain who uses social media: [[Extraversion and introversion|extraversion]] and [[openness]] have a positive relationship with social media, while [[emotional stability]] has a negative sloping relationship with social media.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Correa |first1=Teresa |last2=Hinsley |first2=Amber Willard |last3=de Zúñiga |first3=Homero Gil |title=Who interacts on the Web?: The intersection of users' personality and social media use |journal=Computers in Human Behavior |date=March 2010 |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=247–253 |doi=10.1016/j.chb.2009.09.003 }}</ref> A 2015 study reported that people with a higher [[Social comparison bias|social comparison]] orientation appear to use social media more heavily than people with low social comparison orientation.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Vogel|first1=Erin A.|last2=Rose|first2=Jason P.|last3=Okdie|first3=Bradley M.|last4=Eckles|first4=Katheryn|last5=Franz|first5=Brittany|year=2015|title=Who compares and despairs? The effect of social comparison orientation on social media use and its outcomes|journal=Personality and Individual Differences|volume=86|pages=249–56|doi=10.1016/j.paid.2015.06.026 }}</ref>

[[Common Sense Media]] reported that children under age 13 in the United States use [[social networking service]]s although many social media sites require users to be 13 or older.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jargon|first=Julie|date=June 19, 2019|title=How 13 Became the Internet's Age of Adulthood|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-13-became-the-internets-age-of-adulthood-11560850201|archive-date=19 August 2023|access-date=17 March 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819140959/https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-13-became-the-internets-age-of-adulthood-11560850201|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, the firm conducted a survey of parents of children from birth to age 8 and reported that 4% of children at this age used social media sites such as [[Instagram]], [[Snapchat]], or (now-defunct) [[Musical.ly]] "often" or "sometimes".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rideout|first=Vicky|date=2017-10-19|title=The Common Sense census: Media use by kids age zero to eight, 2017|url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/research/the-common-sense-census-media-use-by-kids-age-zero-to-eight-2017|publisher=Common Sense Media|access-date=2022-08-29|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305222831/https://www.commonsensemedia.org/research/the-common-sense-census-media-use-by-kids-age-zero-to-eight-2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Their 2019 survey surveyed Americans ages 8–16 and reported that about 31% of children ages 8–12 use social media.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Rideout|first1=Vicky|last2=Robb|first2=Michael B.|date=2019|title=The Common Sense census: Media use by tweens and teens, 2019|url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/research/the-common-sense-census-media-use-by-tweens-and-teens-2019|website=Common Sense Media|access-date=17 March 2026|archive-date=20 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120114618/https://www.commonsensemedia.org/research/the-common-sense-census-media-use-by-tweens-and-teens-2019|url-status=live}}</ref> In that survey, teens aged 16–18 were asked when they started using social media. the median age was 14, although 28% said they started to use it before reaching 13.

=== Usage: during the pandemic ===

==== Usage by minors ====
Social media played a role in communication during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Saud |first1=Muhammad |last2=Mashud |first2=Musta'in |last3=Ida |first3=Rachmah |date=2020-09-15 |title=Usage of social media during the pandemic: Seeking support and awareness about COVID-19 through social media platforms |journal=Journal of Public Affairs |language=en |pages=e02417 |doi=10.1002/pa.2417 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In June 2020, a survey by [[Cartoon Network]] and the [[Cyberbullying]] Research Center surveyed Americans [[preadolescence|tweens]] (ages 9–12) and reported that the most popular application was [[YouTube]] (67%).<ref name="Patchin-2020">{{Cite web|last1=Patchin|first1=Justin W.|last2=Hinduja|first2=Sameer|date=2020|title=Tween cyberbullying in 2020|url=https://www.cartoonnetwork.com/stop-bullying/resources.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020083610/https://www.cartoonnetwork.com/stop-bullying/resources.html|archive-date=2020-10-20|website=Cartoon Network}}</ref> (as age increased, tweens were more likely to have used social media apps and games.) Similarly, Common Sense Media's 2020 survey of Americans ages 13–18 reported that YouTube was the most popular (used by 86% of 13- to 18-year-olds).<ref name="Robb-2020">{{Cite web|last=Robb|first=Michael B.|date=2020|title=Teens and the news: The influencers, celebrities, and platforms they say matter most, 2020|url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/research/teens-and-the-news-the-influencers-celebrities-and-platforms-they-say-matter-most-2020|website=Common Sense Media|access-date=2022-08-29|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405081447/https://www.commonsensemedia.org/research/teens-and-the-news-the-influencers-celebrities-and-platforms-they-say-matter-most-2020|url-status=live}}</ref> As children aged, they increasingly utilized social media services and often used YouTube to consume content.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Apps used by U.S. tweens (ages 9–12), 2019–2020<ref name="Patchin-2020" />{{Rp|39–42}}
!Platform
!Overall
!Boys
!Girls
!9-year-olds
!12-year-olds
|-
|[[YouTube]]
|67%
|68%
|66%
|53.6%
|74.6%
|-
|[[Minecraft]]
|48%
|61%
|35%
|43.6%
|49.9%
|-
|[[Roblox]]
|47%
|44%
|49%
|41.2%
|41.7%
|-
|[[Google Classroom]]
|45%
|48%
|41%
|39.6%
|49.3%
|-
|[[Fortnite]]
|31%
|43%
|20%
|22.2%
|38.9%
|-
|[[TikTok]]
|30%
|23%
|30%
|16.8%
|37%
|-
|[[YouTube Kids]]
|26%
|24%
|28%
|32.7%
|22.1%
|-
|[[Snapchat]]
|16%
|11%
|21%
|5.6%
|22.3%
|-
|[[Messenger Kids|Facebook Messenger Kids]]
|15%
|12%
|18%
|19.1%
|10.4%
|-
|[[Instagram]]
|15%
|12%
|19%
|3%
|28.8%
|-
|[[Discord]]
|8%
|11%
|5%
|0.7%
|14.4%
|-
|[[Facebook]]
|8%
|6%
|9%
|2.2%
|15%
|-
|[[Twitch (service)|Twitch]]
|5%
|7%
|2%
|1.0%
|9.9%
|-
|None of the above
|5%
|6%
|5%
|9.6%
|3.3%
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Social media platforms used by U.S. kids in 2020 (ages 13–18) and 2017 (ages 10–18)<ref name="Robb-2020" />
!Platform
!2020
!2017
|-
|[[YouTube]]
|86%
|70%
|-
|[[Instagram]]
|69%
|60%
|-
|[[Snapchat]]
|68%
|59%
|-
|[[TikTok]]
|47%
|N/A
|-
|[[Facebook]]
|43%
|63%
|-
|[[Twitter]]
|28%
|36%
|-
|[[Reddit]]
|14%
|6%
|-
|Another [[social networking service]]
|2%
|3%
|-
|Do not use social networking service
|4%
|6%
|}

==== Reasons for use by adults ====
While adults were using social media before the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], more started using it to stay socially connected and to get pandemic updates. <blockquote>"Social media have become popularly use to seek for medical information and have fascinated the general public to collect information regarding corona virus pandemics in various perspectives. During these days, people are forced to stay at home and the social media have connected and supported awareness and pandemic updates."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Saud|first1=Muhammad|last2=Mashud|first2=Musta'in|last3=Ida|first3=Rachmah|date=2020|title=Usage of social media during the pandemic: Seeking support and awareness about COVID-19 through social media platforms|journal=Journal of Public Affairs|language=en|volume=20|issue=4|article-number=e2417|doi=10.1002/pa.2417 |doi-access=free}}</ref></blockquote>[[Healthcare workers]] and systems became more aware of social media as a place people were getting health information:<blockquote>"During the COVID-19 pandemic, social media use has accelerated to the point of becoming a ubiquitous part of modern healthcare systems."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=Adrian |last2=Ho |first2=Serene |last3=Olusanya |first3=Olusegun |last4=Antonini |first4=Marta Velia |last5=Lyness |first5=David |title=The use of social media and online communications in times of pandemic COVID-19 |journal=Journal of the Intensive Care Society |date=August 2021 |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=255–260 |doi=10.1177/1751143720966280 |pmc=8373288 |pmid=34422109 }}</ref></blockquote>This also led to the spread of [[disinformation]]. On December 11, 2020, the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]] put out a "Call to Action: Managing the [[Infodemic]]".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Call for Action: Managing the Infodemic|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/11-12-2020-call-for-action-managing-the-infodemic|access-date=2021-12-31|publisher=World Health Organization|language=en|date=2020-12-11|archive-date=16 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716072203/https://www.who.int/news/item/11-12-2020-call-for-action-managing-the-infodemic|url-status=live}}</ref> Some healthcare organizations used hashtags as interventions and published articles on their [[Twitter]] data:<ref name="Kudchadkar-2020">{{cite journal |last1=Kudchadkar |first1=Sapna R. |last2=Carroll |first2=Christopher L. |title=Using Social Media for Rapid Information Dissemination in a Pandemic: #PedsICU and Coronavirus Disease 2019 |journal=Pediatric Critical Care Medicine |date=August 2020 |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=e538–e546 |doi=10.1097/PCC.0000000000002474 |pmc=7255404 |pmid=32459792 }}</ref> <blockquote>"Promotion of the joint usage of #PedsICU and #COVID19 throughout the international pediatric critical care community in tweets relevant to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and pediatric critical care."<ref name="Kudchadkar-2020"/> </blockquote>However others in the medical community were concerned about social media addiction, as it became an increasingly important context and therefore "source of social validation and reinforcement" and were unsure whether increased social media use was harmful.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Shweta |last2=Dixit |first2=Ayushi |last3=Joshi |first3=Gunjan |title=Is compulsive social media use amid COVID-19 pandemic addictive behavior or coping mechanism? |journal=Asian Journal of Psychiatry |date=December 2020 |volume=54 |article-number=102290 |doi=10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102290 |pmc=7338858 |pmid=32659658 }}</ref>

==Use by organizations==

=== Government ===

Governments may use social media to (for example):<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Khan | first1 = Gohar F. | title = Social Media for Government: A Practical Guide to Understanding, Implementing, and Managing Social Media Tools in the Public Sphere | url = {{google books|plainurl=yes|id=rT0jDgAAQBAJ}} | series = SpringerBriefs in Political Science | location = Singapore | publisher = Springer | date = 2017 | isbn = 978-981-10-2942-4 | access-date=2019-04-28}}</ref>
* inform their opinions to public
* interact with citizens
* foster citizen participation
* further [[open government]]
* [[surveillance|analyze/monitor]] public opinion and activities
* [[Social media use in health awareness|educate the public about risks and public health]].<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Gesser-Edelsburg | first1 = Anat | last2 = Shir-Raz | first2 = Yaffa | title = Risk Communication and Infectious Diseases in an Age of Digital Media | url = https://www.routledge.com/Risk-Communication-and-Infectious-Diseases-in-an-Age-of-Digital-Media/Gesser-Edelsburg-Shir-Raz/p/book/9780367224059 | series = Routledge Studies in Public Health | date = 2017 | isbn = 978-0-367-22405-9 | access-date = 2020-11-22 | archive-date = 14 December 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201214150424/https://www.routledge.com/Risk-Communication-and-Infectious-Diseases-in-an-Age-of-Digital-Media/Gesser-Edelsburg-Shir-Raz/p/book/9780367224059 | url-status = live }}</ref>

====Law enforcement ====
Social media has been used extensively [[Use of social network websites in investigations|in civil and criminal investigation]]s.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Brunty|first1=Joshua|last2=Helenek|first2=Katherine|url={{Google books|6hygBAAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}}|title=Social Media Investigation for Law Enforcement|date=2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-52165-5}}</ref> It has also been used to search for missing persons.<ref>{{cite book|title=Handbook of Missing Persons|date=2016|publisher=Springer International|first1=Caroline Sturdy|last1=Colls|pages=97, 102, 164|editor-first1=Stephen J.|editor-last1=Morewitz}}</ref> Police departments often make use of official social media accounts to engage with the public, publicize police activity, and burnish law enforcement's image;<ref>{{cite web|last1=Perez|first1=Kaitlyn|date=June 30, 2017|title=Social Media Has Become a Critical Part of Law Enforcement|work=National Police Foundation |url=https://www.policefoundation.org/social-media-has-become-a-critical-part-of-law-enforcement/|archive-date=2019-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424140454/https://www.policefoundation.org/social-media-has-become-a-critical-part-of-law-enforcement/}}</ref><ref name="Schneider">{{cite encyclopedia|url={{Google books|E28KBAAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}}|first=Christopher J.|last=Schneider|pages=229–30|encyclopedia=Social Media, Politics and the StateProtests, Revolutions, Riots, Crime and Policing in the Age of Facebook, Twitter and YouTube|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|title=Police "Image Work" in an Era of Social Media" YouTube and 2007 Montebello Summit Protests|series=Routledge Research in Information Technology and Society|isbn=978-1-317-65548-0}}</ref> conversely, video footage of citizen-documented [[police brutality]] and other [[police misconduct|misconduct]] has sometimes been posted to social media.<ref name="Schneider" />

In the United States, [[U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement]] identifies and track individuals via social media, and has apprehended some people via social media-based sting operations.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Funk|first=McKenzie|date=2019-10-02|title=How ICE Picks Its Targets in the Surveillance Age|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/02/magazine/ice-surveillance-deportation.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002091002/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/02/magazine/ice-surveillance-deportation.html |archive-date=2019-10-02 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=2019-10-22 }}</ref> [[U.S. Customs and Border Protection]] (also known as CBP) and the [[United States Department of Homeland Security]] use social media data as influencing factors during the [[Travel visa|visa]] process, and monitor individuals after they have entered the country.<ref name="Patel-2020">{{Cite report|title=Social Media Monitoring|url=https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/social-media-monitoring|publisher=Brennan Center for Justice|pages=255–57|last1=Patel|first1=Faiza|last2=Levinson-Waldman|first2=Rachel|last3=Koreh|first3=Raya|last4=DenUyl|first4=Sophia|date=2020-03-11|access-date=2022-08-29}}</ref> CBP officers have also been documented performing searches of electronics and social media behavior at the border, searching both citizens and non-citizens without first obtaining a warrant.<ref name="Patel-2020" />

====Reputation management====
As social media gained momentum among the younger generations, governments began using it to improve their image, especially among the youth. In January 2021, Egyptian authorities were reported to be using [[Instagram]] influencers as part of its media ambassadors program. The program was designed to revamp [[Egypt]]'s image and to counter the bad press Egypt had received because of the country's [[human rights]] record. [[Saudi Arabia]] and the [[United Arab Emirates]] participated in similar programs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/29/sugar-coated-propaganda-egypt-taps-into-power-instagram-influencers|title=Sugar-coated propaganda? Middle East taps into power of influencers|access-date=29 January 2020|website=The Guardian|last1=Michaelson|first1=Ruth|last2=Safi|first2=Michael|date=2021-01-29|archive-date=2 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102225119/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/29/sugar-coated-propaganda-egypt-taps-into-power-instagram-influencers|url-status=live}}</ref> Similarly, [[Dubai]] has extensively relied on social media and influencers to promote tourism. However, Dubai laws have kept these influencers within limits to not offend the authorities, or to criticize the city, politics or religion. The content of these foreign influencers is controlled to make sure that nothing portrays Dubai in a negative light.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/17/in-this-world-social-media-is-everything-how-dubai-became-the-planets-influencer-capital|title='In this world, social media is everything': how Dubai became the planet's influencer capital|access-date=17 April 2021|website=The Guardian|last=Michaelson|first=Ruth|date=17 April 2021|archive-date=2 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102225119/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/17/in-this-world-social-media-is-everything-how-dubai-became-the-planets-influencer-capital|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Business===
{{Main|Social media use by businesses}}

Many businesses use social media for [[marketing]], [[brand]]ing,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Spillane |first=James |date=3 January 2013 |title=5 Indirect Ways Building Social Authority Improves Your Brand |work=Business2Community |url=https://www.business2community.com/branding/5-indirect-ways-building-social-authority-improves-your-brand-0368379 |access-date=2019-05-03 |publisher=Business 2 Community |archive-date=3 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503190938/https://www.business2community.com/branding/5-indirect-ways-building-social-authority-improves-your-brand-0368379 }}</ref> [[advertising]], communication, [[sales promotion]]s, informal [[Organizational learning|employee-learning/organizational development]], competitive analysis, recruiting, relationship management/[[loyalty program]]s,<ref name="mobileKaplan"/> and [[e-Commerce]]. Companies use [[social media monitoring|social-media monitoring]] tools to monitor, track, and analyze conversations to aid in their marketing, sales and other programs. Tools range from free, basic applications to subscription-based, tools. Social media offers information on industry trends. Within the finance industry, companies use social media as a tool for analyzing market sentiment. These range from marketing financial products, market trends, and as a tool to identify insider trading.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lugmayr |first1=Artur |title=Handbook of Social Media Management |chapter=Predicting the Future of Investor Sentiment with Social Media in Stock Exchange Investments: A Basic Framework for the DAX Performance Index |date=2013 |pages=565–589 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-28897-5_33 |isbn=978-3-642-28896-8 }}</ref> To exploit these opportunities, businesses need guidelines for use on each platform.<ref name="usersoftheworld">{{cite journal |last1=Kaplan |first1=Andreas M. |last2=Haenlein |first2=Michael |title=Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media |journal=Business Horizons |date=January 2010 |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=59–68 |doi=10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003 |quote-pages=64–65 |quote=Social Media is a very active and fast-moving domain. What may be up-to-date today could have disappeared from the virtual landscape tomorrow. It is therefore crucial for firms to have a set of guidelines that can be applied to any form of Social Media [...]. }}</ref>

Business use of social media is complicated by the fact that the business does not fully control its social media presence. Instead, it makes its case by participating in the "conversation".<ref>{{cite web|title=Research Survey|url=http://mprcenter.org/blog/2010/08/04/research-survey-launched-social-media-and-influence-of-photos-on-body-image/|last=Rutledge|first=Pamela|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504164122/http://mprcenter.org/blog/2010/08/04/research-survey-launched-social-media-and-influence-of-photos-on-body-image/|archive-date=2012-05-04|access-date=2012-04-24|publisher=The Media Psychology Blog|quote=One of the tenets of social media is that you can't control your message, you can only participate in the conversation.}}</ref> Business uses social media<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meske |first1=Christian |last2=Stieglitz |first2=Stefan |title=Reflektion der wissenschaftlichen Nutzenbetrachtung von Social Software / Reflecting the Scientific Discussion of Benefits Induced by Social Software |journal=I-com |date=15 January 2014 |volume=13 |issue=3 |doi=10.1515/icom.2014.0015 }}</ref> on a customer-organizational level; and an intra-organizational level.

Social media can encourage entrepreneurship and innovation, by highlighting successes, and by easing access to resources that might not otherwise be readily available/known.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Wei |last2=Liang |first2=Qiaozhuan |last3=Mahto |first3=Raj V. |last4=Deng |first4=Wei |last5=Zhang |first5=Stephen X. |title=Entrepreneurial entry: The role of social media |journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change |date=December 2020 |volume=161 |article-number=120337 |doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120337 |pmid=33012851 |pmc=7522013 }}</ref>

====Marketing====
{{main|Social media marketing}}

Social media marketing can help promote a product or service and establish connections with customers. Social media marketing can be divided into paid media, earned media, and owned media.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stephen |first1=Andrew T. |last2=Galak |first2=Jeff |title=The Effects of Traditional and Social Earned Media on Sales: A Study of a Microlending Marketplace |journal=Journal of Marketing Research |date=October 2012 |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=624–639 |doi=10.1509/jmr.09.0401 }}</ref> Using paid social media firms run advertising on a social media platform. Earned social media appears when firms do something that impresses [[Stakeholder (corporate)|stakeholders]] and they spontaneously post content about it. Owned social media is the platform markets itself by creating/promoting content to its users.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brenner |first=Michael |date=2022-04-07 |title=What Are Paid, Owned, and Earned Media, and Which One Drives More ROI? |url=https://marketinginsidergroup.com/content-marketing/what-are-paid-owned-and-earned-media-and-which-one-drives-more-roi/ |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=Marketing Insider Group |language=en-US}}</ref>

Primary uses are to create [[brand awareness]], engage customers by conversation (e.g., customers provide feedback on the firm) and providing access to [[customer service]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chaffey|first1=Dave|title=Digital Marketing|last2=Ellis-Chadwick|first2=Fiona|date=2012|publisher=Pearson|isbn=978-0-273-74610-2|edition=5th|pages=30–31}}</ref> Social media's peer-to-peer communication shifts power from the organization to consumers, since consumer content is widely visible and not controlled by the company.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sorescu |first1=Alina |last2=Frambach |first2=Ruud T. |last3=Singh |first3=Jagdip |last4=Rangaswamy |first4=Arvind |last5=Bridges |first5=Cheryl |title=Innovations in Retail Business Models |journal=Journal of Retailing |date=July 2011 |volume=87 |pages=S3–S16 |doi=10.1016/j.jretai.2011.04.005 |ssrn=1997189 }}</ref>

[[Internet celebrity|Social media personalities]], often referred to as "[[influencers]]", are Internet celebrities who are [[Sponsored post|sponsored]] by marketers to promote products and companies online. Research reports that these [[influencer marketing|endorsements]] attract the attention of users who have not settled on which products/services to buy,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Newman|first1=Daniel|title=Love It Or Hate It: Influencer Marketing Works|date=2015-06-23|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielnewman/2015/06/23/love-it-or-hate-it-influencer-marketing-works/#5718a249150b|access-date=2017-11-11|work=Forbes}}</ref> especially [[Digital native|younger consumers]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dunkley|first1=Lydia|title=Reaching Generation Z: Harnessing the Power of Digital Influencers in Film Publicity|url=https://promotionalcommunications.org/index.php/pc/article/view/85|access-date=2017-11-11|journal=Journal of Promotional Communications|date=7 February 2017 |volume=5 |issue=1 }}</ref> The practice of harnessing influencers to market or promote a product or service to their following is commonly referred to as [[influencer marketing]].

In 2013, the United Kingdom [[Advertising Standards Authority (United Kingdom)|Advertising Standards Authority]] (ASA) began advising celebrities to make it clear whether they had been paid to recommend a product or service by using the hashtag #spon or #[[Advertising|ad]] when endorsing. The US [[Federal Trade Commission]] issued similar guidelines.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-05|title=FTC Releases Advertising Disclosures Guidance for Online Influencers|work=Federal Trade Commission |url=https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2019/11/ftc-releases-advertising-disclosures-guidance-online-influencers|access-date=2021-05-14|language=en}}</ref>

Social media platforms also enable [[Targeted advertising|targeting specific audiences with advertising]]. Users of social media can share, and comment on the advertisement, turning passive consumers into active promoters and even producers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chu |first1=Shu-Chuan |title=Viral Advertising in Social Media: Participation in Facebook Groups and Responses among College-Aged Users |journal=Journal of Interactive Advertising |date=September 2011 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=30–43 |doi=10.1080/15252019.2011.10722189 }}</ref> Targeting requires extra effort by advertisers to understand how to reach the right users.<ref name="usersoftheworld" /> Companies can use humor (such as [[shitposting]]) to poke fun at competitors.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hardy |first1=Kevin |date=June 18, 2018 |title=Wendy's Roasts its Way to Social Media Stardom |url=https://www.qsrmagazine.com/exclusives/wendys-roasts-its-way-social-media-stardom |access-date=2018-06-18 |website=qsrmagazine.com}}</ref> Advertising can even inspire [[Fan art|fanart]] which can engage new audiences.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wallace |first=Brian |title=The Rise of Fandom‑Driven Marketing in the Digital Age |url=https://www.webpronews.com/fandom-driven-marketing/ |access-date=January 14, 2026 |work=WebProNews |date=August 12, 2025 |language=en |archive-date=11 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260211032305/https://www.webpronews.com/fandom-driven-marketing/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Nudd |first=Tim |title=10 Things We Learned About Wendy's Twitter From Its Reddit AMA |url=https://www.adweek.com/creativity/10-things-we-learned-about-wendys-twitter-from-its-reddit-ama/ |access-date=January 14, 2026 |date=December 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250207160145/https://www.adweek.com/creativity/10-things-we-learned-about-wendys-twitter-from-its-reddit-ama/ |archive-date=February 7, 2025 |quote=Q - What's your take on the re-imagining of Wendy as a smug anime girl which spawned tons of fanart? A - Some of the art is cool, but some people obviously take it too far because the internet ruins everything lol.}}</ref> [[Hashtags]] (such as #ejuice and #eliquid) are one way to target interested users.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Linnea |first1=Laestadius |last2=Wahl |first2=Megan |last3=Pokhrel |first3=Pallav |last4=Cho |first4=Young |year=2019 |title=From Apple to Werewolf: A content analysis of marketing for e-liquids on Instagram |journal=Addictive Behaviors |volume=91 |pages=119–127 |doi=10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.09.008 |pmc=6358470 |pmid=30253933}}</ref>

User content can trigger [[Social multiplier effect|peer effects]], increasing consumer interest even without influencer involvement. A 2012 study focused on this communication reported that communication among peers can affect purchase intentions: direct impact through encouraging [[conformity]], and an indirect impact by increasing product engagement. This study claimed that peer communication about a product increased product engagement.<ref name="Wang2011">{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Xia |last2=Yu |first2=Chunling |last3=Wei |first3=Yujie |title=Social Media Peer Communication and Impacts on Purchase Intentions: A Consumer Socialization Framework |journal=Journal of Interactive Marketing |date=November 2012 |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=198–208 |doi=10.1016/j.intmar.2011.11.004 }}</ref>

===Politics{{anchor| Political_effects| Social_media_in_politics|Use in politics}}===
{{Main|Social media use in politics}}

{{See also|Social impact of YouTube|Use of social media in the Wisconsin protests|Social media and political communication in the United States}}

Social media have a range of uses in [[politics]].<ref>
{{cite book | last1 = Rainie | first1 = Lee | last2 = Wellman | first2 = Barry | author-link2 = Barry Wellman | chapter = The Internet Revolution | title = Networked: The New Social Operating System | date = 27 April 2012 | url = {{Google books|bYJGna0AhdAC|plainurl=yes}} | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | publisher = MIT Press | publication-date = 2012 | page = 71 | isbn = 978-0-262-30040-7 | access-date = 10 January 2021 | quote = [...] Witt soon became an active content creator with no intermediary needed. He started blogging in 2003 [...].}}
</ref> Politicians use social media to spread their messages and [[Social media use in politics#Impact on elections|influence voters]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Leyva |first1=Rodolfo |title=Exploring UK Millennials' Social Media Consumption Patterns and Participation in Elections, Activism, and 'Slacktivism' |journal=Social Science Computer Review |date=August 2017 |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=462–479 |doi=10.1177/0894439316655738 }}</ref>

Dounoucos et al. reported that [[Twitter]] use by candidates was unprecedented during the [[2016 United States elections|US 2016 election]].<ref name="Dounoucos">{{cite journal |last1=Dounoucos |first1=Victoria A. |last2=Hillygus |first2=D. Sunshine |last3=Carlson |first3=Caroline |date=2019 |title=The Message and the Medium: An Experimental Evaluation of the Effects of Twitter Commentary on Campaign Messages |journal=Journal of Information Technology and Politics |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=66–76 |doi=10.1080/19331681.2019.1572566 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Richardson |first=Glenn W. Jr. |title=Social Media and Politics: A New Way to Participate in the Political Process |date=2016-11-21 |publisher=Praeger |volume=1}}</ref> The public increased its reliance on social-media sites for political information.<ref name="Dounoucos" /> In the [[European Union]], social media amplified political messages.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barisione |first1=Mauro |last2=Michailidou |first2=Asimina |title=Social Media and European Politics |chapter=Do We Need to Rethink EU Politics in the Social Media Era? An Introduction to the Volume |date=2017 |pages=1–23 |doi=10.1057/978-1-137-59890-5_1 |isbn=978-1-137-59889-9 }}</ref> Foreign-originated social-media campaigns attempt to influence political opinion in another country.<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=sidowen5 |number=1316367319426306049 |title=Twitter trend in #SaudiArabia saw thousands of tweets on #HillaryEmails from supporters of Crown Prince MBS. Strange that Riyadh's social marketing firm, SMAAT is involved in another such campaign. Didn't see this coming from any country other than Russia. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Paul |first=Katie |date=2019-12-20 |title=Twitter suspends accounts linked to Saudi spying case |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-twitter-saudi-idUSKBN1YO1JT |access-date=20 October 2019 |website=Reuters}}
</ref>

==== Activism ====
{{See also|Social media and the Arab Spring}}
Social media was influential in the [[Arab Spring]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/01/tunisia/ |magazine= Wired |first1= Nate |last1= Anderson |first2= Ars |last2= Technica |title= Tweeting Tyrants Out of Tunisia: Global Internet at Its Best |date= January 14, 2011 |archive-date= 17 February 2014 |access-date= 11 March 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140217184810/http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2011/01/tunisia/ |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/10/world/middleeast/10youth.html?_r=1 |work= The New York Times |first= David D. |last= Kirkpatrick |title= Wired and Shrewd, Young Egyptians Guide Revolt |date= February 9, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.miller-mccune.com/politics/the-cascading-effects-of-the-arab-spring-28575/|last=Howard|first=Philip N.|title= The Arab Uprising's Cascading Effects |publisher= Miller-mccune.com |date= February 23, 2011 |access-date= 2012-04-24 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110227051329/http://www.miller-mccune.com/politics/the-cascading-effects-of-the-arab-spring-28575/ |archive-date= 2011-02-27 }}</ref>{{sfn|Rainie|Wellman|2012|p=207|ps=:Social media - Facebook, Twitter, and email - plus mobile phones played a major part in the 'Arab Spring' of protests and rebellions against authoritarian regimes in the Middle East and North Africa throughout 2011. The activity of networked individuals in Tunisia, Egypt, and other states was a prime example of how online content creation and community building, in tandem with offline gatherings and backstage maneuvering, can aid mass mobilizations.}} However, debate persists about the extent to which social media facilitated this.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gladwell|first=Malcolm|date=March 1, 2011|title=Malcolm Gladwell and Clay Shirky on Social Media and Revolution, Foreign Affairs March/April 2011|url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67325/malcolm-gladwell-and-clay-shirky/from-innovation-to-revolution|journal=Foreign Affairs|volume=90 |issue=March/April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201165430/http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67325/malcolm-gladwell-and-clay-shirky/from-innovation-to-revolution|archive-date=2011-02-01|access-date=2012-04-24}}</ref> Activists have used social media to report the abuse of [[human rights in Bahrain]]. They publicized the brutality of government authorities, who they claimed were [[Detention (imprisonment)|detaining]], [[tortured|torturing]] and threatening individuals. Conversely, Bahrain's government used social media to track and target activists. The government stripped citizenship from over 1,000 activists as punishment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nycfpa.org/main/bahrains-social-media-problem-the-governments-online-to-real-life-attack-on-human-rights/|title=Bahrain's Social Media Problem: The Government's Online to Real Life Attack on Human Rights|last=Minoff|first=Aaron|access-date=13 May 2021|website=New York Center For Foreign Policy Affairs|date=13 May 2021}}</ref>

[[Militant]] groups use social media as an organizing and recruiting tool.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Shirky |first1= Clay |title= Technology, the Public Sphere, and Political Change |journal= Foreign Affairs |volume= 90 |issue= 1 |url= https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2010-12-20/political-power-social-media |access-date= 2018-08-04 |date= 2011 |archive-date= 26 April 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150426063633/http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67038/clay-shirky/the-political-power-of-social-media |url-status= live }}</ref> [[Islamic State]] (also known as ISIS) used social media. In 2014, #AllEyesonISIS went viral on Arabic [[Twitter|X]].<ref>P.W. Singer and Emerson T. Brooking. Like War: The Weaponization of Social Media. Houghton Mifflin, NY, 2018.{{isbn?}}{{pn|date=January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ajbaili|first=Mustapha|title=How ISIS conquered social media|date=June 24, 2014|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/media/digital/2014/06/24/How-has-ISIS-conquered-social-media-.html|publisher=Al Arabiya News|access-date=2022-08-29|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205115742/https://english.alarabiya.net/en/media/digital/2014/06/24/How-has-ISIS-conquered-social-media-.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Propaganda ====
{{Excerpt|State-sponsored Internet propaganda}}

===Recruiting===
{{Excerpt|Social media use in hiring}}

===Science===

Scientists use social media to share their scientific knowledge and research on platforms such as [[ResearchGate]], [[LinkedIn]], [[Facebook]], [[Twitter|X]], and [[Academia.edu]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Social media for scientists |journal=Nature Cell Biology |date=December 2018 |volume=20 |issue=12 |page=1329 |doi=10.1038/s41556-018-0253-6 |pmid=30482942 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The most common platforms are X and blogs. The use of social media reportedly has improved the interaction between scientists, reporters, and the general public.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} Over 495,000 opinions were shared on X related to science between September 1, 2010, and August 31, 2011.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liang |first1=Xuan |last2=Su |first2=Leona Yi-Fan |last3=Yeo |first3=Sara K. |last4=Scheufele |first4=Dietram A. |last5=Brossard |first5=Dominique |last6=Xenos |first6=Michael |last7=Nealey |first7=Paul |last8=Corley |first8=Elizabeth A. |title=Building Buzz: (Scientists) Communicating Science in New Media Environments |journal=Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly |date=December 2014 |volume=91 |issue=4 |pages=772–791 |doi=10.1177/1077699014550092 }}</ref> Science related blogs respond to and motivate public interest in learning, following, and discussing science. Posts can be written quickly and allow the reader to interact in real time with authors.<ref>{{cite book |author1=National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine |author2=Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education |author3=Committee on the Science of Science Communication: A Research Agenda |title=Communicating Science Effectively: A Research Agenda |date=2017 |publisher=National Academies Press |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK425709/ |chapter=Communicating Science in a Complex, Competitive Communication Environment |isbn=978-0-309-45102-4 |pmid=28406600 |doi=10.17226/23674 }}</ref> One study in the context of climate change reported that climate scientists and scientific institutions played a minimal role in [[Online deliberation|online debate]], exceeded by [[nongovernmental organizations]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schäfer |first1=Mike S. |title=Online communication on climate change and climate politics: a literature review |journal=WIREs Climate Change |date=November 2012 |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=527–543 |doi=10.1002/wcc.191 |bibcode=2012WIRCC...3..527S }}</ref>

===Academia===
Academicians use social media activity to assess [[academic publishing|academic publications]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Haustein |first1=Stefanie |title=Grand challenges in altmetrics: heterogeneity, data quality and dependencies |journal=Scientometrics |date=July 2016 |volume=108 |issue=1 |pages=413–423 |doi=10.1007/s11192-016-1910-9 |arxiv=1603.04939 |bibcode=2016arXiv160304939H }}</ref> to measure public sentiment,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rodríguez-Ibánez |first1=Margarita |last2=Casánez-Ventura |first2=Antonio |last3=Castejón-Mateos |first3=Félix |last4=Cuenca-Jiménez |first4=Pedro-Manuel |date=August 2023 |title=A review on sentiment analysis from social media platforms |journal=Expert Systems with Applications |language=en |volume=223 |article-number=119862 |doi=10.1016/j.eswa.2023.119862 |doi-access=free}}</ref> identify influencer accounts,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Howard |first1=Conner |last2=McIntire |first2=Ryan |last3=Anderson |first3=J. Michael |last4=Stewart |first4=Carter |last5=McIntosh |first5=Haddon |last6=Cornwell |first6=James |last7=Barron |first7=Kim |title=The top sports medicine influencers on X (formerly Twitter) |journal=Journal of Sports Sciences |date=18 September 2023 |volume=42 |issue=24 |pages=2261–2266 |doi=10.1080/02640414.2023.2259723 |pmid=37722817 }}</ref> or crowdsource ideas or solutions.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mondal |first1=Himel |last2=Parvanov |first2=Emil D. |last3=Singla |first3=Rajeev K. |last4=Rayan |first4=Rehab A. |last5=Nawaz |first5=Faisal A. |last6=Ritschl |first6=Valentin |last7=Eibensteiner |first7=Fabian |last8=Siva Sai |first8=Chandragiri |last9=Cenanovic |first9=Merisa |last10=Devkota |first10=Hari Prasad |last11=Hribersek |first11=Mojca |last12=De |first12=Ronita |last13=Klager |first13=Elisabeth |last14=Kletecka-Pulker |first14=Maria |last15=Völkl-Kernstock |first15=Sabine |last16=Khalid |first16=Garba M. |last17=Lordan |first17=Ronan |last18=Găman |first18=Mihnea-Alexandru |last19=Shen |first19=Bairong |last20=Stamm |first20=Tanja |last21=Willschke |first21=Harald |last22=Atanasov |first22=Atanas G. |title=Twitter-based crowdsourcing: What kind of measures can help to end the COVID-19 pandemic faster? |journal=Frontiers in Medicine |date=16 September 2022 |volume=9 |article-number=961360 |doi=10.3389/fmed.2022.961360 |pmid=36186802 |pmc=9523003 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Social media such as Facebook, X are also combined to predict elections via sentiment analysis.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chauhan |first1=Priyavrat |last2=Sharma |first2=Nonita |last3=Sikka |first3=Geeta |title=The emergence of social media data and sentiment analysis in election prediction |journal=Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing |date=February 2021 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=2601–2627 |doi=10.1007/s12652-020-02423-y }}</ref> Additional social media (e.g. YouTube, [[Google Trends]]) can be combined to reach a wider segment of the voting population, minimise media-specific bias, and inexpensively estimate electoral predictions which are on average half of a percentage point off the real vote share.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Franch |first1=Fabio |title=(Wisdom of the Crowds)2: 2010 UK Election Prediction with Social Media |journal=Journal of Information Technology & Politics |date=January 2013 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=57–71 |doi=10.1080/19331681.2012.705080 |hdl=1959.4/unsworks_81527 }}</ref>

===School admissions===

In some places, students have been forced to surrender their social media passwords to school administrators.<ref name=ACLU1>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aclu-mn.org/news/2012/03/06/aclu-mn-files-lawsuit-against-minnewaska-area-schools |title=ACLU-MN Files Lawsuit Against Minnewaska Area Schools |publisher=ACLU Minnesota |access-date=2022-08-29 |date=2012-03-06 |archive-date=3 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203061030/https://www.aclu-mn.org/news/2012/03/06/aclu-mn-files-lawsuit-against-minnewaska-area-schools |url-status=live }}</ref> Few laws protect student's social media privacy. Organizations such as the [[ACLU]] call for more privacy protection. They urge students who are pressured to give up their account information to resist.<ref name=ACLU2>{{Cite news |url=https://www.aclu.org/other/employers-schools-and-social-networking-privacy |title=Employers, Schools, and Social Networking Privacy |publisher=American Civil Liberties Union |access-date=2016-11-30 |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605194321/https://www.aclu.org/other/employers-schools-and-social-networking-privacy |url-status=live }}</ref>

Colleges and universities may access applicants' internet services including social media profiles as part of their admissions process. According to [[Kaplan, Inc]], a corporation that provides higher education preparation, in 2012 27% of admissions officers used [[Google]] to learn more about an applicant, with 26% checking [[Facebook]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://press.kaptest.com/press-releases/kaplan-test-prep-survey-more-college-admissions-officers-checking-applicants-digital-trails-but-most-students-unconcerned/|title=Kaplan Test Prep Survey: More College Admissions Officers Checking Applicants' Digital Trails, But Most Students Unconcerned|work=Kaplan Test Prep Online Pressroom|publisher=Kaplan Test|date=October 31, 2013|access-date=2022-08-29|archive-date=7 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907204829/http://press.kaptest.com/press-releases/kaplan-test-prep-survey-more-college-admissions-officers-checking-applicants-digital-trails-but-most-students-unconcerned|url-status=dead}}</ref> Students whose social media pages include questionable material may be disqualified from admission processes.<blockquote>"One survey in July 2017, by the American Association of College Registrars and Admissions Officers, reported that 11 percent of respondents said they had refused to admit an applicant based on social media content. This includes 8 percent of public institutions, where the First Amendment applies. The survey reported that 30 percent of institutions acknowledged reviewing the personal social media accounts of applicants at least some of the time."<ref>{{Cite web|title=The First Amendment, Social Media and College Admissions|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/admissions/views/2021/12/13/admissions-officials-need-pay-attention-first-amendment-opinion|last=LoMonte|first=Frank|date=2021-12-13|publisher=Inside Higher Ed|language=en-US|access-date=30 August 2022|archive-date=30 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830043050/https://www.insidehighered.com/admissions/views/2021/12/13/admissions-officials-need-pay-attention-first-amendment-opinion|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>

===Court cases===
Social media comments and images have been used in court cases including employment law, child custody/child support, and disability claims. After an [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] employee criticized his employer on [[Facebook]], he was fired. When the former employee sued Apple for unfair dismissal, the court, after examining the employee's Facebook posts, reported in favor of Apple, stating that the posts breached Apple's policies.<ref name="BlogHerald">{{cite web |url=https://www.blogherald.com/2017/08/24/5-court-cases-social-media-played-part/ |title=5 Court Cases Where Social Media Played a Part |date=August 24, 2017 |website=Blog Herald |access-date=2018-10-27 |archive-date=28 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028033736/https://www.blogherald.com/2017/08/24/5-court-cases-social-media-played-part/ }}</ref> After a couple broke up, the man posted song lyrics "that talked about fantasies of killing the rapper's ex-wife" and made threats. A court reported him guilty.<ref name="BlogHerald"/>{{Clarify|reason=Guilty of what?|date=May 2024}} In a disability claims case, a woman who fell at work claimed that she was permanently injured; the employer used her social media posts to counter her claims.<ref name="BlogHerald"/>{{Additional citations needed|date=November 2024}}

Courts do not always admit social media evidence, in part, because screenshots can be faked or tampered with.<ref name="Raymer">{{cite web |url=https://www.canadianlawyermag.com/author/elizabeth-raymer/the-social-media-evidence-is-clear-16126/ |title=The (social media) evidence is clear |last=Raymer |first=Elizabeth |date=September 24, 2018 |website=www.canadianlawyermag.com |publisher=Canadian Lawyer |access-date=2018-10-27 |archive-date=28 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028033658/https://www.canadianlawyermag.com/author/elizabeth-raymer/the-social-media-evidence-is-clear-16126/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Judges may consider [[emoji]]s into account to assess statements made on social media; in one Michigan case where a person alleged that another person had defamed them in an online comment, the judge disagreed, noting that an emoji after the comment that indicated that it was a joke.<ref name="Raymer"/> In a 2014 case in Ontario against a police officer regarding alleged assault of a protester during the G20 summit, the court rejected the Crown's application to use a digital photo of the protest that was anonymously posted online, because it included no [[metadata]] verifying its provenance.<ref name="Raymer"/>{{Additional citations needed|date=November 2024}}

On April 9, 2024, the [[Spirit Lake Tribe]] in North Dakota and [[Menominee|Menominee Indian Tribe]] of Wisconsin have sued social media companies (Meta Platforms-[[Facebook]], Instagram; Snapchat, [[TikTok]], YouTube, and Google) companies accused of 'deliberate misconduct'. Their lawsuit describes "a sophisticated and intentional effort that has caused a continuing, substantial, and longterm burden to the Tribe and its members," leaving scarce resources for education, cultural preservation and other social programs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-09 |title=Two tribal nations sue social media companies over Native youth suicides |url=https://apnews.com/article/social-media-native-youth-suicide-lawsuit-9e73288a29c748e7888129fc80404f6f |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> These social media lawsuits are one of several legal actions brought against social media giants. Independently, 33 state attorneys general, including South Dakota's, sued the same defendants for targeting teens with allegedly poor content, they allege. The defendants have said they are launching new safety tools and features to protect younger users.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hult |first=John |date=2024-10-03 |title=Standing Rock Tribe is latest to sue social media companies for alleged mental health effects • North Dakota Monitor |url=https://northdakotamonitor.com/2024/10/03/standing-rock-tribe-is-latest-to-sue-social-media-companies-for-alleged-mental-health-effects/ |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=North Dakota Monitor |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Additional citations needed|date=November 2024}} Currently, eight US states (Arkansas, California, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Ohio, and Tennessee) have enacted legislation that either bans minors from obtaining social media accounts outright or requires minors of certain ages to obtain parental consent in order to open accounts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MultiState |title=Eight States Enact Minor Social Media Bans Despite Court Fights |url=https://www.multistate.us/insider/2025/10/8/eight-states-enact-minor-social-media-bans-despite-court-fights |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=MultiState |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Use by individuals==

===News source===
{{Excerpt|Social media as a news source}}

===Social tool===
Social media are used to socialize with friends and family<ref name="Aichner-2021">{{cite journal |last1=Aichner |first1=T. |last2=Grünfelder |first2=M. |last3=Maurer |first3=O. |last4=Jegeni |first4=D. |year=2021 |title=Twenty-Five Years of Social Media: A Review of Social Media Applications and Definitions from 1994 to 2019 |journal=Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=215–222 |doi=10.1089/cyber.2020.0134 |pmid=33847527 |pmc=8064945 |doi-access=free }}</ref> pursue romance and flirt,<ref name="Aichner-2021" /> but not all social needs can be fulfilled by social media.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Zheng |last2=Tchernev |first2=John M. |last3=Solloway |first3=Tyler |title=A dynamic longitudinal examination of social media use, needs, and gratifications among college students |journal=Computers in Human Behavior |date=September 2012 |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=1829–1839 |doi=10.1016/j.chb.2012.05.001 }}</ref> For example, a 2003 article reported that lonely individuals are more likely to use the Internet for emotional support than others.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Morahan-Martin |first1=Janet |last2=Schumacher |first2=Phyllis |title=Loneliness and social uses of the Internet |journal=Computers in Human Behavior |date=November 2003 |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=659–671 |doi=10.1016/S0747-5632(03)00040-2 }}</ref> A 2018 survey from Common Sense Media reported that 40% of American teens ages 13–17 thought that social media was "extremely" or "very" important for them to connect with their friends.<ref name="Rideout-2018" /> The same survey reported that 33% of teens said social media was extremely or very important to conduct meaningful conversations with close friends, and 23% of teens said social media was extremely or very important to document and share their lives.<ref name="Rideout-2018">{{Cite web|last1=Rideout|first1=Vicky|last2=Robb|first2=Michael B.|date=2018|title=Social Media, Social Life: Teens Reveal Their Experiences, 2018|url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/research/social-media-social-life-2018|website=Common Sense Media|access-date=17 March 2026|archive-date=14 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514021439/https://www.commonsensemedia.org/research/social-media-social-life-2018|url-status=live}}</ref> A 2020 Gallup poll reported that 53% of adult social media users in the United States thought that social media was a very or moderately important way to keep in touch with people during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ritter|first=Zacc|date=May 21, 2020|title=Americans Use Social Media for COVID-19 Info, Connection|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/311360/americans-social-media-covid-information-connection.aspx|website=Gallup}}</ref>

In ''Alone Together'' [[Sherry Turkle]] considered how people confuse social media usage with authentic communication.<ref name="Turkle2012" /> She claimed that people act differently online and are less concerned about hurting others' feelings. Some online encounters can cause stress and anxiety, due to the difficulty purging online posts, fear of getting hacked, or of universities and employers exploring social media pages. Turkle speculated that many people prefer texting to face-to-face communication, which can contribute to loneliness.<ref name="Turkle2012">{{cite book |author=Turkle, S. |year=2012 |title=Alone together: Why we expect more from technology and less from each other |location=New York, NY |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-03146-7}}</ref> Surveys from 2019 reported evidence among teens in the United States<ref name="Rideout-2018" /> and Mexico.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Robb|first1=Michael B.|last2=Bay|first2=Willow|last3=Vennegaard|first3=Tina|date=2019-10-01|title=The New Normal: Parents, Teens, and Mobile Devices in Mexico|url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/research/the-new-normal-parents-teens-and-devices-around-the-world|website=Common Sense Media|access-date=17 March 2026|archive-date=13 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013211826/https://www.commonsensemedia.org/research/the-new-normal-parents-teens-and-devices-around-the-world|url-status=live}}</ref> Some researchers reported that exchanges that involved direct communication and reciprocal messages correlated with less loneliness.<ref name="Burke2011">{{cite book |last1=Burke |first1=Moira |last2=Kraut |first2=Robert |last3=Marlow |first3=Cameron |title=Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems |chapter=Social capital on facebook: Differentiating uses and users |date=2011 |pages=571–580 |doi=10.1145/1978942.1979023 |isbn=978-1-4503-0228-9 }}</ref>

In social media "[[stalking]]" or "creeping" refers to looking at someone's "timeline, status updates, [[Tweet (social media)|tweets]], and online bios" to find information about them and their activities.<ref name="Walker">{{cite web |url= https://www.lifewire.com/what-does-creeping-mean-2655280|title=The Ins and Outs of Facebook Creeping|last=Walker |first=Leslie |date=October 23, 2016 |website=www.lifewire.com |publisher=Lifewire |access-date=2018-11-12 }}</ref> A sub-category of creeping is creeping ex-partners after a breakup.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fox |first1=Jesse |title=Why Exes Aren't So 'Ex' Anymore |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/ca/blog/better-living-technology/201402/why-exes-arent-so-ex-anymore |work=Psychology Today |date=26 February 2014 }}</ref>

[[Catfishing]] (creating a false identity) allows bad actors to exploit the lonely.<ref>{{cite book|title=Choices & Connections|last1=McCormack|first1=Steven|last2=Ortiz|first2=Joseph|date=2017|edition=second}}</ref>

== Issues ==

===Invidious comparison===
[[Impression management|Self-presentation theory]] proposes that people consciously manage their [[self-image]] or identity related information in social contexts.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Goffman|first=Erving|title=The presentation of self in everyday life|date=1971|publisher=Penguin|isbn=0-14-021350-3|location=Harmondsworth|oclc=3091353}}</ref> One aspect of social media is the time invested in customizing a personal profile.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Children, Teens, Media, and Body Image|language=en|website=Common Sense Media|url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/research/children-teens-media-and-body-image|access-date=2017-12-03|archive-date=2020-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602201917/https://www.commonsensemedia.org/research/children-teens-media-and-body-image}}</ref> Some users segment their audiences based on the image they want to present, and the use of multiple pseudonymous accounts on the same platform offers that opportunity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=van der Nagel |first1=Emily |title=From usernames to profiles: the development of pseudonymity in Internet communication |journal=Internet Histories |date=2 September 2017 |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=312–331 |doi=10.1080/24701475.2017.1389548 }}</ref>

A 2016 study reported that teenage girls manipulate their self-presentation on social media to appear beautiful as viewed by their peers.<ref name="Chua 190–197">{{cite journal |last1=Chua |first1=Trudy Hui Hui |last2=Chang |first2=Leanne |title=Follow me and like my beautiful selfies: Singapore teenage girls' engagement in self-presentation and peer comparison on social media |journal=Computers in Human Behavior |date=February 2016 |volume=55 |pages=190–197 |doi=10.1016/j.chb.2015.09.011 }}</ref> Teenage girls attempt to earn regard and acceptance (likes, comments, and shares). When this does not go well, self-confidence and self-satisfaction can decline.<ref name="Chua 190–197" /> A 2018 survey of American teens ages 13–17 by Common Sense Media reported that 45% said likes are at least somewhat important, and 26% at least somewhat agreed that they feel bad about themselves if nobody responds to their photos.<ref name="Rideout-2018" /> Some evidence suggests that perceived rejection may lead to emotional pain,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Gina Masullo |title=Losing Face on Social Media: Threats to Positive Face Lead to an Indirect Effect on Retaliatory Aggression Through Negative Affect |journal=Communication Research |date=August 2015 |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=819–838 |doi=10.1177/0093650213510937 }}</ref> and could lead some{{Ambiguous|date=November 2025}} to resort to online bullying.<ref>{{cite book|title=Cyberbullying: Bullying in the Digital Age|last1=Kowalski|first1=Robin M.|last2=Limber|first2=Susan P.|last3=Agatston|first3=Patricia W.|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2012}}{{isbn?}}{{pn|date=January 2026}}</ref> According to a 2016 study, users' reward circuits in their brains are more active when their photos are liked by more peers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sherman |first1=Lauren E. |last2=Payton |first2=Ashley A. |last3=Hernandez |first3=Leanna M. |last4=Greenfield |first4=Patricia M. |last5=Dapretto |first5=Mirella |title=The Power of the Like in Adolescence: Effects of Peer Influence on Neural and Behavioral Responses to Social Media |journal=Psychological Science |date=July 2016 |volume=27 |issue=7 |pages=1027–1035 |doi=10.1177/0956797616645673 |pmid=27247125 |pmc=5387999 }}</ref>

A 2016 review concluded that social media can trigger a negative feedback loop of viewing and uploading photos, self-comparison, disappointment, and disordered body perception when social success is not achieved.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Holland |first1=Grace |last2=Tiggemann |first2=Marika |title=A systematic review of the impact of the use of social networking sites on body image and disordered eating outcomes |journal=Body Image |date=June 2016 |volume=17 |pages=100–110 |doi=10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.02.008 |pmid=26995158 }}</ref> A 2016 study reported that Pinterest is directly associated with disordered dieting behavior.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lewallen |first1=Jennifer |last2=Behm-Morawitz |first2=Elizabeth |title=Pinterest or Thinterest?: Social Comparison and Body Image on Social Media |journal=Social Media + Society |date=January 2016 |volume=2 |issue=1 |article-number=2056305116640559 |doi=10.1177/2056305116640559 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

People portray themselves on social media in the most appealing way;<ref name="Chua 190–197" /> however, upon seeing one person's curated persona, other people may question why their own lives are not as exciting or fulfilling. A 2017 study reported that problematic social media use (i.e., feeling addicted to social media) was related to lower life satisfaction and self-esteem.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hawi |first1=Nazir S. |last2=Samaha |first2=Maya |title=The Relations Among Social Media Addiction, Self-Esteem, and Life Satisfaction in University Students |journal=Social Science Computer Review |date=October 2017 |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=576–586 |doi=10.1177/0894439316660340 }}</ref> Studies have reported that social media comparisons can have dire effects on physical and mental health.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stefanone |first1=Michael A. |last2=Lackaff |first2=Derek |last3=Rosen |first3=Devan |title=Contingencies of Self-Worth and Social-Networking-Site Behavior |journal=Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking |date=January 2011 |volume=14 |issue=1–2 |pages=41–49 |doi=10.1089/cyber.2010.0049 |pmid=21329442 |hdl-access=free |hdl=2152/41152 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Criddle |first=Cristina |date=2021-01-27 |title=Social media damages teenagers' mental health, report says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-55826238 |access-date=2021-01-28 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128151244/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-55826238 |url-status=live }}</ref> In one study, women reported that social media was the most influential source of their body image satisfaction; while men reported them as the second biggest factor.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}} Another study in 2021 reported that 87% of women and 65% of men compared themselves to others on social media.<ref>{{cite web |title=Link between social media and body image|url=https://online.king.edu/news/social-media-and-body-image/|access-date=15 May 2021|publisher=FHE Health|website=King University Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515102325/https://online.king.edu/news/social-media-and-body-image/|archive-date=15 May 2021|url-status=deviated}}</ref>

While monitoring the lives of celebrities long predates social media, the ease and immediacy of direct comparisons of pictures and stories with one's own may increase their impact.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

Efforts to combat such negative effects focused promoting [[body positivity]]. In a related study, women aged 18–30 were reported posts that contained side-by-side images of women in the same clothes and setting, but one image was enhanced for Instagram, while the other was an unedited, "realistic" version. Women who participated in this experiment reported a decrease in body dissatisfaction.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tiggemann |first1=Marika |last2=Anderberg |first2=Isabella |title=Social media is not real: The effect of 'Instagram vs reality' images on women's social comparison and body image |journal=New Media & Society |date=December 2020 |volume=22 |issue=12 |pages=2183–2199 |doi=10.1177/1461444819888720 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Health ===
{{Further|Cyberpsychology#Social media and cyberpsychological behavior|Social media and identity}}

==== Adolescents ====
Social media can offer a support system for adolescent health, because it allows them to mobilize around health issues that they deem relevant.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Patton |first1=George C. |last2=Sawyer |first2=Susan M. |last3=Santelli |first3=John S. |last4=Ross |first4=David A. |last5=Afifi |first5=Rima |last6=Allen |first6=Nicholas B. |last7=Arora |first7=Monika |last8=Azzopardi |first8=Peter |last9=Baldwin |first9=Wendy |date=June 2016 |title=Our future: a Lancet commission on adolescent health and wellbeing |journal=The Lancet |volume=387 |issue=10036 |pages=2423–2478 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00579-1 |pmc=5832967 |pmid=27174304 |bibcode=2016Lanc..387.2423P }}</ref> For example, in a clinical study among adolescent patients undergoing [[obesity]] treatment, participants' claimed that social media allowed them to access personalized [[weight-loss]] content as well as social support among other adolescents with obesity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Holmberg |first1=Christopher |last2=Berg |first2=Christina |last3=Dahlgren |first3=Jovanna |last4=Lissner |first4=Lauren |last5=Chaplin |first5=John Eric |title=Health literacy in a complex digital media landscape: Pediatric obesity patients' experiences with online weight, food, and health information |journal=Health Informatics Journal |date=December 2019 |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=1343–1357 |doi=10.1177/1460458218759699 |pmid=29499615 }}</ref><ref name="media and eating disorders">{{cite web|title=media and eating disorders|date=5 October 2017|url=https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/media-eating-disorders|publisher=National Eating Disorder Association|access-date=15 May 2021|archive-date=2 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202024747/https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/media-eating-disorders|url-status=live}}</ref>

While social media can provide health information, it typically has no mechanism for ensuring the quality of that information.<ref name="media and eating disorders" /> The [[National Eating Disorders Association]] reported a high correlation between weight loss content and disorderly eating among women who have been influenced by inaccurate content.<ref name="media and eating disorders" /><ref name="Self-presentation in digital media">{{cite journal |last1=Holmberg |first1=Christopher |last2=Berg |first2=Christina |last3=Hillman |first3=Thomas |last4=Lissner |first4=Lauren |last5=Chaplin |first5=John |year=2018 |title=Self-presentation in digital media among adolescent patients with obesity: Striving for integrity, risk-reduction, and social recognition |journal=Digit Health |volume=4 |article-number=2055207618807603 |doi=10.1177/2055207618807603 |pmc=6195003 |pmid=30349733}}</ref> [[Health literacy]] offers skills to allow users to spot/avoid such content. Efforts by governments and public health organizations to advance health literacy reportedly achieved limited success.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1017/dmp.2020.404|pmid = 33089770|title = The Structure of Tweets about Vaccine Safety Between Health Organizations, Experts and the Public: Analyzing Risk Communication Conversations|journal = Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness|volume = 25|issue = 4|pages = 1343–1357|year = 2018|last1 = Manheim|first1 = David|last2 = Gesser-Edelsburg|first2 = Anat|pmc = 7943953|doi-access = free}}</ref> The role of parents and caregivers who proactively approach their children with ongoing guidance and open discussions on the benefits and difficulties they may encounter online, demonstrate some reductions in overall anxiety and depression among adolescents.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mabaso |first1=Wakithi Siza |last2=Hein |first2=Sascha |last3=Pavarini |first3=Gabriela |last4=Fazel |first4=Mina |title=Exploring the Relationship Between Public Social Media Accounts, Adolescent Mental Health, and Parental Guidance in England: Large Cross-Sectional School Survey Study |journal=Journal of Medical Internet Research |date=17 December 2024 |volume=26 |article-number=e57154 |doi=10.2196/57154 |doi-access=free |pmc=11688589 |pmid=39688898}}</ref>

Social media such as [[pro-ana|pro-anorexia]] sites reportedly increase risk of harm by reinforcing damaging health-related behaviors through social media, especially among adolescents.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=Jenny L. |last2=Peebles |first2=Rebecka |last3=Hardy |first3=Kristina K. |last4=Litt |first4=Iris F. |title=Surfing for Thinness: A Pilot Study of Pro–Eating Disorder Web Site Usage in Adolescents With Eating Disorders |journal=Pediatrics |date=December 2006 |volume=118 |issue=6 |pages=e1635–e1643 |doi=10.1542/peds.2006-1133 |pmid=17142493 }}</ref><ref name="Ransom">{{cite journal |last1=Ransom |first1=Danielle C. |last2=La Guardia |first2=Jennifer G. |last3=Woody |first3=Erik Z. |last4=Boyd |first4=Jennifer L. |title=Interpersonal interactions on online forums addressing eating concerns |journal=International Journal of Eating Disorders |date=March 2010 |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=161–170 |doi=10.1002/eat.20629 |pmid=19308991 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Eating Disorders and the Internet |url=http://www.anad.org/get-information/eating-disorders-and-the-internet/ |publisher=National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders |access-date=2010-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101019032231/http://www.anad.org/get-information/eating-disorders-and-the-internet/ |archive-date=2010-10-19 }}</ref>

==== Pandemic ====
During the coronavirus pandemic, inaccurate information from all sides spread widely via social media.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rocha |first1=Yasmim Mendes |last2=de Moura |first2=Gabriel Acácio |last3=Desidério |first3=Gabriel Alves |last4=de Oliveira |first4=Carlos Henrique |last5=Lourenço |first5=Francisco Dantas |last6=de Figueiredo Nicolete |first6=Larissa Deadame |date=2023 |title=The impact of fake news on social media and its influence on health during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review |journal=Journal of Public Health |language=en |volume=31 |issue=7 |pages=1007–1016 |doi=10.1007/s10389-021-01658-z |pmc=8502082 |pmid=34660175}}</ref> Topics subject to distortion included treatments, avoiding infection, vaccination, and public policy. Simultaneously, governments and others influenced social media platforms to suppress both accurate and inaccurate information in support of public policy.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Oremus |first=Will |date=2022-10-09 |title=How social media 'censorship' became a front line in the culture war |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/10/09/social-media-content-moderation/ |access-date=2024-05-26 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en |archive-date=23 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223012814/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/10/09/social-media-content-moderation/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Heavier social media use was reportedly associated with more acceptance of conspiracy theories, leading to worse mental health<ref>{{cite journal|title=Belief in a COVID-19 Conspiracy Theory as a Predictor of Mental Health and Well-Being of Health Care Workers in Ecuador: Cross-Sectional Survey Study|last1=Chen|first1=Xi|last2=Zhang|first2=Stephen X.|last3=Jahanshahi|first3=Asghar Afshar|last4=Alvarez-Risco|first4=Aldo|last5=Dai|first5=Huiyang|last6=Li|first6=Jizhen|last7=García Ibarra|first7=Verónica|journal=JMIR Public Health and Surveillance|year=2020|volume=6|number=3|article-number=e20737|doi=10.2196/20737|pmid=32658859|pmc=7375774 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and less compliance with public health recommendations.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Social media use as a predictor of handwashing during a pandemic: evidence from COVID-19 in Malaysia|last1=Zhang|first1=Stephen X.|last2=Graf-Vlachy|first2=Lorenz|last3=Kim|first3=Hoe Looi|last4=Su|first4=Rui|last5=Li|first5=Jizhen|journal=Epidemiology and Infection|year=2020|volume=148|article-number=e261|doi=10.1017/S0950268820002575|pmid=33092675 |pmc=7653491 }}</ref>

==== Addiction ====
Social media platforms can serve as a breeding ground for addiction-related behaviors, with studies report that excessive use can lead to addiction-like symptoms. These symptoms include compulsive checking, mood modification, and withdrawal when not using social media, which can result in decreased face-to-face social interactions and contribute to the deterioration of interpersonal relationships and a sense of loneliness.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Meta-analyses of comparative efficacy of antidepressant medications on peripheral BDNF concentration in patients with depression|last1=Chanjuan|first1=Zhou|last2=Jiaju|first2=Zhong|last3=Bin|first3=Zou|last4=Liang|first4=Fang|last5=Jianjun|first5=Chen|last6=Xiao|first6=Deng|last7=Lin|first7=Zhang|last8=Xiang|first8=Zhao|last9=Zehui|first9=Qu|last10=Yang|first10=Lei|last11=Ting|first11= Lei|journal= PLOS ONE|year=2017|volume=12 |issue=2 |article-number=e0172270 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0172270|pmid=28241064|pmc=5328267 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1272270Z |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Cyberbullying ===
{{Excerpt|Cyberbullying}}

=== Sleep disturbance ===
A 2017 study reported on a link between sleep disturbance and the use of social media. It concluded that blue light from computer/phone displays—and the frequency rather than the duration of time spent, predicted disturbed sleep, termed "obsessive 'checking{{'"}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20180104-is-social-media-bad-for-you-the-evidence-and-the-unknowns|title=Is social media bad for you? The evidence and the unknowns|last=Brown|first=Jessica|date=5 January 2018 |language=en|access-date=2018-06-13|publisher=BBC}}</ref> The association between social media use and sleep disturbance has clinical ramifications for young adults.<ref name="Levenson 36–41">{{Cite journal|journal=Preventative Meditation|last1=Levenson|first1=Jessica|last2=Shensa|first2=Ariel|last3=Sidani|first3=Jaime E.|last4=Colditz|first4=Jason B.|last5=Primack|first5=Brian A.|date=April 2016|title=The association between social media use and sleep disturbance among young adults |volume=85|pages=36–41|doi=10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.01.001|pmid=26791323 |pmc=4857587 }}</ref> A recent study reported that people in the highest quartile for weekly social media use experienced the most sleep disturbance. The median number of minutes of social media use per day was 61. Females were more likely to experience high levels of sleep disturbance.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Levenson|first1=Jessica C.|last2=Shensa|first2=Ariel|last3=Sidani|first3=Jaime E.|last4=Colditz|first4=Jason B.|last5=Primack|first5=Brian A.|date=April 2016|title=The Association Between Social Media Use and Sleep Disturbance Among Young Adults|journal=Preventive Medicine|volume=85|pages=36–41|pmc=4857587|pmid=26791323|doi=10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.01.001}}</ref> Many teenagers suffer from sleep deprivation from long hours at night on their phones, and this left them tired and unfocused in school.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ritcher |first1=Ruthann |title=Among teens, sleep deprivation an epidemic |url=https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2015/10/among-teens-sleep-deprivation-an-epidemic.html |access-date=14 November 2020 |work=News Center |publisher=Stanford School of Medicine |date=October 2015 |language=en}}</ref> A 2011 study reported that time spent on Facebook was negatively associated with [[Grading in education|GPA]], but the association with sleep disturbance was not established.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Junco |first1=Reynol |title=Too much face and not enough books: The relationship between multiple indices of Facebook use and academic performance |journal=Computers in Human Behavior |date=January 2012 |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=187–198 |doi=10.1016/j.chb.2011.08.026 }}</ref>

