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Sanjjana

2026-05-08T07:33:28Z

CharlineDiederic: added new article

{{short description|Indian actress and model}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sanjjana
| image = Sanjjanaa Galrani in 2020.jpg
| caption = Sanjjana in 2020
| birth_name = Archana Manohar Galrani
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bangalore, Karnataka]], India
| other_names = Mahira<ref name="n18"/>
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress}}
| yearsactive = 2005–present
| relatives = [[Nikki Galrani]] (sister) [[Aadhi Pinisetty]] (brother-in-law)
| spouse = {{Marriage|Azeez Pasha|2021}}
| children = 2
}}

'''Archana Manohar Galrani''', known by her stage name as sanjjana is an Indian model and actress who predominantly works in Kannada and Telugu films. She made her film debut in the 2005 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film [[Soggadu (2005 film)|''Soggadu'']]. She is known for her role in the [[Kannada]] film ''[[Ganda Hendathi]]'' (2006). She played a supporting role in the 2008 Telugu film ''[[Bujjigadu]]'' starring [[Prabhas]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-21/news-interviews/27949572_1_sanjana-kannada-film-samardhudu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016080145/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-21/news-interviews/27949572_1_sanjana-kannada-film-samardhudu |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 October 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Sanjana hopes to make a mark}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-06-28/news-interviews/27781673_1_sanjana-kannada-film-satyameva-jayathe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016080142/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-06-28/news-interviews/27781673_1_sanjana-kannada-film-satyameva-jayathe |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 October 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Sanjana on a roll}}</ref> In 2017, she played Chandri in the Kannada crime drama ''[[2 (film)|Dandupalya 2]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/hot-happening-sanjjjanaa-chandrika-dandupalya-2-photos-682134 |title=Hot Sanjjjanaa turns cold-blooded murderer in 'Dandupalya 2' [PHOTOS] |first=Prakash |last=Upadhyaya |date=10 June 2016 |website=International Business Times, India Edition |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=20 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320102638/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/hot-happening-sanjjjanaa-chandrika-dandupalya-2-photos-682134 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2025 she participated as a contestant in Telugu reality show ''[[Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series) season 9|Bigg Boss 9]]'' and finished as [[Runner-up|4th runner-up]] of the show.

==Early life==
She was born as Archana Manohar Galrani in [[Bangalore]] and is the elder daughter of Manohar and Reshma Galrani who are of [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]] ancestry.<ref name="DOB interview">{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P05Rn_rW8AA |title=Nikki Galrani {{!}} Redcarpet {{!}} RJ Mike {{!}} Red FM Malayalam |date=28 October 2019 |publisher=Red FM Malayalam |time=13:55 |access-date=13 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013083920/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P05Rn_rW8AA |archive-date=13 October 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Edison">{{cite news |last1=Thomas |first1=Edison |date=28 April 2014 |title=I write down the meaning of my lines to get my emotions right: Nikki Galrani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/i-write-down-the-meaning-of-my-lines-to-get-my-emotions-right-nikki-galrani/articleshow/34294610.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126063214/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/I-write-down-the-meaning-of-my-lines-to-get-my-emotions-right-Nikki-Galrani/articleshow/34294610.cms |archive-date=26 November 2018 |access-date=1 March 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=9 April 2015 |title=മഴവില്ലഴകി |url=http://www.mangalam.com/women/celebrity/303207?page=0,0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630111956/http://www.mangalam.com/women/celebrity/303207?page=0,0 |archive-date=30 June 2015 |access-date=1 March 2021}}</ref> She has a younger sister, [[Nikki Galrani]] who is also an actress.<ref name="th1">{{cite news |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=10 January 2015 |title=Darling devil |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/interview-with-actor-nikki-galrani/article6775346.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507171741/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/interview-with-actor-nikki-galrani/article6775346.ece |archive-date=7 May 2020 |access-date=28 December 2018 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

She appeared on a [[Titan Company|Fastrack]] advertisement with [[John Abraham]].<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |title=Sanjjanaa dancing her way into Mollywood |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/mollywood/sanjjanaa-dancing-her-way-mollywood-627 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130062348/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/mollywood/sanjjanaa-dancing-her-way-mollywood-627 |archive-date=30 January 2012}}</ref>

==Career==
After appearing in advertisements and as child artist in roles in the films ''Soggadu'' and ''Panduranga Vittala'',<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Sanjjanaa-reunites-with-Sogadu-director/articleshow/40179641.cms |title=Sanjjanaa reunites with Sogadu director |work=The Times of India |access-date=10 March 2016 |archive-date=30 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030183721/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Sanjjanaa-reunites-with-Sogadu-director/articleshow/40179641.cms |url-status=live|last1=Joy |first1=Prathibha }}</ref> she got her first starring role in ''[[Ganda Hendathi]]''.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

Her first release, however, was the Tamil feature film, ''[[Oru Kadhal Seiveer]]''. S R Ashok Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' noted that Galrani, then credited under her birth name, was "very beautiful but has to work on her acting".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/sordid-affair-oru-kadhal-seiveer/article3217471.ece |work=The Hindu |title=Sordid affair – Oru Kadhal Seiveer |date=10 March 2006 |access-date=25 July 2018 |archive-date=21 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221152158/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/sordid-affair-oru-kadhal-seiveer/article3217471.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

''[[Ganda Hendathi]]'', a Kannada remake of the Hindi film ''[[Murder (2004 film)|Murder]]'' (2004), itself an adaptation of the Hollywood film ''[[Unfaithful (2002 film)|Unfaithful]]'' (2002).<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ganda-hendathi-review-kannada-14260805.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916043718/http://www.sify.com/movies/ganda-hendathi-review-kannada-14260805.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 September 2015 |title=Review : Ganda Hendathi |work=Sify |access-date=10 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/review/8137.html |title=Ganda Hendathi review. Ganda Hendathi Kannada movie review, story, rating |work=IndiaGlitz |access-date=10 March 2016 |archive-date=16 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316092820/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/review/8137.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The film was released in Telugu as ''Mogudu Pellam O Boy Friend''. While [[Sify]] wrote, "Sanjjanaa has made a decent debut and she is extremely daring and does justice to her role".<ref name="autogenerated3" />

In 2008, she made her official Telugu film debut in [[Puri Jagannadh]]'s ''[[Bujjigadu]]'', alongside [[Prabhas]] and [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]]. Although this was a supporting role, it gained her considerable attention and popularity.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} In 2010, she was seen in the Telugu film ''[[Police Police]]'', which was followed by a [[cameo role]] in ''[[Huduga Hudugi]]''. Her final release of that year was ''[[Mylari]]'' with Shivrajkumar, in which she played a journalist and was featured in a special song opposite [[Shivrajkumar]]. The film's success gained her offers in Kannada cinema. She won the Bangalore Times Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role Female in 2012 for ''[[I Am Sorry Mathe Banni Preethsona]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-21/news-interviews/32336976_1_ramya-video-clear-winner/2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214140021/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-21/news-interviews/32336976_1_ramya-video-clear-winner/2 |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 December 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=The Times of India: Latest News India, World & Business News, Cricket & Sports, Bollywood}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/awards/times-regional-film-awards/times-regional-film-awards-2011/bangalore-times-film-awards-2011/Best-Actress-in-Negative-Role--Sanjjanaa/articleshow/14294546.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Sanjjanaa took home the Best Actor in a Negative Role Female award |access-date=8 November 2013 |archive-date=17 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217074126/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/awards/times-regional-film-awards/times-regional-film-awards-2011/bangalore-times-film-awards-2011/Best-Actress-in-Negative-Role--Sanjjanaa/articleshow/14294546.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

In January 2012, she played one of the lead roles in ''[[Casanovva|Casanova]]'', her maiden Malayalam venture. Reportedly the costliest Malayalam production of all time,<ref name="autogenerated1" /> and co-starring [[Mohanlal]] and [[Shriya Saran]], the film saw Galrani portray a [[salsa (dance)|salsa]] dancer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_a-season-of-releases-for-sanjjanaa_1641591 |title=A season of releases for Sanjjanaa |date=24 January 2012 |work=dna |access-date=10 March 2016 |archive-date=8 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308051743/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_a-season-of-releases-for-sanjjanaa_1641591 |url-status=live}}</ref> Director [[Rosshan Andrrews]] signed her for the particular role, since she was trained in salsa.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Her last release is her second Malayalam film, the [[Shaji Kailas]] directed ''[[The King & the Commissioner]]'', co-starring [[Mammooty]] and [[Suresh Gopi]]. Later in 2012 she appeared in films including ''[[Narasimha (2012 film)|Narasimha]]'', ''[[Ondu Kshanadalli]]'', ''[[Sagar (2012 film)|Sagar]]'', all of which being Kannada projects, and ''Yamaho Yama''.

In 2013 she appeared in ''Jagan Nirdoshi'' in Telugu which was made under Padmalaya Films and in ''Mahanadhi'' in Kannada, which was her first heroine-centric film. She was then seen in ''[[Nenem…Chinna Pillana?]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-14/news-interviews/39254934_1_sanjjanaa-mahanadhi-yamaho-yama |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214140018/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-14/news-interviews/39254934_1_sanjjanaa-mahanadhi-yamaho-yama |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 December 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Sweden calling for Sanjjanaa's next Telugu film}}</ref>

==Controversy==
===Drug trafficking case===
Galrani was arrested by the Central Crime Branch (CCB) of the Karnataka Police on 8 September 2020 in connection with the investigation into the [[2020 Bengaluru drug raids|Sandalwood drug racket case]] involving the Kannada film industry. She is the second actor to be arrested by the CCB after [[Ragini Dwivedi]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/drug-racket-probe-ccb-searches-actor-sanjjanaa-galranis-house/article32549058.ece |title=Kannada cinema drug racket probe: actor Sanjjanaa Galrani arrested |first=Imran |last=Gowhar |newspaper=The Hindu |date=8 September 2020 |access-date=29 May 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212627/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/drug-racket-probe-ccb-searches-actor-sanjjanaa-galranis-house/article32549058.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/actor-sanjana-galrani-arrested-bengaluru-drugs-case-132600 |title=Actor Sanjana Galrani arrested in Bengaluru drugs case |date=8 September 2020 |website=The News Minute |access-date=29 May 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213846/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/actor-sanjana-galrani-arrested-bengaluru-drugs-case-132600 |url-status=live}}</ref> Her bail application was denied several times by the courts, with the CCB claiming that she has admitted to being part of the drug racket.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/sep/26/actress-sanjjanaa-galrani-admits-shes-part-of-drug-ring-ccb-2201978.html |title=Actress Sanjjanaa Galrani admits she's part of drug ring: CCB |website=The New Indian Express |date=26 September 2020 |access-date=29 May 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212600/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/sep/26/actress-sanjjanaa-galrani-admits-shes-part-of-drug-ring-ccb-2201978.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/kannada-cinema-drugs-case-hc-declines-to-grant-bail-to-actors-ragini-sanjana-and-others/article33011451.ece |title=Kannada cinema drugs case | HC declines to grant bail to actors Ragini, Sanjana and others |newspaper=The Hindu |date=3 November 2020 |access-date=29 May 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212357/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/kannada-cinema-drugs-case-hc-declines-to-grant-bail-to-actors-ragini-sanjana-and-others/article33011451.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bengaluru/special-court-rejects-bail-plea-of-sanjana-galrani-ragini-dwivedi-in-drugs-case/story-9wkDQY3SQd4HsXTA2ombmL.html |title=Special court rejects bail plea of Sanjana Galrani, Ragini Dwivedi in drugs case |date=28 September 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=29 May 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212419/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bengaluru/special-court-rejects-bail-plea-of-sanjana-galrani-ragini-dwivedi-in-drugs-case/story-9wkDQY3SQd4HsXTA2ombmL.html |url-status=live}}</ref> She was later granted bail after spending 3 months in [[Central Prison, Bangalore|prison]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sandalwood-drug-case-actor-sanjjanaa-galrani-gets-bail-after-3-months-139425 |title=Sandalwood drug case: Actor Sanjjanaa Galrani gets bail after 3 months |date=11 December 2020 |website=The News Minute |access-date=29 May 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212405/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sandalwood-drug-case-actor-sanjjanaa-galrani-gets-bail-after-3-months-139425 |url-status=live}}</ref> The drug case against Galrani and others was quashed by the Karnataka High Court on 25 March 2024 due to procedural lapses by the police.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/karnataka-high-court-quashes-drug-case-against-actress-sanjana-galrani-and-two-others-for-procedural-lapses-by-police/article68328317.ece |title=Karnataka High Court quashes drug case against actress Sanjana Galrani and two others for procedural lapses by police |date=24 June 2024 |website=The Hindu |access-date=28 January 2026 }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Galrani converted to Islam and secretly married a Bangalore-based cardiovascular surgeon Azeez Pasha in February 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Year ender 2021: Kartikeya Gummakonda to Pranitha Subhash, 5 Tollywood celebs who have tied the knot in 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/year-ender-2021-kartikeya-gummakonda-to-pranitha-subhash-5-tollywood-celebs-who-have-tied-the-knot-in-2021/photostory/88393980.cms?picid=88394035 |website=The Times of India |access-date=8 May 2026 |date=21 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="hus">{{Cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sanjjanaa-galrani-pens-heartwarming-note-for-husband-on-national-doctors-day-3917255.html |title=Sanjjanaa Galrani Pens Heartwarming Note For Husband On National Doctor's Day |date=2 July 2021 |website=News18}}</ref> Together, they have two children: a boy (b. 2022) and a girl (b. 2025).<ref>{{cite web |title=Every day is a fight to stay relevant: Sanjjanna Ggalrani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/every-day-is-a-fight-to-stay-relevant-sanjjanna-ggalrani/articleshow/130529723.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=8 May 2026 |date=27 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Our baby girl is finally home: Sanjjanaa Galrani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/our-baby-girl-is-finally-home-sanjjanaa-galrani/articleshow/121294016.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=8 May 2026 |date=21 May 2025}}</ref> She performed her first [[Umrah]] at [[Mecca]] in 2023.<ref name="n18">{{Cite web |title=Actress Sanjjanaa Galrani Leaves For Mecca With Her Family, Shares Video |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/actress-sanjjanaa-galrani-leaves-for-mecca-with-her-family-shares-video-7835497.html |date=16 May 2023 |website=News18 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjjanaa Galrani set to perform her first Umrah in Mecca: 'I don't want to be judged by people who are not secular' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/sanjjanaa-galrani-set-to-perform-her-first-umrah-in-mecca-i-dont-want-to-be-judged-by-people-who-are-not-secular-8614283/ |date=17 May 2023 |website=indianexpress.com }}</ref> But according to her social media posts she is not a practicing Muslim. She often follows and perform other religious rituals and practices primarily [[Hinduism]]. In one of her Instagram posts, she expressed happiness in the Pranpratishtha ceremony of [[Ram Mandir|Ayodhya Ram Temple]] and added in her same post caption, "I hope my dream of a beautiful construction of a temple in Mathura for Krishna bhagwan also comes true in my lifetime of existence."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/C2ZrJNnvcYj/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=Instagram.com}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Soggadu (2005 film)|Soggadu]]'' || Anu || Telugu || Uncredited role{{Citation needed |date=March 2024 |reason=Uncredited roles must cite a published reliable source to verify.}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2006 || ''[[Oru Kadhal Seiveer]]'' || Subha || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Ganda Hendathi]]'' || Sanjana || rowspan=5|Kannada ||
|-
|''[[Jackpot (2006 film)|Jackpot]]''|| Herself || Cameo
|-
| 2007 || ''Autograph Please'' || Herself ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2008 || ''[[Arjun (2008 film)|Arjun]]'' ||Arjun's girlfriend ||
|-
| ''Varasdhaara''|| Sanjana ||
|-
| ''[[Bujjigadu]]'' || Kangana || rowspan=2|Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2009 || ''[[Satyameva Jeyathe]]'' || Sanjana ||
|-
| ''[[Mast Maja Maadi]]'' || Herself || Kannada || Cameo
|-
| ''Samardhudu'' || Nandhini||rowspan=2| Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2010 || ''[[Police Police]]'' || Sandhya ||
|-
| ''[[Huduga Hudugi]]'' ||Sachin's friend || rowspan=4|Kannada || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Mylari]]'' ||Swathi ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2011 || ''[[Ee Sanje]]'' || Anu ||
|-
| ''[[Rangappa Hogbitna]]'' || Sneha ||
|-
| ''[[Dushasana (film)|Dushasana]]'' || Kajal || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[I Am Sorry Mathe Banni Preethsona]]'' || Sinchana || rowspan=2|Kannada ||
|-
| ''Take It Easy'' || Herself || Cameo
|-
| ''[[Mugguru]]'' || Yamini || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="7" |2012 || ''[[Ko Ko]]'' || || Kannada || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Casanovva]]'' || Nidhi || rowspan=2|Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[The King & the Commissioner]]'' || Nitha Rathore || <ref name="King Commish">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Malayalam-industry-is-very-professional/articleshow/10566119.cms |title='Malayalam industry is very professional' |website=The Times of India |access-date=5 August 2018 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009010512/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Malayalam-industry-is-very-professional/articleshow/10566119.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Narasimha (2012 film)|Narasimha]]'' || Rani || rowspan=3|Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Ondu Kshanadalli]]''|| Shilpa ||
|-
| ''[[Sagar (film)|Sagar]]'' ||Jenny ||
|-
| ''[[Yamaho Yama]]''|| Nisha || Telugu ||
|-
|rowspan=3| 2013||''[[Mahanadi (2013 film)|Mahanadi]]''|| Meenakshi || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Nenem…Chinna Pillana?]]''|| || rowspan=3|Telugu ||
|-
| ''Jagan Nirdoshi''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014 || ''[[Love You Bangaram]]'' || Herself|| Special appearance<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140118/entertainment-tollywood/article/sanjjanaa%E2%80%99s-wait-continues |title=Sanjjanaa's wait continues |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=18 January 2014 |access-date=5 June 2014 |archive-date=12 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312055100/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140118/entertainment-tollywood/article/sanjjanaa%E2%80%99s-wait-continues |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Agraja]]'' || Herself|| rowspan=5|Kannada ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2015 || ''[[Rebel (2015 film)|Rebel]]'' || Laila ||
|-
| ''[[Ram-Leela (2015 Kannada film)|Ram-Leela]]'' ||Pooja ||
|-
| ''[[Bangalore 560023]]'' || Swathi|| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/Sanjjanaa-enjoying-spicy-song-shoot-for-Bangalore-23/articleshow/34780612.cms |title=Sanjjanaa enjoying 'spicy' song shoot for Bangalore 23 |work=The Times of India |date=7 May 2014 |access-date=5 June 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019024143/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/Sanjjanaa-enjoying-spicy-song-shoot-for-Bangalore-23/articleshow/34780612.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ring Road (film)|Ring Road]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Avunu 2]]'' || Sanjana || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="5"|2016 || ''Cinema My Darling'' || || Kannada || <ref>https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/270316/cinema-my-darling-movie-review-making-of-a-struggling-act.html</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sardaar Gabbar Singh]]'' || Gayathri || Telugu || <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Elated-to-act-with-Pawan-Kalyan-Sanjjanaa/articleshow/49889319.cms |title=Elated to act with Pawan Kalyan: Sanjjanaa |work=The Times of India |access-date=10 March 2016 |archive-date=25 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125022737/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Elated-to-act-with-Pawan-Kalyan-Sanjjanaa/articleshow/49889319.cms |url-status=live|last1=Nayak |first1=Elina Priyadarshini }}</ref>
|-
| ''Just Akasmika'' || Aarohi || rowspan=4|Kannada || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Sanjjanaa-Recommends-Tilak-for-Just-Akasmika/2015/04/09/article2754412.ece |title=Sanjjana recommends Tilak for Just Akasmika |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=9 April 2015 |archive-date=16 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816231947/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Sanjjanaa-Recommends-Tilak-for-Just-Akasmika/2015/04/09/article2754412.ece |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Santheyalli Nintha Kabira]]'' ||Sanjana||
|-
| ''[[Mandya to Mumbai]]'' || || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sanjjana-in-life-in-a-metro-news-kannada-oc2kh7jjhdb.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301143041/http://www.sify.com/movies/sanjjana-in-life-in-a-metro-news-kannada-oc2kh7jjhdb.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 March 2014 |title=Sanjjana in 'Life In a Metro' |website=[[Sify]] |date=28 February 2014 |access-date=5 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2017 || ''[[2 (film)|Dandupalya 2]]'' || Chandri ||<ref name="times glam">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sanjana-goes-de-glam-to-play-a-cold-blooded-murderer/articleshow/52360857.cms |title=Sanjana goes de-glam to play a cold-blooded murderer |website=The Times of India |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=21 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221043532/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sanjana-goes-de-glam-to-play-a-cold-blooded-murderer/articleshow/52360857.cms |url-status=live|last1=Nayak |first1=Elina Priyadarshini }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sanjana-goes-de-glam-to-play-a-cold-blooded-murderer/articleshow/52360857.cms |title=Sanjjana goes de glam to play cold blooded murderer |work=The Times of India |access-date=20 May 2016 |archive-date=26 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526145146/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sanjana-goes-de-glam-to-play-a-cold-blooded-murderer/articleshow/52360857.cms |url-status=live|last1=Nayak |first1=Elina Priyadarshini }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Two Countries (2017 film)|2 Countries]]''||Tamannah || Telugu ||
|-
|rowspan=2 | 2018 || ''[[Rajasimha (film)|Rajasimha]]''||Sanju || rowspan=2|Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Dandupalya 3]]'' || Chandri ||
|-
|2022 || ''Choran''|| ||Malayalam
|<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/choran/movieshow/96225545.cms | title=ChoranUA | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''Matthe Matthe''
|
|Kannada
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/kannada/matthe-matthe-review-arun-hosakoppas-film-is-neither-suspenseful-nor-hilarious-review-106970397 | title=Matthe Matthe Review: Arun Hosakoppa's Film is Neither Suspenseful nor Hilarious | date=19 January 2024 }}</ref>
|-
|}

===Web series===
*2020 : ''Shit Happens'' (Telugu web series)
*2019: ''Aivar'' (Tamil)

===Television===
* Sanjana was a contestant on ''[[Bigg Boss Kannada season 1]]'',later eliminated on Day 14.<ref name="Sanjjanaa eliminated from Bigg Boss">{{cite news |title=Sanjjanaa eliminated from Bigg Boss |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sanjjanaa-eliminated-from-bigg-boss/articleshow/19411520.cms |access-date=7 September 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=6 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907153037/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sanjjanaa-eliminated-from-bigg-boss/articleshow/19411520.cms |archive-date=7 September 2025}}</ref>
* Smart Show (Malayalam game show)
* Sixth Sense Kannada (Kannada game show)
* [[Sixth Sense (game show)|Sixth Sense]] (Telugu game show)
* Swarna Khadgam/Illayathalapathy as Queen Mahadatri. Produced by [[Arka Media Works]] and directed by Yata Satya Narayana.
* Galrani was a contestant of the Hindi reality TV show ''[[Mujhse Shaadi Karoge]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sanjjanaa turns producer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sanjjanaa-turns-producer/articleshow/20122205.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206230135/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sanjjanaa-turns-producer/articleshow/20122205.cms |archive-date=6 February 2022 |access-date=18 February 2020 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* Contestant in [[Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series) season 9]], 5th runner-up.
*Ye Devi Varamo Neevu (Telugu TV soap opera)<ref>{{Cite web|title=బిగ్ బాస్ టు బుల్లితెర.. సంజన నటిస్తున్న ‘ఏ దేవీ వరమో నీవు’.. కొత్త సీరియల్ కథ ఏంటంటే?|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/tv/news/sanjjanaa-galrani-soniya-suresh-new-serial-ye-devi-varamo-neevu-promo-coming-soon-on-star-maa/articleshow/130388452.cms|work=Samayam|date=20 April 2026}}</ref>

==Awards==
* Best Actor in a Negative Role Female for ''I Am Sorry Mathe Banni Preethsona'' – The Bangalore Times Film Awards 2011<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-21/news-interviews/32336976_1_ramya-kiccha-sudeep-kannada-film-industry |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121210140027/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-21/news-interviews/32336976_1_ramya-kiccha-sudeep-kannada-film-industry |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 December 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=The Bangalore Times Film Awards 2011 |date=21 June 2012}}</ref>
* In 2015, she entered into the ''Limca Book of World Records'' by cycling for 104 hours.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Sanjjanaas-in-the-Limca-Book-of-Records/articleshow/46229687.cms |title=Sanjjanaa's in the Limca Book of Records |website=The Times of India |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=26 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126013127/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Sanjjanaas-in-the-Limca-Book-of-Records/articleshow/46229687.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
* She was given the Celebrity Social Media Icon 2016 award by GMASA.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.techtree.com/content/news/11082/gmasa-2016-wraps-bang.html |title=GMASA 2016 Wraps Up With A Bang |website=TechTree.com |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927024239/https://www.techtree.com/content/news/11082/gmasa-2016-wraps-bang.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|id=2940529}}
* {{Facebook|sanjjanaagalrani}}
{{Authority Control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Galrani, Sanjjanaa}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian web series actresses]]
[[Category:Indian Sindhi people]]
[[Category:Sindhi actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Female models from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of India]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam from Hinduism]]
[[Category:Indian former Hindus]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]

Gurme Suresh Shetty

2026-05-02T14:47:03Z

CharlineDiederic: Creating new data!

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1963)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Gurme Suresh Shetty''' (born 1963) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite news | date=2023-05-05 |title=Karnataka elections: Close contest between BJP and Congress in Kaup |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/karnataka-elections-close-contest-between-bjp-and-congress-in-kaup/article66816779.ece |access-date=2024-08-26 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He is an MLA from [[Kapu Assembly constituency]] in [[Udupi district]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-22 |title=Kapu Elections Result 2023: BJP's Gurme Suresh Shetty To Go Against Congress' Vinaya Kumar Sorake |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election/kapu-assembly-elections-2023-bjps-gurme-suresh-shetty-to-go-against-congress-vinaya-kumar-sorake-10074589 |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref> He won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gurme Suresh Shetty in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/gurme-suresh-shetty-kaup-candidate-s10a121c005/ |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Three returning MLAs improve victory margin while the BJP’s margin increases in three constituencies of the twin districts">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=14 May 2023 |title=Three returning MLAs improve victory margin while the BJP’s margin increases in three constituencies of the twin districts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/three-returning-mlas-improve-victory-margin-while-the-bjps-margin-increases-in-three-constituencies-of-the-twin-districts/article66849427.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250409134301/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/three-returning-mlas-improve-victory-margin-while-the-bjps-margin-increases-in-three-constituencies-of-the-twin-districts/article66849427.ece |archivedate=9 April 2025 |accessdate=9 April 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="BJP maintains its sway in Udupi district by winning all five Assembly seats">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=13 May 2023 |title=BJP maintains its sway in Udupi district by winning all five Assembly seats |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/bjp-maintains-its-sway-in-udupi-district-by-winning-all-five-assembly-seats/article66846882.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506101158/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/bjp-maintains-its-sway-in-udupi-district-by-winning-all-five-assembly-seats/article66846882.ece |archivedate=6 May 2025 |accessdate=6 May 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Shetty is from Kaup, Udupi district. His late father Prabhakar Shetty was a business man. He completed his Bachelor of Commerce degree in 1994 at Veerashaiva College, Bellary, which is affiliated with [[Gulbarga University|Gulbargha University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gurme Suresh Shetty(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- KAPU(UDUPI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=7447 |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Shetty won from Kapu Assembly constituency representing Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election. He polled 80,559 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Vinay Kumar Sorake]] of [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 13,004 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Karnataka election results 2023: Full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/karnataka-election-results-full-list-of-winners-8606612/ |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Kapu">{{cite news |date=13 May 2023 |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Kapu |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10121.htm?ac=121 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506092137/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10121.htm?ac=121 |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shetty, Gurme Suresh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Udupi district]]

{{Karnataka-BJP-politician-stub}}

Ongole Gittha

2026-04-24T16:12:49Z

CharlineDiederic: Created basic details v1

{{Short description|2013 Indian film by Bhaskar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ongole Gittha
| image = Ongole Gittha poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Bhaskar (director)|Bhaskar]]
| producer =[[B. V. S. N. Prasad]]
| writer = Bhaskar
| starring = {{ubl|[[Ram Pothineni]]|[[Kriti Kharbanda]]|[[Prakash Raj]]}}
| music = '''Songs:''' [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] [[Mani Sharma]] '''Score:''' Mani Sharma
| cinematography = [[A. Venkatesh (cinematographer)|Venkatesh Anguraj]]
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| studio = [[Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|02|01}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| gross = 
}}

'''''Ongole Gittha''''' ({{translation|The Bull of Ongole}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action comedy film]] written and directed by [[Bhaskar (director)|Bhaskar]] and produced by [[B. V. S. N. Prasad]] under [[Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 March 2012 |title=Ram braces up for Bhaskar's film |work=IndiaGlitz |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/79188.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313212440/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/79188.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 March 2012 |access-date=22 July 2012}}</ref> The film stars [[Ram Pothineni]] and [[Kriti Kharbanda]]. The soundtrack was composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], [[Mani Sharma]] also scored one song for the film and given the background score. The film was released on 1 February 2013 to negative reviews from critics and commercial failure at the box office. The film was later dubbed into [[Hindi language|Hindi]] as ''Mahaveer No. 1'' in 2014 and in Tamil as ''Kaariyaavadhi''.

== Plot ==
The film opens with Narayana and his son escaping from a gangster Durga, who intends to kill them. The film then shifts to 2001, where a young boy named White, an orphan, enters the [[Ongole]] market. He manages to catch the attention of many people, including the market chairman Adikeshavulu, who is god to the people of the market with his tactical ways of business, and establishes him as a businessman there.

Years later, White, still a leading merchant in the market, owns four shops. On the inaugural event of his fourth shop, he meets Sandhya a.k.a. Sandy, Adikeshavulu's daughter, and falls for her. The [[MLA (India)|MLA]] wants to buy the market so he can shift it to a land on the outskirts of the city. During this, it is also revealed that Adikeshavulu is not a good person but is pretending to be one. Whenever he returns home after difficulty pretending to be a good person, he stands in front of the mirror and removes his clothes. Out of anger for Adikeshavulu not giving him the market, the MLA makes White the market chairman. Adikeshavulu beats the MLA and makes him announce the former as the chairman. White agrees on the condition that Sandy must marry him. Out of greed for the market, Adikeshavulu agrees and gets White and Sandy engaged.

On the night after their engagement, White goes to Sandy's house to meet her, but she escapes from him, reaches outside the house with her grandmother and mother, and complains about White. Just then, Adikeshavulu comes in drunk but controlled. White understands and leaves, but his father-like business partner, in a drunk mode, reveals that White has a father who lives in [[Tripura]]. Adikeshavulu uses this information and sends Durga to find White's father, but at Tripura, Durga bumps into White while trying to kill an old enemy. It is now revealed that the 'old enemy' is White's father and White's real name is Dorababu. White's partner finds out and blames White for being the son of the person who murdered his family.

It is now that White reveals his past. Years back, Narayana used to be the chairman of the Ongole market. Adikeshavulu was the son of another man, who envied Narayana and wanted his post. The man commits suicide as he could not get the post. Taking pity, Narayana appoints Adikeshavulu as his man, and the market continues to prosper with Adikeshavulu pretending to be good. One day, Adikeshavulu started collecting money from the sellers as the funds for building a shelter and giving food to the sellers were insufficient. Narayana comes there, stops Adikeshavulu, and tells him that he will give the money. Another man in the market who envies Narayana blames him for acting in front of the people and accuses him of telling Adikeshavulu to collect the money. However, nobody believes him and continues to trust Adikeshavulu. Adikeshavulu kills the man along with Durga, and it is revealed that it was he who killed his brother. White (Dorababu) now decides to take revenge.

Adikeshavulu kidnaps Narayana, puts him in a sack in the market, and burns the market to ashes so he will get the insurance as profit. The market is burnt that night, but White comes to save it and chases Adikeshavulu into the announcement office. There, Adikeshavulu reveals everything about himself, including the fact that he was the one who killed his brother, which White accidentally catches on the announcement microphone. Everybody outside hears everything and charges at Adikeshavulu, who ends up being injured by their beatings. The people welcome Narayana back in the market, and he gets his post as market president back, while Adikeshavulu acts like a mad person to escape from the angry people.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Ram Pothineni]] as White/Dorababu
* [[Kriti Kharbanda]] as Sandhya/Sandy
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Adikeshavulu
* [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Narayana/Bangarraju
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Adikeshavulu's brother, Durga
* [[Abhimanyu Singh]] as Mangababu
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Cheddodu
* [[Ahuti Prasad]] as MLA
* [[Rama Prabha]] as Sandhya's grandmother
* [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as Adikeshavulu's father, Chennakesavulu
* Sanjay Reddy as CEO
* Kishore Das as Pavuram
* [[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]] as MLA's PA
* [[Raghu Babu]] as Karri Neelakantam
* [[Saptagiri (actor)|Sapthagiri]] as Barber 'Gaatu' Sathi
* [[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]] as Nicholas
* Meena Vasu as Dorababu's mother
{{colend}}

== Production ==

=== Casting ===
In February 2012, [[Bhaskar (director)|Bhaskar]] approached Tamil actor [[Karthi]], who was not able to give his dates.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 February 2012 |title=With Karthi saying no, Bhaskar approaches Ram |work=IndiaGlitz |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/78425.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223195852/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/78425.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 February 2012 |access-date=22 July 2012}}</ref> Later, Bhaskar approached [[Allu Arjun]], and finally [[Ram Pothineni]] took up the offer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 February 2012 |title=Ram to team up with Bommarillu Bhaskar? |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/Ram-to-team-up-with-Bommarillu-Bhaskar/articleshow/11961202.cms |url-status=live |access-date=22 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103104854/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-20/news-interviews/31079392_1_allu-arjun-ram-charan-new-film |archive-date=3 January 2013}}</ref> [[A. Venkatesh (cinematographer)|A. Venkatesh]] was chosen as the film's cinematographer,<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 May 2012 |title=Hero Ram's New Movie Shooting in Guntur |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hero-rams-new-movie-shooting-in-guntur/articleshow/13526306.cms |url-status=live |access-date=22 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126122137/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-26/news-interviews/31863665_1_guntur-new-film-gv-prakash |archive-date=26 January 2013}}</ref> while [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] agreed to compose the film's background score and soundtrack.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 May 2012 |title=I'm more than just ARR's nephew now : GV Prakash |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Im-more-than-just-ARRs-nephew-now-GV-Prakash/articleshow/13063973.cms |url-status=live |access-date=22 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629130213/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-09/news-interviews/31641072_1_cannes-film-festival-red-carpet-music |archive-date=29 June 2013}}</ref> Initially the model turned actress [[Shubha Phutela]] was selected to share screen space with Ram.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 July 2012 |title=Shubha Phutela in Ram's Ongole Gitta |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Shubha-Phutela-in-Rams-Ongole-Gitta/articleshow/14690317.cms |url-status=live |access-date=22 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520220822/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-05/news-interviews/32551020_1_debut-gv-prakash-guntur |archive-date=20 May 2013}}</ref> She has encountered health problems after shooting for the first schedule in the Guntur mirchi yard. She died due to her illness, and her role was passed on. Later [[Kriti Kharbanda]] was selected for her role.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 September 2012 |title=Kriti Kharbanda in Ram's Ongole Gitta |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Kriti-Kharbanda-in-Rams-Ongole-Gitta/articleshow/16668744.cms |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126052633/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-04/news-interviews/34259093_1_actress-kriti-kharbanda-ongole-gitta-backdrop-of-guntur-market |archive-date=26 January 2013}}</ref> Prakash Raj, Abhimanyu Singh, Brahmanandam, Ahuti Prasad, Ajay, Raghu Babu, Rama Prabha, Kishore Das are playing other roles in this film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2013 |title=Ongole Gitta' Audio Release on 12th January |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/53011/tollywood/ongole-gitta-audio-release-on-12th-january-news-details |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106235009/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/53011/tollywood/ongole-gitta-audio-release-on-12th-january-news-details |archive-date=6 January 2013 |access-date=7 January 2013  |website=supergoodmovies.com}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The team completed the first schedule in Guntur. The film unit shot for more than 45 days in this schedule and filmed important scenes and a couple of action episodes at Guntur market yard. The second schedule of the film took place in Tanuku from July first week.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 June 2012 |title=Hero Ram's "Ongole Gitta" in Tanuku |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-26/news-interviews/32424226_1_guntur-tamil-actress-film-unit |url-status=dead |access-date=22 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126120517/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-26/news-interviews/32424226_1_guntur-tamil-actress-film-unit |archive-date=26 January 2013}}</ref> The film has been disrupted due to the heavy rains by Nilam cyclone effect.