===Emotional effects===
One studied effect of social media is 'Facebook depression', which affects adolescents who spend too much time on social media.<ref name="Schurgin-2011" /> This may lead to reclusiveness, which can increase loneliness and low self-esteem.<ref name="Schurgin-2011">{{cite journal |last1=O'Keeffe |first1=Gwenn Schurgin |last2=Clarke-Pearson |first2=Kathleen |last3=Council on Communications and |first3=Media |title=The Impact of Social Media on Children, Adolescents, and Families |journal=Pediatrics |date=April 2011 |volume=127 |issue=4 |pages=800–804 |doi=10.1542/peds.2011-0054 |pmid=21444588 }}</ref> Social media curates content to encourage users to keep scrolling.<ref name="Levenson 36–41"/> Studies report children's self-esteem is positively affected by positive comments and negatively affected by negative or lack of comments. This affected self-perception.<ref>{{cite book |editor-first1=Cheyenne |editor-last1=Seymour |title=Successes and Setbacks of Social Media |date=2020 |doi=10.1002/9781119695233 |isbn=978-1-119-69518-9 |page=132 }}</ref> A 2017 study of almost 6,000 adolescent students reported that those who self-reported addiction-like symptoms of social media use were more likely to report low self-esteem and high levels of depressive symptoms.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bányai |first1=Fanni |last2=Zsila |first2=Ágnes |last3=Király |first3=Orsolya |last4=Maraz |first4=Aniko |last5=Elekes |first5=Zsuzsanna |last6=Griffiths |first6=Mark D. |last7=Andreassen |first7=Cecilie Schou |last8=Demetrovics |first8=Zsolt |title=Problematic Social Media Use: Results from a Large-Scale Nationally Representative Adolescent Sample |journal=PLOS ONE |date=9 January 2017 |volume=12 |issue=1 |article-number=e0169839 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0169839 |pmid=28068404 |pmc=5222338 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1269839B |doi-access=free }}</ref>

A second emotional effect is social media burnout, defined as ambivalence, emotional exhaustion, and [[depersonalization]]. Ambivalence is confusion about the benefits from using social media. Emotional exhaustion is stress from using social media. Depersonalization is emotional detachment from social media. The three burnout factors negatively influence the likelihood of continuing on social media.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Han |first1=Bo |year=2018 |title=Social Media Burnout: Definition, Measurement Instrument, and Why We Care |journal=Journal of Computer Information Systems |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1080/08874417.2016.1208064 }}</ref>

A third emotional effect is "[[fear of missing out]]" (FOMO), which is the "pervasive apprehension that others might be having rewarding experiences from which one is absent."<ref name="Przybylski, Andrew K. 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Przybylski |first1=Andrew K. |last2=Murayama |first2=Kou |last3=DeHaan |first3=Cody R. |last4=Gladwell |first4=Valerie |title=Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out |journal=Computers in Human Behavior |date=July 2013 |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=1841–1848 |doi=10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.014 }}</ref> It is associated with increased scrutiny of friends on social media.<ref name="Przybylski, Andrew K. 2013" />

Social media can also offer support as [[Twitter]] has done for the medical community.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fuller |first1=Maren Y. |last2=Allen |first2=Timothy Craig |title=Let's Have a Tweetup: The Case for Using Twitter Professionally |journal=Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine |date=September 2016 |volume=140 |issue=9 |pages=956–957 |doi=10.5858/arpa.2016-0172-SA |pmid=27195434 }}</ref> X facilitated academic discussion among health professionals and students, while providing a supportive community for these individuals by and allowing members to support each other through likes, comments, and posts.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Lisa |last2=Woo |first2=Benjamin K P |title=Twitter as a Mental Health Support System for Students and Professionals in the Medical Field |journal=JMIR Medical Education |date=19 January 2021 |volume=7 |issue=1 |article-number=e17598 |doi=10.2196/17598 |pmid=33464210 |pmc=7854042 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Access to social media offered a way to keep older adults connected, after the deaths of partners and geographical distance between friends and loved ones.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cotten |first1=Shelia R. |last2=Schuster |first2=Amy M. |last3=Seifert |first3=Alexander |title=Social media use and well-being among older adults |journal=Current Opinion in Psychology |date=June 2022 |volume=45 |article-number=101293 |doi=10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.12.005 |pmid=35065352 }}</ref> In March 2025, a Pakistani man killed a [[WhatsApp]] group admin in anger after being removed from the chat.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-08 |title=Pakistani man kills WhatsApp group admin in anger after being removed from chat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/pakistani-man-kills-whatsapp-group-admin-in-anger-after-being-removed-from-chat/articleshow/118803475.cms |access-date=2025-03-08 |work=The Times of India }}</ref>

{{Excerpt|Social media and suicide}}

==Social impacts{{anchor|Social_impacts_of_social_media}}==
Media critic [[Siva Vaidhyanathan]] refers to social media as 'anti-social media' in reference to its negative impacts including on loneliness and political polarization.<ref name=":3" /> [[Audrey Tang]] also uses the term antisocial in reference to its impact on democracy.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kaufmann |first1=Bruno |last2=Glatthard |first2=Jonas |date=2021-05-07 |title='Humour over rumour': lessons from Taiwan in digital democracy |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/freedom-of-expression-humour-over-rumour-lessons-from-taiwan-in-digital-democracy/46592080 |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=[[SwissInfo]] |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===Disparity===
{{Excerpt|Digital divide}}

===Political polarization===
{{See also|Social media#Threat to democracy|Media bias#social media|Rage-baiting}}Many critics point to studies showing social media algorithms elevate more partisan and inflammatory content.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 1, 2021 |title=Facebook Disputes Claims It Fuels Political Polarization And Extremism |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/04/01/983155583/facebook-disputes-claims-it-fuels-political-polarization-and-extremism |work=NPR |archive-date=15 July 2024 |access-date=15 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715191540/https://www.npr.org/2021/04/01/983155583/facebook-disputes-claims-it-fuels-political-polarization-and-extremism |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=July 27, 2023 |title=New study shows just how Facebook's algorithm shapes conservative and liberal bubbles |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/07/27/1190383104/new-study-shows-just-how-facebooks-algorithm-shapes-conservative-and-liberal-bub |work=NPR |quote=Still, the research sheds light on how Facebook's algorithm works. The studies found liberals and conservatives live in their own political news bubbles more so than elsewhere online. They also show that changing the platform's algorithm substantially changes what people see and how they behave on the site — even if it didn't affect their beliefs during the three-month period researchers studied...'This is interesting, strong evidence that when it comes to politics, the algorithm is biased towards the extremes,' Edelson said. 'This is genuinely new.'}}</ref> Because of [[recommendation algorithm]]s that filter and display news content that matches users' political preferences, one potential impact is an increase in [[Polarization (politics)|political polarization]] due to [[Selective exposure theory|selective exposure]]. Political polarization is the divergence of political attitudes towards [[Ideology|ideological]] extremes. Selective exposure occurs when an individual favors information that supports their beliefs and avoids information that conflicts with them.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Molla |first=Rani |date=2020-11-10 |title=Social media is making a bad political situation worse |url=https://www.vox.com/recode/21534345/polarization-election-social-media-filter-bubble |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=Vox |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Jonathan Haidt]] compared the impact of social media to the [[Tower of Babel]] and the chaos it unleashed as a result.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ingram |first=Mathew |date=June 9, 2022 |title=Have the dangers of social media been overstated? |url=https://www.cjr.org/the_media_today/have-the-dangers-of-social-media-been-overstated.php |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=Columbia Journalism Review |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Lewis-Kraus |first=Gideon |date=2022-06-03 |title=How Harmful Is Social Media? |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/annals-of-inquiry/we-know-less-about-social-media-than-we-think |access-date=2024-10-09 |magazine=The New Yorker }}</ref><ref name=":4" />

Aviv Ovadya argues that these algorithms incentivize the creation of divisive content in addition to promoting existing divisive content,<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Ovadya |first=Aviv |date=May 17, 2022 |title=Bridging-Based Ranking |url=https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/bridging-based-ranking |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Belfer Center at [[Harvard University]] |pages=3, 10–13 |language=en |quote=Chronological feeds are just 'recency-biased ranking' systems with their own problems...'Choose your own ranking systems' are not quite good enough |archive-date=22 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422033151/https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/bridging-based-ranking |url-status=live }}</ref> but could be designed to reduce polarization instead.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ovadya |first=Aviv |date=May 17, 2022 |title=Bridging-Based Ranking |url=https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/bridging-based-ranking |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University |pages=21–23, 28 |language=en |archive-date=22 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422033151/https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/bridging-based-ranking |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, Facebook gave its new emoji reactions five times the weight in its algorithms as its like button, which data scientists at the company in 2019 confirmed had disproportionately boosted toxicity, misinformation and low-quality news.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Merrill |first1=Jeremy B. |last2=Oremus |first2=Will |date=October 26, 2021 |title=Five points for anger, one for a 'like': How Facebook's formula fostered rage and misinformation |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/10/26/facebook-angry-emoji-algorithm/ |newspaper=Washington Post |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=12 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030062728/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/10/26/facebook-angry-emoji-algorithm/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Some popular ideas for how to combat selective exposure have had no or opposite impacts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Klepper |first=David |date=2023-07-27 |title=Deep dive into Meta's algorithms shows that America's political polarization has no easy fix |url=https://apnews.com/article/facebook-instagram-polarization-misinformation-social-media-f0628066301356d70ad2eda2551ed260 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=AP News |language=en |quote=When they replaced the algorithm with a simple chronological listing of posts from friends — an option Facebook recently made available to users — it had no measurable impact on polarization...Likewise, reducing the content that Facebook users get from accounts with the same ideological alignment had no significant effect on polarization, susceptibility to misinformation or extremist views. |archive-date=15 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715194956/https://apnews.com/article/facebook-instagram-polarization-misinformation-social-media-f0628066301356d70ad2eda2551ed260 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Volfovsky-2018">{{Cite journal |last1=Volfovsky |first1=Alexander |last2=Merhout |first2=Friedolin |last3=Mann |first3=Marcus |last4=Lee |first4=Jaemin |last5=Hunzaker |first5=M. B. Fallin |last6=Chen |first6=Haohan |last7=Bumpus |first7=John P. |last8=Brown |first8=Taylor W. |last9=Argyle |first9=Lisa P. |date=September 11, 2018 |title=Exposure to opposing views on social media can increase political polarization |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=115 |issue=37 |pages=9216–9221 |bibcode=2018PNAS..115.9216B |doi=10.1073/pnas.1804840115 |pmc=6140520 |pmid=30154168 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> Some advocate for [[media literacy]] as a solution.<ref name="Mihailidis-2017">{{cite journal |last1=Mihailidis |first1=Paul |last2=Viotty |first2=Samantha |title=Spreadable Spectacle in Digital Culture: Civic Expression, Fake News, and the Role of Media Literacies in 'Post-Fact' Society |journal=American Behavioral Scientist |date=April 2017 |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=441–454 |doi=10.1177/0002764217701217 }}</ref> Others argue that less social media,<ref name=":1" /> or more [[local journalism]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-30 |title=Loss of newspapers contributes to political polarization |url=https://apnews.com/article/ecf440606c824f9d9671f2fb22a2ffce |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=AP News |language=en |archive-date=15 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715195820/https://apnews.com/article/ecf440606c824f9d9671f2fb22a2ffce |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Moore |first=Thomas |date=May 21, 2021 |title=Study: Decline in local journalism increases political polarization |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/media/554824-study-decline-in-local-journalism-increases-political-polarization/ |work=The Hill |archive-date=15 July 2024 |access-date=15 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715195820/https://thehill.com/homenews/media/554824-study-decline-in-local-journalism-increases-political-polarization/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Dunaway |first1=Johanna |last2=Darr |first2=Joshua P. |last3=Hitt |first3=Matthew P. |date=2021-05-27 |title=Local newspapers can help reduce polarization with opinion pages that focus on local issues |url=http://theconversation.com/local-newspapers-can-help-reduce-polarization-with-opinion-pages-that-focus-on-local-issues-158834 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref> could help address political polarization.

===Stereotyping===
{{See also|Stereotype}}
A 2018 study reported that social media increases the power of stereotypes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Díaz-Fernández |first1=Antonio-M. |last2=del-Real-Castrillo |first2=Cristina |title=Spies and security: Assessing the impact of animated videos on intelligence services in school children |journal=Comunicar |date=July 2018 |volume=26 |issue=56 |pages=81–89 |doi=10.3916/c56-2018-08 |doi-access=free |hdl=10272/15122 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Stereotypes can have both negative and positive connotations. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, youth were accused of responsibility for spreading the disease.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Young adults, unfairly blamed for COVID-19 spread, now face stress and uncertain futures|url=https://beyond.ubc.ca/young-adults-blamed-for-covid/|last1=Knight|first1=Rod|last2=Jauffret-Roustide|first2=Marie|last3=Bolduc|first3=Naseeb|last4=Coulard|first4=Pierre-julien|date=2020-12-03|access-date=2022-04-07|website=Beyond|publisher=[[University of British Columbia]]|language=en|archive-date=16 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716101935/https://beyond.ubc.ca/young-adults-blamed-for-covid/|url-status=live}}</ref> Elderly people get stereotyped as lacking knowledge of proper behavior on social media.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ng |first1=Reuben |title=Societal Age Stereotypes in the U.S. and U.K. from a Media Database of 1.1 Billion Words |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |date=21 August 2021 |volume=18 |issue=16 |page=8822 |doi=10.3390/ijerph18168822 |pmc=8391425 |pmid=34444578 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Social media platforms usually amplify these stereotypes by reinforcing age-based biases through certain algorithms as well as user-generated content. Unfortunately, these stereotypes contribute to social divide and negatively impact the way users interact online.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kroon |first1=Anne C. |last2=Selm |first2=Martine van |title=Good Intentions Aside: Stereotype Threat in the Face of Media Strategies to Counter Age Bias |journal=Research on Aging |date=October 2024 |volume=46 |issue=9–10 |pages=480–491 |doi=10.1177/01640275241249117 |pmid=38656230 |pmc=11414137 }}</ref>

===Communication===
Social media allows for mass [[Cultural globalization|cultural exchange]] and [[intercultural communication]], despite different ways of communicating in various cultures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/ampu/crosscult.html|title=Working on Common Cross-cultural Communication Challenges|website=www.pbs.org|last1=DuPraw|first1=Marcelle E.|last2=Axner|first2=Marya|date=1997|access-date=2022-08-29|archive-date=4 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204155052/http://www.pbs.org/ampu/crosscult.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Social media has affected the way youth communicate, by introducing new forms of language.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fians |first1=Guilherme |title=Esperanto Revolutionaries and Geeks |date=2021 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-84230-7 |isbn=978-3-030-84229-1 |url=https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/publications/34f7f6c8-36b8-4b62-bfed-9b7d79f9c8ac }}{{pn|date=January 2026}}</ref> Novel acronyms save time, as illustrated by "[[LOL]]", which is the ubiquitous shortcut for "laugh out loud".

The [[hashtag]] was created to simplify searching for information and to allow users to highlight topics of interest in the hope of attracting the attention of others. Hashtags can be used to advocate for a movement, mark content for future use, and allow other users to contribute to a discussion.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Saxton|first1=Gregory D.|last2=Niyirora|first2=Jerome N.|last3=Guo|first3=Chao|last4=Waters|first4=Richard D.|date=Spring 2015|title=#AdvocatingForChange: The Strategic Use of Hashtags in Social Media Advocacy|journal=Advances in Social Work|volume=16|pages=154–169|doi=10.18060/17952|doi-access=free}}</ref>

For some young people, social media and texting have largely replaced in person communications, made worse by pandemic isolation, delaying the development of conversation and other social skills.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Using Social Media Affects Teenagers |url=https://childmind.org/article/how-using-social-media-affects-teenagers/ |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=Child Mind Institute |language=en-us}}</ref>

What is socially acceptable is now heavily based on social media.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Anderson |first1=Monica |last2=Jiang |first2=Jingjing |title=1. Teens and their experiences on social media |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2018/11/28/teens-and-their-experiences-on-social-media/ |website=Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech |access-date=21 November 2020 |date=28 November 2018 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116014913/https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2018/11/28/teens-and-their-experiences-on-social-media/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] reported that bullying, the making of non-inclusive friend groups, and sexual experimentation have increased cyberbullying, privacy issues, and sending sexual images or messages. [[Sexting]] and [[revenge porn]] became rampant, particularly among minors, with legal implications and resulting trauma risk.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lalli |first1=Jaideep Singh |title=Maryland's Underage Sexting Case: Punishing Revenge Porn Victims?: Case Analysis of In Re: S.K., 215 A.3d 300 (Md. 2019) |journal=Journal of Victimology and Victim Justice |date=April 2021 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=88–95 |doi=10.1177/25166069211033212 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Osterday|first=Mitchell|date=2015–2016|title=Protecting Minors from Themselves: Expanding Revenge Porn Laws to Protect the Most Vulnerable|url=https://journals.iupui.edu/index.php/inlawrev/article/view/21002|journal=Indiana Law Review|volume=49|issue=2|page=555|doi=10.18060/4806.0075|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Phippen |first1=Andy |last2=Brennan |first2=Maggie |title=Sexting and Revenge Pornography |date=2020 |doi=10.4324/9781315149691 |isbn=978-1-315-14969-1 }}{{pn|date=January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Paat |first1=Yok-Fong |last2=Markham |first2=Christine |title=Digital crime, trauma, and abuse: Internet safety and cyber risks for adolescents and emerging adults in the 21 st century |journal=Social Work in Mental Health |date=2 January 2021 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=18–40 |doi=10.1080/15332985.2020.1845281 }}</ref> However, adolescents can learn basic social and technical skills online.<ref name="center4research.org">{{Cite web |last1=Mir |first1=Eline |last2=Novas |first2=Caroline |last3=Seymour |first3=Meg |date=2018-08-10 |title=Social Media and Adolescents' and Young Adults' Mental Health |url=http://www.center4research.org/social-media-affects-mental-health/ |access-date=2020-02-29 |website=National Center for Health Research |language=en-US}}</ref> Social media, can strengthen relationships just by keeping in touch, making more friends, and engaging in community activities.<ref name="Schurgin-2011" />

== Regulation by government authorities {{anchor|Regulation}} ==
{{see also|Problematic_social_media_use#Laws,_policies,_and_regulations_to_minimize_harm}}

=== Situation by geographical region ===
{{Expand section|date=July 2024|small=no}}

==== Australia ====
In July 2014, in response to [[WikiLeaks]]' release of a secret suppression order made by the [[Supreme Court of Victoria|Victorian Supreme Court]], media lawyers were quoted in the [[Australia]]n media to the effect that "anyone who tweets a link to the WikiLeaks report, posts it on Facebook, or shares it in any way online could also face charges".<ref>{{cite news |last=Cooper |first=Mex |date=July 30, 2014 |title=Social media users could be charged for sharing WikiLeaks story |url=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/social-media-users-could-be-charged-for-sharing-wikileaks-story-20140730-zye0b.html |access-date=2022-08-29 |publisher=[[Brisbane Times]]}}</ref>

In November 2024, the federal government passed the ''[[Online Safety Amendment|Online Safety Amendment (Social Media Minimum Age) Act 2024]]'' introduced by the [[Albanese government]], banning people under the age of 16 from using most social media platforms, which would come into effect in December 2025.<ref name="kayemenon">{{cite news |last1=Kaye |first1=Byron |last2=Menon |first2=Praveen |title=Australia passes social media ban for children under 16 |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/australia-passes-social-media-ban-children-under-16-2024-11-28/ |access-date=3 December 2024 |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=29 November 2024}}</ref> Presented by Minister for Communications [[Michelle Rowland]], the bill was created as an attempt at reducing social media harms for young people and responding to the concerns of parents.<ref name="21nov24hansard">{{cite Hansard |date=21 November 2024 |house=[[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] |jurisdiction=[[Parliament of Australia]] |hansard=House of Representatives Official Hansard |title=Online Safety Amendment (Social Media Minimum Age) Bill 2024 Second Reading |speaker=Rowland, Michelle |position=[[Minister for Communications (Australia)|Minister for Communications]] |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/api/hansard/link/?id=chamber/hansardr/28041/toc&linktype=pdf&fulltranscript=True |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia |pages=8270–8274 |access-date=3 December 2024 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> The stated penalty for breach of the new laws on the part of social media platforms was a financial penalty of [[Australian dollar|AU$]]49.5{{nbsp}}million.<ref name="21nov24hansard" /><ref name="kayemenon" /> The ban would apply to many major social media platforms, including [[TikTok]], [[Instagram]], [[Snapchat]] and [[Twitter]], but would exempt platforms deemed to meet educational or health needs of people under 16, including [[YouTube]] and [[Google Classroom]].<ref name="21nov24hansard" /> Supporters of the ban included the advocacy group 36 Months<ref name="manfieldabc">{{cite news |last1=Manfield |first1=Evelyn |title=YouTube exemption backed by group behind push for under-16 social media ban |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-11-21/youtube-allowed-under-social-media-ban-under-16s/104629944 |access-date=3 December 2024 |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |date=21 November 2024 |archive-date=10 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251210193952/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-11-21/youtube-allowed-under-social-media-ban-under-16s/104629944 |url-status=live }}</ref> and media corporation [[News Corp Australia]] which ran a campaign titled ''Let Them Be Kids'',<ref name="kayemenon" /> whilst opposers expressed concern that the ban could cause isolation amongst teenagers belonging to marginalised groups such as the [[LGBTQ]], community or migrant, and [[culturally diverse]] backgrounds,<ref name="kapernickmoseley">{{cite news |last1=Kapernick |first1=Kerri |last2=Moseley |first2=Amelia |title=Federal government's looming social media ban may be bad for isolated, marginalised teenagers |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-10-24/social-media-ban-detrimental-isolated-teens/104500932 |access-date=3 December 2024 |work=ABC News |date=24 October 2024 |archive-date=2 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202230947/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-10-24/social-media-ban-detrimental-isolated-teens/104500932 |url-status=live }}</ref> and that the ban could stifle creativity and freedom of expression amongst young people.<ref name="toumaguardian">{{cite news |last1=Touma |first1=Rafqa |title=Protecting or restricting? The effect of social media bans on the big dreams of young Australians |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2024/dec/03/australia-labor-social-media-ban-impact-children |access-date=3 December 2024 |work=[[Guardian Australia|The Guardian]] |date=3 December 2024}}</ref>

==== Egypt ====
On 27 July 2020, in Egypt, two women were sentenced to two years of imprisonment for posting [[TikTok]] videos, which the government claimed as "violating family values".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Declan |date=28 July 2020 |title=Egypt Sentences Women to 2 Years in Prison for TikTok Videos |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/28/world/middleeast/egypt-women-tiktok-prison.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728211112/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/28/world/middleeast/egypt-women-tiktok-prison.html |archive-date=2020-07-28 |access-date=28 July 2020 |website=The New York Times}}</ref>

==== Thailand ====
In the [[2014 Thai coup d'état]], the public was explicitly instructed not to 'share' or 'like' dissenting views on social media or face prison.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

==== United States ====
Historically, platforms were responsible for moderating the content that they presented. They set rules for what was allowable, decided which content to promote and which to ignore. The US enacted the [[Communications Decency Act]] in 1996. [[Section 230]] of that act exempted internet platforms from legal liability for content authored by third parties.
{{Blockquote|text=No provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be treated as the publisher or speaker of any information provided by another information content provider." (47 U.S.C. § 230(c)(1)).|author=US Congress|title=Communications Decency Act Section 230}}In 2024, legislation was enacted in [[Florida]] requiring social media companies to verify the age of people with accounts, and to prohibit holding an account for people aged under 14, and between 14 and 16 in the absence of parental approval.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Hatter |first1=Lynn |last2=Andrews |first2=Adrian |date=2024-03-25 |title=DeSantis signs social media ban for minors, among the strictest in the nation |url=https://health.wusf.usf.edu/health-news-florida/2024-03-25/desantis-signs-social-media-ban-for-minors-among-the-strictest-in-the-nation |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=Health News Florida |language=en |archive-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529204456/https://health.wusf.usf.edu/health-news-florida/2024-03-25/desantis-signs-social-media-ban-for-minors-among-the-strictest-in-the-nation |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-03-26 |title=Ron DeSantis signs Florida social media ban for children into law |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/mar/26/ron-desantis-florida-social-media-ban-children |access-date=2024-07-30 |work=The Guardian }}</ref>

==== European Union ====
The [[European Union]] initially took a similar approach.<ref name="auto">{{cite journal |last1=Schlag |first1=Gabi |title=European Union's Regulating of Social Media: A Discourse Analysis of the Digital Services Act |journal=Politics and Governance |date=24 May 2023 |volume=11 |issue=3 |doi=10.17645/pag.v11i3.6735 |doi-access=free }}</ref> However, in 2020, the [[European Commission]] presented two legislative proposals: The [[Digital Services Act|Digital Services Act (DSA)]] and the [[Digital Markets Act|Digital Markets Act (DMA)]]. Both proposals were enacted in July 2022. The DSA entered into force on 17 February 2024, the DMA in March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-15 |title=The Digital Services Act package {{!}} Shaping Europe's digital future |url=https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/digital-services-act-package |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu |language=en |archive-date=11 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211084839/https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/digital-services-act-package |url-status=live }}</ref> This legislation can be summarized in the following four objectives, articulated by [[Member of the European Parliament|MEPs]]:

* "What is illegal offline must also be illegal online".<ref name="auto"/>
* "Very large online platforms" must therefore, among other things
** delete illegal content (propaganda, election interference, hate crimes and online harms such as harassment and child abuse) and better protect fundamental rights
** redesign their systems to ensure a "high level of privacy, security and protection of minors", by prohibiting advertising based on personal data, designing recommender systems to minimize risks for children and demonstrating this to the [[European Commission]] via a risk assessment, and
** not use sensitive personal data such as race, gender and religion to target advertising.<ref>{{Cite news |last=O'Carroll |first=Lisa |date=2023-08-25 |title=How the EU Digital Services Act affects Facebook, Google and others |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/25/how-the-eu-digital-services-act-affects-facebook-google-and-others |access-date=2023-11-26 }}</ref>

Violators could face a complete ban in Europe or fines of up to 6% of global sales. Such content moderation requires extensive investment by platform providers.<ref name="Puig Larrauri-2023">{{Cite web |last=Puig Larrauri |first=Helena |date=2023-04-06 |title=SOCIETAL DIVIDES AS A TAXABLE NEGATIVE EXTERNALITY OF DIGITAL PLATFORMS. An exploration of the rationale for regulating algorithmically mediated platforms differently. |url=https://www.next-now.org/sites/default/files/2023-03/Societal%20Divides%20as%20a%20taxable%20negative%20externality%20of%20digital%20platforms_0.pdf |access-date=17 March 2026 |archive-date=31 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251031001720/https://www.next-now.org/sites/default/files/2023-03/Societal%20Divides%20as%20a%20taxable%20negative%20externality%20of%20digital%20platforms_0.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Enforcement resources may not be sufficient to ensure compliance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What impact will the EU's Digital Services Act have? |publisher=DW |date=August 25, 2023 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/what-impact-will-the-eus-digital-services-act-have/a-66631337 |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref>

The DSA allows a country to require information to be deleted that is illegal only in that jurisdiction. According to Patrick Breyer from the [[German Pirate Party]], a problem could arise from the Hungarian government requesting a video to be deleted that is critical of Victor Orban, as he foresaw the potential for such determinations to be applied EU-wide.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Beckmann |first=Holger |title=Digital Services Act: Was illegal ist, muss raus aus dem Netz |url=https://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/europa/digital-services-act-100.html |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=tagesschau.de |language=de |archive-date=30 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260130103120/https://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/europa/digital-services-act-100.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Discussions and proposals ===

==== General ====
[[List of Nobel laureates|2018 Nobel Laureate]] [[Paul Romer]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Romer |first=Paul |date=2019-05-06 |title=Opinion {{!}} A Tax That Could Fix Big Tech |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/06/opinion/tax-facebook-google.html |access-date=2023-11-26 }}</ref> advocated taxing negative externalities of social media platforms.<ref name="Puig Larrauri-2023" /> Similar to a carbon tax – negative social effects could be compensated for by a financial levy on the platforms.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=Guest |date=2023-04-06 |title=Negative Externalities of Digital Platforms Should Be Taxed Today |url=https://www.ictworks.org/tax-negative-externalities-of-digital-platforms/ |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=ICTworks}}</ref> Assuming that the tax did not deter the actions that produced the externalities, the revenue raised could be used to address them. However, consensus has yet to emerge on how to measure or mitigate the harms, nor to craft a tax, .

Another proposal is to invoke [[European Union competition law|competition law]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mazúr |first1=Ján |last2=Patakyová |first2=Mária T. |title=Regulatory Approaches to Facebook and Other Social Media Platforms: Towards Platforms Design Accountability |journal=Masaryk University Journal of Law and Technology |date=30 September 2019 |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=219–242 |doi=10.5817/MUJLT2019-2-4 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The idea is to restrict the platforms' market power by controlling mergers ''[[ex ante]]'' and tightening the law. This would be achieved through a supranational enforcement mechanism and the deterrent effect of high fines.

In a 2024 opinion piece, Megan Moreno and Jenny Radesky, professors of pediatrics, wrote about the need for "nuanced" policy.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moreno |first1=Megan A. |last2=Radesky |first2=Jenny S. |title=Benefits and Harms of Proposed Social Media Legislation |journal=JAMA Pediatrics |date=September 2024 |volume=178 |issue=9 |pages=857–858 |doi=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2024.2380 |pmid=39037793 }}</ref> They regarded access which is contingent upon parental consent as harmful. They commented that a focus on increasing age restrictions "may serve to distract from making sure platforms are following guidelines and best practices for all ages".<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Radesky |first1=Jenny |last2=Moreno |first2=Megan |date=2024-04-04 |title=Online child safety laws could help or hurt – 2 pediatricians explain what's likely to work and what isn't |url=http://theconversation.com/online-child-safety-laws-could-help-or-hurt-2-pediatricians-explain-whats-likely-to-work-and-what-isnt-226436 |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== United States ====
In June 2024, US Surgeon General [[Vivek Murthy]] called for social media platforms to contain a warning about the impact they have on the mental health of young people.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Murthy |first=Vivek H. |date=2024-06-17 |title=Opinion {{!}} Surgeon General: Why I'm Calling for a Warning Label on Social Media Platforms |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/17/opinion/social-media-health-warning.html |access-date=2024-06-17 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |archive-date=10 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210202242/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/17/opinion/social-media-health-warning.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Business models ==
The business model of most social media platforms is based on selling slots to advertisers. Platforms provide access to data about each user, which allows them to deliver ads that are individually relevant to them. This strongly incents platforms to arrange their content so that users view as much content as possible, increasing the number of ads that they see. Platforms such as X add paid user subscriptions in part to reduce their dependence on advertising revenues.<ref>{{Cite web |last=L |first=Frank |date=March 1, 2023 |title=5 Winning Social Media Business Models + Examples |url=https://getstream.io/blog/social-media-business-models/ |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=getstream.io |language=en}}</ref>

==Criticism, debate and controversy{{anchor|Criticisms}}==

The enormous reach and impact of social media has naturally led to a stream of criticism, debate, and controversy. Criticisms include platform capabilities, content moderation and reliability,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Flanagin |first1=Andrew J. |last2=Metzger |first2=Miriam J. |title=The role of site features, user attributes, and information verification behaviors on the perceived credibility of web-based information |journal=New Media & Society |date=April 2007 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=319–342 |doi=10.1177/1461444807075015 }}</ref> impact on concentration, mental health,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Paul |first1=Jomon Aliyas |last2=Baker |first2=Hope M. |last3=Cochran |first3=Justin Daniel |title=Effect of online social networking on student academic performance |journal=Computers in Human Behavior |date=November 2012 |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=2117–2127 |doi=10.1016/j.chb.2012.06.016}}</ref> content ownership, and the meaning of interactions, and poor cross-platform [[interoperability]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Hinchiffe |first=Don |title=Are social media silos holding back business |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/are-social-media-silos-holding-back-business-results/ |date=2013-06-25 |publisher=ZDNet.com |access-date=2014-02-15 |archive-date=14 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714194216/https://www.zdnet.com/article/are-social-media-silos-holding-back-business-results/ |url-status=live }}</ref> decrease in face-to-face interactions, [[cyberbullying]], [[sexual predator|sexual predation]], particularly of children, and [[child pornography]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Greene-Colozzi |first1=Emily A. |last2=Winters |first2=Georgia M. |last3=Blasko |first3=Brandy |last4=Jeglic |first4=Elizabeth L. |title=Experiences and Perceptions of Online Sexual Solicitation and Grooming of Minors: A Retrospective Report |journal=Journal of Child Sexual Abuse |date=2 October 2020 |volume=29 |issue=7 |pages=836–854 |doi=10.1080/10538712.2020.1801938 |pmid=33017275 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Henshaw |first1=Marie |last2=Darjee |first2=Rajan |last3=Clough |first3=Jonathan A. |title=Child Sexual Abuse |chapter=Online child sexual offending |date=2020 |pages=85–108 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-819434-8.00005-2 |isbn=978-0-12-819434-8 }}</ref>

In 2007 [[Andrew Keen]] wrote, "Out of this anarchy, it suddenly became clear that what was governing the infinite monkeys now inputting away on the Internet was the law of digital Darwinism, the survival of the loudest and most opinionated. Under these rules, the only way to intellectually prevail is by infinite filibustering."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Keen |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Keen |title=The Cult of the Amateur |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-385-52081-2 |page=15|year=2007 }}</ref>

===Trustworthiness and reliability===
{{See also|The Disinformation Project}}
Social media has become a regular source of news and information. A 2021 Pew Research Center poll reported roughly 70% of users regularly get news from social media,<ref name="Fuchs-2017" /> despite the presence of [[fake news]] and misinformation. Platforms typically do not take responsibility for content accuracy, and many do not vet content at all, although in some cases, content the platform finds problematic is deleted or access to it is reduced.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 12, 2020 |title=Facebook starts fact-checking partnership with Reuters |newspaper=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-partnership-reuters-idUSKBN2062K4 |access-date=March 2, 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Watercutter |first=Angela |title=Two to Tango: Twitter Fact-Checks the Fact-Checkers |url=https://www.wired.com/story/trump-speech-twitter-fact-check/ |magazine=Wired |access-date=March 2, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=See fact checks in YouTube search results - YouTube Help |url=https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/9229632?hl=en |access-date=March 2, 2022 |website=support.google.com}}</ref> Content distribution algorithms otherwise typically ignore substance, responding instead to the contents' virality.

In 2018, researchers reported that fake news spread almost 70% faster than truthful news on X.<ref name="Schivinski-2020" /> Social media bots on social media increase the reach of both true and false content and if wielded by bad actors misinformation can reach many more users.<ref name="Tao-2016" /> Some platforms attempt to discover and block bots, with limited success.<ref name="Pavlik-2015" /> Fake news seems to receive more user engagement, possibly because it is relatively novel, engaging users' curiosity and increasing spread.<ref name="Sterling-2016" /> Fake news often propagates in the immediate aftermath of an event, before conventional media are prepared to publish.<ref name="Dewzilla-2020" /><ref name="Edwards-2016" />

====Data harvesting and data mining====
{{Excerpt|Social media mining}}

===Critique of activism===
{{Further|Social media activism}}
Canadian journalist [[Malcolm Gladwell]] considers the role of social media in revolutions and protests to be overstated. He concluded that while social media makes it easier for [[Digital rhetoric|activists]] to express themselves, that expression likely has no impact beyond social media. What he called "high-risk activism" involves strong relationships, coordination, commitment, high risks, and sacrifice.<ref name="Gladwell 2010-10-04">{{cite magazine |last=Gladwell |first=Malcolm |date=October 4, 2010 |title=Small Changes – Why the revolution will not be tweeted |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/10/04/small-change-3 |access-date=2012-11-15 |magazine=[[The New Yorker]]}}</ref> Gladwell claimed that social media are built around weak ties and argues that "social networks are effective at increasing participation—by lessening the level of motivation that participation requires."<ref name="Gladwell 2010-10-04" /> According to him, "Facebook activism succeeds not by motivating people to make a real sacrifice, but by motivating them to do the things that people do when they are not motivated enough to make a real sacrifice."<ref name="Gladwell 2010-10-04" />

Disputing Gladwell's theory, a 2018 survey reported that people who are politically expressive on social media are more likely to participate in offline political activity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kwak |first1=Nojin |last2=Lane |first2=Daniel S |last3=Weeks |first3=Brian E |last4=Kim |first4=Dam Hee |last5=Lee |first5=Slgi S |last6=Bachleda |first6=Sarah |title=Perceptions of Social Media for Politics: Testing the Slacktivism Hypothesis |journal=Human Communication Research |date=April 2018 |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=197–221 |doi=10.1093/hcr/hqx008 }}</ref>

===Content ownership===
Social media content is generated by users. However, content ownership is defined by the Terms of Service to which users agree. Platforms control access to the content, and may make it available to third parties.<ref name=Jones>{{cite web |url=http://groups.csail.mit.edu/mac/classes/6.805/student-papers/fall05-papers/facebook.pdf |last1=Jones |first1=Harvey |last2=Soltren |first2=José Hiram |title=Facebook: Threats to Privacy |publisher=MIT Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence Lab |year=2005 |access-date=2018-04-04 |archive-date=28 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528040207/http://www.swiss.ai.mit.edu/6095/student-papers/fall05-papers/facebook.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Although platform's terms differ, generally they all give permission to utilize users' copyrighted works at the platform's discretion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Cadie |date=2015-05-20 |title=What you really sign up for when you use social media |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/05/20/what-you-really-sign-up-for-when-you-use-social-media.html |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=[[CNBC]] |language= |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903161309/https://www.cnbc.com/2015/05/20/what-you-really-sign-up-for-when-you-use-social-media.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

After its acquisition by Facebook in 2012, Instagram revealed it intended to use content in ads without seeking permission from or paying its users.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCullagh |first=Declan |date=2012-12-17 |title=Instagram says it now has the right to sell your photos |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/instagram-says-it-now-has-the-right-to-sell-your-photos/ |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=[[CNET]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodriguez |first=Salvador |date=2012-12-17 |title=Instagram may have ads, let companies use your photos for the ads |url=https://www.latimes.com/business/la-xpm-2012-dec-17-la-fi-tn-instagram-sell-photos-terms-of-service-20121217-story.html |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> It then reversed these changes, with then-CEO [[Kevin Systrom]] promising to update the terms of service.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=McCullagh |first1=Declan |last2=Tam |first2=Donna |title=Instagram apologizes to users: We won't sell your photos |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/instagram-apologizes-to-users-we-wont-sell-your-photos/ |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=[[CNET]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sottek |first=T.C. |date=2012-12-18 |title=Instagram says 'it's not our intention to sell your photos' |url=https://www.theverge.com/2012/12/18/3781860/instagram-on-its-new-tos-its-not-our-intention-to-sell-your-photos |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=[[The Verge]]}}</ref>

===Privacy===
{{main|Privacy concerns with social networking services}}

Privacy rights advocates warn users about the collection of their personal data. Information is captured without the user's knowing [[consent]]. Data may be applied to law enforcement or other governmental purposes.<ref name="Auer2011">{{cite journal |last=Auer |first=Matthew R. |year=2011 |title=The Policy Sciences of Social Media |journal=Policy Studies Journal |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=709–736 |doi=10.1111/j.1541-0072.2011.00428.x |ssrn=1974080 }}</ref><ref name=Jones/> Information may be offered for third party use.

Young people are prone to sharing personal information that can attract predators.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewinternet.org/2013/05/21/teens-social-media-and-privacy/|title=Teens, Social Media, and Privacy|last1=Madden|first1=Mary|last2=Lenhart|first2=Amanda|last3=Cortesi|first3=Sandra|last4=Gasser|first4=Urs|last5=Duggan|first5=Maeve|last6=Smith|first6=Aaron|last7=Beaton|first7=Meredith|date=May 21, 2013|website=Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech|access-date=2016-11-29|archive-date=6 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151206131805/http://www.pewinternet.org/2013/05/21/teens-social-media-and-privacy/|url-status=live}}</ref>

While social media users claim to want to keep their data private, their behavior does not reflect that concern, as many users expose significant personal data on their profiles.

In addition, platforms collect data on user behaviors that are not part of their personal profiles. This data is made available to third parties for purposes that include targeted advertising.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Social Media Privacy Issues for 2020: Threats & Risks|date=8 November 2019 |url=https://sopa.tulane.edu/blog/key-social-media-privacy-issues-2020|access-date=2020-11-12|publisher=Tulane University}}</ref>

A 2014 [[Pew Research Center]] survey reported that 91% of Americans "agree" or "strongly agree" that people have lost control over how personal information is collected and used. Some 80% of social media users said they were concerned about advertisers and businesses accessing the data they share on social media platforms, and 64% said the government should do more to regulate advertisers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/03/27/americans-complicated-feelings-about-social-media-in-an-era-of-privacy-concerns/|last=Rainie|first=Lee|title=Americans' complicated feelings about social media in an era of privacy concerns|date=March 27, 2018|work=Pew Research Center|access-date=2018-06-13|language=en-US|archive-date=20 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620055010/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/03/27/americans-complicated-feelings-about-social-media-in-an-era-of-privacy-concerns/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, UK legislators criticized Facebook for not protecting certain aspects of user data.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-k-committee-rebukes-facebook-in-call-for-social-media-regulation-11550448060#comments_sector|title=U.K. Lawmakers Rebuke Facebook in Call for Social-Media Regulation|last1=Fidler|first1=Stephen|last2=Wells|first2=Georgia|date=2019-02-17|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=2022-08-29}}</ref>

In 2019 the [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] issued guidance to the military, Coast Guard and other government agencies that identified "the potential risk associated with using the TikTok app and directs appropriate action for employees to take in order to safeguard their personal information."<ref>{{cite news |date=21 December 2019 |title=US Navy bans TikTok from mobile devices saying it's a cybersecurity threat |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/dec/21/us-navy-bans-tiktok-from-mobile-devices-saying-its-a-cybersecurity-threat |access-date=6 January 2023 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> As a result, the military, Coast Guard, [[Transportation Security Administration]], and [[Department of Homeland Security]] banned the installation and use of TikTok on government devices.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 February 2020 |title=US government agencies are banning TikTok, the social media app teens are obsessed with, over cybersecurity fears — here's the full list |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/us-government-agencies-have-banned-tiktok-app-2020-2 |access-date=6 January 2023 |work=Business Insider}}</ref>

In 2020 The US government attempted to ban [[TikTok]] and [[WeChat]] from the States over national security concerns. However, a federal court blocked the move.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-30|title=Judge postpones Trump's TikTok ban in suit brought by users|url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-entertainment-pennsylvania-courts-3573972d3aa6bee78304e3195ffe4ade|last=O'Brien|first=Matt|access-date=2020-11-29|website=AP NEWS}}</ref> In 2024, the US Congress passed a law directing TikTok's parent company [[ByteDance]] to divest the service or see the service banned from operating in the US. The company sued, challenging the constitutionality of the ban.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-28 |title=U.S. court to hear challenges to potential TikTok ban in September |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/05/28/us-court-to-hear-challenges-to-potential-tiktok-ban-in-september.html |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> The ban was upheld as constitutional.{{cn|date=February 2025}}

===Addiction===
{{Main|Problematic social media use}}

{{See also|Digital media use and mental health}}

{{Excerpt|Internet addiction disorder|only=paragraphs}}Research suggests that social media platforms trigger a cycle of compulsive behavior, which reinforces addictive patterns and makes it harder for individuals to break the cycle.<ref>Hou, Yubo, Dan Xiong, Tonglin Jiang, Lily Song, and Qi Wang. "Social Media Addiction: Its Impact, Mediation, and Intervention." Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace 13, no. 1 (February 21, 2019). https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2019-1-4.</ref>

Various lawsuits have been brought regarding social media addiction, such as the Multi-District Litigation alleging harms caused by social media addiction on young users.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meta Limits But Can't Shake Social Media Addiction MDL - Law360 |url=https://www.law360.com/articles/1890319/meta-limits-but-can-t-shake-social-media-addiction-mdl |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=www.law360.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Debate over use by young people===
{{See also|Social media in education}}
Whether to restrict the use of phones and social media among young people has been debated since smartphones became ubiquitous.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Kist |first=W. |date=December 2012 |title=Class, Get Ready to Tweet: Social Media in the Classroom |url=https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ991339 |journal=Our Children: The National PTA Magazine |pages=10–11 |volume=38 |number=3 |access-date=30 August 2022 |archive-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830043041/https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ991339 |url-status=live }}</ref> A study of Americans aged 12–15, reported that teenagers who used social media over three hours/day doubled their risk of negative mental health outcomes, including depression and anxiety.<ref>{{Cite web |last=KATELLA |first=KATHY |date=January 8, 2024 |title=How Social Media Affects Your Teen's Mental Health: A Parent's Guide |url=https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/social-media-teen-mental-health-a-parents-guide |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=Yale Medicine |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260308160232/https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/social-media-teen-mental-health-a-parents-guide |url-status=live }}</ref> Platforms have not tuned their algorithms to prevent young people from viewing inappropriate content. A 2023 study of Australian youth reported that 57% had seen disturbingly violent content, while nearly half had regular exposure to sexual images.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2023 |title=Inappropriate content: factsheet |url=https://www.esafety.gov.au/educators/training-for-professionals/professional-learning-program-teachers/inappropriate-content-factsheet |access-date=29 May 2024 |archive-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529204454/https://www.esafety.gov.au/educators/training-for-professionals/professional-learning-program-teachers/inappropriate-content-factsheet |url-status=live }}</ref> Further, youth are prone to misuse social media for [[cyberbullying]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Santre |first1=Siriporn |title=Cyberbullying in adolescents: a literature review |journal=International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health |date=March 2023 |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.1515/ijamh-2021-0133 |pmid=35245420 }}</ref> As result, phones have been banned from some schools, and in the US some schools have blocked social media websites.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=Associated Press |date=2024-02-27 |title=Phones are distracting students in class. More states are pressing schools to ban them |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/phones-are-distracting-students-class-states-are-pressing-schools-ban-rcna140629 |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=NBC News |language=en |archive-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529204454/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/phones-are-distracting-students-class-states-are-pressing-schools-ban-rcna140629 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Intense discussions are taking place regarding the imposition of certain restrictions on children's access to social media. It is argued that using social media at a young age brings with it many problems. For example, according to a survey{{when|date=February 2026}} conducted by [[Ofcom]], the media regulator in the UK, 22% of children aged 8–17 lied about being over 18 on social media. According to a system implemented in Norway, more than half of nine-year-olds and the vast majority of 12-year-olds spend time on social media. A series of measures have begun to be taken across Europe to prevent the risks caused by such problems. The countries that have taken concrete steps in this regard are Norway and France. Since June 2023, France has started requiring social media platforms to verify the ages of their users and to obtain parental consent for those under the age of 15. In Norway, there is a minimum age requirement of 13 to access social media. The Online Safety Law in the UK gave social media platforms until mid-2025 to strengthen their [[Age verification system|age verification systems]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-29 |title=Çocuklara sosyal medya yasağı: Türkiye ve dünyada tartışılan kısıtlama modelleri ne? |url=https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/czj7rn2g4m3o |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=BBC News Türkçe |language=tr |archive-date=30 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241230210545/https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/czj7rn2g4m3o |url-status=live }}</ref>{{needs update|date=February 2026}}

===Censorship{{anchor|Censorship_incidents}}===
{{Main|Internet censorship|Internet censorship in China|Internet censorship in India}}

Social media often features in political struggles. In some countries, [[Internet police]] or [[secret police]] monitor or control citizens' use of social media. For example, in 2013 some social media was banned in [[Turkey]] after the Taksim [[Gezi Park protests]]. Both X and YouTube were temporarily suspended in the country by a court's decision. A law granted immunity to Telecommunications Directorate (TİB) personnel. The TİB was also given the authority to block access to specific websites without a court order.<ref>{{cite web|first=Salih|last=Sarıkaya |title=Social Media Ban In Turkey: What Does It Mean? by Salih Sarıkaya |url=http://www.salihsarikaya.com/en/social-media-ban-in-turkey-what-does-it-mean-by-salih-sarikaya/ |date=October 30, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006012638/http://www.salihsarikaya.com/en/social-media-ban-in-turkey-what-does-it-mean-by-salih-sarikaya/ |archive-date=2014-10-06 }}</ref> Yet TİB's 2014 blocking of [[Twitter|X]] was ruled by the constitutional court to violate free speech.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-twitter-ban-idUSBREA311BF20140402 |title=Turkey's Twitter ban violates free speech: constitutional court |work=Reuters |date=April 2, 2014|access-date=2022-08-29}}</ref>

==== United States ====
{{Excerpt|Internet censorship in the United States|only=paragraphs}}

===Decentralization and open standards===
While the dominant social media platforms are not interoperable, open source protocols such as [[ActivityPub]] have been adopted by platforms such as [[Mastodon (software)|Mastodon]], [[GNU social]], [[Diaspora (social network)|Diaspora]], and [[Friendica]]. They operate as a loose federation of mostly volunteer-operated servers, called the [[Fediverse]].

In December 2019, [[Twitter|X]] CEO [[Jack Dorsey]] advocated an "open and decentralized standard for social media". He joined [[Bluesky (social network)|Bluesky]] to bring it to reality.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Kang |first=Jay Caspian |date=2023-05-12 |title=What Bluesky Tells Us About the Future of Social Media |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/what-bluesky-tells-us-about-the-future-of-social-media |access-date=2024-05-29 |magazine=The New Yorker }}</ref>

===Deplatforming===
{{see also|Twitter suspensions}}
{{excerpt|Deplatforming|only=paragraphs}}

=== Threat to democracy ===
{{See also|Democratic backsliding|The Social Dilemma}}

A number of commentators and experts have argued that social media companies have incentives that to maximize user engagement with [[Sensationalism|sensational]], emotive and controversial material that discourages a healthy discourse that democracies depend on.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gal |first=Uri |date=2024-01-26 |title=Opinion: Anti-social media: What can be done to stop platforms from driving democracies apart? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/religion/ethics-social-media-tiktok-pulling-democratic-society-apart/103393442 |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=ABC Religion & Ethics |language=en-AU}}</ref> Zack Beauchamp of [[Vox Media]] calls it an authoritarian medium because of how it is incentivized to stir up hate and division that benefits aspiring autocrats.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Beauchamp |first=Zack |date=2019-01-22 |title=Social media is rotting democracy from within |url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/1/22/18177076/social-media-facebook-far-right-authoritarian-populism |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=Vox |language=en-US |archive-date=25 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125171545/https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/1/22/18177076/social-media-facebook-far-right-authoritarian-populism |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Economist]]'' describes social media as vulnerable to manipulation by autocrats.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 4, 2017 |title=Once considered a boon to democracy, social media have started to look like its nemesis |url=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2017/11/04/once-considered-a-boon-to-democracy-social-media-have-started-to-look-like-its-nemesis |access-date=2024-07-15 |newspaper=The Economist }}</ref> Informed dialogue, a shared sense of reality, mutual consent and participation can all suffer due to the business model of social media.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Deb |first1=Anamitra |last2=Donohue |first2=Stacy |last3=Glaisyer |first3=Tom |date=October 31, 2017 |title=Is Social Media a Threat to Democracy? |url=https://gijn.org/stories/is-social-media-a-threat-to-democracy/ |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=[[Global Investigative Journalism Network]] |language=en-US}}</ref> [[#Political polarization|Political polarization]] can be one byproduct.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 20, 2017 |title='#Republic' Author Describes How Social Media Hurts Democracy |url=https://www.npr.org/2017/02/20/516292286/-republic-author-describes-how-social-media-hurts-democracy |work=NPR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hull |first=Gordon |date=2017-11-06 |title=Why social media may not be so good for democracy |url=http://theconversation.com/why-social-media-may-not-be-so-good-for-democracy-86285 |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US |archive-date=28 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728050212/https://theconversation.com/why-social-media-may-not-be-so-good-for-democracy-86285 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-31 |title=What's driving America's partisan divide and what might be done to reverse it |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/whats-driving-americas-partisan-divide-and-what-might-be-done-to-reverse-it |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=PBS News |language=en-us |archive-date=14 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714203946/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/whats-driving-americas-partisan-divide-and-what-might-be-done-to-reverse-it |url-status=live }}</ref> This can have implications for the likelihood of [[political violence]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goo |first=Sara Kehaulani |date=Jun 28, 2022 |title=Nobelist Maria Ressa: Social media is corroding U.S. democracy |url=https://www.axios.com/2022/06/28/maria-ressa-social-media-democracy |work=Axios}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> [[Siva Vaidhyanathan]] argues for a range of solutions including privacy protections and enforcing anti-trust laws.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Naughton |first=John |date=2018-06-25 |title=Anti-Social Media: How Facebook Disconnects Us and Undermines Democracy by Siva Vaidhyanathan – review |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jun/25/anti-social-media-how-facebook-disconnects-us-undermines-democracy-siva-vaidhyanathan-review |access-date=2024-07-14 |work=The Observer }}</ref> [[Andrew Leonard]] describes [[Pol.is]] as one possible solution to the divisiveness of traditional discourse on social media that has damaged democracies, citing the use of its algorithm to instead prioritize finding consensus.<ref name=":2">{{Cite magazine |last=Leonard |first=Andrew |date=July 30, 2020 |title=How Taiwan's Unlikely Digital Minister Hacked the Pandemic |url=https://www.wired.com/story/how-taiwans-unlikely-digital-minister-hacked-the-pandemic/ |access-date=2024-05-04 |magazine=Wired |archive-date=12 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712062307/https://www.wired.com/story/how-taiwans-unlikely-digital-minister-hacked-the-pandemic/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Miller |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Miller (author) |date=2020-09-27 |title=How Taiwan's 'civic hackers' helped find a new way to run the country |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/27/taiwan-civic-hackers-polis-consensus-social-media-platform |access-date=2024-02-27 |work=The Guardian }}</ref>

=== Extremist groups ===
{{Main|Terrorism and social media}}

According to ''LikeWar: The Weaponization of Social Media'',<ref>''LikeWar: The Weaponization of Social Media'' (2018) by [[P. W. Singer|P.W. Singer]] and Emerson T. Brooking</ref> the use of effective social media marketing techniques includes not only celebrities, corporations, and governments, but also [[extremist group]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Giangreco|first=Leigh|date=2018-11-29|title=How Trump, ISIS and Russia have mastered the Internet as a weapon|language=en-US|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/how-trump-isis-and-russia-have-mastered-the-internet-as-a-weapon/2018/11/29/5a6e44c8-c58e-11e8-9b1c-a90f1daae309_story.html|access-date=2021-01-22|archive-date=3 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803091311/https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/how-trump-isis-and-russia-have-mastered-the-internet-as-a-weapon/2018/11/29/5a6e44c8-c58e-11e8-9b1c-a90f1daae309_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The use of social media by [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIS]] and [[Al-Qaeda]] has been used to influence public opinion where it operates and gain the attention of sympathizers. Social media platforms and encrypted-messaging applications have been used to recruit members, both locally and internationally.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Awan |first1=Imran |title=Cyber-Extremism: Isis and the Power of Social Media |journal=Society |date=April 2017 |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=138–149 |doi=10.1007/s12115-017-0114-0 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Platforms have endured backlash for [[Use of social media by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|allowing this content]]. Extreme nationalist groups, and more prominently, US [[Right wing extremist|right-wing extremists]] have used similar online tactics. As many traditional social media platforms banned [[Online hate speech|hate speech]], several platforms became popular among right-wing extremists to carry out planning and communication including of events; these application became known as "[[Alt-tech]]". Platforms such as [[Telegram (software)|Telegram]], [[Parler]], and [[Gab (social network)|Gab]] were used during the [[January 6 United States Capitol attack]], to coordinate attacks.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Experts say echo chambers from apps like Parler and Gab contributed to attack on Capitol|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/experts-echo-chambers-apps-parler-gab-contributed-attack/story?id=75141014|last=Romero|first=Laura|date=2021-01-12|access-date=2021-01-22|website=ABC News|language=en|archive-date=13 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113154444/https://abcnews.go.com/US/experts-echo-chambers-apps-parler-gab-contributed-attack/story?id=75141014|url-status=live}}</ref> Members shared tips on how to avoid law enforcement and their plans on carrying out their objectives; some users called for killing law enforcement officers and politicians.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Murdock|first=Jason|date=2021-01-13|title=Amazon shut down Parler after users called for politicians, police to be killed: Lawsuit|url=https://www.newsweek.com/amazon-web-services-parler-lawsuit-user-threats-1561179|access-date=2021-01-22|website=Newsweek|language=en}}</ref>

== Deceased users ==
{{Further|Death and the Internet}}
Social media content persists unless the user deletes it. After a user dies, unless the platform is notified, their content remains.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-30|title=What happens to social media after you die|url=https://www.news.com.au/technology/online/social/this-is-what-happens-to-all-your-social-media-accounts-after-you-die/news-story/6af9db68910ec664752bdd7693875541|access-date=2020-11-27|website=NewsComAu|language=en|archive-date=1 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201191042/https://www.news.com.au/technology/online/social/this-is-what-happens-to-all-your-social-media-accounts-after-you-die/news-story/6af9db68910ec664752bdd7693875541|url-status=live}}</ref> Each platform has created guidelines for this situation.<ref name="Beyond-2017">{{Cite web|date=2017-03-08|title=Social Media Accounts After a Loved One Dies|url=https://beyond.life/help-centre/admin-legal/social-media-accounts-loved-one-dies/|access-date=2020-11-27|website=Beyond|language=en-GB|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404022713/https://beyond.life/help-centre/admin-legal/social-media-accounts-loved-one-dies/|url-status=live}}</ref> In most cases on social media, the platforms require a next-of-kin to prove that the user is deceased, and give them the option of closing the account or maintaining it in a 'legacy' status.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Guidelines for users who have died, by platform<ref name="Beyond-2017" />
!Platform
!Guideline
|-
|X<ref>{{Cite web|title=How to contact Twitter about a deceased family member's account|url=https://help.twitter.com/en/rules-and-policies/contact-twitter-about-a-deceased-family-members-account|access-date=2020-11-28|website=help.twitter.com|language=en|archive-date=30 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830212056/https://help.twitter.com/en/rules-and-policies/contact-twitter-about-a-deceased-family-members-account|url-status=live}}</ref>
|The company works with an immediate family member to deactivate the account. Additionally, X will not give the account to any other person, regardless of the relationship.
|-
|Facebook
|Users have the option of having their account permanently deleted after death. Users can identify a 'legacy contact' who would take over the account after.
|-
|Instagram<ref>{{Cite web|title=Instagram Help Center|url=https://help.instagram.com/contact/452224988254813?helpref=faq_content|access-date=2020-12-01|website=help.instagram.com|archive-date=19 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219035203/https://help.instagram.com/contact/452224988254813?helpref=faq_content|url-status=live}}</ref>
|Users can have the account memorialized or deleted with proof of death.
|-
|LinkedIn<ref>{{Cite web|title=Deceased LinkedIn Member|url=https://www.linkedin.com/help/linkedin/answer/2842/deceased-linkedin-member?lang=en|access-date=2020-12-01|website=LinkedIn Help|language=en|archive-date=23 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023072649/https://www.linkedin.com/help/linkedin/answer/2842/deceased-linkedin-member?lang=en|url-status=live}}</ref>
|A family member can request that the account be deleted. The family member must identify the account, submit proof of relationship, the user's email address, date of death, a link to the obituary, and the name of the last company the deceased worked for.
|-
|Pinterest
|Must email the company with the URL of the account along with a death certificate or a link to the obituary, as well as proof of relationship to the deceased.
|-
|YouTube<ref>{{Cite web|title=Submit a request regarding a deceased user's account |url=https://support.google.com/accounts/troubleshooter/6357590?hl=en#ts=6357650 |website=google.account.help.com |language=en}}</ref>
|A representative can close the account, transfer payments from the account to an immediate family member and legal representative of the user's estate, and can provide the data in the account to a family member. All three capabilities require the requestor's government-issued ID or driver's license, the decedent's death certificate, and additional supporting documentation.
|-
|[[WeChat]]
|The heir must supply the user's death certificate, authentication of family relationship. The successor can then obtain the assets.
|}

==See also==


{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* {{Annotated link |Algorithmic bias}}
* {{Annotated link |Attention inequality}}
* {{Annotated link |Citizen media}}
* {{Annotated link |Connectivism}}
* {{Annotated link |Connectivity (media)}}
* {{Annotated link |News aggregator|Content aggregator}}
* {{Annotated link |Culture jamming}}
* {{Annotated link |Digital detox}}
* {{Annotated link |List of social bookmarking websites}}
* {{Annotated link |List of social networking services}}
* {{Annotated link |Metcalfe's law}}
* {{Annotated link |Networked learning}}
* {{Annotated link |New media}}
* {{Annotated link |Online presence management}}
* {{Annotated link |Online research community}}
* {{Annotated link |Participatory media}}
* {{Annotated link |Psychological effects of Internet use}}
* {{Annotated link |Social influence bias}}
* {{Annotated link |Social media and psychology}}
* {{Annotated link |Social media in education}}
* {{Annotated link |Social media mining}}
* {{Annotated link |Social media optimization}}
* {{Annotated link |Social media surgery}}
* {{Annotated link |Social networking service}}
* {{Annotated link |The medium is the message}}
{{div col end}}


==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Aral |first=Sinan |year=2020 |title=The Hype Machine: How Social Media Disrupts Our Elections, Our Economy, and Our Health—and How We Must Adapt |isbn=978-0-525-57451-4 |publisher=Currency}}
* {{cite book |last=Fuchs |first=Christian |year=2021 |title=Social Media: A Critical Introduction |publisher=Sage |location=London|author-link=Christian Fuchs (sociologist)|isbn=978-1-5297-5274-8 |edition=3rd}}
* Hou, Yubo, Dan Xiong, Tonglin Jiang, Lily Song, and Qi Wang. "Social Media Addiction: Its Impact, Mediation, and Intervention". Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace 13, no. 1 (February 21, 2019). https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2019-1-4.

==External links==
{{Scholia|topic}}
{{Wikinews|New American Psychological Association guidelines: Parents should advise teenagers on social media use, impose restrictions}}
*{{Commons category-inline}}
* [https://www.bildungsserver.de/bildung-weltweit/social-media-ban-in-which-countries-7610_eng.html ''Social media bans worldwide''], a webdossier by the German Education Server, February 2026

{{Online social networking}}{{Computer-mediated communication}}{{Media culture}}
{{Authority control|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Social media| ]]
[[Category:Collaborative projects]]
[[Category:Crowdsourcing]]
[[Category:News aggregators]]
[[Category:Social networks]]

Patna Junction railway station

2026-03-27T12:24:31Z

Charnkamal: general fixed content to improve readability further and improved wording

{{Short description|Railway station in Patna, Bihar, India}}
{{for|the underground railway station|Patna Junction metro station}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px]] {{font color|blue|PATNA JUNCTION}}
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] '''''[[Indian Railways]] station'''''
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Patna Junction .jpg
| image_caption = Entrance view of Patna Junction railway station
| address = Station Road, Near [[Mahavir Mandir]], [[Patna]]- 800001 [[Bihar]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|25|36|10|N|85|8|15|E|display=inline}}
| elevation = {{convert|57|m|ft}}
| line = * '''[[File:Eastern Railway Zone.svg|20px|up|link= Eastern Railway zone]][[File:East Central Railway Zone.svg|20px|up|link=East Central Railway zone]][[File:North Central Railway Zone.svg|20px|up|link=North Central Railway zone]][[File:Northern Railway Zone.svg|20px|up|link= Northern Railway zone]] [[Howrah–Delhi main line]]'''

* [[File:East Central Railway Zone.svg|20px|up|link=East Central Railway zone]] [[Patna–Sonepur–Hajipur section]]

* [[File:Eastern Railway Zone.svg|20px|link= Eastern Railway zone]][[File:East Central Railway Zone.svg|20px|up|link=East Central Railway zone]] [[Asansol–Patna section]]

* [[File:East Central Railway Zone.svg|20px|up|link=East Central Railway zone]] [[Patna–Mughalsarai section]]

* [[File:East Central Railway Zone.svg|20px|up|link=East Central Railway zone]] [[Patna–Gaya line]]

| other = {{ric|Patna Metro}} {{rcb|Patna Metro|Blue|croute}} {{rcb|Patna Metro|Red|croute}} [[Patna Junction metro station|Patna Junction]] (under-construction)
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 10<ref name=rri_installed/>
| tracks = 15
| bicycle = Not available
| parking = {{Parking symbol}}  {{small|'''Car parking'''}}  {{color|green|Available}}
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|1862|12|25}}<ref name="Intra Urban Market Geography"/>
| closed =
| rebuilt = {{start date and age|2002}} '''Waiting hall''' {{start date and age|2019}}
| metro =
| electrified = [[File:Electric.svg|20px]] 2003–{{start date and age|2004}}<ref name=elec>{{cite web|title=History of Electrification|url=http://www.irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|work=information published by CORE (Central Organisation for Railway Electrification)|publisher=CORE (Central Organisation for Railway Electrification)|access-date=1 April 2012}}</ref>
| classification = [[Categorization of Indian Railway stations by commercial importance#Current (2017-)|NSG-1]]
| accessible = {{Access icon|20px}} {{color|green|Available}}
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = '''PNBE'''
| zone = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Danapur}}
}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.irctc.co.in/nget/train-search}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[File:East Central Railway Zone.svg|25px|up|link=East Central Railway zone]][[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| status = Functional
| former = Bankipore Junction
| passengers = 26.4 lakhs per day<ref>{{cite web | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2021-22-17/patna/45294328_1_two-escalators-patna-junction-platform-number | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103234505/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-17/patna/45294328_1_two-escalators-patna-junction-platform-number | url-status=dead | archive-date=3 January 2014 | title=Patna Junction to get two escalators by Jan-end | date=17 December 2022 | access-date=4 January 2021 | work=[[The Times of India]] | author=Kumod Verma}}</ref>
| other_services = [[File:Waiting_Room_-_The_Noun_Project.svg|20px|Waiting Room]] [[File:AB-Autobahnkiosk.svg|20px|Food & Drink]] [[File:BSicon_REST.svg|15px|Food Plaza]] [[File:Elevator_(AIGA_based).svg|15px|Lifts]] [[File:Surveillance_camera.svg|40px|CCTV]] [[File:Aiga_escalator_down_mirror.svg|20px|Escalators]] [[File:Wifiservice.svg|15px|Railwire Free Wifi]] [[File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_bed.svg|20px|Retiring Rooms]][[File:Money atm.svg|20px|ATM]]
| pass_system = {{increase}} {{color|#fc5|high}}
| mpassengers =
| pass_year = 2022
| pass_percent =
| pass_rank = Top 5 booking stations under [[Indian Railways]]<ref name=revenue />
| services = {{Adjacent stations|noclear=y
|header1=[[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
|system2=Indian Railways
|line2=Digha, Patna|left2=Sachiwalay Halt|right2=Rajendra Nagar Terminal|note-mid2=Towards [[Ganga Rail–Road Bridge]] ([[Hajipur]]⬅[[Sonepur, Bihar|Sonepur]]➡[[Chhapra]]) [[File:16 cardinal points NNW.png|15px|North Bihar]]
|line3=Patna–Mughalsarai section|left3=Sachiwalay Halt|right3=Rajendra Nagar Terminal|note-mid3=Towards {{stnlnk|Danapur}}/[[Patliputra Junction railway station|Patliputra]] [[File:16 cardinal points WSW.png|15px|Delhi/UP]]

|line4=Patna–Gaya line|left4=Parsa Bazar|right4=Gulzarbagh|note-mid4=Towards Jehanabad [[File:16 cardinal points SSW.png|15px|Jharkhand]]}}

| services_collapsible = yes
| route_map = {{Railways in Patna}}
{{Howrah–Delhi main line|collapse=y}}
| map_type = India#India Bihar#India Patna
| map_dot_label = Patna Junction
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in [[Patna]]##Location in India
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map of Patna Junction
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
}}

'''Patna Junction''' (station code '''PNBE''') is a major railway station located in the capital city of [[Patna]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Patna serial blasts|url=http://m.indiatoday.in/story/patna-serial-blasts-terror-suspect-sent-to-high-beur-jail/1/320712.html|work=[[India Today]]|date=29 October 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918174848/http://m.indiatoday.in/story/patna-serial-blasts-terror-suspect-sent-to-high-beur-jail/1/320712.html|archive-date=18 September 2016}}</ref> It is the main railway station serving Patna{{Efn|Other railway station serving Patna district are: [[Patliputra Junction]], [[Danapur railway station]] and [[Patna Sahib railway station]].
}}. It maintained under the [[Danapur railway division|Danapur division]] of the [[East Central Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]]. Patna Junction is one of the busiest railway stations of the country.<ref name="go4patna">{{cite web |title=Patna by Railways |url=http://www.go4patna.com/index.php/travel/transportation/patna-by-railways |work=go4patna.com |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019113554/http://go4patna.com/index.php/travel/transportation/patna-by-railways |archive-date=19 October 2016}}</ref>

Patna Junction railway station is connected to most of the major cities in India by the railway network. The city is a major railway hub and has five major stations: Patna Junction, [[Rajendranagar Terminal]], [[Danapur railway station]], {{stnlnk|Patliputra Junction}} and [[Patna Sahib station]]. Also 2 major railway station: [[Hajipur Junction]] and [[Sonpur Junction]] are just at a distance of 20 km from Patna. Patna is well connected with Ara, Gaya, Jehanabad, Biharsharif, Rajgir, Islampur, Sonpur, Hajipur, Muzaffarpur, Chhapra through daily passenger and express train services.

==History==

Patna Junction railway station was opened in 1862 as Bankipore Junction<ref name="mahatma">{{cite web |author=Amit Bhelari |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150228/jsp/bihar/story_6048.jsp#.VnMe_7Z97IU |title=Train to trace travels of Mahatma |work=Telegraph India |date=2015-02-28 |access-date=2015-12-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222094121/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150228/jsp/bihar/story_6048.jsp#.VnMe_7Z97IU |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref> in [[Bankipore]] (Bankipur) town, headquarters of the division and Patna district in [[Bengal]], [[British India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V06_388.gif |title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 6, page 382 – Imperial Gazetteer of India — Digital South Asia Library |publisher=Dsal.uchicago.edu |date=2013-02-18 |access-date=2015-12-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222110216/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V06_388.gif |archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref> The construction of railway line through Patna was started in 1855 and was completed and opened in 1862.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-QaOP5nK-MC&q=bankipore+junction&pg=PA131 |title=Bihar And Orissa District Gazetteers Patna — L.S.S. O'malley — Google Books |isbn=9788172681210 |access-date=2015-12-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222155044/https://books.google.com/books?id=a-QaOP5nK-MC&pg=PA131&lpg=PA131&dq=bankipore+junction&source=bl&ots=5MS1mi2mAb&sig=MICPQscPfRlRIav-QtSlV9UvK8Q&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjp-cXw4uPJAhUBqiwKHSMUCbMQ6AEIMTAE#v=onepage&q=bankipore%20junction&f=false |archive-date=22 December 2015|last1=O'Malley |first1=L. S. S. |year=1924 }}</ref> Prior to that the transport of raw materials and finished goods was done through the [[Ganga river]].<ref name="Intra Urban Market Geography">{{cite book|title=Intra Urban Market Geography|year = 1980|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfRyNIyl9RkC&pg=PA35|access-date=6 April 2012|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|pages=35–|id=GGKEY:H0N03P8ZTPB}}</ref> The Danapur Division came into existence on 1 January 1925. The present Divisional Railway Managers' office building was built in 1929.<ref name=danapur_gov>{{cite web|title=Danapur Division|url=http://www.ecr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,335|work=Background|publisher=Official Website of the East Central Railway, Gov of India|access-date=6 April 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506030134/http://www.ecr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,335|archive-date=6 May 2014}}</ref>

In 1948 Eastern Railway (ER) started an exclusively third class express train known as 'Janta Express' on 1 October 1948. This initially ran between Patna and Delhi and later on was extended from Delhi up to Howrah in 1949. This was the first Janta Express train in India.<ref name=timeline>{{cite web|title=Indian Railway History Time line|url=http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm|access-date=7 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714085533/http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm|archive-date=14 July 2012}}</ref>

In 2002 extensive redevelopment took place.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Dayal |first=Ravi |date=6 January 2002 |title=New look Patna junction by March |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/new-look-patna-junction-by-march/articleshow/1260916474.cms |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The number of platform was increased from 7 to 10. A new floor was constructed in the main station building.<ref name=":0" /> The platforms are interconnected with three [[foot overbridge]]s (FOB). The western overbridge is called the Delhi end FOB and the easternmost FOB is called Kolkata end FOB.<ref name="fob">{{cite news |date=15 November 2007 |title='Stampede' on Patna Junction FOB |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Stampede-on-Patna-Junction-FOB/articleshow/2541880.cms |url-status=live |access-date=7 April 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103182715/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-11-15/patna/27977838_1_railway-official-rpf-personnel-platform-nos |archive-date=3 January 2013}}</ref>

At the Rajendra Nagar Terminal and Patna Junction route [[relay interlocking]] (RRI) system were installed between 7 February 2012 till 12 February. The presence of RRI system allows computer operated change of tracks for running trains.<ref name="rri">{{cite news|title=Several trains rescheduled, cancelled from Feb 7 to 12|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Several-trains-rescheduled-cancelled-from-Feb-7-to-12/articleshow/11760987.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103104305/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-05/patna/31026956_1_passenger-trains-patna-junction-neeraj-ambastha|url-status=live|archive-date=3 January 2013|access-date=6 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 February 2012}}</ref> The presence of RRT system improves the safety of the railway traffic in the region.<ref name="rri_installed">{{cite news|title=Route relay interlocking system now operational at Patna junction|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-20/patna/31079041_1_patna-junction-rri-system-patna-gaya|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103224132/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-20/patna/31079041_1_patna-junction-rri-system-patna-gaya|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|access-date=6 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 February 2012}}</ref>

The new station façade put up in 2018-19 was designed by [[National Institute of Technology, Patna]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Kumod |date=14 September 2018 |title=Patna Junction gets Rs 5 crore for fresh look |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/patna-junction-gets-rs-5-crore-for-fresh-look/articleshow/65800961.cms |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> There have been other efforts as well to add cultural depictions and artwork in the station.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhelari |first=Amit |date=8 May 2018 |title=Know your Patna while waiting at Junction |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/know-your-patna-while-waiting-at-junction/cid/1441599 |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=The Telegraph India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Kumod |date=23 May 2019 |title=Patna Junction getting facelift |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/patna-junction-getting-facelift/articleshow/69449273.cms |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

Mahatma Gandhi came to Patna for the first time on 10 April 1917. At that time he reached Patna from Kolkata in a third class train, then Patna Junction was called Bankipur Junction.

==Facilities==
Facilities include mechanised cleaning, free RO mineral water, waiting rooms, retiring rooms, refreshment rooms for both vegetarians and non-vegetarians, food and tea stalls, book stalls, vehicle parking etc.<ref name=":0" /> It has a computerised reservation facility.<ref name=computerized_list>{{cite web|title=List of Locations (Irrespective of States) Where Computerized Reservation Facilities Are Available |url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/location_Alphabetically.html |publisher=Official website of the [[Indian Railways]] |access-date=18 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703033000/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/location_Alphabetically.html |archive-date= 3 July 2013 }}</ref> Vehicles are allowed to enter the station premises. During the COVID-19 pandemic, an automated Mask and Sanitizer Dispenser (MSD) machine was installed.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajesh Kumar |first1=Thakur |title=Machine to dispense mask and sanitizer installed at Patna railway station |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jun/09/machine-to-dispense-mask-and-sanitizer-installed-at-patna-railway-station-2154013.html |access-date=2 February 2021 |work=The New Indian Express |date=9 June 2020}}</ref> There is a post and telegraphic office and Government Railway Police (GRP) office.<ref name="makemytrip">{{cite web |title=order food in train at Patna Railway station |url=https://www.railrestro.com/food-delivery-in-train |url-status=live |archive-url=https://www.railrestro.com/blog/variety-of-cuisines-on-your-patna-to-bangalore-train-journey |archive-date=26 April 2012 |access-date=5 April 2012 |work=Travel, Indian Railways |publisher=RailRestro.com}}</ref><ref name="SinghBrown2009">{{cite book|author1=Sarina Singh|author2=Lindsay Brown|author3=Mark Elliott |author4=Paul Harding |author5=Abigail Hole |author6=Patrick Horton|title=Lonely Planet India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vK88ktao7pIC&pg=PA573|access-date=6 April 2012|date=1 September 2009|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74179-151-8|pages=573–}}</ref> Patna Junction is located close to the bus terminal and domestic airport providing transport to important destinations of Bihar.<ref name=makemytrip/> There is second exit point from [[New Karbigahiya|Karbigahiya]] end of the Patna Junction. [[New Karbigahiya|Karbigahiya]] is located on the south side of Patna Junction and serves as direct access point for platforms of the railway station.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/karbigahiya-end-becomes-functional-today/articleshow/117625.cms|title=2003 Karbigahiya end becomes functional today|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/today-karbigahiya-only-gateway-to-patna-jn/story-ikBfWCosapNp6xlg0GHS8K.html|title=Today, Karbigahiya only gateway to Patna Jn}}</ref>

To modernise the train inquiry system a call centre was opened in 2005.<ref name="budget05-06">{{cite web|title=Speech: Railway Budget 2005–06|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=7351|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208053813/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=7351|archive-date=8 February 2012|access-date=7 April 2012|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Govt of India}}</ref> Automatic ticket vending machines have been installed to reduce the queue for train tickets on the station.<ref name="toi_model">{{cite news |last=Verma |first=Kumod |date=12 May 2002 |title=8 more stations to be made models |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/8-more-stations-to-be-made-models/articleshow/9606303.cms |url-status=live |access-date=17 April 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103084612/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-05-12/patna/27114696_1_terminal-station-passengers-amenities-year-danapur |archive-date=3 January 2013}}</ref> One of the two departmental catering units of [[Danapur]] division are located at Patna Junction, the other being at [[Kiul Junction]].<ref name="catering">{{cite news |last=Verma |first=Kumod |date=28 November 2004 |title=Rly catering services to be privatised |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-11-28/patna/27145336_1_catering-services-patna-junction-railway-earnings |url-status=dead |access-date=17 April 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103120320/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-11-28/patna/27145336_1_catering-services-patna-junction-railway-earnings |archive-date=3 January 2013}}</ref> Patna Junction is going to have a [[Patna Junction metro station|metro station]] under [[Patna Metro]].<ref>[http://www.patnametro.in Patna Metro] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025225037/http://www.patnametro.in/ |date=25 October 2013 }}{{full citation needed|date=January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rumi |first=Faryal |date=7 August 2022 |title=Metro station near Patna Junction to be interchangeable |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/metro-station-near-patna-junction-to-be-interchangeable/articleshow/93401243.cms |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> There are a number of escalators.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Verma |first1=Kumod |last2=Rani |first2=Archi |date=15 September 2019 |title=Patna Junction gets new escalator, waiting hall |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/patna-junction-gets-new-escalator-waiting-hall/articleshow/71129691.cms |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Patna Junction to have Automatic Escalators for Passengers |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/07/patna-junction-to-have-automatic-escalators-for-passengers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707085933/http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/07/patna-junction-to-have-automatic-escalators-for-passengers/ |archive-date=7 July 2013 |access-date=4 September 2013 |website=Bihar Prabha}}</ref>

Indian Railways, under its station redevelopment and beautification initiative, renovated and beautified the waiting hall which opened in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Devanjana |first1=Nag |title=Indian Railways largest waiting hall opens at Patna Junction! From digital screens to local art, see features |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/indian-railways-largest-waiting-hall-opens-at-patna-junction-from-digital-screens-to-local-art-see-features/1707267/ |access-date=2 February 2021 |work=The Financial Express |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=16 September 2019}}</ref> It has been set up over an area of 7500 sq ft, providing seating capacity for over 300 passengers.<ref name="Financial Express">{{cite news |last1=Devanjana |first1=Nag |title=Indian Railways largest waiting hall opens at Patna Junction! From digital screens to local art, see features |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/indian-railways-largest-waiting-hall-opens-at-patna-junction-from-digital-screens-to-local-art-see-features/1707267/ |access-date=2 February 2021 |work=The Financial Express |publisher=Financial Express |date=16 September 2019}}</ref> Additionally 200 more seats are planned. The newly opened waiting hall is said to be largest waiting hall in the Indian Railways network. The new waiting hall has been provided with 7 HD screens of 65" displaying entertainment related content as well as train information 24*7.<ref name="Financial Express"/> The walls of the waiting hall has been beautified to promote local art with all the walls being covered in [[Madhubani painting]] with bright and attractive colours.<ref name="Financial Express"/> For the convenience of the passengers the entire waiting hall has been centrally air-conditioned. The waiting hall has also been provided with additional fans and lighted with 100 percent LED fixtures concealed in the ceiling. The station has lactation room for mothers so that the lactating mothers will be able to comfortably feed their babies in privacy.<ref name="Times Now">{{cite news |date=25 Feb 2019 |title=Railway station upgrade! Patna station gets an artistic makeover. See pics |work=Times Now News |publisher= |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/railway-station-upgrade-patna-station-gets-an-artistic-makeover-see-pics/371977 |access-date=2 February 2021}}</ref> The railway station has already been fitted with high-speed wireless internet service for passengers to enjoy free Wi-Fi facility.<ref name="Times Now"/> It was the first station in India to try out linen kiosks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thakur |first=Rajesh Kumar |date=30 June 2020 |title=In a first in India, Railways set up linen kiosk in Patna junction |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jun/30/in-a-first-in-india-railways-set-up-linen-kiosk-in-patna-junction-2163230.html |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> [[Indian Railways]] is soon going to construct Suburban Rail Terminal at [[Hardinge Park]] which is barely 900 metres west from Patna Junction.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/double-discharge-platforms-to-come-up-in-city-soon-ecr/articleshow/73562392.cms|title=Double-discharge platforms to come up in Patna soon: East Central Railway|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/patnas-hardinge-park-to-have-new-rail-terminal-101628584280416.html|title=Patna's Hardinge Park to have new rail terminal}}</ref>

==Rail traffic==
Patna Junction railway station is a major station of the East Central Railways. Its location on the Delhi–Kolkata rail route, makes Patna Junction served by several Express and Superfast trains.<ref name="makemytrip" />

In 2009, the construction of [[Digha–Sonpur Bridge]], was underway on the banks on the Ganges nearby, connected Patna to [[Bharpura Pahleza Ghat Junction railway station|Pahleja Ghat]]. The railway part of bridge was opened to rail traffic from 3 February 2016 and railway started passenger service from Patliputra Junction to various railway stations on north side of Ganges in Bihar.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Verma |first1=Kumod |last2=Verma |first2=H K |date=3 February 2016 |title=Trains run on Ganga bridge, end 18-year-long wait |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Trains-run-on-Ganga-bridge-end-18-year-long-wait/articleshow/50841297.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313200101/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Trains-run-on-Ganga-bridge-end-18-year-long-wait/articleshow/50841297.cms |archive-date=13 March 2016 |access-date=2016-02-03 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Swaroop |first=Vijay |date=12 October 2009 |title=India's longest rail-cum-road bridge to come up in Bihar |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-s-longest-rail-cum-road-bridge-to-come-up-in-Bihar/Article1-464170.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023152514/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-s-longest-rail-cum-road-bridge-to-come-up-in-Bihar/Article1-464170.aspx |archive-date=23 October 2010 |access-date=4 March 2012 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=3 July 2011 |title=Digha bridge cost likely to jump by Rs 3,000 cr |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Digha-bridge-cost-likely-to-jump-by-Rs-1000-cr/articleshow/9088951.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105053237/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-03/patna/29732615_1_digha-rail-rail-bridge-guide-bund |archive-date=5 January 2012}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="180">
File:Patna Junction platform 4 to 1.jpg|Platforms 4 to 1 in Patna Junction.
File:Train on Platform 3 of Patna Junction.jpg|A passenger train standing on platform 3 in Patna Junction.
File:Howrah-New Delhi Duronto Express standing on Patna Junction.jpg|12273 Howrah-New Delhi Duronto Express standing in Patna Junction
File:Locomotive party at Patna yard (7139628441).jpg|A [[WDP-4B]] class locomotive at Patna
</gallery>

==Trains==
===Trains originating from Patna===
* [[Ganga Damodar Express|Dhanbad - Patna Ganga Damodar Express]]
* [[Dhanbad–Patna Intercity Express|Dhanbad - Patna Intercity Express]]
* [[Patna–Hatia Patliputra Express]]
* [[Ernakulam–Patna Superfast Express (via Asansol)]]
* [[Patna–Mumbai CSMT Superfast Express]]
* [[Patna–Kota Express]]
* [[Howrah–Patna Jan Shatabdi Express]]
* [[Patna–Ranchi Jan Shatabdi Express]]
* [[Patna–Howrah Vande Bharat Express]]

==Nearest airports==
The nearest airports to Patna Junction are:{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

#[[Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Airport]], Patna {{Convert|5|km}}
#[[Gaya Airport]] {{convert|108|km}}
#[[Darbhanga Airport]] {{convert|138|km}}

==In popular culture==
* Patna Junction was one of the filming locations for the [[Bollywood]] movie ''[[Half Girlfriend (film)|Half Girlfriend]]''.<ref>{{cite news| title=Tejaswi rolls out red carpet for Chetan Bhagat| url=http://m.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/half-girlfriend-filming-tejaswi-yadav-rolls-out-red-carpet-for-chetan-bhagat/article8467919.ece| work=[[The Hindu]]| date= 13 April 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal bar|India|Transport|Railways|border=Yes}}
* [[Patna Metro]]

{{Wikivoyage inline|Patna}}
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Notelist}}{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
{{wikivoyage|Patna}}
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/332 Patna Junction Map]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100416105758/http://www.patna.nic.in/ Official website of the Patna district]

{{Railway stations in Bihar}}
{{Patna}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1862]]
[[Category:Danapur railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Patna]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian Railway A1 Category Stations]]

Kerala Education Act 1958 (Act 6 of 1959)

2026-03-26T00:27:39Z

Charnkamal: minor add details for clarity and improved wording

#REDIRECT [[Kerala Education Act, 1958]]

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Amavasya

2026-03-25T18:28:00Z

Charnkamal: adjust content for clarity based on references

{{Short description|Lunar phase near new moon}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox recurring event
| name = Amavasya
| native_name = {{IAST|Amāvásyā}}
| image = New_Moon.jpg
| caption = Simulated image of [[new moon]]
| genre = Natural phenomena
| frequency = Monthly
}}
'''Amavasya''' ({{IAST|Amāvásyā}}) represents the [[lunar phase]] of [[new moon]] in the [[Hindu calendar]]. A calendar month ends on amavasya as per the [[Hindu calendar#Amānta and Purnimānta systems|amanta]] tradition of the Hindu lunar calendar.{{efn|name=Amanta|The Hindu calendar follows two various systems:Amanta and Purnimanta. As per the amanta tradition, the lunar month ends on the [[new moon]] day and as per the purnimanta tradition, it ends on the [[full moon day]]. As a consequence, in the amanta tradition, [[Shukla paksha]] ([[waning moon]]) precedes [[Krishna paksha]] ([[waxing moon]]) in every lunar month, whereas the reverse happens in purnimānta tradition. Hence, Shukla paksha will always belong to the same month in both traditions, whereas Krishna paksha will always be associated with different but succeeding months in each tradition. The Amanta tradition is officially followed by the [[Indian national calendar]].<ref>{{cite book|author=V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar|title=The Gupta Polity|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|year=1993|isbn=978-81-208-1024-2|pages=24–35}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Amānta and Pūrṇimānta – Decoding Hindu Lunar Months |url=https://divinehindu.com/hinduism/amanta-and-purnimanta-decoding-hindu-lunar-months/|work=Divine Hindu |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lunar months – Pūrṇimānta and Amānta system |url=https://www.ekohumm.com/article/lunar-months-purnimanta-and-amanta-system|work=Ekohumm |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref>}} Various [[Hindu]] beliefs and rituals are associated with the day. [[Hindu festivals]] including [[Diwali]] are celebrated on the amavasya day of various months.

== Etymology ==
Amavasya is derived from [[Sanskrit]] words ''amā'' meaning "together" and ''vásya'' meaning "to dwell" or "cohabit", implying the conjunction of the [[Sun]] and the [[Moon]] in the same ecliptic longitude.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sampratyaya.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Article-7.-Dr.Ananya-Baruah.pdf|title=What is Amāvaśyā?|work=Sampratyaya Journal|date=December 2024|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> It can also be interpreted as "no-moon day", derived from ''na'' + ''ma'' + ''asya'' ("no" + "moon" + "there"), referring to the lunar phase when the Moon is not visible from the [[Earth]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilandvedas.com/2021/12/08/why-do-we-call-new-moon-day-amavasya-post-no-10423/|title=Why do we call new-moon day 'Amavasyā'?|date=8 December 2021|work=Tamil and Vedas|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

== Description ==
[[File:Amavasya and Prathama tithi.jpg|thumb|Amavasya and Prathama tithi]]
{{See also|Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar}}

In the Hindu lunar calendar, each month has 29 or 30 days. The month begins on the next day after Amavasya ([[new moon]]) or [[Purnima]] ([[full moon]]) in the [[Hindu calendar#Amānta and Purnimānta systems|amanta]] and [[Hindu calendar#Amānta and Purnimānta systems|purnimanta]] systems respectively. The amanta system is followed majorly in the [[South India]] and the purnimanta system in [[North India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aryasamajhouston.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=166&Itemid=125|title=Hindu calendar|work=[[Arya Samaj]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> A month consists of two cycles– [[Shukla Paksha]] ([[waning moon]]) and [[Krishna Paksha]] ([[waxing moon]]), consisting of 15 days each. Days in each cycle is labeled as a [[thithi]], with each thithi representing the [[Lunar phase (Hinduism)|different phases]] of the moon and repeating twice in a month.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iskconeducationalservices.org/HoH/practice/festivals/the-hindu-calendar/|title=Hindu calendar|work=[[ISKCON]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Most, Glenn W. |title=Hesiod Volume 1: Theogony Works and Days|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=2006}}</ref> Amavasya corresponds to the period when the [[Moon]] is within 12 degrees of angular distance from the Sun before their [[syzygy (astronomy)|conjunction]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Cole, Freedom|title=Amāvásya and Pratipad|journal=Jyotish Digest|volume=XI|issue=2|date=April–September 2014}}</ref>

== Tradition and beliefs ==
[[File:Pinda_Daan_-_Jagannath_Ghat_-_Kolkata_2012-10-15_0701.JPG|thumb|Worship of ancestors during [[Pitru Paksha]]]]

In [[Hindu culture]], Amavasya day is considered a time of significance to propitiate the Sun, the Moon and other Gods.<ref>{{cite book|author=B. K. Chaturvedi|title=Garuda Purana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hCFuxBfaIzQC&pg=PA82|access-date=13 November 2012|date=2002|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books|isbn=978-81-288-0155-6|pages=82–}}</ref> People observe [[fasting]] on the day, with the belief that all desires could be fulfilled if one fasts on this Amavasya.<ref>{{cite book|author=Gaṅgā Rām Garg|title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World: Ak-Aq|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WjDcd0cTFxQC&pg=PA370|access-date=13 November 2012|date=1992|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-375-7|pages=370–}}</ref> When the new moon day falls on a [[Monday]], it is observed as Somvati Amavasya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailyguardian.com/spirituality/somvati-amavasya-the-sacred-significance-and-observances/|title=SomvatiAmavasya – The Sacred Significance and Observances|date=10 December 2024|work=The Daily Guardian|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> Married women observe fast and pray to lord [[Shiva]] for the well-being of their husbands.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india-today.com/information/story/somvati-amavasya-2024-date-time-and-puja-vidhi-2524677-2024-04-08|title=Somvati Amavasya 2024: Date, Time and Puja Vidhi|date=8 April 2024|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

Amavasya is particularly associated with worship of ancestors (pitrs). People take holy dips in rivers and perform special [[puja (Hinduism)|pujas]]. It is considered the time to perform rituals ([[Śrāddha]]) to the ancestors. Memorial rituals such as [[tarpana]], and offering of pinda (cooked rice and flour balls mixed with [[ghee]] and black [[sesame]] seeds) are performed for the oblation of the departed souls of the forefathers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/rituals-puja/somvati-amavasya/articleshow/68207142.cms|title=SomvatiAmavasya: The Day to Honour Ancestors and Seek Liberation|date=4 March 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

The dark fortnight (Krishna Paksha) of the month of [[Bhadrapada]] is known as [[Pitru Paksha]] and is reserved for the [[veneration of the dead]]. The period ends on the ''Mahalaya Amavasya'' day, on which Hindus pay homage to their ancestors through special offerings. As per [[Hindu scriptures]], it has been ordained that offerings made during this period benefit all the departed souls with the grace of [[Yama (Hinduism)|Yama]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Pitru-Paksha – a fortnight of venerating and honouring our ancestors |url=https://britishhindus.org.uk/pitru-paksha-a-fortnight-of-venerating-and-honouring-our-ancestors/|work=British Hindus |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Significance of Pitru Paksha, Shraaddh and Tarpan |url=https://beta.esamskriti.com/e/Culture/Indian-Culture/Significance-of-Pitru-Paksha%2C-Shraaddh-and-Tarpan-2.aspx|work=eSamskriti |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What is Purnima Shradha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/rituals-puja/what-is-purnima-shradha/articleshow/68206047.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref> [[Kush Amavasya]] is observed on the same amavasya day of the month of Bhadrapada, during which people collect the sacred [[Kusha grass|Kusha]] grass which is used in various Hindu rituals.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kusha Grahani Amavasya |url=https://www.hindu-blog.com/2009/08/kushagrahani-amavasi-kushgrahini-amas.html|work=Hindu Blog |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bhadrapada Amavasya 2025 Date, Puja, Significance |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/lifestyle/spiritual/bhadrapada-amavasya-2025-date-time-puja-vidhi-2025-08-22-1004666|work=India TV |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref> In Southern state of [[Tamil Nadu]], people perform rituals on [[Aadi Amavasai]], which falls in the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of [[Aadi (month)|Aadi]] (July–August) and Thai Amavasai, which falls in the month of [[Thai (month)|Thai]] (January–February).<ref>{{cite web |title=Aadi Amavasai 2024: Importance and Rituals in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/festivals/aadi-amavasai |work=Tamil Nadu Tourism |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref>

== Festivals ==
[[File:The_Rangoli_of_Lights.jpg|thumb|[[Lakshmi Puja]], celebrated on the Amavasya of the month of [[Ashvin (month)|Ashvin]] marks the important day of [[Diwali]] celebrations]]

[[Diwali]] is a five‑day [[Hindu]] [[Diwali|festival of lights]] marking the victory of light over darkness, or good over evil.<ref>{{cite web |title=Deepavali |url=https://www.itslife.in/festivals/deepavali|work=Its Life |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mead |first=Jean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJyZKOtHWg4C&dq=deepavali+hinduism&pg=PA5 |title=How and why Do Hindus Celebrate Divali? |date=February 2008 |publisher=Evans Brothers |isbn=978-0-237-53412-7 |access-date=5 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111150755/https://books.google.com/books?id=QJyZKOtHWg4C&dq=deepavali+hinduism&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q=deepavali%20hinduism&f=false |archive-date=11 November 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Vasudha Narayanan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdTJJEQsDHoC&pg=PA31 |title=Celebrate Diwali |last2=Deborah Heiligman |publisher=National Geographic Society |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4263-0291-6 |page=31 |access-date=14 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102023011/https://books.google.com/books?id=rdTJJEQsDHoC&pg=PA31 |archive-date=2 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Lakshmi Puja]], celebrated on the Amavasya of the month of [[Ashvin (month)|Ashvin]] marks the important day of Diwali celebrations. It is dedicated to welcoming prosperity by worshipping [[Lakshmi]], the Hindu goddess of wealth, and [[Ganesha]], the foremost god. People light lamps ([[Diya (lamp)|diya]]s), burst [[Firecracker|crackers]], and do pujas.<ref name="NDTV">{{cite web |title=Happy Diwali: Deepavali, Kali Puja, Naraka Chaturdasi, Ramayana, The Legends Linked To Diwali |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/happy-diwali-deepavali-kali-puja-naraka-chaturdasi-ramayana-legends-linked-to-diwali-2120984|work=[[NDTV]] |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Diwali 2025: Five Days of Lights, Legends and Rituals |url=https://www.hinduismtoday.com/hpi/2024/10/31/diwali-2024-five-days-of-lights-legends-and-rituals/|work=Hinduism Today |date=31 October 2024 |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref>

Shani Dev Jayanti is celebrated on Amavasya of the month of [[Jyeshtha (month)|Jyeshtha]]. It is dedicated to [[Shani]] ([[Saturn]]), one of the [[navagrahas]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/when-is/shani-jayanti-2025-date-rituals-significance-shani-dev-temples-in-india-10031031/|title=Shani Jayanti 2025: Date, rituals, significance and top Shani Dev temples in India |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref> In [[Gujarat]], [[Dashama Vrata]], dedicated to [[Momai]], is observed on the Amavasya of the month of [[Ashadha]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dashama Vrata |url=https://www.bharattemples.com/dashama-vrata/|work=Bharat Temples |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dashama Vrat 2025: Date, Puja Vidhi and Significance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/rituals-puja/dashama-vrat-2025-date-puja-vidhi-and-significance/articleshow/122967832.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 July 2025 |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref> [[Sohrai]] is a [[harvest festival]] celebrated by tribal communities in [[Jharkhand]] and [[West Bengal]]. Observed on Amavasya of the month of [[Kartika (month)|Kartika]], it honours [[cattle]], agricultural land and involves paying tribute to the ancestors, and community feasting.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sohrai – A tribal festival celebrating cattle & nature |url=https://www.villagesquare.in/sohrai-tribal-festival-celebrating-cattles-nature/ |work=Village Square |date=2 February 2023 |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref> Homes are cleaned and decorated, livestock bathed and offered special meals, and the walls of houses are adorned with Sohrai art.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sohrai Festival |url=https://www.utsav.gov.in/view-event/sohrai-festival-1|work=Ministry of Tourism – Utsav |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Hindu astronomy]]
* [[Hindu units of measurement]]
* [[Jyotish]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://shrifreedom.org/vedic-astrology/amavasya-the-dark-moon/ A discussion of Amāvāsyā translation issues within Monier-Williams’ Sanskrit Dictionary]

{{Tithi}}
{{Hindu calendar}}



[[Category:Amavasya| ]]
[[Category:Hindu astronomy]]
[[Category:Hindu calendar]]
[[Category:Hindu astrology]]
[[Category:Days of the Hindu calendar]]
[[Category:Observances held on the new moon]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals]]

Tiki Formation

2026-03-25T12:00:33Z

Charnkamal: Put up info

{{short description|Geologic formation in India}}
{{Infobox rockunit
| name = Tiki Formation
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Geological formation]]
| age = {{fossil range|Carnian|Norian|[[Carnian]]-[[Norian]]}}
| period = Norian
| prilithology = [[Mudstone]]
| otherlithology = [[Claystone]], [[sandstone]]
| namedfor = Tiki village
| namedby =
| region = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|23.9|N|81.4|E|display=inline,title}}
| paleocoordinates = {{coord|42.6|S|51.1|E|display=inline}}
| unitof = [[Gondwana Group]]
| subunits = Lower & Upper members
| underlies = Unconformity with the [[Parsora Formation]]
| overlies = [[Karki Formation]]
| thickness =
| extent =
| area =
| map = {{Location map+ | India#India Madhya Pradesh
| relief = 1
| width = 250
| float = center
| places =
{{Location map~ | India#India Madhya Pradesh
| lat_deg = 23.9
| lon_deg = 81.4
| mark = Pink ff0080 pog.svg
| marksize = 10
}}
}}
| map_caption =
}}
The '''Tiki Formation''' is a [[Late Triassic]] ([[Carnian]] to [[Norian]]) geologic [[Formation (geology)|formation]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]], northern [[India]]. [[Dinosaur]] remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation, although none have yet been referred to a specific [[genus]].<ref name="Dinosaurdistribution" /> [[Phytosaur]] remains attributable to the genus ''[[Volcanosuchus]]'' have also been found in the Tiki Formation.<ref name=Chatterjee1978>Chatterjee, 1978</ref>

The genera ''[[Tikiodon]]'', ''[[Tikitherium]]'' and ''[[Tikisuchus]]'' and species ''[[Rewaconodon|Rewaconodon tikiensis]]'', ''[[Hyperodapedon|Hyperodapedon tikiensis]]'' and ''[[Parvodus|Parvodus tikiensis]]'' have been named after the Tiki Formation.

== Paleobiota ==
{{paleobiota-key-compact}}
=== Cynodonts ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="4" align="center" | [[Cynodont]]s of the Tiki Formation
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Material !! Notes
|-
| ''[[Gondwanadon]]''<ref name="Bhat2020" /><ref name=Datta1996>Datta & Das, 1996</ref>
| ''G. tapani''
| A single molar
| A [[morganucodont]]
|-
| ''[[Inditherium]]''<ref name="Bhat20202">{{cite journal |last1=Bhat |first1=M. S. |last2=Ray |first2=S. |last3=Datta |first3=P. M. |date=2020 |title=New cynodonts (Therapsida, Eucynodontia) from the Late Triassic of India and their significances |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=95 |issue=2 |pages=376–393 |doi=10.1017/jpa.2020.95}}</ref>
| ''I. floris<ref name="Bhat20202" />''
| Three postcanine teeth
| A [[dromatheriid]]
|-
| rowspan=2 | ''[[Rewaconodon]]''<ref name="Bhat2020" />
| ''R. indicus<ref name="Bhat20202" />''
| A partial jaw and three postcanine teeth
| rowspan=2 | A [[dromatheriid]]
|-
| ''R. tikiensis''<ref name=Kumar2019/>
|
|-
| ''[[Ruberodon]]''<ref name="Bhat2020" /><ref name="Ray2015" />
| ''R. roychowdhurii''
| Five partial jaws
| A [[traversodontid]]
|-
| ''[[Tikiodon]]''<ref name="Bhat2020" />
| ''T. cromptoni''
| A single postcanine tooth
| A [[mammaliamorph]]
|-
|style="background:#f3e9f3;" | ''[[Tikitherium]]''<ref name="Bhat2020" /><ref name="Datta2005" />
|style="background:#f3e9f3;" | ''T. copei''
|style="background:#f3e9f3;" | A single postcanine tooth
|style="background:#f3e9f3;" | A [[mammaliaform]]. Initially described as a basal mammaliaform related to [[Docodonta]], but later redescribed as a [[Neogene]] [[shrew]] fossil that was reworked into the older deposit.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Averianov |first1=Alexander O. |last2=Voyta |first2=Leonid L. |date=March 2024 |title=Putative Triassic stem mammal Tikitherium copei is a Neogene shrew |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10914-024-09703-w |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |language=en |volume=31 |issue=1 |doi=10.1007/s10914-024-09703-w |issn=1064-7554|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|-
| [[Cynodontia|Cynodontia indet.]]
|
|
|
|}

=== Reptiles ===
Teeth similar to ''Galtonia'', ''[[Protecovasaurus]]'',<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ray |first1=Sanghamitra |last2=Bhat |first2=Mohd Shafi |last3=Datta |first3=P. M. |date=2021-02-01 |title=First record of varied archosauriforms from the Upper Triassic of India based on isolated teeth, and their biostratigraphic implications |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2019.1609957 |journal=Historical Biology |language=en |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=237–253 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2019.1609957 |bibcode=2021HBio...33..237R |issn=0891-2963|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and ''[[Azendohsaurus]]''<ref name=":1" /> are known from the formation.
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="4" align="center" | [[Reptile]]s of the Tiki Formation
|-
! Genus / Taxon !! Species !! Material !! Notes
|-
|''[[Clevosaurus]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bhat |first1=Mohd Shafi |last2=Datta |first2=Debajit |last3=Ray |first3=Sanghamitra |last4=Datta |first4=P. M. |date=2023-01-02 |title=A new clevosaurid (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia) from the Upper Triassic of India |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2023.2232833 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |volume=43 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2023.2232833 |issn=0272-4634|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|''C. nicholsi''
|Jaw fragments
|A [[Clevosauridae|clevosaurid]] [[sphenodont]]
|-
| ''[[Colossosuchus]]<ref name="type">{{Cite journal |last1=Datta |first1=D. |last2=Ray |first2=S. |year=2023 |title=A giant phytosaur (Diapsida, Archosauria) from the Upper Triassic of India with new insights on phytosaur migration, endemism and extinction |journal=Papers in Palaeontology |volume=9 |issue=1 |at=e1476 |doi=10.1002/spp2.1476 |bibcode=2023PPal....9E1476D |s2cid=257103850}}</ref>''
| ''C. techniensis<ref name="type" />''
| Known from multiple skeletons, all likely died together
| A very large [[mystriosuchine]] [[phytosaur]]
|-
| [[Desmatosuchinae|Desmatosuchnae Indet.]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Haldar |first1=A. |last2=Ray |first2=S. |year=2025 |title=First report of desmatosuchine aetosaur (Pseudosuchia, Aetosauriformes) osteoderms from the Upper Triassic Tiki Formation of India: Their complex internal vascular system, functional significance and biostratigraphy |journal=Journal of Anatomy |doi=10.1111/joa.14255 |pmid=40205778 }}</ref>
|
| osteoderms
| A [[Stagonolepididae|stagonolepidid]] [[Aetosauria|aetosaur]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Hyperodapedon]]''<ref name="Kumar2019" />
| ''H. huxleyi''
| Rare maxillary tooth plates<ref name="Kumar2019" />
| A [[hyperodapedontine]] [[rhynchosaur]], also known as ''[[Paradapedon]]''.<ref name="Lydekker1885">Lydekker, 1885</ref> This species is far more common in the [[coeval]] [[Lower Maleri Formation]] of central India.
|-
| ''H. tikiensis<ref name="India">{{Cite journal |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Debarati |last2=Ray |first2=Sanghamitra |date=2014 |editor-last=Benson |editor-first=Roger |title=A new ''Hyperodapedon'' (Archosauromorpha, Rhynchosauria) from the Upper Triassic of India: implications for rhynchosaur phylogeny |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pala.12113 |journal=Palaeontology |language=en |volume=57 |issue=6 |pages=1241–1276 |bibcode=2014Palgy..57.1241M |doi=10.1111/pala.12113 |issn=0031-0239}}</ref>''
| Various cranial and postcranial elements
|A hyperodapedontine rhynchosaur
|-
| ''[[Parasuchus]]''<ref name="Chatterjee1987" /><ref name="Kumar2019" />
| ''P. hislopi''
| Skulls
| A basal (non-mystriosuchine) [[phytosaur]]
|-
| ''[[Tikisuchus]]''<ref name="Chatterjee1987" />
| ''T. romeri''
| The skull and some postcranial elements of a young individual
| A putative [[Rauisuchidae|rauisuchid]]
|-
| ''[[Volcanosuchus]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Datta |first1=Debajit |last2=Ray |first2=Sanghamitra |last3=Bandyopadhyay |first3=Saswati |date=2021 |title=Cranial morphology of a new phytosaur (Diapsida, Archosauria) from the Upper Triassic of India: implications for phytosaur phylogeny and biostratigraphy |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/spp2.1292 |journal=Papers in Palaeontology |language=en |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=675–708 |bibcode=2021PPal....7..675D |doi=10.1002/spp2.1292 |issn=2056-2802 |s2cid=213698017}}</ref>''
| ''V. statisticae<ref name=":0" />''
| A skull
| A mystriosuchine [[phytosaur]]
|-
| [[Ornithischia|Ornithischia indet.]]<ref name="Dattaetal2005">Datta et al., 2005</ref><ref name="Kumar2019" />
|
| OD01-OD03/Pal/CHQ/Tiki/15, 3 different teeth with presence of serration suggesting a carnivorus diet.
|
|-
| [[Saurischia|Saurischia indet.]]<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Ray |first1=Sanghamitra |last2=Bhat |first2=Mohd Safi |last3=Mukherjee |first3=Debarati |last4=Datta |first4=P. M. |date=2016-12-31 |title=Vertebrate fauna from the Late Triassic Tiki Formation of India: new finds and their biostratigraphic implications |url=https://jpsonline.co.in/index.php/jop/article/view/298 |journal=Journal of Palaeosciences |language=en |volume=65 |issue=(1-2) |pages=47–59 |doi=10.54991/jop.2016.298 |issn=2583-4266|doi-access=free }}</ref>
|
| numerous small and partial complete vertebrae and partial limb bones.
|
|-
| [[Phytosauria|Phytosauria indet.]]<ref name="Dattaetal2005" /><ref name="Mukherjee2012">Mukherjee & Ray, 2012</ref>
|
|
|
|-
| [[Pseudosuchia|Pseudosuchia indet.]]<ref name="Huene1940">Huene, 1940</ref>
|
|
|
|-
| [[Sphenodontia|Sphenodontia indet.]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Y. Priyananda |last2=Sharma |first2=K. Milankumar |last3=Tiwari |first3=Raghavendra Prasad |last4=Patnaik |first4=Rajeev |last5=Singh |first5=Nongmaithem Amardas |last6=Singh |first6=Ningthoujam Premjit |date=27 March 2023 |title=Lepidosauromorphs and associated vertebrate fauna from the Late Triassic Tiki Formation, South Rewa, Gondwana basin, India: implication for paleoenvironment and paleobiogeography |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s43538-023-00162-0 |journal=[[Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy]] |language=en |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=325–346 |doi=10.1007/s43538-023-00162-0 |bibcode=2023INSAP..89..325S |issn=0370-0046 |access-date=27 December 2024 |via=Springer Nature Link|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Dattaetal2005" /><ref name="Kumar2019" />
|
|
|
|-
| [[Theropoda|Theropoda indet.]]<ref name="Chatterjee1987" />
|
| IITKGPR435b, a single tooth and IITKGPR502, a ungual phalanx<ref name=":6"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rakshit |first1=Nibedita |last2=Bhat |first2=Mohd Shafi |last3=Ray |first3=Sanghamitra |last4=Datta |first4=P.M. |date=2018 |title=First report of dinosaurian claws from the Late Triassic of India |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1871174X1730135X |journal=Palaeoworld |language=en |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=179–187 |doi=10.1016/j.palwor.2018.01.001|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|
|}

=== Amphibians ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="4" align="center" | [[Amphibian]]s of the Tiki Formation
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Material !! Notes
|-
| ''[[Eodiscoglossus]]''<ref name="Kumar2019" />
| ''E. sp''
|An incomplete jaw
| A [[discoglossid]] [[frog]]
|-
| ''[[Compsocerops]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chakravorti |first1=Sanjukta |last2=Sengupta |first2=Dhurjati Prasad |date=2023-03-06 |title=The first record of chigutisaurid amphibian from the Late Triassic Tiki Formation and the probable Carnian pluvial episode in central India |url=https://peerj.com/articles/14865/ |journal=PeerJ |language=en |volume=11 |article-number=e14865 |doi=10.7717/peerj.14865 |doi-access=free |issn=2167-8359|pmc=9997194 }}</ref>
| ''C. tikiensis''
|
| A [[Chigutisauridae|chigutisaurid]] [[Temnospondyli|temnospondyl]]
|-
| ''[[Metoposaurus]]''<ref name="Chatterjee1987">Chatterjee & Majumdar, 1987</ref>
| ''M. sp.''
|
| A [[Metoposauridae|metoposaurid]] temnospondyl
|-
| ''[[Panthasaurus]]''
| ''P. maleriensis''
|
| A metoposaurid temnospondyl
|}

=== Fish ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="4" align="center" | [[Fish]]es of the Tiki Formation
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Material !! Notes
|-
| ''[[Cladodus]]<ref name="Kumar2019">Kumar & Sharma, 2019</ref>''
| ''C. sp.''
| Teeth
| A [[Ctenacanthiformes|ctenacanth]]
|-
|''[[Gnathorhiza]]''
|''G. sp.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Bhat |first1=Mohd Shafi |last2=Ray |first2=Sanghamitra |date=2020-03-15 |title=A record of new lungfishes (Osteichthyes: Dipnoi) from the Carnian (Upper Triassic) of India |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2018.1499020 |journal=Historical Biology |language=en |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=428–437 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2018.1499020 |bibcode=2020HBio...32..428B |issn=0891-2963|url-access=subscription }}</ref>''
|Teeth
|A [[Gnathorhizidae|gnathorhizid]] [[lungfish]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Lonchidion]]''
|''L. estesi''
|
|A [[Hybodontiformes|hybodont]]
|-
|''L. encumbens''
|
|A hybodont
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Mooreodontus]]''<ref name=":1" />
|''M. indicus''<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Bhat |first1=Mohd Shafi |last2=Ray |first2=Sanghamitra |last3=Datta |first3=P.M. |date=2018 |title=A new assemblage of freshwater sharks (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii) from the Upper Triassic of India |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016699517301717 |journal=Geobios |language=en |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=269–283 |doi=10.1016/j.geobios.2018.06.004|bibcode=2018Geobi..51..269B |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|Teeth
| rowspan="2" |A [[Xenacanthida|xenacanthid]]
|-
|''M. jaini<ref name=":4" />''
|Teeth
|-
|''[[Pristrisodus]]''<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Bhat |first1=Mohd Shafi |last2=Ray |first2=Sanghamitra |last3=Datta |first3=P. M. |date=2018 |title=A new hybodont shark (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii) from the Upper Triassic Tiki Formation of India with remarks on its dental histology and biostratigraphy |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/new-hybodont-shark-chondrichthyes-elasmobranchii-from-the-upper-triassic-tiki-formation-of-india-with-remarks-on-its-dental-histology-and-biostratigraphy/CB0142469CBECF7333AE748F7E877EAB |journal=Journal of Paleontology |language=en |volume=92 |issue=2 |pages=221–239 |doi=10.1017/jpa.2017.63 |bibcode=2018JPal...92..221B |issn=0022-3360|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|''P. tikiensis<ref name=":5" />''
|Teeth
|A hybodont, formerly known as ''Parvodus tikiensis'' and ''Lissodus duffini''.''<ref name="Kumar2019" />''
|-
|''[[Ptychoceratodus]]''
|''P. oldhami''<ref name=":2" />
|Teeth
|A [[Ptychoceratodontidae|ptychoceratodontid]] lungfish
|-
|''[[Tikiodontus]]<ref name=":4" />''
|''T. asymmetricus<ref name=":4" />''
|Teeth
|A xenacanthid
|-
| [[Actinopterygii|Actinopterygii indet.]]<ref name=Kumar2019/>
|
|
|
|-
| [[Coelacanthidae|Coelacanthidae indet.]]<ref name=Kumar2019/>
|
|
|
|}
=== Flora ===
{{div col|colwidth=29em}}
* ''[[Baiera|Baiera sp.]]''<ref name=Pal1984>Pal, 1984</ref>
* ''[[Dicroidium|Dicroidium sp.]]''<ref name=Pal1984/>
* ''[[Elatocladus|Elatocladus sp.]]''<ref name=Pal1984/>
* ''[[Lepidopteris|Lepidopteris sp.]]''<ref name=Pal1984/>
* ''[[Pagiophyllum|Pagiophyllum sp.]]''<ref name=Pal1984/>
* ''[[Sphenobaiera|Sphenobaiera sp.]]''<ref name=Pal1984/>
* ''[[Xylopteris|Xylopteris sp.]]''<ref name=Pal1984/>
* ''[[Yabeiella|Yabeiella sp.]]''<ref name=Pal1984/>
{{div col end}}

== Correlations ==
The Tiki Formation is considered a temporal equivalent of the [[Lower Maleri Formation]]. The majority of the Tiki Formation correlates with the [[Ischigualasto Formation]] of Argentina, the upper part of the [[Santa Maria Formation]], and the overlying lower [[Caturrita Formation]] of Brazil, the [[Isalo II|Isalo II Beds]] of Madagascar, [[Lossiemouth Sandstone]] of Scotland, and the lower [[Tecovas Formation]] of the [[Chinle Group]] of North America.

== See also ==
* [[List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations]]
** [[List of stratigraphic units with indeterminate dinosaur fossils]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Bhat2020">{{cite journal |last1=Bhat |first1=M. S. |last2=Ray |first2=S. |last3=Datta |first3=P. M. |title=New cynodonts (Therapsida, Eucynodontia) from the Late Triassic of India and their significances |journal=[[Journal of Paleontology]] |date=2020 |volume=95 |issue=2 |pages=376–393 |doi=10.1017/jpa.2020.95|s2cid=228836405 }}</ref>
<ref name="Datta2005">{{cite journal |last1=Datta |first1=P. M. |title=Earliest mammal with transversely expanded upper molar from the Late Triassic (Carnian) Tiki Formation, South Rewa Gondwana Basin, India |journal=[[Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology]] |date=2005 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=200–207 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0200:EMWTEU]2.0.CO;2}}</ref>
<ref name="Dinosaurdistribution">Weishampel et al., 2004, "Dinosaur distribution", pp. 517-607</ref>
<ref name="Ray2015">{{cite journal |last1=Ray |first1=S. |title=A new Late Triassic traversodontid cynodont (Therapsida, Eucynodontia) from India |journal=[[Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology]] |date=2015 |volume=35 |issue=3 |article-number=e930472 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2014.930472|bibcode=2015JVPal..35E0472R |s2cid=86368800 }}</ref>
}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=J. |first2=K. M. |last2=Sharma |year=2019 |title=Micro and mega-vertebrate fossils from the Late Triassic Tiki Formation, South Rewa Gondwana Basin, India: palaeoenvironmental and palaeobiogeographic implications |journal=[[Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India]] |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=151–168|doi=10.1177/0971102320190201 |bibcode=2019JPalS..64..151K }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mukherjee |first1=D. |first2=S. |last2=Ray |year=2012 |title=Taphonomy of an Upper Triassic vertebrate bonebed: A new rhynchosaur (Reptilia; Archosauromorpha) accumulation from India |journal=[[Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology]] |volume=333-334 |pages=75–91|doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.03.010 |bibcode=2012PPP...333...75M }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Datta |first1=P. M. |first2=D. P. |last2=Das |first3=Z.-X. |last3=Luo |year=2004 |title=A late Triassic dromatheriid (Synapsida: Cynodontia) from India |journal=[[Annals of Carnegie Museum]] |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=72–84|doi=10.5962/p.215151 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2004AnCM...73...72D }}
* {{cite book |editor-last=[[David B. Weishampel|Weishampel]] |editor-first=David B. |editor-last2=[[Peter Dodson|Dodson]] |editor-first2=Peter |editor-last3=[[Halszka Osmólska|Osmólska]] |editor-first3=Halszka |year=2004 |title=The Dinosauria|edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vtZFDb_iw40C |location=Berkeley|publisher= University of California Press |pages=1–880 |access-date=2019-02-21|isbn=0-520-24209-2}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Datta |first1=P. M. |first2=D. P. |last2=Das |year=1996 |title=Discovery of the oldest fossil mammal from India |journal=[[Indian Minerals]] |volume=50 |pages=217–222}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Chatterjee |first1=S. |first2=P. K. |last2=Majumdar |year=1987 |title=''Tikisuchus romeri'', a new rauisuchid reptile from the Late Triassic of India |journal=[[Journal of Paleontology]] |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=787–793|doi=10.1017/S0022336000029139 |bibcode=1987JPal...61..787C }}
* {{cite journal |last=Pal |first=P.K |year=1984 |title=Triassic plant megafossils from the Tiki Formation, South Rewa Gondwana Basin, India |journal=[[The Palaeobotanist]] |volume=32 |pages=253–309}}
* {{cite journal |last=Chatterjee |first=S |year=1978 |title=A primitive parasuchid (Phytosaur) reptile from the Upper Triassic Maleri Formation of India |journal=[[Palaeontology (journal)|Palaeontology]] |volume=21 |pages=83–127}}
* {{cite journal |last=[[Friedrich von Huene|Huene]] |first=F. von |year=1940 |title=The tetrapod fauna of the Upper Triassic Maleri Beds |journal=Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India Palaeontologia Indica |series=New Series |volume=32 |pages=1–42}}
* {{cite journal |last=[[Richard Lydekker|Lydekker]] |first=R |year=1885 |title=The Reptilia & Amphibia of the Maleria & Denwa Groups |journal=Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India. Palaeontologia Indica, Series IV. Indian Pretertiary Vertebrata |volume=1 |pages=1–38}}

[[Category:Geologic formations of India]]
[[Category:Triassic System of Asia]]
[[Category:Triassic India]]
[[Category:Carnian Stage]]
[[Category:Norian Stage]]
[[Category:Mudstone formations]]
[[Category:Sandstone formations]]
[[Category:Fluvial deposits]]
[[Category:Lacustrine deposits]]
[[Category:Paleontology in India]]
[[Category:Geography of Madhya Pradesh]]

8 A.M. Metro

2026-03-23T20:59:43Z

Charnkamal: new

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = 8 A.M. Metro
| image = 8 A.M. Metro Theatrical Release Poster.png
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Raj Rachakonda
| writer = Raj Rachakonda
| based_on = ''[[Andamina Jeevitam]]'' by [[Malladi Venkata Krishna Murthy]]
| producer = {{ubl|Raj Rachakonda|Kishore Ganji}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Gulshan Devaiah]]|[[Saiyami Kher]]}}
| cinematography = Sunny Kurapati
| editing = Anil Aalayam
| music = Mark K. Robin
| studio = Studio 99
| distributor = Platoon Distribution
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|05|19}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}

'''''8 A.M. Metro''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Hindi]]-language drama film written and directed by Raj Rachakonda. The film stars [[Gulshan Devaiah]] and [[Saiyami Kher]] in pivotal roles. This film is inspired from [[Malladi Venkata Krishna Murthy]]'s novel ''[[Andamina Jeevitam|Andhamaina Jeevitham]]'' (trans| Life is Beautiful).<ref>https://www.ottplay.com/features/8-am-metro-the-gulshan-devaiah-saiyami-kher-film-should-have-been-a-book/d4fdc8eb0f6</ref> The film tells the unusual story of two strangers who inadvertently bump into each other in the metro and strike up an unlikely friendship, in the process finding themselves and each other.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-14 |title='8 A.M. Metro' tells the story of two strangers brought together by destiny |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/8-a-m-metro-tells-the-story-of-two-strangers-brought-together-by-destiny/articleshow/99492902.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The film released theatrically on 19 May 2023 to positive reviews from critics.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=It's 8 A. M. Metro, After Mallesham |url=http://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994587090/Its-A-M-Metro-After-Mallesham |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=indiaherald.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film follows Iravati, a 29-year-old housewife whose mundane life in Nanded is turned upside down when she has to rush to [[Hyderabad]] to tend to her pregnant sister who is confined to the bed. Fighting off recurring panic attacks, she turns to Preetam, a banker with more to him than meets the eye, and the duo subsequently go on many journeys, finding solace in each other's company.

== Cast ==
* [[Gulshan Devaiah]] as Preetam
* [[Saiyami Kher]] as Iravati "Ira"
* [[Kalpika Ganesh]] as Mridula
* [[Umesh Kamat]] as Umesh
* Rajiv Kumar Aneja as writer
* Sandeep Bharadwaj as Abhiram
* Moin Jaan as Ira's Father
* Jay Jha as Partho
* Nimisha Nair as Riya
* Dheer Charan Srivastav as Iqbal
* Madhu Swaminath as Jaya

== Production ==
The film contains seven poems written by [[Gulzar]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=Gulzar unveils poster of Gulshan Devaiah, Saiyami Kher's movie '8 A.M. Metro' |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2023/entertainment/gulzar-unveils-poster-of-gulshan-devaiah--saiyami-kher-s-movie--8-a-m--metro-.html |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref>

===Filming===
Many scenes of the film were shot in [[Hyderabad Metro]].

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = 8 A.M. Metro
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Mark K. Robin
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 29 May 2023
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 22:43
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| prev_title = [[The Ghost (2022 film)|The Ghost]]
| prev_year = 2022
| next_title = [[My Name Is Shruthi]]
| next_year = 2023
| producer =
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
| {{YouTube|qNQb1kIAvPo&ab|8 A.M. Metro – Full Album}}
}}}}

The film's music is composed by Mark K Robin.
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Woh Khuda
| length1 = 3:13
| lyrics1 = Shahbaaz Khan, Manoj Juloori
| extra1 = [[Nooran Sisters]]
| title2 = Ghoomey
| length2 = 3:42
| lyrics2 = Manoj Juloori
| extra2 = [[Jubin Nautiyal]]
| title3 = Phir Se Dil Toota
| length3 = 3:08
| lyrics3 = [[Kausar Munir]]
| extra3 = [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
| title4 = Hey Fikar
| length4 = 3:01
| lyrics4 = [[Kausar Munir]]
| extra4 = [[Jonita Gandhi]]
| title5 = Ghoomey (R&B Version)
| length5 = 3:17
| lyrics5 = Manoj Juloori
| extra5 = R&B
| title6 = Woh Khuda (Javed Ali Version)
| length6 = 3:27
| lyrics6 = Shahbaaz Khan, Manoj Juloori
| extra6 = [[Javed Ali]]
| title7 = Hey Fikar (Suzanne's Version)
| length7 = 2:55
| lyrics7 = [[Kausar Munir]]
| extra7 = Suzanne D'Mello
| total_length = 22:43
}}

==Release==
The film was theatrically released on 19 May 2023.<ref name=":0" />

==Critical reception==
''8 A.M. Metro'' received positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gulshan Devaiah and Saiyami Kher's 8 A.M. Metro gets OTT release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2024/May/04/gulshan-devaiah-and-saiyami-khers-8-am-metro-gets-ott-release-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222071303/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2024/May/04/gulshan-devaiah-and-saiyami-khers-8-am-metro-gets-ott-release-date |archive-date=22 February 2025 |access-date=22 February 2025 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |quote=It was released in theatres on May 19, 2023 and received positive reviews from audience and critics.}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|78|6.7|9|consensus=}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=8 A.M. Metro {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/8_am_metro |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>

Dhaval Roy of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 3.5 stars out of 5, stating that the film tells the meaning of live, life, loss and eventual healing.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/8-a-m-metro/movie-review/100307324.cms|title=8 AM Review|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> Grace Cycril of ''[[India Today]]'' gave the film 3.5 stars out of 5, stating that the film is like a group therapy session.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/8-am-metro-movie-review-saiyami-kher-gulshan-deviahs-film-is-a-poetic-ode-to-bollywood-2380741-2023-05-18|title=8 AM Metro Movie Review: Saiyami Kher, Gulshan Deviah's film is a poetic ode to Bollywood|date=18 May 2023 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt27511275|8 A.M. Metro}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes | 8_am_metro }}
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2023 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]

Indian Register of Shipping

2026-03-16T14:33:01Z

Charnkamal: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Short description|Indian ship classification society}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2012}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Indian Register of Shipping (IRClass)
| logo = Indian Register of Shipping (logo).png
| logo_size = 160px
| type = Non-Profit Organisation, Public Ltd. Company
| genre = [[Classification Society]]
| foundation = 1975
| founder =
| location_city = [[Powai]], [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| location =
| locations =
| area_served = Global
| key_people = Arun Sharma (Executive Chairman)
| industry = Shipbuilding
| products =
| services = Classification
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.irclass.org/|irclass.org}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Indian Register of Shipping (IRClass)''' is an internationally recognised, independent ship [[classification society]], founded in [[India]] in 1975. It is a public limited company incorporated under Section 25 of the Indian Companies Act 1956 (Section 8 of Indian Companies Act 2013). It is a [[Nonprofit organization|Non-Profit organisation]], [[Public sector undertakings in India|Public undertaking]] and a member of the 12 member [[International Association of Classification Societies]] (IACS). It was inducted into IACS along with [[Croatian Register of Shipping]] (CRS) and [[Polish Register of Shipping]] (PRS).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.india.com/business/indian-register-of-shipping-to-expand-footprint-in-se-asia-579546/|title=Indian Register of Shipping to expand footprint in SE Asia|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2015-09-26|work=India.com|access-date=2018-01-27|language=en}}</ref>

Today, IRClass acts on behalf of the Maritime Administration of the [[Government of India]] as the sole authority for final assignment of Load Lines in Indian flag vessels and also as the security organisation that determines compliance under the [[International Ship and Port Facility Security Code]] (ISPS) code for Indian flag ships and port facilities.

IRClass provides independent third party technical inspection and certification services for all types of ships, marine craft and structures. These services have also been expanded to cover a range of offshore and industrial projects and are designed to meet [[ISO 9000|ISO 9001]] specifications (the International Standard on Quality Management Systems).

Indian Register of Shipping was established as a public limited company in March 1975 and has been providing ship classification services. In addition, they establish standards and formulate rules for the construction and maintenance of ships, amphibious installation, marine equipment and industrial and general engineering equipment. They also undertake approval of designs, survey and to issue reports on land installations, machinery, materials and apparatus of all kinds.

==History==
Indian Register of Shipping was founded in 1975 to act as a catalyst of self-regulation by Indian Shipping Industries and to serve as a forum for research and development.

Here are some important milestones in its history<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slideshare.net/asokendu/indian-register-of-shipping-going-global-to-greece |title=Indian Register of Shipping setting up office in Greece |date=4 September 2011 |publisher=The Slide Share}}</ref>

* '''1975''' – IRS was established and registered under section 25 (erstwhile section 8) of the [[Companies Act 1956]] as not for profit public limited company. In the same year dual class agreements for mutual cooperation were signed with the [[American Bureau of Shipping]], [[Lloyd's Register of Shipping]] and [[Det Norske Veritas]], the first register of ships was also published in the same year.
* '''1977''' - IRS published its first rule book.
* '''1979''' - IRS was authorised by the Indian Government to assign load lines on Indian flag vessels. In the same year it diversified its activities to include inspection for land based industries.
* '''1983''' – dual class agreement with [[Bureau Veritas]].
* '''1984''' – dual class agreement with [[Germanischer Lloyd]].
* '''1991''' – IRS became an associate of the [[International Association of Classification Societies|IACS]].
* '''1997''' – IRS was appointed by the Maritime Administration of the Indian Government as the sole authority for final assignment of Load Line in Indian flag vessels.
* '''1998''' – IRS was appointed as the only recognised organisation for conducting audits under the ISM Code for all Indian flag vessels.
* '''2000''' – The [[International Underwriting Association]] under the Institution Classification Clause recognises the IRS. By virtue of this ships classified under the IRS would not attract any extra insurance. This was a first for an Associate Member.
* '''2004''' - The [[International Ship and Port Facility Security Code]] (ISPS) came into effect. IRS was appointed as the sole recognised security organisation to determine compliance under the code for Indian flag ships and port facilities.
* '''2010''' – IRS becomes a full member of [[International Association of Classification Societies|IACS]].
* '''2016''' – IRS receives recognition from European Commission [[European Commission|EC]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emsa.europa.eu/visits-a-inspections/assessment-of-classification-societies.html|title=Inspections of Recognised Organisations}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* '''2018''' – IRS takes over as Vice Chairman of [[International Association of Classification Societies|IACS]].
* '''2019''' – IRS elected as Chairman of [[International Association of Classification Societies|IACS]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iacs.org.uk/news/indian-register-of-shipping-takes-over-chairmanship-of-iacs/|title=Indian Register of Shipping takes over Chairmanship of IACS}}</ref>
* '''2020''' - India's first LNG-FSRU ship was certified under IRClass specification.<ref>https://www.marinelink.com/news/irclass-classes-indias-first-lngfsru-482819</ref>

==Organisation & Management==

IRS is a non-profit making organisation. All funds generated from fees for classification services are used solely for the performance of such services. A surplus of receipts in any one year is used for the extension and improvement of the services, including research and development. It has a Committee of Management with representatives from the Ministry and from each industry segment that uses its services. IRS has 25 offices located all over India. It has overseas offices at [[Bangladesh]], [[China]], [[Greece]], [[Indonesia]], [[Netherlands]], [[Qatar]], [[Singapore]], [[South Korea]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Thailand]], [[UAE]], [[UK]] and [[United States]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/irclass-enhances-presences-in-key-asian-markets-119040900481_1.html|title=IRClass enhances presences in key Asian markets|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=9 April 2019|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>

==Services==

===Statutory Services===

IRS carries out statutory design appraisal, surveys and certification work on behalf of Flag States, when so authorised by the Governments of such states via the International Maritime Organisation Conventions and Codes . The four major IMO conventions are:

* International Convention on Loadline
* International Convention for the safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS)
* International Tonnage Convention
* International Convention on Maritime Pollution Prevention (MARPOL)

===Non-Classification Services===

====Specification Services====
IRS surveyors who are seconded in to the owners for technical advisory and supervisory services operate independently. IRS specification services have been used extensively by various ship owners including national administrations, port authorities, oil companies etc. Specification services are provided for pre-contract as well as post-contract stages.