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ongole Githa
| type = Soundtrack
| longtype = to ''Ongole Githa''
| artist = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 16 January 2013
| recorded = 2012–2013
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 21:51
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] [[Mani Sharma]]
| prev_title = [[Naan Rajavaga Pogiren]]
| prev_year = 2012
| next_title = [[Annakodi]]
| next_year = 2013
}}
The music is composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] who worked with [[Bhaskar (director)|Bhaskar]] for the first time in his career and had also composed the music for Ram's earlier film ''[[Endukante... Premanta!]]''. [[Mani Sharma]] has also scored one song for the film and given the background score. The audio launch was held on 16 January 2013 at Annapurna Studios, Hyderabad. [[S. S. Rajamouli]] attended the audio launch function as chief guest and released the audio CD and several others like Ali, Kona Venkat, Vanamali, Bhaskarabhatla, Sravanthi Ravi Kishore graced the event.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ongole Githa's audio launched |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/ongole-githas-audio-launched-hm.html |access-date=17 January 2013 |website=123telugu.com|date=16 January 2013 }}</ref>
{{tracklist
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 21:51
| title1 = Yerra Mirapallo
| music1 = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| lyrics1 = [[Vanamali]]
| length1 = 3:45
| title2 = Raa Chilakaa
| music2 = G. V. Prakash Kumar
| extra2 = G. V. Prakash Kumar
| lyrics2 = Vanamali
| length2 = 4:30
| title3 = Chal Challe
| music3 = [[Mani Sharma]]
| extra3 = Narendra, Sahithi
| lyrics3 = Bhaskarabhatla
| length3 = 4:24
| title4 = Ye Pilla
| music4 = G. V. Prakash Kumar
| extra4 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
| lyrics4 = Vanamali
| length4 = 4:33
| title5 = Mama Maraju
| music5 = G. V. Prakash Kumar
| extra5 = [[Jai Srinivas]], John, Gopal, Mouli, Ravi
| lyrics5 = Vanamali
| length5 = 4:39
| title6 = Silk Smitha Gurthochhe
| note6 = Unreleased/Theatrical version
| music6 = G. V. Prakash Kumar
| extra6 = Uncredited
| lyrics6 = Kedarnath Parimi
| length6 = 5:00
}}

== Release ==
''Ongole Githa'' was awarded an A Certificate by the Censor Board due to nude scenes of Prakash Raj.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.telugumoviesnow.com/2013/01/29/ongole-gittha-gets-an-a-certificate/ |title=Ongole Gittha gets A certificate from censor board of AP |access-date=29 January 2013 |archive-date=16 February 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216210053/http://www.telugumoviesnow.com/2013/01/29/ongole-gittha-gets-an-a-certificate/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> After getting negative feedback about the scenes on day 1, the producer and creative think-tank took a collective decision to remove these scenes from the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Went Wrong With Prakash Raj... |url=http://www.greatandhra.com/viewnews.php?id=43833&cat=1&scat=4 |access-date=4 February 2013 |website=GreatAndhra.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prakash Raju nude scenes removed in Ongole Githa |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/prakashraj-nudescenesremoved.html |access-date=2 February 2013 |website=idlebrain.com}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
The film received mixed reviews from critics. Apglitz gave a rating of 2.25/5, criticizing the outdated script, poor direction, and screenplay.<ref>{{Cite web |title=All Critic Reviews-Ongole Githa Movie Review |url=http://www.apglitz.com/ongole-gittha-movie-review/ |access-date=1 February 2013 |website=APGlitz}}</ref> Mahesh S Koneru of 123Telugu gave 2.5/5, saying that Ram's energy levels, Prakash Raj's performance, and Kriti Kharbandha's beauty are the sole redeeming factors.<ref>[http://www.123telugu.com/reviews/review-ongole-gitta-predictable-and-outdated.html Review : Ongole Gitta – Predictable and outdated]. 123telugu.com (2013-02-01). Retrieved on 2015-11-27.</ref> Supergoodmovies wrote, "The first half an hour gives an interesting feel of the movie and but it impresses you with a few romantic songs, fights and comedy. Second half of the film goes into flashback mode. But the story gets struck in the second half with exhausted narration".<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130203185604/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/53802/tollywood/ongole-gitta-movie-review-movie-review-details Ongole Gitta Movie Review]}}. Supergoodmovies.com (2013-02-02). Retrieved on 2015-11-27.</ref>

== Box office ==
''Ongole Githa'' was reported to collect around {{INRConvert|14.6|c}} in 17 days. Producers were later arrested by the Moral Police of Andhra Pradesh for fake collections.
<ref>[https://archive.today/20130630092021/http://superwoods.com/news-id-ongole-gitta-collections-ongole-gitta-box-office-collections-18-02-135987.htm "Ongole Gitta 17th Day Collections"]. Superwoods. Retrieved on 2015-11-27.</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|2649718}}

{{Bhaskar (director)}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bhaskar]]
[[Category:2013 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]
[[Category:2013 romantic comedy films]]

Varahaswamy Temple

2026-04-23T04:44:17Z

CharlineDiederic:

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Tirupati}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Varahaswamy Temple, Tirumala
| image = View of Swami Pushkarni of Tirumala at Daytime.jpg
| alt =
| caption = View of Swami Pushkarni and Sri Bhu Varahaswami Temple (right corner), [[Tirumala]]
| map_type = India Andhra Pradesh
| map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|13|41|05.6|N|79|20|51.9|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Tirupati district]]
| locale = [[Tirupati]]
| elevation_m = 853
| deity = [[Varaha]] ([[Vishnu]]) and [[Bhudevi]]
| festivals= Varaha Jayanti, [[Vaikunta Ekadasi#In Tirumala|Vaikuntha Ekadashi]],
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity = 1
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| temple_board = [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.tirumala.org/}}
}}

The '''Sri Varahaswamy Temple''', also called '''Bhu Varahaswamy Temple,''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to the god [[Varaha]], situated at hill town of [[Tirumala]] in [[Tirupati]], located in [[Tirupati district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] state, [[India]]. The temple is situated on the northern premises of [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple|Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala]], on the north-west corner of Swami Pushkarini.<ref name=varahajayanti>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Varaha-jayanti-celebrated-at-Tirumala/articleshow/9815439.cms| title=Tirumala Brahmotsavams conclude with 'Chakrasnanam' | work=The Times of India | date=1 September 2011 | access-date=15 December 2017}}</ref><ref name=varahatemple>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/%E2%80%98Varaha-jayanti%E2%80%99-today/article14622914.ece| title='Varaha jayanti' today | work=The Hindu | date=4 September 2016 | access-date=15 December 2017}}</ref> This temple is believed to be older than the Venkateswara shrine.<ref>{{cite book | title = Balaji-Venkateshwara, Lord of Tirumala-Tirupati: An Introduction| publisher = Vakils, Feffer, and Simons | year = 2003 | isbn = 9788187111467 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=KnXXAAAAMAAJ&q=naivedyam+in+tirupati+temple}}</ref>

==Religious significance==
{{main|Legend of Tirumala}}
As per local Hindu [[Sthala purana|legend]], after saving [[Bhudevi|the earth]] from the [[asura]] [[Hiranyaksha]], Vishnu's boar [[avatar]] [[Varaha]] stayed on this hill on the northern bank of Swami Pushkarini. Hence Tirumala Hills is also referred to as ''Adi Varaha Kshetra''.<ref name=varahatemple /> In the beginning of the present Yuga ''[[Kali Yuga]]'', Varaha donated land to another form of Vishnu - [[Venkateswara|Venkateswara]] on his request. As a gratitude, Lord Venkateswara offered the right of first bell, puja and [[naivedyam]] (food offering) to Varaha before they were offered to him. This is being followed as a tradition even today.<ref name=varahamyth>{{cite book |last=Flueckiger |first=Joyce Burkhalter |title=Everyday Hinduism |date=1 January 2015 |page=114 |isbn=97-8140-516-0216}}</ref>

Devotees are prescribed to have [[Darśana|darshana]] ("sight") of Varaha before Lord Venkateswara. It is believed that the pilgrimage to Tirumala will not be complete without having a darshana of Varaha.<ref name=varahamyth /><ref name=varahajayanti />

==History==
The temple was renovated by Pedda Tirumalacharya in the year 1535 CE.<ref>{{cite book|title=Temples in and Around Tirupati|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rt3VAAAAMAAJ&q=krishnadevaraya+and+tirupati | first=V. Kameswara | last=Rao | publisher=V. Jayalakshmamma | year=1986 | access-date=15 February 2019 }}</ref>

==Administration==
The temple is part of [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple|Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]] and is being administered by [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]].

==Architecture==
The rock temple is situated in the Northern bank of Swami Pushkarini and is accessed from North Mada street of Venkateswara Temple.<ref name=varahajayanti /><ref name=varahatemple />

==Ritual practices==

Daily rituals are held as per the [[Vaikhanasa]] Agama. The Chakrasnanam event during annual [[Srivari Brahmotsavam|brahmotsavams]], Vaikuntha Ekadashi, and Rathasaptami, are held in the mukha mandapa of Varahaswamy Temple.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/religion/brahmotsavam-concludes-with-chakrasnanam-festival/article5231888.ece| title=Tirumala Brahmotsavams conclude with 'Chakrasnanam' | work=The Hindu | date=28 October 2017 | access-date=15 December 2017}}</ref> Varaha Jayanti is also celebrated.<ref name="varahajayanti" /><ref name="varahatemple" />

==See also==
* [[Hindu Temples in Tirupati]]
* [[List of temples under Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]]

==External links==
* [https://www.tirumala.org/ Tirumala Tirupathi Devasthanams]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Tirupati topics}}
{{Hindu temples in Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Abhimana temples of Vishnu]]
[[Category:Tirupati]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Tirupati district]]
[[Category:Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]]
[[Category:Varaha temples]]

Harish Grover

2026-04-21T19:49:31Z

CharlineDiederic: adding some details initial version

{{Short description|Indian chiropractor and physiotherapist born 1991}}
{{COI|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox YouTuber
|name=Dr. Harish Grover
|image=
|caption=
|birth_date={{birth date and age|1991|05|21}}
|birth_place=[[Hisar (city)|Hisar]], [[Haryana]], India
|occupation=[[Chiropractor]], [[Physiotherapist]], [[YouTuber]]
|youtube_handle=@HarishGroverchiropractor
|youtube_display_name=Dr. Harish Grover Chiropractor
|years_active=2014–present
|youtube_genre=[[Chiropractic]], [[Health education]], [[Physiotherapy]]
|youtube_subscribers=7.38 million
|youtube_views=3.95 billion
|website=[https://www.painflame.com painflame.com]
|stats_update=6 November 2025
}}

'''Harish Grover''' (born 21 May 1991) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[chiropractor]] and [[physiotherapist]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mehta |first=Vikas |title=The Digital Doctor: How Dr. Harish Grover Uses Social Media to Heal Beyond Borders News24 - |url=https://news24online.com/information/the-digital-doctor-how-dr-harish-grover-uses-social-media-to-heal-beyond-borders/655807/ |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=News24 |language=en}}</ref>. He is the founder of Painflame Clinic in [[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chiropractor Dr. Harish Grover से जानें गर्दन और पीठ दर्द का इलाज |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/video/lifestyle/learn-about-neck-back-pain-treatment-correct-sleeping-walking-position-from-chiropractor-dr-harish-grover-watch-video/videoshow/116175268.cms |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>, Grover’s YouTube channel, Dr. Harish Grover Chiropractor, has over 7.3 million subscribers and 3.9 billion total views as of 2025<ref name="youtube" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-20 |title=Dr Harish Grover honoured as a pioneer in non-surgical spine and pain management in Gurgaon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/dr-harish-grover-honoured-as-a-pioneer-in-non-surgical-spine-and-pain-management-in-gurgaon/articleshow/121291412.cms |access-date=2025-11-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Adan |date=2025-10-25 |title=From Gurgaon to the globe fame: Dr Harish Grover’s chiropractic lessons reach millions online |url=https://www.news9live.com/india/from-gurgaon-to-the-globe-fame-dr-harish-grovers-chiropractic-lessons-reach-millions-online-2899698 |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 2014, Grover founded the Painflame Clinic to introduce chiropractic and posture alignment therapy in [[India]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Painflame Clinic Founder Dr. Harish Grover Redefines India's Spine & Joint Care Approach |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/painflame-clinic-founder-dr-harish-grover-redefines-indias-spine-joint-care-approach-571541 |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=BW Businessworld |language=en}}</ref>.

Grover’s YouTube channel, [https://www.youtube.com/@HarishGroverchiropractor Dr. Harish Grover Chiropractor], has over 7.3 million subscribers and 3.9 billion total views as of 2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Gurgaon to the globe fame: Dr Harish Grover's chiropractic lessons reach millions online |url=https://www.obnews.co/Flow/News/id/12518913.html?val=30f6d27880cd178c86cf69dd4c4cc4e8&ch=oppo&g_v=SBie7Ls8G4WyGFeBUHgO_GfRdjFpiJTLkpdfOy18gtcOJ0l6TEDA3aC8IQHceXaP%27 |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=www.obnews.co}}</ref>, featuring educational videos on [[Spinal column|spine]] [[health]] and [[chiropractic]] awareness.<ref name="youtube">{{cite web |title=Dr. Harish Grover – YouTube Channel |url=https://www.youtube.com/@HarishGroverchiropractor |access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chiropractor Dr. Harish Grover का देखें पूरा Interview जल्द |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/video/lifestyle/chiropractor-dr-harish-grover-on-cervical-migraine-sciatica-full-video-coming-soon-watch-video/videoshow/116050659.cms |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chiropractor Dr. Harish Grover ने कैमरे के सामने किया माइग्रेन का इलाज, देखें वीडियो |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/video/lifestyle/chiropractor-dr-harish-grover-treated-migraine-in-front-of-the-camera-watch-video/videoshow/116498258.cms |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
* ''Global Healthcare Excellence Award (2019)<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Gurgaon to the globe fame: Dr Harish Grover’s chiropractic lessons reach millions online |url=https://www.obnews.co/Flow/News/id/12518145.html?val=9ea033928e51120fd978e5418840737f&ch=oppo%27&g_v=SBie7Ls8G4WyGFeBUHgO_GfRdjFpiJTLkpdfOy18gtcOJ0l6TEDA3aC8IQHceXaP |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=www.obnews.co}}</ref>''
* ''National Health Award (2019)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chiropractor Dr. Harish Grover से जानें, जूता घिस रहा है तो खतरे की घंटी |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/video/lifestyle/if-your-shoes-are-getting-worn-out-its-a-warning-signal-learn-from-chiropractor-dr-harish-grover/videoshow/116937202.cms |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>''
* ''Global Choice Award (2020)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-28 |title=Dr. Harish Grover’s Journey From Treating Joint Pain to Transforming India’s Approach to Holistic Spine Health |url=https://www.mid-day.com/buzz/article/dr-harish-grovers-journey-from-treating-joint-pain-to-transforming-indias-approach-to-holistic-spine-health-6094 |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>''

== See also ==
* [[Physiotherapy]]
* [[Manual therapy]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{YouTube|channel=UC3fsBqx7qkIoJnLNRmoYW7w}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:People from Gurgaon]]
[[Category:Healthcare in India]]
[[Category:Indian YouTubers]]

{{India-med-bio-stub}}

Bironkhal Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:18:50Z

CharlineDiederic: Creating a entry!

{{Short description|Constituency in Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bironkhal
| established = 2002
| abolished = 2012
| state = [[Uttarakhand]]
| district = [[Pauri Garhwal district|Pauri Garhwal]]
| type= SLA
}}

'''Bironkhal Legislative Assembly constituency''' was one of the seventy electoral [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Uttarakhand]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx |title=Ac_pc |website=gov.ua.nic.in |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203060201/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx |title=Assembly Constituencies |website=gov.ua.nic.in |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203060144/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It was abolished in 2012 following the delimitation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |website=Ceo.uk.gov.in |accessdate=2016-11-13}}</ref>

Bironkhal Legislative Assembly constituency was a part of [[Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Assembly
!Duration
!Name of the Member
!colspan=2|Political Party
|-
|[[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election|1st]]<ref name="results2002">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3226-uttarakhand%092002/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttarakhand |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=16 January 2021}}</ref>||2002–2007
| rowspan=2 | [[Amrita Rawat]]
| rowspan=2 style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan=2 | [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2nd]]<ref name="results2007">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3228-uttarakhand-2007/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttarakhand |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=16 January 2021}}</ref>||2007–2012
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Bironkhal<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Amrita Rawat]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,179 |percentage=49.51% |change={{decrease}}3.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deepti Rawat |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,424 |percentage=37.27% |change={{increase}}13.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nand Kishor |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=1,077 |percentage=3.51% |change={{decrease}}2.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pradeep Kumar Nirmal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=919 |percentage=3.00% |change={{increase}}2.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chitra Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=754 |percentage=2.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prabhakar |party=Bharatiya Jan Shakti |votes=546 |percentage=1.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rishi Ballabh |party=Independent politician |votes=484 |percentage=1.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,755 |percentage=12.25% |change= {{decrease}}16.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=30,656 |percentage=56.45% |change= {{increase}}8.20 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,391 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}2.01 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}3.56 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election]]: Bironkhal<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Amrita Rawat]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,188 |percentage=53.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kalpeshwari Devi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,444 |percentage=24.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nand Kishor |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=1,478 |percentage=5.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Shivanand Nautiyal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,191 |percentage=4.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Veena Bist |party=Independent politician |votes=905 |percentage=3.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishori Lal Baluni |party=Independent politician |votes=482 |percentage=1.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satish Chandra |party=Uttarakhand Janwadi Party |votes=376 |percentage=1.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pushkar Singh Rawat |party=Independent politician |votes=314 |percentage=1.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajendra Prasad |party=Independent politician |votes=224 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Guljari Lal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=203 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagat Singh Rawat |party=Independent politician |votes=197 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,744 |percentage=28.97% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,730 |percentage=48.34% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,505 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Chaubattakhal (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}
{{coord|29.84|79.03|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Pauri Garhwal district]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2012]]
[[Category:2012 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2002]]

Hakim Syed Khaleefathullah

2026-04-17T03:18:03Z

CharlineDiederic: adding basic article first draft

{{Short description|Indian physician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hakim Syed Khaleefathullah
| image = The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Shri Award to Prof. Hakim Syed Khaleefathullah, at an Investiture Ceremony-II, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on April 26, 2014.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = President Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Shri Award to Prof. Hakim Syed Khaleefathullah, at an Investiture Ceremony-II, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on April 26, 2014.
| birth_date = 1938
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], India
| death_date = 6 June 2023
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Indian physician
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children = Dr. Syed M. M. Ameen and Dr. Syed M. A. Iqbal and 3 daughters
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}
'''Hakim Syed Khaleefathullah''' is an Indian physician and the founder of Niamath Science Academy,<ref name="NIAMATH RESEARCH FOUNDATION">{{cite web | url=http://www.herbalniamaths.com/men.htm | title=NIAMATH RESEARCH FOUNDATION | date=2014 | access-date=28 September 2014}}</ref> known for his scholarship<ref name="Book">{{cite book | title=Unani medicine basic concepts and principles | publisher=Worldcat | date=2014 | oclc=020702718 }}</ref> and expertise in the alternative medicine system of [[Unani]].<ref name="Dr. Khaleefathullah Honoured">{{cite web | url=http://islamicvoice.com/dr-khaleefathullah-honoured/ | title=Dr. Khaleefathullah Honoured | publisher=Islamic Voice | date=15 November 2012 | access-date=28 September 2014 | archive-date=25 August 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825220350/http://islamicvoice.com/dr-khaleefathullah-honoured/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> He was honoured by the [[Government of India]], in 2014, with the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest [[Indian honours system|Indian civilian award]], for his contribution to the field of medicine.<ref name="Padma">{{cite web |url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102735 |title=Padma Awards Announced |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |work=Circular |date=25 January 2014 |access-date=23 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222101141/http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102735 |archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref>

==Biography==
{{quotebox|align = right|width=21em|''As the technical advancement in the field of medicine is often not affordable to the poor, cost-effective herbal medicinal systems have a great future in India and other countries'' says Hakim Syed Khaleefathullah<ref name="Quote">{{cite web | url=https://productforums.google.com/forum/#!topic/gec-people-cultures/u4zttGr0DRI | title=Quote | publisher=Govt. Unani Medical College, Bengaloru | date=1 December 2007 | access-date=28 September 2014}}</ref>}}
Syed Khaleefathullah was born in 1938, in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. He studied Unani in the traditional way, and started his medical practice in Chennai.<ref name="S.K.'s Herbal Medical Hospital & Research Centre">{{cite web | url=http://www.milligazette.com/Advertisers/2004/UNANl_HAKIM_HERBAL_DOCTOR_HOSPITAL_2004_research_centre.htm | title=S.K.'s Herbal Medical Hospital & Research Centre | date=27 September 2004 | access-date=28 September 2014}}</ref> In 1985, he founded Niamath Science Academy,<ref name="Certificate">{{cite web | url=http://ngo.india.gov.in/ngo/niamath.jpg | title=Certificate | publisher=NGO India | date=2009 | access-date=28 September 2014 | archive-date=4 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104162826/http://ngo.india.gov.in/ngo/niamath.jpg | url-status=dead }}</ref> an [[NGO]] in memory of the renowned Unani physician, Dr. Hakim Syed Niamathullah,<ref name="NIAMATH RESEARCH FOUNDATION" /> for promoting the Unani medicine system.<ref name="Dr. Khaleefathullah Honoured" /><ref name="NGO India">{{cite web | url=http://ngo.india.gov.in/view_ngo_details.php?ngo_id=niamath | title=NGO India | publisher=NGO India | date=2009 | access-date=28 September 2014 | archive-date=4 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104170754/http://ngo.india.gov.in/view_ngo_details.php?ngo_id=niamath | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Syed published several books on Unani medicine. He had also attended many conferences and seminars in India and abroad, including the ''International Conference on Eastern and Western Approaches to Healing'', conducted at [[San Francisco]], USA in 1985, the ''Second International Conference on Elements in Health and Diseases'', held in [[Karachi]], Pakistan in 1987, ''International Workshop on Health and Illness'' in [[Venice]], Italy in 1988 and ''[[Parliament of World Religions]]'' at [[Chicago]], USA in 1993.<ref name="NIAMATH RESEARCH FOUNDATION" />

Khaleefathullah's son, Dr. Syed M. M. Ameen, follows in the footsteps of his father and is a locally known Unani physician.<ref name="NIAMATH RESEARCH FOUNDATION" />

==Positions==
Hakim Khaleefathullah was the honorary physician to President of India from 1987 to 1991.<ref name="Dr. Khaleefathullah Honoured" /> He serves as the member of the governing body of the Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, New Delhi and is also the chairman of its Clinical Research subcommittee. He was a member of the Ayurvedic, Siddha and Unani Drugs Technical Advisory Board, [[Government of India]] and holds many other positions.<ref name="NIAMATH RESEARCH FOUNDATION" />
* Professor - Government Unani Medical College, Chennai<ref name="Dr. Khaleefathullah Honoured" />
* President, [[Central Council of Indian Medicine]] (1984–1995)<ref name="Dr. Khaleefathullah Honoured" />
* Vice President - Unani Committee of the [[Central Council of Indian Medicine]]<ref name="CCIM">{{cite web | url=http://www.ccimindia.org/meeting_file/pdf/uc230208.pdf | title=CCIM | publisher=CCIM | date=23 February 2008 | access-date=28 September 2014}}</ref>
* Member, governing body, National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore (1986–1997)
* Founder member and chairman, executive board, Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine - [[Government of India]](1996–1999)<ref name="Dr. Khaleefathullah Honoured" />
* Member of the Central Council for Health and Family Welfare (1999–2001)
* Chairman, Unani Pharmacopoeia Committee, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India (1998–2002)
* Founder Director - Central Council of Research in Unani Medicine (CCRUM) -

==Awards and recognitions==
The [[Government of India]] honoured Hakim Syed Khaleefathullah with the [[Padma Shri]] award, in 2014, in recognition of his services to the society.<ref name="Padma" /> The [[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]] has instituted a gold medal, in his honour, awarded to the best outgoing student in the discipline of the [[Bachelor of Unani Medicine and Surgery]] (BUMS).<ref name="Gold Medal">{{cite web | url=http://web.tnmgrmu.ac.in/convocation/conv22/medal/indian.pdf | title=Gold Medal | publisher=Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University | date=2014 | access-date=28 September 2014}}</ref> The other awards and honours received by Dr. Khaleefathullah are:

* Doctor of Science (Honoris Causa) - [[Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University]] - 1998<ref name="NIAMATH RESEARCH FOUNDATION" />
* ''Baba-e-Tibb'' - 1989<ref name="NIAMATH RESEARCH FOUNDATION" />
* ''Hakim-e-Millath'' - 1990<ref name="NIAMATH RESEARCH FOUNDATION" />
* Physician of the year Gold Medal and Citation - 1990<ref name="NIAMATH RESEARCH FOUNDATION" />
* ''Bharat Bishaq Ratna'' - 1995<ref name="NIAMATH RESEARCH FOUNDATION" />
* ''Hakim Ahmed Ashraf Memorial Global Award'' - 2009, awarded by Hakim Ahmed Ashraf Memorial Society, Hyderabad

==See also==
{{portal|India}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | title=Unani medicine basic concepts and principles | publisher=Institute for Human Enhancements, Inc | author=Hakim Syed Khaleefathullah | year=1985 | location=Milwaukee, WI | oclc=20702718}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | url=http://www.frequency.com/video/prof-hakim-syed-khaleefathullah/165119125/-/5-48761 | title=Receiving the Padma Shri award | publisher=Frequency | date=2014 | access-date=28 September 2014 | archive-date=3 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232223/http://www.frequency.com/video/prof-hakim-syed-khaleefathullah/165119125/-/5-48761 | url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web | url=http://photos.outlookindia.com/default_vtl.aspx?pt=3&ptv=0&date=4/26/2014%2012:00:00%20AM&pgid=89072#TopImage | title=Padma Shri Award Ceremony | publisher=Outlook | date=26 April 2014 | access-date=28 September 2014}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khaleefathullah, Hakim Syed}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Unani practitioners]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]

D. B. Inamdar

2026-04-15T01:41:15Z

CharlineDiederic: Creating article!

{{Short description|Former Karnataka minister}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Danappagouda Basanagouda Inamdar
| image = 
| caption =
| office1 = [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|Minister of Information Technology]]
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 = Member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Kittur Assembly constituency|Kittur]]
| term_start2 = 1983
| term_end2 = 1989
| office3 = Member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly
| constituency3 = [[Kittur Assembly constituency|Kittur]]
| term_start3 = 1994
| term_end3 = 1999
| office4 = Member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly
| constituency4 = [[Kittur Assembly constituency|Kittur]]
| term_start4 = 1999
| term_end4 = 2004
| office5 = Member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly
| constituency5 = [[Kittur Assembly constituency|Kittur]]
| term_start5 = 2013
| term_end5 = 2018
| predecessor5 =
| successor5 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party = [[Janata Party]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Neginhal]], [[Karnataka]]
| death_date = 25 April 2023<ref name="Minister who started IT.Com D.B. Inamdar is no more">{{cite news |newspaper=The Hindu |title=Minister who started IT.Com D.B. Inamdar is no more |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/former-karnataka-minister-db-inamdar-no-more-itcom-kittur-mla/article66776367.ece |accessdate=28 November 2024 |date=25 April 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241128050326/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/former-karnataka-minister-db-inamdar-no-more-itcom-kittur-mla/article66776367.ece |archivedate=28 November 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Manipal Hospitals|Manipal Hospital]], [[Bengaluru, Karnataka]]
| spouse =
| parents = B.D. Inamdar
| children = 2 sons, 1 daughter
}}

'''Danappagouda Basanagouda Inamdar''' was an Indian politician and a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] who served as the Minister of [[Information technology in India|Information Technology]] for the state of [[Karnataka]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Patil |first=Sunil |date=2023-04-26 |title=Gentleman politician DB Inamdar passes away at 74 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2023/Apr/26/gentleman-politiciandb-inamdar-passes-away-at-74-2569479.html |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iq4kAQAAIAAJ&q=%22BD+inamdar%22 |title=The Annual Register of Indian Political Parties |date=1993 |publisher=Michiko & Panjathan |isbn=978-81-85355-00-9 |language=en}}</ref> Inamdar was elected to the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] five times, representing the [[Kittur Assembly constituency|Kittur constituency]] in the elections of [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]], [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]], [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]], [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]], and [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2023-04-26 |title=D.B. Inamdar buried in Neginal with state honours |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/db-inamdar-buried-in-neginal-with-state-honours/article66780683.ece |access-date=2024-09-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Inamdar was from [[Neginhal]] village in [[Kittur]] taluk and was popularly known across the state as ''Kittur Dhani''.<ref name=":02" />

== Career ==
Inamdar contested the Karnataka Assembly elections from the [[Kittur Assembly constituency|Kittur constituency]] nine times, winning five of those contests.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-25 |title=Minister who started IT.Com D.B. Inamdar is no more |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/former-karnataka-minister-db-inamdar-no-more-itcom-kittur-mla/article66776367.ece |access-date=2024-09-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He was elected as a [[Janata Party]] candidate in 1983 and 1985 and as a [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] candidate in 1994, 1999, and 2013.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Assembly |first=Mysore (India : State) Legislature Legislative |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aEkFAAAAMAAJ&q=%22BD+inamdar%22 |title=Who's who |date=1973 |publisher=Director of Printing, Stationery and Publications at the Government Press |language=en}}</ref> He was defeated in 1989, 2004 (twice), and 2018 by [[Suresh Marihal]] and [[Mahantesh Doddagoudar]], both of whom were considered his protégés.<ref name=":1" />

== Death ==
Inamdar had expressed his intention to contest the assembly elections for another term and was preparing for it in the Kittur constituency. He participated in the Congress Praja Dhwani program held in Kittur on 3 March. However, his health deteriorated shortly afterward, and he was admitted to [[Manipal Hospitals|Manipal Hospital]] in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] on 8 March after he complained of uneasiness and difficulty in breathing.<ref name=":02" />

His followers protested and urged the Congress leadership to award the ticket to his daughter-in-law, Laxmi Inamdar. However, the party chose [[Babasaheb Patil]] as its candidate, which upset the Inamdar family and their supporters, but they chose to remain silent as Inamdar's condition worsened. Inamdar had been receiving treatment for one month and died on a Tuesday morning in 2023.<ref name=":02" /> He is survived by two sons and a daughter.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:B. D., Inamdar}}
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]

Nawalgarh Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:31:12Z

CharlineDiederic: created a pg

{{short description|Constituency of the Rajasthan legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nawalgarh
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-29-Nawalgarh.svg
| mla = [[Vikram Singh Jakhal]]
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| latest_election_year = 2023
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Jhunjhunu district]]
| established = 1951
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 29
}}

'''Nawalgarh Assembly constituency''' is one of [[List of constituencies of Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha|constituencies]] of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] in the [[Jhunjhunu Lok Sabha constituency]].

Nawalgarh constituency covers all voters from [[Nawalgarh, Rajasthan|Nawalgarh tehsil]].<ref name="election2008">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order 2008]</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year!!Member !!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1951 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1951]] || [[Bhim Singh (Rajasthani politician)|Bhim Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad}}<ref name="election1951">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_Raj.pdf 1951 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| [[1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || [[Shri Ram Basotia (politician)|Shri Ram Basotia]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<ref name="election1957">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Rajasthan_1957.pdf 1957 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| [[1962 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1962]] ||Bhim Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name="election1962">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Rajasthan_1962.pdf 1962 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| [[1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || [[Sanwar Mal Basotia]] || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}<ref name="election1967">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Rajasthan%201967.pdf 1967 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| [[1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || [[Bhanwar Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name="election1972">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_RJ_72.pdf 1972 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| [[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || [[Navrang Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<ref name="election1977">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Rajasthan.pdf 1977 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| [[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Bhanwar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}<ref name="election1980">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Rajasthan.pdf 1980 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| [[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Navrang Singh || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}<ref name="election1985">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%201985%20Rajasthan.pdf 1985 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| [[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan=3|Bhanwar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<ref name="election1990">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_RJ_90.pdf 1990 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| [[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<ref name="election1993">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_RJ_93.pdf 1993 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<ref name="election1998">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-RAJ98.pdf 1998 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| [[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || [[Pratibha Singh (politician)|Pratibha Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<ref name="election2003">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_RAJ_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| [[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan=3|[[Dr Rajkumar Sharma]] || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<ref name="election2008-1">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/Stats_report_RJ2008.pdf 2008 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>
|-
| [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Vikram Singh Jakhal]]
|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Nawalgarh<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan General Legislative Election 2023|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/rajasthan-legislative-election-2023-including-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Vikram Singh Jakhal
|votes = {{formatnum:112037}}
|percentage = 53.96
|change = +30.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rajkumar Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:88857}}
|percentage = 42.8
|change = +0.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1352}}
|percentage = 0.65
|change = -0.14
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:23180}}
|percentage = 11.16
|change = -8.42
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:207626}}
|percentage = 73.99
|change = +2.27
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Nawalgarh<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Dr Rajkumar Sharma]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:79570}}
|percentage = 42.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ravi Saini
|votes = {{formatnum:43070}}
|percentage = 23.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vikram Singh Jakhal
|votes = {{formatnum:39259}}
|percentage = 21.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Pratibha Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:9610}}
|percentage = 5.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ram Avtar Narnolia
|votes = {{formatnum:5382}}
|percentage = 2.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sanjay Basotia
|votes = {{formatnum:1761}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1475}}
|percentage = 0.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:36500}}
|percentage = 19.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:186377}}
|percentage = 71.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)]]

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|27.85|75.27|display=title}}

[[Category:Jhunjhunu district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Priyanka Khimani

2026-04-12T13:46:20Z

CharlineDiederic: Created a post from scratch

{{Short description|Indian intellectual property lawyer}}
{{Orphan|date=February 2024}}

'''Priyanka Mohammed Hussain Khimani''' is an Indian [[intellectual property]] lawyer and former [[screenwriter]] from [[Mumbai]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/from-hardship-to-fame-the-remarkable-journey-of-lawyer-priyanka-khimani-6140071.html|title=From hardship to fame, the remarkable journey of lawyer Priyanka Khimani|date=November 21, 2020|website=Moneycontrol}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.femina.in/trending/achievers/an-unrivalled-journey-in-law-and-entertainment-meet-priyanka-khimani-243084.html|title=An Unrivalled Journey in Law and Entertainment: Meet Priyanka Khimani | Femina.in|website=www.femina.in}}</ref> Her clients have included [[AP Dhillon]],<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/women-entrepreneur/meet-the-legal-eagle-of-the-indian-music-entertainment/443721|title=Meet The Legal Eagle Of The Indian Music Entertainment Industry|first=Kabir Singh|last=Bhandari|date=January 27, 2023|website=Entrepreneur}}</ref> [[A.R Rahman]], [[Prateek Kuhad]], [[Divine (rapper)]], [[Badshah (rapper)]], [[Anurag Kashyap]], [[Sameer Saxena (filmmaker)|Sameer Saxena]], [[Arijit Singh]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Shankar Ehsaan Loy]], [[Sushmita Sen]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/292361/inspiring-story-of-priyanka-khimani-lawyer-for-biggest-stars-of-bollywood/|title=Working from Age 15 to Support Family, Lawyer Represents India’s Biggest Stars Today|first=Rinchen Norbu|last=Wangchuk|date=July 29, 2022|website=The Better India}}</ref> [[Sushant Singh Rajput]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/sushant-singh-rajput-s-lawyer-i-never-met-disha-salian-linking-her-with-him-was-bizarre-1711606-2020-08-15|title=Sushant Singh Rajput's lawyer: I never met Disha Salian, linking her with him was bizarre|website=India Today}}</ref> [[Sonu Nigam]] and [[Lata Mangeshkar]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/film-theatre/priyanka-khimani-billboard/|title=Who Is Priyanka Khimani? Only Executive From India To Get Featured In Billboard|first=Anshika|last=Sharma|website=www.shethepeople.tv}}</ref>

Khimani was included in ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' magazine's 2023 [[Billboard Women in Music|''Billboard'' Women in Music]] list,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/h/management-legal-finance-branding-business-multisector-executives/|title=Management, Legal, Finance, Branding, Multisector, Business Executives|first=Thom|last=Duffy|date=February 23, 2023}}</ref> and is the only Indian executive to have been included in the list.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/women-entrepreneur/this-is-the-only-indian-to-be-part-of-the-billboard-women/446744|title=This Is The Only Indian To Be Part Of The Billboard Women In Music List 2023|first=Kabir Singh|last=Bhandari|date=March 2, 2023|website=Entrepreneur}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>

==Early life==
Khimani grew up in a [[chawl]] with her parents in [[Mahim]] in Mumbai.<ref name="MC">{{Cite web |date=2023-02-10 |title=Celebrity lawyer Priyanka Khimani’s journey from Mumbai chawl to Nariman Point office |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/from-a-chawl-in-mumbai-to-the-face-of-entertainment-law-in-india-meet-priyanka-khimani-10051411.html |website=www.moneycontrol.com}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> While going to college, she worked as a [[screenwriter]] for [[Tamanna House]] at the age of 15.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/weekend/celebrity-lawyer-priyanka-khimani-i-credit-my-success-as-an-entertainment-rights-expert-to-my-early-training-in-the-industry|title=Celebrity lawyer Priyanka Khimani: 'I credit my success as an entertainment rights expert to my early training in the industry'|website=Free Press Journal}}</ref>

==Career==
Khiman's law firm Khimani & Associates has its office in [[Nariman Point]].<ref name="MC" /> She was also announced as a board of member alongside [[Alex Rigopulos]] for [[Songtradr]] in June 2024. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/business/business-news/songtradr-alex-rigopulos-priyanka-khimani-board-directors-1235711052/|title=Songtradr Names Alex Rigopulos and Priyanka Khimani to Board of Directors|first=Lars|last=Brandle|date=June 18, 2024}}</ref> Her first legal case was for Indian singer [[Lata Mangeshkar]].<ref name="auto1"/> She represented Bollywood director [[Anurag Kashyap]] on [[MeToo movement in India|#MeToo]] allegations. She also handled rapper [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] case which was interrogated by [[Mumbai Police]] related to fake social media followers.<ref name=":0" /> Khimani also negotiated singer [[AP Dhillon]] deal for [[Lollapalooza]]'s Indian debut.<ref name="auto2"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khimani, Priyanka}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women lawyers]]
[[Category:Music industry executives]]
[[Category:Intellectual property lawyers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kareli, Prayagraj

2026-04-01T17:26:56Z

CharlineDiederic: adding the stub added tags

{{Short description|Neighborhood of Prayagraj, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kareli
| native_name =
| settlement_type = Neighborhood
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| flag_alt =
| image_seal =
| seal_alt =
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| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
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| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| government_footnotes =
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| leader_title =
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| area_water_percent =
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_ft =
| population_footnotes = {{fact|date=May 2018}}
| population_total = 1858
| population_as_of = 2009
| population_density_sq_mi = auto
| population_est =
| pop_est_as_of =
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| timezone1 = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|Eastern]]
| utc_offset1 = -5
| timezone1_DST = EDT
| utc_offset1_DST = -4
| postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]
| postal_code = 211016
| area_code_type = [[Area code]]
| area_code = 0532
| website =
| footnotes =
| area_total_acre = 228
| area_water_acre = 3
| area_land_acre = 225
}}
'''Kareli''' (officially known as '''Kareli Scheme''') is a residential neighborhood of [[Prayagraj]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Fire breaks out in slums in Kareli, Prayagraj: Fire near colony owned by mafia leader Atiq Ahmed's henchman causes panic |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/prayagraj/news/fire-broke-out-in-a-hut-in-kareli-prayagraj-134754625.html |access-date=1 April 2026 |website=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh: Three miscreants nabbed in Prayagraj encounter |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/uttar-pradesh-three-miscreants-nabbed-in-prayagraj-encounter20250707092332/ |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> Developed by Awas Vikas in 1979, it was one of the biggest planned neighborhoods in [[India]].

The neighborhood is sub divided into neighborhoods like [[GTB Nagar, Allahabad|GTB Nagar]], Gaus Nagar, Shams Nagar and Rehmat Nagar Colony. Kareli is the second largest colony of India in terms of Area and is one of the most expensive residential localities of Prayagraj. It is also known as Officer's colony by the localas as the large number of people who served as government servants like IAS, IPS, PCS, etc inhabited the place.

==Details==
The neighborhood was predominantly occupied by the members of the mercantile middle class of Meerapur and [[Attarsuiya]], and white collar workers from several [[public sector undertaking]]s and private companies established in the new industrial region of [[Naini, Prayagraj|Naini]].

It was later overwhelmed by a richer population after the oil boom and privatization. However it is not maintained well. The roads have so many mudholes.

The majority of the people are members of the salaried class rather than business owners.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Prayagraj]]
{{Allahabad-geo-stub}}

The Lives of a Bengal Lancer (book)

2026-03-27T05:45:44Z

CharlineDiederic: added info - done

{{Short description|1930 autobiography of Francis Yeats-Brown}}
{{Infobox book
| name = The Lives of a Bengal Lancer
| image = File:The_Lives_of_a_Bengal_Lancer,_Book_Cover,_1930,_Viking_Press.png
| caption = The Lives of a Bengal Lancer
| author = [[Francis Yeats-Brown]]
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| genre = [[Autobiography]]
| publisher = The Viking Press
| pub_date = 1930
| pages = 304
| isbn = 978-141-791-294-0
}}

'''''The Lives of a Bengal Lancer''''' is a 1930 [[autobiography]] of British cavalry officer [[Francis Yeats-Brown]] published by [[The Viking Press]].<ref name="Good Reads"/> The autobiography's release was met with highly positive reviews and Yeats-Brown was awarded the [[James Tait Black Memorial Prize]] of 1930.<ref>[http://awardsandwinners.com/category/james-tait-black-memorial-prize/1930/ "1930 James Tait Black Memorial Prize"]. Awards & Winners. Retrieved 13 September 2014.</ref>

In 1935, the book was made into a [[The Lives of a Bengal Lancer (film)|Hollywood blockbuster by the same name]] starring [[Gary Cooper]], [[Franchot Tone]], [[Richard Cromwell (actor)|Richard Cromwell]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090511134219/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/29736/Lives-of-a-Bengal-Lancer/details "The Lives of a Bengal Lancer"]. The New York Times. Retrieved 13 September 2014.</ref> The film was nominated for seven [[Academy Awards]] including Best Director, Best Original Screenplay, and Best Picture.<ref>[http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1936 "The 8th Academy Awards - Nominees and Winners"]. Oscars. Retrieved 13 September 2014.</ref> The film does not follow the plot of the book.

== Plot ==
In 1905, Francis Yeats-Brown, then a young cavalryman, arrives in [[Bengal]] to serve in the [[Bengal Lancers|17th Bengal Lancers]] on the [[North-West Frontier Province|Northwest Frontier]] of [[British Raj|British India]]. He quickly discovers that life in the presence of his fellow soldiers is anything but boring. When not on [[active duty]], he spends his time riding horses around the countryside, hunting boars, smoking tobacco and studying Indian mysticism. He sees active service in [[France]] in 1914 and becomes a military air observer in [[Mesopotamia]] in 1915. He eventually becomes a [[prisoner of war]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]] and makes unsuccessful attempts at escape. Yeats-Brown returns to India in 1919, continues to serve in the Cavalry and continues to study [[yoga]].