Pre-contract services include:

* Advice for preparation of inquiry documents for tendering
* Appraisal of tender bids from shipbuilders
* Power estimation
* Fuel consumption, endurance and capacities for consumables
* Trim and stability calculations
* General layout and space concepts
* Cargo capacities and handling arrangements
* Selection of propulsion and auxiliary machinery
* Advice for painting and corrosion protection scheme.

====Post-contract services====

Design appraisal is done at the early stages to ensure that proposed arrangement conforms to the agreed specification. The design appraisal could cover model-testing program for power estimation, sea keeping and maneuvering.

Generally the following plans are verified for ensuring compliance with specification:

* Hull and superstructure
* All machinery systems
* Loading conditions
* Tank arrangement and capacities
* Electrical and control system
* Painting specification and corrosion control system
* Communication systems and navigational equipment
* Safety equipment and life saving appliances

====Supervision during all stages of construction====

At the shipyard, comprehensive supervision is provided during all stages of constructions including tests and trials. Owners are appraised at monthly or agreed intervals about progress, deviations, from specifications and other pertinent facts of owners interest. Visits are arranged to the sub-contractor's work sites to inspect major items of machinery and equipment to ensure compliance with specifications and agreed standards of workmanship.

====Supervision during major modification and repair====

This includes a broad range of focus areas like:

* Examination of existing plans of a vessel to assess its suitability for modifications
* Examination of the existing condition of a vessel
* Assisting owners in evaluation of contractors
* Supervision of modification work

===Damage Surveys===

Damage surveys on hull, machinery, equipment and permanent fittings on classed or nonclassed ships are done at the request of ship owners or any other interested parties such as underwriters, and factual reports are issued to the parties.

This service includes survey of damage:

* To establish nature, extent and cause of damage
* Recommendation of repairs
* Supervision and certification of repair done
* Final endorsement of repair bills.

== See also ==
{{Portal | India }}
* [[Classification Society]]
* [[International Association of Classification Societies]]
* [[International Maritime Organization]]
* [[Coastal India]]
* [[Exclusive economic zone of India]]
* [[Fishing in India]]
* [[Outline of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{IACSmember}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ship classification societies]]
[[Category:Shipping in India]]
[[Category:1975 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Asia Cup

2026-03-15T03:09:34Z

Charnkamal: page updated

{{Short description|Men's cricket tournament}}
{{about||the women's tournament|Women's Asia Cup|other uses|Asia Cup (disambiguation)}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament main
| name = Men's Asia Cup
| image = Asia Cup Logo.png
| caption =
| imagesize =
| administrator = [[Asian Cricket Council]]
| cricket format = [[One Day International|ODI]] and [[Twenty20 International|T20I]]
| tournament format = [[Group stage]] and [[knockout tournament|knockouts]]
| first = [[1984 Asia Cup|1984]]
| last = [[2025 Asia Cup|2025]]
| next = 2027
| champions = {{cricon|India}} [[India national cricket team|India]] (9th title)
| most successful = {{cricon|India}} India (9 titles)
| most runs = {{cricon|Sri Lanka}} [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] (1220)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=14;type=trophy|title=Most runs in combined format|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
| most wickets = {{cricon|India}} [[Kuldeep Yadav]] (36)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=14;type=trophy|title=Most wickets in combined format|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://asiancricket.org/}}
|current=[[2025 Asia Cup]]}}

{{Season sidebar
| title = Tournaments
| list =
* [[1984 Asia Cup|1984]]
* [[1986 Asia Cup|1986]]
* [[1988 Asia Cup|1988]]
* [[1990–91 Asia Cup|1990/91]]
* [[1995 Asia Cup|1995]]
* [[1997 Asia Cup|1997]]
* [[2000 Asia Cup|2000]]
* [[2004 Asia Cup|2004]]
* [[2008 Asia Cup|2008]]
* [[2010 Asia Cup|2010]]
* [[2012 Asia Cup|2012]]
* [[2014 Asia Cup|2014]]
* [[2016 Asia Cup|2016]]
* [[2018 Asia Cup|2018]]
* [[2022 Asia Cup|2022]]
* [[2023 Asia Cup|2023]]
* [[2025 Asia Cup|2025]]
}}
{{International cricket competitions sidebar}}

The '''Men's Asia Cup''' is a biennial [[cricket]] tournament organized by the [[Asian Cricket Council]] (ACC). It features senior men's national teams from Asian member countries and determines the continental cricket champion of [[Asia]].<ref name=":0" /> The tournament was established in the year 1983, coinciding with the formation of the [[Asian Cricket Council]], as an effort to promote goodwill among [[Asian countries]] through cricket. India boycotted the [[1986 Asia Cup|1986 edition]] due to strained cricketing relations with [[Sri Lanka]], while [[Pakistan]] withdrew from the [[1990–91 Asia Cup|1990–91 edition]] because of political tensions with India. The [[1993 Asia Cup|1993 tournament]] was also cancelled for similar reasons. The ACC later announced that the event would be held biennially starting from 2009. The [[International Cricket Council|ICC]] recognizes all Asia Cup matches as official [[One Day International|ODI]] games.
After downsizing the Asian Cricket Council in 2015, it was announced by the ICC that Asia Cup events from 2016 would be played on a rotation basis between [[One Day International]] and [[Twenty20 International]] format, on the basis of the format of upcoming world events. As a result, the 2016 event was the first event played in the T20I format and functioned as a preparatory tournament ahead of the [[2016 World Twenty20|2016 ICC World Twenty20]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Asia Cup format change confirmed by ICC |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/asia-cup-format-change-2016 |website=International Cricket Council |date=3 February 2016 |access-date=28 September 2025}}</ref>

[[India national cricket team|India]], with nine titles (seven ODI and two T20I), is the most successful team in the tournament. [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] is the second most successful team with six titles (five ODI and one T20I), while [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] have won two. Sri Lanka has participated in the most Asia Cups (17), followed by India, Pakistan, and [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] (16 each).

==History==
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="background:#F5FAFF; text-align:center; font-size:85%"
|+ Winners of ACC Asia Cup
|-
! Season !! Format !! Champion
|-
|[[1984 Asia Cup|1984]]
|[[One Day International|ODI]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|IND}}
|-
|[[1986 Asia Cup|1986]]
|[[One Day International|ODI]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|SL}}
|-
|[[1988 Asia Cup|1988]]
|[[One Day International|ODI]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|IND}} {{small|(2)}}
|-
|[[1990–91 Asia Cup|1990/91]]
|[[One Day International|ODI]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|IND}} {{small|(3)}}
|-
|[[1995 Asia Cup|1995]]
|[[One Day International|ODI]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|IND}} {{small|(4)}}
|-
|[[1997 Asia Cup|1997]]
|[[One Day International|ODI]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|SL}} {{small|(2)}}
|-
|[[2000 Asia Cup|2000]]
|[[One Day International|ODI]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|PAK}}
|-
|[[2004 Asia Cup|2004]]
|[[One Day International|ODI]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|SL}} {{small|(3)}}
|-
|[[2008 Asia Cup|2008]]
|[[One Day International|ODI]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|SL}} {{small|(4)}}
|-
|[[2010 Asia Cup|2010]]
|[[One Day International|ODI]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|IND}} {{small|(5)}}
|-
|[[2012 Asia Cup|2012]]
|[[One Day International|ODI]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|PAK}} {{small|(2)}}
|-
|[[2014 Asia Cup|2014]]
|[[One Day International|ODI]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|SL}} {{small|(5)}}
|-
|[[2016 Asia Cup|2016]]
|[[T20I]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|IND}} {{small|(6)}}
|-
|[[2018 Asia Cup|2018]]
|[[One Day International|ODI]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|IND}} {{small|(7)}}
|-
|[[2022 Asia Cup|2022]]
|[[T20I]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|SL}} {{small|(6)}}
|-
|[[2023 Asia Cup|2023]]
|[[One Day International|ODI]]
|style="text-align:left"| {{cr|IND}} {{small|(8)}}
|-
|[[2025 Asia Cup|2025]]
|[[T20I]]
| style="text-align: left;"|{{cr|IND}} {{small|(9)}}
|}

===1980s===
The inaugural edition of the [[1984 Asia Cup|Rothmans Asia Cup]] took place in [[Sharjah]], [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]], in 1984,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/asia-cup-history-1984|title=Asia Cup 1984: The beginning of continental cricket|work=BBC Sport|date=6 April 2024|access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref> coinciding with the establishment of the [[Asian Cricket Council]] headquartered in the same city. The event featured a round-robin format between [[India national cricket team|India]], [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]], and [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]]. India won both its matches to claim the first title, while Sri Lanka finished second after defeating Pakistan.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gupta|first=R.|title=Regional Cricketing Diplomacy: The Asia Cup's Political Significance|journal=Asian Affairs|volume=55|issue=3|pages=412–425|year=2022|publisher=Taylor & Francis|doi=10.1080/03068374.2022.1987654 |doi-broken-date=12 November 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/rothmans-asia-cup-1983-84-60877/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results|title=Rothmans Asia Cup 1984 – Match Results and Statistics|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref>

[[Sri Lanka]] hosted the second edition in 1986. India withdrew from the tournament due to strained cricketing relations with Sri Lanka after a controversial series the previous year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crictracker.com/asia-cup-winners-and-runners-list/|title=Asia Cup Winners and Runners List (1984 – Present)|publisher=CricTracker}}</ref> [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] participated for the first time. Sri Lanka won the tournament by defeating Pakistan in the final.

The third edition, in 1988, was held in [[Bangladesh]], marking the first time a multi-national cricket tournament was staged there. In the final, India beat Sri Lanka by six wickets to claim their second Asia Cup.

===1990s===
{{Main article|1990–91 Asia Cup|1995 Asia Cup|1997 Asia Cup}}

The fourth edition of the tournament was held in [[India]] in 1990–91. Pakistan withdrew because of strained political relations with India. India retained the Asia Cup by defeating Sri Lanka in the final. In 1993, the tournament was cancelled due to continued political tensions between India and Pakistan.

The fifth edition, in 1995, returned to [[Sharjah]], [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] after eleven years. India and Sri Lanka reached the final by virtue of a superior run rate over Pakistan, as all three teams finished the preliminary round with equal points. For the third successive time, India defeated Sri Lanka in the final.

The sixth edition was held in [[Sri Lanka]] in 1997, where the hosts beat India in the final by eight wickets to win their second Asia Cup.
===2000s===
{{Main article|2000 Asia Cup|2004 Asia Cup|2008 Asia Cup}}

The seventh edition of the Asia Cup was held in [[Bangladesh]] in 2000, marking the second time the country hosted the tournament. [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] and [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] reached the final, while [[India national cricket team|India]] won only one match (against Bangladesh) and, for the first time, failed to qualify for the final. Pakistan defeated Sri Lanka to win their maiden Asia Cup title, with [[Mohammad Yousuf (cricketer)|Yousuf Youhana]] named Player of the Tournament.

The 8th edition took place in [[Sri Lanka]] in 2004 with a new format. [[United Arab Emirates national cricket team|UAE]] and [[Hong Kong national cricket team|Hong Kong]] joined the competition for the first time, making it a six-team event divided into three stages – Group Stage, Super Fours, and the Final. Sri Lanka, India, and UAE were placed in Group A, while Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Hong Kong were in Group B. UAE and Hong Kong were eliminated in the group stage. Bangladesh progressed to the Super Fours for the first time in a major tournament but failed to perform. India and Sri Lanka topped the Super Fours to reach the final, where Sri Lanka defeated India by 25 runs. [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] was awarded Player of the Tournament.

The 9th edition was hosted by [[Pakistan]] from 24 June to 6 July 2008, following the same format as 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/pakistan/content/story/221836.html|title=Pakistan to host ninth Asia Cup|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=13 October 2005}}</ref> Sri Lanka and Bangladesh qualified from Group A, while India and Pakistan advanced from Group B. In the Super Fours, India and Sri Lanka finished on top to enter the final. Sri Lanka won their fourth Asia Cup by defeating India by 100 runs. [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] scored 125 off 114 balls to rescue Sri Lanka from 66/4, while mystery spinner [[Ajantha Mendis]] produced a match-winning spell of 6/13. Mendis was named Player of the Tournament.

===2010s===
{{Main article|2010 Asia Cup|2012 Asia Cup|2014 Asia Cup|2016 Asia Cup|2018 Asia Cup}}
The tenth edition was held in [[Sri Lanka]], between 15 and 24 June 2010 hosting the Asia Cup for the fourth time. It only featured the four Test playing Asian nations, and seven matches were played in all (including the final). Sri Lanka and India topped the group stages and entered the final. In the final, India beat Sri Lanka comfortably to become champions for the fifth time, winning the tournament for first time in 15 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.samaylive.com/sports/676466732.html|title=India defeat Sri Lanka to win Asia Cup|work=Sahara Samay|access-date=25 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308122951/http://english.samaylive.com/sports/676466732.html|archive-date=8 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Shahid Afridi]] was the Player of the Tournament.

The eleventh edition of the Asia Cup was held in [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]], from 11 to 22 March 2012. Pakistan and Bangladesh qualified to play in the final of the eleventh edition, Bangladesh had beaten India and Sri Lanka to book their place in the final for the first time in the history of the tournament.
Pakistan beat Bangladesh after a thrilling final over, winning their second Asia Cup.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/17479746 | title=Asia Cup: Pakistan beat Bangladesh in thrilling final | publisher=BBC Sport|date= 22 March 2012 |access-date=22 March 2012}}</ref> [[Shakib Al Hasan]] was adjudged the Player of the Tournament. Sachin Tendulkar scored his 100th international century in this tournament.

The twelfth edition was held in Dhaka and [[Fatullah]], Bangladesh, from 25 February to 8 March 2014. The tournament consisted of five teams with [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan]] in it for the first time since its inception in 1984. Sri Lanka defeated Pakistan by 5 wickets in the final to win the Asia Cup for the fifth time. [[Lahiru Thirimanne]] was adjudged the Player of the Tournament scoring 279 runs.

After the Asian Cricket Council was downsized by the ICC in 2015, it was announced that Asia Cup tournaments would be played on rotation basis in [[One Day International|ODI]] and [[Twenty20 International|T20I]] format.<ref name="Asia Cup to continue under ICC">{{Cite web |title=Asia Cup to continue under ICC |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/story/862395.html |access-date=17 April 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref name="Asia Cup to switch T20 format every alternate edition">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/71699/asia-cup-to-switch-to-t20-format-every-alternate-edition |title=Asia Cup to switch T20 format every alternate edition |access-date=16 April 2015 |work=cricbuzz|date=16 April 2015 }}</ref> As a result, 2016 events was the first tournament in T20I format and was played by five teams just ahead of [[2016 World Twenty20|2016 ICC World Twenty20]]. The 2016 edition of the Asia Cup tournament was held in Bangladesh for the third consecutive time from 24 February to 6 March. The final was held on 6 March 2016. India won the final by beating Bangladesh by 8 wickets in the final held at the Sher-e-Bangla National Stadium situated in Mirpur locality, Dhaka, Bangladesh. It is for the sixth time that India won the Asia cup title in 2016. [[Shikhar Dhawan]] of India was the man of the match for his 60 runs. [[Sabbir Rahman]] of Bangladesh was the player of the series.
India won all of its matches played in Asia Cup 2016 beating Bangladesh 2 times, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and UAE.

On 29 October 2015, following the Asian Cricket Council meeting in [[Singapore]], BCCI secretary [[Anurag Thakur]] stated that the 2018 edition of the tournament would be held in India. It will follow the ODI format.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/top-stories/2016-Asia-Cup-in-Bangladesh-2018-in-India-Thakur/articleshow/49583171.cms|title=2016 Asia Cup in Bangladesh, 2018 in India: Thakur|work=The Times of India|date=2015-10-29|access-date=2016-03-06}}</ref> However, in April 2018, the tournament was moved to the [[United Arab Emirates]], due to political tensions between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref name="UAE">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1142882.html |title=2018 Asia Cup moved from India to UAE |access-date=10 April 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

[[India national cricket team|India]] were the defending champions,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/661607 |title=India to host Asia Cup 2018 in UAE |access-date=10 April 2018 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref> and retained their title, after beating Bangladesh by three wickets in the final.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/864025 |title=India creep home in final-over thriller to defend Asia Cup title |access-date=28 September 2018 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref> India did not suffer a single defeat in the tournament, with 2 wins each against Pakistan & Bangladesh, a solitary win against Hong Kong, and a tie with Afghanistan.
[[Shikhar Dhawan]] was the top run getter with 342 runs in 5 matches, was awarded Man of the Series.
[[Afghanistan]] was the only team in the tournament who remained unbeaten against eventual winners India.

===2020s===
{{main|2022 Asia Cup|2023 Asia Cup|2025 Asia Cup}}
The United Arab Emirates hosted the tournament and Sri Lanka won the Asia Cup beating Pakistan by 23 runs in the final. Sri Lanka reached the final as the only unbeaten team in the Super-Four stage winning against Afghanistan, India, and Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New hosts confirmed for Asia Cup 2022 |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2692313 |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=www.icc-cricket.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Bhanuka Rajapaksa]] was awarded Man of the Match for his unbeaten 71 off 45 balls, and [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] was second highest wicket-taker with 9 wickets in 6 matches, scored 66 runs in 5 innings and was named Player of the Series. [[Pakistan]] had an average start in the Asia Cup with a defeat against India in the group stage, beating India & Afghanistan in a close encounter in Super 4, ending with 2 back-to-back defeats against Sri Lanka. [[India]] started the tournament as hot favourites defeating Pakistan; however, they could not win against them and Sri Lanka in the super 4 and got knocked out of the tournament. [[Afghanistan]] was the only team in the tournament to defeat the eventual winners Sri Lanka.

Pakistan was awarded to host the tournament in 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/cricket/report-asia-cup-2023-will-be-played-in-pakistan-confirms-pcb-chief-ramiz-raja-2915791 | title=Asia Cup 2023 will be played in Pakistan, confirms PCB chief Ramiz Raja}}</ref> However, the [[India national cricket team|Indian cricket team]] was reluctant to visit Pakistan to participate in the tournament. So, after a lot of deliberation, India agreed to play in a hybrid model where India will play all their matches in another country and few other matches will be hosted in Pakistan. Thus, it was the first Asia Cup to be co-hosted by multiple countries; four matches were played in Pakistan, and the remaining nine matches were played in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Four Asia Cup matches in Pakistan; remaining nine in Sri Lanka |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/asia-cup-2023-four-matches-in-pakistan-nine-in-sri-lanka-1381618 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> The five [[Asian Cricket Council#Full members|full members]] of the [[Asian Cricket Council]] were joined by [[Nepal national cricket team|Nepal]], who made their ACC Asia Cup debut having qualified for the first time in qualifying the [[2023 ACC Men's Premier Cup]]. India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Afghanistan qualified to play in the tournament. India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka qualified to play the Super fours stage. India and Pakistan played the finals, in which India defeated Pakistan by 5 wickets to win their ninth Asia cup title.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-28 |title=Winners India refuse Asia Cup trophy from ACC chief |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/cricket/india-beat-pakistan-final-retain-asia-cup-title-2025-09-28/ |access-date=2025-09-30 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref>

== Revenue distribution ==
Around 80% of the tournament's revenue is generated from matches featuring [[India national cricket team|India]] and [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]].<ref name="espncricinfo">{{cite news |title=ACC increases Afghanistan's share in revised financial distribution |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/afghanistan-news-acc-increases-their-share-in-revised-financial-distribution-1357464 |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=13 March 2023 |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref>
To meet broadcasting demands, the two teams are often placed in the same group for commercial reasons.<ref>{{cite news |title=India v Pakistan: Why broadcasters and sponsors seek frequent matchups |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/66862004 |work=BBC Sport |date=19 September 2023 |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref>
The five Full Members each receive approximately 15% of total revenue, with the remaining amount distributed among Associate and Affiliate national boards.<ref name="espncricinfo"/> The [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] has publicly stated that it donates a portion of its share to smaller boards to support cricket development within and outside Asia.<ref>{{cite news |title=BCCI financial support helps Asian associates grow |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/bcci-financial-support-helps-asian-associates-grow/article67032854.ece |work=The Hindu |date=11 July 2023 |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref>

==Results==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" width: 100%; text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan=2 width=4%|Year
!rowspan=2 width=4%|Format
!rowspan=2 width=1%|Host(s)
!rowspan=2 width=2%|No. of teams
!colspan=4|Final
|-
!width=7%|Venue
!width=10%|Champions
!width=14%|Result
!width=10%|Runners-up
|-style="background:#ddeeff"
| 1984 ''[[1984 Asia Cup|Details]]''
|[[One Day International|ODI]]
|{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}||3||[[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah]]||{{cr|IND}}|| '''No finals; India won the tournament via Round-robin format'''||{{cr|SRI}}
|-
| 1986 ''[[1986 Asia Cup|Details]]''
|[[One Day International|ODI]]
|{{flagicon|Sri Lanka}}||3||[[Sinhalese Sports Club Cricket Ground|Singhalese Sports Club Cricket Ground]], [[Colombo]]||{{cr|SRI}} {{nobr|195/5 (42.2 overs)}}|| '''Sri Lanka won by 5 wickets''' [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/john-player-gold-leaf-trophy-asia-cup-1985-86-60861/sri-lanka-vs-pakistan-64284/full-scorecard (scorecard)]||{{cr|Pakistan}} {{nowrap|191/9 (45 overs)}}
|-style="background:#ddeeff"
| 1988 ''[[1988 Asia Cup|Details]]''
|[[One Day International|ODI]]
|{{flagicon|Bangladesh}}||4||[[National Stadium, Dhaka|Bangabandhu National Stadium]], [[Dhaka]]||{{cr|IND}} 180/4 (37.1 overs)|| '''India won by 6 wickets''' [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/wills-asia-cup-1988-89-60889/Afghanistan-vs-sri-lanka-final-65680/full-scorecard (scorecard)]||{{cr|SRI}} 176 (43.5 overs)
|-
| 1990/91 ''[[1990–91 Asia Cup|Details]]''
|[[One Day International|ODI]]
|{{flagicon|India}}||3||[[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]||{{cr|IND}} 205/3 (42.1 overs)|| '''India won by 7 wickets''' [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-1990-91-60913/india-vs-sri-lanka-final-65684/full-scorecard (scorecard)]||{{cr|SRI}} 204/9 (45 overs)
|-style="background:#ddeeff"
| 1995 ''[[1995 Asia Cup|Details]]''
|[[One Day International|ODI]]
|{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}} || 4 ||[[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah]]||{{cr|IND}} 233/2 (41.5 overs)|| '''India won by 8 wickets''' [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/pepsi-asia-cup-1994-95-60971/india-vs-sri-lanka-final-65691/full-scorecard (scorecard)]||{{cr|SRI}} 230/7 (50 overs)
|-
| 1997 ''[[1997 Asia Cup|Details]]''
|[[One Day International|ODI]]
|{{flagicon|Sri Lanka}}||4||[[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]]||{{cr|SRI}} 240/2 (36.5 overs)|| '''Sri Lanka won by 8 wickets''' [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/pepsi-asia-cup-1997-61008/sri-lanka-vs-india-final-65698/full-scorecard (scorecard)]||{{cr|IND}} 239/7 (50 overs)
|-style="background:#ddeeff"
| 2000 ''[[2000 Asia Cup|Details]]''
|[[One Day International|ODI]]
|{{flagicon|Bangladesh}}||4||[[National Stadium, Dhaka|Bangabandhu National Stadium]], [[Dhaka]]||{{cr|PAK}} 277/4 (50 overs)|| '''Pakistan won by 39 runs''' [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-2000-61067/pakistan-vs-sri-lanka-final-65705/full-scorecard (scorecard)]||{{cr|SRI}} 238 (45.2 overs)
|-
| 2004 ''[[2004 Asia Cup|Details]]''
|[[One Day International|ODI]]
|{{flagicon|Sri Lanka}}||6||[[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]]||{{cr|SRI}} 228/9 (50 overs)|| '''Sri Lanka won by 25 runs''' [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-2004-61152/sri-lanka-vs-india-final-65718/full-scorecard (scorecard)]||{{cr|IND}} 203/9 (50 overs)
|-style="background:#ddeeff"
| 2008 ''[[2008 Asia Cup|Details]]''
|[[One Day International|ODI]]
|{{flagicon|Pakistan}}||6||[[National Stadium, Karachi|National Stadium]], [[Karachi]]||{{cr|SRI}} 273 (49.5 overs)|| '''Sri Lanka won by 100 runs''' [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-2008-298014/india-vs-sri-lanka-final-335358/full-scorecard (scorecard)]||{{cr|IND}} 173 (39.3 overs)
|-
| 2010 ''[[2010 Asia Cup|Details]]''
|[[One Day International|ODI]]
|{{flagicon|Sri Lanka}}||4||[[Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium]], [[Dambulla]]||{{cr|IND}} 268/6 (50 overs)|| '''India won by 81 runs''' [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-2010-424694/sri-lanka-vs-india-final-455237/full-scorecard (scorecard)]||{{cr|SRI}} 187 (44.4 overs)
|-style="background:#ddeeff"
| 2012 ''[[2012 Asia Cup|Details]]''
|[[One Day International|ODI]]
|{{flagicon|Bangladesh}}||4||[[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]]||{{cr|PAK}} 236/9 (50 overs)||'''Pakistan won by 2 runs''' [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-2011-12-524504/bangladesh-vs-Afghanistan-final-535800/full-scorecard (scorecard)]||{{nowrap|{{cr|BAN}} 234/8 (50 overs)}}
|-
| 2014 ''[[2014 Asia Cup|Details]]''
|[[One Day International|ODI]]
|{{flagicon|Bangladesh}}||5||[[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]]
|{{cr|SRI}} 261/5 (46.2 overs)||'''Sri Lanka won by 5 wickets''' [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-2013-14-671665/pakistan-vs-sri-lanka-final-710311/full-scorecard (scorecard)]||{{cr|PAK}} 260/5 (50 overs)
|-style="background:#ddeeff"
| 2016 ''[[2016 Asia Cup|Details]]''
|[[Twenty20 International|T20I]] ||{{flagicon|Bangladesh}}||5||[[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]]
|{{cr|IND}} 122/2 (13.5 overs)||'''India won by 8 wickets''' [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-2015-16-966595/bangladesh-vs-india-final-966765/full-scorecard (scorecard)]||{{cr|BAN}} 120/5 (15 overs)
|-
|2018 ''[[2018 Asia Cup|Details]]''
|[[One Day International|ODI]]
|{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}||6||[[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]||{{cr|IND}} 223/7 (50 overs)||'''India won by 3 wickets ''' [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-2018-1153237/bangladesh-vs-india-final-1153255/full-scorecard (scorecard)]||{{cr|BAN}} 222 (48.3 overs)
|-style="background:#ddeeff"
|2022 ''[[2022 Asia Cup|Details]]''
|[[Twenty20 International|T20I]] ||{{flagicon|UAE}}
|6|| [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]||{{cr|SL}} 170/6 (20 overs) ||'''Sri Lanka won by 23 runs''' [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-2022-1327237/pakistan-vs-sri-lanka-final-1327281/full-scorecard (scorecard)] ||{{cr|PAK}} 147 (20 overs) 
|-
|2023 ''[[2023 Asia Cup|Details]]''
|[[One Day International|ODI]]
|{{flagicon|Pakistan}} {{flagicon|Sri Lanka}}
|6|| |[[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]]
|{{cr|IND}} 51/0 (6.1 overs) || '''India won by 10 wickets''' [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-2023-1388374/sri-lanka-vs-india-final-1388414/full-scorecard (scorecard)] ||{{cr|SL}} 50 (15.2 overs) 
|-style="background:#ddeeff"
|2025 ''[[2025 Asia Cup|Details]]''
|[[Twenty20 International|T20I]]
|{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}
|8|| [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]|| {{cr|IND}} 150/5 (19.4 overs) ||'''India won by 5 wickets''' [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1496938.html (scorecard)] || {{cr|PAK}} 146 (19.1 overs)
|-
|2027 ''[[2027 Asia Cup|Details]]''
|[[One Day International|ODI]]
|{{flagicon|Bangladesh}}
|8
|[[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]]
|
|
|
|}

==Tournament summary==
===Overall===
The table below provides an overview of the performances of teams over past Asia Cup ODI and T20I tournaments.<ref>{{cite news |title=Asia Cup: History, winners and records |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/asia-cup-history |work=BBC Sport |date=12 September 2023 |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Khan |first=Shahid |title=Continental cricket competitions: governance and economics of the Asia Cup |journal=International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=210–225 |year=2024 |doi=10.1080/19406940.2024.XXXXXX |doi-broken-date=12 November 2025 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan=2|Team
!colspan=3|Appearances
!rowspan=2|Best result
|-
!width=30|Total
!width=30|First
!width=30|Latest
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Cr|India}}
|16||[[1984 Asia Cup|1984]]||[[2025 Asia Cup|2025]]||style="background:gold;" |'''Champions''' ([[1984 Asia Cup|1984]], [[1988 Asia Cup|1988]], [[1990–91 Asia Cup|1990–91]], [[1995 Asia Cup|1995]], [[2010 Asia Cup|2010]], [[2016 Asia Cup|2016]], [[2018 Asia Cup|2018]], [[2023 Asia Cup|2023]], [[2025 Asia Cup|2025]])
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Cr|Sri Lanka}}
|17||[[1984 Asia Cup|1984]]||[[2025 Asia Cup|2025]]||style="background:gold;" |'''Champions''' ([[1986 Asia Cup|1986]], [[1997 Asia Cup|1997]], [[2004 Asia Cup|2004]], [[2008 Asia Cup|2008]], [[2014 Asia Cup|2014]], [[2022 Asia Cup|2022]])
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Cr|Pakistan}}
|16||[[1984 Asia Cup|1984]]||[[2025 Asia Cup|2025]]||style="background:gold;" |'''Champions''' ([[2000 Asia Cup|2000]], [[2012 Asia Cup|2012]])
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Cr|Bangladesh}}
|16||[[1986 Asia Cup|1986]]||[[2025 Asia Cup|2025]]||style="background:silver;" |'''{{nowrap|Runners-up}}''' ([[2012 Asia Cup|2012]], [[2016 Asia Cup|2016]], [[2018 Asia Cup|2018]])
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Cr|Afghanistan|2013}}
|5||[[2014 Asia Cup|2014]]||[[2025 Asia Cup|2025]]||Super Four ([[2018 Asia Cup|2018]], [[2022 Asia Cup|2022]])
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Cr|Hong Kong}}
|5||[[2004 Asia Cup|2004]]||[[2025 Asia Cup|2025]]||Group Stage ([[2004 Asia Cup|2004]], [[2008 Asia Cup|2008]], [[2018 Asia Cup|2018]], [[2022 Asia Cup|2022]], [[2025 Asia Cup|2025]])
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{nobr|{{Cr|United Arab Emirates}}}}
|4||[[2004 Asia Cup|2004]]||[[2025 Asia Cup|2025]]||Group Stage ([[2004 Asia Cup|2004]], [[2008 Asia Cup|2008]], [[2016 Asia Cup|2016]], [[2025 Asia Cup|2025]])
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Cr|Nepal}}
|1||colspan=2|[[2023 Asia Cup|2023]]||Group Stage ([[2023 Asia Cup|2023]])
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Cr|Oman}}
|1||colspan=2|[[2025 Asia Cup|2025]]||Group Stage ([[2025 Asia Cup|2025]])
|}

===ODIs===
The table below provides an overview of the performances of teams over past Asia Cup ODI tournaments.<ref>{{cite web|title=Result summary|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/results_summary.html?class=2;id=14;type=trophy|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=22 February 2016}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan=2|Team
!colspan=3|Appearances
!rowspan=2|Best result
!colspan=6|Statistics
|-
!width=65|Total
!width=65|First
!width=65|Latest
!width=30|Played
!width=30|Won
!width=30|Lost
!width=30|Tie
!width=30|NR
!width=30|Win%
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Cr|India}}
|13||[[1984 Asia Cup|1984]]||[[2025 Asia Cup|2023]]||style="background:gold;" |'''Champions''' ([[1984 Asia Cup|1984]], [[1988 Asia Cup|1988]], [[1990–91 Asia Cup|1990–91]], [[1995 Asia Cup|1995]], [[2010 Asia Cup|2010]], [[2018 Asia Cup|2018]], [[2023 Asia Cup|2023]])
||55||35||17||1||2||66.98
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Cr|Sri Lanka}}
|14||[[1984 Asia Cup|1984]]||[[2023 Asia Cup|2023]]||style="background:gold;" |'''Champions''' ([[1986 Asia Cup|1986]], [[1997 Asia Cup|1997]], [[2004 Asia Cup|2004]], [[2008 Asia Cup|2008]], [[2014 Asia Cup|2014]])
||55||38||17||0||0||67.85
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Cr|Pakistan}}
|13||[[1984 Asia Cup|1984]]||[[2023 Asia Cup|2023]]||style="background:gold;" |'''Champions''' ([[2000 Asia Cup|2000]], [[2012 Asia Cup|2012]])
||50||28||20||0||2||58.33
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Cr|Bangladesh}}
|13||[[1986 Asia Cup|1986]]||[[2023 Asia Cup|2023]]||style="background:silver;" |'''{{nowrap|Runners-up}}''' ([[2012 Asia Cup|2012]], [[2018 Asia Cup|2018]])
||48||9||39||0||0||18.75
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Cr|Afghanistan|2013}}
|3||[[2014 Asia Cup|2014]]||[[2023 Asia Cup|2023]]||Super Four ([[2018 Asia Cup|2018]])||11||3||7||1||0||31.81
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Cr|Hong Kong}}
|3||[[2004 Asia Cup|2004]]||[[2018 Asia Cup|2018]]||Group Stage ([[2004 Asia Cup|2004]], [[2008 Asia Cup|2008]], [[2018 Asia Cup|2018]])||6||0||6||0||0||0.00
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Cr|Nepal}}
|1
|[[2023 Asia Cup|2023]]
|[[2023 Asia Cup|2023]]
| {{nowrap|Group Stage}} ([[2023 Asia Cup|2023]])||2||0||2||0||0||0.00
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{nowrap|{{Cr|United Arab Emirates}}}}
|2||[[2004 Asia Cup|2004]]||[[2008 Asia Cup|2008]]||Group Stage ([[2004 Asia Cup|2004]], [[2008 Asia Cup|2008]])||4||0||4||0||0||0.00
|}

===T20Is===
The table below provides an overview of the performances of teams in the Asia Cup T20I tournament.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Result summary|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/team-results-summary/men-s-t20-asia-cup-951|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan=2|Team
!colspan=3|Appearances
!rowspan=2|Best result
! colspan=6|Statistics
|-
!Total
!First
!Latest
!Played
!Won
!Lost
!Tie
!NR
!Win%
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Cr|India}}
|3||[[2016 Asia Cup|2016]]||[[2025 Asia Cup|2025]]||style="background:Gold;" | '''Champions''' ([[2016 Asia Cup|2016]], [[2025 Asia Cup|2025]]) ||17||15||2 || 0||0 ||88.23
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |{{Cr|Sri Lanka}}
|3||[[2016 Asia Cup|2016]]||[[2025 Asia Cup|2025]]|| style="background:gold;" | '''Champions''' ([[2022 Asia Cup|2022]]) ||16 ||9 ||7 || 0||0 ||56.25
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Cr|Pakistan}}
|3||[[2016 Asia Cup|2016]]||[[2025 Asia Cup|2025]]||style="background:silver;" |'''Runners-up''' ([[2022 Asia Cup|2022]], [[2025 Asia Cup|2025]]) ||16||9 ||7 || 0||0 ||56.25
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Cr|Bangladesh}}
|3||[[2016 Asia Cup|2016]]||[[2025 Asia Cup|2025]]||style="background:silver;" |'''{{nowrap|Runners-up}}''' ([[2016 Asia Cup|2016]]) ||13||6||7|| 0||0 ||46.15
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Cr|Afghanistan}}
|2||[[2022 Asia Cup|2022]]||[[2025 Asia Cup|2025]]|| Super Four ([[2022 Asia Cup|2022]]) || 8 || 3 || 5 || 0 || 0 ||37.50
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{nobr|{{Cr|UAE}}}}
|2||[[2016 Asia Cup|2016]]||[[2025 Asia Cup|2025]]|| Group Stage ([[2016 Asia Cup|2016]], [[2025 Asia Cup|2025]])||7 ||1 ||6 || 0||0 ||14.29
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Cr|Hong Kong}}
|2||[[2022 Asia Cup|2022]]||[[2025 Asia Cup|2025]]|| {{nowrap|Group Stage}} ([[2022 Asia Cup|2022]], [[2025 Asia Cup|2025]]) || 5 || 0 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 00.00
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{Cr|Oman}}
|1||colspan="2"|[[2025 Asia Cup|2025]]||Group Stage ([[2025 Asia Cup|2025]]) ||3||0||3|| 0||0 ||00.00
|}

''Note:''
* The win percentage excludes no-result matches and counts ties as half a win.
* Teams are sorted by best result, then winning percentage, then (if equal) by alphabetical order.

==Performance by teams==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
| bgcolor="gold" | {{center|'''1st'''}}
| Champion
|-
| bgcolor="silver" | {{center|'''2nd'''}}
| Runners-up
|-
| bgcolor="#cc9966" | {{center|'''3rd'''}}
| 2nd Runners-up
|-
| bgcolor="LightCoral" | {{center|DNQ}}
| Did not qualify
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen" | {{center|Q}}
| Qualified
|-
| bgcolor="LightYellow" | {{center|WD}}
| Withdrawn
|-
| {{center|GS}}
| Group stage
|-
| bgcolor="PaleTurquoise" |
| ICC Full Member Nation
|}An overview of the teams' performances in every Asia Cup:
India has most titles i.e. 9, while Sri Lanka has second highest 6.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2" {{diagonal split header 2|Team|Host}}
![[1984 Asia Cup|1984]] [[One Day International|ODI]]
![[1986 Asia Cup|1986]] [[One Day International|ODI]]
![[1988 Asia Cup|1988]] [[One Day International|ODI]]
!{{nobr|[[1990–91 Asia Cup|1990/91]]}} [[One Day International|ODI]]
![[1995 Asia Cup|1995]] [[One Day International|ODI]]
![[1997 Asia Cup|1997]] [[One Day International|ODI]]
![[2000 Asia Cup|2000]] [[One Day International|ODI]]
![[2004 Asia Cup|2004]] [[One Day International|ODI]]
![[2008 Asia Cup|2008]] [[One Day International|ODI]]
![[2010 Asia Cup|2010]] [[One Day International|ODI]]
![[2012 Asia Cup|2012]] [[One Day International|ODI]]
![[2014 Asia Cup|2014]] [[One Day International|ODI]]
![[2016 Asia Cup|2016]] [[T20I]]
![[2018 Asia Cup|2018]] [[One Day International|ODI]]
![[2022 Asia Cup|2022]] [[T20I]]
![[2023 Asia Cup|2023]] [[One Day International|ODI]]
![[2025 Asia Cup|2025]] [[T20I]]
|-
!{{flagicon|UAE}}
!{{flagicon|SL}}
!{{flagicon|BAN}}
!{{flagicon|IND}}
!{{flagicon|UAE}}
!{{flagicon|SL}}
!{{flagicon|BAN}}
!{{flagicon|SL}}
!{{flagicon|PAK}}
!{{flagicon|SL}}
!{{flagicon|BAN}}
!{{flagicon|BAN}}
!{{flagicon|BAN}}
!{{flagicon|UAE}}
!{{flagicon|UAE}}
!{{flagicon|PAK}}{{flagicon|SL}}
!{{flagicon|UAE}}
|-
|style="background: PaleTurquoise" align="left"|{{cr|AFG|2013}}
|{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}|| bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||4th||bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}}||4th|| 4th || GS || GS
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|Bahrain}}
|{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} || bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} || bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}} || bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}}
|-
|style="background: PaleTurquoise" align="left"|{{cr|BAN}}||{{mdash}}||3rd||4th||3rd||4th||4th||4th||4th|| 4th||4th||style="background: silver"|'''2nd'''||5th||style="background: silver"|'''2nd'''||style="background: silver"|'''2nd'''||GS||style="background: #cc9966"|'''3rd'''||style="background: #cc9966"|'''3rd'''
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|Cambodia}}
|{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} || bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}}
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|HK}}||{{mdash}} ||bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||GS||GS||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}}||GS|| GS ||bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}} || GS
|-
|style="background: PaleTurquoise" align="left"|{{cr|IND}}|| style="background: gold" |'''1st'''||bgcolor=LightYellow|{{center|WD}}|| style="background: gold" |'''1st'''|| style="background: gold" |'''1st'''|| style="background: gold" |'''1st'''||style="background: silver"|'''2nd'''||3rd||style="background: silver"|'''2nd'''||style="background: silver"|'''2nd'''|| style="background: gold" |'''1st'''|| 3rd||style="background: #cc9966"|'''3rd'''|| style="background: gold" |'''1st'''|| style="background: gold" |'''1st'''||style="background: #cc9966"|'''3rd''' || style="background: gold" |'''1st''' || style="background: gold" |'''1st'''
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|KUW}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}|| bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}} ||bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}} || bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}}
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|MAS}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}|| bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}}|| bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}}|| bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}|| bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}}|| bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}}|| bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}} || bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}}
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|NEP}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}}||bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}}||bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}} ||GS || bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}}
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|OMA}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}|| bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}}|| bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}}|| bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}} || bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}} || GS
|-
|style="background: PaleTurquoise" align="left"|{{cr|PAK}}||3rd||style="background: silver"|'''2nd''' ||3rd||bgcolor=LightYellow|{{center|WD}}||3rd||3rd|| style="background: gold" |'''1st''' ||style="background: #cc9966"|'''3rd'''||style="background: #cc9966"|'''3rd'''||3rd|| style="background: gold" |'''1st''' ||style="background: silver"|'''2nd'''||style="background: #cc9966"|'''3rd'''||style="background: #cc9966"|'''3rd'''|| bgcolor=silver|{{center|'''2nd'''}} ||4th || style="background: silver"|'''2nd'''
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|QAT}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}} || bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}}
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|SAU}}
|{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||{{mdash}} ||bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}} || bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}}
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|SIN}} ||{{mdash}}||bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}}||bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}|| bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}}|| bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}} || bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}} || bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}}
|-
|style="background: PaleTurquoise" align="left"|{{cr|SL}} ||style="background: silver"|'''2nd'''|| style="background: gold" |'''1st''' ||style="background: silver"|'''2nd'''||style="background: silver"|'''2nd'''||style="background: silver"|'''2nd'''|| style="background: gold" |'''1st''' ||style="background: silver"|'''2nd''' || style="background: gold" |'''1st''' || style="background: gold" |'''1st''' ||style="background: silver"|'''2nd''' ||4th|| style="background: gold" |'''1st'''||4th||GS|| bgcolor=gold|{{center|'''1st'''}} || style="background: silver"|'''2nd''' || 4th
|-
|align="left"|{{nobr|{{cr|UAE}}}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||GS||GS||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||{{mdash}}||5th||bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}}||bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}}|| bgcolor=LightCoral|{{center|DNQ}} || GS
|}

===Debutant teams in final tournament===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
!Year
!Teams
|-
|[[1984 Asia Cup|1984]]
|{{cr|IND}}, {{cr|PAK}}, {{cr|SL}}
|-
|[[1986 Asia Cup|1986]]
|{{cr|BAN}}
|-
|[[2004 Asia Cup|2004]]
|{{cr|HK}}, {{cr|UAE}}
|-
|[[2014 Asia Cup|2014]]
|{{cr|AFG}}
|-
|[[2023 Asia Cup|2023]]
|{{cr|Nepal}}
|-
|[[2025 Asia Cup|2025]]
|{{cr|Oman}}
|}

===Debutant teams in Asia Cup Qualifier===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
!Year
!Teams
|-
|[[2000 ACC Trophy|2000]]
|{{cr|HK}}, {{cr|JPN}}, {{cr|KUW}}, {{cr|MAS}}, {{cr|MDV}}, {{cr|NEP}}, {{cr|SIN}}, {{cr|UAE}}
|-
|[[2006 ACC Trophy|2006]]
|{{cr|AFG}}, {{cr|Bahrain}}, {{cr|Bhutan}}, {{cr|Brunei}}, {{cr|Iran}}, {{cr|Myanmar}}, {{cr|OMA}}, {{cr|QAT}}, {{cr|SAU}}, {{cr|THA}}
|-
|[[2016 Asia Cup Qualifier|2016]]
|None
|-
|[[2018 Asia Cup Qualifier|2018]]
|None
|-
|[[2022 Asia Cup Qualifier|2022]]
|{{cr|KUW}}
|-
|[[2023 ACC Men's Premier Cup|2023]]
|None
|-
|[[2024 ACC Men's Premier Cup|2024]]
|{{cr|CAM}}
|}

==Championship summary==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
!Rank
!Teams
!Appearance
!Titles
!{{nowrap|Runners-up}}
|-
|1
|{{cr|IND}}
|16
|'''9'''
|3
|-
|2
|{{cr|SRI}}
|17
|'''6'''
|7
|-
|3
|{{cr|PAK}}
|16
|'''2'''
|4
|-
|4
|{{nowrap|{{cr|BAN}}}}
|16
|'''0'''
|3
|-
|}

==Ranking==
===Results===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%"
!#!!Year!!Host!!1st!!2nd!!3rd!!4th!!5th!!6th!!7th!!8th!!Teams
|-
| align="center"|1
| align="center"|[[1984 Asia Cup|1984]]
| style="border:3px solid red"|{{flag|UAE}}
| bgcolor=gold|{{flag|IND}}
| bgcolor=silver|{{flag|SRI}}
| bgcolor=cc9966|{{flag|PAK}}
| colspan=5 bgcolor=#DCDCDC|
| rowspan="2" align="center" |3
|-
| align="center"|2
| align="center"|[[1986 Asia Cup|1986]]
| style="border:3px solid red"|{{flag|SRI}}
| bgcolor=gold|{{flag|SRI}}
| bgcolor=silver|{{flag|PAK}}
| bgcolor=cc9966|{{flag|BAN}}
| colspan=5 bgcolor=#DCDCDC|
|-
| align="center"|3
| align="center"|[[1988 Asia Cup|1988]]
| style="border:3px solid red"|{{flag|BAN}}
| bgcolor=gold|{{flag|IND}}
| bgcolor=silver|{{flag|SRI}}
| bgcolor=cc9966|{{flag|PAK}}
| bgcolor=9acdff|{{flag|BAN}}
| colspan=4 bgcolor=#DCDCDC|
| align="center"|4
|-
| align="center"|4
| align="center"|[[1990–91 Asia Cup|1990-91]]
| style="border:3px solid red"|{{flag|IND}}
| bgcolor=gold|{{flag|IND}}
| bgcolor=silver|{{flag|SRI}}
| bgcolor=cc9966|{{flag|BAN}}
| colspan=5 bgcolor=#DCDCDC|
| align="center"|3
|-
| align="center"|5
| align="center"|[[1995 Asia Cup|1995]]
| style="border:3px solid red"|{{flag|UAE}}
| bgcolor=gold|{{flag|IND}}
| bgcolor=silver|{{flag|SRI}}
| bgcolor=cc9966|{{flag|PAK}}
| bgcolor=9acdff|{{flag|BAN}}
| colspan=4 bgcolor=#DCDCDC|
| rowspan="3" align="center" |4
|-
| align="center"|6
| align="center"|[[1997 Asia Cup|1997]]
| style="border:3px solid red"|{{flag|SRI}}
| bgcolor=gold|{{flag|SRI}}
| bgcolor=silver|{{flag|IND}}
| bgcolor=cc9966|{{flag|PAK}}
| bgcolor=9acdff|{{flag|BAN}}
| colspan=4 bgcolor=#DCDCDC|
|-
| align="center"|7
| align="center"|[[2000 Asia Cup|2000]]
| style="border:3px solid red"|{{flag|BAN}}
| bgcolor=gold|{{flag|PAK}}
| bgcolor=silver|{{flag|SRI}}
| bgcolor=cc9966|{{flag|IND}}
| bgcolor=9acdff|{{flag|BAN}}
| colspan=4 bgcolor=#DCDCDC|
|-
| align="center"|8
| align="center"|[[2004 Asia Cup|2004]]
| style="border:3px solid red"|{{flag|SRI}}
| bgcolor=gold|{{flag|SRI}}
| bgcolor=silver|{{flag|IND}}
| bgcolor=cc9966|{{flag|PAK}}
| bgcolor=9acdff|{{flag|BAN}}
| {{flag|UAE}}
| {{flag|HKG}}
| colspan=2 bgcolor=#DCDCDC|
| rowspan="2" align="center" |6
|-
| align="center"|9
| align="center"|[[2008 Asia Cup|2008]]
| style="border:3px solid red"|{{flag|PAK}}
| bgcolor=gold|{{flag|SRI}}
| bgcolor=silver|{{flag|IND}}
| bgcolor=cc9966|{{flag|PAK}}
| bgcolor=9acdff|{{flag|BAN}}
| {{flag|UAE}}
| {{flag|HKG}}
| colspan=2 bgcolor=#DCDCDC|
|-
| align="center"|10
| align="center"|[[2010 Asia Cup|2010]]
| style="border:3px solid red"|{{flag|SRI}}
| bgcolor=gold|{{flag|IND}}
| bgcolor=silver|{{flag|SRI}}
| bgcolor=cc9966|{{flag|PAK}}
| bgcolor=9acdff|{{flag|BAN}}
| colspan=4 bgcolor=#DCDCDC|
| rowspan="2" align="center" |4
|-
| align="center"|11
| align="center"|[[2012 Asia Cup|2012]]
| style="border:3px solid red"|{{flag|BAN}}
| bgcolor=gold|{{flag|PAK}}
| bgcolor=silver|{{flag|BAN}}
| bgcolor=cc9966|{{flag|IND}}
| bgcolor=9acdff|{{flag|SRI}}
| colspan=4 bgcolor=#DCDCDC|
|-
| align="center"|12
| align="center"|[[2014 Asia Cup|2014]]
| style="border:3px solid red"|{{flag|BAN}}
| bgcolor=gold|{{flag|SRI}}
| bgcolor=silver|{{flag|PAK}}
| bgcolor=cc9966|{{flag|IND}}
| bgcolor=9acdff|{{flag|AFG|2013}}
| {{flag|BAN}}
| colspan=3 bgcolor=#DCDCDC|
| rowspan="2" align="center" |5
|-
| align="center"|13
| align="center"|[[2016 Asia Cup|2016]]
| style="border:3px solid red"|{{flag|BAN}}
| bgcolor=gold|{{flag|IND}}
| bgcolor=silver|{{flag|BAN}}
| bgcolor=cc9966|{{flag|PAK}}
| bgcolor=9acdff|{{flag|SRI}}
| {{flag|UAE}}
| colspan=3 bgcolor=#DCDCDC|
|-
| align="center"|14
| align="center"|[[2018 Asia Cup|2018]]
| style="border:3px solid red"|{{flag|UAE}}
| bgcolor=gold|{{flag|IND}}
| bgcolor=silver|{{flag|BAN}}
| bgcolor=cc9966|{{flag|PAK}}
| bgcolor=9acdff|{{flag|AFG|2013}}
| {{flag|HKG}}
| {{flag|SRI}}
| colspan=2 bgcolor=#DCDCDC|
| rowspan="3" align="center" |6
|-
| align="center"|15
| align="center"|[[2022 Asia Cup|2022]]
| style="border:3px solid red"|{{flag|UAE}}
| bgcolor=gold|{{flag|SRI}}
| bgcolor=silver|{{flag|PAK}}
| bgcolor=cc9966|{{flag|IND}}
| bgcolor=9acdff|{{flag|AFG|2013}}
| {{flag|BAN}}
| {{flag|HKG}}
| colspan=2 bgcolor=#DCDCDC|
|-
| align="center"|16
| align="center"|[[2023 Asia Cup|2023]]
| style="border:3px solid red"|{{flag|PAK}} {{flag|SRI}}
| bgcolor=gold|{{flag|IND}}
| bgcolor=silver|{{flag|SRI}}
| bgcolor=cc9966|{{flag|BAN}}
| bgcolor=9acdff|{{flag|PAK}}
| {{flag|AFG|2013}}
| {{flag|NEP}}
| colspan=2 bgcolor=#DCDCDC|
|-
| align="center"|17
| align="center"|[[2025 Asia Cup|2025]]
| style="border:3px solid red"|{{flag|UAE}}
| bgcolor=gold|{{flag|IND}}
| bgcolor=silver|{{flag|PAK}}
| bgcolor=cc9966|{{flag|BAN}}
| bgcolor=9acdff|{{flag|SRI}}
|{{flag|AFG|2013}}
|{{flag|UAE}}
|{{flag|HKG}}
|{{flag|OMA}}
| align="center"|8
|}

===Medals===
{{Medals table
| caption =
| host =
| flag_template =
| event =
| team =
| gold_IND = 9 | silver_IND = 3 | bronze_IND = 4
| gold_SRI = 6 | silver_SRI = 7 | bronze_SRI = 0
| gold_PAK = 2 | silver_PAK = 4 | bronze_PAK = 9
| gold_BAN = 0 | silver_BAN = 3 | bronze_BAN = 4
}}

===Summary===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!Rank<ref>https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/team-results-summary/men-s-t20-asia-cup-951</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Asia Cup (ODI) Trophy team results summary {{pipe}} ESPNcricinfo | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/team-results-summary/asia-cup-odi-14 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Team records {{!}} Combined Test, ODI and T20I records {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=11;filter=advanced;orderby=won;template=results;trophy=14;trophy=951;type=team |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>||width=200|Team||Part||M||W||L||T||NR||W/L
|-
|1||align=left|{{cr|IND}}
|16||72||'''50'''||19||1||3||2.631
|-
|2||align=left|{{cr|SRI}}
|17||71||'''47'''||24||0||5||1.958
|-
|3||align=left|{{cr|PAK}}||16||66||'''37'''||27||0||2||1.370
|-
|4||align=left|{{cr|BAN}}||16||61||'''15'''||46||0||0||0.326
|-
|5||align=left|{{cr|AFG}}||5||22||'''8'''||13||1||0||0.615
|-
|6||align=left|{{cr|NEP}}||1||2||'''0'''||2||0||0||0.000
|-
|7||align=left|{{nobr|{{cr|UAE}}}}||4||14||'''4'''||10||0||0||0.400
|-
|8||align=left|{{cr|HKG}}||6||14||'''0'''||14||0||0||0.000
|-
|9||align=left|{{cr|Oman}}||2||6||'''1'''||5||0||0||0.200
|}

===Qualification===
{{main|Asia Cup Qualification}}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Year!!Qualification tournament!!Number of teams in qualification!!Number of qualified teams
|-
|[[1984 Asia Cup|1984]]|| colspan="3" rowspan="3" |No qualification
|-
|[[1986 Asia Cup|1986]]
|-
|[[1988 Asia Cup|1988]]–[[2000 Asia Cup|2000]]
|-
|[[2004 Asia Cup]]||[[2000 ACC Trophy]]|| rowspan="2" |8|| rowspan="2" |2
|-
|[[2008 Asia Cup]]||[[2006 ACC Trophy]]
|-
|[[2010 Asia Cup|2010]]–[[2014 Asia Cup|2014]]||colspan=3|No qualification
|-
|[[2016 Asia Cup]]||[[2016 Asia Cup Qualifier]]||4|| rowspan="4" |1
|-
|[[2018 Asia Cup]]||[[2018 Asia Cup Qualifier]]||6
|-
|[[2022 Asia Cup]]||[[2022 Asia Cup Qualifier]]||13
|-
|{{nowrap|[[2023 Asia Cup]]}}||[[2023 ACC Men's Premier Cup]]||14
|-
||[[2025 Asia Cup]]||[[2024 ACC Men's Premier Cup]]||18||3
|}

==Records and statistics==
{{main|List of Asia Cup cricket records}}

==Broadcasters==
{| class="wikitable"
!Country or territory
!Broadcasters
!Year
|-
|Bangladesh
|[[GTV (Bangladeshi TV channel)|GTV]], [[T Sports|T Sports HD]], Rabbithole Prime, [[Toffee (streaming service)|Toffee]] (Offline), T sports app, [[Nagorik (TV channel)|Nagorik tv]],
|{{nowrap|2022–27}}
|-
|Caribbean
|RUSH Sports
|2023
|-
|India and Nepal
|[[Sony Sports Network]]
|2024–31
|-
|Sri Lanka
|[[TV 1 (Sri Lankan TV channel)|TV 1]] ([[MTV Channel]])
|{{nowrap|2025–27}}<ref>{{cite news |work=[[News First|NewsFirst]] |title=Sri Lanka's Sirasa TV Network secures Asia Cup cricket rights deal (2025–2027) |url=https://english.newsfirst.lk/2025/09/02/sri-lanka%E2%80%99s-sirasa-tv-network-secures-big-asia-cup-cricket-rights-deal-20252027 |access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
|Pakistan
|[[PTV Sports|PTV]], [[Ten Sports]]
|2022–23
|-
|Australia
|[[Kayo Sports]]
|2022
|-
|Middle East and North Africa
|Tv by e& and STARZON
|2022–23
|-|Hong Kong, Malaysia
|Malaysia
|Astro Cricket
|2022–23
|-
|Singapore
|HUB Sports
|2022–23
|-
|United Kingdom
|[[TNT Sports (United Kingdom)|TNT Sports]]
|2022–23
|-
|Continental Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Malaysia and Southeast Asia
|[[YuppTV]]
|2016–23
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Cricket}}
* [[Asian Cricket Council]]
* [[Women's Asia Cup]]
* [[ACC Premier Cup]]
* [[ACC Men's Challenger Cup]]
* [[ACC Trophy]]
* [[ACC Twenty20 Cup]]
* [[ACC Women's Premier Cup]]
* [[List of Asia Cup cricket records]]
* [[Cricket World Cup]]
* [[ICC T20 World Cup]]
* [[India national cricket team]]
* [[Sri Lanka national cricket team]]
* [[Pakistan national cricket team]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Asia Cup}}
{{Cricket Asia Cup Champions}}
{{Asian Cricket Council}}
{{International_cricket}}
{{Asian Championships}}

[[Category:Asia Cup| ]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1984]]
[[Category:One Day International cricket competitions]]
[[Category:Cricket in Asia]]
[[Category:Asian championships]]
[[Category:Biennial sporting events]]

Tuhina Das

2026-03-14T05:24:27Z

Charnkamal: Put up a article...

{{Short description|Bengali actress}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tuhina Das
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = 11 March 1992
| birth_place = [[Contai]], [[West Bengal]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actress]]|Model}}
| years_active = 2018{{ndash}}present
| known_for =
| website =
}}

'''Tuhina Das''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Bengalis|Bengali]] model and actress.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tuhina Das worried about shooting getting postponed |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/bangla/tuhina-das-worried-about-shooting-getting-postponed/videoshow/89035884.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-06-22 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Career==
Das grew up in a middle class family of [[Contai]] and moved to [[Kolkata]] to study fashion. Once in Kolkata, she became active in the theatre scene, and has since pursued an acting career. Her breakthrough movie was ''[[Gharey Bairey Aaj]]'' by [[Aparna Sen]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tuhina Das: 'Ghare Baire Aaj' has been a turning point in my career - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/tuhina-das-ghare-baire-aaj-has-been-a-turning-point-in-my-career/articleshow/83228617.cms|access-date=2021-10-25|website=The Times of India|date=4 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> for which she won the West Bengal Film Journalists' Association's Most Promising Actress award. Das got a breakthrough for her title role in Bengali web series [[Damayanti (web series)|Damayanti]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tuhina Das on her cinematic journey|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/tuhina-das-on-her-cinematic-journey/cid/1815276|access-date=2021-10-25|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> Since then, she has appeared in several feature films and web series, making her Hindi-language debut in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=বিশ্বাস|first=বিহঙ্গী|title=ঘরভর্তি ধোঁয়া, সবাই মিলে বসে মদ-সিগারেট খাচ্ছে, বেরিয়ে এলাম...: তুহিনা|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/exclusive-interview-of-actor-tuhina-das-dgtl-1.1171880|access-date=2021-07-20|website=www.anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Tuhina broke down - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/why-tuhina-broke-down/articleshow/72107524.cms|access-date=2021-07-20|website=The Times of India|date=18 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film/TV series
!Role
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2018
|''[[Aschhe Abar Shabor]]''
|Uma
|Debut film
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Ghawre Bairey Aaj]]''
|Brinda
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2020
|''Sin Sister''
|Tanushree
|Hoichoi film
|
|-
|[[Damayanti (TV series)|''Damayanti'']]
|Damayanti Dutta Gupta
| rowspan="2"| Hoichoi series
|
|-
|''[[Break Up Story]]''
|
|
|-
|''Hai Taubba''
|
|[[ALTBalaji]] series
|
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2022
|[[Abhijaan (2022 film)|''Abhijaan'']]
|[[Waheeda Rehman]]
|
|
|-
|''Aparajitaa''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Aparajitaa: An Unspoken RelationshipU |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/aparajitaa-an-unspoken-relationship/movieshow/90091086.cms |access-date=2023-05-30 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''Rawkto Bilaap''
|
|Hoichoi series
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-02-25 |title=Rawkto Bilaap Season 1 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/bengali/rawkto-bilaap/season-1/articleshow/89668888.cms |access-date=2023-05-30 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2025
|''[[Chhal Kapat]]''
|Ira
|[[ZEE5]] series
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Arpita |title=Chhal Kapat - The Deception: Release date, OTT platform, cast, plot, and more about the thriller series |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/chhal-kapat-the-deception-release-date-ott-platform-cast-plot-and-more-about-the-thriller-series/45f57e2492968 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Single Papa]]''
|Saoni Ghosh
|[[Netflix]] series
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|9466072}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Tuhina}}
[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Purba Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Bengali actresses]]
[[Category:1992 births]]

{{India-film-actor-1990s-stub}}

Anshul Rajendra Garg

2026-03-10T11:12:35Z

Charnkamal: new.