== See also ==
* [[The Lives of a Bengal Lancer (film)|''The Lives of a Bengal Lancer'' (film)]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2|refs=
<ref name="Good Reads">[http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1913338.The_Lives_of_a_Bengal_Lancer "The Lives of a Bengal Lancer"]. Good Reads. Retrieved 13 September 2014.</ref>
}}

==External links==
* {{FadedPage|id=201410L7|name=The Lives of a Bengal Lancer}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lives of a Bengal Lancer}}
[[Category:1930 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Books about India]]
[[Category:Autobiographies adapted into films]]
[[Category:British autobiographies]]
[[Category:English-language non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Viking Press books]]
[[Category:British India in fiction]]

Amritsar–Jammu main line

2026-03-18T11:07:38Z

CharlineDiederic:

{{Short description|Rail line in Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox rail line
| name = Amritsar – Jammu main line
| native_name =
| color =
| image = Pathankot junction Railway station.png
| image_width =
| caption = {{rws|Pathankot Junction}} is an important Railway Station on Amritsar–Jammu main line
| type = Regional rail, Passenger and Freight
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Punjab]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| start = [[Amritsar Junction]] ('''ASR''')
| end = [[Jammu Tawi]] ('''JAT''')
| stations = 9
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| website =
| open = 1975
| owner = Indian Railways
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| character =
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength =
| tracklength = {{convert|216|km|abbr=on}}
| tracks = 2
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| old_gauge =
| minradius_m =
| electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] overhead line
| speed = Up to 110 km/h
| elevation = *{{stnlnk|Amritsar Junction}} {{convert|233|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
*{{stnlnk|Beas Junction}} {{convert|234|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
*{{stnlnk|Jalandhar Cantonment}} {{convert|256|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
*{{stnlnk|Pathankot Cantonment}}{{convert|352|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
*{{stnlnk|Jammu Tawi}} {{convert|414|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| racksystem =
| map = {{Amritsar–Jammu main line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
The '''Amritsar–Jammu main railway line''' is a broad gauge railway line connecting [[Amritsar]] in [[Punjab]] to [[Jammu Tawi]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. The line is operational and serves as a vital corridor for both passenger and freight trains in [[North India|northern India]]. The route also serves pilgrims traveling to [[Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first= Suman |date=10 March 2025 |title=Punjab Railways Suspend Night Operations In Border Areas Of Jammu, Punjab |url= |work=[[NDTV]] |pages=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Karun |date=11 August 2025 |title=Ravneet Bittu Expresses Gratitude to Prime Minister for New Vande Bharat Train from Katra to Amritsar |work=[[Hans India]] |pages=2}}</ref>

== History ==
The line was constructed in the year 1975 to enhance connectivity between [[Punjab]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. Over the years, it has undergone upgrades, including track doubling and partial electrification to improve speed and efficiency.

== Route and major stations ==
The line covers a distance of approximately 207 km, with the following major stations:
* [[Amritsar Junction railway station|Amritsar Junction]] (ASR)
* [[Verka Junction railway station|Verka Junction]] (VKA)
* [[Batala Junction railway station|Batala Junction]] (BAT)
* [[Dignagar railway station|Dina Nagar]] (DNN)
* [[Dhariwal, India|Dhariwal]] (DHW)
* [[Gurdaspur railway station|Gurdaspur]] (GSP)
* [[Pathankot Junction railway station|Pathankot Junction]] (PTK)
* [[Hira Nagar railway station|Hira Nagar]] (HRNR)
* [[Jammu Tawi railway station|Jammu Tawi]] (JAT)

== Electrification ==
The line has been partially electrified with [[25 kV AC railway electrification|25 kV 50 Hz AC]] overhead traction. Full electrification is planned to further improve operational efficiency.

== Services ==
Several trains operate on this route, including:
* [[Bathinda–Jammu Tawi Express (via Firozpur)|Bathinda–Jammu Tawi Express]] (19225)
* [[SMVD Katra–Amritsar Vande Bharat Express]] (26405)
* Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra Express (SBIB SVDK Express, 19415)
* [[Tatanagar-Jammu Tawi Express|Tata–Jammu Tawi Express]] (18101)
* [[Sambalpur–Jammu Tawi Express]] (18309)

== Future developments ==
There are proposals for high-speed rail corridors on this route, which aim to reduce travel time and increase capacity. Other modernization projects include further electrification and track doubling.

== See also ==
* [[Indian Railways]]
* [[Northern Railway zone]]
* [[Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra railway station]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://indianrailways.gov.in/ Official Indian Railways Website]
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/ Indian Railways Train Website]

[[Category:Railway lines in India]]

Iltutmish

2026-03-12T07:22:54Z

CharlineDiederic: add information also and improved wording per sources

{{short description|Sultan of Delhi from 1211 to 1236}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Shams-ud-Din Iltutmish
| title = Sultan, Nasir Amir al-Mu'minin, Yamin Khalifat Allah
| image = Islamic Sultanates. Delhi. Shams al-Dīn Iltutmish. AH 607-633 AD 1210-1235. AR Tanka (25mm, 11.07 g, 6h). Sind type.jpg
| caption = Coinage of Shams al-Dīn Iltutmish (AH 607-633 AD 1210–1235). AR Tanka (25mm, 11.07 g, 6h). Sind type.
| succession = [[Sultan of Delhi]] [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)#Sultans|Mamluk Emperor]]
| reign = June 1211 – 30 April 1236
| predecessor = [[Aram Shah]]
| successor = [[Rukn ud din Firuz]]
| birth_date = 1192
| death_place = [[Delhi]], [[Delhi Sultanate]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1236|04|30|1192|||df=yes}}
| burial_place = [[Qutb Complex]], [[Mehrauli]], [[Delhi]]
| spouses = Turkan Khatun, a daughter of [[Qutub-ud-din Aibak]] (Chief consort)<ref>Minhaj-i-Siraj, "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri" translated by Major HG Raverty (1873), p. 676.</ref>{{primary source inline|date=January 2023}} [[Shah Turkan]] Malikah-i-Jahan<ref>Minhaj-i-Siraj, "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri" translated by Major HG Raverty (1873), p. 676.</ref>{{primary source inline|date=January 2023}}
| birth_place = [[Central Asia]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Sunil |editor1-last=Chatterjee |editor1-first=Indrani |editor2-last=Eaton |editor2-first=Richard M. |publisher=Indiana University Press |title=Slavery and South Asian History |date=2006 |page=91 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/12991 |chapter=Service, Status, and Military Slavery in the Delhi Sultanate:Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries |isbn=978-0-253-11671-0 |quote=Juzjani provided rare details about how Iltutmish was enslaved as a youth in the Central Asian steppes... |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-date=21 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921063858/https://muse.jhu.edu/book/12991 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| father = Ilam Khan
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| issue = [[Nasiruddin Mahmud (eldest son of Iltutmish)|Nasiruddin Mahmud]] [[Sultan Razia]] [[Muiz ud din Bahram]] [[Ruknuddin Firuz]] [[Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah, Sultan of Delhi|Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah]] (possibly a grandson{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|pp=256}}{{sfn|Jaswant Lal Mehta|1979|p=105}}) Ghiyasuddin Muhammad Shah<ref>Minhaj-i-Siraj, "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri" translated by Major HG Raverty (1873), p. 625, 633.</ref> Jalaluddin Masud Shah<ref>Minhaj-i-Siraj, "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri" translated by Major HG Raverty (1873), p. 625, 661.</ref> Shihabuddin Muhammad <ref>Minhaj-i-Siraj, "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri" translated by Major HG Raverty (1873), p. 625.</ref> Qutbuddin Muhammad <ref>Minhaj-i-Siraj, "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri" translated by Major HG Raverty (1873), p. 625, 633.</ref> unnamed daughter<ref>Minhaj-i-Siraj, "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri" translated by Major HG Raverty (1873), p. 650, 661.</ref> Shazia Begum <ref>{{Cite web |title=Grave of Delhi's only woman Sultan lies forgotten |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/delhi/report-grave-of-delhi-s-only-woman-sultan-lies-forgotten-2511721/amp |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=www.dnaindia.com |archive-date=6 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106234618/https://www.dnaindia.com/delhi/report-grave-of-delhi-s-only-woman-sultan-lies-forgotten-2511721/amp |url-status=live }}</ref> {{primary source inline|date=January 2023}}
}}

'''Shams ud-Din Iltutmish''' ({{langx|fa|شمس الدین اِیلتِتْمِشْ}}, 1192 – 30 April 1236) was the third [[List of sultans of Delhi|Sultan of Delhi]] from 1211 to 1236. He was from the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk dynasty]], who ruled the former [[Ghurid Empire|Ghurid]] territories in northern India. He was the first Muslim sovereign to rule from [[Delhi]], and is thus considered the effective founder of the [[Delhi Sultanate]].

Sold into slavery as a young boy, Iltutmish spent his early life in [[Bukhara]] and [[Ghazni]] under multiple masters. In the late 1190s, the [[Ghurid]] slave-commander [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak]] purchased him in Delhi, thus making him the slave of a slave. Iltutmish rose to prominence in Aibak's service, and was granted the important [[iqta']] of [[Badaun]]. His military actions against the [[Khokhar]] rebels in [[Battle of Jhelum (1206)|1205–1206]] gained attention of the Ghurid ruler [[Muhammad of Ghor]], who [[manumission|manumitted]] him even before his master Aibak was manumitted.

After Muhammad of Ghor's assassination in 1206, Aibak became a practically independent ruler of the Ghurid territories in India, with his headquarters at [[Lahore]]. After Aibak's death, Iltutmish dethroned his unpopular successor [[Aram Shah]] in 1211, and set up his capital at [[Delhi]]. He then consolidated his rule by subjugating several dissidents, and fighting against other former Ghurid slaves, such as [[Taj al-Din Yildiz]] and [[Nasir ad-Din Qabacha]]. During 1225–1227, he subjugated Aibak's former subordinates who had carved out an independent kingdom headquartered at [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]] in eastern India. He also asserted his authority over Ranthambore (1226) and [[Mandore]] (1227), whose Hindu chiefs had declared independence after Aibak's death.

In the early 1220s, Iltutmish had largely stayed away from the Indus Valley region, which was embroiled in conflicts between Qabacha, the [[Khwarazmian dynasty]], and the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]]. In 1228, he invaded the Indus Valley region, defeated Qabacha, and annexed large parts of Punjab and Sindh to his empire. Subsequently, the [[Abbasid caliph]] [[Al-Mustansir I|al-Mustansir]] recognized his authority in India. Over the next few years, Iltutmish suppressed a rebellion in Bengal, captured [[Gwalior]], raided the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]]-controlled cities of [[Bhilsa]] and [[Ujjain]] in central India, and expelled Khwarazmian subordinates in the north-west. His officers also attacked and plundered the [[Chandela]]-controlled [[Kalinjar Fort|Kalinjar]] area.

Iltutmish organized the administration of the Sultanate, laying the foundation for its dominance over northern India until the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] invasion. He introduced the silver ''tanka'' and the copper ''jital'' – the two basic coins of the Sultanate period, with a standard weight of 175 grains. He set up the Iqtadari system: division of empire into Iqtas, which were assigned to the nobles and officers in lieu of salary. He erected many buildings, including [[mosque]]s, ''[[khanqah]]s'' (monasteries), ''[[dargah]]s'' (shrines or graves of influential people) and a reservoir (''hawz'') for pilgrims.

== Names and titles ==

The name "Iltutmish" literally means "maintainer of the kingdom" in Turkic. Since vowel marks are generally [[Abjad|omitted]] in the historical Persian language manuscripts, different 19th-20th century writers read Iltutmish's name variously as "Altamish", "Altamsh", "Iyaltimish", and "Iletmish".<ref>{{harvnb|K. A. Nizami|1992|pp=209–210}}:"There has been considerable controversy during the last several decades regarding the pronunciation and the orthography of the Sultan's name. Contemporary Persian textsTajul Ald'asir, Tarikh-iFakhruddin Mubarak Shah, Adabul Harb and Tabagat-i Nasiri-as well as the inscriptions on buildings and coins have been differently read and differently interpreted by different writers. Elphinstone spelt
the name as 'Altamish;! CJliot as 'Altamsh';2 and Raverty as Tyaltimish. In 1907 Barthold suggested that the word was really IItutmish'maintainer of the kingdom' and advanced convincing arguments in support of his view"</ref> However, several verses by contemporary poets, in which the Sultan's name occurs, rhyme properly only if the name is pronounced "Iltutmish". Moreover, a 1425-1426 ([[Hijri year|AH]] 829) ''Tajul-Ma'asir'' manuscript shows the vowel "u" in the Sultan's name, which confirms that "Iltutmish" is the correct reading of the name.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=209}}

Iltutmish's inscriptions mention several of his grandiloquent titles, including:{{sfn|André Wink|1991|pp=154-155}}

* ''Maula muluk al-arab wa-l-ajam'' ("King of the Kings of the Arabs and the Persians"), a title used by earlier Muslim kings including the [[Ghaznavid]] ruler [[Mas'ud I of Ghazni|Mas'ud]]
* ''Maula muluk al-turk wa-l'ajam'', ''Saiyid as-salatin al-turk wa-l'ajam'', ''Riqab al-imam maula muluk al-turk wa-l-ajam'' ("Master of Kings of the Turks and the Persians")
* ''Hindgir'' ("Conqueror of [[Hindustan|Hind]]")
* ''Sultan Salatin ash-Sharq'' ("[[Sultan of Sultans|the Sultan of the Sultans]] of the East")
* ''Shah-i-Sharq'' ("King of the East")
* ''[[Shahanshah]]'' ("[[King of Kings]]"), a title of the emperors of Persia

In [[Sanskrit language]] inscriptions of the Delhi Sultanate, he has been referred to as "Lititmisi" (a rendering of "Iltutmish"); ''Suritan Sri Samasadin'' or ''Samusdina'' (a rendering of his title "Sultan Shamsuddin"); or ''Turushkadhipamadaladan'' ("the [[Turkic people|Turushka]] Lord").{{sfn|André Wink|1991|p=154}}

== Early life ==

=== Outside India ===

Iltutmish was born in an affluent family: his father Ilam Khan was a leader of the Ilbari [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] tribe. According to [[Minhaj-i-Siraj|Minhaj]]'s ''[[Tabaqat-i Nasiri]]'', he was a handsome and intelligent boy, because of which his brothers grew jealous of him; these brothers sold him to a slave dealer at a horse show. Minhaj's narrative appears to be inspired by the Quranic story of [[Joseph in Islam#The plot against Joseph|Hazrat Yusuf]] ([[Joseph (Genesis)|Joseph]]), who was sold into slavery by his jealous brothers.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=210}}

According to Minhaj, as a young boy, Iltutmish was brought to [[Bukhara]], where he was re-sold to the local ''Sadr-i Jahan'' (officer in charge of religious matters and endowments). There are several anecdotes about Iltutmish's childhood interest in religious mysticism. According to a story narrated by Iltutmish himself in Minhaj's book, once a family member of the ''Sadr-i Jahan'' gave him some money and asked him to bring some grapes from the market. Iltutmish lost the money on the way to the market, and started crying fearing punishment from his master. A [[dervish]] ([[Sufi]] religious leader) noticed him, and bought the grapes for him in exchange for a promise that he would treat religious devotees and ascetics well upon becoming powerful.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=211}} The writings of [[Isami (historian)|Isami]] and some other sources suggest that Iltutmish also spent some time in [[Baghdad]], where he met noted Sufi mystics such as [[Shahab al-Din Abu Hafs Umar Suhrawardi]] and [[Auhaduddin Kermani]].{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=211}}

Minhaj states that the family of ''Sadr-i Jahan'' treated Iltutmish well, and later sold him to a merchant called Bukhara Haji. Iltutmish was subsequently sold to a merchant called Jamaluddin Muhammad Chust Qaba, who brought him to [[Ghazni]]. The arrival of a handsome and intelligent slave in the town was reported to the [[Ghurid Empire|Ghurid]] king [[Muhammad of Ghor|Mu'izz ad-Din]], who offered 1,000 gold coins for Iltutmish and another slave named Tamghaj Aibak. When Jamaluddin refused the offer, the king banned the sale of these slaves in Ghazni. A year later, Jamaluddin went to Bukhara, and stayed there for three years with the slaves.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=211}}

=== In Qutb al-Din's service ===
Subsequently, Iltutmish's master Jamaluddin returned to Ghazni, where Mu'izz ad-Din's slave-commander [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]] noticed Iltutmish.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=211}} Qutb al-Din, who had just returned from a campaign in [[Gujarat]] (c. 1197), sought Mu'izz ad-Din's permission to purchase Iltutmish and Tamghaj. Since their sale had been banned in Ghazni, Mu'izz ad-Din directed them to be taken to [[Delhi]]. In Delhi, Jamaluddin sold Iltutmish and Tamghaj to Qutb al-Din for 100,000 ''jitals'' (silver or copper coins). Tamghaj rose to the position of the muqta (provincial governor) of Tabarhinda (possibly modern [[Bathinda]]), while Iltutmish became the ''sar-jandar'' (head of bodyguard).{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=212}}

Iltutmish rose rapidly in Qutb al-Din's service, attaining the rank of ''Amir-i Shikar'' (superintendent of the hunt). After the Ghurid conquest of [[Gwalior]] in 1200, he was appointed the ''[[Emir|Amir]]'' of the town, and later, he was granted the [[iqta']] of [[Bulandshahr|Baran]]. His efficient governance prompted Qutb al-Din to grant him the iqta' of [[Badaun]], which according to Minhaj, was the most important one in the [[Delhi Sultanate]].{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=212}}

{{Main|Battle of Jhelum (1206)}}
In 1205–1206, Sultan Mu'izz ad-Din summoned Qutb al-Din's forces for his campaign against the [[Khokhar]] rebels. During this campaign, Iltutmish's Badaun contingent forced the Khokhars into the middle of the [[Jhelum river]], and killed them there. Mu'izz ad-Din noticed Iltutmish, and made inquiries about him.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=212}} The Sultan subsequently presented Iltutmish with a robe of honour, and asked Aibak to treat him well. Minhaj states that Mu'izz ad-Din also ordered Iltutmish's deed of [[manumission]] to be drawn on this occasion, which would mean that Iltutmish - a slave of a slave until this point - was manumitted even before his own master Aibak had been manumitted. However, Iltutmish's manumission doesn't appear to have been well-publicized because [[Ibn Battuta]] states that at the time of his ascension a few years later, an [[ulama]] deputation led by Qazi Wajihuddin Kashani waited to find if he had obtained a deed of manumission or not.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=213}}

== Ascension and consolidation of power ==
After Mu'izz ad-Din's death in 1206, Qutb al-Din became the ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, which evolved independent of the former Ghurid Empire. In 1210, when Qutb al-Din Aibak died unexpectedly in [[Lahore]], the local nobles appointed [[Aram Shah]] as his successor to prevent instability in the kingdom.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=206}} However, the nobles in other parts of the Sultanate opposed this decision, and proposed Iltutmish as an alternative, because Aibak used to call him a son, and because he had a distinguished record of service. These nobles, led by the military justiciar (''Amir-i Dad'') Ali-yi Ismail, invited him to occupy the throne.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|pp=207-208}}

Iltutmish marched to Delhi, where he seized the power, and later defeated Aram Shah's forces.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=29}} Some nobles rebelled against his seizure of power, but Iltutmish subjugated them, and had many of them beheaded.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=208}}

Minhaj-i-Siraj states that after Aibak's death, the former Ghurid dominions of India (''Mamalik-i-Hindustan'') had been divided into four parts, centred at:{{sfn|André Wink|1991|p=152}}{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=30}}

* Delhi, controlled by Iltutmish
* Sindh, controlled by [[Nasir ad-Din Qabacha]], a former Ghurid slave, who had been muqta (provincial governor) of [[Uch]] since 1204
* [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]], controlled by [[Ali Mardan Khalji]], a former governor who proclaimed independence and styled himself as Sultan Ala al-Din
* [[Lahore]], contested between Qabacha, [[Taj al-Din Yildiz|Yildiz]], and Iltutmish

=== Delhi's dependencies ===

Several Muslim officers, who administered Delhi's dependencies during Aibak's reign, did not recognize Iltutmish's authority. According to [[Minhaj-i-Siraj|Minhaj]], Iltutmish re-asserted Delhi's control over [[Badaun]], [[Awadh]], [[Varanasi|Banaras]], and [[Sapadalaksha|Siwalik]] in a series of campaigns. For example, Iltutmish captured Banaras after defeating Qaymaz, who was presumably a former officer of Aibak.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=29}}

By the time of Iltutmish's ascension, Delhi's hold over various [[Hindu]] chiefs had weakened, and some of them - such as those of [[Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura|Ranthambore]] and [[Chahamanas of Jalor|Jalor]] - had declared independence.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=213}} During the first few years of his reign, Iltutmish's other preoccupations appear to have prevented him from campaigning against these chiefs. [[Hasan Nizami]] refers to an undated expedition against Jalor, which may have taken place sometime after his victory over Aram Shah.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=30}}

=== Defeat of Yildiz ===

The Ghurid capital of [[Ghazni]] was controlled by [[Taj al-Din Yildiz]], a former slave who claimed to be the rightful successor to the Ghurid emperor. After Iltutmish suppressed the rival claimants to the throne, Yildiz sent him a royal umbrella (''chatr'') and a baton (''durbash''): these gifts implied that Iltutmish was a subordinate ruler. Iltutmish did not want an immediate confrontation, and accepted these gifts.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=213}} Iltutmish's earliest inscription, dated October 1211, styles him as a subordinate king - ''al-Malik al-Mu'azzam'' ("the great chief"), rather than as an imperial ''[[Sultan]]''.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=30}}{{sfn|F. B. Flood|2009|p=228}}

Meanwhile, taking advantage of the succession conflict between Aram Shah and Iltutmish, Qabacha had captured Lahore in 1211.{{sfn|André Wink|1991|p=153}} Shortly after this, a [[Khwarazmian dynasty|Khwarazmian]] invasion forced Yildiz to leave Ghazni. Yildiz migrated eastwards, displaced Qabacha from Lahore, and captured parts of the [[Punjab]] region. Iltutmish became concerned that Yildiz would ultimately try to occupy Delhi, and marched against him.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=214}}

Yildiz sent a message to Iltutmish, declaring that he was the real successor of Mu'izz ad-Din and thus, had claims to the former Ghurid territories in India. According to [[Isami (historian)|Isami]]'s ''[[Futuh-us-Salatin]]'', Iltutmish replied that the days of such hereditary claims were over:{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=214}}

{{blockquote|You know that today the dominion of the world is enjoyed by the one who possesses the greatest strength. The principle of hereditary succession is not extinct, [but] long ago destiny abolished this custom.|author=Iltutmish{{sfn|André Wink|1991|p=153}}}}

Iltutmish offered to engage in a negotiation provided both men came to the meeting unaccompanied by any warriors.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=214}} Yildiz refused the offer, resulting a battle at [[Tarain]] on 25 January 1216, which resulted in Iltutmish's victory.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=30}}{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=214}} Isami states that Yildiz managed to escape to [[Asigarh Fort|Hansi]], while the earlier chronicler [[Hasan Nizami]] states that he was injured by an arrow and captured on the battlefield. Yildiz was later taken to Iltutmish's stronghold of [[Budaun|Badaun]], where he was killed. Iltutmish's success in this conflict reinforced the Delhi Sultanate's independent status.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=214}}

=== Initial conflict with Qabacha ===

Iltutmish's victory over Yildiz did not result in any substantial increase in his territory.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=30}} He did not immediately assert his control over the Punjab region, and Qabacha regained control of Lahore.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=215}} By this time, Qabacha had assumed the sovereign title of Sultan, and controlled a vast territory that included coastal Sindh, [[Sehwan Sharif|Siwistan]], Bhakkar, and Multan.{{sfn|André Wink|1991|p=153}}

Subsequently, Qabacha tried to conquer a greater part of Punjab: according to [[Firishta]], he sought to extend his authority as far as [[Sirhind]] in the east. This prompted Iltutmish to march against him in 1217.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=214}} Qabacha initially retreated, but Iltutmish's army chased him and defeated him at a place called Mansura, which was located on the banks of the [[Chenab River]].{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=215}} Iltutmish then captured Lahore in the winter of 1216–1217, and appointed his son [[Nasiruddin Mahmud (eldest son of Iltutmish)|Nasiruddin Mahmud]] to govern it.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=215}} Lahore remained contested in the subsequent years; for example, at the time of Khwarazmian invasion of the region (see below), it was under the control of Qabacha's son.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=30}}

Qabacha seems to have posed a serious threat to Iltutmish, as suggested by [[Muhammad Aufi]] in ''[[Lubab ul-Albab]]''. Aufi, writing shortly before the Khwarazmian invasion, expresses hope that his patron Qabacha will soon conquer the whole of Hindustan. Aufi also mentions that Ahmad Jamaji, who was Iltutmish's governor of [[Bahraich]], defected to Qabacha in 1220.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|pp=30-31}}

=== Khwarazmian threat ===

The [[Khwarazmian dynasty|Khwarazmshahs]], who had taken over the western part of the former Ghurid Empire, suffered a [[Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire|Mongol invasion]] in 1220. After being defeated at the [[Battle of Indus]] in 1221, the Khwarazmshah [[Jalal al-Din Mangburni]] escaped to the [[Punjab]] region.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|pp=32-33}} He entered into a matrimonial alliance with the local [[Khokhar]] chief Rai Khokhar Sankin,{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|pp=215-216}} and defeated other regional rulers, including Qabacha.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=33}}

The Mongol leader [[Genghis Khan]] briefly considered returning to Mongolia through a shorter route which involved crossing the Himalayan foothills. He sent envoys to Iltutmish, asking for the Delhi Sultan's permission to pass through India. No extant sources provide any information about the result of this embassy, but it appears that Genghis Khan abandoned his plan to pass through India. According to the Persian historian [[Ata-Malik Juvayni]], Genghis Khan advanced eastwards into India, but failed to find a suitable route, and therefore, exited the country via [[Peshawar]].{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=34}} It is possible that Genghis Khan, through his envoys, asked Iltutmish to not aid Jalal ad-Din: Iltutmish seems to have obliged.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=216}}

Meanwhile, Jalal ad-Din established himself in the [[Sindh Sagar Doab]] in the Punjab region, and captured the fort of [[Pasrur]]. He sent his envoy Ainul Mulk to Iltutmish, seeking an alliance against the Mongols, and requesting for a safe place to stay. According to Juvayni, after deliberating over the matter for several days, Iltutmish refused to provide him a residence on the excuse that no place in his kingdom have a suitable climate or a locality fit for a king.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=216}} Iltutmish also had the envoy killed, and sent troops to aid Qabacha against Jalal ad-Din .{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=33}} [[Minhaj-i-Siraj|Minhaj]], another Persian historian, states that Iltutmish himself led an army against Jalal ad-Din.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|pp=216-217}} Only the vanguards of the two armies clashed, and the two rulers withdrew after exchanging friendly messages.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=33}}

Meanwhile, Qabacha - who had earlier accepted Jalal ad-Din's suzerainty - rebelled against him, and this conflict kept Jalal ad-Din busy.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=217}} Jalal-ad-Din carried out some more campaigns in India, including a raid in [[Gujarat]], but none against Iltutmish. He left the Indian frontier in 1223–1224; according to his biographer [[Shihab al-Din Muhammad al-Nasawi]], he did so because he received the news that Iltutmish, Qabacha, and several Hindu chiefs ("rais and thakurs") had formed an alliance against him.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=33}} The Mongols also maintained a presence in the region: for example, Genghis Khan's general besieged Qabacha in Multan in 1224, before retreating because of hot weather.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=34}}

Until Genghis Khan's death in 1227, Iltutmish chose not to get involved in the politics of the Indus valley region to avoid a potential conflict with the Mongols.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=217}}

== Territorial expansion ==
{{See also|Siege of Kalinjar}}

=== Eastern India and Rajasthan ===
[[File:Islamic Sultanates. Bengal. Ghiyath al-Din 'Iwad. Governor, AH 614-616 AD 1217-1220. Struck in the name of Shams al-Din Iltutmish, Sultan of Dehli.jpg|thumb|300px|Coin of [[Ghiyath al-Din 'Iwad]], Governor of [[Bengal]] (AH 614-616/ AD 1217–1220). Struck in the name of Shams al-Din Iltutmish, Sultan of Dehli.]]
Iltutmish's predecessor Aibak had appointed [[Ali Mardan Khalji]] as the governor of Sultanate's territories in eastern India. After Aibak's death, the region became independent, with [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]] as its capital, and Ali Mardan's successor [[Ghiyasuddin Iwaj Shah]] (alias Husamuddin Iwaz Khalji) styled himself as a sovereign Sultan. While Iltutmish was busy at the north-western frontier of his empire, Ghiyasuddin captured parts of present-day Bihar, and also extracted tribute from the smaller states of [[Jajpur|Jajnagar]], [[Tirhut division|Tirhut]], Bang (in Bengal region), and [[Kamrup region|Kamrup]].{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=217}}

Iltutmish's forces captured [[Bihar]] in the 1210s, and invaded [[Bengal]] in 1225. Ghiyasuddin led an army to check Iltutmish's advance, but then decided to avoid a conflict by paying him tribute and accepting his suzerainty.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=36}}{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|pp=217-218}} Iltutmish accepted the offer, and returned to Delhi after appointing Malik Jani as the governor of Bihar.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=218}}

In 1226, Iltutmish captured the Ranthambore Fort, which was reputed to be impregnable. The next year, he captured the fort of [[Mandore]], also in present-day [[Rajasthan]].{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=218}}

Meanwhile, in eastern India, Ghiyasuddin re-asserted his independence and occupied Bihar.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=36}} In 1227, Iltutmish directed his son [[Nasiruddin Mahmud (eldest son of Iltutmish)|Nasiruddin Mahmud]], who held the [[iqta']] of neighbouring [[Awadh]] region at this time, to invade Bengal while Ghiyasuddin was away on a plundering campaign in Kamrup. Nasiruddin captured his capital Lakhnauti, and defeated and executed him on his return to Bengal.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=37}} Following this conquest, the coinage in the Bengal region was issued in the name of Iltutmish, and the [[khutba]] in Lakhnauti was also read in his name.{{sfn|André Wink|1991|p=156}}

=== Annexation of Qabacha's empire ===

During the first half of the 1220s, Iltutmish had avoided Indus River Valley, which was contended by the Mongols, the Khwarazmians, and Qabacha. After the decline of the Mongol and the Khwarazmian threat, Qabacha gained control over this region. Shortly after, during 1228–1229, Iltutmish invaded Qabacha's territory.{{sfn|André Wink|1991|p=153}} By this time, the conflicts with the Khwarazmians and the Mongols had weakened Qabacha's power.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=34}}

The writings of [[Hasan Nizami]] and [[Muhammad Aufi]] suggest that Qabacha had earlier signed some treaties with Iltutmish, probably to secure his support against the Khwarazmian prince Jalal ad-Din. These treaties probably involved Qabacha's recognition of Iltutmish's sovereignty, or promises to surrender some territories to the Delhi Sultan. Qabacha's failure to abide by these treaties may have prompted Iltutmish to wage a war against him.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=35}}

Iltutmish's forces captured [[Bathinda|Tabarhinda]], [[Ghuram|Kuhram]], Sarsati (or Sursuti), and [[Lahore]] from Qabacha.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=35}}{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=219}} Iltutmish appointed Nasir al-Din Aytemur al-Baha'i as his provincial governor (''muqta'') of Lahore.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=35}} He then sent Nasir al-Din to capture Multan, while he himself invaded [[Uch]].{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=219}} Nasir al-Din captured Lahore,{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=35}} and Iltutmish captured Uch after a three-month long siege, on 4 May 1228.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=219}}

Qabacha fled to [[Bhakkar]], pursued by an army led by Iltutmish's [[vizier|wazir]] ''Nizam al-Mulk'' Junyadi.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=35}} Finding himself in an unwinnable situation, Qabacha sent his son Malik Alauddin Bahram to Iltutmish, to negotiate a peace treaty. Iltutmish offered peace in exchange for Qabacha's unconditional surrender, but Qabacha preferred death to these terms,{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=219}} and committed suicide by drowning himself into the Indus River on the night of 26 May 1228.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=35}} Iltutmish then placed Multan and Uch under his own governors, and had his forces occupy several strategic forces, expand his authority up to [[Makran]] in the west.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=219}} Malik Sinanuddin, the [[wāli]] (governor) of coastal Sindh, also recognized Iltutmish's authority, and thus Iltutmish's empire spread as far as the Arabian Sea.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=35}}{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=219}} Qabacha's son and surviving followers also accepted Iltutmish's suzerainty.{{sfn|André Wink|1991|p=154}}

== Later years ==

=== Caliph's recognition ===

In 1220, the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] [[Caliphate|Caliph]] [[Al-Nasir]] sent his Indian-born ambassador Radi al-Din Abu'l-Fada'il al-Hasan bin Muhammad al-Saghani to Delhi.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=37}}{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=219}} The ambassador returned to the Abbasid capital [[Baghdad]] in 1227, during the reign of [[Al-Mustansir (Baghdad)|Al-Mustansir]]. In 1228, the new Caliph sent the ambassador back to Delhi with robes of honour, recognizing Iltutmish's authority in India and conferring on him the titles ''Yamin Khalifat Allah'' ("Right Hand of the God's Deputy") and ''Nasir Amir al-Mu'minin'' ("Auxiliary of the Commander of the Faithful").{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|pp=37-38}} On 18 February 1229, the embassy arrived in Delhi with a deed of [[investiture]].{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=219}}

Although the Caliphate's status as a pan-Islamic institution had been declining, the Caliph's recognition was seen as a religious and political legitimization of Iltutmish's status as an independent ruler rather than a Ghurid subordinate.{{sfn|Sean Oliver-Dee|2009|p=31}}{{sfn|Blain H. Auer|2012|pp=107-108}} The Caliph's recognition was a mere formality, but Iltutmish celebrated it in a big way, by decorating the city of Delhi and honouring his nobles, officers, and slaves.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=219}} Iltutmish's own court poets eulogize the event,{{sfn|F. B. Flood|2009|p=240}} and the 14th century Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta describes him as the first independent ruler of Delhi.{{sfn|André Wink|1991|p=154}} Iltutmish is the only ruler of India to have the Caliph's recognition. [[Ghiyasuddin Iwaj Shah]], the ruler of Bengal defeated by Iltutmish's forces, had earlier assumed the title ''Nasir Amir al-Mu'minin'', but he did so unilaterally without the Caliph's sanction. The Caliph probably saw Iltutmish as an ally against his [[Khwarazmian dynasty|Khwarazmian]] rival, which may have prompted him to recognize Iltutmish's authority in India.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=37}}

After the Caliph's recognition, Iltutmish began inscribing the Caliph's name on his coins, including the new silver ''tanka'' introduced by him.{{sfn|F. B. Flood|2009|p=240}}

=== Other campaigns ===

In March–April 1229, Iltutmish's son [[Nasiruddin Mahmud (eldest son of Iltutmish)|Nasiruddin Mahmud]], who had been governing Bengal since 1227, died unexpectedly. Taking advantage of this, [[Malik Balkha Khalji]], an officer of Iltutmish, usurped the authority in Bengal. Iltutmish invaded Bengal, and defeated him in 1230.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=37}}{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=220}} He then appointed Malik Alauddin Jani as the governor of Bengal.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=220}}

Meanwhile, Mangal Deva, the Parihara chief of [[Gwalior Fort|Gwalior]] in central India, had declared independence. In 1231, Iltutmish [[Conquest of Gwalior|besieged the city]], and captured it after 11 months of conflict, on 12 December 1232. After Mangal Deva fled, and Iltutmish left the fort under the charge of his officers Majdul Mulk Ziyauddin.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=220}}

In 1233–1234, Iltutmish placed [[Gwalior]] under Malik Nusratuddin Taisi, who was also assigned the [[iqta']]s of Sultankot and [[Bayana]], and made in-charge of the military contingents at [[Kannauj]], Mehr, and [[Mahaban]]. Shortly after, Taisi attacked the [[Chandela]] fort of [[Kalinjar Fort|Kalinjar]], and subsequently plundered the area for around 50 days. During this campaign, he acquired a large amount of wealth: Iltutmish's share (one-fifth) of the loot amounted to 2.5 million ''jitals''.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=221}} While Taisi was returning to Gwalior, the [[Yajvapala dynasty|Yajvapala]] ruler Chahada-deva (called Jahar by Minhaj) ambushed him, but Taisi able to fend off the attack by dividing his army into three contingents.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|pp=221-222}}

Subsequently, Iltutmish raided the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]]-controlled cities of [[Bhilsa]] and [[Ujjain]] in 1234–35.{{sfn|André Wink|1991|p=156}} Iltutmish's army occupied Bhilsa, and destroyed a temple whose construction - according to Minhaj - had taken three hundred years.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=222}} At Ujjain, his forces damaged the [[Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga|Mahakaleshwar temple]] and obtained rich plunder, but made little effort to annex the Paramara territory.{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2004|p=45}} The [[jyotirlinga]] at the site was dismantled and believed to be thrown into a nearby 'Kotiteerth Kunda' (a pond neighboring the temple) with the Jaladhari (a structure supporting the Lingam) stolen during the invasion.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mahajan|first=Vidya Dhar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sLo9AAAAMAAJ&q=mahakal+iltutmish|title=Muslim Rule in India|date=1965|publisher=S. Chand|language=en}}</ref>

By 1229–1230, the north-western boundary of Iltutmish's kingdom appears to have extended up to the [[Jhelum River]], as [[Shihab al-Din Muhammad al-Nasawi|Nasawi]] states that he controlled the area "up to the neighbourhood of the gates of Kashmir". During this period, Iltutmish invaded the territories controlled by the Khwarazmian subordinate Ozbeg-bei, in present-day Pakistan. Ozbeg-bei fled to the Khwarazmian ruler Jalal-ad-Din in Iraq, while Other local commanders - including [[Nasir al-Din Muhammad Qarlugh|Hasan Qarluq]] - surrendered to Iltutmish. Qarluq later changed his allegiance to the Mongols. During his last days, in 1235–1236, Iltutmish is known to have aborted a campaign in the [[Bannu|Binban]] area: this campaign was probably directed against [[Nasir al-Din Muhammad Qarlugh|Qarluq]].{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=36}}

''Hammira-mada-mardana'', a [[Sanskrit]] play by Jayasimha Suri, mentions that a [[mlechchha]] (foreigner) called Milachchhrikara invaded Gujarat during the [[Chaulukya]] reign. The Chaulukya minister [[Vastupala]] used diplomatic tactics to create many difficulties for the invader, who was ultimately defeated by the general [[Vaghela dynasty#Viradhavala|Viradhavala]]. Some historians have identified Milachchhrikara with Iltutmish, thus theorizing that Iltutmish unsuccessfully tried to invade Gujarat. However, some others have dismissed this identification .{{sfn|A. K. Majumdar|1956|pp=157-159}}

===Death and succession===

In 1236, Iltutmish fell ill during a march towards Qarluq's stronghold of [[Bamyan]], and returned to [[Delhi]] on 20 April, at the time chosen by his astrologers. He died in Delhi shortly after, on 30 April 1236.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=222}} He was [[Qutb complex#Iltutmish|buried]] in the [[Qutb complex]] in Mehrauli.{{sfn|S. M. Ikram|1966|p=52}}

<gallery caption="Illtumish's tomb in the Qutub Minar Complex" mode="packed">
Tomb_of_Altamash.jpg
Iltutmish Cenotaph.jpg
Qutb Complex Shrine.JPG
Iltutmish_Shrine.jpg
Illtumish Tomb in Qutub Minar Complex.jpg
A lifetime lies here, Qutb Minar and its monuments, Delhi, India (2020).jpg
</gallery>

The death of Iltutmish was followed by years of political instability at Delhi. During this period, four descendants of Iltutmish were put on the throne and murdered.{{sfn|André Wink|1991|p=157}} In the 1220s, Iltutmish had groomed his eldest son ''Malikus Sa'id'' [[Mahmud I of Delhi|Nasiruddin Mahmud]] as his successor, but Nasiruddin died unexpectedly in 1229. While leaving for his Gwalior campaign in 1231, Iltutmish had left Delhi's administration to his daughter [[Razia Sultan|Razia]]. Her effective administration prompted him to declare her as his [[heir apparent]] in 1231, upon his return from Gwalior.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=230}} However, shortly before his death, Iltutmish seems to have chosen his surviving eldest son [[Rukn ud din Firuz|Ruknuddin Firuz]] as his successor. When Iltutmish died, the nobles unanimously appointed Ruknuddin as the new king.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=231}}

During Ruknuddin's reign, his mother Shah Turkan took control of the state affairs, and started mistreating her rivals. Their execution of Qutubuddin, a popular son of Iltutmish, led to rebellions by several nobles, including Malik Ghiyasuddin Muhammad Shah - another son of Iltutmish.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=235}} Amid these circumstances, Razia seized the throne in November 1236, with support of the general public and several nobles, and Ruknuddin was executed.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=236}} Razia also faced rebellions, and was deposed and killed in 1240.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=242}} The nobles then appointed [[Muizzuddin Bahram]] - another son of Iltutmish - on the throne, but subsequently deposed and killed him in 1242.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|pp=244-249}} Next, the nobles placed Ruknuddin's son [[Alauddin Masud]] on the throne, but he too, was deposed in 1246.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|pp=250-255}}

Order was re-established only after [[Mahmud I of Delhi|Nasiruddin-Mahmud]] became Sultan with Iltutmish's prominent slave, [[Balban|Ghias-ud-din-Balban]] as his deputy (''Naib'') in 1246.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|pp=46–47}} Minhaj calls the new Sultan a son of Iltutmish, but Isami and Firishta suggest that he was a grandson of Iltutmish. Some modern historians consider Minhaj more reliable,{{sfn|Riazul Islam|2002|p=323}} while others believe that the new Sultan was a son of Iltutmish's eldest son Nasiruddin (who died before Iltutmish), and was named after his father.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|pp=256}}{{sfn|Jaswant Lal Mehta|1979|p=105}} Balban held all the power at the time and became Sultan in 1266.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|pp=46–47}} Balban's descendants ruled Delhi until they were overthrown by the [[Khalji dynasty|Khaljis]].

== Religion ==

Iltutmish was a devout Muslim, and spent considerable time praying at night.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=229}} Nizam-ud-Din Ahmad says:

{{Blockquote
|text=Sultan Shams-ud-Din was very punctilious in his prayers (''[[namaz]]'') and on Fridays he went to the mosque and stayed there to offer obligatory and superogatory prayers.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=20}}
}}

His court poet Amir Ruhani describes him as a "holy warrior and [[Ghazi (warrior)|Ghazi]]".{{sfn|Iqtidar Husain Siddiqi|2003|p=40}} He revered several Sufi saints, including [[Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki]], Hamiduddin Nagauri, [[Jalaluddin Tabrizi]], [[Bahauddin Zakariya]], and Najibuddin Nakhshabi.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=229}}

Itutmish built a [[Sufi lodge|Khanaqah]] for the famous Sufi saint [[Jalaluddin Tabrizi]] known as ''Chilla-khana'' in a place called Pichhli Ghat situated near the old village of Gangarampur, [[West Dinajpur district|West Dinajpur]] in Bengal. It was later renovated by Masud Shah Jani in 647 A.H (A.D. 1249).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Siddiq |first=Muhammad Yusuf |title=Epigraphy and Islamic Culture: Inscriptions of the Early Muslim Rulers of Bengal (1205-1494) |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2015 |isbn=9781317587453 |pages=97-98}}</ref>

=== Policy towards Hindus ===

When a group of ulema came to Iltutmish and requested him to apply the law of "death or Islam" on Hindus, Iltutmish asked Nizam-ul'-Mulk Junaidi to give a suitable reply to the ulama. The Wazir replied to them:

{{Blockquote
|text="But at the moment India has newly been conquered and the Muslims are so few that they are like salt (in a large dish). If the above orders are to be applied to the Hindus, it is possible they might combine and a general confusion might ensue and the Muslims would be too few in number to suppress this general confusion. However, after a few years when in the capital and in the regions and the small towns the Muslims are well established and the troops are larger, it will be possible to give Hindus, the choice of "death or Islam"".{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=24}}
}}

Iltutmish held religious discourses by orthodox [[ulama]] - such as Sayyid Nuruddin Mubarak Ghaznavi - in his court, but disregarded their advice while formulating the imperial policies.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=229}} He understood the limits to which the Islamic [[shariah]] law could be implemented in largely non-Muslim India. He did not consult the ulama while making the unorthodox decision of nominating his daughter Raziya as his successor.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=229}} This balance between the Sharia and the practical needs of the time became a feature of Turkic rule in Delhi.{{sfn|Salma Ahmed Farooqui|2011|p=60}}

== Legacy ==

Iltutmish laid down the foundation of the Delhi Sultanate as a truly independent kingdom, freeing it from a subordinate position to Ghazni.{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2004|p=45}}{{sfn|Salma Ahmed Farooqui|2011|p=59}} The Caliph's investiture, although a mere formality, reaffirmed his status as an independent sovereign among the Muslims.{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2004|p=45}} By the time of his death, the Delhi Sultanate had emerged as the largest and the most powerful kingdom in northern India.{{sfn|Salma Ahmed Farooqui|2011|p=59}}

Iltutmish was most probably the first ruler to organize a centrally recruited, centrally paid and centrally managed army in the Delhi Sultanate. His courtier [[Fakhr-i Mudabbir]] composed ''Adab al-harb wa-l-shaja'a'', a book on the art of warfare.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=227}}

=== Iqtas ===

Iltutmish implemented the ''[[iqta'|iqta]]'' system of administrative grants in the Delhi Sultanate. This system, borrowed from the earlier Islamic dynasties of the [[Middle East]], involved dedicating the revenues from a certain region to a subordinate in exchange for military service and political loyalty. Iltutmish used this ''iqtas'' to consolidate his empire by dismantling the existing feudal order of the Indian society.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|pp=226-227}}

Iltutmish assigned several regions to his Turkic subordinates in the form of ''iqtas''. The larger ''iqtas'' - which were effectively provinces of the empire - were assigned to high-ranking men, who were expected to administer the regions, maintain local law and order, and supply military contingents in times of need. The holders of the smaller ''iqtas'' were only expected to collect revenues from their regions, in exchange for providing military service to the emperor. To ensure that this ''iqta'' system remained bureaucratic - rather than feudal - in nature, Iltutmish transferred the ''iqta'' holders from one region to another, refused to grant them legal immunity, and discouraged localism in administration.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=227}}

Both free amirs as well as ''bandagan-i-shamsi'' (as opposed to ''bandagan-i-khass'' during Mu'izz ad-Din's times) were used by Iltutmish over an extended, long process involving rotation of the ''iqtas'' assigned to each noble every once in a while to ensure that there was no question of claims on a specific region by a specific noble. Besides these, princes were used as well in almost the same capacity, but in more important roles.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Emergence of the Delhi Sultanate|last=Kumar|first=Sunil|publisher=Permanent Black|year=2007|isbn=978-81-7824-306-1|location=Ranikhet}}</ref>{{page needed|date=December 2019}}

===Coinage===
Iltutmish introduced two coins that became the basis for the subsequent coinage of the Delhi Sultanate: the silver ''tanka'' and the copper ''jital''.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|pp=227-228}}

His predecessors, including the Ghurid rulers, had maintained the local coinage system based on the [[Hindushahi]] bull-and horseman coins minted at Delhi. Dehliwala, the standard coin, was a silver-copper alloy with a uniform weight of 3.38 grams, of which 0.59 grams was Silver. The major source of silver for the Delhi mint were coin hoards from Central Asia. Another source was European silver which made its way to Delhi via the Red Sea, Persian Gulf through the ports of Gujarat. By the 1220s, supply from Central Asia had dried up and Gujarat was under control of hostile forces.{{sfn|Ian Blanchard|2005|pp=1263–1264}}

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Coins of Iltutmish">
Ilt8.jpg | '''Obv:''' Crude figure of Rider bearing lance on caparisoned horse facing right. [[Devanagari]] legends: ''Sri / hamirah''. Star above horse. '''Rev:''' [[Arabic script|Arabic]] legends: ''Shams al-dunya wa'l din Iltutmish al-sultan''.

Ilt4.jpg | '''Obv:'''Rider bearing lance on caparisoned horse facing right. Devanagari legends: ''Sri / hamirah''. '''Rev:'''Arabic legends: ''Shams al-dunya wa'l din Abu'l Muzaffar Iltutmish al-Sultan''.
</gallery>

In response to the lack of silver, Iltutmish introduced a new bimetallic coinage system to Northern India consisting of an 11 grams silver ''tanka'' and the billon ''jital'', with 0.25 grams of silver. The Dehliwala was devalued to be on par with the ''jital''. This meant that a Dehliwala with 0.59 grams of silver was now equivalent to a coin with 0.25 grams of silver. Each Dehliwala paid as tax, therefore produced an excess 0.34 grams of silver which could be used to produce ''tankas''. The new system served as the basis for coinage for much of the Sultanate period and even beyond, though periodic shortages of silver caused further debasement. The ''tanka'' is a forerunner to the [[Rupee]].{{sfn|Ian Blanchard|2005|pp=1264–1265}}{{sfn|André Wink|1991|p=155}}

===Islamic culture ===

During Iltutmish's reign, the city of Delhi emerged as the centre of Islamic power and culture in India.{{sfn|Salma Ahmed Farooqui|2011|p=59}} He patronized several scholars, including historian [[Minhaj-i-Siraj]] and the Sufi mystic [[Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki]].{{sfn|Salma Ahmed Farooqui|2011|p=60}} Minhaj states that Iltutmish's patronage attracted several scholars and other prominent people to Delhi, especially from Persia, which had [[Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia|fallen to the Mongols]].{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=223}} Iltutmish's court is reported to have had raised seats for distinguished scholars and saints, as opposed to lower seats for others. This is suggested by ''Fawa'id-ul-Fu'ad'', a near-contemporary work, which describes a quarrel between Shaikh Nizamuddin Abul Muwayyid and Sayyid Nuruddin Mubarak Ghaznavi over choice of seats in Iltutmish's presence.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=229}}

''Fawa'id-ul-Fu'ad'' mentions an anecdote about Iltutmish's patronage to scholars: Nasiri, a poet in need of a royal award, composed a ''[[qasida]]'' in praise of Iltutmish. However, while he was in the middle of reciting the poem, Iltutmish left the recital to attend an urgent administrative matter. A dismayed Nasiri thought Iltutmish would forget him, and lost all hope of getting the royal award. But as soon as Iltutmish was free, he came to Nasiri, recited the first line of the ''qasida'' from his memory, and asked Nasiri to complete his recital.{{sfn|K. A. Nizami|1992|p=228}}

=== Architecture ===

Iltutmish invested in numerous waterworks, mosques, and civil amenities in Delhi.{{sfn|Salma Ahmed Farooqui|2011|p=60}} He completed the construction of the [[Qutb Minar]], which had been started by Qutb al-din Aibak. He also commissioned the [[Hauz-i-Shamsi]] reservoir to the south of Qutb Minar, and the [[madrasa]] (school) around it.{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2004|p=46}}

He built several [[khanqah]] (monasteries) and [[dargahs]] (graves) for Sufi saints.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} He commenced the structure of Hamid ud-din's Khanaqa, and built the ''[[Baolis of Mehrauli#Gandhak ki Baoli|Gandhak ki Baoli]]'', a [[stepwell]] for the Sufi saint, [[Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki]], who moved to Delhi during his reign.{{sfn|Ronald Vivian Smith|2005|pp=11-12}}

In 1231, he built the [[Sultan Ghari]] funerary monument for his eldest son [[Nasiruddin Mahmud (eldest son of Iltutmish)|Nasiruddin]], who had died two years earlier.{{sfn|R. Balasubramaniam|2005|p=98}} This was the first [[Islamic]] [[mausoleum]] in Delhi, and lies within fortified grounds, which also include the graves of other relatives of Iltutmish.<ref>Y.D.Sharma (2001). "Delhi and its Neighbourhood". Hauzi-i-Shamsi (New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India). pp. 63–64 &73. Retrieved 2009-04-24.</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
Architecture around Qutb minar 7.jpg | [[Qutb Minar]] was completed by Iltutmish
Hauz Shamsi pavilion (3701664490).jpg | [[Hauz-i-Shamsi]] pavilion
Candak-ki-baoli-03.jpg | Gandhak ki Baoli
File:Octogal tomb with Mihrab on the west side.JPG | Sultan Ghari
</gallery>

== Family ==

=== Consorts ===

* Turkan Khatun (died after 1236; also known as Turkman Khatun or Qutub Begum), was the chief consort of Iltutmish and daughter of [[Qutb ud-Din Aibak]]. She was the mother of [[Nasiruddin Mahmud (eldest son of Iltutmish)|Nasiruddin Mahmud]], [[Razia Sultan]], Ghiyasuddin Muhammad Shah, Shihabuddin Muhammad, Shazia Begum and Qutbuddin Muhammad. She was probably the youngest daughter of Qutbuddin Aibak while her two other sisters were married to [[Nasir ad-Din Qabacha]].<ref>Minhaj-i-Siraj, "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri" translated by Major HG Raverty (1873), p. 676.</ref>
* [[Shah Turkan]] (probably died after 1236), was the Khudawanda (concubine) of Iltutmish and mother of [[Ruknuddin Firuz]]. She was the first royal lady taking active part in political matters during the [[Slave Dynasty of Delhi|Slave Dynasty]]. Turkan had been a Turkic (enslaved) [[Handmaiden|hand-maid]] and had risen to take control of the Sultan's harem. She took this opportunity to wreak vengeance against all those who had slighted her in the past.
* Mother of Muizuddin Bahram (died after 1236), not much known about her but she was the mother of [[Muiz ud din Bahram|Sultan Muizuddin Bahram]] and a daughter, who married to Malik Ikhtiyar uddin Aitegin. She was popularly known as the daughter or sister of one of Iltutmish's forty chiefs. In popular culture, she named as “Nadira Begum”.{{cn|date=March 2025}}
* Malika-i-Jahan (died after 1246; full title: Malika-i-Jahan Jalal ud Dunya wal Din), mother of [[Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah, Sultan of Delhi|Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah]]. Her real name was unknown, formerly the concubine of Iltutmish but she was given the title Malika-i-Jahan during his son's reign. Her existence as Iltutmish's consort often debate, some stated she was the wife of Iltutmish's deceased son, Malik-us-Sa'id Nasiruddin Mahmud. Both she and her son was sent to live in a palace in Loni Village. After the death of Iltutmish, she married Malik Saifuddin Qutlugh Khan.<ref>Minhaj-i-Siraj, "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri" translated by Major HG Raverty (1873), p. 676.</ref>
* Mother of Jalaluddin Masud Shah, unknown identity.
* Many other concubines.

=== Sons ===

* [[Nasiruddin Mahmud (eldest son of Iltutmish)|Malik-us-Sa'id Nasiruddin Mahmud]] (died 1229) –with Turkan Khatun;<ref>Minhaj-i-Siraj, Abu-'Umar-i-'Usman (1873). ''Tabaqat-i-Nasiri''. London: Asiatic Society. pp. 660–673.</ref> an eldest son of Iltutmish, who he grommed as his successor but unexpected died in 1229. He was the governor of Oudh later served as governor of Bengal until his death in 1229. He was sent by Iltutmish to lead an invasion against the rebel [[Iwaz Khalji]].<ref>Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin (2012). "Iltutmish". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.</ref> After defeating Iwaz Khalji, he received the title Malik-ush-Sharq (مٰلك الشّرق Māliku 'sh-Sharq, Arabic: "King of the East") from his father.
* [[Ruknuddin Firuz|Sultan Ruknuddin Firuz]] (executed 19 November 1236) –with [[Shah Turkan]];<ref>K. A. Nizami 1992, pp. 234–235.</ref> he was appointed as successor of Iltutmish. However he spent his time in pursuing pleasure and left his mother in control the administration. The misadministration led to rebellions against Ruknuddin and his mother.<ref>K. A. Nizami 1992, p. 236.</ref>
* [[Muiz ud din Bahram|Sultan Muizuddin Bahram Shah]] (killed by the rebels in 15 May 1242), –with unnamed consort. He declared himself as a new King with the support of [[Chihalgani|forty chiefs]] when his sister [[Razia Sultan]] was imprisoned in [[Bathinda]] and also appointed ''Amir-i-Hajib'' Malik Ikhtiyar ud-Din Aitegin as his regent. During the rebel against him, Ikhtiyaruddin Aitegin was killed before him.
* Malik Ghiyas ud-Din Muhammad Shah (died after 1236) –probably with Turkan Khatun; he was appointed as governor of Oudh. He was rebel against [[Ruknuddin Firuz]] after [[Shah Turkan]] blinded and executed the popular son of Iltutmish, Qutbuddin.<ref>Minhaj-i-Siraj, "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri" translated by Major HG Raverty (1873), p. 625, 633.</ref>
* Jalaluddin Masud Shah (died after 1242) –with unnamed consorts; Upon the death of [[Muiz ud din Bahram]], he along with his brother [[Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah, Sultan of Delhi|Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah]] and nephew [[Ala-ud-Din Masud Shah]] (son of [[Ruknuddin Firuz]]) was brought to Firuzi castle, the royal residence, from the confinement of the white castle by the amirs and Ala ud din Masud was chosen as the Sultan. Both the brothers remained in confinement until September 1243.<ref>Minhaj-i-Siraj, "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri" translated by Major HG Raverty (1873), p. 625, 661.</ref>
* Shihabuddin Muhammad, not much known about him. His mother probably Turkan Khatun and he probably died in childhood or executed during the reign of [[Ruknuddin Firuz]].<ref>Minhaj-i-Siraj, "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri" translated by Major HG Raverty (1873), p. 625, 633</ref>
* [[Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah, Sultan of Delhi|Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah]] (c. 1229/1230 – 19 November 1266) –with Malika-i-Jahan Jalal ud Dunya wal Din;<ref>Minhaj-i-Siraj, "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri" translated by Major HG Raverty (1873) p.676</ref> He was named after his deceased eldest brother [[Nasiruddin Mahmud (eldest son of Iltutmish)|Nasiruddin Mahmud]], he was sent to live in a palace in Loni Village.<ref>K. A. Nizami 1992, pp. 256.</ref> He ascended the throne in 1246 and appointed his father-in-law [[Ghiyas ud din Balban]] as a regent.<ref>{{cite book | last=Sen | first=Sailendra | title=Textbook of medieval Indian history. | publisher=Primus Books | pages = 74–76 | date=2013 | isbn=978-93-80607-34-4 | oclc=822894456 }}</ref>
* Qutbuddin Muhammad (blinded and executed in 1236) –with Turkan Khatun; he was the youngest son of Iltutmish and popular among the statesmen. In 1236 during the reign of [[Ruknuddin Firuz]], Shah Turkan started mistreating her rival and one of them was Qutbuddin, who had been blinded and executed. This incident led rebellion against Ruknuddin Firuz.<ref>Minhaj-i-Siraj, "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri" translated by Major HG Raverty (1873), p. 625, 633.</ref>

=== Daughters ===

* [[Razia Sultan|Raziya Khatun]] (c. 1205 – 15 October 1240) –with Turkan Khatun;<ref>[[Razia Sultan#CITEREFGuida M. Jackson1999|Guida M. Jackson 1999]], p. 341.</ref><ref>[[Razia Sultan#CITEREFSudha Sharma2016|Sudha Sharma 2016]], p. 141 quote:"But as per Abu-Umar-i-Usman Minhaj-ud-din Siraj (Tabaqat-iNasiri), Turkan Khatun was the name of Razia's mother and not of this lady [Shah Turkan]."</ref> she was the first and only female ruler of [[Delhi Sultanate]], when her father leaving for his [[Gwalior]] campaign in 1231, Iltutmish left her as in-charge of Delhi's administration. She performed her duties so well that after his father returns, Iltutmish decided to name her as his successor.<ref>[[Razia Sultan#CITEREFK. A. Nizami1992|K. A. Nizami 1992]], pp. 230–231.</ref> She ascended the throne in 1236 but overthrown in 1240. In 1240 during the imprisonment in Bathinda, she married [[Malik Altunia|Malik Ikhtiyar ud-Din Altunia]]. Both of them were killed in October 1240.<ref>[[Razia Sultan#CITEREFK. A. Nizami1992|K. A. Nizami 1992]], p. 243.</ref>
* Shazia Khatun (probably died 1240) –with Turkan Khatun. not much known about her but some sources said she was killed along with Razia and her tomb located beside Razia's grave in Mohalla Bulbuli Khanna near Turkman Gate in Old Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grave of Delhi's only woman Sultan lies forgotten |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/delhi/report-grave-of-delhi-s-only-woman-sultan-lies-forgotten-2511721/amp |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=www.dnaindia.com |archive-date=6 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106234618/https://www.dnaindia.com/delhi/report-grave-of-delhi-s-only-woman-sultan-lies-forgotten-2511721/amp |url-status=live }}</ref> She is said to be married to a statesman known as Izz-ud-din Balban-i-Khaslu Khan.<ref>Minhaj-i-Siraj, "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri" translated by Major HG Raverty (1873), p. 650, 661.</ref>
* Unnamed daughter (died after 1240) –with unnamed consorts; she was the sister of [[Muiz ud din Bahram]], which firstly married to son of the Qazi named Nasir-ud-Din (turned to Ikhtiyar-ud-Din by [[Firishta]]).<ref>Minhaj-i-Siraj, "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri" translated by Major HG Raverty (1873), p. 650.</ref> Then she married the regent ''Amir-i-Hajib'' Malik-i-Kabir Ikhtiyaruddin Aitegin upon her brother’s reign.<ref>Minhaj-i-Siraj, "Tabaqat-i-Nasiri" translated by Major HG Raverty (1873), p. 650, 661.</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{commons category}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|author=Ian Blanchard|title=Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages|volume=3|year=2005|publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=um-EXNlRKO4C|isbn=9783515087049}}
* {{cite book |author=A. K. Majumdar |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |year=1956 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan }}
* {{cite book |author=André Wink |author-link=Andre Wink |title=Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest : 11Th-13th Centuries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75FlxDhZWpwC&pg=PA152 |year=1991 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-10236-1 }}
* {{cite book |author=Blain H. Auer |title=Symbols of Authority in Medieval Islam: History, Religion and Muslim Legitimacy in the Delhi Sultanate |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CwCrHiQohQC&pg=PA108 |year=2012 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-1-84885-567-0 }}
* {{cite book |author=F. B. Flood |title=Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLNE_li8C10C&pg=PA240 |year=2009 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-12594-7 |access-date=11 September 2019 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125064532/https://books.google.com/books?id=OLNE_li8C10C&pg=PA240#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Iqtidar Husain Siddiqi |title=Medieval India: essays in intellectual thought and culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yjxuAAAAMAAJ |year=2003 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-81-7304-499-1 |access-date=30 December 2019 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125064416/https://books.google.com/books?id=yjxuAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Jaswant Lal Mehta |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |volume=2 |year=1979 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. |isbn=9788120706170 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC&pg=PA105 |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408045210/https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC&pg=PA105 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=K. A. Nizami |author-link=K. A. Nizami |chapter=The Early Turkish Sultans of Delhi |editor1=Mohammad Habib |editor2=Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |volume=5 |edition=Second |year=1992 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180 |access-date=25 July 2019 |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117131632/https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Peter Jackson |author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA29 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 |access-date=11 September 2019 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125064416/https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=R. Balasubramaniam |title=The World Heritage Complex of the Qutub |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hSFuAAAAMAAJ |year=2005 |publisher=Aryan Books International |isbn=978-81-7305-293-4 |access-date=30 December 2019 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125064534/https://books.google.com/books?id=hSFuAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Riazul Islam |title=Sufism in South Asia: Impact on Fourteenth Century Muslim Society |year=2002 |isbn=9780195790054 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=91PYAAAAMAAJ |access-date=21 March 2023 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407173141/https://books.google.com/books?id=91PYAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=[[Ronald Vivian Smith]] |title=The Delhi that No-one Knows |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f70gjLC5chgC&pg=PA9 |year=2005 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-8028-020-7 |access-date=30 December 2019 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125064418/https://books.google.com/books?id=f70gjLC5chgC&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=S. M. Ikram |author-link=S. M. Ikram |title=Muslim Rule in India & Pakistan, 711-1858 A.C. |year=1966 |publisher=Star Book Depot }}
* {{cite book |author=Salma Ahmed Farooqui |title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC |year=2011 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-3202-1 |access-date=24 October 2018 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125064420/https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Satish Chandra |author-link=Satish Chandra (historian) |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) |volume=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC |year=2004 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-1064-5 |access-date=13 February 2016 |archive-date=20 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120112938/https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Sean Oliver-Dee |title=The Caliphate Question: The British Government and Islamic Governance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7mVEqJ1Go0wC&pg=PA31 |year=2009 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-7391-3603-4 |access-date=11 September 2019 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125064932/https://books.google.com/books?id=7mVEqJ1Go0wC&pg=PA31#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before=[[Aram Shah]]
| title=[[Mamluk dynasty of Delhi|Sultan of the Mamluk Dynasty]]
| years=1211–1236
| after=[[Rukn ud din Firuz]]
}}
{{succession box
| before=[[Aram Shah]]
| title=[[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]]
| years=1211–1236
| after=[[Rukn ud din Firuz]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Wikiquote}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sultans of the Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)]]
[[Category:1236 deaths]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:13th-century monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:Mamluks]]
[[Category:Ghurid generals]]
[[Category:Turkic people]]
[[Category:12th-century slaves]]

Arifa Zaheer

2026-03-04T21:31:22Z

CharlineDiederic:

{{Short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Arifa Zaheer
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Arifa Sayed Zaheer
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1998|02|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| height =
| position = [[Defender (association football)|Defender]]
| currentclub = [[Sribhumi FC|Sribhumi]]
| clubnumber = 3
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = SRI MA FC
| years1 =
| clubs1 = Future Star FC
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 =
| clubs2 = Community FC India
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 =
| clubs3 = [[Mumbai Kenkre FC|Kenkre FC]]
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| years4 =
| clubs4 = Samuel FA
| caps4 =
| goals4 =
| years5 =
| clubs5 = [[Sethu FC|Sethu]]
| caps5 =
| goals5 =
| years6 = 2022–2025
| clubs6 = [[Odisha FC Women|Odisha]]
| caps6 =
| goals6 =
| years7 = 2025–
| clubs7 = [[Sribhumi FC|Sribhumi]]
| caps7 =
| goals7 =
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 =
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| medaltemplates =
| club-update =
| nationalteam-update = 24 September 2023
}}

'''Arifa Sayed Zaheer''' (born 17 February 1998) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] from Maharashtra, who plays as a defender for the club [[Sribhumi FC|Sribhumi]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Odisha FC |url=https://www.odishafc.com/news/details/ofc-women-sign-defender-arifa-zaheer-on-a-two-year-deal |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=Odisha FC}}</ref> in the [[Indian Women's League]]. She was called up for the [[India women's national football team]] camp in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=arifa zaheer: Latest News & Videos, Photos about arifa zaheer {{!}} The Economic Times - Page 1 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/arifa-zaheer |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref> Earlier, she played with [[Kenkre F.C.|Kenkre]] and [[Sethu FC|Sethu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arifa Zaheer Sayed |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe870539/arifa-zaheer-sayed/ |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=worldfootball.net |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
She was born in Mumbai but she spent her early years in [[Kuwait]] and [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Release |first=Press |date=2022-07-22 |title=Odisha FC Women sign defender Arifa Zaheer on two-year deal! |url=https://www.arunfoot.com/odisha-fc-women-sign-defender-arifa-zaheer-on-two-year-deal/ |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=Arunava about Football |language=en-GB}}</ref> She started playing with the local Samuel Football Academy and Community Football Club India.

== Career ==

* 2022: She was called up for the Indian Women's Under-23 3-Nations tournament camp.
* 2022: She played for Sethu FC which finished Runners-up in the Indian Women's League 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2023 |title=Personalities - Arifa Zaheer |url=https://www.orisports.com/PersonDetails.aspx?pId=NjE0MA== |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=www.orisports.com}}</ref>
* 2023: In July, Odisha FC signed her for a two-year period.<ref name=":0" /> She will play the sixth Indian Women's League as Odisha FC makes its debut.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-26 |title=Bala & Co ready to dazzle |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/bala-co-ready-to-dazzle/articleshow/99780050.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* 2023: She played the 27th Senior National Women's Football Championship in [[Fatorda]],[[Goa]].

==Honours==

'''Odisha'''
*[[Indian Women's League]]: [[2023–24 Indian Women's League|2023–24]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Odisha FC take home the IWL trophy with stunning ease|url=https://i-league.org/odisha-fc-take-home-the-iwl-trophy-with-stunning-ease/|website=i-league.org|publisher=I-League|date=24 March 2024|access-date=24 March 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/124199?type=club Arifa Zaheer] at All India Football Federation

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zaheer, Arifa}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Women's association football defenders]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League players]]
[[Category:Sethu FC players]]
[[Category:Odisha FC Women players]]
[[Category:Sribhumi FC players]]

Kavikkuyil

2026-03-04T04:48:22Z

CharlineDiederic: enhanced layout further and updated info after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kavikkuyil.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Devaraj–Mohan]]
| screenplay = [[Panchu Arunachalam]]
| story = [[R. Selvaraj (screenwriter)|R. Selvaraj]]
| producer = S. P. Tamizharasi
| starring = [[Sivakumar]] [[Sridevi]] [[Fatafat Jayalaxmi]]
| cinematography = [[R. N. K. Prasad]]
| editing = B. Kandhasamy
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = S. P. T. Films
| released = {{Film date|1977|07|29|df=y|ref1=}}
| runtime = 104 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Kavikkuyil''''' is a 1977 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by [[Devaraj–Mohan]]. The film stars [[Sivakumar]], [[Sridevi]] and [[Fatafat Jayalaxmi]], with [[S. V. Subbaiah]], [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]] in supporting roles. It was released on 29 July 1977,{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=60}} and failed at the box office.

== Plot ==
Gopal's fascination with the flute is nurtured by his grandfather, Ramaiah Pillai, who enrolls him in music lessons. Gopal's natural talent quickly impresses his instructor. However, he disappears for three days, only to return with a tale of a divine summons to perform at a Krishna temple. While Ramaiah Pillai interprets this as a sign of Gopal's sacred destiny, the villagers view him as aimless and irresponsible, fixated solely on his music and devotion to [[Krishna]].

Chinnaiah Pillai, impressed by Gopal's performance, extends an invitation to play at their village temple in Palayanallur. Still, Gopal declines, citing his commitment to follow divine guidance. Meanwhile, Chinnaiah Pillai's bullock-cart driver, Murugan, is a devoted brother to Radha, and both siblings prioritize self-respect and honest living despite their poverty. Lakshmi, Chinnaiah Pillai's daughter, develops feelings for Murugan and tries to win his affection during their daily commute. As Chinnaiah Pillai plans to arrange a suitor for Radha, Ramaiah Pillai urges Gopal to consider marriage. Gopal, however, is convinced that Krishna will bring him a suitable match, and his dreams lead him to envision Radha as his destined partner; he sets out to find her. Gopal spots Radha in the market, where she's selling vegetables.

Earlier, Radha had walked away while Gopal was performing, leaving him with the impression that she wasn't impressed by his singing. He approaches her and boasts about his musical talents. Radha, intrigued, issues a challenge: if Gopal's connection to the divine is genuine, he should identify her favorite humming [[raga]], which she murmurs when happy, without her revealing it. Gopal composes a song incorporating the elusive raagam, which he sings, astonishing Radha. Convinced that Gopal is her destined husband, Radha falls in love with him. Meanwhile, Lakshmi confesses her feelings to Murugan, but he rejects her, citing their social disparity and explaining that accepting her love would invite Chinnaiah Pillai's wrath and jeopardize his livelihood. Lakshmi promises to persuade her father, but Murugan refuses. Soon, Chinnaiah Pillai arranges Murugan's marriage to Meenakshi, and he reluctantly accepts, devastating Lakshmi.

Meanwhile, Radha and Gopal consummate their relationship, and he vows to formally marry her. Gopal is en route to inform Murugan about his love when he's reminded of his promise to his grandfather to be with him on [[Krishna Janmashtami|Krishna Jayanthi]]. He misses the last bus to his village and walks through the forest, where he's involved in an accident on a stormy night, suffering a severe head injury that robs him of his memory. The villagers rescue him and take him to Ramaiah Pillai. Radha who is left waiting for Gopal, feels betrayed by his absence. Lakshmi informs Meenakshi's father, Veeraiyya, that she loves Murugan and requests that he withdraw Meenakshi's marriage proposal, pretending it was his own decision. She also asks Veeraiyya to keep her feelings for Murugan confidential. Veeraiyya complies, canceling the planned marriage. Weeks pass, and Radha discovers she's pregnant.

Radha and her friend Bhuvana visit Puthunallur village to confront Gopal, only to find he doesn't recall her. Heartbroken, she leaves. Ramaiah Pillai visits Radha's village to investigate her claims and meets Chinnaiah Pillai, learning that Radha belongs to a lower community. Bhuvana reveals to Ramaiah Pillai that Radha is pregnant with Gopal's child. Ramaiah Pillai exploits Gopal's memory loss to prevent a union with Radha, a woman from a lower community, and instead orchestrates a marriage with Lakshmi. Despite Murugan's feelings for Lakshmi, he urges her to marry Gopal, but she resists. Murugan's emotional blackmail, threatening self-harm, ultimately coerces Lakshmi into accepting the marriage. Ramaiah Pillai deceives Gopal, claiming Radha is manipulating him, using his memory loss to her advantage. Gopal believes his grandfather, unaware of the truth. Radha, who had pinned her hopes on Ramaiah Pillai uniting her with Gopal, is devastated to learn of the arranged marriage with Lakshmi.

Ramaiah Pillai offers her {{INRConvert|10000|year=1977}} to stay out of Gopal's life, leaving her heartbroken. Radha agrees to step aside, unwilling to disrupt Gopal's life. At the wedding, Gopal hears Radha's song and regains his memory, stopping the ceremony. He rushes to find Radha, while Chinnaiah Pillai, desperate to salvage his daughter's marriage, arranges for Murugan to marry Lakshmi, reuniting her with her true love. Gopal finds Radha, who is about to attempt suicide, and saves her. He explains the accident and his memory loss, and they reunite, embracing each other.

== Cast ==
*[[Sivakumar]] as Gopal{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=60}}
*[[Sridevi]] as Radha{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=60}}
*[[Fatafat Jayalaxmi]] as Lakshmi{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=60}}
*[[S. V. Subbaiah]] as Ramaiah Pillai<ref>{{Cite news |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=20 October 2020 |title='பாரதி என்றால் எஸ்.வி.சுப்பையா; அபிராமிபட்டர் என்றால் எஸ்.வி.சுப்பையா'; – உணர்ச்சிமிக்க கலைஞன் எஸ்.வி.சுப்பையாவின் 100வது பிறந்தநாள் இன்று! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/593116-100rd-birth-day-of-s-v-subbaia.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209153307/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/593116-100rd-birth-day-of-s-v-subbaia.html |archive-date=9 December 2021 |access-date=4 July 2022 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>
*[[Rajinikanth]] as Murugan{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=60}}
*[[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]] as Chinnaiah Pillai<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 March 2020 |title=மக்கள் மனங்களை வென்ற குணச்சித்திரங்கள் : செந்தாமரை |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2020/03/20155252/Characteristics-that-win-peoples-minds-Shenthamarai.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200430121040/https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/2020/03/20155252/Characteristics-that-win-peoples-minds-Shenthamarai.vpf |archive-date=30 April 2020 |access-date=4 July 2022 |work=[[Dina Thanthi]] |language=ta}}</ref>
*Master Babloo Jaffar as young Gopal
*Premi as Meenakshi
*[[Samikannu]] as Murugan and Radha's uncle
*[[T. K. S. Natarajan]] as a music teacher

== Production ==
The film was produced by [[Panchu Arunachalam]]'s brother Subbu under the production company S. P. T. Films. It was shot at [[Chikmagalur]] in 15 days while the climax was shot at [[Kollimalai Taluk|Kollimalai]].<ref name="hi">{{Cite news |date=30 April 2021 |title=திரைப்படச்சோலை 27: கவிக்குயில் படப்பிடிப்பும்; கண்ணதாசன் விழாவும்... |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/665455-thiraippada-solai-27.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506234909/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/665455-thiraippada-solai-27.html |archive-date=6 May 2021 |access-date=23 June 2021 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 Dec 1977 |title=Kavikkuyil (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Ilaiyaraaja |url=https://music.apple.com/ca/album/kavikkuyil-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1328387937 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623053117/https://music.apple.com/ca/album/kavikkuyil-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1328387937 |archive-date=23 June 2021 |access-date=23 June 2021 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> who got established as a leading composer in Tamil cinema with this film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran |date=6 January 2002 |title=Music for the people |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/01/06/stories/2002010600150500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030627234648/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/01/06/stories/2002010600150500.htm |archive-date=27 June 2003 |access-date=23 June 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The lyrics of the songs are written by Panchu Arunachalam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kavikkuyil Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/kavikkuyil-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022124330/https://mossymart.com/product/kavikkuyil-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=22 October 2021 |access-date=4 July 2022 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> The song "Chinna Kannan Azhaikkiraan", set in [[Reetigowla]] raga, became popular.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Parthasarathy |first=Dhanya |date=18 December 2004 |title=The walking Google of Tamil film songs |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/12/18/stories/2004121802900600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202103130/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/12/18/stories/2004121802900600.htm |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=2 February 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>{{sfn |Sundararaman |2007 |p=126}} The flute portions in this song were performed by Sudhakar.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=28 March 2023 |title=Flautist Sudhakar, who collaborated with Ilaiyaraaja on many memorable songs, no more |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/flautist-sudhakar-who-collaborated-with-ilaiyaraaja-on-many-memorable-songs-no-more/article66670957.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118171121/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/flautist-sudhakar-who-collaborated-with-ilaiyaraaja-on-many-memorable-songs-no-more/article66670957.ece |archive-date=18 November 2023 |access-date=5 January 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Playback singer [[Sujatha Mohan]] made her Tamil debut with the song "Kaadhal Oviyam Kandaen", set to [[Kalyani (raga)#Janya ragams|Hamir Kalyani]] raga.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Paitandy |first=Priyadarshini |date=13 August 2010 |title=On the same wavelength |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/On-the-same-wavelength/article11642286.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528045046/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/On-the-same-wavelength/article11642286.ece |archive-date=28 May 2020 |access-date=2 June 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>{{sfn |Sundararaman |2007 |p=134}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singers
| title1 = Chinna Kannan Azhaikkiraan
| note1 = male
| extra1 = [[M. Balamuralikrishna]]
| length1 = 03:48
| title2 = Chinna Kannan Azhaikkiraan
| note2 = female
| extra2 = [[S. Janaki]]
| length2 = 04:27
| title3 = Kadhal Oviyam
| extra3 = [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| length3 = 04:08
| title4 = Kuyile Kavikuyile
| extra4 = S. Janaki
| length4 = 05:32
| title5 = Udhayam Varugindradhe
| extra5 = [[G. K. Venkatesh]], S. Janaki
| length5 = 04:21
| title6 = Maanodum Paathayile
| extra6 = [[P. Susheela]]
| length6 = 03:34
| title7 = Aayiram Kodi
| extra7 = M. Balamuralikrishna
| length7 = 04:12
| total_length = 30:02 
}}

== Reception ==
''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' rated the film 36 out of 100.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 1977 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம்: கவிக்குயில் |url=https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/39979- |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616055157/https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/39979- |archive-date=16 June 2022 |access-date=4 July 2022 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> Naagai Dharuman of ''Anna'' praised the acting, music, cinematography, dialogues and direction.<ref>{{cite news |last=தருமன் |first=நாகை |date=31 July 1977 |title=கவிக்குயில் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_1_31/3.jp2/full/1000,1360/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528022501/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_1_31/3.jp2/full/1000%2C1360/0/default.jpg |archive-date=28 May 2025 |access-date=5 June 2025 |newspaper=Anna |pages=3 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> The film failed at the box-office, and Sivakumar felt mixing divine elements in the story of a musician did not work well among the audience.<ref name="hi" /><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2 September 1979 |title=சிவகுமார் 101 {{!}} 71–80 |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1979-09-02/kalki1979-09-02.pdf |access-date=17 January 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=16–18 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-14-342111-5 |location=New Delhi |orig-date=2012}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:1977 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:1977 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Devaraj–Mohan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Panchu Arunachalam]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Onde Raktha

2026-03-03T22:16:43Z

CharlineDiederic: Created the pg w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Onde Raktha
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Sreekumaran Thampi]]
| producer = Sreekumaran Thampi
| writer = [[Chi. Udayashankar]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = Sreekumaran Thampi
| story = Sreekumaran Thampi
| starring = [[Ambareesh]] [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]]
| music = [[Rajan–Nagendra]]
| cinematography = V. Karunakar
| editing = [[L. Bhoominathan]]
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1984|6|1|ref1=<ref>{{cite web | url=https://chiloka.com/movie/onde-raktha-1984 | title=Onde Raktha (1984) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew }}</ref>}}
| country = India
| language = [[Kannada]]
}}

'''''Onde Raktha''''' ({{translation|Same blood}}) is a 1984 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film written, directed and produced by [[Sreekumaran Thampi]]. The film stars [[Ambareesh]] and [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]]. The film has musical score by Rajan Nagendra. The film was dubbed in [[Malayalam]] as ''Ore Raktham''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1814|title=Ore Raktham|accessdate=2014-10-13|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?6087|title=Ore Raktham|accessdate=2014-10-13|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{No plot|date=October 2024}}

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Ambareesh]]
*[[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]]
*[[Sundar Krishna Urs]]
*[[Mukhyamantri Chandru]]
*[[Pandari Bai]]
*[[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]]
*[[Shakti Prasad]]
*[[Sudheer (Kannada actor)|Sudheer]]
*[[Sundar Raj]]
*[[Doddanna]]
*[[Ashok (Kannada actor)|Ashok]]
}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by Rajan Nagendra with lyrics by [[Chi. Udayashankar]].
;Kannada
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers
|-
| 1||"Hoovali Jenina" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| 2||"Thangaali" || Jolly Abraham
|-
| 3||"Ravi Kaanadella" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|-
| 4||"Ee Aanandavu" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
|}

;Malayalam dubbed version
Lyrics by [[Sreekumaran Thampi]].
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers
|-
| 1 || "Ee Aanandam" || [[Krishnachandran]], [[Lathika]]
|-
| 2 || "Poovilalinja" || [[Jolly Abraham]], Lathika
|-
| 3 || "Ravi Kandathellaam" || Krishnachandran
|-
| 4 || "Thenkaattu Veeshi" || Jolly Abraham
|}

== Box office ==
Similar to Thampi and [[Ambareesh]]'s previous outing ''[[Gaanam]]'' (1982), this film was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/ambareesh-lives-on-in-memories-of-malayalis/article25592530.ece|title = Ambareesh lives on in memories of Malayalis|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 25 November 2018|first = P. K. Ajith|last=Kumar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906045805/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/ambareesh-lives-on-in-memories-of-malayalis/article25592530.ece|archive-date=6 September 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0275573|Ore Rektham}}

[[Category:1985 films]]
[[Category:1985 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1984 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajan–Nagendra]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sreekumaran Thampi]]

{{1980s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Good Shepherd Homes

2026-02-28T18:43:39Z

CharlineDiederic: Creating a data!