{{Short description|Indian music producer}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anshul Rajendra Garg
| birth_place = [[Dholpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| education = BBA from [[Indian Institute of Planning and Management]] (IIPM)
| occupation = Music producer
| years_active =
| known_for =
| partner =
| awards =
}}
'''Anshul Rajendra Garg''' is an Indian music producer and the founder of Desi Music Factory (DMF) and Play Desi Music Factory (PlayDMF).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kapoor |first=Nitish |date=2024-07-15 |title=Anshul Garg: From restaurants to global music sensation |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/anshul-garg-from-restaurants-to-global-music-sensation-1503320782.html/ |access-date= 2024-11-15|website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-09 |title=Sussanne Khan and BF Arslan Goni spotted at Anshul Garg's birthday bash, pose for paps. Watch |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/sussanne-khan-arslan-goni-spotted-at-anshul-gargs-birthday-bash-2376715-2023-05-09 |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sur |first=Prateek |date=2023-04-05 |title=Anshul Garg: If Two Remakes Or Remix Songs Are Hit Then Everybody Would Want To Get Into It And Tap That Field |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/anshul-garg-if-two-remakes-or-remix-songs-are-hit-then-everybody-would-want-to-get-into-it-and-tap-that-field-news-276157 |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

In 2024, Garg was awarded the Best Producer award for his song ''[[Guli Mata]]'' in the Non-Film Song category at the [[Iconic Gold Awards]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-16 |title=How Neha Kakkar's love for food led to Anshul Garg launching his music label DMF |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment/how-neha-kakkars-love-for-food-led-to-anshul-garg-launching-his-music-label-dmf/3491058/ |access-date= 2024-11-15|website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Garg was born on May 8, 1992, in [[Dholpur]], [[Rajasthan]]. He completed his [[Bachelor of Business Administration|BBA]] from the [[Indian Institute of Planning and Management]] in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=From a restaurateur to a hit music machine: The rise of Anshul Garg |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-from-a-restaurateur-to-a-hit-music-machine-the-rise-of-anshul-garg-3089701 |access-date= 2024-11-15|website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

Before entering the music industry, Garg operated Kinbuck 2, a restaurant in [[Delhi]] that he established in 2015. He crossed path with pop singer and [[Neha Kakkar]]'s brother, [[Tony Kakkar]], at an event, which led to the inception of Desi Music Factory (DMF), a record label which he co-founded with [[Tony Kakkar|Tony]] in 2016. Their debut track was ''Akhiyaan'', featuring [[Neha Kakkar]], [[Tony Kakkar]], and [[Bohemia (rapper)|Bohemia]].<ref name=":1" />

In 2020, Garg launched another record label, PlayDMF. Some of the notable songs recorded under this label included ''Bolero'', ''Judaiyaan'', and ''Baarish Aayi Hai''.<ref name=":1" /> Garg made his debut in [[Hindi film music|Bollywood film music]] through PlayDMF.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=2024-05-30 |title=Play DMF's Anshul Garg on How He Got Into the Music Business |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/playdmf-desi-music-factory-anshul-garg-interview/ |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2023, film production company [[Dharma Productions]] collaborated with Garg for the songs of the 2023 action comedy drama film, ''[[Selfiee]]'', which starred [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Emraan Hashmi]] in lead roles.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kanabar |first=Ankita |date=2023-04-08 |title="I'm doing my biggest project ever with Salman Khan and it will surprise people," says Anshul Garg - Exclusive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/im-doing-my-biggest-project-ever-with-salman-khan-and-it-will-surprise-people-says-anshul-garg-exclusive/articleshow/99343000.cms |access-date=2024-11-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In 2024, he released several hit songs, including two international collaborations: ''[[Guli Mata]]'' with [[Shreya Ghoshal]] and [[Moroccans|Moroccan]] singer [[Saad Lamjarred]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Misra |first=Iti Shree |date=2024-09-22 |title=International artist quotes Rs 50 crores, Anshul Garg to create most expensive song in India? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/international-artist-quotes-rs-50-crores-anshul-garg-to-create-most-expensive-song-in-india/articleshow/113564602.cms |access-date=2024-11-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and ''Yimmy Yimmy'' with [[Shreya Ghoshal|Shreya]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 23, 2024 |title=International artist quotes Rs 50 crores, Anshul Garg to create most expensive song in India? |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/international-artist-quotes-rs-50-crores-anshul-garg-to-create-most-expensive-song-in-india-article-12805434.html |work=Money Control}}</ref> and French singer [[Tayc]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mazumdar |first=Shreyanka |date=2024-03-07 |title=Jacqueline Fernandez On Yimmi Yimmi: 'Anshul Garg Has A Keen Sense Of Music, It Was An Entertaining Shoot' |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/jacqueline-fernandez-on-yimmi-yimmi-anshul-garg-has-a-keen-sense-of-music-it-was-an-entertaining-shoot-8806708.html |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-07 |title=Jacqueline Fernandez says working with Anshul Garg on 'Yimmy Yimmy' is another tick mark on her list |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/jacqueline-fernandez-says-working-with-anshul-garg-on-yimmy-yimmy-is-another-tick-mark-on-my-list/articleshow/108308012.cms |access-date= 2024-11-15|work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In February, Anshul teamed up with [[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 17|Bigg Boss 17]] winner [[Munawar Faruqui]] and [[Hina Khan]] for a new single titled ''Halki Halki Si''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-19 |title=Anshul Garg On 'Halki Halki Si' With Hina Khan And Munawar Faruqui: It's Become A Ritual That We Do Songs With 'Bigg Boss' Contestants |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/anshul-garg-on-halki-halki-si-with-hina-khan-and-munawar-faruqui-its-become-a-ritual-that-we-do-songs-with-the-bigg-boss-contestants |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref> In April, he launched the single ''Dhup Lagdi'' starring [[Shehnaaz Gill]] and [[Sunny Singh (actor)|Sunny Singh]]. Prior to this, Anshul had signed Shehnaaz for the video song ''Shona Shona,'' that also featured the late actor [[Sidharth Shukla|Siddharth Shukla]]. The song was sung by Neha Kakkar and Tony Kakkar.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anshul Garg's "Dhup Lagdi" featuring Sunny Singh & Shehnaaz Gill out now! |url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/240418-anshul-garg%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%9Cdhup-lagdi%E2%80%9D-featuring-sunny |access-date= 2024-11-15|website=www.radioandmusic.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Discography ==

=== As a record producer ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Song
!Language
!Sung by
!Ref.
|-
|2019
|"Dheeme Dheeme"
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|2019
|"Kanta Bai"
| rowspan="6" |Punjabi
|
|
|-
|2020
|"Goa Beach"
|
|
|-
|2020
|"Manjha"
|
|
|-
|2020
|"Aeroplane"
|
|
|-
|2020
|"Ringtone"
|
|
|-
|2020
|"Dil Ko Karaar"
|
|
|-
|2021
|"Coffee"
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|2021
|"Kanta Laga"
| rowspan="2" |Punjabi
|
|
|-
|2021
|"Do Gallan"
|
|
|-
|2022
|"Mud Mud Ke"
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|2022
|"Main Roya"
| rowspan="2" |Punjabi
|
|
|-
|2022
|"Halki Si Barsaat"
|
|
|-
|2023
|"Kuch Itne Haseen"
| rowspan="6" |Hindi
|
|
|-
|2023
|"Tanveer Evan"
|
|
|-
|2023
|"Bolero feat."
|
|
|-
|2023
|"Aidan Na Nach"
|
|
|-
|2024
|"Saanware"
|
|
|-
|2025
|"BESOS"
|
|
|}

== Awards ==

* '''2022''': 35 Under 35 list by [[Entrepreneur (magazine)|Entrepreneur Magazine]].<ref name=":1" />
* '''2024:''' Best Producer award for the song [[Guli Mata]] in the Non-Film Song category<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian music people]]
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:People from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian composers]]

Dandamudi Ramamohan Rao

2026-03-08T03:28:07Z

Charnkamal: Added the bio more to come...

{{Short description|Indian mridangam exponent (1933–2011)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dandamudi Ramamohan Rao
| caption =
| image_size =
| module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| genre = Carnatic music
| instrument = [[Mridangam]]
| years_active =
}}
| alias =
| alma_mater =
| citizenship = {{ubl|British Indian (1933-1947)|Indian (1947-2011)}}
| occupation = instrumentalist
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1933|03|18}}
| birth_place = [[Vuyyuru]], [[British India]] (present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]])
| birth_name =
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2011|01|31|1933|03|18}}
| death_place = [[Vijayawada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (1994)
| website =
| spouse = [[Nidumolu Sumathi]]
| parents =
| children =
}}
'''Dandamudi Ramamohan Rao''' (18 March 1933{{snd}}31 January 2011), also known as '''Dandamudi Ramamohana Rao''', was an Indian [[mridangam]] player. He received the ''Kala Praveena'' title from the Andhra Pradesh Sangeet Natak Academy in 1981 and the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for mridangam from [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], Government of India in 1994.

==Biography==
Dandamudi Ramamohan Rao was born on 18 March 1933, in [[Vuyyuru]] in present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="SNA">{{cite web |title=Dandamudi Ramamohana Rao |url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/D_Ramamohana_Rao.pdf |publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]}}</ref> He began learning the mridangam at the age of six. An exponent of the Pudukottai style of mridangam, he received training from eminent musicians such as K. Ranganayakulu, Potluri Veeraraghava Chowdhury, Tirupati Ramanuja Suri, Edara Nagaraju and Palani Subramaniam Pillai.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |title=A legendary percussionist |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/A-legendary-percussionist/article15293081.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=10 February 2011 |language=en-IN}}</ref> He gave his first concert in 1939. Along with the mridangam, he has also mastered the [[Kanjira]] and [[Morsing]].<ref name="SNA"/>

His wife, [[Nidumolu Sumathi]], a renowned mridangam player, was first his student and later his co-performer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-04-14 |title=Percussion perfect |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/Percussion-perfect/article14683074.ece |access-date=2025-07-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-06-09 |title=Into a man's world |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/into-a-mans-world/article2090680.ece |access-date=2025-07-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

He died on 31 January 2011 at [[Vijayawada]].<ref name="Hindu"/>

==Career==
In his mridangam career spanning over five decades, other than solo mridangam concerts, Dandamudi has played the mridangam alongside many accomplished Carnatic musicians.<ref name="SNA" /><ref name="Hindu" />

Dandamudi served as a staff artist at All India Radio, Vijayawada for five decades, retiring from there in 1993.<ref name="Hindu"/>

Dandamudi, who was also a mridangam teacher, had disciples including his wife [[Nidumolu Sumathi]], M. Lakshminarayana Raju, Pulledikurthi Rama Rao, A. Krishnamohan Sathya Narayanan, M. Mokkapathi Nageswara Rao, and [[M. Balamuralikrishna]].<ref name="Hindu"/>

==Awards and honors==
In 1981, Dandamudi received the title ''Kala Praveena'' from the Andhra Pradesh Sangeetha Nataka Academy.<ref name="SNA"/> He received the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for mridangam in 1994.<ref name="SNA"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rammohan Rao, Dandamudi}}
[[Category:Mridangam players]]
[[Category:Carnatic instrumentalists]]
[[Category:Indian male classical musicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]

OMG: O Manchi Ghost

2026-03-03T09:13:03Z

Charnkamal: Created a post.

{{Short description|2024 Indian Telugu-language film by Shankar K. Marthand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = OMG - O Manchi Ghost.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Shankar K. Marthand
| writer = Shankar K. Marthand
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = Abinika Inabathuni
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Vennela Kishore]]
* [[Nandita Swetha]]
* [[Shakalaka Shankar]]
* Navami Gayak
* Rajath Raghav
}}
| cinematography = I. Andrew Babu
| editing = M. R. Varma
| music = [[Anup Rubens]]
| studio = Markset Networks Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2024|6|21|df=y|ref1=}}
| runtime = 119 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''OMG: O Manchi Ghost''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Comedy horror|horror comedy]] film written and directed by Shankar K. Marthand. The film features [[Vennela Kishore]], [[Nandita Swetha]], [[Shakalaka Shankar]], Navami Gayak and Rajath Raghav in important roles.

The film was released on 21 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raju |date=2024-06-13 |title=OMG (O Manchi Ghost) Releasing On June 21 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/omg-o-manchi-ghost-releasing-on-june-21-884591 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=January 2025}}

==Cast==
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as Aatma
* [[Nandita Swetha]] as Keerthi
* [[Shakalaka Shankar]] as Pavuram
* Navami Gayak as Raziya
* Rajath Raghav as Chaitanya
* Naveen Neni as Lakshman
* [[Nagineedu]] as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] Sadasiva Rao
* [[Raghu Babu]]
* [[Prabhakar (actor)|Prabhakar]]

== Music ==
The film's music is composed by [[Anup Rubens]].
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = [[Anup Rubens]]
| title1 = O Papa Nuvvu Thopu
| length1 = 3:12
| lyrics1 = Mannella Simhachalam, Srinivas Teja
| extra1 = [[Shakalaka Shankar]], Bhada Sooranna
| title2 = Oo Rasika
| length2 = 3:29
| lyrics2 = Chintala Srinivas
| extra2 = Indravathi Chauhan
| title3 = Paisa Re Paisa
| length3 = 4:03
| lyrics3 = Anup Rubens, Chintala Srinivas
| extra3 = Anup Rubens
| title4 = OMG Theme
| length4 = 1:07
| extra4 = Indravathi Chauhan
}}

== Release ==
''OMG: O Manchi Ghost'' was originally scheduled to release on 14 June 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=OMG (O Manchi Ghost) Releasing On June 14 |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/omg-o-manchi-ghost-releasing-june-14-304774 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref> but it was released on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] on 15 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=O Manchi Ghost OTT release date: When, where to stream the Vennela Kishore horror comedy |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/o-manchi-ghost-ott-release-date-when-where-to-stream-the-vennla-kishore-horror-comedy/7509eadd4822 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Suhas Sistu of ''[[The Hans India]]'' rated the film 2.75 out of 5 opining that the film "succeeds in delivering entertainment, primarily driven by the comedic talents of Vennela Kishore and Shakalaka Shankar".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2024-06-21 |title='O Manchi Ghost' review: Offers laughter and intrigue |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/o-manchi-ghost-review-offers-laughter-and-intrigue-886365 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=22 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622023737/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/o-manchi-ghost-review-offers-laughter-and-intrigue-886365 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sasidhar Adivi of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave a rating of 2.5 out of 5 and stated that "the film offers sporadic laughs and scare, making it only engaging in parts".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-21 |title=O Manchi Ghost Review: A Horror Comedy That Works in Parts |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/o-manchi-ghost-review-a-horror-comedy-that-works-in-parts-review-111175191 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=22 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622132356/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/o-manchi-ghost-review-a-horror-comedy-that-works-in-parts-review-111175191 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=32657551}}
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Films set in 1970]]
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]
[[Category:2024 comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Films set in 2023]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anoop Rubens]]

Kalavani 2

2026-03-03T03:02:03Z

Charnkamal: small changes

{{Short description|2019 Indian film by A. Sarkunam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kalavani 2
| image = Kalavani 2 Poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. Sarkunam]]
| producer = A. Sarkunam
| writer =
| starring = [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] [[Oviya]]
| music = [[Natarajan Sankaran]] (score) Mani Amudhavan (songs) V2 (songs) V. Ronald Regan (songs)
| cinematography = Masani
| editing = [[Raja Mohammad]]
| studio = [[A. Sarkunam|Varmans Productions]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2019|07|05}}
| runtime = 143 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross =
}}

'''''Kalavani 2''''' ({{translation|Thief 2}}) is a 2019 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed and produced by [[A. Sarkunam]]. The film stars [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] and [[Oviya]], with [[RJ Vigneshkanth]] amongst others in supporting roles. This is Vimal's 25th film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalavani 2 Movie Review: Yet another pointless sequel |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2019/Jul/07/kalavani-2-movie-review-vimal-oviyaa-star-in-yet-another-pointless-sequel-12807.html}}</ref> A [[standalone sequel]] to ''[[Kalavani]]'' (2010), the film began production in February 2018. It was released on 5 July 2019 to negative reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalavani 2 Movie Review: Vimal, Oviyaa star in yet another pointless sequel- Cinema express |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2019/jul/07/kalavani-2-movie-review-vimal-oviyaa-star-in-yet-another-pointless-sequel-12807.html |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
Arivazhagan ([[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]]) continues his fraudulent existence with a new friend Vicky ([[RJ Vigneshkanth]]) in town. When the Panchayat elections are announced, Arivazhagan 's uncle and the father of his lover Maheswari ([[Oviya]]) are contesting for the local bodies elections. The Kalavani plans to file nomination on his own hoping that either side would pay him off to avoid splitting of votes and cheats Panchayat ([[Ganja Karuppu]]) to finance this scheme.

==Cast==
{{Colbegin}}
*[[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] as Arivazhagan (Arikki) / A. M. R.
*[[Oviya]] as Maheshwari (Mahesh) Arivazhagan
*[[RJ Vigneshkanth]] as Vicky
*[[Saranya Ponvannan]] as Lakshmi
*Durai Sudhakar as Rajendran (A) Raavana
*[[Ilavarasu]] as Annamalai
*[[Ganja Karuppu]] as Panchayathu
*Villain Raj as Chelladurai, Maheshwari's father
*[[Senthi Kumari]] as Mrs. Chelladurai, Maheshwari's mother
*[[Vinodhini Vaidyanathan]] as Manimekalai Rajendran
*[[Mayilsamy]] as Chinnasaamy (Thosai)
*[[Imman Annachi]] as Nallathambi
*[[TSR Srinivasan]] as Election Commissioner
*Usha Elizabeth as Chinnasaamy's wife
*Shanthi Mani
*Sindhiya as Maheshwari's friend
*Mannai Sathik as Maheswari's blackmailer
*Kannayiram
{{Colend}}

==Production==
Upon release in 2010, ''[[Kalavani]]'', produced by Nazir, had become a surprise success and performed well at the box office, effectively making the careers of director [[A. Sarkunam|Sarkunam]], actor [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] and actress [[Oviya]]. In November 2016, reports emerged that Sarkunam and Vimal were coming together for a sequel but Sarkunam continued to concentrate on the pre-production of a film starring [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]]. In October 2017, Vimal denied signing the film and dispelled reports that a sequel was in production for producer Nazir.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2017 |title=Vimal Dismisses Reports Of 'Kalavani 2', Says He Is Not Part Of The Film |url=https://silverscreen.in/tamil/news/vimal-dismisses-reports-of-kalavani-2-says-he-is-part-of-the-film/}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

In a turn of events in February 2018, Sarkunam shelved his proposed film with Madhavan and announced that he would make a sequel to ''Kalavani''. He launched his own production house, Varmans Productions, to fund the film and cast Vimal Oviya, while titling the project as ''K2''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarkunam announces 'K2' with Oviya and Vemal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sarkunam-announces-k2-with-oviya-and-vemal/articleshow/62788052.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarkunam announces 'Kalavani-2' with Oviya and Vemal! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sarkunam-announces-kalavani-2-with-oviya-and-vemal-news-tamil-sceq6jdbfhjea.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205032451/http://www.sify.com/movies/sarkunam-announces-kalavani-2-with-oviya-and-vemal-news-tamil-sceq6jdbfhjea.html |archive-date=5 February 2018}}</ref> Soon after Sarkunam's announcement, Nazir revealed that he was unhappy at this proposal, and that he would begin work on a separate film titled ''Kalavani 2'' as he had the original rights to the title. He suggested that production would begin in mid-2018 after he had finished making a film titled ''Vadam'' with [[Poonam Kaur]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=KR |first=Manigandan |title=Producer, director spar over right to make sequel to superhit film Kalavaani |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/feb/5/10868/producer-director-spar-over-right-to-make-sequel-to-superhit-film-kalavaani |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202160549/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/feb/5/10868/producer-director-spar-over-right-to-make-sequel-to-superhit-film-kalavaani |archive-date=2 December 2018 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarkunam in a fix! 'Kalavani 2' title does not belong to him |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sarkunam-in-a-fix-kalavani-2-title-does-not-belong-to-him-news-tamil-scfmqKdjchgdh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205090117/http://www.sify.com/movies/sarkunam-in-a-fix-kalavani-2-title-does-not-belong-to-him-news-tamil-scfmqKdjchgdh.html |archive-date=5 February 2018}}</ref>

Despite the ongoing issue, Sarkunam began shooting the film with Vimal in February 2018, with Oviya joining the team in May 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oviya joins the shoot of 'Kalavani 2' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/oviya-joins-the-shoot-of-kalavani-2-news-tamil-sf5lrmbdcbced.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180531071112/http://www.sify.com/movies/oviya-joins-the-shoot-of-kalavani-2-news-tamil-sf5lrmbdcbced.html |archive-date=31 May 2018}}</ref> Several members of the original film's cast joined the project, except [[Soori (actor)|Soori]], with [[RJ Vigneshkanth|Vigneshkanth]] signed on instead.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ancient house sets for Kalavani 2 song |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ancient-house-sets-for-kalavani-2-song/articleshow/64520523.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Kalavani 2': Makers release a lyrical video titled, 'Ottaram Pannatha' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kalavani-2-makers-release-a-lyrical-video-titled-ottaram-pannatha/articleshow/66375657.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt10295824}}
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kalavani-2/amp_movie_review/70103766.cms]
{{A. Sarkunam}}

[[Category:2019 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2019 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. Sarkunam]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

List of India national football team captains

2026-02-24T18:19:22Z

Charnkamal: small edit

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
This article lists all the '''captains of the [[India national football team]]'''.

The first [[India national football team|India]] [[Captain (association football)|captain]] in their maiden international tour was [[Gostha Pal]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/legends-of-indian-football-gostha-pal/|title=LEGENDS OF INDIAN FOOTBALL : GOSTHA PAL|publisher=The Hard Tackle|website=thehardtackle.com|date=20 August 2011|first=Somnath|last=Sengupta|access-date=2018-08-20|archive-date=20 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820140949/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/legends-of-indian-football-gostha-pal/|url-status=live}}</ref> organised under the control of [[Indian Football Association]] (Bengal) before the formation of [[All India Football Federation]] in 1937. The first captain to lead India in their first AIFF organised international tour was [[Karuna Bhattacharya]],<ref>{{cite web |title=1938 Indian Tour of Australia |url=http://www.ozfootball.net/museum/index.php/tours/252-1938-indian-tour-of-australia |website=ozfootball.net |publisher=Australian Online Football Museum |accessdate=24 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923052751/http://www.ozfootball.net/museum/index.php/tours/252-1938-indian-tour-of-australia |archive-date=23 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="1938 INDvsAUS" >{{cite web |last1=Greg Stock |first1=Thomas Esamie, John Punshon |title=Socceroo Internationals for 1938 |url=http://www.ozfootball.net/ark/Socceroo/1938A.html |website=ozfootball.net |publisher=OZfootball |accessdate=24 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806202225/http://www.ozfootball.net/ark/Socceroo/1938A.html |archive-date=6 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> who captained India in their first international match against [[Australia men's national soccer team|Australia]] on 3 September 1938.

The following table includes players who have captained the India national football team, along with the vice-captains and the international tournaments they led in.<ref>{{cite news|title=India national football team|url=https://www.11v11.com/teams/india/|work=11v11.com - Home of Football Statistics}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YhdmCQAAQBAJ |title=Indian Football Records |last=Chattopadhyay |first=Hari Prasad |publisher=Kolkatatoday.com |access-date=10 October 2022 }}</ref>

== List of captains ==
'''''Bold''' indicates current captain''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Tenure
!Incumbent
!Vice-captains
!Tournaments/Notes
!Ref
|-
|1933
|[[Gostha Pal]]
|Sanmatha Dutta, [[Karuna Bhattacharya]]
|All India XI / IFA XI First All-India national team organised by [[Indian Football Association|IFA (Bengal)]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/sports/football%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87|title=ভারত যেদিন নেমেছিল খালি পায়ে... [The day India landed barefoot ...]|website=www.prothomalo.com|publisher=[[Prothom Alo]]|date=1 August 2018|access-date=4 April 2022|first=Mehedi|last=Hassan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404094319/https://www.prothomalo.com/sports/football/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87|archive-date=4 April 2022|language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|1934–1936
|Sanmatha Dutta
|
|All India XI / IFA XI
|<ref>{{cite news |title=India Draws with China |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19360706&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=17 October 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=6 July 1936 |page=4 |archive-date=16 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016212153/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19360706&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|1938
|[[Karuna Bhattacharya]]
|
|First All-India national team organised by [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] ([[India national football team results (1938–1959)|India tour of Australia 1938]])
|<ref name="1938 aus tour manager">{{cite web |title=1938 Indian Tour of Australia |url=http://www.ozfootball.net/museum/index.php/tours/252-1938-indian-tour-of-australia |website=ozfootball.net |publisher=Australian Online Football Museum |accessdate=16 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923052751/http://www.ozfootball.net/museum/index.php/tours/252-1938-indian-tour-of-australia |archive-date=23 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|1948
|[[Talimeren Ao]]
|
|[[Football at the 1948 Summer Olympics|1948 Summer Olympics]]
|
|-
|1949–1954
|[[Sailen Manna]]
|[[Ahmed Khan (footballer)|Ahmed Khan]]
|[[Football at the 1951 Asian Games|1951 Asian Games]], [[1952 Asian Quadrangular Football Tournament|1952 Colombo Cup]], [[Football at the 1952 Summer Olympics|1952 Summer Olympics]], [[1953 Asian Quadrangular Football Tournament|1953 Colombo Cup]], [[1954 Asian Quadrangular Football Tournament|1954 Colombo Cup]], [[Football at the 1954 Asian Games|1954 Asian Games]]
|
|-
|1955 1958
|[[Sayed Khwaja Aziz-ud-Din]]
|
|[[1955 Asian Quadrangular Football Tournament|1955 Colombo Cup]], [[Football at the 1958 Asian Games|1958 Asian Games]]
|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Arunava |title=1955 Dhaka quadrangular |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1955quadrangularcup.html |website=indianfootball.de |publisher=indiafootball.de |access-date=22 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104165526/http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1955quadrangularcup.html |archive-date=4 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|1956
|[[Samar Banerjee]]
|[[Neville D'Souza]], [[J. Krishnaswamy]]
|[[Association football at the 1956 Summer Olympics|1956 Summer Olympics]]
|
|-
|1959–1960
|[[Sheikh Abdul Latif]]
|
|[[1959 Merdeka Tournament]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1959merdekacup.html|title=The Indian Senior Team at the 1959 Merdeka Cup|website=Indianfootball.de|last=Chaudhuri|first=Arunava|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608085202/http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1959merdekacup.html|archive-date=8 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
|1960–1961
|[[P. K. Banerjee]]
|
|1961 Merdeka Tournament, [[Football at the 1960 Summer Olympics|1960 Summer Olympics]]
|
|-
|1962–1964
|[[Chuni Goswami]]
|
|[[Football at the 1962 Asian Games|1962 Asian Games]], [[1964 AFC Asian Cup]], 1964 Merdeka Tournament
|<ref name="1964 AC manager captain">{{cite web |title=The senior National Team at 1964 Asian Cup |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1964asiacup.html |website=indiafootball.de |publisher=IndiaFootball |access-date=30 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002024/http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1964asiacup.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|1965–1967
|[[Jarnail Singh (footballer)|Jarnail Singh]]
|
|1965 Merdeka Tournament, 1966 Merdeka Tournament, [[Football at the 1966 Asian Games|1966 Asian Games]], 1967 Merdeka Tournament
|<ref name="1965 merdeka team coach">{{cite web |title=The Indian Senior Team at the 1965 Merdeka Cup |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1965merdekacup.html |website=indiafootball.de |publisher=IndiaFootball |access-date=30 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233522/http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1965merdekacup.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|1967–1968
|[[Arun Ghosh]]
|
|1968 Merdeka Tournament
|<ref>{{cite web |title=The Senior National Team at 1968 Merdeka Cup |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1968merdekacup.html |website=indiafootball.de |publisher=IndiaFootball |access-date=30 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819220342/http://indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/1968merdekacup.html |archive-date=19 August 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|1969 1973
|[[Inder Singh (footballer)|Inder Singh]]
|
|1969 Merdeka Tournament, 1973 Merdeka Tournament
|
|-
|1970
|[[Syed Nayeemuddin]]
|
|1970 Merdeka Tournament, [[Football at the 1970 Asian Games|1970 Asian Games]]
|
|-
|1971
|Chandreshwar Prasad
|
|[[1971 Merdeka Tournament]], 1971 Pesta Sukan Cup
|
|-
|1971
|[[Arun Ghosh]]
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=USSR vs India 1971 |url=http://russia-matches.ucoz.ru/publ/matchi/1971/sssr_indija_50/42-1-0-575 |website=russia-matches.ucoz.ru |access-date=2 January 2022 |archive-date=2 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102124446/http://russia-matches.ucoz.ru/publ/matchi/1971/sssr_indija_50/42-1-0-575 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|1972
|[[Mohammed Habib (footballer)|Mohammed Habib]]
|
|
|
|-
|1974
|[[Magan Singh Rajvi]]
|Ranjit Thapa
|1974 Merdeka Tournament, [[Football at the 1974 Asian Games|1974 Asian Games]]
|
|-
|1976–1977
|Pradip Chowdhury
|[[Gurdev Singh Gill (footballer)|Gurdev Singh Gill]]
|
|
|-
|1978
|[[Gurdev Singh Gill (footballer)|Gurdev Singh Gill]]
|
|[[Football at the 1978 Asian Games|1978 Asian Games]]
|
|-
|1980
|[[Prasun Banerjee]]
| A. Devraj Doraiswamy
|
|
|-
|1981–1982
|[[Bhaskar Ganguly]]
|
|[[1981 Merdeka Tournament]], [[1982 Nehru Cup]], [[1982 President's Cup Football Tournament|1982 President's Cup]], 1982 Merdeka Tournament, [[Football at the 1982 Asian Games|1982 Asian Games]]
|
|-
|1982
|[[Shabbir Ali]]
|
|
|<ref name="capt">{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/1020550/indian-football-of-captains-and-controversies|title=Indian football: Of captains and controversies|website=scroll.in|publisher=[[Scroll.in|Scroll]]|date=29 March 2022|access-date=6 September 2022|first=Jaydeep|last=Basu|archive-date=23 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623023836/https://scroll.in/field/1020550/indian-football-of-captains-and-controversies|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|1982 1984
|[[Prasanta Banerjee]]
|
|[[1984 Nehru Cup]]
|<ref name="capt"/>
|-
|1982
|[[Parminder Singh (footballer)|Parminder Singh]]
|
|
|<ref name="capt"/>
|-
|1982–1983
|[[Brahmanand Sankhwalkar]]
|
|1983 Nehru Cup
|<ref name="capt"/>
|-
|1982
|[[Pem Dorji]]
|
|
|<ref name="capt"/>
|-
|1982
|[[Biswajit Bhattacharya]]
|
|
|<ref name="capt"/>
|-
|1982
|[[Monoranjan Bhattacharya]]
|
|
|<ref name="capt"/>
|-
|1984–1986 1988–1989
|[[Sudip Chatterjee (footballer)|Sudip Chatterjee]]
|[[Biswajit Bhattacharya]], [[Tarun Dey]]
|[[1984 AFC Asian Cup]], 1985 Nehru Cup, [[Football at the 1985 South Asian Games|1985 South Asian Games]], 1986 Merdeka Tournament, [[Football at the 1986 Asian Games|1986 Asian Games]], 1988 Nehru Cup, [[Football at the 1989 South Asian Games|1989 South Asian Games]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.goaldentimes.org/maidan-masters-sudip-chatterjee/ |title=Maidan Masters – Sudip Chatterjee |work=Goalden Times |last=Saha |first=Kaushik |date=11 October 2014 |access-date=9 October 2022 |archive-date=20 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720050857/http://www.goaldentimes.org/maidan-masters-sudip-chatterjee/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|1986
|[[Atanu Bhattacharya]]
|[[Mauricio Afonso]]
|1986 Nehru Cup
|
|-
|1987
|[[Abdul Majeed Kakroo]]
|
|1987 Nehru Cup
|
|-
|1987
|[[Babu Mani]]
|
|[[Football at the 1987 South Asian Games|1987 South Asian Games]]
|
|-
|1989
|[[Mauricio Afonso]]
|
|1989 Nehru Cup
|
|-
|1991
|[[Bikash Panji]]
|
|1991 Nehru Cup
|
|-
|1992
|[[Krishanu Dey]]
|
|
|
|-
|1993–1995
|[[V. P. Sathyan]]
|
|[[1993 Nehru Cup]], [[1993 SAARC Gold Cup]], [[Football at the 1993 South Asian Games|1993 South Asian Games]] [[1995 Nehru Cup]], [[1995 SAARC Gold Cup]]
|
|-
|1995–1996 1997 1999
|[[Bruno Coutinho (footballer, born 1969)|Bruno Coutinho]]
|
|[[Football at the 1995 South Asian Games|1995 South Asian Games]], [[1997 Nehru Cup]], [[1999 SAFF Gold Cup]]
|
|-
|1996 1998 1999
|[[I. M. Vijayan]]
|
|[[Football at the 1998 Asian Games|1998 Asian Games]]
|
|-
|1997
|[[Carlton Chapman]]
|
|[[1997 SAFF Gold Cup]]
|
|-
|1999 2001 2003
|[[Jo Paul Ancheri]]
|
|[[Football at the 1999 South Asian Games|1999 South Asian Games]], [[2001 Merdeka Tournament]]
|
|-
|2000
|[[Roberto Fernandes (footballer, born 1971)|Roberto Fernandes]]
|
|
|
|-
|2000–2011
|[[Bhaichung Bhutia]]
|[[I. M. Vijayan]], [[Debjit Ghosh]], [[Shanmugam Venkatesh]], [[Renedy Singh]], [[Climax Lawrence]]
|[[2005 SAFF Gold Cup]], [[2007 Nehru Cup]], [[2008 SAFF Championship]], [[2008 AFC Challenge Cup]], [[2009 Nehru Cup]], [[2011 AFC Asian Cup]]
|
|-
|2001
|Basudeb Mondal
|
|
|
|-
|2003
|[[Debjit Ghosh]]
|
|[[2003 SAFF Gold Cup]]
|
|-
|2005
|[[Shanmugam Venkatesh]]
|
|
|
|-
|2009
|[[Renedy Singh]]
|
|
|
|-
|2011
|[[Climax Lawrence]]
|
|[[2011 SAFF Championship]]
|
|-
||2015
|[[Subrata Pal]]
|
|
|
|-
|2012–2024
|[[Sunil Chhetri]]
|[[Gouramangi Singh]], [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]], [[Sandesh Jhingan]], [[Rahul Bheke]]
|[[2012 AFC Challenge Cup]], [[2012 Nehru Cup]], [[2013 SAFF Championship]], [[2015 SAFF Championship]], [[2018 Intercontinental Cup (India)|2018 Intercontinental Cup]], [[2019 AFC Asian Cup]], [[2019 King's Cup]], [[2019 Intercontinental Cup (India)|2019 Intercontinental Cup]], [[2021 SAFF Championship]], [[2023 Tri-Nation Series (India)|2023 Tri-Nation Series]] [[2023 Intercontinental Cup (India)|2023 Intercontinental Cup]], [[2023 SAFF Championship]] [[2023 AFC Asian Cup]]
|
|-
|2016 2023 2024–
|'''[[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]]'''
|[[Rahul Bheke]], [[Sandesh Jhingan]]
|[[2023 King's Cup]], [[2024 Intercontinental Cup (India)|2024 Intercontinental Cup]], [[2025 CAFA Nations Cup]]
|
|-
|2017 2025
|[[Sandesh Jhingan]]
|[[Sunil Chhetri]], [[Rahul Bheke]]
|[[2017 Tri-Nation Series (India)|2017 Tri-Nation Series]]
|
|-
|2018
|[[Subhasish Bose]]
|
|[[2018 SAFF Championship]]
|
|}

===Captains by major tournaments===
*'''Bold''' indicates tournament winners
*''Italics'' indicates tournament hosts
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!Player
!Tournament(s)
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Talimeren Ao]]||
* [[Football at the 1948 Summer Olympics|1948 Summer Olympics]]
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Sailen Manna]]||
* '''''[[Football at the 1951 Asian Games|1951 Asian Games]]'''''
* [[Football at the 1952 Summer Olympics|1952 Summer Olympics]]
* [[Football at the 1954 Asian Games|1954 Asian Games]]
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Samar Banerjee]]||
* [[Association football at the 1956 Summer Olympics|1956 Summer Olympics]]
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Sayed Khwaja Aziz-ud-Din]]||
* [[Football at the 1958 Asian Games|1958 Asian Games]]
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[P. K. Banerjee]]||
* [[Football at the 1960 Summer Olympics|1960 Summer Olympics]]
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Chuni Goswami]]||
* '''[[Football at the 1962 Asian Games|1962 Asian Games]]'''
* [[1964 AFC Asian Cup]]
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Jarnail Singh (footballer)|Jarnail Singh]]||
* [[Football at the 1966 Asian Games|1966 Asian Games]]
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Syed Nayeemuddin]]||
* [[Football at the 1970 Asian Games|1970 Asian Games]]
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Magan Singh Rajvi]]||
* [[Football at the 1974 Asian Games|1974 Asian Games]]
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Gurdev Singh Gill (footballer)|Gurdev Singh Gill]]||
* [[Football at the 1978 Asian Games|1978 Asian Games]]
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Bhaskar Ganguly]]||
* ''[[Football at the 1982 Asian Games|1982 Asian Games]]''
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Sudip Chatterjee (footballer)|Sudip Chatterjee]]||
* [[1984 AFC Asian Cup]]
* [[Football at the 1986 Asian Games|1986 Asian Games]]
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[I. M. Vijayan]]||
* [[Football at the 1998 Asian Games|1998 Asian Games]]
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Bhaichung Bhutia]]||
* '''''[[2008 AFC Challenge Cup]]'''''
* [[2011 AFC Asian Cup]]
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|[[Sunil Chhetri]]||
* [[2019 AFC Asian Cup]]
* [[2023 AFC Asian Cup]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180209052156/http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/india/indianteam/indianteam.html Indian football international teams database] (archived)

{{India national football team}}
{{Football in India}}

[[Category:Lists of India men's international footballers|captains]]
[[Category:Lists of association football captains|India captains]]
[[Category:Association football player non-biographical articles]]

Niladri Sarkar

2026-02-15T12:33:13Z

Charnkamal: Created a page

{{Infobox character
| name = {{small|Colonel}} Niladri Sarkar
| series = Colonel
| image =
| caption =
| first = ''Chaya Pore''
| last = ''Hu-Humba Rahasya''
| creator = [[Syed Mustafa Siraj]]
| portrayer =
| voice =
| full_name = Niladri Sarkar
| nickname =
| alias =
| gender = Male
| occupation = Retired [[Colonel]] Nature Specialist
| title = [[Colonel]]
| family =
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| lbl21 = Aquantances
| data21 = Jayanta Detective Haldarmashai Shasthi Charan
| lbl22 =
| data22 =
| lbl23 = Residence
| data23 = Elliot Road, [[Kolkata]]
}}
'''Niladri Sarkar''' or '''Colonel Niladri Sarkar''' is a [[Fictional detectives|fictional detective]] character created by [[Bengali language|Bengali]] novelist [[Syed Mustafa Siraj]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cF3WegP2WzAC&q=NIladri+Sarkar+Syed+Mustafa&pg=PA109|title=The Manichean Investigators: A Postcolonial and Cultural Rereading|last=Pinaki Roy|year=2008|publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=9788176258494|access-date=March 1, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Colonel Samagra (Bengali)|last=VOL-1|first=Syed Mustafa Siraj|publisher=Dey's Publishing|year=2012|isbn=978-8129516633|location=Kolkata}}</ref> Some of the Colonel stories written for children were translated into [[English language|English]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/so-says-siraj/article3820976.ece|title=So says Siraj|date=August 26, 2012|website=thehindu.com|access-date=March 1, 2018}}</ref> Best selling detective series.

== Character ==
Niladri Sarkar is a retired Colonel of the [[Indian Army]], jovial and looking like [[Santa Claus]]. He introduces himself as a naturalist, butterfly collector and [[ornithologist]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Siraj-is-in-happy-company-Raja-Sen/articleshow/16281888.cms|title=Siraj is in happy company: Raja Sen|newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=March 1, 2018}}</ref> The Colonel smokes a pipe and is fond of Coffee, He has a trademark Hat and typically uses a walking stick for concealing weapons. Most of the Colonel stories are narrated by Jayanta Chowdhury, a reporter of ''Dainik Satyasebak Patrika''. Jayanta is a lazy journalist who accompanies him on his missions. Sometimes Mr. K. K. Halder, a bit eccentric retired police officer also joins with colonel Sarkar. Colonel likes quoting Bengali proverbs and nursery rhymes. He maintains a good temperament while solving mystery. Colonel solves complex cases in his own ingenious way.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&q=NIladri+Sarkar+Syed+Mustafa&pg=PA3890|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot|last=Mohan Lal|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=9788126012213|access-date=March 1, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/94494412-saheb-chatterjee-goyenda-gogol-and-colonel-bengali-new-crime-mystery-detective-movi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914062525/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/94494412-saheb-chatterjee-goyenda-gogol-and-colonel-bengali-new-crime-mystery-detective-movi|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 14, 2012|title=Saheb Chatterjee in "GOYENDA GOGOL" and "THE COLONEL" Bengali New Crime Mystery Detective Movies|website=washingtonbanglaradio.com|access-date=March 1, 2018}}</ref>

== Stories ==
The first story of Colonel Niladri Sarkar 'Chaya Pore' was published serially in ''Amrit'' Magazine in 1970. Thereafter Siraj wrote hundreds of stories for teen and adults.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kishore Colonel Samagra|last=Vol 2|first=Syed Mustafa Siraj|publisher=Dey’s Publishing|year=2007|isbn=978-8129522481|location=Kolkata}}</ref> Some of are:
{{Colbegin}}
* ''Sabuj Sanket''
* ''Kuashay Mrityur Ghran''
* ''Pargacha''
* ''Faand''
* ''Ziro Ziro Ziro''
* ''Sonar Damru''
* ''Khokon Gelo Mach Dhorte''
* ''Janalar Nichey Ekta Lok''
* ''Prem Hatya Ebong Colonel''
* ''Trishule Rokter Daag''
* ''Kalo Pathor''
* ''Dui Nari''
* ''Hangor''
* ''Patal Khondok''
* ''Sundar Bivisika''
* ''Macbeth'er Dainira''
* ''Swarger Bahon''
* ''Bigroho Rahasya''
* ''Daniel Kuthir Hatya Rahasya''
* ''Kakcharitra''
* ''Kokodwiper Bivisika''
* ''Panther Rahasya''
* ''Manushkhekor Faand''
* ''Tibbati Guptabidya''
* ''Arunachaler Yeti''
* ''Chiramburur Guptadhan''
* ''Kalo Bakser Rahasya''
* ''Toradwiper Voyonkor''
* ''Tupir Karchupi''
* ''Turuper Taas''
* ''Alexanderer Bantul''
* ''Bole Gechen Ram Shanna''
* ''Kodondo Paharer Ba Rahasya''
* ''Vimgarher Kalo Daityo''
* ''Padmar Chore Voyonkor''
* ''Vuture Ek Kaktarua''
* ''Pretatma O Valuk Rahasya''
* ''Batrisher Dhandha''
* ''Rajbarir Chitro Rohasya''
* ''Toy Pistol''
* ''Vutrakkhos''
* ''Jekhane Colonel''
* ''Raja Salomoner Angti''
* ''Sandhyanire Andhokar''
* ''Kingbodontir Shankhochur''
* ''Lohagarar Durbasa Muni''
* ''Gurgin Khar Deoal''
* ''Damrudihir Vut''
* ''Kalo Kukur''
* ''Ghatotkocher Jagoron''
* ''Tibbati Guptobidya''
* ''Ozraker Panja''
{{Colend}}

==Adaptation==
In 2013 a film ''Colonel'' was released under the direction of [[Raja Sen]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Siraj is in happy company: Raja Sen - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/siraj-is-in-happy-company-raja-sen/articleshow/16281888.cms|access-date=2022-01-14|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> [[Chiranjeet Chakraborty|Chiranjeet]] played the titular role and [[Saheb Chatterjee]] played as Jayanta.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Arjun by Samaresh Majumdar - Famous Bengali detectives who have made it to the big screen|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/famous-bengali-detectives-who-have-made-it-to-the-big-screen/arjun-by-samaresh-majumdar/photostory/63892236.cms|access-date=2022-01-14|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sen|first=Jash|title=Go goyenda! A guide to the Bengali detectives who made it to the screen and the ones who need to|url=https://scroll.in/reel/824470/go-goyenda-a-guide-to-the-bengali-detectives-who-made-it-to-the-screen-and-the-ones-who-need-to|access-date=2022-01-14|website=Scroll.in|date=18 December 2016 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Bengali detective characters}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarkar, Niladri}}
[[Category:Fictional Bengali people]]
[[Category:Fictional amateur detectives]]
[[Category:Fictional Indian detectives]]
[[Category:Fictional Indian people in literature]]
[[Category:Male characters in literature]]

Kamal Ahmed Majumder

2026-02-13T18:33:12Z

Charnkamal:

{{short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kamal Ahmed Majumder
| native_name = কামাল আহমেদ মজুমদার
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = Kamal Ahmed Majumder 2022.jpg
| caption = Majumder in 2022
| office = [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|Member of Parliament]]
| constituency = [[Dhaka-15]]
| parliament = Bangladesh
| predecessor = ''Position established''
| successor = [[Shafiqur Rahman]]
| term_start = 25 January 2009
| term_end = 6 August 2024

| office1 = [[Ministry of Industries (Bangladesh)|Minister of State for Industries]]
| term_start1 = 7 January 2019
| term_end1 = 10 January 2024
| predecessor1 = [[Omor Faruk Chowdhury]]

| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1950|3|3|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Feni District|Feni]], [[East Bengal]], [[Dominion of Pakistan]]
| nationality = Bangladeshi
| occupation = Politician
| party = [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
}}

'''Kamal Ahmed Majumder''' (born 3 March 1950) is a [[Bangladesh Awami League]] politician and a former [[Jatiya Sangsad]] member representing the [[Dhaka-15]] since its inception in 2009 until 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/bn/mps-bangla/members-of-parliament-bangla/current-mps-bangla/2014-03-23-11-45-04?layout=edit&id=2092|title=Constituency 188_10th_En|last=Majumder|first=Kamal Ahmed|website=Bangladesh Parliament|language=bn-bd|access-date=7 September 2018}}</ref> He served as a [[Ministry of Industries (Bangladesh)|State Minister of Industries]] during 2019–2024 at the [[fourth Hasina ministry]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-01-06 |title=Those who are new state ministers |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/those-who-are-new-state-ministers-in-bangladesh-1683751 |access-date=2024-10-21 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Majumder graduated with a B.A. degree.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kamal Ahmed Majumder Biography|url=https://amarmp.com/mp/608/biography|website=Amarmp|accessdate=11 February 2018}}</ref>

==Career==
Majumder contested the controversial by-election in Mirpur on 3 February 1993. He lost the election to Bangladesh Nationalist Party candidate Sayed Muhammad Mohsin.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chowdhury |first1=Mahfuzul H. |year=2017 |orig-year=First published 2003 |title=Democratization in South Asia: Lessons from American Institutions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jFM8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT128 |publisher=Routledge |language=en |isbn=978-1-351-77391-1}}</ref> He was arrested in August 2002 by [[Bangladesh Police]] during the [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] government. [[Amnesty International]] feared that he would be tortured in custody.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bangladesh: Fear of torture, Kamal Ahmed Majumder|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa13/010/2002/en/|publisher=Amnesty International|date=22 August 2002|accessdate=26 July 2024|language=en}}</ref>

Majumder was elected to Parliament in the [[2008 Bangladeshi general election]], beating Bangladesh Nationalist Party candidate [[Muhammad Hamidullah Khan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bangladesh Parliament Election|url=http://amardesh.com/EADetailsYear.php?sol=181&Year=2008|website=amardesh.com|publisher=Amar Desh Online|accessdate=11 February 2018|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509065117/http://amardesh.com/EADetailsYear.php?sol=181&Year=2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 22 October 2013 his car was attacked with Molotov cocktails outside Mohona TV.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cocktail hurled at MP Kamal Majumder's car|url=http://www.clickittefaq.com/cocktail-hurled-at-mp-kamal-majumders-car/|accessdate=11 February 2018|work=Ittefaq|archive-date=12 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212083353/http://www.clickittefaq.com/cocktail-hurled-at-mp-kamal-majumders-car/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was elected to Parliament in the General Election 2014 as a candidate of Bangladesh Awami League from [[Dhaka-15]]. He beat his nearest rival Ekhlas Uddin Molla, an independent candidate by 26,786 votes.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bangladesh Election Result 2014|url=http://election.dhakatribune.com/pages/search_candidates?constituency_id=188|accessdate=11 February 2018|work=election.dhakatribune.com|publisher=Dhaka Tribune|archive-date=11 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211131347/http://election.dhakatribune.com/pages/search_candidates?constituency_id=188|url-status=dead}}</ref> Majumder is the chairman of [[Mohona TV]], a private television channel.<ref name="tvmd">{{cite news|title=Mohona TVMD dies|url=http://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/229819/Mohona-TVMD-dies|accessdate=11 February 2018|work=Daily Sun|language=en}}</ref> He is a member of the Parliamentary standing committee on Housing and Public Works Ministry.<ref>{{cite news|title=Amendments suggested to Cox's Bazar Development Authority Bill 2015|url=http://www.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=0&id=549261&date=2016-01-26|accessdate=11 February 2018|work=bssnews.net|publisher=BSS|language=en|archive-date=2018-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212090311/http://www.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=0&id=549261&date=2016-01-26|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 19 October 2024, a Dhaka court placed him on a three-day remand in connection with the killing of student Ikramul Haque. Ikramul had sustained bullet injuries on 4 August during the student-led [[Non-cooperation movement (2024)|mass uprising]] and later died at the [[Combined Military Hospital (Dhaka)|Combined Military Hospital]] on 14 August. Chief Metropolitan Magistrate Judge Ali Haider passed the remand order after the investigation officer requested a seven-day remand. Kamal was arrested by police from [[Gulshan Thana|Gulshan]] in the early hours of 18 October. Ikramul's father, Ziaul Haque, had filed a murder case on 7 September with Shah Ali police station.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-19 |title=Ex-MP Kamal Ahmed placed on 3-day remand |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/ex-mp-kamal-ahmed-placed-3-day-remand-970241 |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Majumder is married to Shahida Majumdar. She is the daughter of Syed Yasin.Shahida was sued by [[Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh)|Bangladesh Anti-Corruption Commission]] for possession of illegal wealth.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kamal Majumder's wife surrenders to court|url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/2008/04/08/kamal-majumder-s-wife-surrenders-to-court|accessdate=11 February 2018|work=bdnews24.com}}</ref> His son, Ziauddin Ahmed Majumder Jewel, was the managing director of [[Mohona Television|Mohona TV]].<ref name="tvmd" /> Jewel was sentenced to 40 years in jail in 2002 for the murder of Shipu, a cell phone trader in [[Banani (neighbourhood)|Banani]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Asian News Digest: A Weekly Record on Governance, Economy, Development, Human Rights, and Environment|date=2002|publisher=Asian News Chroniclers|page=2402|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=daAUAQAAIAAJ&q=Kamal+Ahmed+Majumder|accessdate=11 February 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kamal Majumder's son, four others get 40 years|url=https://article.wn.com/view/2002/11/01/Kamal_Majumders_son_four_others_get_40_years/|accessdate=11 February 2018|work=article.wn.com|language=en}}</ref> Jewel died on 29 May 2017.<ref name="tvmd" />

==Controversy==
On 4 January 2012, Majumder ,the president of the Monipur High School and College managing committee at that time, assaulted [[RTV (Bangladesh)|RTV]] journalist, Aparna Singha, and cameraman, Syed Haider in Mirpur.<ref>{{cite news|title=MP Kamal Majumder assaults TV reporter|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-216910|accessdate=11 February 2018|work=The Daily Star|date=4 January 2012|language=en}}</ref>

He was fined in 2013 by [[Bangladesh Election Commission]] for violating the electoral code of conduct while campaigning for the 2014 Bangladesh general elections.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kamal Ahmed Majumder fined|url=http://www.banglanews24.com/index.php/politics/article/12830/Kamal-Ahmed-Majumder-fined|accessdate=11 February 2018|work=banglanews24.com|language=en}}</ref>

In 2014, he established an extrajudicial court called Social Justice Committee in his office in Mirpur. Mirpur police officers described the court as illegal.<ref>{{cite news|title='Court' in parliament member's office|url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/news/52110/Court-in-parliamentarian-s-office|accessdate=11 February 2018|work=Prothom Alo|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Majumder, Kamal Ahmed}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Awami League politicians]]
[[Category:9th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:10th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:11th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:12th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:State ministers of industries]]

Suvasish Mukhopadhyay

2026-02-12T03:07:07Z

Charnkamal: Put up new data...

{{short description|Indian author and civil engineer (born 1963)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Suvasish Mukhopadhyay
| image =
| image_size = 180px
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1963|09|08|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Uttarpara]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[National Institute of Technology, Durgapur]], [[Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur]]
| notable_works = The Rise of the Setting Sun, The Happiness Code, Indomitable Susan With HIV, 100 Decisions That Will Change Your Life
| employer = [http://www.sscoetjalgaon.ac.in College of Engineering And Technology], [[College of Engineering, Pune]]
| module = {{Infobox engineering career
| discipline = [[Civil Engineering]]
| institutions = MINCOLD, LMISTE, LMISTAM, LMISH, LMIWRS
}}
| website = http://profsuvasish.com/
}}

'''Suvasish Mukhopadhyay''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] author and [[civil engineer]], who is currently Associate Professor at the Department of Civil Engineering, [[College of Engineering, Pune]].<ref name=":1">[http://www.coep.org.in/index.php?profile=smm.civil College of Engineering, Pune] Webpage of Prof. Suvashish Mukhopadhyay, Department of Civil Engineering, COEP, Pune</ref> Suvasish Mukhopadhyay has authored a technical book on [[fluid mechanics]] and 32 other non-fiction as well as fictional novels. The primary goal of his life is to inspire and enlighten the larger masses on achieving peace and happiness in life.

==Early years==
Suvasish Mukhopadhyay was born on 8 September 1963 in [[Uttarpara]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]], Mukhopadhyay was educated at the [[Uttarpara Amarendra Vidyapith]] (Secondary and Higher Secondary school). He graduated with a [[Bachelor of Engineering]] degree in 1986, from the [[National Institute of Technology, Durgapur]], where he studied [[civil engineering]]. He then obtained a [[Master of Engineering]] degree in a [[Hydraulics]] in 1989, from [[Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur]].

Mukhopadhyay's mother died when he was 12 years old. He grew up without fond memories of his childhood which taught him to look at various situations in his life in a positive way. Thus, all his books talk about peace, happiness and optimism.<ref name=":2">[http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/interview-student-community-is-most-neglected-of-all-1544201 Student community is most neglected of all] DNA Article about An Eternal Quest for Peace</ref>

==Career==
===Academic and engineering===
Initially, Suvasish Mukhopadhyay moved to [[Jalgaon]], [[Maharashtra]] and joined the Department of Civil Engineering in College of Engineering And Technology. In 1993, he joined the Department of Civil Engineering at the [[College of Engineering, Pune]], as a member of faculty and has been teaching there ever since. Today he is an Associate Professor of Civil Engineering and teaches several subjects at the Undergraduate and Postgraduate level.

Mukhopadhyay has taught subjects such as management studies, [[fluid mechanics]], dams and hydraulic structures, soil dynamics and numerical methods etc.<ref name=":1"/> He has also guided several students in their postgraduate level dissertation works. Over the years, Mukhopadhyay has handled several positions of responsibility at College of Engineering, Pune and other organisations. To name a few, Staff Advisor of T&P, Honorary Secretary of ISTE – Pune chapter, In charge of Civil Engineering Students’ Association, In charge of Transportation Lab, Member of F.E., S.E., M.E. Admission Committee, Ex–Executive council Member of Indian Society for Hydraulics, Member of Board of Studies of Civil Engineering, Elected Faculty member of Civil Engineering. In his 25 years of teaching experience, he has been in close contact with thousands of students.

Mukhopadhyay has reviewed many technical books about Fluid Mechanics and made significant contribution in the topic of [[Boundary Layer]] theory in most of books of [[McGraw-Hill Education]] and other publishers. He has done a considerable amount of consultancy related to the field of hydraulics, fluid mechanics and [[environmental engineering]] for several government and private agencies, such as PCMC ([[Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation]]), DMC ([[Dhule Municipal Corporation]]), B.G. Shirke and Associates, PWD, Irrigation Dept, [[Finolex Cables]], Normex Valves, NMC ([[Nagpur Municipal Corporation]]) among others.

===Literary===
Mukhopadhyay has always been a frequent reader and was encouraged by a colleague to start writing. In 2005, he published ''Tsunami: The Biggest Bane'', which explains the occurrence and mechanism of a [[tsunami]]. He went on to write a series of academic books, namely ''You Can Score More'', the national bestseller ''Motivating School Kids'' and ''How To Study And Succeed''. He has also authored two books on the art of living and happiness called ''The Happiness Code'' and ''An Eternal Quest For Peace''.<ref name=":2"/> He wrote ''My Students My Love'', which talks of 108 students who were closely associated with him during his 25 years of teaching.<ref name=":3">[http://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-teachers-memoir-sketches-lives-of-108-students-1892570 Teacher's memoir sketches lives of 108 students] DNA Article about My Students My Love</ref> Mukhopadhyay's most recent book is ''The Rise of the Setting Sun – Story of an Ordinary Indian''. The book describes the struggles of a young student, Animesh, who is frustrated that his family is imposing the wrong vocation of Civil Engineering on him.<ref name=":4">[http://www.newsroompost.com/147576/147576/ The Rise of the Setting Sun Review] The Rise of the Setting Sun Review by Newsroom</ref><ref name=":5">[https://www.asianage.com/in-focus/160421/suvasish-the-stalwart-professor-and-writer-transforming-the-role-of-teachers.html/ Suvasish, the stalwart professor and writer transforming the role of teachers] Suvasish, the stalwart professor and writer transforming the role of teachers By The Asian Age</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://profsuvasish.com/}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukhopadhyay, Suvasish}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:People from West Bengal]]
[[Category:National Institutes of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Robin Dey

2026-02-10T03:06:28Z

Charnkamal: cleanup

{{short description|Indian writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Robin Dey
| image = Rongmon's photo.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| birth_date = 18 March 1922
| birth_place = [[Nazira]], [[Sibsagar district|Sibsagar]], [[Assam]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1980|07|22|1922|03|18|df=y}}
| death_place =
| occupation = Novelist
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Scottish Church College]]
| movement =
| notable_works =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
}}
'''Robin Dey''' (18 March 1922 – 22 July 1980) was an Indian thriller novelist and actor from [[Assam]]. He wrote ''Dasyu Bhaskar series'' and ''Paban series''.<ref name="telegraphindia1">{{cite journal |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110725/jsp/northeast/story_14283092.jsp |title=Forum boost to Assamese |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |date=25 July 2011 |access-date=17 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193427/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110725/jsp/northeast/story_14283092.jsp |archive-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dasyu Bhaskar series included 62 books and the first book was titled ''Dasyu Bhaskarar Abirbhab'' (Appearance of Dasyu Bhaskar) in [[Assamese language]] which became popular among the readers in the seventies and eighties.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1071222/jsp/guwahati/story_8697342.jsp |title=The Telegraph - Calcutta (Kolkata) | Guwahati | Fictional hero on comeback trail |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |date=22 December 2007 |access-date=17 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194132/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1071222/jsp/guwahati/story_8697342.jsp |archive-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Rongmon'' was a pseudonym or pen-name of Robin Dey. ''Porasor'' is sobriquet of Dey. He was also an actor.

==Career==
Robin Dey was born in a Bengali family near the Dikhow river in [[Nazira]] of [[Sibsagar district]] of Assam on 18 March 1922.<ref name="telegraphindia1"/> He studied in Nazira and at the [[Scottish Church College]] at the [[University of Calcutta]]. He had completed his matriculation in 1943 and then left for [[Calcutta]] for higher education and continued his work in Assamese literature as an Assamese proof reader for the magazine "Soviet Desh". Dey died on 22 July 1980.

==Literary works==
Apart from the ''Dasyu Bhaskar'' novels, Rongmon had also written several other children's novels namely ''Daku'', ''Paban Konwar'' and ''Parbatar Ringoni''. His [[social novel]] ''Nipator pat'' was serially published in Assamese magazine ''Amar pratinidhi'' and remained incomplete.

==Bibliography==

Dasyu Bhaskar Series

# Dasyu Bhaskarar Abirbhab (Appearance of Dasyu Bhaskar)
# Guha Manav Bhaskar (Cave Dweller Bhaskar)
# Chakravedi Bhaskar
# Biman Judhot Bhaskar (Bhaskar in Aerial Fight)
# Dasyu Bhaskar Antardhyaan (Disappearance of Dasyu Bhaskar)
# Dasyu Bhaskar aru Adrishya Danaav (Dasyu Bhaskar and the Invisible Monster)
# Asthir Seemant aru Dasyu Bhaskar (Unquiet Frontier and Dasyu Bhaskar)
# Bhaskaror Pratigya Puran(Bhaskar Fulfills His Promise)
# Kshemahin Bhaskar (Merciless Bhaskar)
# Bondhu Bhaskar (Bhaskar the Friend)
# Juliba Paarot Bhaskar (Bhaskar on the Banks of Juliba)
# Bhaskaror Krodhbhori (Bhaskar's Anger)
# Noroghatak Bhaskar (Bhaskar the Killer)
# Dasyu Bhaskar aru Mantripatan (Dasyu Bhaskar and the Fall of a Minister)
# Dasyu Bhaskar aru Mrityudoot (Dasyu Bhaskar and Angel of Death)
# Commando Neta Bhaskar (Commando Leader Bhaskar)
# Dasyu Bhaskar aru Rani Hindool (Dasyu Bhaskar and Queen Hindool)
# Bhaskaror Agnibaan (Bhaskar's Rocket)
# Jaadukar Bhaskar (Bhaskar the Magician)
# Bhaskar aru Luit Kanya (Bhaskar and the Girl from Luit)
# Bhaskaror Samudravijaay (Bhaskar's Sea Victory)
# Bhaskar aru Mahakaal (Bhaskar and Mahakaal)
# Bhaskar aru Cabin No 22 ( Bhaskar and Cabin No 22)
# Dasyu Bhaskar aru Shilajtu (Dasyu Bhaskar and Shilajtu)
# Bhaskar aru Sarpasannyasi (Bhaskar and the Snake-worshipper)
# Dasyu Bhaskar aru Mishawrkumari (Dasyu Bhaskar and the Princess of Egypt)
# Dasyu Bhaskar aru Ratnamala (Dasyu Bhaskar and the Necklace)
# Bahurupi Bhaskar (Multifaceted Bhaskar)
# Agniborna Bhaskar (Fiery Bhaskar)
# Bhaskar aru Bimaandasyu (Bhaskar and the Flight Pirates)
# Bhaskar aru Maharaaj (Bhaskar and the Emperor)
# Dasyu Bhaskar aru Hippie (Dasyu Bhaskar and the Hippie)
# Bandi Bhaskar - First (Prisoner Bhaskar - Part One)
# Bandi Bhaskar - Second (Prisoner Bhaskar - Part Two)
# Bhaskar aru Rakshasi Sinai (Bhaskar and the Monstrous Sinai)
# Dasyu Bhaskar aru Pedapatti
# Dasyu Bhaskar aru Pretaatmaa (Bhaskar and the Ghost)
# Dasyu Bhaskar aru Aakaal (Bhaskar and the Famine)
# Bhaskar aru Sagaar Raja (Bhaskar and the King of Seas)
# Bhaskar aru Minoti (Bhaskar and Minoti)
# Bhaskar aru Abhinetri (Bhaskar and the Actress)
# Adhivakta Bhaskar (Advocate Bhaskar)
# Bhaskar aru Champaa (Bhaskar and Champaa)
# Bhaskaror Verakuti (Bhaskar's Prank)
# Bhaskar aru Kuntilaal (Bhaskar and Kuntilaal)
# Moromi Bhaskar (Loving Bhaskar)
# Jiya Juit Bhaskar (Bhaskar in Live Fire)
# Bhaskar Bihone Champaa (Champaa Without Bhaskar)
# Bhaskar aru Double Agent (Bhaskar and the Double Agent)
# Bhaskar aru Sadmaveshi Smuggler (Bhaskar and the Disguised Smugglers)
# Bhaskar aru Snapdragon(Bhaskar and the Snapdragon)
# Jantrayuddhat Bhaskar (Bhaskar in Machine War)
# Durjoy Boiri Bhaskar (Bhaskar the Undefeatable Foe)
# Bhaskar aru Yuvaraaj (Bhaskar and Prince)
# Bhaskar aru Nishaad (Bhaskar and Nishaad)
# Bhaskar aru Heruya Sutra (Bhaskar and the Missing Link)
# Bhaskar aru Marushiyaal (Bhaskar and the Desert Fox)
# Bhaskar aru Rudrapati (Bhaskar and Rudrapati)
# Bhaskar aru Dui Bodmaash (Bhaskar and the Two Punks)
# Bhaskar aru Sadmaveshi Shaitaan (Bhaskar and the Disguised Satan)
# Giriramot Bhaskar (Bhaskar in Giriram )

Non Series Novels

* '''Daku''' - About the friendship between two boys and a dog named Daku in an Assamese village.

==See also==
* [[Assamese literature]]
* [[History of Assamese literature]]
* [[List of Assamese-language poets]]
* [[List of Assamese writers with their pen names]]
* [http://nationallibrary.gov.in/ResultKeyword.php?start=1027&p_f=1027&id=ram&id1=personal Archive of Bhaskar Series in National Library, Govt. of India, Kolkata ]
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jiya_Juit_Bhaskar,_Novel_no.47,_Bhaskar_Series,_1976_jpg.jpg List of Bhaskar series Novels.]
* [https://www.facebook.com/dasyubhaskar?ref=stream Dashyu Bhaskar Fan club in Facebook ]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dey, Robin}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:1980 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Indian thriller writers]]
[[Category:Novelists from Assam]]
[[Category:People from Sivasagar district]]
[[Category:Scottish Church College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]

Barli Inscription

2026-02-07T22:27:56Z

Charnkamal: new

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox artifact
| image = Barli Inscription.jpg
| caption = Barli Inscription excavated in Rajasthan
| name = Barli Inscription
| material = Stone
| size = 13x10 inches
| writing = [[Prakrit]] language, [[Brahmi]] script
| created =
| period = 443 BCE<ref>{{Cite book|last=Institute|first=Bhandarkar Oriental Research|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=519jAAAAMAAJ&q=barli+jain|title=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|date=1978|language=en}}</ref> or 2nd-1st century BCE<ref name="Salomon"/><ref name="Verma"/>{{sfn|Goyal|2005|pp=3, 22, 105}}{{sfn|Gupta|Ramachandran|1979|pp=39-40, 106}}<ref name="Dani"></ref>
| place = [[Ajmer district]], [[Rajasthan]]
| discovered_coords = {{coord|26|18|48.3|N|72|55|51.6|E|display=inline, title}}
| location = Rājputānā Government Museum, [[Ajmer]]
| discovered_by = [[G. H. Ojha]]
}}
{{Jainism}}

The '''Barli Inscription''' (obtained from a Bhinaika village 36 miles southeast of [[Ajmer]]){{sfn|Sircar|1971|p=256}} is one of the earliest [[Jainism|Jaina]] inscriptions reported from [[Rajasthan]], India.{{Sfn|Jain|1972|p=152}}<ref>{{Cite web | last=Jain | first=Chhote Lal |title=Jaina Bibliography |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.31613|access-date=2020-08-15|website=Internet Archive|language=en}}</ref> It was discovered by historian [[Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha|G. H. Ojha]] in 1912 and originally dated as belonging to {{circa}} 443 B.C,<ref name ="Bhandarkar">{{Cite book|last=Institute|first=Bhandarkar Oriental Research|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=519jAAAAMAAJ&q=barli+jain|title=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|date=1978|language=en}}</ref> which some scholars have repeated recently, though most experts of ancient Indian [[epigraphy]] have argued on [[palaeographic]] grounds that it is dateable to 2nd or 1st century BCE, though it is fragmentary and aspects of its interpretation have been disputed.