{{Short description|British charity}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{primary sources|date=April 2011}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=December 2019}}
}}
'''Good Shepherd Homes''' is a British charity which provides care for [[street children]] and orphans in [[West India]]. The charity also has [[registered charity]] status in India and the United States. The main bases of the organisation are found in the cities of [[Pune]], [[Talegaon]], Parandhwadi and [[Nasik]]. Good Shepherd Homes (GSH) operates in small units of twelve children, staffed by house parents.

==Origins==

GSH’s first homes were founded in 1996 in India in Pune, Maharashtra.
Large numbers of street children are still found in both Pune, Mumbai, and other Indian cities. The charity seeks, together with other organisations, to give children the necessary accommodation, care and education that they would otherwise do without. A number of children in the care of Good Shepherd Homes came directly out of child labour at the time of admission. Some children were occupied as beggars, whilst others were employed as hotel staff or cleaners.

==Street children==
Approximately 18 million street children and orphans survive on India‘s streets. Many of these children are born in, or migrate to, India's urban centres. Pune has about 8.000 street children, and Mumbai, with a population of over 20 million inhabitants, has close to 100.000 street children. These children improvise a living by begging, collecting and selling scrap and waste, brushing shoes and other forms of child labour.

GSH does not receive fees from the children under its care or their family members, and is exclusively supported by donations and free will contributions. Presently the charity houses 110 children and employs 35 full-time staff.

==Victoria Terminus and new construction development==
Good Shepherd Homes produced a 40-minute film called '[[Victoria Terminus]]' in 2009. The documentary film, which deals with the plight of street children in Mumbai, was screened numerous times including at three Unchosen film events in Bristol and at the Keele University <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bristol.indymedia.org.uk/article/691286 |title=Victoria Terminus: A film by Gerard Vandervegt - Bristol Indymedia |access-date=2011-04-20 |archive-date=2011-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911062101/http://www.bristol.indymedia.org.uk/article/691286 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Good Shepherd Homes constructed a residential project consisting of eight buildings with a capacity for 430 children and 80 staff members during 2014 and 2015. The facility is to be opened in 2016.

== References ==

{{Reflist}}
*https://web.archive.org/web/20120322105855/http://www.helpsponsorachild.com/
*http://www.jesushouse.org.uk/GSH-India
*http://www.hotfrog.in/Companies/Good-Shepherd-Homes
*http://issuu.com/jh_publications/docs/impact_newsletter_vol1
*http://www.bristol.indymedia.org.uk/article/691286 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911062101/http://www.bristol.indymedia.org.uk/article/691286 |date=2011-09-11 }}

== External links ==
* http://www.facebook.com/pages/Good-Shepherd-Homes/80338543908
* http://www.goodshepherdhomes.org.uk
* http://www.hotfrog.in/Companies/Good-Shepherd-Homes
* https://web.archive.org/web/20120322105915/http://www.cryusa.org/programs_asia_india.htm
* http://www.kings-medway.co.uk/missions/index.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322105915/http://www.kings-medway.co.uk/missions/index.html |date=2012-03-22 }}
* http://issuu.com/jh_publications/docs/impact_newsletter_vol1
* https://web.archive.org/web/20120322105855/http://www.helpsponsorachild.com/
* http://jesushouse.org.uk/GSH-India {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724122226/http://jesushouse.org.uk/GSH-India |date=2012-07-24 }}
* https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092852/https://monicas.ccom.network/GSH
* http://www.karmayog.org/ngo/goodshepherd/#.VjI74bwaJOE {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209175352/http://www.karmayog.org/ngo/goodshepherd/#.VjI74bwaJOE |date=2017-02-09 }}
* http://www.streamsofmercy.org/projects_31_good_shepheard_homes.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122074634/http://www.streamsofmercy.org/projects_31_good_shepheard_homes.html |date=2015-11-22 }}

{{morecat|date=August 2025}}
[[Category:Children's charities based in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1996]]

Krishna Mehta

2026-02-26T22:35:07Z

CharlineDiederic:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1913)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Krishna Mehta
| birth_date = 4 June 1913
| birth_place = Kishtwar, Jammu and Kashmir, British India
| death_date = 20 October 1993 (aged 80)
| death_place = [[Kishtwar]], Jammu and Kashmir, India
| occupation = Social worker, politician
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = Jammu and Kashmir
| term_start = 1962
| term_end = 1968
| spouse = Duni Chand Mehta
| children = 6
| known_for = First woman MP from Jammu and Kashmir
}}

'''Krishna Mehta''' (4 June 1913 – 20 October 1993) was an Indian politician, social worker, and the first woman member of parliament from [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. She is known for her contributions to social welfare and rehabilitation efforts in the aftermath of the [[Partition of India|1947 Partition]], as well as for her work in establishing institutions for disadvantaged women and refugees in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="ref1"/>

== Early life and 1947 Partition ==
Krishna Mehta was born on 4 June 1913 into the prominent Mehta family of [[Kishtwar]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir Princely State]]. Her great-grandfather, Colonel [[Mehta Basti Ram]], served as a commander under General [[Zorawar Singh (Dogra general)|Zorawar Singh]]. After the general was killed in battle, Basti Ram survived the ambush that nearly took them both and, moved by loyalty and loss, he devoted his life to honoring his leader’s legacy, turning every campaign into a tribute to his fallen commander.<ref name="ref2"/> In 1947, Krishna Mehta, who was already married to Duni Chand Mehta and serving as the Wazir-e-Wazarat (District Commissioner) of [[Muzaffarabad]] in Jammu and Kashmir, faced a similar tragedy when her husband was killed in the line of duty.<ref name="ref1"/> Inspired by her great-grandfather’s unwavering resolve, she too chose to honor her husband’s legacy, serving the families of fallen victims with strength and compassion.
=== Founding of Social Welfare Organizations ===
In October 1947, during the tribal invasion of Jammu and Kashmir from the North-West Frontier Province, Krishna Mehta and her six children fled their home as [[Muzaffarabad]] came under attack. Her husband was killed while defending the area.
Subsequently, she was taken as a prisoner of war by Pakistani authorities and held in [[Muzaffarabad]] and later at the [[Narowal]] camp, where she witnessed and endured severe hardships.<ref name="ref2"/><ref name="ref4"/>
After repatriation, though she had the means to resettle in [[Kishtwar]], she chose instead to remain with the refugees, sharing in their suffering. She dedicated herself to their rehabilitation and offered them emotional support. At the [[Kurukshetra]] refugee camp, she met Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], whose encouragement inspired her to establish two institutions dedicated to the welfare of refugees and underprivileged women.<ref name="ref1"/><ref name="ref3"/>
In 1949, Mehta established the Gandhi Seva Sadan in Jammu and the Khadi Gram Udyog Sangh in Allahabad, with ₹5,000 allocated for each by the [[Prime Minister]].

True to its title, [[Munshi Premchand]]’s novel [[Bazaar-e-Husn|Seva Sadan]] centers on the themes of social service and moral redemption. Through the journey of its protagonist, Suman—a woman who transforms her life from one of personal despair to one devoted to the upliftment of other women—the novel explores issues of gender inequality, societal reform, and the transformative power of selfless service. Shri Gandhi Sewa Sadan Jammu,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shri Gandhi Sewa Sadan|url=http://www.gandhiseva.org|access-date=6 April 2025}}</ref> which she considered her as third son focused on providing vocational training and economic support for displaced and disadvantaged women, with the aim of promoting self-reliance.<ref name="ref1"/><ref name="ref3">{{cite news | last=Rohmetra | first=Ravi | title=First womenMP from J&K | website=Daily Excelsior | date=3 June 2019 | url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/first-womenmp-from-jk/ | access-date=2 November 2024}}</ref>

== Political career ==
In 1962, Mehta was nominated to the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of [[Parliament of India|India's Parliament]], becoming the first female MP from Jammu and Kashmir. In this role role, she advocated for social development initiatives and worked to bring national attention to issues in her home state. She invited then-Prime Minister Indira Gandhi to Kishtwar to provide a firsthand understanding of the region’s challenges.<ref name="ref2">{{cite web|title=Paying tribute to India’s freedom fighters – Krishna Mehta|website='Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav', Ministry of Culture, Government of India|url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?3716|access-date=2 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="ref4">{{cite web | title=Feminine Fortitude in India's Freedom Struggle: The Overlooked Women Heroes of Jammu Kashmir | website=Jammu Kashmir Now | date=14 March 2023 | url=https://www.jammukashmirnow.com/Encyc/2023/3/14/Feminine-Fortitude-in-India-Freedom-Struggle-The-Overlooked-Women-Heroes-of-Kashmir.html | access-date=2 November 2024}}</ref>

== Later life and death ==
Mehta maintained an interest in spirituality, spending time at the ashram of her guru, Magan Baba, in Kishtwar. She continued her work in social welfare and wrote about her experiences, including the challenges faced in Kashmir. Krishna Mehta died on 20 October 1993, in Kishtwar. In accordance with her wishes, her ashes were immersed in the [[Chenab River]].<ref name="ref1">{{cite news | last=Excelsior | first=Daily | title=First women MP from J&K | website=[[Daily Excelsior]] | date=3 June 2013 | url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/first-women-mp-from-jk/ | access-date=2 November 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, Krishna}}
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Women members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Women members of Parliament from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:People from Kishtwar district]]
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Women Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Women members of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Nominated members of the Lok Sabha]]

Prabhabati Bose

2026-02-23T11:19:03Z

CharlineDiederic: Created basic article added tags

{{Short description|Indian social activist and politician}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prabhabati Bose
| image = Prabhabati Bose (née Dutta) in her early age.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Prabhabati Bose (Dutt)
| native_name_lang = Prabhabati Bose (Dutt) (প্রভাবতী বোস (দত্ত))
| birth_name = Prabhabati Dutt
| birth_date = 1869
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[West Bengal]], [[India]])
| death_date = 29 December 1943 (aged 74)
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now West Bengal, India)
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Social activist]] and [[politician]]
| known_for = Mother of [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose]] and [[Sarat Chandra Bose]]
| children = 14, 8 sons ([[Subhash Chandra Bose]], [[Sarat Chandra Bose]] & others) and 6 daughters
| mother = Kamala Kamini Dutta
| father = Ganganarayan Dutta
| relatives = [[Rabindranath Datta|Roby Datta]] (cousin)
| family =
| spouse = [[Janakinath Bose]]
}}

'''Prabhabati Bose''' (''[[née]]'' '''Dutta''') was an Indian social activist and politician.<ref name=":0" /> She was born in 1869 into a respected [[Kayastha]] Bharadwaja clan Dutta family of Hatkhola, in [[North Kolkata|Calcutta North]].<ref>''An Indian Pilgrim: An Unfinished Autobiography And Collected Letters 1897-1921'', Subhas Chandra Bose, Asia Publishing House, London, 1965, p. 1</ref> She was the eldest daughter of Ganganarayan Dutta and Kamala Kamini Dutta of Kashinath Dutta Road, [[Baranagore]] (a suburb of [[Calcutta]]), India. [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] is her son.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bose |first=DN |date=2018-01-27 |title=Forgotten patriarch and patriot |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/features/forgotten-patriarch-patriot-1502574250.html |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Subhas Chandra Bose lying on his bed after release from prison with Prabhabati Bose, Satish Chandra Bose and Abdur Rahman Siddiqi, 5.10.1940.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Subhas Chandra Bose lying on his bed after release from prison with Prabhabati Bose, Satish Chandra Bose and Abdur Rahman Siddiqi on 5.10.1940 displayed at Netaji Museum and Centre for Studies in Himalayan Languages Society & Culture, Giddha Pahar, Darjeeling district, West Bengal]]

In 1880, at the age of 11, she was married off to [[Janakinath Bose]] who hailed from a [[Kulin Kayastha|Kulin]] [[Bose (surname)|Bose]] family from the village Kodalia (located near [[Sonarpur]]).<ref name=":1" />

==Marriage and children==
Prabhabati and [[Janakinath Bose]] had fourteen children together. She was very involved in their education and many members of the extended Bose family made significant contributions to Indian society.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bose|first1=Sugata|title=His Majesty's Opponent|year=2011|publisher=Harvard University|isbn=978-0-674-04754-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g-pfHRAD03AC&dq=prabhabati+bose&pg=PA338}}</ref> Not only was Prabhabati the matriarch of Bose family, but following her parents' deaths she and her husband took care of her younger siblings.

She gave birth to fourteen children, six daughters and eight sons, among whom were [[Indian nationalism|nationalist]] leader [[Sarat Chandra Bose]], [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose]] and distinguished cardiologist Dr. Sunil Chandra Bose.

==Political activism==
In 1928, Prabhabati was selected president of the [[Mahila Rashtriya Sangha]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last1=Forbes|first1=Geraldine|title=Women in Colonial India: Essays on Politics, Medicine, and Historiography|date=2005|publisher=Chronicle Books|isbn=81-8028-017-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ClNEJwXLNQIC&pg=PA52|accessdate=2015-01-05}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Subhas Chandra Bose}}
{{Bose family}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bose, Prabhabati}}
[[Category:1869 births]]
[[Category:1943 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:19th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali activists]]
[[Category:Bengali politicians]]
[[Category:Activists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:People from Baranagar]]
[[Category:Women from West Bengal]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian activists]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]

{{WestBengal-politician-stub}}
{{India-activist-stub}}

Little Valley English High School, Kailaras

2026-02-21T04:55:16Z

CharlineDiederic: created a post

{{Multiple issues|
{{more footnotes needed|date=October 2016}}{{more citations needed|date=October 2016}}{{notability|Organizations|date=October 2016}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2016}}
}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Little Valley English High School
| native_name =
| latin_name =
| image =
| image_size =
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| caption =
| location = [[Kailaras]]
| address = Near Jai Maa Agro Warehouse
| region =
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| province =
| county =
| postal_code =
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| country = [[India]]
| coordinates =
| school_number =
| school_board = [[Madhya Pradesh Board of Secondary Education]]
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| founder = Mr. Gaurav Bansal
| specialist =
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| chairperson =
| principal = Mr. Ajay Mangal
| principal1 =
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| director = Mr. Gaurav Bansal
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| classes_offered = Class Nursery to Class X
| avg_class_size =
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| gender = Co-ed
| lower_age =
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| schooltype = Day Scholar
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| founded = 2014
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| website = {{URL|http://www.lvehschool.com}}
}}
'''Little Valley English High School''' (LVEHS) is a public school runs under the Shri Harnarayan Shiksha Evem Seva Samiti in [[Kailaras]], Dist. [[Morena, Madhya Pradesh|Morena]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is a co-educational English-Medium High School.

== History ==
It was founded and chaired by Mr. Gaurav Bansal and its principal is Mr. Neerendra Singh Tomar. It evolved from a middle school established in [[Kailaras]] in 2014 to become a co-educational English medium High School

== Campus and Facilities ==
The building of Little Valley English High School has three blocks which house the Junior, Middle and Senior classes. There is an open courtyard in the middle of building, and open-to-sky spaces between rooms. The School has Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Computer, I.T. and Language labs. In addition there are Junior Science lab for classes V to VIII apart from the well maintained senior science labs.

==External links==
* [http://www.lvehschool.com/ Official website]

{{coord|26.2822766|77.6163018|display=title}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2014]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Ratha (architecture)

2026-02-19T20:08:53Z

CharlineDiederic: Created a data w/ refs

{{Short description|Facet of a Hindu temple}}
{{italic title}}
[[Image:Triratha-Pancharatha-Saptaratha.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Plans of the main types of buildings with ''ratha'']]
[[Image:Plan of subsidiary shrines of Brahmeswara Temple.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Drawing of a ''[[pancharatha]]'' (5 ''ratha'') plan]]
In [[Hindu temple architecture]], a '''''ratha''''' ({{langx|sa|रथ|lit=chariot}}, {{IAST3|ratha}}) is a vertical offset projection on the plan of a structure, particularly of the ''[[shikhara]]'' above the sanctum.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harris |first1=Cyril M. |title=Illustrated Dictionary of Historic Architecture |date=2013 |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=9780486132112 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kp_DAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT1200 |accessdate=3 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Eagle |first1=Andrew |last2=Karmaker |first2=Kongkon |title=Dinajpur temple sheds new light on distant past |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/dinajpur-temple-sheds-new-light-distant-past-1430014 |website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |accessdate=3 June 2019 |language=en |date=8 July 2017 |archive-date=3 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603145202/https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/dinajpur-temple-sheds-new-light-distant-past-1430014 |url-status=live }}</ref> The term has the same meaning when applied to the forms of the bases of statues.

A ''ratha'' is generally carried up from the bottom of the temple to the superstructure.<ref>Harle, 153</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tourism.oriyaonline.com/temple_architecture.html|title=Orissa Tourism - Temple Architecture of Orissa, Temples of Orissa, Orissa Temples, Architecture of Temples of Orissa, Oriya Culture, Temple Tours of Orissa, Orissa Tourism - tourism.oriyaonline.com|work=oriyaonline.com|access-date=2012-10-05|archive-date=2012-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013100126/http://tourism.oriyaonline.com/temple_architecture.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The corners of each ratha touch notional circles on the plan of the temple, centred on the [[murti]] or [[cult image]] inside the sanctum. The sides are oriented along the main horizontal axis of the temple (normally running east–west) or at right angles to it, generating (except around the entrance to the sanctum) a multi-faceted plan that harmonizes the square and the circle, becoming more circular in overall shape as the number of rathas increases.

The rathas may be decorated with geometric figures or statues, such as statues of a gatekeeper watching outside or a niche with a statue of a deity. Sometimes, the facet of the ratha is hollowed to the interior; these are rathas with recesses. If there is only one facet,{{clarify|date=August 2024}} this is a temple with three rathas (triratha): the wall and the facets on the left and the right.

If there is a main facet and a secondary one, the temple has five rathas ([[pancharatha]]). There are also temples with seven rathas ([[saptaratha]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Architecture|title=Architecture|work=banglapedia.org|access-date=2015-06-30|archive-date=2020-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116231638/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Architecture|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spiritualvedicnames.com/saptaratha/|title=Saptaratha|work=spiritualvedicnames.com|access-date=2012-10-05|archive-date=2013-02-02|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130202211000/http://spiritualvedicnames.com/saptaratha/|url-status=live}}</ref> and nine rathas (navaratha).

==Etymology==
In [[Sanskrit]], the word "ratha" means "cart" or "chariot", but the link with this meaning is not clear. A [[ratha]], meaning cart, is also the temple chariot used for processing the murti at festivals, and a "ratha temple" is one designed to resemble a cart, with wheels on the sides, and often horses.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hardy |first1=Adam |title=Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation : the Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa Tradition, 7th to 13th Centuries |date=1995 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=9788170173120 |page=59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aU0hCAS2-08C&dq=ratha+Hindu+temple+architecture&pg=PA59 |accessdate=3 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The most famous example is the [[Sun Temple, Konarak]].<ref>Harle, 252</ref>

==Examples of triratha temples==
* Parasurameswar Temple in [[Bhubaneswar]]

{{gallery| height=300 | width=300 | align=center
|File:Parasurameswar Temple.jpg|Parasurameswar Temple}}

* [[Lakhamandal]] Temple in [[Jaunsar-Bawar]], Dehradun, Uttarakhand {{gallery| height=300 | width=300 | align=center| File:0052023 Lakhamandal temple and ruins, Gupta era artwork, Uttarakhand 030.jpg| Lakhamandal Temple|}}

==Examples of pancharatha temples==
* [[Lingaraja Temple]] in [[Bhubaneswar]]
* [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana Temple]] in [[Khajuraho]]
* [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] in [[Puri]], Orissa

{{Clear}}
{{gallery | title=Pancharatha temples | height=200 | width=200 | align=center
|File:Isanesvara.jpg|Isanesvara Siva Temple in Bhubaneswar
|File:Jagannath Temple baripada 4.jpg|Jagannath Temple in Baripada
|File:Lingaraj Temple bbsr10.jpg|Lingaraja Temple in Bhubaneswar
}}
{{Main|Pancharatha}}

== Examples of saptaratha temples ==
* Chaturbhuja Temple in [[Khajuraho]]
* Shiva Lakhesvara Temple near [[Bhubaneswar]]
* Shikhara of the temple of [[Swayambhunath]] in [[Kathmandu]]

{{gallery | title=Saptratha temples | height=300 | width=300 | align=center
|File:Khajuraho Chaturbhuja Temple.jpg|Chaturbhuja Temple
|File:Swayambhunath-stupa.jpg|Shikhara of Swayambunath
}}

== Examples of navaratha temples ==
* [[Adinatha temple, Khajuraho|Adinath Temple]] in [[Khajuraho]]
* [[Vamana Temple, Khajuraho|Vamana temple]] in [[Khajuraho]]
* Shiva Purvesvara Temple near [[Bhubaneswar]]

{{gallery | title=Navaratha temples | height=300 | width=300 | align=center
|File:Khajuraho India, Vamana Temple 02; Photographed 10-March-2012.JPG|Vamana Temple
|File:Khajuraho3.jpg|Adinath Temple
}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*Harle, J.C., ''The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent'', 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, {{ISBN|0300062176}}

[[Category:Architectural elements]]
[[Category:Hindu temple architecture]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in India]]
[[Category:Hindi words and phrases]]

Rachel Goenka

2026-02-10T02:43:18Z

CharlineDiederic: Created new info added tags

{{Short description|Indian restaurateur, chef, author}}
{{COI|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rachel Goenka
| image = Rachel_Goenka.jpg
| caption = Rachel Goenka
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1988|04|06}}
| birth_place =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Pennsylvania State University]] [[Ballymaloe Cookery School]] [[Le Cordon Bleu]]
| occupation = Restaurateur, chef
| organization =
| known_for = The Sassy Spoon, Sassy Teaspoon, House of Mandarin
| notable_works = ''Adventures with Mithai'' (2019)
| father = [[Viveck Goenka]]<ref name=ahmedabadmirror/>
| relatives = [[Ramnath Goenka]] (great-grand father)
| awards =The Gourmand World Cookbook Award, 2020
| website =
}}

'''Rachel Goenka''' is an Indian restaurateur, chef, author and the founder and CEO of [[Mumbai]] based The Chocolate Spoon Company.<ref>{{Cite web|title=FNB News – Wakao Foods, The Chocolate Spoon Company look back with year ender report {{!}} FNB News|url=http://www.fnbnews.com/Top-News/wakao-foods-the-chocolate-spoon-company-look-back-with-year-ender-report-61825|access-date=2021-10-06|website=www.fnbnews.com}}</ref> She runs a chain of restaurants such as The Sassy Spoon, a [[European cuisine|European]] restaurant, ''House of Mandarin'', a Chinese restaurant, ''Baraza Bars and Bites'', a beach shack themed pub, ''Wicked China'', an Asian resto-bar, and ''Sassy Teaspoon'', a chain of patisseries and bakeries.<ref name="pressreader"/><ref name="indiatoday"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jain |first1=Aashika |title=#Shepreneurs: How These Women in Off-beat Roles Do Everything & Get Everything Done |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/slideshow/329878#5 |publisher=[[Entrepreneur (magazine)|Entrepreneur]] |date=8 March 2019}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Rachel Goenka graduated with degrees in Journalism and English from [[The Pennsylvania State University]] and then studied at The [[Ballymaloe Cookery School]] in Ireland, where Goenka was trained under celebrity chef [[Rachel Allen]]. After completing her graduation, she attended [[Le Cordon Bleu]] in London to specialize in [[patisserie]].<ref name="indiatoday">{{cite news |last1=Halim |first1=Moeena |title=Mumbai restaurant, The Sassy Spoon, wins Critics' Choice Award |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20160627-chef-rachel-goenka-restaurant-the-sassy-spoon-best-independent-restaurant-in-india-critics-choice-829099-2016-06-17 |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=17 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="pressreader"/>

== Career ==
She set up her first restaurant, The Sassy Spoon in [[Mumbai]]'s [[Nariman Point]] in 2013, which was later chosen by French chef [[Alain Ducasse]] to be part of the Gout De France movement in 2014.<ref name="pressreader">{{cite news |title=RACHEL GOENKA, 29 Restaurateur and chef, Sassy Spoon, Baraza Bars and Bites and Mandarin and Mirchi |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/india-today/20171106/page/140/textview |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=6 November 2017}}</ref> Her second outlet of The Sassy Spoon was opened in [[Bandra]], [[Mumbai]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |title=Verve Bites: The Sassy Spoon |url=http://www.vervemagazine.in/travel-and-spaces/review-the-sassy-spoon-mumbai |publisher=[[Verve (Indian magazine)|Verve]] |date=23 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chanda |first1=Kathakali |title=How pastry chefs are cooking up a dessert storm |url=http://www.forbesindia.com/printcontent/39171 |work=[[Forbes India]] |date=27 December 2014}}</ref>

In 2016, Goenka launched the Sassy Teaspoon, a chain of patisseries and bakeries across [[Mumbai]] and [[Pune]]. The Sassy Spoon, Mumbai won 'Best Independent Restaurant in India-Critics' Choice' within the first year of its operations.<ref name="indiatoday"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kasana |first1=Archana |title=Sassy Teaspoon Soon Planning for PAN- India Expansion |url=http://bwhotelier.businessworld.in/article/Sassy-Teaspoon-Soon-Planning-for-PAN-India-Expansion/11-09-2017-125875/ |publisher=[[BusinessWorld]] |date=11 September 2017}}</ref> In 2017, she launched The House of Mandarin, an authentic Chinese diner.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shaikh |first1=Sadaf |title=The Dim Sums At Bandra's Newly-Opened House Of Mandarin Are Truly Unmissable! |url=http://www.vervemagazine.in/travel-and-spaces/the-dim-sums-at-bandras-newly-opened-house-of-mandarin-are-truly-unmissable |publisher=[[Verve (Indian magazine)|Verve]] |date=24 September 2017}}</ref>

Some of her other brands include Baraza Bars and Bites, a beach shack themed pub, and Wicked China, an Asian resto-bar. She owns seven restaurants across [[Mumbai]] and [[Pune]], and 10 patisseries and two central kitchens.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chowdary |first1=Asha |title=Are you Instagram-worthy? How Sassy Spoon's Rachel Goenka spins magic with her culinary wizardry |url=https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/yourstory-epaper-yourstory/are+you+instagram+worthy+how+sassy+spoon+s+rachel+goenka+spins+magic+with+her+culinary+wizardry-newsid-137630498 |publisher=[[Dailyhunt]] |date=21 September 2019}}</ref>

== Published works ==
In 2019, she authored a book, ''Rachel Goenka's Adventures with Mithai'', which was published by [[HarperCollins]]. The book was launched on 14 October 2019, in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Borah |first1=Jahnabee |title=Have your mithai and eat it too, says Rachel Goenka |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/diwali-special-have-your-mithai-and-eat-it-too-says-rachel-goenka-11571997312682.html |publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=25 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dalal |first1=Phorum |title=When Mithai Goes Mod |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/when-mithai-goes-mod/21943174 |publisher=[[Mid-Day]] |date=20 October 2019}}</ref> In December 2019, she won The Gourmand World Cookbook Award 2020, in the category of pastry and desserts for her book, ''Adventures with Mithai''.<ref name="www.fnbnews.com">{{cite news |title=Goenka's Adventures with Mithai bags Gourmand World Cookbook Award '20 |url=http://www.fnbnews.com/Events/goenkas-adventures-with-mithai-bags-gourmand-world-cookbook-award-20-53651 |publisher=FBN News |date=31 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gourmand Awards |url=https://www.cookbookfair.com/index.php/gourmand-awards |publisher=Gourmand International |date=2020}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
In February 2014, Goenka married her long-time boyfriend and [[Dubai]] based banker, Karan Khetarpal,<ref name="ahmedabadmirror"/><ref name="magzter">{{cite journal |last1=Chopra Vikamsey |first1=Swati |title=Restaurateur Rachel Goenka gets teary-eyed as she revisits her pregnancy, labour and life after Kabir... |journal=Mother and Baby India |date=December 2018 |issue=81 |url=https://www.magzter.com/article/Lifestyle/Mother-Baby-India/Eat-Pray-Love |publisher=[[Next Gen Publishing]]}}</ref> with whom she has a son named Kabir.<ref name="magzter"/> In April 2021, on her birthday, Rachel and Karan welcomed their daughter, Amalia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chawla |first1=Barkha |title=Preparing For Baby #2: Advice From Our Favourite Insta Moms |url=https://www.missmalini.com/2021/12/21/preparing-for-baby-2-advice-from-real-mums/ |publisher=[[MissMalini]] |date=21 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kamath |first1=Akanksha |title=4 stylish mums-to-be share their pregnancy journeys and maternity style tips |url=https://www.vogue.in/fashion/content/stylish-mums-to-be-share-their-pregnancy-journeys-and-maternity-style-tips |publisher=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] |date=19 January 2021}}</ref> She is the daughter of [[Viveck Goenka]], the chairman & MD of [[The Indian Express]].<ref name="ahmedabadmirror">{{cite news |title=Cooking up a match |url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/cover-story/women-of-steel/articleshow/35675469.cms |newspaper=[[Ahmedabad Mirror]] |date=28 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=When in Goa... |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/the-informer/Never-too-late-to-celebrate/articleshow/36644772.cms? |newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=16 June 2014}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goenka, Rachel}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian chefs]]
[[Category:Indian restaurateurs]]
[[Category:Indian cookbook writers]]
[[Category:Indian women food writers]]
[[Category:Chefs of Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Women writers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Donald P. Bellisario College of Communications alumni]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]

Pujyapada

2026-02-06T07:24:11Z

CharlineDiederic: Created the data more to come

{{Short description|Indian Jain monk (464–524)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=December 2024}}
{{tone|date=September 2015}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific-prefix = [[Acharya]] Shri 108
| honorific-suffix = Ji Maharaj
| image = Digambar.jpg
| alt = Pujyapada
| caption = Digambara Acharya
| religion = [[Jainism]]
| sect = [[Digambara]]
| birth_name = Devanandi
| birth_date = 464 CE
| death_date = {{death year and age|524|464}}
| father = Madhava Bhatta
| mother = Shridevi
| works = [[Sarvārthasiddhi]], Iṣṭopadeśa
| disciples = [[Durvinita]]
}}
{{Jainism}}
'''Acharya Pujyapada''' or '''Pūjyapāda''' (464–524 CE)<ref>{{citation|last=Jain|first=Jyoti Prasad|title=The Jaina Sources of the History of Ancient India|edition=Second|date=2005|page=102}}</ref> was a renowned grammarian and ''[[Acharya (Jainism)|acharya]]'' (philosopher monk) belonging to the [[Digambara]] tradition of [[Jainism|Jains]]. It was believed that he was worshiped by demigods on the account of his vast scholarship and deep piety, and thus, he was named Pujyapada. He was said to be the [[guru]] of King [[Durvinita]] of the [[Western Ganga dynasty]].<ref>"Jaina Antiquary". Volume XVIII.1, pp 13-15.</ref>

==Life==
Pujyapada is dated to have lived around 510 CE to 600 CE.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=49}} Born as Devanandi to parents Madhava Bhatta and Shridevi,<ref>Introduction. Jain, Jaykumar.''Samadhitantra''. First edition, 2006.</ref> he became a [[Digambara monk]], as well as a yogi, mystic, poet, scholar, author and master of several branches of learning.<ref>Page 98, Ibid.</ref> He was born in a [[Jain Brahmans]] (In Jain philosophy, a pratimādhārī shravaka—a layperson with vows—is considered a Brahman)<ref>Jaini, Padmanabh S. (1998). The Jaina Path of Purification. p. 151.</ref> family of [[Karnataka]].{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=49}}

He earned the title Pujyapada since he is considered to have devas from heaven come to do puja of his feet (pada).{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=524}} He was heavily influenced by the writings of earlier Digambaras like [[Kundakunda]] and [[Samantabhadra (Jain monk)|Samantabhadra]]. He is regarded as the greatest of the early masters of [[Jain literature]].<ref>Page 98, Jain, Jyoti Prasad. ''The Jaina Sources of the History of Ancient India.'' Second, revised edition: 2005.</ref> He was a prominent preceptor, with an impeccable ancestry and spiritual lineage.<ref name=":0">Page 98, Ibid.</ref> He was the tenth guru of the lineage of the ''Nandi Sangha'' which began with Kundakunda.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=49}}

It is likely that he was the first Jain saint to write not only on religion but also on non-religious subjects, such as [[Ayurveda]] and [[Sanskrit grammar]],{{sfn|Balcerowicz|2003|p=29}} and was a master of Sanskrit poetics and of ayurveda.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} All of his works, both prose and verse, were written in [[Sanskrit]].<ref name=":0" />

In his ''[[Sarvarthasiddhi]],'' Pujyapada defined ''[[Dāna]]'' (charity) as the act of giving one's wealth to another for mutual benefit.{{sfn|Ram Bhushan Prasad Singh|2008|p=84}}

==Works==
[[File:Istopadesa.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Book cover of one of the English translation of Iṣṭopadeśa]]
*{{IAST|''Iṣṭopadeśa'' (Divine Sermons) – }} a concise work of 51 verses,{{sfn|Jain|2014|p=xiv}} it uses everyday examples to address ethical aspects of life. Acharya Pujyapada writes that one needs to realize the difference between the eternal soul and mutable body, the trivial and important, the essential and non-essential, to attain liberation. Without this realization, even devotion and meritous actions do not lead to liberation.
*{{IAST|''Sarvārthasiddhi'' (Attainment of Higher Goals) - }} ''Sarvārthasiddhi'' is a commentary on the [[Tattvartha Sutra|Tattvārthasūtra]], noted for its precision and conciseness.{{sfn|Balcerowicz|2003|p=29}}{{sfn|Jain|2014|p=xiv}}{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=524}} It serves as the definitive ''mula patha'' for all ''[[Digambara]]'' works on the ''Tattvārthasūtra''. It is the earliest surviving commentary on the ''Tattvārthasūtra'',{{sfn|Balcerowicz|2003|p=29}} since the earlier commentary, the ''Gandhahastī Mahābhāṣya'' of ''Acharya'' [[Samantabhadra (Jain monk)|Samantabhadra]], is no longer extant.
*{{IAST|''Jainendra Vyākaraṇa'' (Jainendra Grammar) - }} considered one of the finest early works on [[Sanskrit grammar]].''{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=524}}''
*{{IAST|''Samādhitantra'' (Method of Self-Contemplation) – }} It is a treatise of 106 verses on [[yoga]] and spiritual practice, outlining the path to liberation through differentiation of the soul from the body.
*{{IAST|''Daśabhaktyādisangraha'' (Collection of Ten Adorations) - }} a collection of the adoration of the essentials that help the soul in acquiring merit. The essentials include the Supreme Beings, the Scripture, the Perfect Conduct, and the sacred places like the Nandīśvara Dvīpa.{{Sfn|Jain|2014|p=15}}
*{{IAST|''Śāntyāṣṭaka'' (Hymn in Praise of Śāntinātha) - }} A poem of 8 verses in adoration of Bhagavān Śāntinātha, the 16th Tīrthankara.{{Sfn|Jain|2014|p=15}}
* {{IAST|''Śabdāvatāranyāsa'' (Arrangement of Words and their Forms) - }} A work on Sanskrit grammar, said to be a gloss on [[Pāṇini|Pāṇinī]]
* ''Jainābhiṣeka'' (Jain Anointment) - A work on Jain rituals.
* ''Chandaśāstra'' (Treatise on Prosody) - A work on Sanskrit prosody.