== History ==

According to historian [[Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha|G. H. Ojha]], who discovered the inscription from bhillot mata temple in 1912, the inscription contains the line ''Viraya Bhagavate chaturasiti vase'', which can be interpreted as "dedicated to Lord [[Mahavira|Vira]] in his 84th year".{{sfn|Dwivedi|1994}} Based on this reading, Ojha concluded that the record was inscribed in 443 BCE means 84 Years after the Nirvana of [[Tirthankara]] [[Mahavira]].{{Sfn|Goyal|2006|p=105}} "Vira" is one of the [[epithet]]s of 24th Tirthankara Mahavira.{{sfn|Hubbard|1807|p=310}} [[K. P. Jayaswal]] also agreed with Ojha's reading.{{sfn|Goyal|2005|p=22}}{{Sfn|Jain|1972|p=152}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Institute|first=Bhandarkar Oriental Research|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=519jAAAAMAAJ&q=barli+jain|title=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|date=1978|language=en}}</ref> Indian Magazine Editor [[Ramananda Chatterjee]] has assigned the inscription to the 4th century BCE.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chatterjee|first=Ramananda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bA8kAQAAIAAJ&q=Barli+Inscription|title=The Modern Review|date=1958|publisher=Prabasi Press Private, Limited|language=en}}</ref> [[Archaeological Survey of India]], the principal archaeological survey body of India, published that the inscription is of a pre-Ashokan period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Circle |first=Archæological Survey of India Western |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nGJBAQAAIAAJ&q=barli+inscription |title=Archaeology, Progress Report |date=1911 |language=en}}</ref> Later, in 1966, [[Rajasthan]]'s ''[[Ajmer]] District Gazetteer's Office'' published similar deductions.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rajasthan (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4QaZCdLJBJoC&q=barli+inscription |title=Rajasthan District Gazetteers: Ajmer |last2=Sehgal |first2=K. K. |date=1966 |language=en}}</ref> Some oriental research institutes also published similar views.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYLXAAAAMAAJ&q=barli+inscription |title=Jaina antiquary |date=1977 |publisher=Devkumar Jain Oriental Research Institute. |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Jyati Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zYQBAAAAMAAJ&q=barli+inscription |title=The Jaina Sources of the History of Ancient India (100 B.C.-A.D.900) |last2=Jaina |first2=Jyotiprasāda |date=1964 |publisher=Munshi Ram Manohar Lal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oofXAAAAMAAJ&q=barli+inscription |title=Jinmanjari: Contemporary Jaina Reflections |date=2001 |publisher=Bramhi Society |language=en}}</ref>
This inscription also indicates that the Jainism become the most prominent religion of Rajasthan since ancient time.
Also the inscriptions in kankali tila mathura mentions madhyamika (ancient Rajasthan) was a prominent Jain centre around 2nd to 1st century BCE.
Also the Jain tradition mentions the upseka gaccha monk Swayambrabhasuri and Ratnabrabhasuri responsible for spread of Jainism in Rajasthan from 6th to 5th century BCE.

Earlier scholars assigned this inscription to a pre-[[Ashoka]]n period, but some of the more recent scholars have assigned it to a later date.{{sfn|Chakrabarty|2009|pp=355–356}} According to [[Richard G. Salomon (professor of Asian studies)|Richard Salomon]]—who argues for a late 2nd century BCE dating—the proposed pre-Ashokan dating is "decisively discredited" and Ojha's interpretation is "out of the question".<ref name="Salomon">{{cite book | last=Salomon | first=Richard | title=Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages | publisher=Oxford University Press | series=South Asia Research | year=1998 | isbn=978-0-19-509984-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-4RDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 | page=12}}</ref> "On palaeographic grounds [the Barli inscription] has to be placed after the [[Heliodorus pillar|Besnagar inscription of Heliodorus]] and is possibly later than the [[Hathibada Ghosundi inscriptions|Ghosundi inscription]]".<ref name ="Bhandarkar" />

Historians such as [[D. C. Sircar]] and S. R. Goyal have disputed the theory that the inscription is dated in the Vira Nirvana Samvat, arguing that this era was first used in the early medieval period, and most probably did not exist in the century following the death of Mahavira.{{sfn|Goyal|2005|p=22}}{{sfn|Goyal|2005|p=3|ps=:"The belief that the Barli inscription is dated in the 84th year of the Mahavlra Era and thus belongs to the fifth century B.C. is rightly regarded as baseless, for no such era was in existence in that period."}} According to these scholars, the inscription can be assigned to the late 2nd or 1st century BCE on [[Palaeography|paleographic]] grounds.<ref name="Salomon" />{{Sfn|Gupta|Ramachandran|1979|p=106|ps=:"The Barli inscription, which was placed by Ojha in fifth century B.C., can really be assigned to the first century B.C., on paleographic grounds."}} Sircar dismisses Ojha's reading of the inscription as inaccurate, and states that word "Bhagavata" in the inscription refers to the 2nd-1st century BCE [[Shunga Empire|Shunga]] king [[Bhagabhadra|Bhagavata]].{{sfn|Sharma|1993|pp=5-8}} However, this is also disputed by some historians who advocate the view that "such inference can hardly be adduced for this inscription".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Somani |first=Ram Vallabh |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.14106/page/20/mode/1up?q=Barli |title=History of Mewar: from earliest times to 1751 A.D. |date=1976 |publisher=C.L. Ranka, Jaipur}}</ref> Some recent scholars have also claimed that the [[Brahmi script]] of the inscription matches with other supposed pre-Ashokan inscriptions of [[Piprahawa]] and of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Joglekar |first=Satish S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmfEEAAAQBAJ&dq=barli+inscription&pg=PA242 |title=Window to Ancient India : A Tryst with Ancient Science & Philosophy {{!}} Part II : Languages, Linguistic Systems and Indian Logic System vis-a-vis the Greeks |date=2023-06-10 |publisher=StoryMirror Infotech Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-90267-91-0 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Ahmad Hasan Dani]], while critiquing aspects of Sircar's interpretation, agreed that the inscription must be dated 2nd or 1st century BCE.<ref name="Dani">{{cite book| last=Dani |first=Ahmad Hasan| title=Indian Palaeography |date=1986 |publisher = Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.|url=https://archive.org/details/indianpalaeographyahmadhasandaniuniversityofpeshawar/page/n81/mode/2up?q=barli |pages=51-56, 62-63}}</ref> Thakur Prasad Verma, a professor of [[Indology]] at [[Banaras Hindu University]], critiqued Sircar's translation and supported Dani's view that Sircar's proposed reading of the first letter of the fragmentary inscription was based on epigraphical features which are not observed in the period Sircar thinks it belongs to. Dani holds that a "definite reading was not possible owing to its fragmentary nature". However, Verma overall agrees with Sircar's view that the inscription can be placed in the first century BC on palaeographic grounds, and maintains that "there is no reason to place this inscription in the fourth-fifth century B.C."Nevertheless, Verma considers both the readings unreliable and only agrees with the paleographic aspect of Sircar's findings.<ref name="Verma">{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Thakur Prasad |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.26572/page/76/mode/1up?q=Barli |title=The palaeography of Brahmi script in north India, from c. 236 B.C. to c. 200 A.D |date=1971 |publisher=Siddharth Prakashan, Varanasi | page=18,38,62,76}}</ref>

Several more recent scholars and historians such as Dr. Rima Hooja repeat the view that the inscription may belong to the 5th-4th century BCE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ&q=barli+inscription |title=A History of Rajasthan |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-0890-6 |language=en}}</ref> [[Ram Pande]] published his work on the sources that delineate the cultural history of Rajasthan in 1983, wherein he reinforced [[Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha|G. H. Ojha]]'s findings.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pande |first=Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YHstAAAAMAAJ&q=barli+inscription |title=Sources for Cultural History of Rajasthan |date=1983 |publisher=Shodhak |language=en}}</ref> Several other works including those tracing the history of [[Jainism]] in [[Mewar]] published similar views.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Andhare |first=S. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EfPqAAAAMAAJ&q=barli+inscription |title=Chronology of Mewar Paintings |date=1987 |publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Dwivedi|1994}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vyāsa |first=Rājaśekhara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o9rVAAAAMAAJ&q=barli+inscription |title=Architectural Glories of Mewar |date=2004 |publisher=Raj Book Enterprises |isbn=978-81-901436-9-1 |language=en}}</ref>

== Description ==
This inscription is present on a piece of the pillar of dimension 13x10 inches. The inscription is written in [[Prakrit]] language. The writing was done by engraving, sewing, engraving, weaving, digging, piercing, burning, and punching. There are many defects in this inscription.{{Sfn|Dwivedi|1994|p=101}}

== See also ==
* [[Early Indian epigraphy]]
* [[Brahmi script]]

== References ==
=== Citation ===
{{Reflist|23em}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book | last=Chakrabarty | first=Dilip K. |title=India: An Archaeological History: Palaeolithic Beginnings to Early Historic Foundations |url={{Google books|wPQtDwAAQBAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |year=2009 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-908814-0 | page=356 }}
* {{cite book |last=Dwivedi | first= Bhanwar Lal | url={{Google books|idERT6Tg4MMC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | title=Evolution of educational thought in India| publisher=Northern Book Centre| date=1994| isbn= 9788172110598 }}
* {{cite book | last=Goyal |first=S. R. |title=Ancient Indian Inscriptions: Recent Finds and New Interpretations |url={{Google books|pD9mAAAAMAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |year=2005 |publisher=Kusumanjali Book World }}
* {{citation | last=Goyal |first=S. R. |title=Brāhmī Script: An Invention of the Early Maurya Period |url={{Google books|b05jAAAAMAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |year=2006 |publisher=Kusumanjali Book World }}
* {{cite book | last1=Gupta | first1=Swarajya Prakash | last2=Ramachandran | first2=K. S. |title=The Origin of Brahmi script |url={{Google books|924hAAAAMAAJ|page=106|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |year=1979 |publisher=[[DK (publisher)|D.K.]] }}
* {{cite book | last=Hubbard | first=Thomas | url={{Google books|qMp3mmMy220C|page=310|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | title=Asiatick Researches | volume=9 | year=1807| publisher=Hindoostanee Press | location=[[Kolkata]] }}
* {{cite book|last=Jain|first=Kailash Chand|url={{Google books|_3O7q7cU7k0C|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=Malwa Through The Ages|date=1972|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-0824-9|language=en}}
* {{cite book |last=Muni | first= Nagraj | url={{Google books|dXVOXRrYQiQC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | title=Agama Aura Tripitaka: Eka Anusilana| publisher=Concept Publishing Company| date=1986| isbn= 9788170227311 }}
* {{cite book | last=Sharma | first=Krishna Gopal |title=Early Jaina inscriptions of Rajasthan |url={{Google books|C2puAAAAMAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |year=1993 |publisher=Navrang |isbn=978-81-7013-081-9 }}
* {{cite book|last=Sircar|first=Dineschandra|url={{Google books|AqKw1Mn8WcwC|page=256|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India|date=1971|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-0690-0|language=en}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==

{{Jain history}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian inscriptions]]
[[Category:Jain inscriptions]]
[[Category:History of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:443 BC]]

List of railway lines in India

2026-02-05T04:34:31Z

Charnkamal: added new stub

{{short description|none}}
This article lists conventional railway lines of [[Rail transport in India|India]]. For urban railway lines, see [[Urban rail transit in India]], for high-speed railway lines and speed classification, see [[List of high-speed railway lines in India]].

[[File:Railway network of India.png|thumb|left|Railway Network of India]]

==Legend==
;Lines
† Converted from narrow or meter gauges 
‡ Under construction or under upgradation
;Speed
{{legend inline|#B0E0E6|Group B lines: up to {{cvt|130|km/h}}|outline=silver}} 
{{legend inline|#DDA0DD|Group A lines: up to {{cvt|160|km/h}}|outline=silver}}
;Note
:*While this article may not list all railway lines of India, the most significant ones which have a dedicated Wikipedia article are listed here.
:*The article's regional sections are divided according to [[Zonal Councils of India|India's zonal councils]].
:*The lines that fall in both regions are placed in the section of the region which has majority of the line lying within it.
:*All lines listed in the regional sections are of broad gauge ([[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|1,676 mm]]).
:*The main lines that are formed by combination of multiple lines are listed in a [[#Main lines|section of their own]].

==Northern region==
[[File:Northern Indian Zonal Council.svg|thumb|The Northern zonal council of India includes states and Union terrirtories of Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Punjab, Delhi, Chandigarh, Himachal Pradesh and Rajasthan.]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:small;"
! Line
! Operator(s)
! Opened
! Length
! {{tooltip|Speed|Maximum Permitted Speed}}
! Electrified
!Ref.
|-
| [[Ambala–Attari line|Ambala–Attari]]
| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| 1873
| {{cvt|273|km}}
| style="background-color:#B0E0E6";|{{cvt|130|km/h}}
| {{yes|2004}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php/Sind,_Punjab_and_Delhi_Railway|title=Sind, Punjab and Delhi Railway|publisher=fibis|access-date=31 January 2014|archive-date=1 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201194853/http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php/Sind%2C_Punjab_and_Delhi_Railway|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Amritsar–Pathankot line|Amritsar–Pathankot]]
| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| 1884
| {{cvt|108|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|2018}}
| <ref name=punjabrailway>{{cite web | url= http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gaz_gdr16.htm | title= Chapter VII | access-date= 10 February 2014 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090410022057/http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gaz_gdr16.htm | archive-date= 10 April 2009 | url-status= dead | df= dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
| [[Amritsar–Khem Karan line|Amritsar–Khem Karan]]
| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| 1910
| {{cvt|{{sum|77|49}}|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes|2019}}
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/separated-by-partition-reunited-by-rail/story-oZYaK9rrXYul2c3zlmXnJO.html|title=Separated by Partition, reunited by rail|publisher=Hindustan Times|archive-date=2024-01-10|access-date=2024-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110044216/https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/separated-by-partition-reunited-by-rail/story-oZYaK9rrXYul2c3zlmXnJO.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bathinda–Rajpura line|Bathinda–Rajpura]]
| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
|
| {{cvt|{{sum|173}}|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|2019}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/high-speed-trains-on-patiala-bathinda-tracks-in-three-years/story-VPCU4KaS8TaUjWWSyXuvSO.html|title=High speed trains on Patiala–Bathinda tracks in 'three years'|date=1 July 2016|access-date=5 March 2024|archive-date=12 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112105352/https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/high-speed-trains-on-patiala-bathinda-tracks-in-three-years/story-VPCU4KaS8TaUjWWSyXuvSO.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bathinda–Rewari line|Bathinda–Rewari]]
| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| 1884
| {{cvt|{{sum|300}}|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|2009}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.36650|title= Indian Railways history |access-date=2012-11-06 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Bathinda-Rohtak line|Bathinda–Rohtak]] †
| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| 1884
| {{cvt|{{sum|228}}|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|2009}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bathinda to Rohtak Long-Distance Trains, Shortest Distance: 227 km - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/search/bti-bathinda-junction-to-rok-rohtak-junction/109/0/825 |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bhanupli–Leh line|Bhanupli–Leh]] ‡
| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| TBD 2030
| {{cvt|{{sum|489}}|km}}
| TBD
| {{Maybe|TBD}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|last=Manta|first=Dipender|date=22 June 2020|title=Centre expedites land acquisition for Bilaspur-Leh railway line|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/centre-expedites-land-acquisition-for-bilaspur-leh-railway-line-102761|url-status=live|access-date=2020-07-22|website=Tribune India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623141418/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/centre-expedites-land-acquisition-for-bilaspur-leh-railway-line-102761 |archive-date=23 June 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Bikaner–Rewari line|Bikaner–Rewari]] †
| [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]]
| 1941
| {{cvt|{{sum|379}}|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|2020}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url= https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3d79c6256b9bdac53a55801a066b70da3/uploads/2020/10/2020101271.pdf|title= Bhiwani District history|access-date= 2020-11-06|archive-date= 2021-07-21|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210721120349/https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3d79c6256b9bdac53a55801a066b70da3/uploads/2020/10/2020101271.pdf|url-status= live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Chandigarh–Sahnewal line|Chandigarh–Sahnewal]]
|[[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
|2013
|{{cvt|{{sum|97}}|km}}
|{{cvt|110|km/h}}
|{{yes|2015}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/chandigarh/chandigarh-ludhiana-rail-link-inaugurated/article1-1047198.aspx |title=Chandigarh–Ludhiana rail link inaugurated |work=Hindustan Times|location=Chandigarh|date=19 April 2013 |access-date=21 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313025150/http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/chandigarh/chandigarh-ludhiana-rail-link-inaugurated/article1-1047198.aspx |archive-date=13 March 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Delhi–Kalka line|Delhi–Kalka]] †
| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| 1891
| {{cvt|267|km}}
| style="background-color:#B0E0E6";|{{cvt|130|km/h}}
| {{yes|2000}}
| <ref>{{cite web| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html| title = History of Electrification| publisher = IRFCA| access-date = 2 August 2013| archive-date = 19 October 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131019225702/http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html| url-status = live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Delhi–Fazilka line|Delhi–Fazilka]]
| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| 1897
| {{cvt|416|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|2019}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Delhi-Rohtak-EMU-to-be-inaugurated-on-March-3/articleshow/18713330.cms |title= Delhi–Rohtak EMU to be inaugurated on March 3 |work=The Times of India|date=27 February 2013| access-date=26 February 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Delhi–Jaipur line|Delhi–Jaipur]] †
| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern]] and [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]]
| 1875
| {{cvt|305|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web| url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=31676| title=Inauguration of Rewari BG Project| publisher=Press Information Bureau, 7 October 2007| access-date=23 April 2014| archive-date=28 July 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728112030/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=31676| url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Delhi–Moradabad line|Delhi–Moradabad]] †
| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| 1900
| {{cvt|167|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|2019}}
| <ref name=orr>{{cite web | url = http://management.ebooks6.com/The-Oudh-Rohilkhand-Railway-download-w23852.pdf | title = The Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway | publisher = Management E-books6 | access-date = 10 June 2014 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
| [[Haryana Orbital Rail Corridor|Haryana Orbital]] ‡
| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| 2026
| {{cvt|121.7|km}}
| style="background-color:#DDA0DD;"|{{cvt|160|km/h}}
| {{maybe|Under construction}}
| <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2020-09-17|title=Cabinet approves Haryana Orbital Rail Corridor to decongest Delhi|url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/infrastructure/cabinet-approves-haryana-orbital-rail-corridor-to-decongest-delhi/57377.article|access-date=2020-10-04|website=Railway Gazette International}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jaipur–Ahmedabad line|Jaipur–Ahmedabad]] †
| [[North Western Railway zone|North Western]] and [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| 1881
| {{cvt|630|km}}
| style="background-color:#B0E0E6";|{{cvt|130|km/h}}
| {{yes|2014}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.core.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,302,532 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314144929/http://www.core.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C294%2C302%2C532 |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 March 2011 |title=Brief on Railway Electrification |work=Electrification work in progress |publisher=Central Organisation for Railway Electrification |access-date=23 April 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Jalandhar–Firozpur line|Jalandhar–Firozpur]]
| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| 1912
| {{cvt|118|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|2019}}
| <ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history6.html| title= IR History Part VI (1995–1999)| publisher= IRFCA| access-date= 2 March 2014| archive-date= 11 June 2014| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140611003314/http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history6.html| url-status= live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jammu–Baramulla line|Jammu–Baramulla]] ‡
| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| 2024
| {{cvt|338|km}}
| TBD
| {{Maybe|Partly opened}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Geelani |first=Syed Rizwan |date=2023-12-30 |title=Baramulla-Banihal line progressing swiftly: CAM |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/front-page-2/baramulla-banihal-line-progressing-swiftly-cam/ |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127153845/https://www.greaterkashmir.com/front-page-2/baramulla-banihal-line-progressing-swiftly-cam/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Jodhpur–Bathinda line|Jodhpur–Bathinda]] †
| [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]]
| 1902
| {{cvt|118|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=37655| title = Railway line along Indian border| publisher = Press Information Bureau, Govt. of India, 21 April 2008| access-date = 7 May 2014| archive-date = 5 May 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140505200141/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=37655| url-status = live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jodhpur–Jaisalmer line|Jodhpur–Jaisalmer]] †
| [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]]
| 1968
| {{cvt|292|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url = https://nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1450093153283-BKN.pdf | title = Bikaner Division | publisher = North Western Railway | access-date = 17 July 2021 | df = dmy-all | archive-date = 5 December 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211205174053/https://nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1450093153283-BKN.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Ludhiana–Jakhal line|Ludhiana–Jakhal]]
| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| 1901
| {{cvt|129|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|2020}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url= http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gaz_sang9.htm#ch7c|title= Chapter VII – Communications|access-date= 26 February 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083351/http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gaz_sang9.htm#ch7c|archive-date= 4 March 2016|url-status= dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Marwar Junction–Munabao line|Marwar–Munabao]] †
| [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]]
| 1902
| {{cvt|370|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref name=irfcaii>{{cite web | url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html | title = IR History: Part II (1870–1899) | publisher = IRFCA | access-date = 30 April 2014 | archive-date = 26 July 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160726192451/http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Merta Road–Rewari line|Merta Road–Rewari]] †
| [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]]
| 1941
| {{cvt|368|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes|2018}}
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/railways-completes-306-km-of-western-dedicated-freight-corridor-118123000571_1.html|title=Railways completes 306 km of western dedicated freight corridor|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=30 December 2018|archive-date=21 March 2024|access-date=5 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321144159/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/railways-completes-306-km-of-western-dedicated-freight-corridor-118123000571_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Rewari–Rohtak line|Rewari–Rohtak]]
| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| 2013
| {{cvt|81.3|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref name=BS1>{{cite news |title= New 81-km railway line inaugurated in southern Haryana|url= http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/new-81-km-railway-line-inaugurated-in-southern-haryana-113011000045_1.html|date=10 January 2013 |work= [[Business Standard]]|access-date=3 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[Shri Ganganagar–Sadulpur line|Shri Ganganagar–Sadulpur]] †
| [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]]
| 1930
| {{cvt|244|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|2021}}
| <ref name="ner"/>
|-
| [[Suratgarh–Bathinda line|Suratgarh–Bathinda]] †
| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern]] and [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]]
| 1970
| {{cvt|264|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url = https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/64450/1/15_Petitions_9.pdf | title = Committee of petitions ninth report | publisher = Government of India | access-date = 17 July 2021 | df = dmy-all | archive-date = 29 July 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210729191951/https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/64450/1/15_Petitions_9.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref>
|}

==Eastern region==
[[File:East India.svg|thumb|The Eastern zonal council of India includes states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal.]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:small;"
! Line
! Operator(s)
! Opened
! Length
! {{tooltip|Speed|Maximum Permitted Speed}}
! Electrified
! Ref.
|-
| [[Ahmadpur–Katwa line|Ahmadpur–Katwa]] †
| [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| 1917
| {{cvt|52|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url = https://st2.indiarailinfo.com/kjfdsuiemjvcya1/0/3/9/8/3442398/0/1526994180625270534.jpg | title = Passenger train to start on newly constructed Ahmedpur Katwa broadgauge line | publisher = Indian Railways | access-date = 25 August 2018 | archive-date = 26 August 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180826150209/https://st2.indiarailinfo.com/kjfdsuiemjvcya1/0/3/9/8/3442398/0/1526994180625270534.jpg | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Alipurduar–Bamanhat branch line|Alipurduar–Bamanhat]] †
| [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| 1894
| {{cvt|74|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url = http://wiki.iricen.gov.in/doku/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=11301:vps.pdf | title = Role of Engineering Deptt in Meeting Corporate Objectives of Indian Railways | first = V.P. | last = Srivastava | access-date = 2013-02-21 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140330160317/http://wiki.iricen.gov.in/doku/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=11301:vps.pdf | archive-date = 30 March 2014 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[Andal–Sainthia branch line|Andal–Sainthia]]
| [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| 1913
| {{cvt|73|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes|2016}}
| <ref name="Press Information Bureau">{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=58164| title = Electrification of new rail sections| publisher = Press Information Bureau| access-date = 2011-11-28| archive-date = 2014-03-24| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140324045703/http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=58164| url-status = live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Andal–Sitarampur loop line|Andal–Sitarampur]]
| [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| 1864
| {{cvt|73|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes|2017}}
| <ref name="Press Information Bureau"/>
|-
| [[Asansol–Patna section|Asansol–Patna]]
| [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| 1871
| {{cvt|331|km}}
| style="background-color:#B0E0E6";| {{cvt|130|km/h}}
| {{yes|2001}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ecr.indianrailways.gov.in/ | title = East Central Railway | publisher = ECR | access-date = 28 March 2014 | archive-date = 12 January 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140112090715/http://www.ecr.indianrailways.gov.in/ | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Asansol–Tatanagar–Kharagpur line|Asansol–Tatanagar–Kharagpur]]
| [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern]] and [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| 1891
| {{cvt|205|km}}
| style="background-color:#B0E0E6";| {{cvt|130|km/h}}
| {{yes|1963}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history4.html | title = IR History: Part - IV (1947 - 1970) | publisher = IRFCA | access-date = 21 November 2012 | archive-date = 21 June 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190621083001/https://irfca.org/faq/faq-history4.html | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Asansol–Gaya section|Asansol–Gaya]]
| [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern]] and [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| 1907
| {{cvt|267|km}}
| style="background-color:#B0E0E6";| {{cvt|130|km/h}}
| {{yes|1962}}
| <ref name=timeline>{{cite web|first=R. P.| last=Saxena|title=Indian Railway History Time line|url=http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm|work=Irse.bravehost.com|access-date=3 January 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229092028/http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm| archive-date=29 February 2012}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bakhtiyarpur–Tilaiya line|Bakhtiyarpur–Tilaiya]] †
| [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| 1903
| {{cvt|100|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes|2017}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.biharfoundation.in/cm-to-open-rajgir-tilaiya-new-line/ | title = CM to open Rajgir–Tilaiya new line | publisher = IRFCA | access-date = 24 March 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140324044853/http://www.biharfoundation.in/cm-to-open-rajgir-tilaiya-new-line/ | archive-date = 24 March 2014 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[Bandel–Katwa line|Bandel–Katwa]]
| [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| 1913
| {{cvt|104|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes|1996}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=STATEMENT OF RECENTLY COMPLETED WORKS|url=http://www.picasona.com/listofcompleatedwork.pdf|access-date=April 24, 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bankura–Masagram line|Bankura–Masagram]] †
| [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| 2005
| {{cvt|120.3|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes|2021}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=South Eastern Railway |url=https://ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,423&dcd=4785&did=16138196395102AA837EAE75AD27F7A10B67A75D79A48 |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=ser.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[Barauni–Guwahati line|Barauni–Guwahati]]
| [[East Central Railway zone|East Central]] and [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| 1950
| {{cvt|784|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|2021}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfr.railnet.gov.in/engir/History1.htm |title=Northeast Frontier Railway |access-date=2012-01-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502032906/http://www.nfr.railnet.gov.in/engir/History1.htm |archive-date=2 May 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref>
|-
| [[Barauni–Katihar section|Barauni–Katihar]] †
| [[East Central Railway zone|East Central]] and [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| 1889
| {{cvt|185|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|2012}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url= http://indianrailwaynotes.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/north-eastern-railway.pdf|title= Indian Railways line history 2. North Eastern Railway|access-date= 2012-01-24|archive-date= 2013-11-06|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131106101710/http://indianrailwaynotes.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/north-eastern-railway.pdf|url-status= live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Barauni–Gorakhpur, Raxaul and Jainagar lines|Barauni–Gorakhpur]] †
| [[East Central Railway zone|East Central]] and [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]]
| 1907
| {{cvt|202|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref name="B-G-R-J">{{cite web |url= https://www.scribd.com/doc/95563059/Railway-Congestion |title= Fourth Report on Development of Alternative Routes for Decongesting Existing Routes |author= Railway Convention Committee (1999)|publisher= Lok Sabha Secretariat, December 2001| access-date=2012-11-06 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Barauni–Gorakhpur, Raxaul and Jainagar lines|Barauni–Raxaul]] †
| [[East Central Railway zone|East Central]] and [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]]
| 1907
| {{cvt|210|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref name="B-G-R-J"/>
|-
| [[Bardhaman–Asansol section|Bardhaman–Asansol]]
| [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| 1863
| {{cvt|106|km}}
| style="background-color:#B0E0E6";| {{cvt|130|km/h}}
| {{yes|1966}}
| <ref name=timeline/>
|-
| [[Bardhaman–Katwa line|Bardhaman–Katwa]] †
| [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| 1915
| {{cvt|53|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|2018}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.anandabazar.com/district/bardhaman/katwa-burdwan-broad-gauge-trains-started-at-last-1.739229 | title = Baro rail Katwae, jamlo bhidr (Big railway in Katwa, crowd gathers) | work = Bengali | publisher = Ananda Bazar Patrika, 13 January 2018 | access-date = 13 January 2018 | archive-date = 13 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180113040738/http://www.anandabazar.com/district/bardhaman/katwa-burdwan-broad-gauge-trains-started-at-last-1.739229 | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Barharwa–Azimganj–Katwa loop|Barharwa–Azimganj–Katwa]] †
| [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| 1913
| {{cvt|170|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|2021}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Eastern Railway achieves 100% electrification over its jurisdiction|date=10 February 2021 |url=https://news.railanalysis.com/eastern-railway-achieves-100-electrification-over-its-jurisdiction/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411193830/https://news.railanalysis.com/eastern-railway-achieves-100-electrification-over-its-jurisdiction/ |archive-date=11 April 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Barkakana–Muri–Chandil line|Barkakana–Muri–Chandil]]
| [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| 1937
| {{cvt|126|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|1997}}
| <ref name="History of Electrification">{{cite web|url= http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|title= History of Electrification|publisher= IRFCA|access-date= 24 April 2013|archive-date= 19 October 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131019225702/http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|url-status= live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Barkakana–Netaji S.C.Bose Gomoh line|Barkakana–Netaji S.C.Bose Gomoh]]
| [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| 1902
| {{cvt|105|km}}
| style="background-color:#B0E0E6";| {{cvt|130|km/h}}
| {{yes|1998}}
| <ref name="electric">{{cite web|url=http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|title=History of Electrification|publisher=IRFCA|access-date=24 April 2013|archive-date=19 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019225702/http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Barkakana–Son Nagar line|Barkakana–Son Nagar]]
| [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| 1907
| {{cvt|313|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|1962}}
| <ref name=timeline/>
|-
| [[Barsoi–New Farakka section|Barsoi–New Farakka]]
| [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern]] and [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| 1963
| {{cvt|126|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Bangladesh export to Nepal thru India resumes tomorrow|url=http://news.priyo.com/business/2011/07/11/bangladesh-export-nepal-thru-i-31397.html|publisher=Priyo Internet Life|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406181147/http://news.priyo.com/business/2011/07/11/bangladesh-export-nepal-thru-i-31397.html|archive-date=6 April 2012|access-date=2011-11-12}}</ref>
|-
| [[Cuttack–Sambalpur line|Cuttack–Sambalpur]]
| [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]]
| 1998
| {{cvt|284|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes|2010}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pm-modi-unveils-slew-of-projects-worth-over-rs-1550-cr-in-odisha/articleshow/67537519.cms |title=PM Modi unveils slew of projects worth over Rs 1,550 cr in Odisha - The Economic Times |website=economictimes.indiatimes.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203085258/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pm-modi-unveils-slew-of-projects-worth-over-rs-1550-cr-in-odisha/articleshow/67537519.cms |archive-date=2019-02-03}}</ref>
|-
| [[Dhanbad–Chandrapura line|Dhanbad–Chandrapura]]
| [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern]] and [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| 1894
| {{cvt|34|km}}
| {{cvt|80|km/h}}
| {{yes|1987}}
| <ref>{{cite web| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/train-service-resumes-on-dhanbad-chandrapura-line/articleshow/68142801.cms| title=Train service resumes on Dhanbad–Chandrapura line| website=Times of India| first=Bhupendra| last=Srivastava| date=25 February 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[Dumka–Bhagalpur line|Dumka–Bhagalpur]]
| [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| 1907
| {{cvt|115|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-02-11 |title=Dumka-Jasidih passenger train flagged off |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Dumka-Jasidih-passenger-train-flagged-off/articleshow/30208723.cms |access-date=2024-01-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806033510/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Dumka-Jasidih-passenger-train-flagged-off/articleshow/30208723.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Eklakhi–Balurghat branch line|Eklakhi–Balurghat]]
| [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| 2004
| {{cvt|87|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|2023}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Railway Budget 2018: 881 km rail network set to be electrified in West Bengal|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/budget/railway-budget-2018-881-km-rail-network-set-to-be-electrified-in-west-bengal/1056279/|url-status=live|access-date=16 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207121145/http://www.financialexpress.com/budget/railway-budget-2018-881-km-rail-network-set-to-be-electrified-in-west-bengal/1056279/ |archive-date=7 February 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Fatuha–Tilaiya line|Fatuha–Tilaiya]] †
| [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| 2003
| {{cvt|170|km}}
| {{cvt|55|km/h}}
| {{yes|2020}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=58164 | title = Railway Budget 2010-11: Electrification of New Rail Sections | publisher = Press Information Bureau, Government of India, 24 February 2010 | access-date = 26 March 2014 | archive-date = 24 March 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140324045703/http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=58164 | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Gaya–Kiul line|Gaya–Kiul]]
| [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| 1979
| {{cvt|129|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes|2018}}
| <ref>{{cite web| url=http://eastrailindia.tripod.com/grandchord.html| title=As the traffic continued to grow even beyond the capacity of the| website=Symphony of Progress: The Saga of Eastern Railway| access-date=20 November 2011| archive-date=25 April 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425235805/http://eastrailindia.tripod.com/grandchord.html| url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Gaya–Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction section|Gaya–Pt. D.D. Upadhyaya Junction]]
| [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| 1907
| {{cvt|197|km}}
| style="background-color:#B0E0E6";| {{cvt|130|km/h}}
| {{yes|1962}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history4.html | title = IR History Part IV (1947–1970) | publisher = IRFCA (Indian Railways Fan Club) | access-date = 20 November 2011 | archive-date = 21 June 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190621083001/https://irfca.org/faq/faq-history4.html | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Hajipur–Muzaffarpur–Samastipur–Barauni section|Hajipur–Muzaffarpur–Samastipur–Barauni]]
| [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| 1907
| {{cvt|157.37|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web| url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-11899365.html| title=सपना साकार, अब फर्राटे भरेगी विद्युत ट्रेन| language=hi| website=Jagran.com| date=22 December 2014| trans-title=Realizing the dream, now the electric train will fill| access-date=5 March 2024| archive-date=21 January 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121031604/http://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-11899365.html| url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Haldibari–New Jalpaiguri line|Haldibari–New Jalpaiguri]] †
| [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| 1878
| {{cvt|157.37|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|2024}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url = http://news.priyo.com/politics/2011/11/27/new-rail-transit-route-thru-in-43288.html |title = New rail transit route thru India gets govt nod |publisher = Priyo Internet Life |access-date = 2011-11-12 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130608063635/http://news.priyo.com/politics/2011/11/27/new-rail-transit-route-thru-in-43288.html |archive-date = 8 June 2013 |df = dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
| [[Harnaut–Mokama section|Harnaut–Mokama]]
| [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| 2016
| {{cvt|52|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| [[Barkakana–Muri–Chandil line|Barkakana–Muri–Chandil]]
| [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| 1965
| {{cvt|165|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|2002}}
| <ref name="History of Electrification"/>
|-
| [[Howrah–Barddhaman main line|Howrah–Barddhaman]]
| [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| 1854
| {{cvt|108|km}}
| style="background-color:#B0E0E6";| {{cvt|130|km/h}}
| {{yes|1958}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html | title = The Chronology of Railway development in Eastern Indian | publisher=Rail India | access-date = 2011-11-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080316015721/http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html | archive-date = 16 March 2008 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[Howrah–Bardhaman chord|Howrah–Barddhaman]]
| [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| 1917
| {{cvt|95|km}}
| style="background-color:#B0E0E6";| {{cvt|130|km/h}}
| {{yes|1966}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html | title = History of Electrification | publisher = IRFCA | access-date = 2011-11-18 | archive-date = 2007-12-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071225163912/http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Howrah–Kharagpur line|Howrah–Kharagpur]]
| [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| 1900
| {{cvt|115|km}}
| style="background-color:#B0E0E6";| {{cvt|130|km/h}}
| {{yes|1969}}
| <ref name=ser>{{cite web|url=http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1 |title=Major events in formation of S.E.Railway |publisher=South Eastern Railway |access-date=10 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401151628/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1 |archive-date=1 April 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
| [[Jasidih–Dumka–Rampurhat line|Jasidih–Dumka–Rampurhat]]
| [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|135|km}}
| {{cvt|90|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-06-05 |title=Dumka-Rampurhat train service flagged off |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Dumka-Rampurhat-train-service-flagged-off/articleshow/47551576.cms |access-date=2024-01-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2025-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221212816/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Dumka-Rampurhat-train-service-flagged-off/articleshow/47551576.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Jharsuguda–Vizianagaram line|Jharsuguda–Vizianagaram]]
| [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]]
| 1961
| {{cvt|448|km}}
| style="background-color:#B0E0E6";| {{cvt|130|km/h}}
| {{yes|2018}}
| <ref name=ser/>
|-
| [[Katihar–Siliguri line|Katihar–Siliguri]] †
| [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| 1958
| {{cvt|203.7|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref name=njp>{{cite web |url = http://www.irfca.org/docs/rinbad-siliguri.html |title = India: the complex history of the junctions at Siliguri and New Jalpaiguri |publisher = IRFCA |access-date = 2011-11-12 |archive-date = 2018-09-27 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180927053828/https://www.irfca.org/docs/rinbad-siliguri.html |url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Kharagpur–Bankura–Adra line|Kharagpur–Bankura–Adra]]
| [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| 1901
| {{cvt|168|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|1999}}
| <ref name=timeline/>
|-
| [[Kharagpur–Bankura–Adra line|Kharagpur–Bankura–Adra]]
| [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast]] and [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| 1901
| {{cvt|407|km}}
| style="background-color:#B0E0E6";| {{cvt|130|km/h}}
| {{yes|2002}}
| <ref name=ser/>
|-
| [[Khurda Road–Bolangir line|Khurda Road–Bolangir]] ‡
| [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]]
| TBD
| {{cvt|306.25|km}}
| style="background-color:#B0E0E6";| {{cvt|130|km/h}}
| {{Maybe|Under construction}}
| <ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/odisha-to-provide-free-land-bear-50-cost-of-khurdabolangir-railway-project/article5617382.ece | title=Odisha to provide free land, bear 50% cost of Khurda–Bolangir railway project | newspaper=The Hindu | date=25 January 2014 | access-date=26 October 2018 | archive-date=9 May 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509080007/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/odisha-to-provide-free-land-bear-50-cost-of-khurdabolangir-railway-project/article5617382.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Koderma–Hazaribagh–Barkakana–Ranchi line|Koderma–Ranchi]]
| [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern]] and [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| 2015
| {{cvt|211|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{Yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web| url= http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/pm-narendra-modi-flags-off-hazaribagh-koderma-dmu-train/| title= Hazaribagh Town railway station opens| date= 20 February 2015| access-date= 21 February 2015| archive-date= 21 February 2015| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150221025915/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/pm-narendra-modi-flags-off-hazaribagh-koderma-dmu-train/| url-status= live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lanjigarh–Junagarh section|Lanjigarh–Junagarh]]
| [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]]
| 2014
| {{cvt|56|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{Yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url = http://newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article587845.ece|title = Lanjigarh–Junagarh rail line opened upto Bhawanipatna|access-date = 7 December 2013|archive-date = 15 August 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120815234931/http://newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article587845.ece|url-status = dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Madhupur–Giridih–Koderma line|Madhupur–Giridih–Koderma]]
| [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern]] and [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| 1871
| {{cvt|138|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|2020}}
| <ref name=ignored>{{cite news|title=Ignored, Giridih station cries for care – Pilgrim spot fetches Rs 25cr for railways, but denied express trains|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090820/jsp/jharkhand/story_11385438.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203150413/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090820/jsp/jharkhand/story_11385438.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|access-date=31 March 2012|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]]|date=20 August 2009|location=Calcutta, India|first=Shahnawaz|last=Akhtar}}</ref>
|-
|-
| [[Mokama–Barauni section|Mokama–Barauni]]
| [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| 1959
| {{cvt|21|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.irse.bravehost.com/irhpi.htm | title = Indian railways history (after independence) | publisher = Indian Railways | access-date = 2012-01-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111005074811/http://www.irse.bravehost.com/irhpi.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2011 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[Muzaffarpur–Hajipur section|Muzaffarpur–Hajipur]]
| [[East Central Railway zone|EastCentral Railway]]
| 1886
| {{cvt|53.83|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|2014}}
| <ref name="cspm.gov.in">{{cite web| url=http://www.cspm.gov.in/ocmstemp/project_ind.bhr_proc_agency_wise| title=Agency wise details of projects in Bihar| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043659/http://www.cspm.gov.in/ocmstemp/project_ind.bhr_proc_agency_wise| archivedate=4 March 2016| website=cspm.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[Muzaffarpur–Sitamarhi section|Muzaffarpur–Sitamarhi]]
| [[East Central Railway zone|EastCentral Railway]]
| 2013
| {{cvt|53.83|km}}
| {{cvt|80|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.bihartimes.in/Newsbihar/2013/March/newsbihar28March1.html| title=After 16 long years low-key inauguration of Muzaffarpur–Sitamarhi rail link| website=Bihar Times| date=28 March 2013| access-date=5 March 2024| archive-date=30 November 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130184534/http://www.bihartimes.in/Newsbihar/2013/March/newsbihar28March1.html| url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Nalhati–Azimganj branch line|Nalhati–Azimganj]] †
| [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| 1863
| {{cvt|45|km}}
| {{cvt|80|km/h}}
| {{yes|2021}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Eastern Railway|url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,6,441,721,733,1793|access-date=2021-06-03|website=er.indianrailways.gov.in|archive-date=2021-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508072148/https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,6,441,721,733,1793|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Narkatiaganj–Bhikhna Thori branch line|Narkatiaganj–Bhikhna Thori]] †
| [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
|
| {{cvt|36|km}}
|
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yUhvfR1S_UEC&q=Tirhut+Railway&pg=PA547 |title= The Indian Empire, Its People, History and Products |author= W. W. Hunter | page=547|year= 2005 |publisher= Asian Educational Services |isbn= 978-8-120-61581-6 | access-date=2012-11-06 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Neora–Daniyawan–Bihar Sharif–Sheikhpura line|Neora–Sheikhpura]] ‡
| [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| TBD
| {{cvt|123.2|km}}
| {{cvt|80|km/h}}
| {{maybe|Under construction}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/patna/bihar-patna-neaura-danyiwan-baribiga-sheikhpura-railway-16-years-not-working/1171070.html|title = Patna Sheikpura railways not working|work=Prabhat Khabar| date=16 June 2018 |language=hi|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[Netaji S.C.Bose Gomoh–Hatia line|Netaji S.C.Bose Gomoh–Hatia]]
| [[East Central Railway zone|East Central]] and [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| 1961
| {{cvt|152|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|1958}}
| <ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history3.html| title = IR History: Part - III (1900 - 1947)| publisher = IRFCA| access-date = 15 May 2014| archive-date = 1 July 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130701132505/http://irfca.org/faq/faq-history3.html| url-status = live}}</ref><ref name=ianmanning>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/articles/manning/ranchi.html |title =From Bengal towards Nagpur: Ranchi|last= Manning|first=Ian | publisher=IRFCA | access-date = 15 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line|New Jalpaiguri–New Mal–Samuktala Road]] †
| [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| 1950
| {{cvt|182|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nfr.railnet.gov.in/engir/History1.htm |title=History |publisher=Northeast Frontier Railway |access-date=2011-12-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502032906/http://www.nfr.railnet.gov.in/engir/History1.htm |archive-date=2 May 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
| [[New Jalpaiguri–New Bongaigaon section|New Jalpaiguri–New Bongaigaon]]
| [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| 1963
| {{cvt|252|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|2024}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irse.bravehost.com/officialhistory.mht |title=Indian Railways History |work=Northeast Frontier Railway |publisher=IRSE |access-date=2011-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425235805/http://www.irse.bravehost.com/officialhistory.mht |archive-date=25 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[New Mal–Changrabandha–New Cooch Behar line|New Mal–Changrabandha–New Cooch Behar]]
| [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| 2016
| {{cvt|128.6|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{maybe|2024}}
| <ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/1040308/asp/siliguri/story_2955661.asp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180830142242/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1040308/asp/siliguri/story_2955661.asp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 30 August 2018 |title =Conversion derails hope train | newspaper= The Telegraph|location=Kolkata| date=8 March 2004 | access-date = 2 May 2013}}</ref>
|-
| [[Patna–Gaya line|Patna–Gaya]]
| [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| 1900
| {{cvt|92|km}}
| {{cvt|75|km/h}}
| {{yes|2003}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.processregister.com/Patna-Gaya_Rail_Electrification/Project/pid3375.htm | title = Patna–Gaya rail electrification project | publisher = Process Register | access-date = 23 March 2014 | archive-date = 14 April 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140414155757/http://www.processregister.com/Patna-Gaya_Rail_Electrification/Project/pid3375.htm | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Patna–Mughalsarai section|Patna–Mughalsarai]]
| [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| 1862
| {{cvt|212|km}}
| style="background-color:#B0E0E6";| {{cvt|130|km/h}}
| {{yes|2002}}
| <ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html| title = IR History: Early days I (1832–1869)| publisher = IRFCA| access-date = 28 March 2014| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050307181407/http://irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html| archive-date = 7 March 2005| df = dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| [[Patna–Sonepur–Hajipur section|Patna–Hajipur]]
| [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| 2016
| {{cvt|21|km}}
| {{cvt|50|km/h}}
| {{yes|2016}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160704/jsp/bihar/story_94633.jsp#.V4e-DtJ97IW|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818112809/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160704/jsp/bihar/story_94633.jsp#.V4e-DtJ97IW|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 August 2016|title=Express-train cheer for Digha rail bridge|newspaper=The Telegraph|date= 4 July 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ranaghat–Krishnanagar City–Lalgola line|Ranaghat–Lalgola]] †
| [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| 1899
| {{cvt|155|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|2007}}
| <ref name="rha_lgg">{{cite web|last=J. H. E. Garrett|title=Nadia, Bengal District Gazetteers (1910)|url=http://www.irfca.org/docs/history/nadia.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028190255/http://irfca.org/docs/history/nadia.html|archive-date=28 October 2012|access-date=2012-02-10|work=IRFCA}}</ref>
|-
| [[Samastipur–Muzaffarpur section|Samastipur–Muzaffarpur]]
| [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| 1886
| {{cvt|53|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|2014}}
| <ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/samastipur-11812995.html| title=पटरी पर दौड़ी सीआरएस की इलेक्ट्रिक ट्रेन| trans-title=The electric train track ran CRS| website=jagran.com| date=27 November 2014| language=hi}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sealdah–Ranaghat–Gede line|Sealdah–Gede]]
| [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| 1862
| {{cvt|117|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|1964}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|date=1910|title=Bengal District Gazetteers - Nadia|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.228155/page/n111/mode/2up|access-date=27 January 2022|website=Internet Archive|page=100}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sealdah–Bangaon line|Sealdah–Bangaon]]
| [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| 1882
| {{cvt|117|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes|1964}}
| <ref name="sdah_bnj">{{Cite web |title=Thapliyal, Sangeeta. "India-Bangladesh Transportation Links: A Move for Closer Cooperation". Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses |url=http://www.idsa-india.org/an-mar9-8.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001012050222/http://idsa-india.org/an-mar9-8.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=October 12, 2000 |access-date=5 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sheoraphuli–Bishnupur branch line|Sheoraphuli–Bishnupur]]
| [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| 1885
| {{cvt|39|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes|1957}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120802133149/http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2012-08-02 | title = The Chronology of Railway development in Eastern Indian |publisher=Rail India | access-date = 2011-11-17 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Tatanagar–Bilaspur section|Tatanagar–Bilaspur]]
| [[South East Central Railway zone|South East Central]], [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern]] and [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]]
| 1892
| {{cvt|468|km}}
| style="background-color:#B0E0E6";| {{cvt|130|km/h}}
| {{yes|1970}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html | title = IR History: Early Days – II | work = Chronology of railways in India, Part 2 (1870–1899) | access-date = 2012-11-10 | archive-date = 2016-07-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160726192451/http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html | url-status = live }}</ref>
|}

==Northeastern region==
[[File:Northeast India.svg|thumb|The Northeastern Zonal council of India includes states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura.]]

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:small;"
! Line
! Operator(s)
! Opened
! Length
! {{tooltip|Speed|Maximum Permitted Speed}}
! Electrified
! Ref.
|-
| [[Guwahati–Lumding section|Guwahati–Lumding]] †
| [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| 1900
| {{cvt|181|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7OsLGZKYP5MC&pg=PA105 |title = Socio Economic and Political Problems of Tea Garden Workers: A Study of Assam| year=2006|isbn=81-8324-098-4|page=105 | author= S.N. Singh | author2= Amarendra Narain | author3= Purnendu Kumar|publisher= Mittal Publications| location=New Delhi }}</ref>
|-
| [[Lumding–Dibrugarh section|Lumding–Dibrugarh]] †
| [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| 1903
| {{cvt|376|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{Maybe|Under construction}}
| <ref name=tinsukia>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfr.railnet.gov.in/TSK/Network%20Map/history.htm |title=History of Tinsukia Division |publisher=NF Railway |access-date=13 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310133856/http://www.nfr.railnet.gov.in/TSK/Network%20Map/history.htm |archivedate=10 March 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Lumding–Sabroom section|Lumding–Sabroom]] †
| [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| 2008
| {{cvt|503|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{Maybe|Under construction}}
| <ref name=igovernment.in>{{cite web|title=Agartala now on India's rail map|url=http://www.igovernment.in/site/Agartala-now-on-Indias-rail-map|work=iGovernment › Infrastructure|publisher=igovernment.in|accessdate=12 April 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615053129/http://www.igovernment.in/site/Agartala-now-on-Indias-rail-map|archivedate=15 June 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| [[New Bongaigaon–Guwahati section|New Bongaigaon–Guwahati]]
| [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| 1962
| {{cvt|170|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|2014}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nfr.railnet.gov.in/engir/History1.htm |title= Northeast Frontier Railway |accessdate= 2012-01-21 |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140502032906/http://www.nfr.railnet.gov.in/engir/History1.htm |archivedate= 2 May 2014 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
| [[Rangiya–Murkongselek section|Rangiya–Murkongselek]] †
| [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| 1895
| {{cvt|450|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{Cite book|last=Government of India|url=https://archive.org/details/BombayBarodaAndCentralIndiaRailwaySystem|title=Bombay Baroda And Central India Railway System|date=1918}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sivok–Rangpo line|Sivok–Rangpo]] ‡
| [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| TBD
| {{cvt|44|km}}
| TBD
| {{Maybe|Under construction}}
| <ref name="financialexpress">{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/sikkim-to-get-indian-railways-connectivity-what-is-the-status-of-the-sevoke-rangpo-rail-line-project-details/2093447/|title=Sikkim to get Indian Railways connectivity! What is the status of the Sevoke-Rangpo Rail Line project? Details|website=The Financial Express|date=28 September 2020|access-date=2021-09-13|archive-date=2021-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913130415/https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/sikkim-to-get-indian-railways-connectivity-what-is-the-status-of-the-sevoke-rangpo-rail-line-project-details/2093447/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==Central region==
[[File:Central Indian Zonal Council.svg|thumb|The Central zonal council of India includes states and Union terrirtories of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:small;"
! Line
! Operator(s)
! Opened
! Length
! {{tooltip|Speed|Maximum Permitted Speed}}
! Electrified
! Ref.
|-
| [[Agra–Bhopal section|Agra–Bhopal]]
| [[North Central Railway zone|North Central]] and [[West Central Railway zone|West Central Railway]]
| 1889
| {{cvt|508|km}}
| style="background-color:#DDA0DD";| {{cvt|160|km/h}}
| {{yes|1989}}
| <ref name=irfcaii/>
|-
| [[Aunrihar–Jaunpur line|Aunrihar–Jaunpur]]
| [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]]
| 1904
| {{cvt|60|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|2019}}
| <ref>[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.36650 Indian Railways History], Retrieved 28 August 2020</ref>
|-
| [[Bhopal–Nagpur section|Bhopal–Nagpur]]
| [[West Central Railway zone|West Central]] and [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| 1924
| {{cvt|390|km}}
| style="background-color:#B0E0E6";| {{cvt|130|km/h}}
| {{yes|1991}}
| <ref name="IR History: Early Days – III">{{cite web| url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history3.html| title=IR History: Early Days – III| work=Chronology of railways in India, Part 3 (1900–1947)| access-date=22 November 2013| archive-date=1 July 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701132505/http://irfca.org/faq/faq-history3.html| url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bilaspur–Nagpur section|Bilaspur–Nagpur]] †
| [[South East Central Railway zone|South East Central Railway]]
| 1891
| {{cvt|414|km}}
| style="background-color:#B0E0E6";| {{cvt|130|km/h}}
| {{yes|2018}}
| <ref name=ser/>
|-
| [[Bilaspur–Katni line|Bilaspur–Katni]]
| [[South East Central Railway zone|South East Central Railway]] and [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| 1891
| {{cvt|318.6|km}}
| style="background-color:#B0E0E6";| {{cvt|130|km/h}}
| {{yes|1995}}
| <ref name=ner>{{cite web |url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.36650|title= Indian Railways history |access-date=2012-11-06}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bina–Katni line|Bina–Katni]]
| [[South East Central Railway zone|South East Central Railway]] and [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| 1923
| {{cvt|262|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes|1991}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Railway News: रेलवे ने रद्द की मध्य प्रदेश की 8 महत्वपूर्ण ट्रेन, स्टेशन जाने से पहले देखें लिस्ट और डेट |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/madhya-pradesh-chhattisgarh/mp/railway-cancelled-8-important-trains-from-bhopal-bina-katni-bilaspur-check-list-before-start-journey-rail-news/1790151 |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=Zee News |language=hi |archive-date=2024-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112124425/https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/madhya-pradesh-chhattisgarh/mp/railway-cancelled-8-important-trains-from-bhopal-bina-katni-bilaspur-check-list-before-start-journey-rail-news/1790151 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Prayagraj–Jabalpur section|Prayagraj–Jabalpur]]
| [[North Central Railway zone|North Central]] and [[West Central Railway zone|West Central Railway]]
| 1867
| {{cvt|366|km}}
| style="background-color:#B0E0E6";| {{cvt|130|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web| url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-02/allahabad/38216756_1_ncr-zone-north-central-railway-agra-division| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131203040133/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-02/allahabad/38216756_1_ncr-zone-north-central-railway-agra-division| url-status= dead| archive-date= 3 December 2013| title= NCR's glorious 10 years of bringing world to Agra, Jhansi, Khajuraho |last= Jamal|first= Asraf|date=2 April 2013| work= [[The Times of India]]| access-date = 15 November 2013 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Prayagraj–Mau–Gorakhpur main line|Prayagraj–Mau–Gorakhpur]]
| [[North Central Railway zone|North Central]] and [[West Central Railway zone|West Central Railway]]
| 1930
| {{cvt|356|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianrailwaynotes.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/north-eastern-railway.pdf |title=North Eastern Railway |website=indianrailwaynotes.files.wordpress.com |access-date=21 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[Delhi–Meerut–Saharanpur line|Delhi–Meerut–Saharanpur]]
| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| 1870
| {{cvt|181|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes|2016}}
| <ref>[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.36650 Indian Railways Construction and Progress in 1931], Retrieved 24 September 2020</ref>
|-
| [[Indore–Gwalior line|Indore–Gwalior]]
| [[Western Railway zone|Western]], [[West Central Railway zone|West Central]] and [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]]
| 1899
| {{cvt|516|km}}
| style="background-color:#B0E0E6";| {{cvt|130|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html |title=irfca.org |access-date=2024-03-05 |archive-date=2024-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616023708/https://irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Jabalpur–Bhusaval section|Jabalpur–Bhusaval]]
| [[North Central Railway zone|North Central]] and [[West Central Railway zone|West Central Railway]]
| 1870
| {{cvt|551|km}}
| style="background-color:#B0E0E6";| {{cvt|130|km/h}}
| {{yes|1992}}
| <ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html| title=IR History: Early Days – I| work=Chronology of railways in India, Part 2 (1832–1865)| access-date=17 November 2013| archive-date=7 March 2005| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050307181407/http://irfca.org/faq/faq-hist.html| url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kothavalasa–Kirandul line|Kothavalasa–Kirandul]]
| [[South Coast Railway zone|South Coast]] and [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]]
| 1966
| {{cvt|445|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes|1982}}
| <ref name=waltair>{{cite web | url = http://www.mannanna.com/mannannaArt1.html | title = History of Waltair Division | publisher = Mannanna.com | access-date = 2013-12-12 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121011235936/http://www.mannanna.com/mannannaArt1.html | archive-date = 11 October 2012 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
| [[Laksar–Dehradun line|Laksar–Dehradun]]
| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| 1900
| {{cvt|79|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes|2016}}
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/railway-electrification-raises-concern-over-safety-of-wild-animals-on-the-track/articleshow/54962338.cms|title=Railway electrification raises concern over safety of wild animals on track|publisher=Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lucknow–Gorakhpur line|Lucknow–Gorakhpur]]
| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern]] and [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]]
| 1885
| {{cvt|277|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref name=ner/>
|-
| [[Lucknow–Moradabad line|Lucknow–Moradabad]]
| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| 1873
| {{cvt|326|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes|2013}}
| <ref name=orr/>
|-
| [[Mainpuri–Etawah line|Mainpuri–Etawah]]
| [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]]
| 2016
| {{cvt|55.16|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes|2019}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/news/agra/article1-Etawah-Mainpuri-station-reached-after-18-years-of-dreams-come-from-railroad-646337.html|title=18 साल बाद इटावा से चलकर मैनपुरी स्टेशन पहुंची सपनों की रेल|website=Hindustan Dainik|language=hindi|access-date=2019-09-27}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mau–Ghazipur–Dildarnagar main line|Mau–Dildarnagar]] ‡
| [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern]] and [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| TBD
| {{cvt|66|km}}
|
| {{Maybe|Under construction}}
| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Rlys-to-expand-Dildarnagar-station/articleshow/47142276.cms |title=Railways to expand Dildarnagar station | Patna News - Times of India |newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 May 2015 |access-date=18 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[Moradabad–Ambala line|Moradabad–Ambala]]
| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| 1886
| {{cvt|274|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|2006}}
| <ref name=orr/>
|-
| [[Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction – Kanpur section|Pdt. D.D. Upadhyaya–Kanpur]]
| [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]]
| 1866
| {{cvt|346|km}}
| style="background-color:#B0E0E6";| {{cvt|130|km/h}}
| {{yes|2013}}
| <ref>{{cite web| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Railways-enters-159th-year-of-its-journey/articleshow/12629710.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120822142843/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-12/patna/31330356_1_indian-railways-danapur-division-railway-board | url-status = live | archive-date = 22 August 2012 |title = Railways enter 159th year of its journey|date=12 April 2012| work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 24 May 2013}}</ref>
|-
| [[Muzaffarpur–Gorakhpur main line|Muzaffarpur–Gorakhpur]]
| [[East Central Railway zone|EastCentral Railway]]
| 1930
| {{cvt|309.7|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120315/jsp/bihar/story_15251139.jsp#.VLStD9KUcRE| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113082104/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120315/jsp/bihar/story_15251139.jsp#.VLStD9KUcRE| url-status=dead| archive-date=13 January 2015| title=Bihar moans 'empty-box'. State gets few trains, but little else| first=Amit| last=Bhelari| website=Telegraph India| date=March 15, 2012}}</ref>
|-
| [[Moradabad–Ambala line|Moradabad–Ambala]]
| [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| 1896
| {{cvt|56|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|1991}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/search/nad-nagda-junction-to-ujn-ujjain-junction/879/0/10|title=Passing trains through Nagda–Ujjain section|website=India Rail Info|access-date=2024-03-05|archive-date=2024-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213141735/https://indiarailinfo.com/search/nad-nagda-junction-to-ujn-ujjain-junction/879/0/10|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ujjain–Bhopal section|Ujjain–Bhopal]]
| [[Western Railway zone|Western]] and [[West Central Railway zone|West Central Railway]]
| 1895
| {{cvt|183|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|1992}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/search/ujn-ujjain-junction-to-bpl-bhopal-junction/10/0/12|title=Passing trains through Ujjain–Bhopal section|website=India Rail Info|access-date=2024-03-05|archive-date=2024-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304145447/https://indiarailinfo.com/search/ujn-ujjain-junction-to-bpl-bhopal-junction/10/0/12|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Varanasi–Chhapra line|Varanasi–Chhapra]] †
| [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]]
| 1909
| {{cvt|206|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes|2018}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ner.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,338,637 | title = Varanasi Division | publisher = North Eastern Railway | access-date = 24 May 2013 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140109151138/http://www.ner.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C6%2C338%2C637 | archive-date = 9 January 2014 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
| [[Varanasi–Lucknow line|Varanasi–Lucknow]]
| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern]] and [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]]
| 1872
| {{cvt|324|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|2022}}
| <ref>{{cite journal |url = http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/imotp.1908.17544 |title = The Curzon Bridge at Prayagraj |journal = Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers |date = January 1908 |volume = 174 |issue = 1908 |pages = 1–40 |publisher = ice virtual library |doi = 10.1680/imotp.1908.17544 |access-date = 11 January 2014 |last1 = Gales |first1 = R. R. |archive-date = 20 April 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150420015103/http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/imotp.1908.17544 |url-status = live |url-access = subscription }}</ref>
|-
| [[Varanasi–Rae Bareli–Lucknow line|Varanasi–Rae Bareli–Lucknow]]
| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| 1898
| {{cvt|301|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url = http://management.ebooks6.com/The-Oudh-Rohilkhand-Railway-download-w23852.html | title = Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway | publisher = Management Ebooks | access-date = 12 January 2014 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20140111051716/http://management.ebooks6.com/The-Oudh-Rohilkhand-Railway-download-w23852.html | archive-date = 11 January 2014 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
| [[Varanasi–Sultanpur–Lucknow line|Varanasi–Sultanpur–Lucknow]]
| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| 1872
| {{cvt|301|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|2013}}
| <ref>{{cite web| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-04/varanasi/36147958_1_railway-station-diesel-engines-varanasi-cantonment | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140111060650/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-04/varanasi/36147958_1_railway-station-diesel-engines-varanasi-cantonment | url-status = dead | archive-date = 11 January 2014 |title = Electrified Mughalsarai–Lucknow railway testing on Jan 5|last= Rajeev Dikshit|location=Varanasi|date=11 January 2013| work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 11 January 2014}}</ref>
|}

==Western region==
[[File:Western India.svg|thumb|The Western Indian zonal council includes states of Goa, Gujarat and Maharashtra]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:small;"
! Line
! Operator(s)
! Opened
! Length
! {{tooltip|Speed|Maximum Permitted Speed}}
! Electrified
! Ref.
|-
| [[Ahmedabad–Viramgam section|Ahmedabad–Viramgam]]
| [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| 1871
| {{cvt|65|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html |title= Ahmedabad-Viramgam section History |access-date= 2024-03-05 |archive-date= 2016-07-26 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160726192451/http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html |url-status= live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Ahmedabad–Mumbai main line|Ahmedabad–Mumbai]]
| [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| 1863
| {{cvt|493|km}}
| style="background-color:#DDA0DD";| {{cvt|160|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite news|title=First train chugged out of Ahmedabad 154 years ago - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/first-train-chugged-out-of-ahmedabad-154-years-ago/articleshow/56674248.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=17 February 2017|archive-date=18 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218212922/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/first-train-chugged-out-of-ahmedabad-154-years-ago/articleshow/56674248.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ahmedabad–Udaipur line|Ahmedabad–Udaipur]] †
| [[Western Railway zone|Western]] and [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]]
| 1879
| {{cvt|296|km}}
| {{cvt|80|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>[https://archive.org/stream/BombayBarodaAndCentralIndiaRailwaySystem/Bombay_Baroda_And_Central_India_Railway_System#page/n34/mode/1up "Administration Report on Railways 1918"]</ref>
|-
| [[Anand–Godhra section|Anand–Godhra]]
| [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| 1874
| {{cvt|79|km}}
|
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/secretary_branches/State_Wise_2019/WR_Gujrat.pdf|title=Adding Vibrancy to Gujarat's Legacy|website=Indian Railways}}</ref>
|-
| [[Anand–Khambhat line|Anand–Khambhat]]
| [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| 1890
| {{cvt|79|km}}
|
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/search/62/0/6454|title=Passing trains through Anand–Khambhat line|website=India Rail Info}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ankleshwar–Rajpipla section|Ankleshwar–Rajpipla]] †
| [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| 1897
| {{cvt|67|km}}
|
| {{no}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/search/156/0/5638|title=Passing trains through Ankleshwar–Rajpipla section|website=India Rail Info}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bharuch–Dahej line|Bharuch–Dahej]] †
| [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| 1914
| {{cvt|62|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.projectstoday.com/News/SPV-formed-for-Bharuch-Samni-Dahej-gauge-conversion-project|title=SPV formed for Bharuch-Samni-Dahej gauge conversion project|website=Projects Today|access-date=2024-03-05|archive-date=2024-01-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112120924/https://www.projectstoday.com/News/SPV-formed-for-Bharuch-Samni-Dahej-gauge-conversion-project|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bhusawal–Kalyan section|Bhusawal–Kalyan]]
| [[Central Railway zone|Central]] and [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| 1865
| {{cvt|390|km}}
| style="background-color:#B0E0E6";| {{cvt|130|km/h}}
| {{yes|1969}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,1191,1192,1394,1396,1410,1411 | title = Historical Milestones | publisher = Central Railway | access-date = 24 March 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131203012252/http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C6%2C1191%2C1192%2C1394%2C1396%2C1410%2C1411 | archive-date = 3 December 2013 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[Chalisgaon–Dhule line|Chalisgaon–Dhule]]
| [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| 1900
| {{cvt|56|km}}
| {{cvt|44|km/h}}
| {{yes|2020}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Dhule Railway History-1|url=http://www.dhulecorporation.org/history.html|publisher=Dhule Municipal Corporation|access-date=18 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418114239/http://www.dhulecorporation.org/history.html|archive-date=18 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Chhota Udaipur–Dhar line|Chhota Udaipur–Dhar]] ‡
| [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| TBD
| {{cvt|157|km}}
| {{cvt|80|km/h}}
| {{Maybe|TBD}}
| <ref name="india">{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/business/budget-2015/rathwa-writes-to-pm-on-stalled-rail-projects-linking-mp-gujarat_118597.html|title=Rathwa writes to PM on stalled rail projects linking MP, Gujarat|publisher=Zee News|accessdate=2016-03-18|archive-date=2016-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327102038/http://zeenews.india.com/business/budget-2015/rathwa-writes-to-pm-on-stalled-rail-projects-linking-mp-gujarat_118597.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Dadar–Solapur section|Dadar–Solapur]]
| [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| 1860
| {{cvt|446|km}}
| style="background-color:#B0E0E6";| {{cvt|130|km/h}}
| {{yes|2022}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/indian-railways-announce-completion-of-doubling-electrification-in-mumbai-chennai-sector-23244042 | title=Indian Railways announce completion of doubling, electrification in Mumbai-Chennai sector | date=3 September 2022 | access-date=5 March 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118105859/https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/indian-railways-announce-completion-of-doubling-electrification-in-mumbai-chennai-sector-23244042 | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Gandhidham–Ahmedabad main line|Gandhidham–Ahmedabad]]
| [[Western Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| 1969
| {{cvt|299.2|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/kutch-express-19132-bhuj-to-bdts/1991/372/303 |title = Kutch Express| website=India Rail Info}}</ref>
|-
| [[Gandhidham–Bhuj section|Gandhidham–Bhuj]]
| [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| 1969
| {{cvt|59|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-pway.html| title=Permanent Way| access-date=12 December 2013| archive-date=4 February 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204194526/http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-pway.html| url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Gandhidham–Kandla Port section|Gandhidham–Kandla Port]]
| [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| 1930
| {{cvt|11|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rana |first=Karvi |date=2023-04-10 |title=Infrastructure upgrade is critical to support the growing demand at Kandla Port |url=https://www.logisticsinsider.in/infrastructure-upgrade-is-critical-to-support-the-growing-demand-at-kandla-port/ |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=Logistics Insider |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119162816/https://www.logisticsinsider.in/infrastructure-upgrade-is-critical-to-support-the-growing-demand-at-kandla-port/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Gandhidham–Palanpur section|Gandhidham–Palanpur]] †
| [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| 1952
| {{cvt|301|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2003/12/16/stories/2003121600250600.htm| title=313-km Gandhidham-Palanpur rail link — Kandla, Adani ports to take stake in gauge conversion project| website=The Hindu Business Line| date=16 December 2003| access-date=5 March 2024| archive-date=19 February 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219055916/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2003/12/16/stories/2003121600250600.htm| url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jamnagar–Porbandar line|Jamnagar–Porbandar]] †
| [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| 1946
| {{cvt|44|km}}
| {{cvt|80|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history5.html | title = IR History: Part III (1970–1995) | access-date = 2024-03-05 | archive-date = 2013-07-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130701171115/http://irfca.org/faq/faq-history5.html | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Kanjari Boriyavi–Vadtal line|Kanjari Boriyavi–Vadtal]]
| [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| 1929
| {{cvt|6|km}}
| {{cvt|80|km/h}}
| {{No}}
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/The-Vadodara-railway-division-officials-have-informed-that-due-to-engineering-full-block-at-Kanjari-Boriyavi-train-number-59163/59162-between-Anand-Vadtal-will-remain-cancelled-on-Wednesday-/articleshow/20050697.cms|title=The Vadodara railway division officials have informed that due to engineering full block at Kanjari-Boriyavi train number 59163/59162 between Anand-Vadtal will remain cancelled on Wednesday.|website=Times of India|date=14 May 2013|archive-date=29 January 2024|access-date=5 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129103517/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/the-vadodara-railway-division-officials-have-informed-that-due-to-engineering-full-block-at-kanjari-boriyavi-train-number-59163/59162-between-anand-vadtal-will-remain-cancelled-on-wednesday-/articleshow/20050697.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Latur–Miraj section|Latur–Miraj]] †
| [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| 1897
| {{cvt|341.94|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref name="mrj-lur">{{cite web |title=MRJ/Miraj Junction to LUR/Latur |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/search/mrj-miraj-junction-to-lur-latur/78/0/2651 |website=Indiarailinfo |accessdate=18 February 2019 |archive-date=18 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218082048/https://indiarailinfo.com/search/mrj-miraj-junction-to-lur-latur/78/0/2651 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Maliya Miyana–Wankaner section|Maliya Miyana–Wankaner]] †
| [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| 1890
| {{cvt|80|km}}
|
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.processregister.com/Wankaner-Maliya_Miyana_Rail/Project/pid17243.htm |title=history of maliya miyana-wankaner section}}</ref>
|-
| [[Nagpur–Bhusawal section|Nagpur–Bhusawal]] †
| [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| 1867
| {{cvt|389|km}}
| style="background-color:#B0E0E6";| {{cvt|130|km/h}}
| {{yes|1991}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url = http://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/AKOLA/comm_railways.html | title = Communications – Railways | publisher = The Gazetteers Department, Maharashtra | access-date = 20 April 2013 | archive-date = 2 March 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130302030703/http://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/AKOLA/comm_railways.html | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Nagpur–Secunderabad line|Nagpur–Secunderabad]]
| [[Central Railway zone|Central]] and [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]
| 1929
| {{cvt|581|km}}
| style="background-color:#B0E0E6";| {{cvt|130|km/h}}
| {{yes|1995}}
| <ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html| title=IR History: Early days II| work=1870–1899| publisher=IRFCA| access-date=26 November 2013| archive-date=26 July 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726192451/http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html| url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Narkhed–Badnera line|Narkhed–Badnera]]
| [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| 2012
| {{cvt|138|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes|2017}}
| <ref name="nrkr_bd">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Green-signal-for-traffic-on-Narkhed-Amravati-rail-line/articleshow/15048671.cms|title=Green signal for traffic on Narkhed-Amravati rail line | Nagpur News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 July 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Palitana–Sihor section|Palitana–Sihor]] †
| [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| 1910
| {{cvt|27.62|km}}
|
| {{yes|2022}}
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Lalu-leaves-a-lot-to-be-desired-in-Gujarat/articleshow/1033863.cms|title=Lalu leaves a lot to be desired in Gujarat|website=Times of India|date=26 February 2005|archive-date=17 February 2024|access-date=5 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217134504/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Lalu-leaves-a-lot-to-be-desired-in-Gujarat/articleshow/1033863.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Porbandar–Jetalsar section|Porbandar–Jetalsar]] †
| [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| 1890
| {{cvt|124|km}}
|
| {{yes|2022}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Porbandar to Jetalsar Long-Distance Trains - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/search/pbr-porbandar-to-jlr-jetalsar-junction/1658/0/2126 |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[Pune–Miraj–Londa line|Pune–Londa]] †
| [[Central Railway zone|Central]] and [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]]
| 1890
| {{cvt|468|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{maybe|2024}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://belagaviinfra.co.in/first-stretch-thats-electrified-in-londa-belagavi-miraj-railway-line/ | title=First stretch that's electrified in Londa-Belagavi-Miraj railway line | date=2 April 2022 | access-date=5 March 2024 | archive-date=27 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227231250/https://belagaviinfra.co.in/first-stretch-thats-electrified-in-londa-belagavi-miraj-railway-line/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Rajkot–Somnath line|Rajkot–Somnath]] †
| [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| 1890
| {{cvt|190|km}}
| {{cvt|80|km}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Rajkot-Junagadh-gauge-conversion-to-be-over-soon/articleshow/38103508.cms |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130909164241/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-02-21/ahmedabad/27273433_1_gauge-conversion-rajkot-junagadh-junagadh-veraval-stretch |url-status= live |archive-date= 2013-09-09 |work= [[The Times of India]] |title=Gauge conversion}}</ref>
|-
| [[Rajkot–Wankaner section|Rajkot–Wankaner]] †
| [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| 1890
| {{cvt|42|km}}
| {{cvt|80|km}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history3.html |title= Irfca history Part-3 |access-date= 2024-03-05 |archive-date= 2013-07-01 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130701132505/http://irfca.org/faq/faq-history3.html |url-status= live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Samakhiali–Maliya Miyana section|Samakhiali–Maliya Miyana]]
| [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| 1969
| {{cvt|39|km}}
| {{cvt|80|km}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=News%20-%20City&sectid=3&contentid=20101007201010070338595065a707f5b |title = 120 wagon goods train by WR |url-status = dead |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131226043634/http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=News%20-%20City&sectid=3&contentid=20101007201010070338595065a707f5b |archivedate = 26 December 2013 |df = dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
| [[Secunderabad–Manmad line|Secunderabad–Manmad]]
| [[South Central Railway zone|South Central]] & [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| 1905
| {{cvt|621|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/telangana/2023/Aug/17/mudkhed-dhone-line-doubling-to-open-a-world-of-possibilities-2605977.html | title=Mudkhed-Dhone line doubling to open a world of possibilities - the New Indian Express | date=10 August 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Surendranagar–Bhavnagar line|Surendranagar–Bhavnagar]] †
| [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| 1880
| {{cvt|170|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000924/ina24021.html |title= SPV section for Bhavnagar-Dhola |access-date= 2024-03-05 |archive-date= 2013-09-11 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130911201826/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20000924/ina24021.html |url-status= live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Taranga Hill–Ambaji–Abu Road line|Taranga Hill–Abu Road]] ‡
| [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| TBD
| {{cvt|116.65|km}}
| TBD
| {{Maybe|Under construction}}
| <ref>{{citation|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/taranga-abu-road-railway-project-ambaji-railway-station-to-have-a-100-room-budget-hotel/articleshow/93030197.cms|website=The Times of India|title=New railway line in Gujarat and Rajasthan|date=21 July 2022|access-date=22 April 2024|archive-date=28 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728130449/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/taranga-abu-road-railway-project-ambaji-railway-station-to-have-a-100-room-budget-hotel/articleshow/93030197.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Udhna–Jalgaon line|Udhna–Jalgaon]]
| [[Western Railway zone|Western]] & [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
|
| {{cvt|307|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-02-21 |title=Surat-Bhusaval railway line to be affected |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Surat-Bhusaval-railway-line-to-be-affected/articleshow/51080627.cms |access-date=2024-03-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304145044/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Surat-Bhusaval-railway-line-to-be-affected/articleshow/51080627.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Vasad–Kathana line|Vasad–Kathana]]
| [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| 1953
| {{cvt|43|km}}
|
| {{no}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in//downloadfile_2.jsp?filename=1327061188023-opening%20of%20sections.pdf|title=Section opening dates from History of Western Railways, Ministry of Railways|website=Western Railway|access-date=2024-03-05|archive-date=2024-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704092216/https://wr.indianrailways.gov.in//downloadfile_2.jsp?filename=1327061188023-opening%20of%20sections.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Viramgam–Mahesana section|Viramgam–Mahesana]] †
| [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
|
| {{cvt|65|km}}
|
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history5.html |title= Irfca history part5 |access-date= 2024-03-05 |archive-date= 2013-07-01 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130701171115/http://irfca.org/faq/faq-history5.html |url-status= live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Viramgam–Maliya Miyana section|Viramgam–Maliya Miyana]]
| [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| 1942
| {{cvt|142|km}}
|
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://m.indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/maliya-miyana-malb/2262 |title= Trains passage |access-date= 2024-03-05 |archive-date= 2018-10-04 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181004082307/https://m.indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/maliya-miyana-malb/2262 |url-status= live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Viramgam–Okha line|Viramgam–Okha]] †
| [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| 1922
| {{cvt|433|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html |title= Irfca history (1870-1899) |access-date= 2024-03-05 |archive-date= 2016-07-26 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160726192451/http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html |url-status= live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Viramgam–Surendra Nagar section|Viramgam–Surendra Nagar]]
| [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| 1872
| {{cvt|65|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html |title= Irfca History part-2 |access-date= 2024-03-05 |archive-date= 2016-07-26 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160726192451/http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html |url-status= live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Wankaner–Surendra Nagar section|Wankaner–Surendra Nagar]]
| [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| 1890
| {{cvt|74|km}}
|
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history3.html | title = IR History: Part - 3 (1900 - 1947) | access-date = 2024-03-05 | archive-date = 2013-07-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130701132505/http://irfca.org/faq/faq-history3.html | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Wardha–Nanded line|Wardha–Nanded]] ‡
| [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| TBD
| {{cvt|284|km}}
| TBD
| {{Maybe|Under construction}}
| <ref name="wr_ned">{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/wardha-nanded-rail-line-project-gets-special-status/325296/|title=Wardha–Nanded rail line project gets special status|date=22 July 2016 }}</ref>
|}

==Southern region==
[[File:South India.svg|thumb|The Southern Indian zonal council includes states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Telangana and Tamil Nadu]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:small;"
! Line
! Operator(s)
! Opened
! Length
! {{tooltip|Speed|Maximum Permitted Speed}}
! Electrified
! Ref.
|-
| [[Bangalore–Arsikere–Hubli line|Bangalore–Arsikere–Hubli]]
| [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]]
| 1887
| {{cvt|469|km}}
| style="background-color:#B0E0E6";| {{cvt|130|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Route map of SWR |url=http://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,800,804 |access-date=2024-03-05 |archive-date=2024-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704124124/https://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,800,804 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Bhimavaram–Narasapur branch line|Bhimavaram–Narasapur]]
| [[South Coast Railway zone|South Coast Railway]]
|
| {{cvt|30|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite news|last1=Subba Rao|first1=G. V. R|last2=Raghavendra|first2=V|title=Politicians fail to make railway projects a reality|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/politicians-fail-to-make-railway-projects-a-reality/article6187049.ece|access-date=16 December 2015|work=The Hindu|date=8 July 2014|location=Vijayawada|archive-date=9 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709165222/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/politicians-fail-to-make-railway-projects-a-reality/article6187049.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Chennai Central–Bangalore City line|Chennai Central–Bangalore City]]
| [[Southern Railway zone|Southern]] and [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]]
| 1864
| {{cvt|358|km}}
| style="background-color:#B0E0E6";| {{cvt|130|km/h}}
| {{yes|1992}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/IRPWM/PermanentWayManualCh2_data.htm |title=Chapter II : The Maintenance of Permanent Way |access-date=18 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203030524/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/IRPWM/PermanentWayManualCh2_data.htm |archive-date=3 December 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref>
|-
| [[Chennai Egmore–Thanjavur main line|Chennai Egmore–Thanjavur]] †
| [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| 1880
| {{cvt|351|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|2010}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://irfca.org/articles/metric/delta.html |title=Four Cauvery Delta Branches |publisher=IRFCA |access-date=3 January 2014 |archive-date=3 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103115520/http://irfca.org/articles/metric/delta.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Coimbatore–Pollachi line|Coimbatore–Pollachi]] †
| [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| 1915
| {{cvt|40|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes|2010}}
| <ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-09-21 |title=Electrified railway line inspected |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/electrified-railway-line-inspected/articleshow/86378637.cms |access-date=2024-01-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118104646/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/electrified-railway-line-inspected/articleshow/86378637.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Coimbatore–Mettupalayam branch line|Coimbatore–Mettupalayam]] †
| [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| 1873
| {{cvt|36|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|2015}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/transportation/railways/coimbatore-mettupalayam-electric-train-service-commences/articleshow/47924462.cms |title=Coimbatore-Mettupalayam electric train service commences |access-date=2024-03-05 |archive-date=2024-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118110049/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/transportation/railways/coimbatore-mettupalayam-electric-train-service-commences/articleshow/47924462.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Dharmavaram–Pakala branch line|Dharmavaram–Pakala]] †
| [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]
| 1891
| {{cvt|227.40|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes|2010}}
| <ref name="project">{{cite web |title=Surveys |url=https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1438144370646-Annexure-1.pdf |website=South Central Railway, Indian Railways |accessdate=3 May 2019 |page=3 |date=24 July 2015 |archive-date=3 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503070111/https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1438144370646-Annexure-1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Duvvada–Vijayawada section|Duvvada–Vijayawada]]
| [[South Coast Railway zone|South Coast Railway]]
| 1897
| {{cvt|350|km}}
|style="background-color:#B0E0E6";| {{cvt|130|km/h}}
| {{yes|1965}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history4.html | title = IR History: Part – IV (1947–1970) | publisher = IRFCA | access-date = 2012-11-21 | archive-date = 2019-06-21 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190621083001/https://irfca.org/faq/faq-history4.html | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Ernakulam–Kayamkulam coastal line|Ernakulam–Kayamkulam]]
| [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| 1989
| {{cvt|102|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref name="budget77">{{cite web |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1977-78_final.pdf|date=11 June 1977|title= Railway Budget speech 1977-78 (final)|website=www.indianrailways.gov.in|publisher=[[Government of India]], [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ernakulam–Kottayam–Kayamkulam line|Ernakulam–Kottayam–Kayamkulam]] †
| [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| 1956
| {{cvt|118|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref name="budget58">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1958-59.pdf|date=17 February 1958|title=Railway Budget speech 1958-59|website=www.indianrailways.gov.in|publisher=[[Government of India]], [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]]|access-date=5 March 2024|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222810/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1958-59.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Erode–Tiruchirappalli line|Erode–Tiruchirappalli]] †
| [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
|1929
| {{cvt|118|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|2018}}
| <ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history7.html| title=IR History part-VII (2000 to present)| author=irfca| work=Chronology of Railways in India (part-7)| date=16 December 2008| access-date=2 December 2016| archive-date=15 October 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015040652/http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history7.html| url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Gudivada–Machilipatnam branch line|Gudivada–Machilipatnam]]
| [[South Coast Railway zone|South Coast Railway]]
|
| {{cvt|36.70|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite news|author1=G. V. R. Subba Rao|author2=V. Raghavendra|title=Politicians fail to make railway projects a reality|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/politicians-fail-to-make-railway-projects-a-reality/article6187049.ece|access-date=28 September 2015|work=The Hindu|date=8 July 2014|location=Vijayawada}}</ref>
|-
| [[Gudur–Renigunta section|Gudur–Renigunta]]
| [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]
| 1957
| {{cvt|83|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite book|author1=Government Of Madras Staff, Government of Madras|title=Gazetteer of the Nellore District: Brought Upto 1938|date=1942|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-1851-0|edition=reprint|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2qx-smrZLyUC&q=gudur+renigunta+branch+line&pg=PA307|access-date=22 February 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[Gudur–Chennai section|Gudur–Chennai]]
| [[South Coast Railway zone|South Coast]] and [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| 1899
| {{cvt|455|km}}
|style="background-color:#B0E0E6";| {{cvt|130|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Goods train derailment: SCR cancels several trains|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/goods-train-derailment-scr-cancels-several-trains/article5948116.ece|accessdate=26 March 2016|work=The Hindu|date=25 April 2014|location=Vijayawada}}</ref>
|-
| [[Gudur–Katpadi section|Renigunta–Katpadi]]
| [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]
|
| {{cvt|115|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|2017}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Electrification|url=http://scrailways.blogspot.in/2011/03/electrical-department-electrical.html|website=scrailways.blogspot.in|accessdate=14 May 2017|archive-date=11 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811192530/http://scrailways.blogspot.in/2011/03/electrical-department-electrical.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Guntakal–Vasco da Gama section|Guntakal–Vasco da Gama]] †
| [[South Central Railway zone|South Central]] and [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]]
| 1882
| {{cvt|457|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref name=mpt>{{cite web|title=Landmark events of past seventy years|url=http://www.mptgoa.com/history3.htm|publisher=Mormugao Port Trust|access-date=27 February 2015|archive-date=17 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117190849/http://www.mptgoa.com/history3.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Guntakal–Bangalore section|Guntakal–Bangalore]] †
| [[South Central Railway zone|South Central]] and [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]]
| 1892
| {{cvt|293|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
|
|-
| [[Guntur–Krishna Canal section|Guntur–Krishna Canal]]
| [[South Coast Railway zone|South Coast Railway]]
| 1966
| {{cvt|25.36|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|2017}}
| <ref name="profile">{{cite web|title=Operations scenario|url=http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1469081050829-aboutus-gen-18-7-16.pdf|work=South Central Railway|access-date=18 January 2016|archive-date=1 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501135512/https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1469081050829-aboutus-gen-18-7-16.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Guntur–Tenali section|Guntur–Tenali]]
| [[South Coast Railway zone|South Coast Railway]]
| 1916
| {{cvt|25.47|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|2019}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://scrailways.blogspot.in/2012/01/time-line-and-milestones-of-events-scr.html?m=1|title=Mile stones in SCR|work=South Central Railways|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=5 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205151639/http://scrailways.blogspot.in/2012/01/time-line-and-milestones-of-events-scr.html?m=1|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Guruvayur–Thrissur spur line|Guruvayur–Thrissur]]
| [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| 1994
| {{cvt|23|km}}
| {{cvt|90|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/24/stories/2006062415610100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108075430/http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/24/stories/2006062415610100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-11-08|title=Guruvayur–Tanur rail line project in limbo|access-date=2010-10-30|location=Chennai|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2006-06-24}}</ref>
|-
| [[Hassan–Bangalore section|Hassan–Bangalore]]
| [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]]
| 2017
| {{cvt|179|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/bluru-hassan-broad-gauge-line-may-open-next-month/articleshow/57318580.cms| title=Bengaluru–Hassan broad gauge line may open next month| website=The Times of India| date=24 February 2017| access-date=22 April 2024| archive-date=30 November 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130185430/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/bluru-hassan-broad-gauge-line-may-open-next-month/articleshow/57318580.cms| url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jolarpettai–Shoranur line|Jolarpettai–Shoranur]]
| [[Southern Railway zone|Southern]] and [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]]
| 1861
| {{cvt|418|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref name="irfcaiii">{{cite web|url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history3.html|title = Chronology of Railways in India, Part 3 (1900–1947)|publisher = IRFCA|access-date = 29 December 2013|archive-date = 1 July 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130701132505/http://irfca.org/faq/faq-history3.html|url-status = live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kadapa–Bangalore section|Kadapa–Bangalore]] ‡
| [[South Central Railway zone|South Central]] and [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]]
| TBD
| {{cvt|257|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{Maybe|Under construction}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2017-06-15/2-express-trains-to-be-flagged-off-today/306579|title=2 express trains to be flagged off today|date=2017-06-15|website=The Hans India|access-date=2019-07-11}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kazipet–Vijayawada section|Kazipet–Vijayawada]]
| [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]
|1889
| {{cvt|201.14|km}}
| style="background-color:#B0E0E6";| {{cvt|130|km/h}}
| {{yes|1988}}
| <ref>{{cite web| url= http://irfca.org/docs/history/hyderabad.html| title= Hyderabad – Imperial Gazetteer of India| publisher= IRFCA| access-date= 26 November 2013| archive-date= 2 December 2013| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131202224954/http://irfca.org/docs/history/hyderabad.html| url-status= live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Khurda Road–Visakhapatnam section|Khurda Road–Visakhapatnam]]
| [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]]
| 1899
| {{cvt|424|km}}
|style="background-color:#B0E0E6";| {{cvt|130|km/h}}
| {{yes|1988}}
| <ref name=ser/>
|-
| [[Kollam–Sengottai Chord Line|Kollam–Sengottai]] †
| [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| 1904
| {{cvt|94.1|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref name="adieu">{{cite news|last1=S. Binu|first1=Raj|title=Whistling adieu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Whistling-adieu/article16573298.ece|access-date=6 June 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 March 2010|archive-date=4 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904035942/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Whistling-adieu/article16573298.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kollam–Thiruvananthapuram trunk line|Kollam–Thiruvananthapuram]] †
| [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| 1918
| {{cvt|94.1|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes|2006}}
| <ref name="qtl">{{cite web |url=http://irfca.org/articles/jimmyjose-20051128-quilon.html |title=History of Quilon |access-date=15 June 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924040231/http://www.irfca.org/articles/jimmyjose-20051128-quilon.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Kothapalli–Manoharabad line|Kothapalli–Manoharabad]] ‡
| [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]
| 2026
| {{cvt|151|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{Maybe|Under construction}}
| <ref>{{Cite news |last=Geetanath |first=V. |date=2023-12-25 |title=Two key new railway lines in Telugu States await push from State governments |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/two-key-new-railway-lines-in-telugu-states-await-push-from-state-governments/article67671671.ece |access-date=2024-01-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2024-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123225723/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/two-key-new-railway-lines-in-telugu-states-await-push-from-state-governments/article67671671.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Madurai–Tirunelveli line|Madurai–Tirunelveli]] †
| [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| 1876
| {{cvt|157.1|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes|2015}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Electric-trains-go-beyond-Madurai-to-cut-travel-time/articleshow/45747286.cms|title=Electric trains go beyond Madurai; to cut travel time {{!}} Madurai News – Times of India|date=4 January 2015|first=J. |last=Arockiaraj |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=12 October 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mahabubnagar–Munirabad railway line|Mahabubnagar–Munirabad]] ‡
| [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| 2025
| {{cvt|274|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{Maybe|Under construction}}
| <ref name="mbnr_mnr">{{cite web |title=Surveys |url=https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1438144370646-Annexure-1.pdf |website=South Central Railway, Indian Railways |access-date=3 May 2019 |page=14 |date=24 July 2015 |archive-date=3 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503070111/https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1438144370646-Annexure-1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Manamadurai–Virudhunagar line|Manamadurai–Virudhunagar]] †
| [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| 1964
| {{cvt|67|km}}
| {{cvt|80|km/h}}
| {{Maybe|Under construction}}
| <ref name="mnm_vpt">{{cite news|title=Trains to chug out soon on Virudhunagar - Manamadurai broad gauge section|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-07/madurai/37530648_1_broad-gauge-gauge-section-passenger-traffic|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006130633/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-07/madurai/37530648_1_broad-gauge-gauge-section-passenger-traffic|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 October 2013|access-date=4 February 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 March 2013}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mangalore–Hassan–Mysore line|Mangalore–Mysore]] †
| [[South Western Railway zone|South Western]] and [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| 1979
| {{cvt|309|km}}
| {{cvt|80|km/h}}
| {{Maybe|Under construction}}
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Rail Budget 1953-54 |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1953-54.pdf |website=Indian Railways |access-date=6 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[Medak–Akkannapet section|Medak–Akkannapet]]
| [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]
| 2022
| {{cvt|17.2|km}}
| {{cvt|80|km/h}}
| {{no}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kishan Reddy dedicates a new railway line between Medak - Akanapet to the nation|date=23 September 2022|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/kishan-reddy-dedicates-a-new-railway-line-between-medak-akanapet-to-the-nation-762849|access-date=5 March 2024|archive-date=2 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202144916/https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/kishan-reddy-dedicates-a-new-railway-line-between-medak-akanapet-to-the-nation-762849|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Motumarri–Vishnupuram section|Motumarri–Vishnupuram]]
| [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]
| 2019
| {{cvt|89|km}}
| {{cvt|75|km/h}}
| {{yes|2019}}
| <ref>{{cite news|title=CM to open new rail line on Friday|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/article518685.ece?service=print|access-date=4 May 2016|work=The New Indian Express|date=4 May 2012|location=Hyderabad|archive-date=2 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602005912/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/article518685.ece?service=print|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mysore–Bangalore line|Mysore–Bangalore]] †
| [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]]
| 1882
| {{cvt|138.25|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|2018}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/pm-modi-flags-off-new-mysuru-udaipur-train/articleshow/62992142.cms|title=PM Modi flags off new Mysuru-Udaipur train|date=20 February 2018|access-date=21 February 2018|work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mysore–Chamarajanagar branch line|Mysore–Chamarajanagar]] †
| [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]]
| 2008
| {{cvt|61|km}}
| {{cvt|90|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/nanjangudchamarajanagar-rail-line-inaugurated/article1374377.ece|title=Nanjangud-Chamarajanagar rail line inaugurated|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 November 2014|access-date=14 August 2016|location=[[Chamarajanagar]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Nadikudi–Macherla branch line|Nadikudi–Macherla]]
| [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]
|
| {{cvt|35|km}}
| {{cvt|90|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Surveys |url=https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1438144370646-Annexure-1.pdf |website=South Central Railway, Indian Railways |access-date=3 May 2019 |page=14 |date=24 July 2015 |archive-date=3 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503070111/https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1438144370646-Annexure-1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Nadikudi–Srikalahasti section|Nadikudi–Srikalahasti]] ‡
| [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]
| TBD
| {{cvt|308|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{Maybe|Under construction}}
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/nadikudi-srikalahasti-line-to-ensure-better-connectivity/article7859619.ece|title=Nadikudi – Srikalahasti line to ensure better connectivity|date=2015-11-09|newspaper=The Hindu|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-05-24|archive-date=2017-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101170650/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/nadikudi-srikalahasti-line-to-ensure-better-connectivity/article7859619.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Nagercoil–Tirunelveli line|Nagercoil–Tirunelveli]]
| [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| 1981
| {{cvt|73|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes|2018}}
| <ref name="budget73">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1973-74.pdf|date=20 February 1973|title=Railway Budget speech 1973-74|website=www.indianrailways.gov.in|publisher=[[Government of India]], [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]]|access-date=5 March 2024|archive-date=8 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308135820/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1973-74.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Nallapadu–Nandyal section|Nallapadu–Nandyal]] †
| [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]
| 1892
| {{cvt|256.9|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/SCR-GM-Unveils-Second-%E2%80%98Pit-Line%E2%80%99-in-Guntur/2014/04/11/article2162208.ece|title=SCR GM Unveils Second 'Pit Line' in Guntur|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| [[Nandyal–Yerraguntla section|Nandyal–Yerraguntla]]
| [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]
| 2016
| {{cvt|123|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref name="ndl_ya">{{cite news|title=Nandyal-Yerranguntla rail line commissioned|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/nandyalyerranguntla-rail-line-commissioned/article9023528.ece|access-date=24 August 2016|work=The Hindu|date=24 August 2016}}</ref>
|-
| [[Nilambur–Shoranur line|Nilambur–Shoranur]]
| [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| 1927
| {{cvt|66|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref name="nn">{{cite web|url=http://nilamburnews.com/m_train.htm|title=The Nilambur news|publisher=Kerala Tourism|access-date=26 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920133828/http://nilamburnews.com/m_train.htm|archive-date=20 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Obulavaripalle–Krishnapatnam section|Obulavaripalle–Krishnapatnam]]
| [[South Coast Railway zone|South Coast Railway]]
| 2019
| {{cvt|112|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes|2019}}
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Sarthak |title=Plans afoot for passenger trains to chug on Krishnapatnam-Obulavaripalli rail line |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/plans-afoot-for-passenger-trains-to-chug-on-krishnapatnam-obulavaripalli-rail-line/articleshow/68040043.cms |access-date=30 April 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=28 February 2019 |location=Hyderabad }}</ref>
|-
| [[Pagidipalli–Nallapadu section|Pagidipalli–Nallapadu]]
| [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]
| 1930
| {{cvt|238.49|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|2017}}
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Jayadev demands more railway facilities in new capital |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-03-12/Jayadev-demands-more-railway-facilities-in-new-capital--136952 |access-date=18 January 2016 |work=The Hans India |date=12 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119222706/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-03-12/Jayadev-demands-more-railway-facilities-in-new-capital--136952 |archive-date=19 November 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Palakkad–Pollachi line|Palakkad–Pollachi]] †
| [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| 1898
| {{cvt|58|km}}
| {{cvt|55|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref name="pg_poy">{{Cite news|title = CRS completes inspection of Pollachi–Palakkad BG line|url = http://m.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/crs-completes-inspection-of-pollachi-palakkad-bg-line/article7732370.ece|work=The Hindu| date=6 October 2015 |access-date = 2015-10-07}}</ref>
|-
| [[Peddapalli–Nizamabad line|Peddapalli–Nizamabad]]
| [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]
| 1993
| {{cvt|177|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes|2022}}
| <ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/23-year-wait-for-railway-line-ends/article17619586.ece| title = 23-year wait for railway line ends - The Hindu| website = [[The Hindu]]| date = 23 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[Rayadurg–Tumkur section|Rayadurg–Tumkur]] ‡
| [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]]
| TBD
| {{cvt|207|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{Maybe|TBD}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-tirupati-kalyandurg-train-extended-to-kadiri-devarapalli-2382712|title=Tirupati-Kalyandurg train extended to Kadiri Devarapalli|access-date=2024-03-05|archive-date=2024-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220152738/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-tirupati-kalyandurg-train-extended-to-kadiri-devarapalli-2382712|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Secunderabad–Dhone section|Secunderabad–Dhone]] †
| [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]
| 1929
| {{cvt|295|km}}
|
| {{yes|2023}}
| <ref name="newindianexpress.com"/>
|-
| [[Shoranur–Cochin Harbour section|Shoranur–Cochin Harbour]] †
| [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| 1902
| {{cvt|107|km}}
| {{cvt|90|km/h}}
| {{yes|1996}}
| <ref name="srr_chh">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/06/24/stories/2004062401020100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041110194250/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/06/24/stories/2004062401020100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 November 2004|title=Waiting for the TRAIN of Hope |access-date=2010-09-22|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 June 2004}}</ref>
|-
| [[Shoranur–Mangalore section|Shoranur–Mangalore]]
| [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| 1902
| {{cvt|328|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|2014}}
| <ref>{{Cite book |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/ea0e8d1e-7fde-41ee-8002-4c30757c2663 |title=Records of the Madras Railway Company |date=1852–1937 |others=<corpname>Madras Railway Company</corpname> |language=English}}</ref>
|-
| [[Solapur–Guntakal section|Solapur–Guntakal]] †
| [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]], [[South Central Railway zone|South Central railway]] and [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| 1871
| {{cvt|379|km}}
| style="background-color:#B0E0E6";| {{cvt|130|km/h}}
| {{yes|2021}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.karunadu.gov.in/gazetteer/HandbookKarnataka2010/Chapter%20VII%20Transport%20and%20Communications.pdf |title=Chapter VII – Transport and Communications |work=Railway lines opened for traffic in the state since 1861, page 290 |publisher=Karnataka Government |access-date=19 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826085621/http://www.karunadu.gov.in/gazetteer/HandbookKarnataka2010/Chapter%20VII%20Transport%20and%20Communications.pdf |archive-date=26 August 2013 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Tenali–Repalle branch line|Tenali–Repalle]]
| [[South Coast Railway zone|South Coast Railway]]
| 1916
| {{cvt|32.10|km}}
| {{cvt|90|km/h}}
| {{yes|2021}}
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/all-rail-lines-in-scr-to-be-electrified-soon/article22671695.ece|title=All rail lines in SCR to be electrified soon|date=2018-02-07|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-04-24|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=2018-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424063231/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/all-rail-lines-in-scr-to-be-electrified-soon/article22671695.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Thiruvananthapuram–Nagercoil–Kanyakumari line|Thiruvananthapuram–Kanyakumari]]
| [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| 1979
| {{cvt|86|km}}
| {{cvt|100|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref name="budget73"/>
|-
| [[Tirunelveli–Tiruchendur line|Tirunelveli–Tiruchendur]] †
| [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| 1923
| {{cvt|60|km}}
| {{cvt|110|km/h}}
| {{yes|2023}}
| <ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-23 |title=Tirunelveli–Tiruchendur rail service centenary celebrations held |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/tirunelvelitiruchendur-rail-service-centenary-celebrations-held/article66544470.ece |access-date=2023-11-18 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2023-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720014149/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/tirunelvelitiruchendur-rail-service-centenary-celebrations-held/article66544470.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Vijayawada–Nidadavolu loop line|Vijayawada–Nidadavolu]]
| [[South Coast Railway zone|South Coast Railway]]
|
| {{cvt|127|km}}
| style="background-color:#B0E0E6";| {{cvt|130|km/h}}
| {{yes}}
| <ref>{{cite news|author1=Ramesh Susarla|title=Track-doubling work will begin in six months: official|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/trackdoubling-work-will-begin-in-six-months-official/article2475308.ece|access-date=17 December 2015|work=The Hindu|date=22 September 2011|location=Vijayawada}}</ref>
|-
| [[Vijayawada–Gudur section|Vijayawada–Gudur]] †
| [[South Coast Railway zone|South Coast]] and [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| 1899
| {{cvt|127|km}}
| style="background-color:#B0E0E6";| {{cvt|130|km/h}}
| {{yes|1980}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1 |title=Major Events in the Formation of S.E. Railway |publisher=South Eastern Railway |access-date=2013-01-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401151628/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1 |archive-date= 1 April 2013 }}</ref>
|}

==International==
{{Further|Cross-border railway lines in India}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:small;"
! Line
! Operator(s)
! Opened
! Length
! {{tooltip|Speed|Maximum Permitted Speed}}
! Electrified
! Ref.
|-
! colspan=7|Bangladesh
|-
| [[Akhaura–Agartala line|Akhaura–Agartala]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]] {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[East Zone (Bangladesh Railway)|East Zone]]
| 2023
| {{cvt|15|km}}
| {{cvt|80|km/h}}
| {{no}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/akhaura-agartala-rail-link-inauguration-historic-pm-modi-bangladeshs-sheikh-hasina-jointly-unveil-3-development-projects-9008701/lite/ | title='Historic': PM Modi, Bangladesh PM Sheikh Hasina inaugurate cross-border rail link | date=2 November 2023|access-date=2 November 2023|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Old Malda–Abdulpur line|Old Malda–Abdulpur]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]] {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[West Zone (Bangladesh Railway)|West Zone]]
| 1930
| {{cvt|154|km}}
| {{cvt|90|km/h}}
| {{no}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway.gov.bd/brief_history.asp |title=Brief History |publisher=[[Bangladesh Railway]] |access-date=11 July 2019|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220203245/http://www.railway.gov.bd/brief_history.asp |archive-date=20 December 2011}}</ref>
|-
! colspan=7|Nepal
|-
| [[Jaynagar–Bardibas railway line|Jaynagar–Bardibas]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]] {{flagicon|Nepal}} [[Nepal Railway Company Limited|NRCL]]
| 1937
| {{cvt|68.7|km}}
| {{cvt|120|km/h}}
| {{no}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kurtha-Jayanagar train service test successful|url=https://nepalnews.com/s/travel-and-tourism/kurtha-jayanagar-train-service-test-successful|access-date=16 January 2022|website=Nepal News|language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Meter and narrow gauge lines==
{{Further|Mountain railways of India}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:small;"
! Line
! Gauge
! Operator(s)
! Opened
! Length
! {{tooltip|Speed|Maximum Permitted Speed}}
! Electrified
! Ref.
|-
| [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]]
| [[2 ft and 600 mm gauge railways|Narrow (610 mm)]]
| [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| 1881
| {{cvt|83.9|km}}
| {{cvt|10|km/h}}
| {{no}}
| <ref name=heritageunesco/>
|-
| [[Kalka–Shimla Railway]]
| [[2 ft 6 in gauge railways|Narrow (762 mm)]]
| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| 1903
| {{cvt|96.60|km}}
| {{cvt|30|km/h}}
| {{no}}
| <ref name=heritageunesco>{{cite web |publisher= UNESCO World Heritage Centre |url= https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944 |title= Mountain Railways of India |access-date= 2009-04-30 |archive-date= 2006-05-03 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060503143242/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944/ |url-status= live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Kangra Valley Railway]]
| [[2 ft 6 in gauge railways|Narrow (762 mm)]]
| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| 1928
| {{cvt|164|km}}
| {{cvt|40|km/h}}
| {{no}}
| <ref name=kvr>[https://www.indiatoday.in/travel/heritage/story/kangras-narrow-gauge-rail-corridor-is-all-set-to-get-heritage-status-unesco-321325-2016-05-03 Kangras narrow gauge rail get UNESCO heritage status] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416200836/https://www.indiatoday.in/travel/heritage/story/kangras-narrow-gauge-rail-corridor-is-all-set-to-get-heritage-status-unesco-321325-2016-05-03 |date=2018-04-16 }}, India Today, 2016.</ref>
|-
| [[Matheran Hill Railway]]
| [[2 ft and 600 mm gauge railways|Narrow (610 mm)]]
| [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| 1907
| {{cvt|21|km}}
|
| {{no}}
| <ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/it-s-train-it-s-toy-it-s-beautiful-commute/1010520/0|title=It's train, It's toy, It's beautiful commute|date=2 October 2012|access-date=6 March 2016|archive-date=3 October 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141003003112/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/it-s-train-it-s-toy-it-s-beautiful-commute/1010520/0|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway]]
| [[Metre-gauge railway|Meter (1000 mm)]]
| [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| 1908
| {{cvt|46|km}}
|
| {{no}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944/|title=Mountain Railways of India|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=1 March 2010|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208015522/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==Main lines==
The following major trunk lines that connect major Indian cities are formed by combination of multiple smaller lines.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=124694|title=Decongestion of Trunk railway routes|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=10 August 2015|archive-date=29 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529114915/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=124694|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiainfrahub.com/news/trains-to-run-at-160-kmph-on-major-trunk-routes/ |title=Trains to run at 160 KMPH on major Trunk routes |work=India InfraHub |date=20 July 2020 |access-date=16 February 2024 |archive-date=16 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216151856/https://indiainfrahub.com/news/trains-to-run-at-160-kmph-on-major-trunk-routes/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:small;"
! Line
! Operator(s)
! Opened
! Length
! {{tooltip|Speed|Maximum Permitted Speed}}
! Electrified
! Ref.
|-
| [[Howrah–Chennai main line|Howrah–Chennai]]
| [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern]], [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast]], [[South Central Railway zone|South Central]] and [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| 1901
| {{cvt|1661|km}}
| style="background-color:#B0E0E6";| {{cvt|130|km/h}}
| {{yes|2005}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1 |title=Major Events in the Formation of S.E. Railway |publisher=South Eastern Railway |access-date=19 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401151628/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1 |archive-date=1 April 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
| [[Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line|Howrah–Mumbai]]
| [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern]], [[South East Central Railway zone|South East Central]] and [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| 1890
| {{cvt|1968|km}}
| style="background-color:#B0E0E6";| {{cvt|130|km/h}}
| {{yes|2012}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html | title = IR History: Early Days – II | work = Chronology of railways in India, Part 2 (1870–1899) | access-date = 2012-11-20 | archive-date = 2016-07-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160726192451/http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Howrah–New Delhi main line|Howrah–New Delhi]]
| [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern]], [[East Central Railway zone|East Central]], [[North Central Railway zone|North Central]] and [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| 1866
| {{cvt|1532|km}}
| style="background-color:#B0E0E6";| {{cvt|130|km/h}}
| {{yes|2002}}
| <ref name=india9>{{cite web |url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Howrah-New-Delhi-Rajdhani-Express-51279.htm |title=Howrah–New Delhi Rajdhani Express |publisher=india9 |access-date=2011-11-12 |archive-date=2012-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511142800/http://www.india9.com/i9show/Howrah-New-Delhi-Rajdhani-Express-51279.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Mumbai–Chennai line|Mumbai–Chennai]]
| [[Central Railway zone|Central]], [[South Central Railway zone|South Central]] and [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| 1871
| {{cvt|1281|km}}
| style="background-color:#B0E0E6";| {{cvt|130|km/h}}
| {{yes|2015}}
| <ref name="IR History: Early Days – II">{{cite web| url= http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html| title= IR History: Early Days – II| last= Chronology of railways in India, Part 2 (1870–1899)| publisher= IRFCA| access-date= 3 December 2013| archive-date= 26 July 2016| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160726192451/http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html| url-status= live}}</ref>
|-
| [[New Delhi–Chennai main line|New Delhi–Chennai]]
| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern]], [[North Central Railway zone|North Central]], [[Central Railway zone|Central]], [[South Central Railway zone|South Central]] and [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| 1929
| {{cvt|2182|km}}
| style="background-color:#B0E0E6";| {{cvt|130|km/h}}
| {{yes|1991}}
| <ref>{{cite web| url = http://nagpur.nic.in/gazetteer/gaz1966/final_gazettee/comm1.html| title = Introduction| work = Nagpur Itarsi Route| publisher = Nagpur district authorities| access-date = 17 March 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090410104748/http://nagpur.nic.in/gazetteer/gaz1966/FINAL_GAZETTEE/comm1.html| archive-date = 10 April 2009| url-status = dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[New Delhi–Mumbai main line|New Delhi–Mumbai]]
| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern]], [[North Central Railway zone|North Central]], [[West Central Railway zone|West Central]] and [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
|
| {{cvt|1386|km}}
| style="background-color:#B0E0E6";| {{cvt|130|km/h}}
| {{yes|1987}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-elec.html | title = Electric Traction — I | publisher = IRFCA | access-date = 6 October 2016 | archive-date = 15 September 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080915095129/http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-elec.html | url-status = live }}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of railway stations in India]]
* [[Dedicated freight corridors in India]]
* [[High-speed rail in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Transport in India}}
{{Indian Railways}}

[[Category:Lists of railway lines by country|India]]
[[Category:Railway lines in India| ]]
[[Category:Indian railway-related lists|Lines]]

Bhrahmapuram landfill

2026-02-05T04:16:15Z

Charnkamal: done.

{{short description|Waste dumping yard in Kochi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}

'''Brahmapuram landfill''' is an overfilled waste dumping site located in the Indian city of [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-03-21 |title=Work on Brahmapuram waste plant to start in April |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/work-on-brahmapuram-waste-plant-to-start-in-april/articleshow/63395515.cms |access-date=2023-03-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The Brahmapuram Solid Waste plant located here is owned and operated by the [[Kochi Municipal Corporation|Kochi Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-07-13 |title=Kochi looking for a new waste treatment plant |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kochi-looking-for-a-new-waste-treatment-plant/article35295045.ece |access-date=2023-03-06 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The site is a major source of [[Pollution|environmental pollution]], fire hazards, and public health and safety issues.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-06 |title=India city chokes on toxic haze from waste dump fire |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64835273 |access-date=2023-03-06 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-04 |title=Fire at Kochi's Brahmapuram waste treatment plant has become an annual phenomenon |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/kochi-brahmapuram-waste-treatment-plant-fire-breakouts-an-annual-phenomenon/article66579717.ece |access-date=2023-03-06 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Kochi city produces more than 600 tons of waste per day and nearly 100 ton of it is decomposed at Brahmapuram Solid Waste plant into organic manure.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-02-01 |title=Brahmapuram plant in run-down state |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/brahmapuram-plant-in-rundown-state/article6847150.ece |access-date=2023-03-06 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The plant which was inaugurated in 2008 to manage solid waste was eventually converted into a landfill.<ref>{{Cite web |title=5 days in, Brahmapuram blaze continues to choke Kochi |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/environment/5-days-in-brahmapuram-blaze-continues-to-choke-kochi-88084 |access-date=2023-03-06 |website=www.downtoearth.org.in |language=en}}</ref> As per March 2023, there is an estimated volume of 5.5 lakh tonnes of waste spread over 110 acres at the site.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=Fire yet to subside in Brahmapuram, Kochi filled with smoke |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1020729&u= |access-date=2023-03-06 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref> On 2 March 2023, a [[Bhrahmapuram Fire|major fire]] burst out at Brahmapuram waste plant engulfing many parts of city in smoke containing toxic gas for many days.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=M. P. |date=2023-03-08 |title=Brahmapuram fire {{!}} People begin to lose patience as fresh bouts of smoke and smell hit many parts of city |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/brahmapuram-fire-people-lose-patience-plastic-smoke-and-smell-hit-city-parts/article66594760.ece |access-date=2023-03-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==2023 Brahmapuram waste plant fire==
{{main|Bhrahmapuram Fire}}
On 2 March 2023, a major fire broke out at the Brahmapuram waste plant.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-05 |title=Toxic fumes continue to engulf Kochi nearly 3 days into fire at Brahmapuram waste plant |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/thiruvananthapuram/toxic-fumes-engulf-kochi-3-days-fire-brahmapuram-waste-plant-8480517/ |access-date=2023-03-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> After the fire, major parts of Kochi city was engulfed in smoke.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-02 |title=Major fire at Brahmapuram dumping yard |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/major-fire-at-brahmapuram-dumping-yard/article66572329.ece |access-date=2023-03-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The fire broke out in a swampy area behind the [[Kerala Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation|Kinfra Industrial Park]] and the smoke spread for kilometers across the city.<ref>{{Cite web |last=നെറ്റ്‌വർക്ക് |first=റിപ്പോർട്ടർ |date=2023-03-03 |title=ബ്രഹ്മപുരം തീപിടുത്തം; പുകയിൽ മൂടി കൊച്ചി, തീ അണക്കാൻ ശ്രമം തുടരുന്നു |url=https://www.reporterlive.com/kerala/brahmapuram-fire-smoke-at-kochi-106146 |access-date=2023-03-06 |website=www.reporterlive.com |language=ml}}</ref> Following the outbreak, the [[Kerala State Pollution Control Board]] slapped a fine of Rs 1.80 crore on Kochi corporation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smoke from Kochi dumping ground fire hangs over the city, suffocating residents |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/environment/smoke-from-kochi-dumping-ground-fire-hangs-over-the-city-suffocating-residents-10202961.html |access-date=2023-03-06 |website=Moneycontrol |date=5 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref> On 6 March, the toxic elements in the atmosphere of Kochi rapidly increased to a dangerous level following the outburst of fire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stay indoors; Residents urged to wear N95 masks as air quality hits new low |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/brahmapuram-fire-residents-urged-to-stay-indoors-wear-n95-masks-as-air-quality-hits-new-lows-1.8367285 |access-date=2023-03-06 |website=English.Mathrubhumi|date=6 March 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/03/07/india/india-bhramapuram-landfill-toxic-waste-fire-intl-hnk/index.html|title=One of India's trash mountains is on fire again and residents are choking on its toxic fumes|date=7 March 2023 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> Many residents and opposition parties alleged that the fire was man made and a private agency engaged for mining the waste in the landfill played a major role in creating it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-09 |title=Brahmapuram fire: Residents gasp for air as Kochi reels amid inferno aftermath |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/brahmapuram-fire-residents-gasp-for-air-as-kochi-reels-amid-inferno-aftermath-101678357092531.html |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Within a week after the outburst of fire, the smoke spread across to nearby districts of [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]] and [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]. The [[Kerala High Court|High Court of Kerala]] remarked that the people of Kochi were trapped in a gas chamber. The court also criticized the Kochi Corporation and the Pollution Control Board. The garbage in Kochi city piled up in the city after the garbage removal to Brahmapuram got stopped due to fire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ഗ്യാസ് ചേംബറിലകപ്പെട്ട് ഒരു ജനത; കെ-റെയിലാണോ മാലിന്യ സംസ്കരണ പ്ലാന്റാണോ നമുക്കാവശ്യം? |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/natives-commenting-about-brahmapuram-waste-plant-fire-1.8376072 |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=Mathrubhumi|date=9 March 2023 }}</ref> After 12 days of continuous operations, the fire was extinguished completely on 13 March.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kochi's Brahmapuram Plant Fire 'Extinguished' Completely; Air Quality Remains Critical |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/kochis-brahmapuram-plant-fire-extinguished-completely-air-quality-remains-critical-10068996 |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=English Jagran |date=14 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Landfills in india}}

{{coord|10.0000|N|76.3700|E|type:landmark_region:IN-KL|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhalswa landfill}}
[[Category:Environmental issues in India]]
[[Category:Waste management in India]]
[[Category:Landfills in India]]

Pongal (festival)

2026-01-03T08:16:16Z

Charnkamal: added references

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{short description|Tamil Hindu harvest festival}}
{{For|the dish|Pongal (dish)}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Pongal
| image = Pongal fest.jpg
| caption = Pongal dish cooked for the occasion of the festival
| observedby = Primarily [[Tamils|Tamil Hindus]] in [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Malaysia]], [[United States]], [[Indonesia]], [[Mauritius]], [[Singapore]], [[UK]], [[South Africa]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[Gulf countries]]
| date = Last day of the ninth [[Tamil calendar]] month of [[Margazhi]] ([[Bhogi]]) First day of the tenth month of [[Thai (month)|Thai]] (Thai Pongal) and next one or two days ([[Mattu Pongal]] and Kaanum Pongal)
| celebrations = Preparation of [[Pongal (dish)|Pongal]], decorations, home coming, prayers, processions, gift giving<ref name="Beteille"/>
| longtype = [[List of Hindu festivals|Hindu]]<ref name="Brittanica">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pongal|title=Pongal (Hindu festival)|date=2016|encyclopedia=[[Britannica]]|access-date=15 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaculture.gov.in/festivals-religious|title=Religious Festivals|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref>
| type = [[Hindu]]
| significance = [[Harvest festival]], [[Winter Solstice]]. Worship of the [[Surya|Solar deity]] for agricultural abundance, and celebration of cattle.
| relatedto = [[Makar Sankranti]], [[Magh Bihu]], [[Uttarayana]], [[Maghi]], [[Maghe Sankranti]], [[Shakrain]]
| startedby =
| firsttime =
| frequency = Annual
| scheduling =
| official_name =
| weekday =
| ends =
| begins =
| litcolor =
| nickname =
| alt =
| date2025 = 13-16 January<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/festivals/pongal-2025-when-is-pongal-know-date-history-significance-and-all-about-4-days-of-the-festival-101736753124366.html|access-date=13 January 2025|title=Pongal 2025: When is Pongal? Know date, history, significance and all about 4 days of the festival|last=Agnihotri|first=Akanksha|date=13 January 2025|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
}}

{{Tamil transliteration}}
'''Pongal''' is a multi-day [[Hindu]] [[harvest festival]] celebrated by [[Tamils]]. The festival is celebrated over three or four consecutive days, which are named [[Bhogi]], Thai Pongal, [[Mattu Pongal]] and [[Kaanum Pongal]], beginning on the last day of the [[Tamil calendar]] month of [[Margazhi]]. Thai Pongal is observed on the first day of the Tamil calendar month of [[Thai (month)|Thai]] and usually falls on 14 or 15 [[January]] in the [[Gregorian calendar]].

According to tradition, the festival marks the end of [[winter solstice]], and the start of the Sun's six-month-long journey northwards called [[Uttarayana]] when the Sun enters [[Capricorn (astrology)|Capricorn]]. It is dedicated to the [[solar deity]] [[Surya]] and corresponds to [[Makar Sankranti]], the Hindu observance celebrated under various regional names across the [[Indian subcontinent]].

The festival is named after the ceremonial "Pongal", which means "boiling over" or "overflow" in [[Tamil language]] and refers to the traditional [[Pongal (dish)|dish]] prepared by boiling rice with [[cow milk|milk]] and [[jaggery]]. Mattu Pongal is meant for celebration of [[cattle]], and the cattle are bathed, their horns polished and painted in bright colors with garlands of flowers placed around their necks and processions on the day. The festival is traditionally an occasion for decorating with rice-powder based [[kolam]] artworks, offering prayers at home, visiting temples, getting together with family and friends, and exchanging gifts to renew social bonds of solidarity.

Pongal is also referred to as ''Tamizhar thirunal'' ("festival of Tamils") and is one of the major festivals celebrated by the Tamil people across various religions. It is observed by the [[Tamil diaspora]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], parts of [[South India]], [[Sri Lanka]] and other parts of the world with significant Tamil population.

== Etymology ==
''Thai Pongal'' is a combination of two [[Tamil language]] words: ''Thai'' (Tamil: 'தை') referring to the tenth month of the [[Tamil calendar]] and ''Pongal'' (from ''pongu'') meaning "boiling over" or "overflow." Pongal also refers to a sweet [[Pongal (dish)|dish]] of [[rice]] boiled with [[cow milk|milk]] and [[jaggery]] that is ritually prepared and consumed on the day.<ref name="Robinson"/> It is also referred to as ''Tamizhar thirunal'' ("the festival of Tamil people").<ref>{{cite journal|last=Béteille|first=André|title=A Note on the Pongal Festival in a Tanjore Village|journal=Man|volume=64|issue=2|year=1964|page=74|doi=10.2307/2797924|jstor=2797924|quote=It is now viewed by an increasing number of people as a symbol of all that is local and indigenous to Tamilnad. In many quarters it is celebrated today as thamizhar thirunal: the day auspicious to Tamils.}}</ref>

== History ==
The principal theme of Pongal is thanking the Sun god [[Surya]], the forces of nature, and the [[cattle|farm animals]] and [[farmer|people who support agriculture]]. The festival is mentioned in an inscription found at the [[Veeraraghava Swamy Temple]]. Attributed to the [[Chola]] king [[Kulottunga I]] (1070–1122 CE), the inscription describes a grant of land to the temple for celebrating the annual Pongal festivities.<ref name="Kasturi">{{cite book|first1=Prema|last1=Kasturi|first2=Chithra|last2=Madhavan|title=South India heritage: an introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_HwMAQAAMAAJ|year=2007|publisher=East West Books|isbn=978-8-18866-164-0|page=223|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115348/https://books.google.com/books?id=_HwMAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The ninth century [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] [[Bhakti movement|Bhakti]] text ''[[Tiruvempavai]]'' by [[Manikkavacakar]] details the festival.<ref name="Kasturi"/> It appears in [[Tamil literature|Tamil texts]] and inscriptions with variant spellings such as ''ponakam'', ''tiruponakam,'' and ''ponkal''. Temple inscriptions from the Chola and [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] periods detail recipes similar to [[Pongal (dish)|pongal]] recipes of the modern era with variations in seasonings and relative amounts of the ingredients. The terms ''ponakam'', ''ponkal'' and its prefixed variants might also indicate the festive pongal dish as a [[prasadam]] (religious offering) which were given as a part of the meals served by free community kitchens in [[South India]]n Hindu temples either as festival food or to pilgrims every day.<ref name="Gutierrez">{{cite journal|last=Gutiérrez|first=Andrea|title=Jewels Set in Stone: Hindu Temple Recipes in Medieval Cōḻa Epigraphy|journal=Religions|volume=9|issue=9|year=2018|issn=2077-1444|doi=10.3390/rel9090270|pages=279–281, context: 270–303|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Observance ==
[[File:Pongal offerings.jpg|thumb|Pongal offering to Gods]]

Pongal is a multi-day [[Hindu]] [[harvest festival]] celebrated by [[Tamils]].<ref name="Brittanica"/><ref name="Robinson">{{cite book|author1=Denise Cush|author2=Catherine A. Robinson|author3=Michael York|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC|year=2008|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-70071-267-0|pages=610–611|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115354/https://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ramaswamy"/> The three days of the Pongal festival are called [[Bhogi]], Thai Pongal, and [[Mattu Pongal]].<ref name="Mathews">{{cite book|first1=A|last1=Mani|first2=Pravin|last2=Prakash|first3=Shanthini|last3=Selvarajan|editor=Mathew Mathews|title=Singapore Ethnic Mosaic, The: Many Cultures, One People|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4RIDwAAQBAJ|year=2017|publisher=World Scientific Publishing Company, Singapore|isbn=978-9-81323-475-8|pages=207–211|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115401/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4RIDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Some Tamils celebrate a fourth day of Pongal known as Kanum Pongal.<ref name="Ramaswamy"/> While the festival is observed for three or four days in [[Tamil Nadu]], but for one or two days in urban locations and by the [[Tamil diaspora]] outside [[South Asia]].<ref name="Brittanica"/><ref name="Ramaswamy">{{cite book|author=Vijaya Ramaswamy|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA274|year=2017|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-53810-686-0|pages=274–275|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115406/https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA274|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Bhogi ===
{{main|Bhogi}}

Bhogi marks the first day of the Pongal festivities and is celebrated on the last day of the [[Tamil calendar]] month [[Agrahayana|Marghazhi]].<ref name="Kasturi"/> On this day people discard old belongings and celebrate new possessions. The people assemble and light a bonfire in order to burn the heaps of discards.<ref name="Maithily"/> Houses are cleaned, painted and decorated to give a festive look.<ref name="Mathews"/> Prayers are offered to [[Indra]], the king of Gods with thanks and hopes for plentiful rains in the year ahead.<ref name="Mathews"/> Kaappu kattu is a tradition of tying leaves of [[Azadirachta indica]], [[Senna auriculata]] and [[Aerva lanata]] in the roofs of houses and residential areas that is widely practiced in the [[Kongu Nadu]] region.<ref>{{cite book|title=Madras District Gazetteers: Tiruchirappalli (pt. 1-2)|first=B. S.|last=Baliga (Rao Bahadur.)|year=1998|page=338|publisher=Superintendent, Government Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Kaapu kattu is not just a ritual|url=https://www.vikatan.com/oddities/miscellaneous/147093-kappu-kattu-not-just-a-ritual-medical-knowledge-of-ancient-tamils|access-date=14 January 2023|magazine=Vikatan|language=ta}}</ref> Bhogi is observed on the same day in the South Indian states of Tamil Nadu, [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Murthy|first=Neeraja|date=13 January 2020|title=Citizens speak about the change they would want to see this Bhogi|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/a-few-hyderabadis-speak-about-the-change-they-would-want-to-see-in-their-life-and-in-society/article30557580.ece|access-date=13 January 2022|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Fruits of the harvest are collected along with flowers of the season and a mixture of treats along with money is given to children, who then separate and collect the money and sweet fruits.<ref>{{cite web|date=13 January 2022|title=Happy Bhogi 2022: Significance & History Of This Festival In South India|url=https://news.abplive.com/tamil-nadu/happy-bhogi-2022-significance-history-of-this-festival-in-south-india-1506090|access-date=14 January 2022|work=ABP News|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114181233/https://news.abplive.com/tamil-nadu/happy-bhogi-2022-significance-history-of-this-festival-in-south-india-1506090|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Thai Pongal ===
[[File:Pongum pongal.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Pongal in earthern pot]]

Thai Pongal is the main festive day, celebrated on the next day of Bhogi.<ref name="Mathews"/><ref name="Maithily">{{cite book|first=Maithily|last=Jagannathan|title=South Indian Hindu Festivals and Traditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xcIrkKUJH9QC|year=2005|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-415-8|pages=139–141}}</ref> It is observed on the first day of the Tamil calendar month of [[Thai (month)|Thai]], and usually falls on 14 or 15 January as per the [[Gregorian calendar]].<ref name="Beteille">{{cite journal|last=Beteille|first=Andre|title=89. A Note on the Pongal Festival in a Tanjore Village|journal=Man|publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=64|year=1964|issn=0025-1496|doi=10.2307/2797924|pages=73–75|jstor=2797924}}</ref> It is dedicated to the [[Sun deity]] [[Surya]] and corresponds to [[Makar Sankranti]], the harvest festival under various regional names celebrated throughout India.<ref>{{cite book|first=R|last=Abbas|title=History of People and Their Environs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crxUQR_qBXYC|year=2011|publisher=Bharathi Puthakalayam|isbn=978-9-38032-591-0|pages=751–752|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115350/https://books.google.com/books?id=crxUQR_qBXYC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Melton">{{cite book|author=J. Gordon Melton|title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-206-7|pages=547–548}}</ref><ref name="Hamilton">{{cite book|author1=Roy W. Hamilton|author2=Aurora Ammayao|title=The art of rice: spirit and sustenance in Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yyQoAQAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-930741-98-3|pages=156–157|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115348/https://books.google.com/books?id=yyQoAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> According to tradition, the festival marks the end of [[winter solstice]], and the start of the sun's six-month-long journey northwards when the sun enters the [[Capricorn (astrology)|Capricorn]], also called as [[Uttarayana]].<ref name="Brittanica"/>

Dedicated to Surya, it is celebrated with family and friends with new clothes worn and the preparation of the traditional pongal dish in an earthen pot.<ref name="Ramaswamy"/> The pot is typically decorated by tying a turmeric plant or flower garland and placed in the sun along with [[sugarcane]] stalks.<ref name="Ramaswamy"/> The homes are decorated with banana and mango leaves, decorative florals and kolams.<ref name="Ramaswamy"/> Relatives and friends are invited and when the pongal starts to boil and overflow out of the vessel, participants blow a [[conch]] or make sounds while shouting "Pongalo Pongal" ("may this rice boil over").<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pongalfestival.org/the-harvest-festival.html|title=Pongal Harvest Festival|access-date=3 January 2013|archive-date=9 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130109095249/http://www.pongalfestival.org/the-harvest-festival.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In rural areas, people sing traditional songs while the pongal dish is cooking.<ref name="Robinson"/> The Pongal dish is first offered to Surya and [[Ganesha]], and then shared with the gathered friends and family.<ref>{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g6FsB3psOTIC|year=2001|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4|pages=514–515|access-date=31 October 2019|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202001200/https://books.google.com/books?id=g6FsB3psOTIC|url-status=live}}</ref> People traditionally offer prayers to the sun in the open and then proceed to eat their meal.<ref name="Gough">{{cite book|first=Kathleen|last=Gough|title=Rural Society in Southeast India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GZwD7EqLcAUC&pg=PA230|year=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-04019-8|pages=230–231|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115357/https://books.google.com/books?id=GZwD7EqLcAUC&pg=PA230|url-status=live}}</ref> A community Pongal is an event where families gather at a public place for a ceremonial worship.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/150119/pongalo-pongal-1.html|title=Pongalo pongal|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=1 December 2023|date=14 January 2021|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126024231/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/150119/pongalo-pongal-1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=18 January 2019|title=Village celebrates Pongal as one community|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/village-celebrates-pongal-as-one-community/articleshow/67579830.cms|access-date=27 April 2021|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=19 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119005616/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/village-celebrates-pongal-as-one-community/articleshow/67579830.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Mattu Pongal ===
{{main|Mattu Pongal}}

[[File:"Maatu pongal kolam".JPG|thumb|A traditional kolam depicting a cow on [[Mattu Pongal]]]]

Mattu Pongal ("Madu" meaning cow in Tamil) is the third day of the festival meant for the celebration of [[cattle]].<ref name="Robinson"/> The cattle is regarded as sources of wealth as it is a means for [[dairy|dairy products]] and [[fertilizer]]s, used for [[transportation]] and agriculture.<ref name="Ramaswamy"/><ref name="Gough"/> The cattle are bathed, their horns are polished and painted in bright colors with garlands of flowers placed around their necks and taken for processions.<ref>{{cite journal|title= Food for the Gods in South India: An Exposition of Data|author= G. Eichinger Ferro-Luzzi|journal= Zeitschrift für Ethnologie|volume = Bd. 103, H. 1|year= 1978|issue= 1|pages= 86–108|publisher= Dietrich Reimer Verlag GmbH|jstor=25841633}}</ref> Some decorate their cows with [[turmeric]] water and apply [[shikakai]] and [[kumkum|kumkuma]] to their foreheads. The cattle are fed sweets including pongal, jaggery, honey, banana and other fruits. People may prostrate before them with words of thanks for the help with the harvest.<ref name="Gough"/>

=== Kanum Pongal ===
{{Main|Kaanum Pongal}}

Kanum Pongal or Kanu Pongal is the fourth day of the festival and marks the end of Pongal festivities for the year.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/pongal-tamil-nadu-harvest-festival-bhogi-mattu-kaanum-thai-303924-2016-01-15|title=What is Pongal? Learn some amazing facts about this harvest festival|access-date=25 February 2020|work=India Today|date=15 January 2016}}</ref> The word ''kanum'' in the context means "to visit" and families hold reunions on this day. Communities organize social events to strengthen mutual bonds and consume food and sugarcane during social gatherings.<ref name="Mathews"/><ref>{{cite book|author1=K.R. Gupta|author2=Amita Gupta|title=Concise Encyclopaedia of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dNOT9iYxcMC&pg=PA987|year=2006|publisher=Atlantic Publishers|isbn=978-81-269-0639-0|pages=986–987|access-date=31 October 2019|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115350/https://books.google.com/books?id=9dNOT9iYxcMC&pg=PA987|url-status=live}}</ref> Young people visit elders to pay respects and seek blessings, with elders giving gifts to the visiting children.<ref name="Mathews"/><ref>{{cite book|author=M. N. Pushpa|title=An Ethnographic Study of the Urikara Naicken Community of Taminadu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3BIvtZopHlcC|year=2012|publisher=Government Museum|page=59|access-date=31 October 2019|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115407/https://books.google.com/books?id=3BIvtZopHlcC|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Traditions and practices ==
[[File:COW PONGAL FESTIVAL KOLAM.jpg|thumb|A traditional [[kolam]] decoration]]

Pongal is traditionally an occasion for decorating, offering prayers in the home, temples, getting together with family and friends, and exchanging gifts to renew social bonds of solidarity.<ref name="Beteille"/><ref name="Good"/> It is viewed more as a "social festival" since the contemporary celebrations do not necessarily link it to temple rituals.<ref name="Ramaswamy"/> Temples and cultural centers organize the ritual cooking of Pongal dish, along with fairs (''Pongal mela'') with handicrafts, crafts, pottery, sarees, ethnic jewelry for sale. These sites hold traditional community sports such as ''Uri Adithal'' ("breaking a hanging mud pot while blindfolded"), ''[[Pallanguzhi]]'' and ''[[Kabbadi]]'', as well as group dance and music performances in major cities and towns.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/Pongal-mela-on-Sunday/article13364757.ece|title=Pongal mela on Sunday|access-date=7 March 2021|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/jan/16/a-celebration-of-harvest-1755430.html|title=A Celebration of Harvest|access-date=31 October 2019|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=15 January 2018}}</ref>

The festival is marked with colorful [[kolam]] artwork. Kolam is a form of traditional decorative art that is drawn by using [[rice flour]] often along with natural or synthetic color powders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-heritage.org/alangaram/kolams/kolams.htm|title=Traditional customs and practices - Kolams|work=Indian Heritage|access-date=13 January 2012}}</ref> It includes geometrical line drawings composed of straight lines, curves and loops, drawn around a grid pattern of dots.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cmi.ac.in/gift/Kolam.htm|title=Kolam|author=Gift Siromoney|work=Chennai Mathematical Institute|access-date=12 January 2012}}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Pongal (dish)}}

[[File:Sarkarai Pongal.JPG|thumb|[[Pongal (dish)|Pongal]] dish made from [[rice]] boiled with [[cow milk]] and [[jaggery]]]]

The festival is named after the "Pongal" dish, which forms the festival's most significant practice. The dish is prepared by boiling freshly harvested [[rice]] in [[cow milk]] and raw [[jaggery|cane sugar]].<ref name="Brittanica"/> Additional ingredients such as [[coconut]] and [[ghee]] along with spices such as [[cardamom]], [[raisin]]s and [[cashew]]s are also used.<ref name="Gutierrez"/><ref name="Mathews"/> The cooking is done in a [[clay pot]] that is often garlanded with leaves or flowers, sometimes tied with a piece of turmeric root. It is either cooked at home, or in community gatherings such as in temples or village open spaces.<ref name="Gutierrez"/><ref name="Gaia"/> The cooking is done in sunlight, usually in a porch or courtyard and the dish is dedicated to the Sun god, Surya. After it is traditionally offered to the gods and goddesses first, followed sometimes by cows, then to friends and family gathered.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Food for the Gods in South India: An Exposition of Data|author=G. Eichinger Ferro-Luzzi|journal= Zeitschrift für Ethnologie|volume= Bd. 103, H. 1|year= 1978|issue=1|pages= 86–108|jstor=25841633}}</ref> Temples and communities organize free kitchen prepared by volunteers to all those who gather.<ref name="Beteille"/><ref>{{cite journal|title= The Logic of South Indian Food Offerings|author= Gabriella Eichinger Ferro-Luzzi|journal= Anthropos|volume= Bd. 72, H. 3/4|year= 1977|issue= 3/4|pages= 529–556|jstor= 40459138}}</ref> Portions of the sweet pongal dish (''Sakkarai Pongal'') are distributed as the ''prasadam'' in temples.<ref name="Mathews"/>

The dish and the process of its preparation is a part of the symbolism, both conceptually and materially.<ref name="Robinson"/><ref name="Good">{{cite journal|last=Good|first=Anthony|title=A Symbolic Type and Its Transformations: The Case of South Indian Ponkal|journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology|publisher=SAGE Publications|volume=17|issue=2|year=1983|doi=10.1177/0069966783017002005|pages=223–244|s2cid=145809405}}</ref> It celebrates the harvest and the cooking symbolizes the transformation of the gift of [[agriculture]] into nourishment for the gods and the community on a day that when the sun god is believed to start the journey north.<ref name="Robinson"/> The dish "boiling over" is believed to symbolically mark the blessing by [[Parvati]].<ref name="Gaia">{{cite book|author=Susan de-Gaia|title=Encyclopedia of Women in World Religions: Faith and Culture across History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jt91DwAAQBAJ|year=2018|publisher=Abc-Clio|isbn=978-1-4408-4850-6|pages=336–337|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115353/https://books.google.com/books?id=jt91DwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> It is the ritual dish, along with many other courses prepared from seasonal foods for the gathering.