==See also==
*[[Devardhigani Kshamashraman]]
*[[Hemachandra]]
*[[Hiravijaya]]

== References ==
===Citations===
{{reflist|30em}}

===Sources===
* {{citation |editor-last=Balcerowicz |editor-first=Piotr |editor-link=Piotr Balcerowicz |title=Essays in Jaina Philosophy and Religion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcRpfZcIhLoC |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |date=2003 |orig-year=2002 |isbn=81-208-1977-2 }}
* {{Citation| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r5opAwAAQBAJ|title=Acarya Pujyapada's Istopadesa – The Golden Discourse| first=Vijay K. |last=Jain | publisher=Vikalp Printers | date= 2014 | isbn=9788190363969 }}
* {{citation |last=Shah |first=Natubhai |author-link=Natubhai Shah |title=Jainism: The World of Conquerors |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLNQKGcDIhsC |volume=I |date=2004 |orig-year=First published in 1998 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=81-208-1938-1 |ref={{sfnref|Natubhai Shah|2004}} }}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Ram Bhushan Prasad |title=Jainism in Early Medieval Karnataka |url={{Google books|JtWGm4E4qZIC|plainurl=yes}} |year=2008 |orig-year=1975 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-3323-4 |ref={{sfnref|Ram Bhushan Prasad Singh|2008}} }}
* {{citation|last=Singh|first=Upinder|author-link=Upinder Singh|title=A history of ancient and early medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century|date=2008|publisher=[[Pearson Education]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GW5Gx0HSXKUC|ref={{sfnref|Upinder Singh|2008}}}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=Jain जैन|first=Vijay Kumar विजय कुमार|title=Ācārya Pūjyapāda's Bhakti Saṃgraha – Collection of Devotions आचार्य पूज्यपाद विरचित भक्ति संग्रह|publisher=Vikalp Printers|publication-place=Dehradun|date=2022|isbn=978-93-5627-523-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Jain|first=Vijay K.|title=Ācārya Pūjyapāda's Samādhitantram आचार्य पूज्यपाद विरचित "समाधितंत्रम्|publisher=Vikalp Printers|publication-place=Dehradun|date=2017|isbn=978-81-932726-0-2}}

{{Jain Gurus}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jain acharyas]]
[[Category:Indian Jain monks]]
[[Category:5th-century Indian Jains]]
[[Category:5th-century Jain monks]]
[[Category:5th-century Indian monks]]
[[Category:6th-century Indian Jains]]
[[Category:6th-century Jain monks]]
[[Category:6th-century Indian monks]]
[[Category:464 births]]
[[Category:524 deaths]]

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus metro station

2026-02-04T17:38:06Z

CharlineDiederic:

{{Short description|Mumbai Metro's Aqua Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}} {{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox station
| name = {{white|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus Metro}}
| native_name = {{white|{{nobold|छत्रपती शिवाजी महाराज टर्मिनस मेट्रो}}}}
| style = Mumbai Metro
| style2 = Aqua
| image = CSMT Metro Entrance A3.jpg
| image_upright = 1.3
| image_caption = Entrance A3 to the metro station
| address = Azad Maidan, Fort, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400001
| coordinates = {{coord|18.94132585270675|N|72.83081713550129|E|format=dms|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[File:Logo of Mumbai Metro Line 3.png|12px|link=Line 3 (Mumbai Metro)]] Mumbai Metro Rail Corporation Ltd.
| operator = {{rint|delhi|m}} [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]<ref>{{cite news |title=DMRC wins contract to operate Mumbai Metro's Line 3: Officials |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/urban-transportation/dmrc-wins-contract-to-operate-mumbai-metros-line-3-officials/99462230 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=12 April 2023 |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref>
| line = {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|3|croute}}
| platform = 1 [[island platform]]
| connections = {{rint|mumbai|s}} {{rcb|Mumbai Suburban Railway|Central|route}} {{rcb|Mumbai Suburban Railway|Harbour|route}} at [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus|Mumbai CSMT]]
| structure = Underground
| depth =
| parking =
| bicycle =
| accessible = {{URL|1=https://mmrcl.com/station/CSTM|2=Yes}}
| architect =
| architectural_style =
| status = Staffed, Operational
| code = CSTM
| zone =
| opened = {{start date and age|2025|10|8|df=yes}}
| opening =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| former =
| mpassengers =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_rank =
| services = {{Adjstn|system=Mumbai Metro|line=3|left=Hutatma Chowk|right=Kalbadevi}}
| route_map = {{Routemap
|inline=1
|legend=track
|map=
utSTR!~MFADEg\utSTR!~MFADEg ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kalbadevi}}
utSTRg\utSTRf
utdSTR\dPLT!~d*2__align=bl\utdSTR
utdSTR\dPLT!~d*1__align=br\utdSTR
cd!~utPSTR(L)\c!~dPLT\utPSTR(R)
utSTRg\utSTRf~~ ~~ ~~
utSTR!~MFADEf\utSTR!~MFADEf ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Hutatma Chowk}}
}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Mumbai Metro|Aqua Line}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| map_state = expanded
| baggage_check =
| wifi =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
}}
'''Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus Metro station''' (also known as '''Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus – [[Kotak Mahindra Bank|क kotak]] Metro''' for sponsorship reasons)<ref>{{Cite web |title=CSMT–Metro 3 Subway Promises Seamless Commute Across South Mumbai: Check Details |url=https://www.news18.com/cities/mumbai-news/csmt-metro-3-subway-promises-seamless-commute-across-south-mumbai-check-details-ws-l-9600084.html}}</ref> is an underground metro station located in the [[Fort (Mumbai precinct)|Fort]] area, on the North–South corridor of the [[Aqua Line (Mumbai Metro)|Aqua Line]] of the [[Mumbai Metro]] in [[Mumbai]], India. The station was inaugurated on 8 October 2025, along with the remaining section of the Aqua Line from [[Acharya Atre Chowk metro station|Acharya Atre Chowk]] to [[Cuffe Parade metro station|Cuffe Parade]].

== Station Layout ==
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Ground level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=400 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|'''L1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Concourse
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Customer Service, Shops, Vending machine, ATMs
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=3 valign=top|'''L2 Platforms'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=85 height=45|'''Platform 2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=400|{{0|←}} Towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|3|right}} ({{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kalbadevi}}) →
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Island platform]] {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 height=45|'''Platform 1'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="400" |← Towards {{ltl|Mumbai Metro|3|left}} ({{stl|Mumbai Metro|Hutatma Chowk}})
|-
|}

== Entry/Exit ==

* '''A1''' - Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation Head Office, Chief Metropolitan Magistrate Court
* '''A2''' - [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]], Manish Market <ref name="map">{{cite web |title=CSMT Station Details |url=https://mmrcl.com/station/CSTM |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=MMRC}}</ref>
* '''A3''' - Court of Small Cases, [[Bombay Gymkhana]] <ref name="map" />
* '''A4''' - Press Club, [[Azad Maidan]]<ref name="map" />
* '''B1''' - [[Cama Hospital|Cama & Albless Hospital]], [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St. Xavier's College]]<ref name="map" />
* '''B2''' - [[Metro INOX Cinemas|Metro INOX Cinema]], [[Bombay Hospital]]<ref name="map" />

== See also ==

* [[Mumbai]]
* [[Transport in Mumbai]]
* [[List of Mumbai Metro stations]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
* [[List of metro systems]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://mmrcl.com/en/ The official site of Mumbai Metro]
* [http://www.urbanrail.net/ ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
{{Portal bar|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}{{Mumbai Metro navbox|line 3=yes}}
[[Category:Mumbai Metro stations]]

Sunny Leone

2026-01-25T09:11:35Z

CharlineDiederic: minor edit

{{Short description|Canadian-American former pornographic actress (born 1981)}}
{{redirect|Karenjit Kaur|the series|Karenjit Kaur – The Untold Story of Sunny Leone}}
{{pp-blp|small=yes|expiry=indef}}
{{for-multi|the Venezuelan jockey|Sonny Leon|the American pornographic actress and nude model|Sunny Lane}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2015}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sunny Leone
| image = Sunny Leone at Ginna press meet (3).jpg
| caption = Leone in 2022
| birth_name = Karenjit Kaur Vohra
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1981|5|13}}<ref name=OwnBio>{{cite web |url=http://www.sunnyleone.com/en/about |title=About Me |work=SunnyLeone.com |access-date=January 5, 2016 |archive-date=December 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165939/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en/about |url-status=live}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Sarnia, Ontario]], Canada
| other_names = Karen Malhotra Karenjit Kaur Karenjit Kaur Weber
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|former [[pornographic actress]]|}}
| years_active = 2001–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Daniel Weber|2011}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Sunny-Leones-husband-comes-to-India/articleshow/12687162.cms/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322071308/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Sunny-Leones-husband-comes-to-India/articleshow/12687162.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 22, 2014 |title=Sunny Leone's husband comes to India |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=April 16, 2012 |access-date=October 1, 2012}}</ref>
| children = 3
| works = [[Sunny Leone filmography and awards|Full list]]
| citizenship = {{hlist|Canada|United States}}
| awards = [[Sunny Leone filmography and awards#Awards and nominations|Full list]]
| website = {{URL|sunnyleoneofficial.com}}
}}

'''Karenjit''' "'''Karen'''"<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/film/a-sunny-day-in-sarnia/article4098311/ |title=A Sunny day in Sarnia |work=The Globe and Mail |access-date=July 16, 2016 |archive-date=December 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170030/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/film/a-sunny-day-in-sarnia/article4098311/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.santabanta.com/bollywood/51052/how-karen-malhotra-turned-into-a-world-famous-porn-star-sunny-leone/ |title=How Karen Malhotra turned into a world-famous porn star Sunny Leone |website=santabanta.com |access-date=July 16, 2016 |archive-date=December 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170031/http://www.santabanta.com/bollywood/51052/how-karen-malhotra-turned-into-a-world-famous-porn-star-sunny-leone/ |url-status=live}}</ref> '''Kaur Vohra''' (born May 13, 1981), known by her stage name '''Sunny Leone''', is a [[Canadian American]] actress, model, and former [[pornographic actress]].<ref name="sunnyleone.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.sunnyleone.com/en |title=Sunny Leone – Desi Porn |work=SunnyLeone.com |access-date=April 11, 2015 |archive-date=December 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170019/https://www.sunnyleone.com/en |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sunny Leone profile |url=http://www.avn.com/porn-stars/Sunny-Leone-274888.html |publisher=AVN |access-date=December 27, 2015 |archive-date=December 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165959/https://avn.com/porn-stars/sunny-leone-274888.html |url-status=live}}</ref> She was named ''[[Penthouse (magazine)|Penthouse]]'' Pet of the Year in 2003, was a contract performer for [[Vivid Entertainment]], and was named by ''[[Maxim (magazine)|Maxim]]'' as one of the 12 top porn stars in 2010. She was inducted into the [[AVN Hall of Fame]] in 2018.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/class-of-2018-meet-the-new-avn-hall-of-famers-755332.html | title=Class of 2018: Meet the New AVN Hall of Famers AVN }}</ref>

She has played roles in independent mainstream events, films, and television series. Her first mainstream appearance was in 2005, when she worked as a red carpet reporter for the [[MTV Video Music Awards]] on [[MTV India]]. In 2011, she participated in the Indian reality television series ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss]]''. She also has hosted the Indian reality show ''[[MTV Splitsvilla|Splitsvilla]]''.

In 2012, she made her [[Bollywood]] debut in [[Pooja Bhatt]]'s [[erotic thriller]] ''[[Jism 2]]'' (2012) and shifted her focus to mainstream acting which was followed up with ''[[Jackpot (2013 film)|Jackpot]]'' (2013), ''[[Ragini MMS 2]]'' (2014), ''[[Leela (2015 film)|Ek Paheli Leela]]'' (2015), ''[[Tera Intezaar]]'' (2017), and the Malayalam film ''[[Madhura Raja]]'' in 2019.

Apart from her acting career, she has been part of activism campaigns including the [[Rock 'n' Roll Marathon Series|Rock 'n' Roll Los Angeles Half-Marathon]] to raise money for the [[American Cancer Society]] and has also posed for a [[PETA|People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA)]] ad campaign with a rescued dog, encouraging pet owners to have their cats and dogs spayed and neutered.

== Early life ==
Karenjit Kaur Vohra was born on May 13, 1981, in [[Sarnia, Ontario]], to [[Sikh]] Indian [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] parents.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tabloid/sunny-leone-s-real-name-revealed/article1-847131.aspx |title=Sunny Leone's real name revealed! |access-date=April 1, 2014 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=April 27, 2012 |agency=Agencies |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413142211/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tabloid/sunny-leone-s-real-name-revealed/article1-847131.aspx |archive-date=April 13, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Vickey Lalwani, Mumbai Mirror |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/People-in-India-are-conservative-Sunny-Leone/articleshow/23691999.cms? |title=People in India are conservative: Sunny Leone |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=August 8, 2013 |access-date=December 27, 2015 |archive-date=December 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165943/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/People-in-India-are-conservative-Sunny-Leone/articleshow/23691999.cms?%20 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=eyeweek /> As a young girl, she was a self-described [[tomboy]],<ref name=LATimes2016>{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-c1-india-porn-sunny-leone-snap-story.html |title=Can porn star-turned-Bollywood actress Sunny Leone teach India to be cool about sex? |first=Shashank |last=Bengali |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=August 24, 2016 |location=Los Angeles |issn=0458-3035 |access-date=August 25, 2016 |archive-date=October 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012033608/http://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-c1-india-porn-sunny-leone-snap-story.html |url-status=live}}</ref> very athletic and played street hockey with the boys.<ref name=avn>{{cite web |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/Sunny-Leone-Becomes-Vivid-Girl-43494.html |title=Sunny Leone Becomes Vivid Girl |access-date=August 26, 2007 |date=June 20, 2007 |work=[[AVN (magazine)|AVN]] |archive-date=April 15, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415134432/http://business.avn.com/articles/Sunny-Leone-Becomes-Vivid-Girl-43494.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Although the family was Sikh,<ref name=eyeweek /> her parents enrolled her in [[Roman Catholicism|Catholic]] school<ref name=eyeweek /><ref name=Ambush /> as it was felt to be unsafe for her to go to public school.<ref name=Alff>{{cite web |url=http://cltampa.com/dailyloaf/archives/2010/08/23/pornstar-sunny-leone-on-thriving-in-the-wild-wild-west-of-the-adult-industry-nsfw |title=Pornstar Sunny Leone on thriving in the wild, wild west of the adult industry |publisher=blogs.creativeloafing.com |access-date=September 11, 2010 |date=August 23, 2010 |first=Shawn |last=Alff |archive-date=April 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429010453/https://www.cltampa.com/dailyloaf/archives/2010/08/23/pornstar-sunny-leone-on-thriving-in-the-wild-wild-west-of-the-adult-industry-nsfw |url-status=live}}</ref> When she was 13, her family moved to [[Fort Gratiot, Michigan]], then to [[Lake Forest, California]], a year later,<ref name=Ambush>{{cite web |url=http://www.ambushinterview.com/97/interview97.html |title=Ambush Interview #97 |access-date=October 8, 2006 |date=October 8, 2006 |work=Ambush Interview |archive-date=March 15, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315050944/http://www.ambushinterview.com/97/interview97.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=torostar /> fulfilling her grandparents' dream that the family be together in one place.<ref name=eyeweek>{{cite news |url=http://eyeweekly.com/blog/post/32910 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119075403/http://eyeweekly.com/blog/post/32910 |archive-date=November 19, 2008 |title=Sunny Leone's America |access-date=July 4, 2008 |first=Marc |last=Weisblott |date=July 4, 2008 |work=[[Eye Weekly]] |url-status=dead}}</ref> She had her first kiss at 11,<ref name=brazzers /> lost her virginity at 16 with a basketball player,<ref name=brazzers /> and discovered her [[bisexuality]] at 18.<ref name=bisexual>{{cite web |url=http://www.mensfitness.com/advice/hot-women/meet-girl-sunny-leone |title=Meet the Girl: Sunny Leone |access-date=February 1, 2007 |date=February 1, 2007 |work=[[Men's Fitness]] |archive-date=April 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110403061406/http://www.mensfitness.com/advice/hot-women/meet-girl-sunny-leone |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=brazzers>{{cite web |url=https://www.brazzers.com/profile/view/id/1213/sunny-leone/ |title=Sunny Leone profile |access-date=March 9, 2018 |date=March 9, 2018 |website=[[Brazzers]] |archive-date=December 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165942/https://www.brazzers.com/profile/view/id/1213/sunny-leone/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Pornographic career ==
Before working in the [[porn]] [[Industry (economics)|industry]], Leone worked at a German bakery,<ref name="xrent"/> a [[Jiffy Lube]] store,<ref name="Ambush" /> and later a tax and retirement firm.<ref name="freeones.com">{{cite web |url=http://blog.freeones.com/2007/08/06/exclusive-interview-with-sunny-leone |title=Exclusive Interview with Sunny Leone |access-date=August 6, 2007 |author=freeones |work=FreeOnes Blog: Pornstars - Models - Porn Site Reviews - Sex Videos - Behind the Scenes and more! |date=August 6, 2007 |publisher=freeones |archive-date=October 13, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013013244/http://blog.freeones.com/2007/08/06/exclusive-interview-with-sunny-leone/ |url-status=live}}</ref> She was also studying to become a [[nurse]].<ref name=LATimes2016 />
[[File:Sunny Leone r140014.png|thumb|left|upright|Leone at the 2002 [[AVN Adult Entertainment Expo]], one of her earliest promotional appearances|alt=A black-haired woman wearing a yellow top and jeans sitting behind a table looking up at the camera.]]

When picking a name for her adult career, Leone has stated that Sunny is her real name and that Leone was picked by [[Bob Guccione]], former owner of ''Penthouse'' magazine.<ref name="adultfilm" /> After posing for that magazine, she was named ''Penthouse'' Pet of the Month for the March 2001 issue,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/20011231-sunny-leone-makes-history-by-becoming-first-indian-model-to-become-a-penthouse-pet-776379-2001-12-31 |title=Sunny Leone makes history by becoming first Indian model to become a Penthouse Pet |date=December 31, 2001 |access-date=March 12, 2021 |archive-date=April 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426164459/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/20011231-sunny-leone-makes-history-by-becoming-first-indian-model-to-become-a-penthouse-pet-776379-2001-12-31 |url-status=live}}</ref> followed by a feature in the Holiday 2001 edition of ''[[Hustler (magazine)|Hustler]]'' magazine as a Hustler Honey. She has also appeared in other magazines including ''Cheri'',<ref name="Cheri">{{cite web |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/Sunny-Leone-Featured-in-i-Cheri-i-27277.html |title=Sunny Leone Featured in Cheri |access-date=August 28, 2007 |first=Eddie |last=Adams |date=August 28, 2007 |publisher=AVN |archive-date=April 15, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415134528/http://business.avn.com/articles/Sunny-Leone-Featured-in-i-Cheri-i-27277.html |url-status=live}}</ref> ''Mystique Magazine'',<ref name="mystique">{{cite web |url=http://www.mystique-magazine.com/bio/Sunny-Leone.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011052900/http://mystique-magazine.com/bio/Sunny-Leone.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 11, 2007 |title=Sunny Leone Jpg Pic Image & Video Gallery |access-date=August 26, 2008 |work=Mystique Magazine}}</ref> ''[[High Society (magazine)|High Society]]'', ''[[Swank (magazine)|Swank]]'', ''[[AVN (magazine)|AVN Online]]'', ''Leg World'', ''[[Club International]]'' and ''[[Lowrider Magazine|Lowrider]]'',<ref name="lowrider1">{{cite web |url=http://www.lowridermagazine.com/models/0306_sunny_leone_lowrider_girl/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608210420/http://www.lowridermagazine.com/models/0306_sunny_leone_lowrider_girl/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 8, 2007 |title=Lowrider Model — Sunny Leone — June 2003 enter fold |access-date=June 1, 2003 |first=Saul |last=Vargas |date=June 1, 2003 |work=[[Lowrider Magazine]]}}</ref><ref name="lowrider2">{{cite web |url=http://www.lowridermagazine.com/models/0311_sunny_leone_lowrider_girl/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070525043822/http://www.lowridermagazine.com/models/0311_sunny_leone_lowrider_girl/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 25, 2007 |title=Lowrider Model — Sunny Leone — November 2003 Center Fold |access-date=November 1, 2003 |first=Reinaldo |last=Robinson |date=November 1, 2003 |work=Lowrider Magazine}}</ref> while her online credits include ModFX Models,<ref name=modfxmodels>{{cite web |url=http://www.modfxmodels.com/FeaturedModels/fm-SunnyLeone.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030704023206/http://www.modfxmodels.com/FeaturedModels/fm-SunnyLeone.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 4, 2003 |title=SUNNY LEONE MODFX COVER MODEL — JULY 2003 |access-date=August 31, 2008 |author=modfxmodels.com |date=June 29, 2003 |publisher=modfxmodels.com}}</ref> [[Suze Randall]],<ref name=suze.net>{{cite web |url=http://free.suze.net/modelbios/sunnyleone/index.html |title=Sunny Leone Free Nude Pics:: Official Nude Gallery of Sunny Leone |access-date=August 31, 2008 |author=suze.net |publisher=suze.net |archive-date=March 20, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320095613/http://free.suze.net/modelbios/sunnyleone/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ken Marcus]]<ref name=kenmarcus>{{cite web |url=http://www.kenmarcus.com/promos/sunny_leone/index.html |title=Sunny Leone Free Fetish Pics |access-date=March 14, 2018 |first=Ken |last=Marcus |publisher=kenmarcus.com |archive-date=October 22, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022130524/http://www.kenmarcus.com/promos/sunny_leone/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and Mac & Bumble.<ref name=macbumble.com>{{cite web |url=http://www.macandbumble.com/models_list/sunny_leone/ |title=SMacandBumble.com — Sunny Leone, News, Photos... |access-date=August 31, 2008 |author=macandbumble.com |publisher=macandbumble.com |archive-date=May 18, 2006 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20060518032349/http://www.macandbumble.com/models_list/sunny_leone/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2003, she was named "Penthouse Pet of the Year" and starred in the video ''Penthouse Pets in Paradise'' alongside [[Tera Patrick]] and [[Kyla Cole]]. In 2005 [[Adam & Eve (business)|Adam & Eve]] appointed her as their West Coast Internet Sales Representative.<ref name="adameve">{{cite web |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/Sunny-Leone-Joins-Adam-Eve-Sales-Team-42354.html |title=Sunny Leone Joins Adam & Eve Sales Team |access-date=February 24, 2005 |first=Chip |last=Baker |date=February 24, 2005 |publisher=AVN |archive-date=May 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526161851/http://business.avn.com/articles/Sunny-Leone-Joins-Adam-Eve-Sales-Team-42354.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Sunny Leone AVN Awards 2006 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Leone at [[AVN Awards]] 2006]]
That same year, Leone signed a three-year contract with [[Vivid Entertainment]] with which she transitioned into hardcore pornography, stating that she would only do lesbian scenes.<ref name="avn"/> Her first movie released was titled ''Sunny'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/Vivid-to-Ship-i-Sunny-i-46475.html |title=Vivid to Ship Sunny |access-date=July 3, 2007 |first=Dan |last=Millar |date=November 1, 2005 |publisher=AVN |archive-date=November 16, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116160852/http://business.avn.com/articles/Vivid-to-Ship-i-Sunny-i-46475.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and was released in December 2005. Her next movie, ''Virtual Vivid Girl Sunny Leone'', was the first interactive title for Leone, who was the first Vivid Girl to make such a movie.<ref name="vvivid">{{cite web |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/Sunny-Leone-is-the-First-i-Virtual-Vivid-Girl-i-43328.html |title=Sunny Leone is the First Virtual Vivid Girl |access-date=April 5, 2006 |author=AVN |date=April 5, 2006 |publisher=AVN |archive-date=October 1, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001061929/http://business.avn.com/articles/Sunny-Leone-is-the-First-i-Virtual-Vivid-Girl-i-43328.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Taking only four days to film,<ref
name="xrent">{{cite web |url=http://www.xrentdvd.com/Porn_Star_Interviews/Sunny_Leone.html |title=Inside Sunny Leone |access-date=June 7, 2007 |author=Big D |date=July 6, 2006 |publisher=XRentDVD |archive-date=October 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023032840/http://www.xrentdvd.com/Porn_Star_Interviews/Sunny_Leone.html |url-status=live}}</ref> the movie won her first [[AVN Award]] (Best Interactive DVD). She followed this with ''Sunny Loves Cher'', which featured her first on-screen [[female ejaculation|squirting]], and ''The Female Gardner'' co-starring Mikayla Mendez and Daisy Marie.

Leone's last two movies under her contract with Vivid were ''It's Sunny in Brazil'', which was filmed in Brazil,<ref name="Brazil">{{cite web |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/Vivid-Releases-i-It-s-Sunny-in-Brazil-i-25431.html |title=Vivid Releases It's Sunny in Brazil |access-date=May 10, 2007 |author=AVN |date=February 20, 2008 |publisher=AVN |author-link=AVN (magazine) |archive-date=May 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526163329/http://business.avn.com/articles/Vivid-Releases-i-It-s-Sunny-in-Brazil-i-25431.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and ''The Sunny Experiment''.<ref name="experiment">{{cite web |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/28879.html |title=Sunny Leone Performs The Sunny Experiment |access-date=December 19, 2007 |first=Eddie |last=Adams |date=December 19, 2007 |publisher=AVN |archive-date=April 15, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415134456/http://business.avn.com/articles/Sunny-Leone-Performs-i-The-Sunny-Experiment-i-51415.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The movies were released in October and December 2007, respectively.

In May 2007, upon re-signing her contract with [[Vivid Entertainment|Vivid]] for another six films, Leone agreed to do her first boy/girl scenes, though only with her fiancé, Matt Erikson.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/4035.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622101812/http://business.avn.com/articles/4035.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 22, 2009 |title=Sunny Leone Renews Vivid Contract, Will Perform with Men |access-date=May 13, 2007 |first=David |last=Sullivan |date=May 13, 2007 |publisher=AVN}}</ref> That year she underwent [[breast implant|breast augmentation]],<ref name=onset>{{cite web |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/5093.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923224755/http://business.avn.com/articles/5093.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 23, 2009 |title=On the Set: Sunny Loves Matt |access-date=March 21, 2008 |first=Jared |last=Rutter |date=August 31, 2007 |publisher=AVN}}</ref> and shot her first movie under the new contract titled ''Sunny Loves Matt''. For that film she was nominated for three (out of six) AVN awards in 2009, in addition to being a choice for Female Performer of the Year.<ref name="awards09">{{cite web |url=http://www.avnawards.com/pdf/2009_AVN_NOMINATIONS_11_25_08.pdf |title=NOMINATIONS 2009 AVN Adult Movie Awards |access-date=November 25, 2008 |author=AVN |date=November 25, 2008 |publisher=AVN |author-link=AVN (magazine) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203003734/http://www.avnawards.com/pdf/2009_AVN_NOMINATIONS_11_25_08.pdf |archive-date=December 3, 2008}}</ref> She followed up her first boy-girl title with ''The Other Side of Sunny'' in October 2008, which would be the last time she would perform with Erikson.

In January 2008, Leone revealed that she was no longer exclusive to Erikson, and had done scenes with other actors, including [[Tommy Gunn (porn actor)|Tommy Gunn]], [[Charles Dera]], [[James Deen]]<ref name="sunlust">{{cite web |url=http://www.xbiz.com/news/news_piece.php?id=97782 |title=Sunny Leone Forms Her Own Studio, SunLust Pictures |access-date=August 22, 2008 |first=Steve |last=Javors |date=August 22, 2008 |publisher=[[XBIZ]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601040441/http://www.xbiz.com/news/news_piece.php?id=97782 |archive-date=June 1, 2009}}</ref> and Voodoo.<ref name="Tommygunn">{{cite web |url=http://www.hotvideo.fr/component/video-star-du-x/2008_06_26/interview-de-sunny-leone-de-los-angeles-2008 |title=Sunny Leone |access-date=June 26, 2008 |author=Par Gérome Lorenzo |date=June 26, 2008 |publisher=Hot Video |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224115725/http://www.hotvideo.fr/component/video-star-du-x/2008_06_26/interview-de-sunny-leone-de-los-angeles-2008 |archive-date=December 24, 2009}}</ref>

In 2009, Vivid released her only adult movie performing with multiple male actors, titled "''Sunny B/G Adventure''".<ref name="bgadventure">{{cite news |url=http://www.xcritic.com/review/34909/sunny-leone-sunnys-bg-adventure/ |work=XCritic |first=Don |last=Houston |title=Sunny's B/G Adventure |date=December 29, 2009 |access-date=January 7, 2013 |archive-date=January 18, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118212233/http://www.xcritic.com/review/34909/sunny-leone-sunnys-bg-adventure/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Her final release under contract with Vivid – ''Undress Me'', once again made her exclusive to performing with just one male actor, Daniel Weber (he performed under the stage name Ariel King), who subsequently became her husband.<ref name="undress">{{cite news |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/video/Sunny-Leone-Says-Undress-Me-342026.html |work=AVN |first=Nelson |last=X |title=Sunny Leone Says 'Undress Me' |date=June 5, 2009 |access-date=January 7, 2013 |archive-date=April 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401112240/http://business.avn.com/articles/video/Sunny-Leone-Says-Undress-Me-342026.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Sunny Leone at Exxxotica 2009 Miami Friday 2 adjusted.jpg|thumb|upright|Leone at [[Exxxotica Expo]], 2009, Miami]]
In August 2009, she announced the launch of her own studio, Sunlust Pictures, with Daniel Weber as her partner.<ref name="sunlustpartner">{{cite web |url=http://www.xbiz.com/news/news_piece.php?id=98989&mi=all&q=sunny+leone |title=Sunny Leone Launches SunLust Pictures With N.Y. Bash |access-date=September 11, 2007 |first=Joanne |last=Cachapero |date=September 11, 2007 |publisher=[[XBIZ]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601040445/http://www.xbiz.com/news/news_piece.php?id=98989&mi=all&q=sunny+leone |archive-date=June 1, 2009}}</ref> With her new venture Leone announced her plans to write, direct and create her own brand of [[Pornographic film|adult movies]] with Vivid Entertainment as her distributor.<ref name="sunlust" /> Her first independent production, ''The Dark Side of the Sun'', was released in March 2009, and was debuted at the Erotic Heritage Museum in [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]].<ref name="darksun">{{cite web |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/34405.html |title=Sunny Leone Shows Her 'Dark Side' in Sin City |access-date=June 6, 2009 |first=David |last=Sullivan |date=June 2, 2009 |publisher=AVN |archive-date=February 28, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228095332/http://business.avn.com/articles/34405.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2009, she held a casting call in Las Vegas for her second independent production titled ''Sunny Slumber Party'',<ref name="slumber">{{cite web |url=http://www.xbiz.com/news/news_piece.php?id=108823 |title=Katie.com, Sun Lust Pictures to Hold Casting in Las Vegas |access-date=June 3, 2009 |author=XBIZ |date=February 6, 2009 |publisher=XBIZ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526160911/http://www.xbiz.com/news/news_piece.php?id=108823 |archive-date=May 26, 2010}}</ref> which was released in September 2009. She followed up with three other self-produced features; ''Gia Portrait of a Porn Star'' (2010) which was nominated for multiple AVN awards,<ref name="gia">{{cite news |url=http://business.avn.com/company-news/13-AVN-Award-Nominations-for-Sunny-Leone-SunLust-Pictures-Gia-419321.html |work=AVN |title=13 AVN Award Noms for Sunny Leone, SunLust Pictures, 'Gia' |date=December 29, 2010 |access-date=January 7, 2013 |archive-date=January 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121143205/http://business.avn.com/company-news/13-AVN-Award-Nominations-for-Sunny-Leone-SunLust-Pictures-Gia-419321.html |url-status=live}}</ref> ''Roleplay'' (2011) and ''Goddess'' (2012) which featured her first [[anal sex]] scene.<ref name="goddess">{{cite news |url=http://www.avn.com/movies/110755.html |work=AVN |title=Sunny Leone: Goddess |date=December 23, 2012 |access-date=January 7, 2013 |archive-date=May 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525034852/http://www.avn.com/movies/110755.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

No longer exclusive to Vivid, Leone began working with other studios and performers since 2009. She formed deals with firms like PPPcard,<ref name="PPPcard">{{cite web |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/26324.html |title=Sunny Leone Signs with PPPcard |access-date=April 24, 2006 |author=Jonah P Davies |date=April 24, 2006 |work=[[AVN (magazine)|AVN]] |archive-date=September 9, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090909165939/http://business.avn.com/articles/26324.html |url-status=live}}</ref> AdultPokerParty.com,<ref name="pokerparty">{{cite web |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/27310.html |title=AdultPokerParty.com Teams with Sunny Leone |access-date=June 22, 2006 |date=June 22, 2006 |publisher=AVN |archive-date=March 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328232137/https://avn.com/business/articles/video/ramone-to-shoot-fem-domme-strap-on-title-for-robert-hill-27310.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Brickhouse,<ref name="brickhouse">{{cite web |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/428.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308000543/http://business.avn.com/articles/428.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 8, 2010 |title=Sunny Leone, Brickhouse Mobile Partner |access-date=April 19, 2007 |first=Sue |last=Denim |date=April 19, 2007 |publisher=AVN}}</ref> Flirt4Free,<ref name="flirt">{{cite web |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/28364.html |title=Flirt4Free Presents Sunny Leone and Stefani Morgan Live |access-date=September 5, 2006 |date=September 5, 2006 |publisher=AVN |archive-date=March 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328232140/https://avn.com/business/articles/gay/On-the-Set-Beyond-Malibu-28364.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Totemcash,<ref name="totem">{{cite web |url=http://www.xbiz.com/news/news_piece.php?id=97224&mi=all&q=sunny+leone |title=Flash Ads Boost TotemCash Sales |access-date=July 30, 2008 |first=Stephen |last=Yagielowicz |date=July 30, 2008 |publisher=XBIZ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601040435/http://www.xbiz.com/news/news_piece.php?id=97224&mi=all&q=sunny+leone |archive-date=June 1, 2009}}</ref> and Imlive<ref name="imlive">{{cite web |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/5747.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208164203/http://business.avn.com/articles/5747.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 8, 2012 |title=ImLive Signs Celebrity Porn Star Guests |access-date=July 17, 2007 |first=Bianca |last=Fox |date=July 17, 2007 |publisher=AVN}}</ref> to sell and distribute her content over the Internet and other media. She won the "Web Babe of the Year" at the 2008 [[XBIZ Award|Xbiz Awards]].<ref name="xbizaward">{{cite web |url=http://www.xbizawards.com/winners.php |title=XBIZ Awards — Recognizing Excellence in Adult Entertainment |access-date=January 1, 2008 |author=xbiz |date=January 1, 2008 |publisher=XBIZ |archive-date=January 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103173201/http://www.xbizawards.com/winners.php |url-status=live}}</ref> Her websites and business interests are run under her banner company Leone L.L.C. She indicated in an April 2012 interview that 80 per cent of the traffic on her website, and 60 per cent of her revenue comes from India.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/film/why-this-canadian-porn-stars-past-isnt-holding-her-back-in-bollywood/article4098382/ |title=Why this Canadian porn star's past isn't holding her back in Bollywood |first=Stephanie |last=Nloen |work=The Globe and Mail |date=April 7, 2012 |access-date=September 22, 2012 |archive-date=June 25, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625102211/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/film/why-this-canadian-porn-stars-past-isnt-holding-her-back-in-bollywood/article4098382/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Leone was part of the Vivid Comedy Tour,<ref name="comedynite">{{cite web |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/27264.html |title=Vivid to Present Comedy Night Next Wednesday |access-date=June 21, 2006 |author=Thomas J Stanton |date=June 21, 2006 |publisher=AVN |archive-date=August 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827004828/https://avn.com/business/articles/video/fsc-announces-red-white-blue-fundraiser-27264.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and has modelled for the Vivid Footwear collection.<ref name="shoes">{{cite web |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/1145.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923224041/http://business.avn.com/articles/1145.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 23, 2009 |title=Vivid Steps Into Footwear |access-date=February 20, 2008 |first=Peter |last=Warren |date=February 20, 2008 |publisher=AVN}}</ref> Leone has also participated in events like the Vivid/[[ClubJenna]] [[Legends Cup (LFL)|Lingerie Bowl]]<ref name="clubjenna">{{cite web |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/24961.html |title=Vivid/Club Jenna Bowl to Feature Coquette Lingerie Show |access-date=January 25, 2006 |author=Thomas J Stanton |date=January 25, 2006 |publisher=AVN |archive-date=August 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827004914/https://avn.com/business/articles/technology/wantedlist-and-fleshbot-launch-contest-24961.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and Vivid's Hot Rod Night.<ref name="hotrodnight">{{cite web |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/21349.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130102005214/http://business.avn.com/articles/21349.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 2, 2013 |title=Bike & Hot Rod Night |access-date=April 4, 2006 |author=AVN |date=April 4, 2006 |publisher=AVN}}</ref> [[Reuben Sturman|Doc Johnson]] launched a [[Sex toy#Penile toys|pocket pal]] in 2006 moulded to her [[vagina]],<ref name="johnson">{{cite web |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/6689.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804080256/http://business.avn.com/articles/6689.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 4, 2009 |title=Doc Johnson, Vivid Launch Sunny Leone and Lacie Heart Pocket Pals |access-date=October 26, 2007 |first=Vance |last=Kingsley |date=December 14, 2006 |publisher=AVN}}</ref> and in 2008 released the Sunny Leone Exciter vibrator.<ref name="vibrator">{{cite web |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/32351.html |title=Doc Johnson Unveils Briana Banks and Sunny Leone Vivid Girl Toys |access-date=September 17, 2008 |first=Bianca |last=Fox |date=September 17, 2008 |publisher=AVN |archive-date=January 25, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125172241/http://business.avn.com/articles/32351.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Control MFG used Leone's image along with other Vivid girls to market their line of skateboards. She is paired with Gab Ekoe, one of the Team Control riders.<ref name="skateboard">{{cite web |url=http://www.xbiz.com/news/news_piece.php?id=100488&mi=all&q=sunny+leone |title=Vivid Inks Deal to Introduce Branded Skateboards |access-date=October 14, 2008 |author=XBIZ |date=October 14, 2008 |publisher=XBIZ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601041918/http://www.xbiz.com/news/news_piece.php?id=100488&mi=all&q=sunny+leone |archive-date=June 1, 2009}}</ref> She also indicated that she plans to launch her own line of lingerie and other Sunny-branded products including a diamond jewellery line.<ref name="sunlust"/>

In September 2009, an [[iPhone]] application consisting of a collection of non-nude photos, some videos and a porn star-penned blog<ref name=iPhoneInfoworld>{{cite web |url=http://www.infoworld.com/d/mobilize/porn-stars-invade-app-store-054 |title=Porn Stars Invade the App Store |first=JR |last=Raphael |date=September 23, 2009 |publisher=infoworld.com |access-date=November 29, 2009}}{{dead link|date=December 2011}}</ref> was approved by [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] for sale in the iTunes store, making it the first officially sanctioned application featuring a porn actor.<ref name=iPhonePressRelease>{{cite press release |publisher=Grindhouse Mobile |date=September 16, 2009 |title=Apple Approves First Official Porn Star APP for iPhone |url=http://www.marketwatch.com/Story/story/rescue?SourceUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marketwatch.com%2Fstory%2Fapple-approves-first-official-porn-star-app-for-iphone-2009-09-16 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130128195316/http://www.marketwatch.com/Story/story/rescue?SourceUrl=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/apple-approves-first-official-porn-star-app-for-iphone-2009-09-16 |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 28, 2013 |access-date=November 29, 2009}}</ref> By February 2010, the app had been removed by Apple from the store.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/02/23/apple_goes_prude/ |title=Apple strips top shelf, leaves corporate smut in place |work=The Register |access-date=April 4, 2010 |date=February 23, 2010 |first=Bill |last=Ray |archive-date=August 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810171448/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/02/23/apple_goes_prude/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Leone was voted number 13 (up from number 41 in 2007<ref name="gen07">{{cite web |url=http://www.genesismagazine.com/hot100/ |title=Porn's Hot 100 |access-date=January 1, 2007 |date=January 1, 2007 |work=[[Genesis (magazine)|Genesis]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070525052814/http://www.genesismagazine.com/hot100/ |archive-date=May 25, 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>) on ''[[Genesis (magazine)|Genesis]]'' magazine's "Top 100 Porn stars" list,<ref name="genesis">{{cite web |url=http://www.genesisonline.com/hot100/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605151936/http://www.genesisonline.com/hot100/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 5, 2008 |title=2008 Porn's Hot 100 |access-date=March 11, 2008 |date=March 11, 2008 |work=[[Genesis (magazine)|Genesis]]}}</ref> number 34 on Desiclubs.com's Top 50 Coolest Desis of 2004,<ref name="50desi">{{cite web |url=http://www.desiclub.com/community/culture/culture_article.cfm?id=200 |title=DesiClub.com's Top 50 Coolest Desis of 2004 |access-date=August 22, 2004 |first=Peta |last=Cooper |date=August 22, 2004 |publisher=desiclub.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050308072904/http://www.desiclub.com/community/culture/culture_article.cfm?id=200 |archive-date=March 8, 2005}}</ref> and one of the "40 under 40" ranking on ''AVN Online'' magazine.<ref name="4040AVN">{{cite web |url=http://www.nxtbook.com/syg/AVNONLINE/August2007/index.php?startpage=1 |title=AVN Online 40 under 40 |access-date=January 7, 2007 |author=AVN |date=July 1, 2007 |publisher=AVN |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108172507/http://www.nxtbook.com/syg/AVNONLINE/August2007/index.php?startpage=1 |archive-date=January 8, 2009}}</ref> In 2010, she was named by [[Maxim (magazine)|''Maxim'']] as one of the 12 top female stars in porn.<ref name=MaxinTop10>{{cite web |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/video/Maxim-U-K-Names-Top-12-Porn-Stars-400571.html |title=Maxim U.K. Names Top 12 Porn Stars |work=business.avn.com |date=June 18, 2010 |access-date=May 8, 2011 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043858/http://business.avn.com/articles/video/Maxim-U-K-Names-Top-12-Porn-Stars-400571.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012, she was voted number 82 in the Top 99 Women in [[AskMen]].com's list and was named by [[CNBC]] as one of the 12 most popular stars in porn..<ref name="Askmen2012">{{cite web |url=http://www.askmen.com/specials/2012_top_99/82-sunny-leone.html |title=Top 99 Women |year=2012 |publisher=AskMen.com |access-date=June 6, 2012 |archive-date=December 3, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203062546/http://www.askmen.com/specials/2012_top_99/82-sunny-leone.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2012/01/18/The-Dirty-Dozen-2012:-Porns-Most-Popular-Stars.html | title=The Dirty Dozen 2012: Porn's Most Popular Stars | website=[[CNBC]] | date=January 18, 2012 }}</ref>

In 2013, she announced her retirement from the adult industry, stating: "I am lucky that the audience is accepting me. I have come my way from there (porn industry). I don't have any plans as of now to go back there."<ref name=retire>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtvindia.com/blogs/parent/urban-cupid/leone-announces-retirement-from-adult-films-50244810.html |title=Leone Announces Retirement From Adult Films! |publisher=MTV |date=August 13, 2013 |access-date=August 20, 2015 |archive-date=October 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009172105/http://www.mtvindia.com/blogs/parent/urban-cupid/leone-announces-retirement-from-adult-films-50244810.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2016, she was chosen as one of [[100 Women (BBC)|BBC's 100 Women]].<ref name=list2016>{{cite news |title=BBC 100 Women 2016: Who is on the list? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-38012048 |date=November 21, 2016 |work=BBC News |access-date=June 21, 2018 |archive-date=March 31, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331223521/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-38012048 |url-status=live}}</ref> The tech magazine ''Exhibit'' chose Leone for their cover girl of the October 2016 issue.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}

== Mainstream appearances prior to 2011 ==
Leone's first mainstream appearance was in 2005, when she was a red carpet reporter for the [[MTV Video Music Awards|MTV Awards]] on MTV India. She has also had a cameo in the film ''[[The Girl Next Door (2004 film)|The Girl Next Door]]'', performed in [[Ja Rule]]'s video [[Livin' It Up (Ja Rule song)|"Livin' It Up"]], and a video for Kidd Skilly.<ref name="skilly">{{cite web |url=http://metrotimes.com/editorial/story.asp?id=11424 |title=Bollywood nights |access-date=August 22, 2007 |first=Meghana |last=Keshavan |date=August 22, 2007 |work=[[Metro Times]] |archive-date=April 15, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415085538/http://www2.metrotimes.com/editorial/story.asp?id=11424 |url-status=live}}</ref> Other credits include [[E!]]'s ''Wild On!'' and the Sundance Film Festival's ''After Dark''.<ref name="profile">{{cite web |url=http://www.avn.com/porn-stars/57805.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090405232701/http://www.avn.com/porn-stars/57805.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 5, 2009 |title=Sunny Leone Profile |access-date=January 1, 2005 |author=AVN |date=January 1, 2005 |publisher=AVN}}</ref> Leone was a contestant in the second season of the Fox reality show ''[[My Bare Lady (TV series)|My Bare Lady 2: Open for Business]]'', in which a group of adult actresses were given classes and training on how to pitch investment ideas and competed for success in the business world.<ref name="fox">{{cite web |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/31210.html |title=Fox Reality Channel Launches 'My Bare Lady 2' |access-date=October 7, 2008 |first=David |last=Sullivan |date=October 7, 2008 |publisher=AVN |archive-date=January 6, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106201632/http://business.avn.com/articles/31210.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to filming her scene for ''Debbie Does Dallas'' in 2007, Leone was also part of a [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]] documentary of the same name detailing the production of the movie and the personal lives of its stars.