=== Jallikattu ===
[[File:Madurai-alanganallur-jallikattu.jpg|thumb|[[Jallikattu]], a traditional bull taming event held during Pongal]]

The day marks a ritual visit to nearby temples where communities hold processions by parading icons from the sanctum of the temple in wooden chariots, drama-dance performances encouraging social gatherings and renewal of community bonds.<ref name="Gough"/> Other events during Pongal include community sports and games such as [[Jallikattu]] or bull fighting.<ref name="Gough"/> Jallikattu is a traditional event held during the period attracting huge crowds in which a bull is released into a crowd of people, and multiple human participants attempt to grab the large hump on the bull's back with both arms and hang on to it while the bull attempts to escape.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Governor-clears-ordinance-on-%E2%80%98jallikattu%E2%80%99/article17074093.ece|title=Governor clears ordinance on 'jallikattu'|last=Ramakrishnan|first=T.|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|date=26 February 2017}}</ref> Kanu Pidi is a tradition observed on Mattu Pongal by women and young girls where they place a leaf of turmeric plant outside their home, and feed pongal dish and food to the birds, particularly [[crow]] and pray for their brothers' well being.<ref name="Ramaswamy"/><ref name="Gough"/> Brothers pay special tribute to their married sisters by giving gifts as affirmation of their filial love.<ref name="Mathews"/>

== Contemporary practices ==
[[File:Cpongal.jpg|thumb|Pongal in a community gathering]]

Pongal is observed by Tamil community in [[Kerala]], and it is a local holiday in [[Idukki district|Idukki]], [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]], [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]], [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], and [[Wayanad district]]s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Holiday-declared-for-Pongal-in-Kerala/article15516663.ece|title=Holiday declared for Pongal in Kerala|date=15 January 2021|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In [[Attukal Temple]] near Thiruvanathapuram, [[Attukal Pongala]] is celebrated in the month of February–March.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Attukal "Pongala": The "Everydayness" in a Religious Space|first=Darshana|last=Sreedhar Mini|journal= Journal of Ritual Studies|volume=30|number=1|year=2016|pages= 63–73|jstor= 44737780}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Jenett|first=Dianne|title=A Million Shaktis Rising: Pongala, a Women's Festival in Kerala, India|journal=Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion|publisher=Indiana University Press|volume=21|issue=1|year=2005|doi=10.1353/jfs.2005.0009|pages=35–55|doi-access=free}}</ref> This similarly named celebration of [[Pongala]] includes dance ([[Kathakali]]) and musical performances, and processions featuring the temple goddess.<ref>{{cite book|author=Norbert C. Brockman|title=Encyclopedia of Sacred Places, 2nd Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNZ15Oow8XcC|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-655-3|page=22}}</ref>

In [[Karnataka]], the festival is celebrated over several days similar to Pongal, and the dish prepared is called "ellu". Decorations and social visits are common during the festivities.<ref>{{cite book|first1=K.R.|last1=Gupta|first2=Amita|last2=Gupta|title=Concise Encyclopaedia of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dNOT9iYxcMC&pg=PA987|year=2006|publisher=Atlantic Publishers|isbn=978-81-269-0639-0|page=987|access-date=31 October 2019|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115350/https://books.google.com/books?id=9dNOT9iYxcMC&pg=PA987|url-status=live}}</ref> Pongal festivities coincide with Makara Sankranthi, [[Maghi]] and [[Bihu]] celebrated across various parts of India.<ref>{{cite book|first=Kim|last=Knott|title=Hinduism: A Very Short Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Ts6CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58|year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-874554-9|page=58|access-date=3 January 2020|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115352/https://books.google.com/books?id=-Ts6CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=H.S.|last=Singha|title=Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nRodBu9seiIC|year=2005|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-245-8|pages=101–102}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Nikita Desai|title=A Different Freedom: Kite Flying in Western India; Culture and Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5VsaBwAAQBAJ|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge Scholars|isbn=978-1-4438-2310-4|pages=28–33|access-date=5 January 2020|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115351/https://books.google.com/books?id=5VsaBwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Sri Lanka ===
In Sri Lanka, Pongal is celebrated by the [[Sri Lankan Tamils]] and the Pongal festivities last two days, essentially focused on Thai Pongal day. The custom of cooking Pukkai, a dish similar to Pongal, and made of [[red rice]], [[Mung bean|mung beans]] and milk, is carried out on the first day.<ref>{{cite book |last=McGilvray |first=Dennis |title=The Anthropologists' Cookbook |date=2012 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |isbn=978-0-7103-0543-5 |editor-last=Kuper |editor-first=Jessica |location=Hoboken |pages=200-203 |chapter=Pukkai |oclc=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Indrakumar |first=Menaka |date=14 January 2021 |title=Thai Pongal: The Harvest Festival |url=https://archives1.dailynews.lk/2021/01/14/features/238757/thai-pongal-harvest-festival |access-date=20 January 2024 |work=[[Daily News (Sri Lanka)|Daily News]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Faizer |first=Shaheid |date=12 January 2025 |title=Thai Pongal: Red rice shortage hits celebrations? |url=https://www.themorning.lk/articles/AZ10EA0bQdeq1LahrlGG |access-date=25 July 2025 |work=[[The Morning]]}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Pongal is one of the major festivals celebrated by Tamil people across various religions in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/meaning-of-thai-pongal/article1178529.ece|title=Meaning of 'Thai Pongal'|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 January 2008|access-date=4 July 2015|archive-date=24 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724103600/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/meaning-of-thai-pongal/article1178529.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Painadath|first=Sebastian|title=Inculturation in Christian Liturgy|year=2024|publisher=Springer|pages=449–452|quote=Christians in Tamil Nadu use their common native language which is Tamil. In dress, food habits, social customs and relationships, common festivals, and so on, Christianity in Tamil Nadu has a shared identity of its own with all the people of the State. Many Christians are well-versed in Tamil music which is profusely used in their worship or celebration of cultural events. Festivals like Pongal are celebrated together. There are paradigms of inculturation.}}</ref> It is also celebrated in other parts of [[South India]],<ref>{{cite news|date=14 January 2021|title=Telangana celebrates Sankranti with traditional fervour|url=https://telanganatoday.com/telangana-celebrates-sankranti-with-traditional-fervour|access-date=24 October 2021|newspaper=Telangana Today|archive-date=24 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024131803/https://telanganatoday.com/telangana-celebrates-sankranti-with-traditional-fervour|url-status=live}}</ref> and is a major Tamil festival in [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/short-videos/news/grand-pongal-celebration-organised-in-sri-lankas-trincomalee/shorttakes/106637978.cms|title=Grand Pongal celebration organized in Sri Lanka|date=9 January 2024|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=12 January 2024}}</ref> It is observed by the Tamil diaspora worldwide,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilguardian.com/article.asp?articleid=13552|title=Thai Pongal celebrated across the globe|access-date=4 July 2015|archive-date=5 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705051513/http://www.tamilguardian.com/article.asp?articleid=13552|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Richmond|first=Simon|title=Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9a02sRJKFhMC&pg=PA490|access-date=3 January 2012|date=15 January 2007|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|isbn=978-1-74059-708-1|page=490}}</ref> including those in [[Malaysia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/malaysian-prime-minister-greets-ethnic-tamils-on-pongal-727321|title=Malaysian Prime Minister Greets Ethnic Tamils on Pongal|date=15 January 2015|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=4 July 2015|archive-date=5 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705124034/http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/malaysian-prime-minister-greets-ethnic-tamils-on-pongal-727321|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mauritius]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.airmauritius.com/plan/travel-inspirations/mauritius-celebrates-thai-pongal-in-style|title=Mauritius celebrates Thai Pongal in style|work=[[Air Mauritius]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> [[South Africa]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamilelibrary.org/teli/diaspora2.html|title=History of the Tamil Diaspora|first=V.|last=Sivasupramaniam|access-date=4 July 2015|archive-date=10 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210054227/http://tamilelibrary.org/teli/diaspora2.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Singapore]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/page/straitstimes19370114-1.1.5|title=Hindus celebrate Thai Pongal|date=14 January 1937|newspaper=Straits Times|access-date=4 July 2015|archive-date=5 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705190525/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Page/straitstimes19370114-1.1.5.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> [[United States]],<ref name="USA"/> [[United Kingdom]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.harrowtimes.co.uk/news/11733392.community-celebrates-thai-pongal-harvest-festival/|title=Community celebrates Thai Pongal harvest festival|work=Harrow Times|date=19 January 2015|access-date=4 July 2015|archive-date=5 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705025902/http://www.harrowtimes.co.uk/news/11733392.Community_celebrates_Thai_Pongal_harvest_festival/?ref=mr|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Canada]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://liberal.ca/statement-by-liberal-party-of-canada-leader-justin-trudeau-on-thai-pongal/|title=Statement by Liberal Party of Canada Leader Justin Trudeau on Thai Pongal|date=14 January 2015|work=Liberal Canada|access-date=4 July 2015|archive-date=5 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705151059/https://www.liberal.ca/statement-by-liberal-party-of-canada-leader-justin-trudeau-on-thai-pongal/|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Gulf countries]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/bls-services-india-visa-passport-services-open-seven-days-a-week-in-dubai-and-sharjah-1.93352504|title=BLS services: India visa, passport services open seven days a week in Dubai and Sharjah|date=20 January 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|work=Gulf Times}}</ref> In 2017, Delegate [[David Bulova]] introduced a joint resolution HJ573 in the [[Virginia House of Delegates]] to designate January 14 of each year as Pongal Day.<ref name="USA">{{cite news|last=Ramakrishnan|first=Deepa H.|date=20 April 2017|title=Virginia passes resolution designating Pongal Day|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/virginia-passes-resolution-designating-pongal-day/article18158198.ece|access-date=14 January 2022|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115062744/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/virginia-passes-resolution-designating-pongal-day/article18158198.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Harvest Festivals]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Pongal}}

{{HinduFestivals}}



[[Category:Tamil festivals]]
[[Category:January observances]]
[[Category:Food and drink festivals in India]]
[[Category:Festivals in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Festivals in India]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Harvest festivals]]
[[Category:Harvest festivals in India]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals in India]]
[[Category:Winter solstice]]

Jeypore

2025-11-26T12:28:30Z

Charnkamal: correct structure as per guidelines and improved wording as per guidelines

{{refimprove|date=October 2025}}
{{About||the city in Rajasthan historically called Jeypore|Jaipur|the zamindari|Kingdom of Jeypore|other uses|Jaipur (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jeypore
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline = Jeypore Palace.jpg
| image_caption = Former royal palace, Jeypore
| pushpin_map = India Odisha#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Odisha
| coordinates = {{coord|18|51|55|N|82|34|23|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Orissa Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Koraput district|Koraput]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1648
| founder = Maharajah Veer Vikram Dev
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Nagar Palika|Municipality]]
| governing_body = '''Jeypore Municipality'''
| leader_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| leader_title = [[Jeypore (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Member of Legislative Assembly]]
| leader_name = [[Tara Prasad Bahinipati]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 659
| population_total = 84,830
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Jeypuriya
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 764001
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 06854
| registration_plate = OD-10
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Jeypore''' is a city in [[Koraput district]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Odisha]]. It was established by Vir Vikram Dev in the mid 17th century. Dev's kingdom was defeated by the [[East India Company]] in 1777 who declared it a [[Zamindar]]i or Feudatory of the British Crown and much later a [[Princely state]] until its dissolution in the [[Dominion of India]] in [[Independence Day (India)|1947]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=History {{!}} Koraput District, Government Of Odisha {{!}} India|url=https://koraput.nic.in/history/|access-date=2021-06-17|website=koraput.nic.in|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sciences|first=Indian Academy of|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j8PpbDQNAwUC&q=jeypore+state|title=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences|date=1949|publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences|pages=35|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Majumdar|first=A|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2J0fAAAAIAAJ&q=jeypore|title=The History and culture of the Indian people|date=1962|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|pages=9, 189|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
Under the British, the Anglican [[Church Mission Society]] focused on developing hospitals and schools. At the end of the 19th century, missionary activity was overseen by [[Baring Baring-Gould|B. Baring-Gould]] including the development of the [[Robert Money School]].<ref name=":BBG">{{Cite book|last1=Baring-Gould|first1=Edith M. E.|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100898814|title=With note-book and camera: a winter journey in foreign lands|last2=Young|first2=W. Mackworth|date=1901|publisher=Church Missionary Society|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Money |first1=Charles Forbes Septimus |last2=Money |first2=Robert Cotton |title=Memoir on the education of the natives of India ... With an introductory notice by the Rev. C. F. S. Money. |date=1857 |publisher=Wertheim and Macintosh |location=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jmFnJTOybG4C |access-date=24 Jan 2022}}</ref>

In 2013, [[Vishweshvar Chandrachud Dev]] was crowned as the [[pretender]] [[Maharaja]] of Jeypore becoming the twenty-seventh king on the 570th anniversary of the dynasty.<ref name="Jeypore hails its new lord">{{cite web |last1=Pattnaik |first1=Satyanarayan |title=Jeypore hails its new lord |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Jeypore-hails-its-new-lord/articleshow/18025343.cms |website=Times of India |access-date=12 September 2019 |ref=jeypore hails its new lord}}</ref>

==Education==
There are several [[Odia language|Odia]] medium schools in the town such as Government Boys High School, Girls High School, Municipal High School No. I, II and III (girls), Upper Kolab Project High School, Saraswati Sishu vidya mandir, etc. The [[English-medium school|English medium schools]] are Modern English School which was established in 1989, [[Odisha Adarsha Vidyalaya, Jeypore|Odisha Adarsha Vidyalaya, Jayantigiri, Jeypore]] which was established by [[Government of Odisha|Govt. of Odisha]]; Jeypore Public school, Deepti Convent School, DAV Model Senior Secondary School, Redwoods English School and Noval Siddharth English Medium School.

[[Vikram Dev University]], which is one of the oldest and prominent educational institutions in Odisha. The institution was started at the present P. G. Block, back then it was known as 'Jeypore College' from 1 July 1947. As a tribute to the philanthropist king, Rajarshi Vikram Deb Verma, the college was renamed to "Vikram Deb College" in 1961. Honors subjects teaching were imparted from during 1968–73 and Post Graduate courses were started from 1979. The institution was transformed into a university in 2023. The other colleges being Govt. Women's College and Law College. Lately many private colleges have started in the town making the environment highly competitive. Among them, prominent are Narayani Junior College and vidwan institute of basic sciences.

Jeypore also has colleges offering professional courses such as [[Gopal Krushna College of Engineering & Technology]], which was established in the year 1989. Jeypore college of Pharmacy<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.pharmajeypore.org/ |title = Jeypore College of Pharmacy | Jeypore College of Pharmacy}}</ref> is another renowned pharmacy institute. Along with it various Engineering Diploma colleges are present namely Institute of engineering & Management (I.E.M),<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iemjeypore.in/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325045355/http://www.iemjeypore.in/ |archive-date=25 March 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hi-Tech Institute of Information & Technology<ref>http://www.hiitjeypore.org {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120132841/http://hiitjeypore.org/ |date=20 November 2012 }} www.hiitjeypore.org</ref> and Jeypore School of Engineering and Technologies.

==Business and economy==
Though traditionally an agrarian economy, Jeypore is the business hub for southern [[Odisha]] as well as the bordering towns of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. There is high potential growth of this town due to high minerals, opportunities, resources around the district adding to all the facilities like rail, air in this town. There are many renowned industries in and around Jeypore. Business units include Sewa Paper Mills,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.biltpaper.com/network_plant.asp |title=Plant Details |access-date=16 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322201935/http://www.biltpaper.com/network_plant.asp |archive-date=22 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> now a part of [[BILT]], and numerous rice and cashew processing units.

==Air transport==
[[Jeypore Airport]] is run and maintained by the [[Government of Odisha]] and the [[Airports Authority of India]]. Until October 2022, it was a private airport that was under [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL), when it began operating commercial flights operated by the new low-cost regional airline, IndiaOne Air, to [[Biju Patnaik Airport|Bhubaneswar]] and [[Visakhapatnam Airport|Visakhapatnam]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Biswas |first=Ramakanta |date=31 October 2022 |title=Maiden Jeypore flight takes off from Bhubaneswar |url=https://odishatv.in/news/miscellaneous/maiden-jeypore-flight-takes-off-from-bhubaneswar-189167/amp |access-date=31 October 2022 |website=Odisha TV}}</ref>

==Politics==
After independence, in the first general election held in 1952, Late Laichan Nayak was elected as the first MLA of Jeypore and reelected for a subsequent term in 1957. [[Raghunath Patnaik]] has been elected for 6 times to the state legislative assembly. Rabi Narayan Nanda has been elected for 3 successive terms starting from the assembly elections in 2000. [[Tara Prasad Bahinipati]] is the present MLA.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Odisha Legislative Assembly|url=https://odishaassembly.nic.in/|access-date=2020-07-01|website=odishaassembly.nic.in}}</ref>

Jeypore is part of [[Koraput (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

==Notable people==
* [[Biswanath Rath]], Film Director, Screenwriter, Editor and Producer<ref>{{cite news|title=Never to take things for granted in this industry" Interview with Biswanath Rath CEO of BNR|url=http://theasianentrepreneur.com/blog/2016/10/12/interview-with-biswanath-rath-ceo-of-bnr-films/|access-date=3 April 2018|work=theasianentrepreneur.com|date=12 October 2016}}</ref>

== External links ==

* [https://www.jeypore.net Jeypore.net]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Koraput district}}
{{Municipalities of Odisha}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Koraput district]]
[[Category:Koraput district]]

National Highway 52 (India)

2025-11-16T05:14:28Z

Charnkamal: page edit

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{For | the old National Highway 52|National Highway 15 (India)|National Highway 515 (India)}}

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}

{{infobox road
|country=IND
|image=Renumbered National Highways map of India (Schematic).jpg
|image_notes = Schematic map of National Highways in India
|type=NH
|route= 52
|map={{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=400|zoom=5|frame-align=center|type=line|id=Q25203063| stroke-width=3|title=National Highway 52}}
|map_custom=yes
|map_notes= National Highway 52 in Red on India map

|length_km=2317
| ahn = {{Jct|country=IND|AH|47}}
|direction=
|direction_a=
|terminus_a= [[Sangrur]], [[Punjab]]
|destinations=
|direction_b=
|terminus_b= [[Ankola]], [[Karnataka]]
|junction=
|states= [[Punjab]] - [[Haryana]] - [[Rajasthan]] - [[Madhya Pradesh]] - [[Maharashtra]] - [[Karnataka]]
|previous_type=NH
|previous_route=51
|next_route =53
|next_type=NH
}}

'''National Highway 52''' ('''NH 52'''), is the fourth longest [[National Highway (India)|National Highway]] in [[India]].<ref name="renumber">{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=3 April 2012|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331002823/http://www.morth.nic.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=31 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> It connects [[Sangrur]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] to [[Ankola]], [[Karnataka]]. The national highway 52 was numbered after amalgamating many existing national highways of India. The old highway numbered NH-63 was from [[Ankola]] in [[Karnataka]] state to Gooty in Andhra pradesh state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/driving-directions-maps/nh63-driving-directions-map.html|title=National Highway 63|publisher=Maps of India|access-date=5 November 2019}}</ref> The highway 52 starts at the junction of National Highway 66 (old number NH-17) at Ankola and moves up to Arebail ghat of [[Western Ghats]] and then to [[Yellapura]] and further to Hubballi (Hubli) city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2018/dec/31/truck-driver-guides-bus-with-failed-brakes-down-arebail-ghat-road-1918732.html|title= Arebail Ghat|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=30 April 2019}}</ref> Some stretch of old national highway 13 from Vijayapura ( old name Bijapur) to Solapur was joined with NH-52. Lorries coming from Hubballi city to Karwar sea port and New Mangalore sea port ([[NMPT]]) use this highway. The stretch of road from Ankola to Yellapura is through the forests of the Western ghats of India. [[Biaora]] - [[Dhule]] section of this highway is part of the Legendary [[Agra]]-[[Bombay]] Road, also known as '''AB Road.'''

==Major cities==
===Punjab===
* [[Sangrur]], [[Dirba]], [[Pattran]]
===Haryana===
* [[Narwana]], [[Barwala, Hisar|Barwala]], [[Uklana Mandi]], [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]], [[Siwani]]

===Rajasthan===
* [[Rajgarh, Rajasthan|Sadulpur/Rajgarh]], [[Churu, Rajasthan|Churu]], [[Ramgarh, Sikar|Ramgarh]], [[Fatehpur, Rajasthan|Fatehpur]], [[Laxmangarh]], [[Sikar]], [[Palsana]], [[Ringas]], [[Chomu]], [[Jaipur]], [[Tonk, India|Tonk]], [[Bundi]], [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], [[Jhalawar]], [[Aklera]]

===Madhya Pradesh===
*[[Shivpuri]], [[Guna, Madhya Pradesh|Guna]], [[Rajgarh district|Rajgarh]], [[Biora]], [[Dewas]], [[Indore]], [[Sendhwa]]

===Maharashtra===
* [[Dhule]], [[Chalisgaon]], [[Kannad]], [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Georai]], [[Beed]], [[Chausala]], [[Dharashiv]], [[Tulajapur]], [[Solapur]]

===Karnataka===
*[[Dhulakhed]], [[Zalki]], [[Horti]], [[Agasanal]], [[Bijapur]], [[Kolhar, Bijapur|Kolhar]], [[Bilagi]], [[Bagalkote]], [[Kerur]], [[Nargund]], [[Navalgund]], [[Hubli]], [[Kalaghatagi]], [[Yellapura]], Ramanaguli, [[Ankola]]

==See also==
* [[National Highway 66 (India)]]
* [[National Highway 75 (India)]]
* [[National Highway 73 (India)]]
* [[National Highway 169 (India)]]
* [[National Highway 275 (India)]]
* [[Ghat Roads]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Highways in India}}
{{IND NH52 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Haryana]]
[[Category:National highways in Karnataka]]

Ministry of Land & Land Revenue (West Bengal)

2025-10-10T19:31:02Z

Charnkamal: added pg

{{short description|Indian state government department}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Ministry of Land & Land Revenue
| type = Department
| seal =
| seal_width = 150px
| formed = {{Start date|1967|03|01|df=yes}}
| dissolved = {{end date|1970|03|16}}
| superseding1 = [[Ministry of Land & Land Reforms (West Bengal)|Ministry of Land & Land Reforms]]
| jurisdiction = [[Government of West Bengal]]
| headquarters = [[Writers' Building]], [[Kolkata, West Bengal]], [[India]]
}}

The '''Department of Land & Land Revenue of West Bengal''' was a [[Government of West Bengal|West Bengal government department]]. It was a ministry mainly responsible for the formulation of policies, acts, rules, and procedures relating to land matters, namely, land records and surveys, land revenue, land reforms, land use, and management of government lands.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembrance:konar |url=https://ganashakti.tripod.com/archive/hkonar.htm |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=ganashakti.tripod.com}}</ref>

== Ministry ==
The ministry also headed the department of requisition and acquisition of land as well as their implementation by way of preparation and revision of records of rights, including recording of sharecroppers (bargadars); vesting and distribution of ceiling surplus land; determination of the requirement of land by tea gardens, factories, etc.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|author=Amrita Basu|title=Two Faces of Protest: Contrasting Modes of Women's Activism in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyY0Yb5BrqgC&pg=PA31|date=1 October 1994|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-08919-8|pages=31–32}}</ref>

== Ministerial history ==
On 1 March 1967, the [[United Front (West Bengal)|United Front]] government was formed with [[Ajoy Mukherjee]] as its [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal|chief minister]]. At that time, the Department of Land & Land Revenue was formed, and [[Hare Krishna Konar]] held the ministry. Soon on 21 November 1967, the United Front government fell and [[President's rule]] was implemented, and again on 25 February 1969, the United Front government was formed, and again Hare Krishna Konar held the ministry, but again on 16 March 1970, the government fell and presidency rule was implemented.<ref name=":0" />

This ministry was vacant until 1977. Following the [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] came to power, and the ministry was renamed to [[Ministry of Land & Land Reforms (West Bengal)|Ministry of Land & Land Reforms]], with [[Benoy Choudhury]] as its charge.<ref name=":0" />

== List of Ministers of Land & Land Revenue ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! Name
! Portrait
! colspan=2|Term of office
! colspan=2|Party
! Chief Minister
|- style="height: 50px;"

| 1
| [[Hare Krishna Konar]]
| [[File:Harekrishna Konar.jpg|60px]]
| 1 March 1967
| 21 November 1967
| rowspan=1|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] ({{small|[[United Front (West Bengal)|United Front]]}})
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" rowspan=1|
| rowspan=1|[[Ajoy Mukherjee]]
|- style="height: 50px;"

| –
| Vacant
| –
| 21 November 1967
| 25 February 1969
| rowspan=1|N/A
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|White}}" rowspan=1|
| rowspan=1|N/A
|- style="height: 50px;"

| (1)
| [[Hare Krishna Konar]]
| [[File:Harekrishna Konar.jpg|60px]]
| 25 February 1969
| 16 March 1970
| rowspan=1|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] ({{small|[[United Front (West Bengal)|United Front]]}})
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" rowspan=1|
| rowspan=1|[[Ajoy Mukherjee]]
|- style="height: 50px;"
|}

== See also ==
* [[Deputy Chief Minister of West Bengal]]
* [[Ministry of Information & Cultural Affairs (West Bengal)]]
* [[Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (West Bengal)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ministry of Land & Land Revenue (West Bengal)}}
[[Category:Government of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Land management ministries|West Bengal]]
[[Category:Land management in India|West Bengal, Ministry of Land and Land Revenue]]
[[Category:Government departments of West Bengal]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

Suchitra Devi

2025-09-27T17:42:33Z

Charnkamal: Put up a biography

{{Short description|Indian writer, poet (born 1881)}}
{{Orphan|date=December 2024}}

{{Infobox writer
| death_date = Unknown
| birth_date = 1881
| notable_works = Kavitalahari (1901)
}}

'''Suchitra Devi''' (born 1881), was an Indian poet and [[Odia literature|writer of Odia language]]. Her collection of poetry, ''Kavitalahari'' (1901), went into six editions.<ref name="Rout1972">{{cite book |last1=Rout |first1=Savitri |title=Women Pioneers in Oriya Literature |date=1972 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |isbn=978-81-208-2546-8 |edition=2nd |location=Delhi |pages=43–44 |language=en |chapter=The modern age |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2SCzRH24LnAC&pg=PA43}}</ref><ref name=Naik2021>{{cite journal |last1=Naik |first1=Raghumani |title=Foremost Women Litterateurs: The Torch Bearers of Freedom Struggle in Odisha |journal=IJCRT |date=9 September 2021 |volume=9 |issue=9 |url=https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2109346.pdf |issn=2320-2882}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
She married Raghabananda Das of Kuruhjipur in Puri district.<ref>{{Cite news |title=book |url=https://odiabibhaba.in/wp-content/uploads/book/bookview_en.php }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Odia writers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Suchitra (writer)}}
[[Category:19th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odia-language writers]]
[[Category:1881 births]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

{{India-poet-stub}}

Porlathiri

2025-05-28T04:12:50Z

Charnkamal: Created a stub

{{More citations needed|date=September 2024}}
'''Polarthiri''' was a royal house which ruled part of [[Calicut]] before [[Zamorin]] around 1200s and later [[Kadathanadu]] in [[South India]]. Ruled by the Polarthiries, Kadathanadu garnered renown, particularly for its association with the martial art form of [[Kalaripayattu]], a discipline known for producing formidable warriors.

.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zamorin and Porlathiri: സാമൂതിരിക്ക് കോട്ടവാതിൽ തുറന്നുകൊടുത്ത പോർളാതിരിയുടെ ഭാര്യ: പ്രണയച്ചതികളിലൂടെ നടന്ന രാഷ്ട്രീയ അട്ടിമറികൾ |url=https://malayalam.indiatoday.in/art-culture/photo/porlathiris-wife-chalappurathamma-zamorin-calicut-343876-2022-02-13 |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=India Today Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Govind |first=Biju |date=2020-01-13 |title=History of a port city traced in black and white |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/history-of-a-port-city-traced-in-black-and-white/article30561570.ece |access-date=2023-11-13 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=K.v.krishna Ayyar |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.367269 |title=A History Of The Zamorins Of Calicut Part I |date=1929}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=William Logan's Malabar Manual Vol 2 |publisher=Kerala Gazetteers Department |pages=cccxii}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |last= Logan|first= William |author-link= William Logan (author) |date= 1887 |title= [[Malabar Manual]] |location= India |publisher= William Logan, British East India Company |isbn=81-206-0446-6}}
* Menon, P. Shungoonny. "History of Travancore from the Earliest Times."
* Panikkar, K. M. "Malabar and the Portuguese."<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=F. |first1=W. |last2=Panikkar |first2=K. M. |date=March 1930 |title=Malabar and the Portuguese; Being a History of the Relations of the Portuguese with Malabar from 1500 to 1663 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1784025 |journal=The Geographical Journal |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=277 |doi=10.2307/1784025 |jstor=1784025 |bibcode=1930GeogJ..75..277F |issn=0016-7398|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* Wilks, Mark. "Historical Sketches of the South of India."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wilks |first=Mark |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139507424 |title=Historical Sketches of the South of India |date=2013-03-28 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/cbo9781139507424 |isbn=978-1-108-05611-3}}</ref>
* "Kadathanad Kovilakam Charithram" (Unpublished Manuscript).
* "Vadakkan Pattukal" (Folk Songs of North Malabar).
* "Keralacharithram" by K. P. Padmanabha Menon.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian royalty]]

Razia Muradi

2025-05-13T09:43:23Z

Charnkamal:

{{Infobox person
| name = Razia Muradi
| birth_date = 1995 or {{birth year and age|1996}}
| birth_place = [[Islamic State of Afghanistan]]
| alma_mater = [[Veer Narmad South Gujarat University]]
| known_for =
| awards = [[Gujarat]] academic gold medal, 2022
}}

'''Razia Muradi''' (born in {{birth based on age as of date|27|2023|3|9|noage=y}}) is an Afghan woman who won a scholarship to [[Veer Narmad South Gujarat University]] in India before winning the university's gold medal for the highest grades in the academic year.

She is a critic of the Taliban.

== Early life ==
Muradi was born in Afghanistan<ref name=":0" /> and spent time in Kabul.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-28 |title=Studying On In India As Taliban Wait At Home |url=https://epaper.timesgroup.com/timesspecial/news-current-affairs/studying-on-in-india-as-taliban-wait-at-home/1674926526504 |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=Times Of India |language=English}}</ref>

== Education ==
In February 2021, after winning a scholarship from the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]], she moved to India to study for a master's degree in public administration at the Veer Narmad South Gujarat University in [[Gujarat|Gujarat State]] in [[Western India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-03-09 |title=Razia Muradi: The Afghan woman who won university gold in India |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64900647 |access-date=2023-03-13}}</ref>

Muradi was in India as the Taliban took over Afghanistan in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-17 |title=Afghan students in Gujarat worry for families back home |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/baroda/afghan-students-in-gujarat-worry-for-families-back-home-7457133/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and was critical of their human rights record in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2023 |title=Afghan student wins gold medal at Gujarat university, gives fitting response to Taliban rule |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/afghan-student-wins-gold-medal-at-gujarat-university-gives-fitting-response-to-taliban-rule-2343762-2023-03-07 |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2022, she ranked number one in the university, after being graded with a [[Grade Point Average|grade point average]] of 8.60 for the academic year. On March 11, 2023, [[Acharya Devvrat]], the governor of Gujarat awarded her a gold medal.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mehta |first=Yagnesh Bharat |date=2023-03-07 |title=‘My answer to Taliban’: Afghan woman wins MA gold at Gujarat university |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/afghanistan-womans-reply-to-taliban-a-gold-medal-in-ma-public-administration/articleshow/98462994.cms |access-date=2023-03-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

As of March 2023, she was studying for a PhD in public administration.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

== External links ==

* [https://twitter.com/raziamoradi Razia Muradi] - [[Twitter]]
{{Portal bar|Biography|Afghanistan|India}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Veer Narmad South Gujarat University]]
[[Category:Afghan emigrants to India]]
[[Category:Afghan academics]]
[[Category:People from Kabul]]
[[Category:1990s births]]

One Nation One Subscription

2025-04-13T08:30:50Z

Charnkamal: Created a details.

{{Short description|One-stop digital library in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox project
|image=
|country=India
|primeminister=[[Narendra Modi]]
|website=
|budget=₹6,000 crore
|ministry=[[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]]
|products=Major international [[Academic journal|academic journals]]
|launch_date={{start date and age|2025|1|1|df=y}}}}
'''One Nation One Subscription''' (ONOS) is a one-stop digital library in India with institutional access to global research in various academic disciplines. The project is sponsored by the [[Government of India]] after the approval of One Nation One Subscription (ONOS) bill by the [[Indian Cabinet|cabinet]].<ref name="The Indian Express Nov 2024">{{Cite news |title=First phase of 'One Nation One Subscription' approved: How the scheme can improve govt institutions' access to journals |first=Ritika |last=Chopra |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/one-nation-one-subscription-9691391/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=November 26, 2024 |access-date=April 13, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127020519/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/one-nation-one-subscription-9691391/ |archive-date=November 27, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first=Priyali |last=Prakash |date=November 26, 2024 |title=What is the One Nation One Subscription explained |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/what-is-the-one-nation-one-subscription-explained/article68909820.ece |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |access-date=April 13, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126150431/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/what-is-the-one-nation-one-subscription-explained/article68909820.ece |archive-date=November 26, 2024}}</ref>

This will enable users to access paywalled articles for free. ONOS is expected to host 13000 journals.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Vaishnavi |last=Chandrasekhar |date=December 2, 2024 |title=India takes out giant nationwide subscription to 13,000 journals |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/india-takes-out-giant-nationwide-subscription-13-000-journals |website=Science |access-date=April 13, 2025}}</ref>

The Government of India allocated Rs 6,000 crore for three years until 2027 to build this digital library. The government's autonomous university libraries’ database called Information and Library Network Centre (INFLIBNET), which is a project by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC) is to host the ONOS database.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-26 |title=One Nation One Subscription: A game-changer for Indian academia and youth |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/one-nation-one-subscription-a-game-changer-for-indian-academia-and-youth-2640182-2024-11-26 |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Content ==
This common platform will host 13,000 journals published by international publishers including [[Elsevier]] [[ScienceDirect|Science Direct]] (including [[Lancet Neurology|Lancet]]), [[Springer Nature]], [[Wiley-Blackwell Publishing|Wiley Blackwell Publishing]], [[Taylor & Francis]], [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers|IEEE]], [[Sage Publishing]], [[Bentham Science Publishers]], [[BMJ Open|BMJ]] Journals, Cambridge University Press Journals, [[Emerald Group Publishing|Emerald Publishing]] Journals, ICE Publishing Journals, [[American Chemical Society]], and [[American Mathematical Society]], among others.<ref name="The Indian Express Nov 2024"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Srivastava |first=Aditi |date=2024-12-03 |title=Foreigners react to India's One Nation-One Subscription unlocking 13,000 journals for free: 'Hope US can compete...' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/foreigners-react-to-india-s-one-nation-one-subscription-unlocking-13-000-journals-for-free-hope-us-can-compete-101733241818751.html |access-date=2024-12-03 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Open access]]
* [[Aaron Swartz]]
* [[Access to Knowledge movement]]
* [[Directory of Open Access Journals]]

== References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Libraries in India]]
[[Category:Digital library projects]]
[[Category:Scholarly databases]]
[[Category:Modi administration initiatives]]
[[Category:2025 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government schemes in India]]

Janak Dhruw

2025-03-17T16:34:48Z

Charnkamal: Adding new stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}

{{Infobox Indian politician
| constituency = [[Bindrawagarh Assembly constituency|Bindrawagarh]]
| predecessor = [[Damarudhar Pujari]]
| office = Member of [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2023
| profession = Politician
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
'''Janak Ram Dhruw''' (born 1965)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Chhattisgarh]]. He is an MLA from [[Bindrawagarh Assembly constituency]], which is a reserved constituency for Scheduled Tribes community, in [[Gariaband district]]. He won the [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Indian National Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Janak Ram Dhruw, INC Candidate from Bindranawagarh Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/chhattisgarh/janak-ram-dhruw-s26aed2008a055e2023c002/ |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bindrawagarh Constituency Election Results 2023: Bindrawagarh Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/chhattisgarh/constituency-show/bindrawagarh |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Janak Ram Dhruw , Cong Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On Janak Ram Dhruw , Assembly Election Constituency Seat |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/chhattisgarh/assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/janak-ram-dhruw-50055-2 |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Dhruw is from Bindrawagarh, Gariaband district, Chhattisgarh. He is son of Abheram Dhruw. He completed his post graduation in history in 1990 at [[Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University]], [[Raipur]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Janak Ram Dhruw(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- BINDRANAWAGARH (ST)(GARIYABAND) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Chhattisgarh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=422 |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Dhruw won Bindrawagarh Assembly constituency representing the [[Indian National Congress]] in the 2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election. He polled 92,639 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Gowardhan Singh Manjhi of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a narrow margin of 816 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Bindranawagarh Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: INC's Janak Dhruw wins Bindranawagarh with 92639 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/bindranawagarh-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470873-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Bindranawagarh Election Result 2023 Live: Inc Candidate Janak Dhruw Wins From Bindranawagarh |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/bindranawagarh-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-jcc-chhattisgarh-assembly-election-results-news-1647391 |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2024, the Congress MLA from a naxal affected region returned his security personnel, alleging that the district administration had not provided him with an official residence. He blamed the BJP government, stating that he was sending the personnel back due to the lack of accommodation for them.<ref>{{Cite web |title='मेरे रहने के लिए घर नहीं, सुरक्षाकर्मी रखकर क्या करूंगा', घोर नक्सलवाद क्षेत्र के कांग्रेस विधायक ने लौटाई सिक्योरिटी |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/chhattisgarh/raipur/congress-mla-janak-dhruv-returned-security-mla-from-chhattisgarh-naxal-affected-bidranwagarh/articleshow/108329173.cms |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhruw, Janak}}

[[Category: 1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Gariaband district]]

Dharwad South Lok Sabha constituency

2024-12-01T07:09:07Z

Charnkamal: Added new details from scratch...

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Indian parliament in Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Dharwad South
| map_image =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| established = 1952
| abolished = 2009
| reservation = None
}}
'''Dharwad South Lok Sabha constituency''' was a former [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituency in [[Karnataka]] state in southern [[India]]. With the implementation of the delimitation of parliamentary constituencies in 2008, it ceased to exist.<ref name="hindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/17/stories/2009031751910300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321025130/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/17/stories/2009031751910300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 March 2009|title=BJP makes early start |date=17 March 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 April 2010}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
Dharwad South Lok Sabha constituency comprised the following eight Legislative Assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha, Volume III|publisher=Election Commission of India website|pages=413–4|access-date=1 April 2010}}</ref>
# Kundgol
# Shiggaon
# Hanagal
# Hirekerur
# Ranibennur
# Byadgi
# Haveri
# Shirhatti

==Members of Parliament==
*1952: [[Thimmappa Rudrappa Newsi]], [[Indian National Congress]]<ref name="1-ls">{{cite web|title=Members Biographical Sketches First Lok Sabha|url= http://www.loksabha.nic.in/Members/lokaralpha.aspx?lsno=1&tab=14 |access-date=27 November 2017}}</ref>
*1957: [[Thimmappa Rudrappa Newsi]], [[Indian National Congress]]<ref name="2-ls">{{cite web|title=Members Biographical Sketches Second Lok Sabha|url= http://www.loksabha.nic.in/Members/lokaralpha.aspx?lsno=2&tab=13 |access-date=27 November 2017}}</ref>
*1962: [[Fakruddinsab Hussensab Mohsin]], [[Indian National Congress]]<ref name="3-ls">{{cite web|title=Members Biographical Sketches Third Lok Sabha|url= http://www.loksabha.nic.in/Members/lokaralpha.aspx?lsno=3&tab=12 |access-date=27 November 2017}}</ref>
*1967: [[Fakruddinsab Hussensab Mohsin]], [[Indian National Congress]]<ref name="4-ls">{{cite web|title=Members Biographical Sketches Fourth Lok Sabha|url= http://www.loksabha.nic.in/Members/lokaralpha.aspx?lsno=4&tab=11 |access-date=27 November 2017}}</ref>
*1971: [[Fakruddinsab Hussensab Mohsin]], [[Indian National Congress]]<ref name="5-ls">{{cite web|title=Members Biographical Sketches Fifth Lok Sabha|url= http://www.loksabha.nic.in/Members/lokaralpha.aspx?lsno=5&tab=10|access-date=27 November 2017}}</ref>
*1977: [[Fakruddinsab Hussensab Mohsin]], [[Indian National Congress]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_1977pdf|title=Statistical Report on General elections, 1977 to the 6th Lok Sabha, Volume I|publisher=Election Commission of India website|page=75|access-date=2 April 2010}}</ref>
*1980: [[Fakruddinsab Hussensab Mohsin]], [[Indian National Congress]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_1980pdf|title=Statistical Report on General elections, 1980 to the 7th Lok Sabha, Volume I|publisher=Election Commission of India website|page=74|access-date=2 April 2010}}</ref>
*1984: [[Azeez Sait]], [[Indian National Congress]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_1984pdf|title=Statistical Report on General elections, 1984 to the 8th Lok Sabha, Volume I|publisher=Election Commission of India website|page=69|access-date=2 April 2010}}</ref>
*1989: [[B. M. Mujahid]], [[Indian National Congress]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_1989pdf|title=Statistical Report on General elections, 1989 to the 9th Lok Sabha, Volume I|publisher=Election Commission of India website|page=76|access-date=2 April 2010}}</ref>
*1991: [[B. M. Mujahid]], [[Indian National Congress]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/Vol_I_LS_1991pdf|title=Statistical Report on General elections, 1991 to the 10th Lok Sabha, Volume I|publisher=Election Commission of India website|page=46|access-date=2 April 2010}}</ref>
*1996: [[I.G. Sanadi]], [[Indian National Congress]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_1996.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General elections, 1996 to the 11th Lok Sabha, Volume I|publisher=Election Commission of India website|page=81|access-date=2 April 2010}}</ref>
*1998: B M Menasinakai Lok Shakti<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_1998.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General elections, 1998 to the 12th Lok Sabha, Volume I|publisher=Election Commission of India website|page=80|access-date=2 April 2010}}</ref>
*1999: [[I.G. Sanadi]], [[Indian National Congress]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_1999.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General elections, 1999 to the 13th Lok Sabha, Volume I|publisher=Election Commission of India website|page=80|access-date=2 April 2010}}</ref>
*2004: [[Manjunath Kunnur]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha, Volume I|publisher=Election Commission of India website|page=89|access-date=31 March 2010}}</ref>
*2008 onwards:''Constituency does not exist''

''See [[Dharwad Lok Sabha constituency]]'' and ''[[Haveri Lok Sabha constituency]]''

==See also==
* [[Dharwad district]]
* [[Dharwad Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Dharwad North Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Haveri district]]
* [[Haveri Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[List of former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coords|15.2|75.1|display=title}}

[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka]]

Anna Nagar Ayyappan Koil, Chennai

2024-11-27T06:13:21Z

Charnkamal: stub.

{{Short description|Hindu temple dedicated to the deity Ayyappan in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name = Anna Nagar Ayyappan Koil
|image = AnnaNagarAyyappanTemple OuterView.JPG
|image_size =
|alt =
|caption = The Ayyappan temple at Anna Nagar, Chennai
|map_type = India Chennai
|coordinates = {{coord|13|5|6|N|80|12|47|E|type:landmark_region:IN_scale:100|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates_footnotes=
|map_caption = Location in Chennai

|other_names =

|sanskrit_translit =

|script_name = 
|script = 
|country = [[India]]
|state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|district = [[Chennai]]
|locale = Plot C-45, Second Avenue
|elevation_m =
|elevation_footnotes =
|deity = [[Ayyappa]]
|festivals =
|architecture = [[Hindu architecture|Hindu temple architecture]]
|temple_quantity = 1
|monument_quantity =
|inscriptions =
|established = 1979
|year_completed = 1984
|temple_board = Sri Ayyappa Seva Samajam
|website = [http://www.annanagarayyappatemple.org/home.html annanagarayyappatemple.org] 
Timing: 6 am–11 am and 5 pm–8.30 pm
}}

'''Anna Nagar Ayyappan Koil''' is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Hindu temple|Temple]] dedicated to the deity [[Ayyappan]] in [[Chennai]], [[India]]. It is located at the junction of 6th Main Road and 2nd Avenue in [[Anna Nagar]].

==History==
[[File:AnnaNagarAyyappan Prakaaram.JPG|thumb|190px|left|The ''prakaaram'' (corridor) near the entrance]]
[[File:AnnaNagarAyyappan Dwajasthambam.JPG|thumb|left|190px|The ''dwajasthambam'' or the sacred pillar, near the main entrance]]
[[File:AnnaNagarAyyappan Thathwamasi.JPG|thumb|190px|left|The "Thathwamasi" script in Malayalam and Tamil, at the entrance to the sanctum sanctorum]]
When Anna Nagar was developed as a model town in the late 1960s, the annual ''vilakku'' pooja during the ''mandala makaravilakku'' season was celebrated by Ayyappa devotees in the newly formed Shanti Colony. The residents' response to this annual celebration resulted in the formation of the Sri Ayyappa Seva Samajam (SASS) in 1976, with 14 members in its committee. In 1979, the Samajam started a charitable medical centre for the poor and needy.<ref name="Hindu_WhereServiceIsDivine">{{cite news
| last = Nair
| first = Sashi
| title = Where service is divine
| location = Chennai
| date = 17 April 2003
| url = http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/17/stories/2003041700320300.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040530124134/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/17/stories/2003041700320300.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 30 May 2004
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 1 May 2013}}</ref> The same year, a 7-ground land near the Visveswarayya Tower was allotted to the Samajam by the Tamil Nadu Housing Board for the construction of a temple, for which members contributed {{INR}} 38,000 towards initial payment.<ref name="Hindu_WhereServiceIsDivine"/> Initially, a makeshift temple was built in a thatched shed along with a charitable medical centre in another shed.<ref name="SASS_History">{{cite web
| title = History
| publisher = Sri Ayyappa Seva Samajam
| url = http://www.annanagarayyappatemple.org/history.html
| access-date = 1 May 2013}}</ref> Work on the construction of a permanent temple continued for the next five years in consultation with temple architect Kanipayyur Krishnan Namboodiri. The construction was guided by P. N. Subramaniam, the founder-president, P. Chandrasekhara Menon, the second president, and P. V. Nair, and financial support was provided by R. Ratnam, then chairman of Sundaram Industries, and P. Velayudham.<ref name="Hindu_WhereServiceIsDivine"/> In May 1984, the typical [[Kerala architecture|Kerala-style]] temple was completed, conforming to the traditional shastraic stipulations. The ''kumbabishekam'' and consecration of the idol were performed on 13 May 1984 by temple Thantri Abli Krishna Vadhyan Namboodiri and K. M. Kesva Battatripad, former chief priest of the [[Sabarimala Temple]].<ref name="SASS_History"/> The [[panchaloha]] Ayyappan idol was made by Chenganur T. Rajarathinam.<ref name="Hindu_WhereServiceIsDivine"/> Idols of Ganesha, Subramanya, Goddess Durga, and Anjenaya were also consecrated. Later, a Navagraha (the nine planets) shrine was added in the temple. In 1989, a unique architectural structure known as the ''Natamandapam'' with an imposing gopuram was added. In 2005, gold covering of the 22-''paras'' (segments) ''dwajasthambam'' and 27 ''thazhikakudams'' with about 6 kg of [[gold]] was completed. A special kumbabishekam of the gold-covered dwajasthambam was performed on 20 June 2005.<ref name="SASS_History"/>

==The temple==
[[File:AnnaNagarAyyappan Entrance.JPG|thumb|190px|Main entrance to the temple]]
[[File:AnnaNagarAyyappan AdiShankaraAuditorium.JPG|thumb|190px|left|The Adhi Shankara Auditorium]]
The temple is built on a 40-cent land near the Visveswarayya Tower.<ref name="SASS_History"/> The temple has shrines for Ganesha, Muruga, Durga, Anjaneya, Navagrahas and Nagaraja.<ref name="Hindu_WhereServiceIsDivine"/> The main sanctum of Lord Ayyappa faces west with Lord [[Ganesha]] and Lord [[Murugan|Subramanya]] to the left and Goddess [[Durga]] to the right, all facing east. The [[Navagraha]] shrine is located on the southeast corner of the temple and the Anjaneya shrine is located in the southwest corner, facing east.<ref name="SASS_History"/> The main door at the entrance is covered with brass plates. There is an auditorium, named after Sri Adisankara, covering about 3,600 sq ft,<ref name="SASS_History"/> which can accommodate about 1,000 persons,<ref name="Hindu_WhereServiceIsDivine"/> for conducting spiritual and cultural programmes and discourses. The design of the auditorium involves the ''Koothambalam'' style found in Kerala temples.<ref name="SASS_History"/>

===Poojas===
[[File:AnnaNagarAyyappan FacingTheSanctum.JPG|thumb|190px|Towards the sanctum sanctorum]]
[[File:AnnaNagarAyyappan ViewTowardsSouthEast.JPG|thumb|190px|Main view of the Anna Nagar Ayyappan Koil, looking to the southeast towards the Second Avenue]]
[[Puja (Hinduism)|Poojas]] at the temple are conducted by Kerala namboodiris. Chief among the poojas are the mahaganapathy homam and the mritunjaya homam, performed as offerings by devotees throughout the year. The annual temple festival is celebrated during the second week of December. Other annual celebrations include the ''Arattu'' procession (when the ''utsavamoorthy'' is carried from the temple to the [[Marina Beach]]), ''pratishta dinam'', ''panguni uthiram'', ''Navarathri'', ''Skanda Shasti'', ''[[Vinayaka Chaturthi]]'' and ''[[Rama Navami]]''. ''Kotiarchana'' is performed every fourth year by Ayyappa devotees observing ''vritham'' (fasting).<ref name="Hindu_WhereServiceIsDivine"/>

==Awards==
In 1998, the temple won the Mylapore Academy Award for the best maintained temple in Chennai.<ref name="Hindu_WhereServiceIsDivine"/>

==References==
{{Portal|India|Hinduism}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Anna Nagar Ayyappan Koil, Chennai}}
* [http://www.annanagarayyappatemple.org/home.html Official website of Anna Nagar Ayyappan Koil, Chennai]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140618061914/http://www.ayyappa.net/ayyappa-shrines-in-tamil-nadu-68/ Ayyappa shrines in Tamil Nadu]

{{Chennai topics}}
{{Places of worship in Chennai}}
{{HinduMythology}}
{{Worship in Hinduism}}
{{List of Hindu temples in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:1984 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Chennai]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1984]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:Ayyappan temples]]

Jayant Singh

2024-09-01T20:49:46Z

Charnkamal: Minor updates and cleanup applied

#REDIRECT [[Jayant Chaudhary]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from birth name}}
{{R from move}}
}}

P. V. K. Panayal

2024-04-22T02:17:04Z

Charnkamal: Created new data

{{Short description|Indian writer and playwright}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = P. V. K. Panayal
| native_name = പി.വി.കെ. പനയാൽ
| image = PVK Panayal.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption = P. V. K. Panayal
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = P. V. Kunhikannan
| birth_date = 1949
| birth_place = [[Panayal]], [[Kasaragod district]], [[Kerala]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Writer, playwright
| nationality = [[India]]n
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre = [[Novel]], [[playwright]]
| subject =
| movement =
| notable_works = {{Unbulleted_list|''Suryapet''}}
| spouse = Savithri
| partner =
| children = 2
| relatives =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]] Gurupooja Award, [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions]]
}}
'''P. V. Kunhikannan''' who writes under the pen name '''P. V. K. Panayal''' is a [[Malayalam language]] writer and playwright from [[Kerala]], [[India]].

==Biography==
P. V. Kunhikannan was born in 1949 in the village of [[Panayal]] in [[Kasaragod district]]. At the age of 17, he started writing plays for the Thachangad Youth Arts Society. ''Avasana rangam'' (Meaning:The last scene), a two-hour long one-act play, was a remarkable breakthrough. Panayal's ''Cheriya maram valiya maram'' (Meaning:Small Tree Big Tree) is a play performed in many venues. His novel ''Suryapet'' which was written in the context of the Telangana agitation was made into a play by theater group Kannur Sangh Chetana.<ref name="Utharadesam"/> within one year, that play was performed in 400 stages.<ref name="Utharadesam"/> AKG, a biography film directed by [[Shaji N. Karun]], was scripted and narrated by Panayal.<ref name="Keralaliterature"/>

He was the Kasargod district president of the Purogamana Kala Sahithya Sangam (Progressive Art Literary Society).<ref name="Keralaliterature">{{cite web |title=പനയാല്‍. പി.വി.കെ |url=http://keralaliterature.com/malayalam-writers-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D-%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF-%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF-%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86/ |website=Keralaliterature.com |date=14 October 2017 |access-date=6 January 2022 |archive-date=6 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106122551/http://keralaliterature.com/malayalam-writers-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D-%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF-%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF-%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Started his official career as a teacher in a government school, he retired as Head Master from Ajanur LP School. He was a member of [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]], [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]] and [[Kerala Folklore Academy]].<ref name="Utharadesam"/> He currently serves as the executive committee member of the Sahitya Pravarthaka Sahakarana Sangham, Executive Committee member of the granthashala Sangham and the Editor of ''Granthalokam'' magazine.<ref name="Utharadesam"/> Panayal now lives in Karakuzhi, [[Bellikoth]], [[Kanhangad]].<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite news |title=എഴുത്തിന്റെ പുരോഗമനവഴിയിലൂടെ |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/gulf/uae/news/article-1.2402872 |work=Mathrubhumi |language=en |access-date=2022-01-06 |archive-date=2022-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106101030/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/gulf/uae/news/article-1.2402872 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Family==
He and his Wife Savitri have two children Santosh and Soumya.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/>

==Notable works==
*''Thalamurakalute bharam'' (Novel)<ref name="Keralaliterature"/>
*''Sooryappett'' (Novel)<ref name="Keralaliterature"/>
*''Khanijam'' (Novel written in the context of [[Kayyur uprising]])<ref name="Keralaliterature"/>
*''Adukkala'' (novel, {{ISBN|9789387842380}})
*''Achan'' (story collection, {{ISBN|9780000118974}})
*''Adithattile aravangal'' (Short story collection)<ref name="Keralaliterature"/>
*''AKG'' (screenplay, {{ISBN|9788126201853}})

==Awards and honors==
His novel ''Thalamurakalute bharam'' (Generations' Burden) has won the [[Cherukad Award]].<ref name="Malayalamtoday">{{cite news |title=കേരള സംഗീത നാടക അക്കാദമി 2020ലെ ഗുരുപൂജ പുരസ്‌കാരം നേടിയ പിവികെ പനയാലിനെ ആദരിച്ചു |url=http://malayalamtodayonline.org/kasaragod/2021/22843/ |work=Malayalamtoday |date=22 February 2021 |access-date=6 January 2022 |archive-date=6 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106101031/http://malayalamtodayonline.org/kasaragod/2021/22843/ |url-status=live }}</ref> His novel ''Suryapet'' won the Abu Dhabi Shakti Award.<ref name="Malayalamtoday"/> The play ''Man'' written and acted by him won the prize for writing at the Samastha Kerala Sahitya Parishad's State Drama Competition.<ref name="Utharadesam">{{cite web |title=പി.വി.കെ പനയാലിന് സംഗീത നാടക അക്കാദമിയുടെ ഗുരുപൂജ പുരസ്‌കാരം |url=https://www.utharadesam.com/2021/02/06/pvk-panayal-receive-gurupooja-award-from-sangeetha-nataka-academy/ |website=Utharadesam |date=6 February 2021 |access-date=6 January 2022 |archive-date=6 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106101031/https://www.utharadesam.com/2021/02/06/pvk-panayal-receive-gurupooja-award-from-sangeetha-nataka-academy/ |url-status=live }}</ref> His plays has also received award from the [[Purogamana Kala Sahitya Sangham]]. In 2009 he received the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions]] in the field of Malayalam literature.<ref name="Keralaliterature"/> in 2020 he received Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi ''Gurupooja award'' for his outstanding contributions in the field of theatre art.<ref name="Utharadesam"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panayal, P. V. K.}}
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:People from Kasaragod district]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Akbarpur, Agra

2023-06-06T00:13:33Z

Charnkamal: new.

{{onesource|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
'''Akbarpur''' is a village in Agra tehsil of [[Agra district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] state of [[India]].

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Akbarpur
| settlement_type = Village
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Agra district|Agra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 2498
}}

==Demographics==
As of [[2011 Indian Census]], Akbarpur had a total population of 2,498, of which 1,323 were males and 1,175 were females. Population within the age group of 0–6 years was 439.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2022 |title=Census India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/data-visualizations/PopulationSearch_PCA_Indicators |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|27|06|49|N|78|04|30|E|type:city_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Agra district]]

{{UttarPradesh-geo-stub}}

Reshma Nilofer Naha

2023-02-15T17:54:20Z

Charnkamal: typo fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{short description|Indian aviator}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Reshma Nilofer Visalakshi
| image = Reshma nilofer naha (sq cropped).jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|2|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu
| education = AMET, Kanathur
| alma_mater = [[Birla Institute of Technology]], [[Ranchi]]
| occupation = [[maritime pilot]]
| known_for = India's first woman marine pilot and one among an elite few women River Pilots in the World
| relatives =
}}

'''Reshma Nilofer Visalakshi''' is an Indian [[maritime pilot]] who currently involves in steering ships from sea to Kolkata & Haldia port.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/first-woman-river-pilot-to-start-guiding-ships-soon/articleshow/63621076.cms|title=First woman river pilot to start guiding ships soon {{!}} Kolkata News - Times of India|date=5 April 2018|first=Jayanta|last=Gupta|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-08-28}}</ref> She became the first Indian as well as one among world's very few female marine pilots after qualifying as a river pilot in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/136911/reshma-nilofer-naha-world-first-woman-river-pilot/|title=Meet Chennai's Reshma Nilofer Naha, the World's 1st Woman River Pilot!|date=2018-04-05|website=The Better India|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-28}}</ref> She received [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]] Award in 2019 from the current Indian President [[Ram Nath Kovind]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/indias-only-woman-river-pilot-bags-prez-award/articleshow/68365754.cms|title=India's only woman river pilot bags President award {{!}} Kolkata News - Times of India|date=12 March 2019|first=Jayanta|last=Gupta|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-08-28}}</ref>

She joined the [[Kolkata Port Trust]] in 2011 as a trainee and became [[Hooghly River]] pilot in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/woman-conquers-river-and-gender-hurdle/cid/1686679|title=Woman conquers river and gender hurdle|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-08-28}}</ref> She holds a B.E in [[Marine Technology]] from [[Birla Institute of Technology]], [[Ranchi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/reshma-nilofar-naha-worlds-first-woman-river-pilot|title=Meet Reshma Nilofar Naha Soon to be World's First Woman River Pilot|last=Bisht|first=Bhawana|date=2018-04-05|website=SheThePeople TV|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-28}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Abhinandan Varthaman]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nari Shakti Puraskar}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nilofer Naha, Reshma}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nari Shakti Puraskar winners]]
[[Category:People from Chennai]]
[[Category:Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani alumni]]
[[Category:1989 births]]

Prahlad Patel

2022-05-05T03:08:14Z

Charnkamal: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Prahlad Singh Patel]]

{{R from merge}}

One Town

2022-04-08T19:27:27Z

Charnkamal:

'''One Town''' may refer to:

*[[One Town, Eluru]], a locality in Eluru, West Godavari district
*[[One Town, Vijayawada]], a locality in Vijayawada, Krishna district
*[[One Town (Visakhapatnam)]], a locality in Visakhapatnam city

{{disambig}}