She indicated that for the right price she would seriously consider a career in [[Bollywood]].<ref name="steami">{{cite web |url=http://www.steami.net/girls/sunny-leone-talks-about-bollywood-sex-indian-fans |title=Sunny Leone Talks About Bollywood, Sex & Indian Men |access-date=June 6, 2008 |author=Steami.net |date=January 1, 2008 |publisher=Steami.net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916084215/http://www.steami.net/girls/sunny-leone-talks-about-bollywood-sex-indian-fans/ |archive-date=September 16, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She was courted by Indian directors in the past but felt uncomfortable with the roles that she would have played.<ref name="adultfilm">{{cite web |url=http://www.adultfilmdatabase.com/Interviews/2.cfm |title=Adultfilmdatabase Interviews: Sunny Leone Interview – 11/06/2006 |access-date=June 11, 2006 |author=Adult Film Database |date=June 11, 2006 |publisher=[[Adult Film Database|AFDB]] |archive-date=July 16, 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716124944/http://www.adultfilmdatabase.com/Interviews/2.cfm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="royal">{{cite web |url=http://www.royalmag.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=60 |title=Sunny Leone |access-date=June 6, 2008 |date=January 1, 2008 |work=Royal Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604165500/http://www.royalmag.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=60 |archive-date=June 4, 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Director [[Mohit Suri]] reportedly asked Leone to play the lead role in his film ''[[Kalyug (2005 film)|Kalyug]]'', but instead cast [[Deepal Shaw]] as he could not afford Leone's $1 million acting fee.<ref name="Kalyug">{{cite web |url=http://www.desipowerchat.com/bollywood/a99_kalyugthefilm/kalyug_pictures_previews.htm |title=Kalyug the film Synopsis previews |access-date=June 6, 2008 |author=Desipowerchat.com |publisher=Desipowerchat.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810165226/http://www.desipowerchat.com/bollywood/a99_kalyugthefilm/kalyug_pictures_previews.htm |archive-date=August 10, 2007}}</ref> She has mentioned that [[Aamir Khan]] is her favorite Bollywood actor,<ref name="curry">{{cite web |url=http://www.currybear.com/wordpress/?p=1713 |title=Curry Bear Interviews – #1 Desi Porn Star Sunny Leone |work=CURRY BEAR |access-date=June 10, 2008 |date=June 10, 2008 |publisher=Curry Bear.com |archive-date=June 13, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613222217/http://www.currybear.com/wordpress/?p=1713 |url-status=live}}</ref> and that over 60% of her fans are from South Asia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wrestlinginc.com/wi/girls/2010/3/sunny-leone/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305052146/http://www.wrestlinginc.com/wi/girls/2010/3/sunny-leone/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 5, 2010 |title=Sunny Leone Photo Gallery & Bio |publisher=wrestlinginc.com |access-date=March 11, 2010}}</ref>

In 2008, Leone announced that she would be starring in a mainstream action adventure movie titled ''Pirates Blood'', which was shot in [[Oman]]. The shooting was completed in two weeks and was to be released in winter 2008.<ref name="oman">{{cite web |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/8327.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224164831/http://business.avn.com/articles/8327.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 24, 2009 |title=Sunny Leone to Appear in Bollywood Film |access-date=April 2, 2008 |first=Peter |last=Warren |date=April 2, 2008 |publisher=AVN}}</ref> Leone also landed a role in ''[[Middle Men (film)|Middle Men]]'', producer Chris Mallick's indie feature about the birth of the online porn industry set for wide theatrical release in 2009.<ref name="middlemen">{{cite web |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/33225.html |title=Sunny Leone, Jesse Jane Cast in Mallick's 'Middle Men' |access-date=November 5, 2008 |first=David |last=Sullivan |publisher=AVN |archive-date=June 15, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615021753/http://business.avn.com/articles/33225.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=iesb>{{cite web |url=http://www.iesb.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7638:exclusive-interview-sunny-leone-is-much-more-than-just-a-pretty-face&catid=43:exclusive-features&Itemid=73 |title=Exclusive Interview: Sunny Leone is Much More than Just a Pretty Face |first=Christina |last=Radish |date=October 20, 2009 |publisher=iesb.net |access-date=November 29, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091111150739/http://www.iesb.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7638%3Aexclusive-interview-sunny-leone-is-much-more-than-just-a-pretty-face&catid=43%3Aexclusive-features&Itemid=73 |archive-date=November 11, 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She appeared in the 2010 film ''[[The Virginity Hit]]'' playing a version of herself, where she is hired to take the virginity of the lead character.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metrotimes.com/screens/review.asp?rid=26684 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811055330/http://www2.metrotimes.com/screens/review.asp?rid=26684 |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 11, 2011 |title=Metro Times: Movie Review: The Virginity Hit |publisher=metrotimes.com |access-date=September 11, 2010 |date=September 15, 2010 |first=Corey |last=Hall}}</ref>

Leone has made appearances at events such as the 2002 [[SEMA (association)|SEMA]] International Auto Salon, the 2002 Extreme Autofest Pomona and the [[2006 World Series of Poker]] in Las Vegas.<ref name="wsop">{{cite web |url=http://www.pokulator.com/poker-info/2006_wsop_updates.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813133127/http://www.pokulator.com/poker-info/2006_wsop_updates.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 13, 2006 |title=2006 WSOP Updates |access-date=January 23, 2008 |author=pokulator |date=April 17, 2007 |publisher=pokulator.com}}</ref> She also served as hostess at events in clubs like the Mansion in Miami<ref name="miami">{{cite web |url=http://www.miamibeach411.com/events-archive/index.php?/events/detail/adult-superstar-sunny-leone/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601062856/http://www.miamibeach411.com/events-archive/index.php?%2Fevents%2Fdetail%2Fadult-superstar-sunny-leone%2F |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 1, 2009 |title=Adult Superstar Sunny Leone |access-date=August 8, 2008 |author=Laurie |date=August 8, 2008 |publisher=MiamiBeach411.com}}</ref> and the Highlands in Hollywood.<ref name="highland">{{cite web |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/33070.html |title=Sunny Leone to Host Club Jenna Halloween Party |access-date=October 28, 2008 |date=October 28, 2008 |publisher=AVN |archive-date=September 24, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924025944/http://business.avn.com/articles/33070.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2005, she was mentioned in ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine for a story on Vivid Entertainment.<ref name="forbes">{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2005/1212/098.html |title=Obscene Profits |access-date=August 12, 2004 |first=Seth |last=Lubove |date=December 12, 2005 |work=[[Forbes]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028224349/http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2005/1212/098.html |archive-date=October 28, 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> Leone has also been featured in mainstream publications like ''[[FHM]]'', ''[[Front (magazine)|Front]]'' and ''[[Jane (magazine)|Jane]]'' magazine.<ref name="versatile">{{cite web |url=http://ainews.com/Archives/Story13860.phtml |title=Sunny Leone Launches Sunlust Pictures |access-date=September 10, 2008 |author=Versatile Media Group Inc |date=September 10, 2008 |publisher=ainews.com |archive-date=February 7, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100207005135/http://ainews.com/Archives/Story13860.phtml |url-status=usurped}}</ref> In 2007, along with the other Vivid Girls, she was seen in a 48' high holiday billboard in [[Times Square]] at W. 48th Street and [[Seventh Avenue (Manhattan)|Seventh Avenue]].<ref name="billboard">{{cite web |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/681.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114165818/http://business.avn.com/articles/681.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 14, 2010 |title=Vivid Places Holiday Billboard In Times Square |access-date=November 7, 2007 |first=David |last=Sullivan |date=November 7, 2007 |publisher=AVN}}</ref> She is among the ''Penthouse'' Pets who appears in the 2007 video game ''[[Pocket Pool]]'', and was featured in a [[coffee table book]] titled ''[[Naked Ambition: An R Rated Look at an X Rated Industry]]'' by [[Michael Grecco]].<ref name="book">{{cite web |url=http://weblogs.cw11.com/news/local/morningnews/blogs/2008/01/sunny_leones_naked_ambition.html#more/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129131500/http://weblogs.cw11.com/news/local/morningnews/blogs/2008/01/sunny_leones_naked_ambition.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 29, 2008 |title=Sunny Leone's Naked Ambition |access-date=January 25, 2008 |first=Ryan |last=Rayzer |date=January 25, 2008 |publisher=CW 11 Morning News}}</ref>

== Indian film career ==
{{Further|Filmography and awards of Sunny Leone}}

=== ''Bigg Boss'' and entry into Bollywood (2011–2013) ===
[[File:Sunny Leone at Bigg Boss series, India (2).jpg|thumb|right|Leone with show host [[Sanjay Dutt]] after her eviction from the ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 5)|Bigg Boss]]'' house]]
In 2011, she participated in the Indian reality series ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 5)|Bigg Boss 5]]'', entering the house on day 49.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiavision.com/news/article/entertainment/249362/indocanadian-porn-star-to-spice-up-bigg-boss-5/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103145653/http://www.indiavision.com/news/article/entertainment/249362/indocanadian-porn-star-to-spice-up-bigg-boss-5/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 3, 2013 |title=Indo-Canadian porn star to spice up 'Bigg Boss 5' |date=November 22, 2011 |publisher=Indiavision news}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Sunny-Leone-enters-Bigg-Boss-in-a-lehenga/Article1-771671.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121070207/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/television/sunny-leone-enters-bigg-boss-in-a-lehenga/article1-771671.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 21, 2011 |title=Sunny Leone enters Bigg Boss in a lehenga |work=Hindustan Times |date=November 20, 2011 |access-date=November 20, 2011}}</ref> However, she refused to divulge her porn star status, and replied to fellow house-mate [[Pooja Bedi]] that she was a model and a TV star in America for the last ten years or so.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} It was reported that she caused a stir in the larger populace<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theprovince.com/news/Canadian+porn+star+Sunny+Leone+causes+stir+India/5760537/story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128192130/http://www.theprovince.com/news/Canadian%2Bporn%2Bstar%2BSunny%2BLeone%2Bcauses%2Bstir%2BIndia/5760537/story.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 28, 2011 |title=Canadian porn star Sunny Leone causes stir in India |work=The Province |date=November 24, 2011 |access-date=November 28, 2011}}</ref> with her [[Twitter]] feed gaining 8,000 new followers in just 2 days<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Adult-star-Sunny-Leone-is-trending-in-India/articleshow/10827204.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707134721/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-22/tv/30428111_1_contract-star-twitter-users-penthouse-pet |url-status=live |archive-date=July 7, 2012 |title=Adult star Sunny Leone is trending in India |first=Priya |last=Ramachandran |date=November 22, 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=November 28, 2011}}</ref> and [[Google]] saying searches for her experienced a "breakout".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Sunny-Leone-most-googled-in-Orissa-Haryana/articleshow/10884311.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707045831/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-27/tv/30444716_1_sunny-deol-google-trends-search-data |url-status=live |archive-date=July 7, 2012 |title=Sunny Leone most googled in Orissa, Haryana |date=November 27, 2011 |quote=For a few days the growth in search queries related to Sunny Leone was what Google describes 'breakout'. |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=November 28, 2011}}</ref> There were also complaints lodged with the Indian [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] alleging that the [[Colors (TV channel)|Colors]] TV channel was promoting pornography by having Leone appear on the show; among those who filed are the Indian Artistes and Actors Forum<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mediamughals.com/News/1/1/Article/8593/IAAF_files_complaint_against_Colors_for_Sunny_Leone_entry.htm |title=IAAF files complaint against Colors for Sunny Leone entry |first=Anthony |last=Mawrie |work=mediamughals.com |date=November 29, 2011 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203070208/http://www.mediamughals.com/News/1/1/Article/8593/IAAF_files_complaint_against_Colors_for_Sunny_Leone_entry.htm |archive-date=December 3, 2011}}</ref> and [[Anurag Thakur]], member of [[Lok Sabha]] and head of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'s youth wing.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/gossip/story/bjp-leader-tv-channel-sunny-leone-bigg-boss-147458-2011-11-30 |title=Sunny Leone in 'Bigg Boss': BJP youth wing president seeks action against Colors : Gossip News — India Today |first=Aatish |last=Srivastava |work=India Today |date=December 1, 2011 |access-date=December 2, 2011 |archive-date=December 1, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201235515/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bjp-leader-tv-channel-sunny-leone-bigg-boss/1/162383.html |url-status=live}}</ref> She was evicted on Day 91.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/porn-star-sunny-leone-to-enter-bigg-boss-146090-2011-11-17 |title=Porn star Sunny Leone to enter 'Bigg Boss' house |date=November 17, 2011 |access-date=March 16, 2019 |archive-date=February 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225223743/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/porn-star-sunny-leone-to-enter-bigg-boss-146090-2011-11-17 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/tv/sunny-leones-bigg-boss-journey-ends-819259.html |title=Bigg Boss 5: Sunny Leone evicted from the house |date=January 1, 2012 |access-date=March 16, 2019 |archive-date=February 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225223938/https://www.news18.com/photogallery/tv/sunny-leones-bigg-boss-journey-ends-819259.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-sunny-leone-on-her-stint-in-bigg-boss-house/20120102.htm#5 |title=Juhi is the backbone of the house who keeps everyone together |date=January 2, 2012 |access-date=March 16, 2019 |archive-date=February 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225223950/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-sunny-leone-on-her-stint-in-bigg-boss-house/20120102.htm#5 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Sunny_Leone_arrival_for_Jism_2_shooting,_Mumbai,_India_(3).jpg|thumb|Leone on the set of [[Jism 2]] with [[Dino Morea]] in 2012]]
During her stay in the ''Bigg Boss'' house, Leone was approached by [[Bollywood]] film-maker [[Mahesh Bhatt]] who entered the house briefly to offer her the lead role in [[Dino Morea]]'s ''[[Jism 2]]'' (the sequel to the 2003 film ''[[Jism (2003 film)|Jism]]''). She accepted it, which resulted in [[Pooja Bhatt]]'s production house, Fish Eye Network and Leone's agent discussing the movie further.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Sunny-Leone-says-yes-to-Mahesh-Bhatt/Article1-776614.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111202111347/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Television/Sunny-Leone-says-yes-to-Mahesh-Bhatt/Article1-776614.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 2, 2011 |title=Sunny Leone says yes to Mahesh Bhatt |work=Hindustan Times |year=2011 |access-date=December 2, 2011}}</ref> Leone entered Bollywood in 2012 with the film ''Jism 2'' to weak critical reception but was commercially successful.<ref name="Hindustan Times">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/i-haven-t-made-jism-2-for-100-crore-club-pooja-bhatt/article1-909714.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808134027/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/I-haven-t-made-Jism-2-for-100-crore-club-Pooja-Bhatt/Article1-909714.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 8, 2012 |title=I haven't made Jism 2 for 100 crore club: Pooja Bhatt |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=August 7, 2012}}</ref>
Sunny Leone signed her second Bollywood film, ''[[Ragini MMS 2]]'', sequel to [[Ekta Kapoor]]'s crossover horror movie ''[[Ragini MMS]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.invectura.com/sunny-leone-in-ragini-mms-2/ |title=Sunny Leone in Ragini MMS 2 |work=invectura.com |date=April 22, 2012 |access-date=April 22, 2012 |archive-date=June 1, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601030517/http://www.invectura.com/sunny-leone-in-ragini-mms-2/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Sunny Leone featured in an [[item number]] in the [[Sanjay Gupta]] and [[Ekta Kapoor]]'s 2013 film ''[[Shootout at Wadala]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sunny Leone goes desi for first item song in Bollywood |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Sunny-Leone-goes-desi-for-first-item-song-in-Bollywood/Article1-1021993.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307060259/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Sunny-Leone-goes-desi-for-first-item-song-in-Bollywood/Article1-1021993.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 7, 2013 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=March 6, 2013}}</ref> Her next role was for Kaizad Gustad's ''[[Jackpot (2013 film)|Jackpot]]'' which was panned by critics.<ref name="Gupta">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Patrim |title=Sunny-Sachiin partnership pain |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/sunny-sachiin-partnership-pain/cid/230304 |access-date=6 October 2024 |work=The Telegraph |date=14 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kamath |first1=Sudhish |title=Jackpot: Not Sunny enough in Goa |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/jackpot-not-sunny-enough-in-goa/article5459574.ece |access-date=6 October 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=14 December 2013 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

=== ''Ragini MMS 2'' and further success (2014–present) ===
[[File:Sunny Leone snapped in Mumbai.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Leone in 2018 in Mumbai]]
Her first release of 2014 was the much anticipated horror film ''[[Ragini MMS 2]]'', which proved to be a box-office hit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/toptenworldwidegrossers2014#.U-AH7fl_ssZ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508150134/http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/toptenworldwidegrossers2014 |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 8, 2014 |title=Boxoffice |access-date=September 22, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/ragini_mms_2#.U-AH5vl_ssY |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401024315/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/ragini_mms_2 |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 1, 2014 |title=Boxoffice |access-date=September 22, 2014}}</ref> Leone's performance received all round praise with critic Mohar Basu calling her work a "revelation".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.koimoi.com/movie/ragini-mms-2/?type=review |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006223634/http://www.koimoi.com/movie/ragini-mms-2/?type=review |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 6, 2014 |title=Movie Review:Ragini Mms 2 |access-date=September 22, 2014}}</ref> Critic [[Taran Adarsh]] also noted that Leone, "carries off her character with supreme confidence".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/551006 |title=Ragini MMS – 2 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=September 22, 2014 |archive-date=October 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006152605/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/551006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In November 2013, she had confirmed that she would make her [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film debut in ''[[Vadacurry]]'' which released in May 2014 and featured her in a special appearance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Sunny-Leone-excited-about-her-Tamil-film/articleshow/26402212.cms |title=Sunny Leone excited about her Tamil film |work=The Times of India |date=November 26, 2013 |access-date=December 5, 2013 |archive-date=November 26, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126104413/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Sunny-Leone-excited-about-her-Tamil-film/articleshow/26402212.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> She next appeared in the item number ''Pink Lips'' for the film ''[[Hate Story 2]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sunny Leone's Pink Lips gets 10 lakhs fans |url=http://www.patrika.com/article/sunny-leones-pink-lips-gets-10-lakhs-fans/47503 |access-date=July 8, 2014 |work=Patrika Group |date=July 7, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713011726/http://www.patrika.com/article/sunny-leones-pink-lips-gets-10-lakhs-fans/47503 |archive-date=July 13, 2014}}</ref> After giving a hit number ''Pink Lips'', she appeared once again in ''Shake That Booty'' opposite [[Mika Singh]] from his film ''[[Balwinder Singh Famous Ho Gaya]]''. She made her acting debut in the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film industry by appearing in a cameo in ''[[Current Theega]]'' opposite [[Manchu Manoj]] and [[Rakul Preet Singh]] where she played a school teacher.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/First-look-Sunny-Leone-stuns-in-a-sari-in-Current-Theega/articleshow/37393994.cms |title=First look : Sunny Leone stuns in a sari in Current Theega |work=The Times of India |access-date=September 22, 2014 |archive-date=July 22, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722175044/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/First-look-Sunny-Leone-stuns-in-a-sari-in-Current-Theega/articleshow/37393994.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Sunny Leone snapped post shoot at Mehboob Studio 2.jpg|thumb|upright|Leone at [[Mehboob Studios]] in 2016]]
Leone then appeared in item song ''Sesamma Bagilu Tegiyamma'' in [[Kannada]] film ''[[DK (film)|DK]]'', which marked her debut in Kannada film industry.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sunny Leone to do item number for DK |url=http://www.patrika.com/article/sunny-leone-to-do-item-number-for-dk/48255 |access-date=August 5, 2014 |work=Patrika Group |issue=August 5, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808022021/http://www.patrika.com/article/sunny-leone-to-do-item-number-for-dk/48255 |archive-date=August 8, 2014}}</ref> In April 2015, Leone appeared in Bobby Khan's musical thriller ''[[Leela (2015 film)|Ek Paheli Leela]]'', where she portrayed dual roles as Leela, a village belle and Meera, a supermodel from Milan. The film was released on April 10, 2015.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sunny Leone's hot and desi look in Leela |url=http://www.patrika.com/article/sunny-leones-hot-and-desi-look-in-leela/48131 |access-date=July 31, 2014 |work=Patrika Group |issue=July 31, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802135019/http://www.patrika.com/article/sunny-leones-hot-and-desi-look-in-leela/48131 |archive-date=August 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-review/Ek-Paheli-Leela/movie-review/46877692.cms |title=Ek Paheli Leela Movie Review |work=The Times of India |access-date=May 3, 2015 |archive-date=April 19, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419231225/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-review/Ek-Paheli-Leela/movie-review/46877692.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The film met with mixed to negative reviews but was a commercial success with collections of {{INRConvert|27.47|c}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=Box Office Capsule 'Ek Paheli Leela' |url=http://www.boxofficecapsule.com/analysis/Lifetime-Business--Economics-Of-EK-PAHELI-LEELA-3555 |access-date=May 4, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329155314/http://www.boxofficecapsule.com/analysis/Lifetime-Business--Economics-Of-EK-PAHELI-LEELA-3555 |archive-date=March 29, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> After a little gap, post the release of ''Ek Paheli Leela'', she appeared in Devang Dholakia's ''[[Kuch Kuch Locha Hai]]'' was released on May 8, 2015. She essayed the role of a film star opposite [[Ram Kapoor]], [[Evelyn Sharma]] and Navdeep Chabbra. The film emerged to be a critical and commercial failure.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sunny gives another sex comedy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Sunny-Leone-Ram-Kapoor-display-their-comic-side-in-Kuch-Kuch-Locha-Hai/articleshow/45317764.cms |access-date=February 15, 2015 |archive-date=September 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928152125/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Sunny-Leone-Ram-Kapoor-display-their-comic-side-in-Kuch-Kuch-Locha-Hai/articleshow/45317764.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> She did her second Kannada song "Kamakshi" from the film ''Luv U Alia''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sunny Leone in her second Kannada film |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sunny-leone-in-special-cameo-in-luv-u-alia/ |access-date=May 27, 2015 |archive-date=May 28, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528020031/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sunny-leone-in-special-cameo-in-luv-u-alia/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Last in 2015, she appeared in a cameo in [[Akshay Kumar]]'s ''[[Singh is Bling]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sunny Leone shoots for a cameo in Singh is Bling |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/15001442/Sunny-Leone-does-a-cameo-in-Akshay-Kumars-Singh-Is-Bliing |access-date=June 30, 2015 |archive-date=July 3, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703225153/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/15001442/Sunny-Leone-does-a-cameo-in-Akshay-Kumars-Singh-Is-Bliing |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In January 2016, she appeared in [[Milap Zaveri]]'s adult comedy ''[[Mastizaade]]'', released on January 29, 2016, where she portrayed twin sisters, Laila and Lily Lele along with [[Tusshar Kapoor]] and [[Vir Das]]. The film released to mixed reviews and was an average earner.<ref name="indiatoday.intoday.in">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sunny-leone-sex-comedy-mastizaade-milap-zaveri-191175-2014-05-01 |title=First poster of Sunny Leone's sex-comedy Mastizaade out |date=May 2014 |access-date=September 22, 2014 |archive-date=January 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106051757/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/sunny-leone--sex-comedy-mastizaade-milap-zaveri/1/358490.html |url-status=live}}</ref> One critic said "Leone may not be better than this film, but she's the best thing in it."<ref name="LATimes2016" /> Her next film was Jasmine D'souza's ''[[One Night Stand (2015 film)|One Night Stand]]'' with [[Tanuj Virwani]] released on May 6, 2016. The film was released to mixed reviews but was a flop commercially.<ref>{{cite news |title=One Night Stand commences shoot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/sunny-leones-one-night-stand-in-thailand/photostory/46128243.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=[[Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.]] |date=February 5, 2015 |access-date=January 10, 2016 |archive-date=March 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321134928/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/sunny-leones-one-night-stand-in-thailand/photostory/46128243.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Her last release of 2016 was Rajeev Chaudary's ''[[Beiimaan Love]]'' opposite [[Rajneesh Duggal]] that released on October 14, 2016. Her performance was widely praised but the film met with negative reviews and flopped.<ref>{{cite news |title=Beiimaan Love kickstarts with cake cutting |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Rajneesh-Duggal-excited-to-team-up-with-Sunny-Leone-again-in-Tera-Beimaan-Love/articleshow/46930829.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504000658/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Rajneesh-Duggal-excited-to-team-up-with-Sunny-Leone-again-in-Tera-Beimaan-Love/articleshow/46930829.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=2015-05-04 }}</ref> She also appeared in song "Tu Zaroorat Nahi Tu Zaroori Hai" with [[Sharman Joshi]] in ''[[Fuddu]]'' and item song "Choli Blockbuster" for the film ''Dongri Ka Raja''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sunny gets a new voice for item number |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-mamta-sharma-to-sing-an-item-number-for-sunny-leone-2260735 |work=[[Dna India]] |publisher=[[Diligent Media Corporation]] |date=October 3, 2016 |access-date=October 3, 2016 |archive-date=January 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116051547/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-mamta-sharma-to-sing-an-item-number-for-sunny-leone-2260735 |url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2016, her song "Laila Main Laila" from ''[[Raees (2017 film)|Raees]]'' with [[Shah Rukh Khan]] was released.<ref>{{cite news |title='Raees' rail ride: Sunny Leone shocked by the fan frenzy at Vadodara station |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/raees-rail-ride-sunny-leone-shocked-by-the-fan-frenzy-at-vadodara-station/articleshow/56742559.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=[[Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.]] |date=January 25, 2017 |access-date=January 23, 2017 |archive-date=February 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208050949/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/raees-rail-ride-sunny-leone-shocked-by-the-fan-frenzy-at-vadodara-station/articleshow/56742559.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Sunny Leone promotes Raees-2.jpg|thumb|left|Leone at a promotion event of ''[[Raees (2017 film)|Raees]]'' in 2017]]
In April 2017, she appeared in a cameo for [[Sonakshi Sinha]]'s ''[[Noor (2017 film)|Noor]]'' where she is portrayed the role of an actress.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} She then appeared in song "Piya More" with [[Emraan Hashmi]] in [[Milan Luthria]]'s ''[[Baadshaho]]''.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Sunny-Leone-to-groove-with-Ajay-Devgn-in-Baadshaho/articleshow/53633130.cms"Sunny |title=Leone to groove with Ajay Devgn in 'Baadshaho' |work=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=[[Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.]] |date=January 28, 2017 |access-date=October 14, 2017}}</ref> In addition, she appeared in song "Trippy Trippy" in [[Sanjay Dutt|Sanjay Dutt's]] comeback film, ''[[Bhoomi (2017 film)|Bhoomi]]'' released on September 22, 2017.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} She also made her [[Marathi Cinema|Marathi]] and [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]] film debuts the same month with songs "Kuth Kuth Jayacha Honeymoon La" in Vishal Devrukhkar's ''[[Boyz (film)|Boyz]]'' and "Chaap Nishna" in [[Swapan Saha]]'s ''[[Shrestha Bangali]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sunny makes Marathi debut with an item song |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/videos/kuth-kuth-jayacha-honeymoon-la-sunny-leone-boyz-marathi-movie.html |access-date=October 3, 2017 |archive-date=November 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103004853/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/videos/kuth-kuth-jayacha-honeymoon-la-sunny-leone-boyz-marathi-movie.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sunny in Sera Bangali |url=http://m.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/in-pics-sunny-leone-makes-bengali-debut-with-rajpal-yadav-in-sera-bengali/story-iB3ekeeUQwX9KZZ6rrz4uO.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=July 26, 2017 |access-date=October 3, 2017 |archive-date=August 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827004910/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/in-pics-sunny-leone-makes-bengali-debut-with-rajpal-yadav-in-sera-bengali/story-iB3ekeeUQwX9KZZ6rrz4uO.html |url-status=live}}</ref> She then appeared in song "Deo Deo" for [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]]'s Telugu film ''[[PSV Garuda Vega]]''<ref>{{cite news |title=Sunny Leone signs secong Telugu film |url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/sunny-leone-was-my-first-choice-for-special-number-in-psv-garuda-vega-praveen-sattaru-1358065.html |work=[[News18 India]] |publisher=[[Network18 Group]] |date=March 9, 2017 |access-date=March 9, 2017 |archive-date=March 14, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314000534/http://www.news18.com/news/movies/sunny-leone-was-my-first-choice-for-special-number-in-psv-garuda-vega-praveen-sattaru-1358065.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Her last appearance was her mainstream film ''[[Tera Intezaar]]'' along [[Arbaaz Khan]] directed by Rajeev Walia. The film released on December 1, 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sunny Leone excited to work with Arbaaz Khan |url=http://m.indiatoday.in/story/sunny-leone-new-film-arbaaz-khan-malaika-arora-divorce/1/680882.html |work=[[India Today]] |date=May 30, 2016 |access-date=May 30, 2016 |archive-date=June 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602042944/http://m.indiatoday.in/story/sunny-leone-new-film-arbaaz-khan-malaika-arora-divorce/1/680882.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Producer and distributor Bharat Patel has accused Leone of not returning a signing fee which she had taken to do a special dance number for his film ''[[Patel Ki Punjabi Shaadi]]'' after her role was cancelled.<ref>{{cite news |date=December 16, 2017 |title=Sunny Leone accused of not returning signing amount by 'Patel Ki Punjabi Shaadi' producer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sunny-leone-accused-of-not-returning-signing-amount-by-patel-ki-punjabi-shaadi-producer/articleshow/67656731.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124175229/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sunny-leone-accused-of-not-returning-signing-amount-by-patel-ki-punjabi-shaadi-producer/articleshow/67656731.cms |archive-date=January 24, 2019 |access-date=January 24, 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Sunny Leone was voted by the Network 7 Media Group jury as "Indian Affairs Actress of the year 2018" founded by Satya Brahma at the historic ninth Annual [[India Leadership Conclave]] & Indian Affairs Business Leadership Awards 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indialeadershipconclave.info/sunny-leone-honored-as-indian-affairs-actress-of-the-year-2018-at-india-leadership-conclave-2018/ |title=Sunny Leone honored as 'Indian Affairs Actress of the year 2018' at India Leadership Conclave 2018 |date=July 26, 2018 |work=India Leadership Conclave 2018 |access-date=August 4, 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=August 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804170140/http://indialeadershipconclave.info/sunny-leone-honored-as-indian-affairs-actress-of-the-year-2018-at-india-leadership-conclave-2018/ |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

Sunny Leone's auto biopic titled ''[[Karenjit Kaur – The Untold Story of Sunny Leone]]'', an original web-series by [[ZEE5]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5originals/details/karenjit-kaur-the-untold-story-of-sunny-leone/0-6-tvshow_984782182 |title='Karenjit Kaur – the untold story of Sunny Leone |publisher=zee5.com |access-date=June 29, 2018 |archive-date=August 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827004827/https://www.zee5.com/global/zee5originals/details/karenjit-kaur/0-6-tvshow_984782182 |url-status=live}}</ref> was released on the platform on July 16, 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=Watch: Sunny Leone unveils the 38-second motion poster of her biopic Karenjit Kaur & it breaks the Internet in 24 hours |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-watch-sunny-leone-unveils-the-38-second-motion-poster-of-her-biopic-karenjit-kaur-it-breaks-the-internet-in-24-hours-2632441 |access-date=July 4, 2018 |archive-date=July 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704153016/http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-watch-sunny-leone-unveils-the-38-second-motion-poster-of-her-biopic-karenjit-kaur-it-breaks-the-internet-in-24-hours-2632441 |url-status=live}}</ref> The series narrates her journey from a [[middle-class]] girl in Canada to becoming India's most googled celebrity. The series starts from her childhood as Gogu to her foray into the adult film industry to her exciting journey into [[Bollywood]]. The series is also available in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] languages.

=== Upcoming projects ===
In January 2018, Leone started filming for the Hindi remake of 2012 [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] film ''[[Jatt & Juliet]]'' opposite [[Manish Paul]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sunny Leone in Jatt And Juliet remake |url=http://m.filmfare.com/news/sunny-leone-in-jatt-and-juliet-remake-12860.html |access-date=July 15, 2017 |archive-date=August 7, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807020733/http://m.filmfare.com/news/sunny-leone-in-jatt-and-juliet-remake-12860.html |url-status=live}}</ref> She is also stars in ''Veeramadevi'', a Tamil period war film directed by [[Vadivudaiyan|V. C. Vadivudaiyan]]. The shooting for the film commenced in February 2018<ref name=":10">{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/legal-battle-ends-veeramadevi-90917?amp |title=Relief for Veeramadevi as it escapes court case |website=[[The News Minute]] |date=November 2018 |access-date=December 17, 2018 |archive-date=February 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207083211/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/legal-battle-ends-veeramadevi-90917?amp |url-status=live}}</ref> and was set to be released in Telugu, Hindi, and [[Malayalam]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sunny Leone to make Tamil debut |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/sunny-leone-first-kollywood-film-as-a-leading-lady-titled-veeramadevi-see-photo-5002286/ |access-date=December 28, 2017 |archive-date=December 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228104619/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/sunny-leone-first-kollywood-film-as-a-leading-lady-titled-veeramadevi-see-photo-5002286/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Writer ==
''Sweet Dreams'' is a collection of 12 short stories written by Sunny Leone.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2016/04/22/sunny-leone-writes-her-first-short-story-collection-sweet-dreams |title=Sunny Leone Writes Her First Short Story Collection – Sweet Dreams |date=April 22, 2016 |website=The Quint |access-date=November 29, 2019 |archive-date=August 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802084712/http://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2016/04/22/sunny-leone-writes-her-first-short-story-collection-sweet-dreams |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://epaper.indianexpress.com/c/9859346 |title=Love, the Sunny Leone way |date=April 23, 2016 |website=The Indian Express |access-date=April 23, 2016 |archive-date=August 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819063451/http://epaper.indianexpress.com/c/9859346 |url-status=live}}</ref> They were published digitally as an e-book and launched on April 22, 2016, by [[Juggernaut Books]] through their mobile app.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/what-s-hot/story/sunny-leone-first-book-erotica-erotic-literature-sweet-dreams-319372-2016-04-22 |title=Sunny Leone's first book is everything you'd expect it to be |date=April 29, 2019 |website=India Today |access-date=November 29, 2019 |archive-date=November 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128065712/https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/what-s-hot/story/sunny-leone-first-book-erotica-erotic-literature-sweet-dreams-319372-2016-04-22 |url-status=live}}</ref> A story was made available on the app at 10pm every night.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Sunny-Leone-to-share-her-stories-on-your-phone-every-night/articleshow/51927942.cms |title=Sunny Leone to share her stories on your phone every night! |date=January 28, 2017 |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=November 29, 2019 |archive-date=April 26, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426174554/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Sunny-Leone-to-share-her-stories-on-your-phone-every-night/articleshow/51927942.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> A 200-page paperback edition was also launched in 2016.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Sweet Dreams |last=Leone |first=Sunny |date=June 6, 2016 |id={{ASIN|8193237226 |country=in}}}}</ref>

The work was well received by the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', which commented, "Sunny's stories are relentlessly optimistic. The characters are not complicated or unpleasant and exist in a world that veers on the border of Valentine's Land with its floating pink hearts and soft focus lighting."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/books/sunny-leone-reveals-what-her-erotic-short-stories-will-be-like/story-MHkkB8H28HYBYb8wiYGc1O.html |title=Sunny Leone reveals what her erotic short stories will be like |date=April 23, 2016 |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=April 23, 2016 |archive-date=April 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424032345/http://www.hindustantimes.com/books/sunny-leone-reveals-what-her-erotic-short-stories-will-be-like/story-MHkkB8H28HYBYb8wiYGc1O.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

In an interview to [[Press Trust of India]], Leone explained that the book was written from the perspective of both men and females, and that while it was for both genders it was mainly intended for women, stating, "I wrote these stories, from what I thought a woman would like to read."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theweek.in/content/archival/news/entertainment/sunny-leone-turns-writer-pens-short-stories.html |title=Sunny Leone turns writer |date=April 23, 2016 |website=theweek.in |access-date=November 29, 2019}}{{dead link|date=March 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Sunny Leone add that it is "the first time (she has) written something like this." In the interview she mentioned how [[Juggernaut Books]] had come to her with this idea of writing the book.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-sweet-dreams-after-acting-sunny-leone-turns-writer-pens-short-stories-2205308 |title=Sweet Dreams: After acting, Sunny Leone turns writer, pens short stories |date=April 23, 2016 |website=DNA India |access-date=November 29, 2019 |archive-date=April 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412194640/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-sweet-dreams-after-acting-sunny-leone-turns-writer-pens-short-stories-2205308 |url-status=live}}</ref>

''Sweet Dreams'' was ''[[Elle (India)|Elle]]''{{'}}s Book of the Week in April 2016. The publication wrote, "Don't go looking for creative fantasies or fetishes; as a writer, Leone is playing safe."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://elle.in/article/book-of-the-week-sweet-dreams-by-sunny-leone/ |title=Book of the week: Sweet Dreams by Sunny Leone |date=April 22, 2016 |website=Elle India |access-date=November 29, 2019 |archive-date=November 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128065716/https://elle.in/article/book-of-the-week-sweet-dreams-by-sunny-leone/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Another review in ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' goes on to note if there was any real contribution from Sunny herself towards the book other than her picture on the cover. The review goes on say that there is "no note by (the) author, acknowledgments section, or forward from some known entity."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/book-reviews/sunny-leones-sweet-dreams |title=Sunny Leone's Sweet Dreams |last=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |website=Free Press Journal |access-date=November 29, 2019 |archive-date=November 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128065712/https://www.freepressjournal.in/book-reviews/sunny-leones-sweet-dreams |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bgr.in/news/sunny-leone-turns-author-with-juggernaut-new-e-books-app-launched-for-android-401703/ |title=Sunny Leone turns author with Juggernaut, new e-books app launched for Android |last=Bhushan |first=Kul |date=April 22, 2016 |website=BGR India |language=en-US |access-date=November 29, 2019 |archive-date=August 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827004850/https://www.bgr.in/news/sunny-leone-turns-author-with-juggernaut-new-e-books-app-launched-for-android-401703/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Activism ==
[[File:Sunny Leone launches PETA - Adopt a stray dog campaign 2.jpg|thumb|Leone at the [[PETA]]'s stray dog adoption campaign]]
In 2004, Leone was part of ''No More Bush Girls'', in which she and several other popular adult actresses shaved off their [[pubic hair]] in protest of the [[George W. Bush]] presidency.<ref name="shave2">{{cite web |url=http://www.ncbuy.com/news/2004-10-15/1010837.html |title=Porn Stars Shave To Support 'No More Bush' Campaign |author=Wireless Flash News |date=October 15, 2004 |publisher=Wireless Flash News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041017020125/http://www.ncbuy.com/news/2004-10-15/1010837.html |archive-date=October 17, 2004 |url-status=dead |access-date=October 15, 2004}}</ref> In May 2008, she shot a promotional video for [[Declare Yourself]], a nonprofit, nonpartisan voter registration campaign targeting 18- to 29-year-olds.<ref name="votepsa2">{{cite web |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/30415.html |title=Sunny Leone Urges Youth to Vote in Online PSA |first=David |last=Sullivan |date=May 27, 2008 |publisher=AVN |access-date=May 27, 2008 |archive-date=July 21, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721201422/http://business.avn.com/articles/30415.html |url-status=live}}</ref> She indicated that [[Barack Obama]] would be her choice in the 2008 U.S. presidential election, primarily because she felt he was more business-friendly to the adult industry than his opponent [[John McCain]].<ref name="elect2">{{cite web |url=http://metallungies.com/2008/09/metallungies-hollers-savanna-samson-and-sunny-leone-interview/ |title=Metallungies Hollers @ Savanna Samson and Sunny Leone, Interview |author=knobbz |date=September 13, 2008 |publisher=metallungies.com |access-date=December 25, 2008 |archive-date=February 12, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212185226/http://metallungies.com/2008/09/metallungies-hollers-savanna-samson-and-sunny-leone-interview/ |url-status=live}}</ref> She also released a public service announcement on behalf of the ASACP, urging adult website webmasters to protect their sites from children by having an RTA label on it.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

In 2013, Leone posed for a [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals|PETA]] ad campaign, encouraging dog and cat owners to have their pets spayed and neutered. In an interview for PETA India, Leone said, "I believe that every single dog should be spayed and neutered. You don't want to continue the cycle of homeless dogs or cats. And spaying and neutering also keeps them healthy."<ref>[http://www.asianimage.co.uk/news/10161044.Sunny_Leone_in_new_PETA_ad/ Sunny Leone In New PETA Ad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104201317/http://www.asianimage.co.uk/news/10161044.Sunny_Leone_in_new_PETA_ad/ |date=November 4, 2013 }}", Asian Image, 15 January 2013.</ref> PETA named her their "Person of the Year" in 2016.<ref>"[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sunny-leone-to-receive-petas-person-of-the-year-award/articleshow/56123031.cms Sunny Leone To Receive PETA's Person of the Year Award] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224204037/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sunny-leone-to-receive-petas-person-of-the-year-award/articleshow/56123031.cms |date=December 24, 2016 }}," ''Times of India'', December 22, 2016.</ref>

== Personal life ==
In June 2006, Leone became an American citizen,<ref name="xrent"/> but stated she planned to remain a [[dual citizen]] of Canada.<ref name="sapna">{{cite web |url=http://www.sapnamagazine.com/fall05/articles/culture/fa-sunny.html |title=Sex and Stardom: Inside the World of a Desi Adult Entertainer |access-date=August 22, 2007 |author=Shaheryar Hafeez |date=Fall 2005 |work=[[Sapna magazine]] |archive-date=August 18, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818140644/http://sapnamagazine.com/fall05/articles/culture/fa-sunny.html |url-status=live}}</ref> On April 14, 2012, she announced that she was now a resident of India,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/SunnyLeone/status/191135558796451841 |title=Twitter / SunnyLeone: I have the greatest news today |via=Twitter |access-date=November 2, 2013 |archive-date=November 7, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107135408/https://twitter.com/SunnyLeone/status/191135558796451841 |url-status=live}}{{Primary source inline|date=July 2022}}</ref><ref name="in.movies.yahoo.com">{{cite web |url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news/sunny-leone-now-indian-citizen-183000530.html |title=Sunny Leone Now An Indian Citizen – Yahoo Movies India |publisher=Yahoo! |date=April 14, 2012 |access-date=November 2, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105050026/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news/sunny-leone-now-indian-citizen-183000530.html |archive-date=November 5, 2013}}</ref> explaining in an interview to ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' that she was an [[Overseas Citizen of India]] for which she was eligible because her parents lived in India. She applied for it prior to filming ''Jism 2''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bansal |first=Varsha |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article585734.ece |title=Sunny Leone, about Indian fans |work=The New Indian Express |date=August 15, 2012 |access-date=November 2, 2013 |archive-date=November 6, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106093759/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article585734.ece |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/MAH-MUM-sunny-leone-ragini-mms-2-later-house-in-mumbai-first-3669421.html |title=Sunny Leone: Ragini MMS 2 later, house in Mumbai first |work=dailybhaskar |publisher=daily.bhaskar.com |date=August 20, 2012 |access-date=November 2, 2013 |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103105549/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/MAH-MUM-sunny-leone-ragini-mms-2-later-house-in-mumbai-first-3669421.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-triple-treat-sunny-leone-will-have-three-releases-within-the-next-six-months-1917049 |title=Triple treat! Sunny Leone will have three releases within the next six months – Entertainment – DNA |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=November 11, 2013 |access-date=December 5, 2013 |archive-date=November 14, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114011206/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-triple-treat-sunny-leone-will-have-three-releases-within-the-next-six-months-1917049 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="rta2">{{cite web |url=http://business.avn.com/articles/33070.html |title=Sunny Leone RTA PSA to Debut at AVN Awards |date=January 7, 2009 |publisher=AVN |access-date=January 7, 2009 |archive-date=September 24, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924025944/http://business.avn.com/articles/33070.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Leone is left handed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/how-is-it-to-be-a-southpaw-in-a-right-handed-world/cid/1697393 |title=How is it to be a southpaw in a right-handed world? |last=Paul |first=Ushnota |website=The Telegraph (India) |publisher=The Telegraph India |date=August 12, 2019 |access-date=December 11, 2022}}</ref>

Leone has a strong interest in health and fitness and has been featured in several mainstream fitness publications. Leone has modelled fitness clothing for the sports brand Fantasy Fitness<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fantasyfitness.com/models/sunny-leone.php |title=Sunny Leone models with Fantasy Fitness |date=August 1, 2009 |publisher=FantasyFitness.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721115016/http://www.fantasyfitness.com/models/sunny-leone.php |archive-date=July 21, 2009 |url-status=dead |access-date=August 1, 2009}}</ref> and shared that she stays in shape by working out as much as she can despite her busy schedule, commenting in ''[[Men's Fitness]]'' magazine, "I try to eat very healthy – lots of vegetables, drinking milk every day."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mensfitness.com/advice/hot-women/meet-girl-sunny-leone |title=Adult star Sunny Leone loves playing the field |author=Men's Fitness |date=August 1, 2009 |publisher=[[Men's Fitness]] |access-date=August 1, 2009 |archive-date=April 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110403061406/http://www.mensfitness.com/advice/hot-women/meet-girl-sunny-leone |url-status=live}}</ref>

A 2008 ''[[Eye Weekly]]'' article reported that "Leone does her best to maintain a link to Sikh traditions, even if more in theory than in practice. But she's unlikely to disavow her career path due to religion" and that Leone said "Girls will leave the industry claiming that they found God. Well, the fact is, God has always been with them the entire time."<ref name=EyeWeekly>{{cite web |url=http://www.eyeweekly.com/scrollingeye/article/32910 |title=Sunny Leone's America |last=Weisblott |first=Marc |date=July 4, 2009 |work=[[Eye Weekly]] |access-date=January 20, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710213113/http://www.eyeweekly.com/scrollingeye/article/32910 |archive-date=July 10, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In a 2010 interview, she said

{{blockquote|It's a community-based religion. You walk into a temple and you're greeted with the utmost respect... But, just like any religion it doesn't want you to shoot adult material. I mean, I grew up going to temple every Sunday. When my parents found out they knew my personality which was very independent. Even if they tried to stop me or tried to steer me the right way they would have lost their daughter. I'm too headstrong. And it wasn't a plan. It just happened and my career and everything just kept getting bigger and bigger.<ref name=Alff />}}A police [[first information report]] was filed against Leone in May 2015 after a woman at [[Mumbai]], India, complained that Leone's website, sunnyleone.com, was destroying the Indian culture. Thane police's cyber cell at Ramnagar booked her for sections 292, 292A, 294, which could have landed her a term in jail, a fine, or both. Senior police inspector JK Sawant stated, "We cannot block the website, but will ask the operator to remove objectionable content."<ref name="FIR">{{cite news |last=Pradeep Gupta |date=May 16, 2015 |title=Mumbai woman files FIR against Leone for 'destroying Indian culture' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Mumbai-woman-files-FIR-against-Leone-for-destroying-Indian-culture/articleshow/47303642.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118021652/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Mumbai-woman-files-FIR-against-Leone-for-destroying-Indian-culture/articleshow/47303642.cms |archive-date=January 18, 2016 |access-date=August 23, 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Marriage and family ===
[[File:Sunny Leone & Daniel Weber graces Vogue Beauty Awards 2017.jpg|thumb|right|Leone and her husband Daniel Weber at ''Vogue'' Beauty Awards in 2017]]

Although bisexual, she has stated that she prefers men.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiavision.com/news/article/lifestyle/252006/bigg-boss-sunny-leone-is-bisexual-but-prefers-men/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126074309/http://www.indiavision.com/news/article/lifestyle/252006/bigg-boss-sunny-leone-is-bisexual-but-prefers-men/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 26, 2013 |title=Bigg Boss' Sunny Leone is bisexual, but prefers men |date=November 25, 2011 |publisher=Indiavision news}}</ref> Sunny Leone had dated Indian-Canadian stand-up comedian [[Russell Peters]] up until they broke up in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |title=Comedian Russell Peters Goes Off on Trevor Noah + Names His Top 5 Comedians |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aGXWYomn_6s |via=[[YouTube]] |publisher=[[Sway Calloway|Sway's Universe]] |access-date=July 27, 2018 |date=June 28, 2018 |minutes=12 |archive-date=July 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703124150/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aGXWYomn_6s&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Goyal |first=Samarth |title=Sunny Leone is a real sweetheart: Russell Peters |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tabloid/sunny-leone-is-a-real-sweetheart-russell-peters/article1-1140756.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026191633/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tabloid/sunny-leone-is-a-real-sweetheart-russell-peters/article1-1140756.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 26, 2013 |access-date=October 29, 2013 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sunny Leone dated comedian Russell Peters? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Sunny-Leone-dated-comedian-Russell-Peters/articleshow/24928353.cms |access-date=October 29, 2013 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=September 2013 |archive-date=October 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031053538/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Sunny-Leone-dated-comedian-Russell-Peters/articleshow/24928353.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Leone was then dating Matt Erikson, a vice-president of marketing at [[Playboy Enterprises]]. After being engaged to Erikson, they broke up in 2008.<ref name="torostar">{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/DesiLife/article/265411/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012213649/http://www.thestar.com/DesiLife/article/265411 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 12, 2007 |title=Sunny Leone on life as a desi adult star |access-date=October 26, 2007 |first=Sonia M. |last=Kandathil |date=October 11, 2007 |work=[[Toronto Star]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sunny-Leoneamprsquos-ex-making-moolah-off-her/articleshow/11220800.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131031012251/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-24/tv/30551502_1_sunny-bigg-boss-house-movies |url-status=live |archive-date=October 31, 2013 |title=Sunny Leone's ex making moolah off her |access-date=October 26, 2012 |first=Tushar |last=Joshi |date=October 11, 2007 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/daniel-weber-sunny-leone-bigg-boss-matt-erikson-88313-2012-01-02 |title=I want to marry Daniel Weber over and over again: Sunny Leone |access-date=October 26, 2012 |date=October 11, 2007 |work=[[India Today]] |archive-date=January 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106051757/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/daniel-weber-sunny-leone-bigg-boss-matt-erikson/1/166987.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/Sunny-Leone-s-ex-cashes-in-on-her-fame/Article1-786520.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111224103536/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Tabloid/Sunny-Leone-s-ex-cashes-in-on-her-fame/Article1-786520.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 24, 2011 |title=Sunny Leone's ex cashes in on her fame |access-date=October 26, 2012 |date=October 11, 2007 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> She mentioned in an interview at the start of 2011 that she was married to Daniel Weber, an American actor, producer, and entrepreneur.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.movieweb.com/news/exclusive-sunny-leone-talks-the-virginity-hit |title=EXCLUSIVE: Sunny Leone Talks The Virginity Hit |first=B. Alan |last=Orange |work=movieweb.com |date=January 17, 2011 |access-date=December 24, 2011 |archive-date=November 22, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122200815/http://www.movieweb.com/news/exclusive-sunny-leone-talks-the-virginity-hit |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=August 15, 2013 |title=Sunny Leone's husband Daniel Weber, will now make his Bollywood debut in wife's 'Jackpot' |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-sunny-leone-s-husband-daniel-weber-also-a-porn-star-will-now-make-his-bollywood-debut-in-wife-s-jackpot-1874643 |access-date=July 16, 2016 |work=Daily News & Analysis |archive-date=December 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170020/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-sunny-leone-s-husband-daniel-weber-also-a-porn-star-will-now-make-his-bollywood-debut-in-wife-s-jackpot-1874643 |url-status=live}}</ref> During her stay in the ''Bigg Boss'' house later that same year, Leone indicated that she had married, Leone said she "purposely arrived late" to their first date as she was not impressed with him, but he changed her mind by sending 24 roses to her hotel room.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiavision.com/news/article/entertainment/254769/sunny-leone-breaks-hearts-by-getting-married-in-bigg-boss-house/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126232911/http://www.indiavision.com/news/article/entertainment/254769/sunny-leone-breaks-hearts-by-getting-married-in-bigg-boss-house/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 26, 2013 |title=Sunny Leone breaks hearts by getting 'married' in Bigg Boss house |date=December 3, 2011 |publisher=Indiavision news}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sunny Leone's Husband: Proud Of Her Bollywood Debut |url=http://businessofcinema.com/news/sunny-leones-husband-proud-bollywood-debut/ |access-date=August 6, 2012 |website=Businessofcinema.com |date=August 3, 2012 |archive-date=August 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805082751/http://businessofcinema.com/news/sunny-leones-husband-proud-bollywood-debut/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 2017, Leone and her husband Daniel Weber adopted their first child from [[Latur]], a village in [[Maharashtra]]. The baby girl, whom they named Nisha Kaur Weber, was 21 months old at the time of adoption. Actress [[Sherlyn Chopra]] confirmed the news by writing a congratulatory message on social media on July 20, 2017. "Never in my life did I think that I want to adopt a child. People doing such amazing work at the orphanage changed my mind," Daniel Weber told ''[[Hindustan Times]]''.<ref name=NDTV>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sunny-leone-and-husband-daniel-weber-adopt-baby-girl-1727387 |title=Sunny Leone And Husband Daniel Weber Adopt Baby Girl |publisher=[[NDTV 24x7|NDTV]] |access-date=July 22, 2017 |archive-date=July 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721143755/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sunny-leone-and-husband-daniel-weber-adopt-baby-girl-1727387 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="The Indian Express">{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sunny-leone-and-daniel-weber-adopt-daughter-nisha-confirmed-see-photos-4761395/ |title=Sunny Leone and Daniel Weber adopt baby girl, see first photos of Nisha Kaur Weber |work=[[The Indian Express]] |publisher=[[Indian Express Group]] |access-date=July 22, 2017 |date=July 21, 2017 |archive-date=July 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722124049/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sunny-leone-and-daniel-weber-adopt-daughter-nisha-confirmed-see-photos-4761395/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=TOI>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sunny-leone-adopts-baby-girl-nisha/articleshow/59692469.cms |title=Sunny Leone and husband Daniel Weber adopts baby girl Nisha |work=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=[[Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.]] |access-date=July 22, 2017 |archive-date=July 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721210312/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sunny-leone-adopts-baby-girl-nisha/articleshow/59692469.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Firstpost>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sunny-leone-daniel-weber-adopt-baby-girl-from-latur-name-her-nisha-kaur-weber-3839393.html |title=Sunny Leone, Daniel Weber adopt baby girl from Latur, name her Nisha Kaur Weber |work=[[Firstpost]] |access-date=July 22, 2017 |date=July 21, 2017 |archive-date=July 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721103643/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/sunny-leone-daniel-weber-adopt-baby-girl-from-latur-name-her-nisha-kaur-weber-3839393.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

On March 4, 2018, Leone and her husband announced the birth of their twin boys, born through [[surrogacy]]. They named the boys Asher [[Singh]] Weber and Noah Singh Weber.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/sunny-leone-announces-birth-of-twins-tweets-about-it/articleshow/63167825.cms |title=Sunny Leone announces birth of twins, tweets about it |access-date=March 5, 2018 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |publisher=[[Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.]] |archive-date=August 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827004906/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/sunny-leone-announces-birth-of-twins-tweets-about-it/articleshow/63167825.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://bombaytimes.com/celebs/sunny-leone-and-daniel-weber-become-parents-for-the-second-time/articleshow/63167458.cms |title=Sunny Leone and Daniel Weber become parents for the second time |work=[[Bombay Times]] |publisher=[[Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.]] |access-date=March 5, 2018 |archive-date=March 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307151923/http://www.bombaytimes.com/celebs/sunny-leone-and-daniel-weber-become-parents-for-the-second-time/articleshow/63167458.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

Leone and her family moved into a new home in [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]] on [[Ganesh Chaturthi]], which took place on September 13, 2018.<ref name="NDTVGaneshChaturthi">{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ganesh-chaturthi-2018-sunny-leone-and-husband-daniel-weber-celebrate-by-moving-into-new-home-1915997 |title=Ganesh Chaturthi 2018: Sunny Leone And Husband Daniel Weber Celebrate By Moving Into New Home |publisher=[[NDTV 24x7|NDTV]] |access-date=September 16, 2018 |date=September 13, 2018 |last=Shiksha |first=Shruti |archive-date=September 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917034249/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ganesh-chaturthi-2018-sunny-leone-and-husband-daniel-weber-celebrate-by-moving-into-new-home-1915997 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Main|List of filmography and awards of Sunny Leone}}

== Bibliography ==
* ''Sweet Dreams'' (2016)

== See also ==
{{Portal|Bollywood|Erotica and pornography}}
* [[List of pornographic actors who appeared in mainstream films]]
* [[Pornography in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|Sunny Leone}}
* {{Official website|sunnyleoneofficial.com}}
* {{Facebook | id= sunnyleone | name= Sunny Leone }}
* {{Instagram | id= sunnyleone | name= Sunny Leone }}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830063129/https://www.sunnyleone.com/ |date=August 30, 2023 |title=Official website (pornography)}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{IAFD name}}
* {{afdb name}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes person|sunny_leone}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Penthouse Pets of 2001}}
{{Penthouse Pets of 2003}}
{{Pets of the Year}}
{{Bigg Boss}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Leone, Sunny}}
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Gutha Sukender Reddy

2026-01-17T16:42:48Z

CharlineDiederic:

{{short description|Indian politician}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gutha Sukender Reddy
| image = Gutha Sukender REddy.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|2|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = Urmadla
| residence = [[Hyderabad]],Telangana, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = 2nd [[Telangana Legislative Council|Chairman of Telangana Legislative Council]]
| term_start1 = 14 March 2022
| governor1 = {{ubl|• [[Tamilisai Soundararajan]]|•[[C.P. Radhakrishnan]] ''(additional charge)''|•[[Jishnu Dev Varma]]}}
| 1blankname1 = Leader of the House
| 1namedata1 = {{ubl| ▪︎ [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]| ▪︎ [[Revanth Reddy]]}}
| 2blankname1 = Deputy
| 2namedata1 = {{ubl| ▪︎ '''Vacant'''| ▪︎ [[Banda Prakash]]}} (since from 12 February 2023)
| predecessor1 = '''Vacant'''
| term_start2 = 11 September 2019
| term_end2 = 3 June 2021
| governor2 = [[Tamilisai Soundararajan]]
| 1blankname2 = Leader of the House
| 1namedata2 = [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
| 2blankname2 = Deputy
| 2namedata2 = [[Nethi Vidya Sagar]]
| predecessor2 = [[K. Swamy Goud]]
| office3 = Member of Legislative Council, [[Telangana Legislative Council|Telangana]]
| term_start3 = 22 November 2021
| 1blankname3 = Chairperson
| 1namedata3 = [[K. Swamy Goud]]
| 2blankname3 = Leader of the House
| 2namedata3 = {{ubl| ▪︎ [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]| ▪︎ [[Revanth Reddy]]}}
| 3blankname3 = Deputy
| 3namedata3 = {{ubl| ▪︎ '''Vacant'''| ▪︎ [[Banda Prakash]]}}
| constituency3 = Elected By [[MLAs]], [[Telangana]]
| term_start4 = 11 August 2019
| term_end4 = 21 November 2021
| 1blankname4 = Chairperson
| 1namedata4 = {{ubl| ▪︎ '''Vacant'''| ▪︎ '''Himself'''}}
| 2blankname4 = Deputy
| 2namedata4 = [[Nethi Vidya Sagar]]
| 3blankname4 = Leader of the House
| 3namedata4 = [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
| constituency4 = Elected By [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLAs]], [[Telangana]]
| office5 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start5 = 6 October 1999
| term_end5 = 16 May 2004
| predecessor5 = [[Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy]]
| successor5 = [[Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy]]
| constituency5 = [[Nalgonda Lok Sabha constituency|Nalgonda]]
| term_start6 = 16 May 2009
| term_end6 = 23 May 2019
| predecessor6 = [[Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy]]
| successor6 = [[Nalamada Uttam Kumar Reddy]]
| constituency6 = [[Nalgonda Lok Sabha constituency|Nalgonda]]
| party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
| otherparty = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
|spouse = Gutha Arundathi
| children = 2
| website =
| source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biography/375?from=amembers
}}
'''Gutha Sukender Reddy''' (born 2 February 1954) is an Indian [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]] politician who is the 2nd and current Chair of the [[Telangana Legislative Council]] since 14 March 2022. He was elected as MLC (Member of Legislative Council) in 2019 & 2021 respectively.

In the [[2009 Indian general election|2009 election]] he was elected to the [[15th Lok Sabha]] from the [[Nalgonda]] constituency in [[Telangana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/frmWinnerList.aspx|title=ECI Winners List Andhra Pradesh|publisher=|access-date=20 July 2009|archive-date=27 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627024230/http://eciresults.nic.in/frmWinnerList.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=375|title= Official Parliament Biography|publisher=}}</ref> He was appointed Chairman of [[Telangana Rythu Samanvaya Samithi]] in February 2018. He is one of the strongest leaders in South Telangana Region. He has great command in his parliamentary constituency. Initially, his career was started in [[Janata Party|JP]], later he joined the [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]. In 2009, he joined [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] on the invitation of [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]. In [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]], he unsuccessfully contested Nalgonda Legislative Assembly constituency. Because of negative wave against [[Chandrababu Naidu]], he lost in that election. He is basically from an agricultural family.

==Early life==
Gutha Sukender Reddy was born on 2 February 1954 into an agriculturist family from Urumadla Village, Chityal Mandal Nalgonda Dist., Telangana. Gutha Sukender Reddy is married and has a son and a daughter. He started his career as a farmer and fought for the farming community to facilitate the better supply of fertilizers. This struggle motivated him to fight for farmers and he represented the District Kisaan Youth Cell as president.
During his education, Mr. Reddy represented the student body of the Nanakram Bhagavandas Science College in Hyderabad (1971–72) as general secretary. He was later elected as a Grampanchayat ward member from Urumadla, Nalgonda Dist. (1981). Reddy has been actively working ever since towards uplifting the downtrodden, the farmers and the laborers.

==Political statistics==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! Year
! Contested For
! Party
! Constituency
! Votes
! Opponent
! Votes
! Majority
! Result
|-
| 1
| 1999
| MP
| style="background-color: #FFFF31" rowspan="2" | [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
| [[Nalgonda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nalgonda]]
| 427505
| Kanukula Janardhan Reddy ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
| 347770
| 79735
| {{Won}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4125-general-election-1999-vol-i-ii-iii/|title=General Election, 1999 (Vol I, II, III)|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2
| 2004
| MLA
| [[Nalgonda (Assembly constituency)|Nalgonda]]
| 47080
| [[Komatireddy Venkat Reddy]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
| 69818
| -22738
| {{Lost}}
|-
| 3
| 2009
| rowspan="3" | MP
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan="2" | [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| [[Nalgonda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nalgonda]]
| 493849
| [[Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy]] ([[Communist Party of India|CPI]])
| 340867
| 152982
| {{Won}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/|title=Constituency Wise Detailed Result|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
| 4
| 2014
| [[Nalgonda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nalgonda]]
| 472093
| [[Tera Chinnapa Reddy]] ([[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]])
| 278937
| 193156
| {{Won}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2785-constituency-wise-detailed-result/|title=Constituency wise detailed result|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

|}

==Service to the cooperative bodies and the Dairy Movement ==
Having been born into an agriculturist family, Reddy was involved in the district cooperative bodies and the Dairy Movement which helped to better the lives of many farmers and women.
* Nominated as the vice chairman for Chityal Agricultural Market Committee in 1984, and later took charge of the same as the chair in 1985.
* Involved in the co-operative movement and was elected as Single Window chairman (1992).
* Elected chairman for the Milk Cooperative Society from Urumadla (1992–99)
* Represented the Nalgonda and Ranga Reddy district milk producers Union as chairman (1992–1999)
* Dedicated his services to the Dairy Movement and constructed many chilling centers all over the two districts.
* In recognition of his services to the Dairy Movement, he was elected as chairman for Andhra Pradesh Dairy Development Cooperative Federation (1995–99) and was also nominated as a director to the National Dairy Development Board (1998).
* Served as chairman for Telangana Rashtra Raithu Samanvaya Samiti (TRRSS - A Telangana State Corporation established for Cooperation and Coordination amongst Farming fraternity and for their welfare and upliftment) (2018–19).

==Career accomplishments==
*Actively participated in the struggle for Telangana statehood.
*Instrumental in completing the first Lift Irrigation Project in Telangana 'Srisailam Left Bank Canal project (AMRP)', and thereby facilitating the drought-stricken farmers of Nalgonda Dist. The project also supplies drinking water to hundreds of villages affected by fluorosis in Nalgonda and to the Greater Hyderabad Metro area.
*Successful amalgamation of Mother Dairy into Nalgonda and Rangareddy District Milk Unions, thereby bringing the unions into profits and financially strengthening the poor dairy farmers.
*Played vital role in the successful completion of National Highway 9/65 (Hyderabad - Vijayawada) & State Highway 02 (Narketpally – Addanki), saving innocent lives being lost in road accidents.
*Received sanction for 2-laning (National Highway) of Sirvancha (Maharashtra)-Nakrekal-Nalgonda- Nagarjunasagar-Renigunta, improving connectivity in Nalgonda district.
*Achieved two Centrally-sponsored Kendriya Vidyalayas in Nalgonda and Miryalaguda towns, ensuring the availability of quality education locally to the citizens of Nalgonda District.
*Was instrumental in securing central and state funds for the developments of Nalgonda, Miryalaguda, and Devarakonda divisions (RWS schemes, Model Schools etc.).
*Received sanction of two push-pull trains to Miryalaguda from Kachiguda (Hyd) via Nalgonda, facilitating scores of students, employees and everyday passengers.
*Received sanction of new 81-km railway line between Miryalaguda and Macherla.
*Pursued and received sanction for further development of Pendlipaka project, Nakkalagandi and Dindi reservoirs/projects benefitting the lakhs of farmers of Nalgonda.

==Positions held==
As a part of his public career he had numerous opportunities to represent and solve various problems of his fellow citizens and constituents.
* Grampanchayat Ward Member from Urumadla village of Chityala Mandal, Nalgonda District (1981)
* Nominated as the vice chairman for Chityal Agricultural Market Committee in 1984 and later took charge for the same as the chairman of the Chityal Agricultural Market Committee.
* Single Window chairman, Chityal (1991)
* Served as chairman, District Vigilance and Monitoring Committee, Nalgonda.
* Served as member, Sri Venkateshwara Veterinary University, Tirupati.
* Zilla Parishad member (ZPTC), from Devarakonda, Nalgonda Dist. (1995)
* Chairman Nalgonda and Rangareddy Milk Producers Cooperative Union (1992–99)
* Served as member in various Parliamentary standing/consultative committee's on urban and rural development, information and broadcasting, energy, railways, commerce, etc. during his tenure as MP.
* Director, National Dairy Development Board of India (1998)
* Chairman, Andhra Pradesh Dairy Development Cooperative Federation (1995–99)
* Elected as a member of Parliament from Nalgonda - 13th Lok Sabha (1999-2004)
* Elected as the member of Parliament from Nalgonda Parliamentary constituency - 15th Lok Sabha (2009-2014)
* Elected as the member of Parliament from Nalgonda Parliamentary constituency - 16th Lok Sabha (2014-2019)
* Appointed chairman, Telangana Rashtra Raithu Samanvaya Samithi (2018-2019)
* Elected as the member of [[Telangana Legislative Council]] (19 August 2019)<ref name="TRS names Sukender Reddy for MLC seat">{{cite news |title=TRS names Sukender Reddy for MLC seat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/trs-names-sukender-reddy-for-mlc-seat/article28809640.ece |access-date=14 March 2022 |work= |date=3 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314083949/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/trs-names-sukender-reddy-for-mlc-seat/article28809640.ece |archive-date=14 March 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* Elected as chairman [[Telangana Legislative Council]] (11 September 2019 - 3 June 2021)<ref name="Gutha Sukender Reddy assumes charge as legislative council chairman">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Gutha Sukender Reddy assumes charge as legislative council chairman |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/gutha-sukender-reddy-assumes-charge-as-legislative-council-chairman-562925 |access-date=14 March 2022 |work= |date=11 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314084223/https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/gutha-sukender-reddy-assumes-charge-as-legislative-council-chairman-562925 |archive-date=14 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* Elected as a member of [[Telangana Legislative Council]] (1 December 2021 - incumbent)
* Elected as chairman [[Telangana Legislative Council]] for the 2nd time (14 March 2022 - incumbent)

==Objectives==
* Working towards betterment of agriculture and related industries, by strengthening the Agro-industry and farming fraternity who constitute the majority of the population.
* Strive to achieve sustainable financial independence for every Raithu/ Farmer.
* Uplifting the Common Man by providing better living conditions including Safety, Security, Education, Health Care, Employment, and Social Justice.
* Providing debt free infrastructure to rural India which inculcates social wellbeing of the poorest of the poor.
* Strive for the betterment of rural infrastructure
* Achieving community based rural development

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://sansad.in/ls/members/biography/375?from=amembers Official biographical sketch on the Parliament of India website]
{{16th LS members from Telangana}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Gutha Sukender}}
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Telangana]]
[[Category:People from Nalgonda district]]
[[Category:Chairs of the Telangana Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Telangana Legislative Council]]

Study of a Stork

2026-01-13T17:32:01Z

CharlineDiederic: added data

{{Short description|1781 painting by Shaykh Zayn al-Din}}
{{Infobox artwork
| title = Study of a Stork
| other_language_1 =
| other_title_1 =
| other_language_2 =
| other_title_2 =
| wikidata =
| image = Painted stork Zayn al Din.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| artist =[[Sheikh Zainuddin|Shaykh Zayn al-Din]]
| year =
| completion_date = 1781
| catalogue =
| medium = [[Watercolour painting]]
| movement =
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| width_metric = 54
| length_metric = 75
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'''''Study of a Stork''''' (1781), originally from the [[Impey Album]], is a life size [[watercolor painting]] in the [[Company painting]] style, by [[Sheikh Zainuddin|Shaykh Zayn al-Din]], one of the three artists employed by [[Mary Impey|Lady Impey]]. It depicts a stork eating a snail, with its measurements listed to the left of the drawing. The painting was bought by [[Jacqueline Kennedy]] in the 1970s, before being acquired by the Khosrovani-Diba collection. At [[Sotheby's]] it was called the '''''Kennedy Stork'''''.<ref name="Brown">{{cite news |last1=Brown |first1=Mark |date=29 August 2021 |title='Forgotten masters': auction shines light on India's overlooked artists |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2021/aug/29/forgotten-masters-auction-shines-light-on-indias-overlooked-artists |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218063628/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2021/aug/29/forgotten-masters-auction-shines-light-on-indias-overlooked-artists |archive-date=18 February 2024 |access-date=17 February 2024 |work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Moore |first=Susan |date=3 October 2016 |title=A look ahead at October's art market highlights |url=https://www.apollo-magazine.com/a-look-ahead-at-octobers-art-market-highlights/ |journal=Apollo Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217180629/https://www.apollo-magazine.com/a-look-ahead-at-octobers-art-market-highlights/ |archive-date=17 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Stork that Captivated First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy |url=https://www.sothebys.com/en/articles/the-stork-that-captivated-first-lady-jacqueline-kennedy#:~:text=Study%20of%20a%20Stork%2C%20signed,New%20York%20Times%20article%3A%20“… |website=Sothebys.com |access-date=17 February 2024 |language=en |date=2 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A study of a Stork, from the Lady Impey Series, signed by Shaykh Zayn al-Din, Company School, Calcutta, dated 1781 |url=https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2016/khosrovani-diba-collection-l16229/lot.20.html |website=Sothebys.com |access-date=17 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=In Conversation with Edward Gibbs, Chairman, Sotheby's India |url=https://www.idiva.com/travel-living/home-decor/edward-gibbs-on-sothebys-strategy-and-educational-initiatives-for-india/16112848 |website=iDiva |access-date=17 February 2024 |language=en-IN |date=2 December 2016}}</ref><ref name=Gerlis2016>{{cite news |last1=Gerlis |first1=Melanie |title=The Art Market: it's up to you, New York |url=https://www.ft.com/content/d51719f4-9b9f-11e6-8f9b-70e3cabccfae |access-date=17 February 2024 |work=www.ft.com |date=28 October 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
*''[[Black Stork in a Landscape]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Watercolor paintings]]
[[Category:Paintings of birds]]
[[Category:Indian paintings]]
[[Category:1781 paintings]]
[[Category:Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis]]

{{1780s-painting-stub}}

Vedantam Ramalinga Sastry

2026-01-12T13:55:51Z

CharlineDiederic: added new bio - done

{{short description|Indian classical dancer in Kuchipudi}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
[[File:VRLS1.jpg|thumb|Vedantam Ramalinga Sastry]]
'''Vedantam Ramalinga Sastry''' is an [[Indian classical dance]]r in [[Kuchipudi]]. He was born on 3 June 1963, to Suryanarayana and Sathyavatamma in Kuchipudi, Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhinaya Tharangini - Vedantam Ramalinga Sastry |url=http://www.abhinayatharangini.com/VedantamRsastry.html |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=www.abhinayatharangini.com |archive-date=22 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222053827/http://www.abhinayatharangini.com/VedantamRsastry.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is also a choreographer, writer, actor and researcher. He won the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 2012 for his research on Kuchipudi dance form.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/where-an-exquisite-art-evolved/article2301980.ece |title=Where an exquisite art evolved |work=The Hindu |date= |accessdate=2020-04-04}}</ref> He is a retired principal of Siddhendra Yogi Kuchipudi Kalapeetham.<ref>{{cite web|author=Andhra Pradesh |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/18/stories/2008091850560200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925195939/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/18/stories/2008091850560200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-09-25 |title='Melange of dances' to enthral connoisseur - ANDHRA PRADESH |date=2008-09-18|work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2020-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Andhra Pradesh |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/31/stories/2009033151130200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410063612/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/31/stories/2009033151130200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-04-10 |title='Dance is a way to gain immortality' - ANDHRA PRADESH |date=2009-03-31|work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2020-04-04}}</ref>

== Education ==
Sastry received a bachelor's degree in Telugu from Andhra University in 1984 and a master's degree in Telugu from Osmania University in 1990. He received his doctorate from Osmania University on "Development of Kuchipudi Drama in Telugu".

== Awards and titles ==

* [[File:VRLS-Sangeet Natak Academy.jpg|thumb|Sangeet Natak Academy Award]]Central Sangeet Natak Akademi Award by the President of India in 2012<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-07-04 |title=Vedantam Ramalinga Sastry — Masterspeak |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/vedantam-ramalinga-sastry-masterspeak/article4881053.ece |access-date=2024-06-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* '''Nritya Vidwan''' Award by the Government of Odisha for services to Kuchipudi dance in 2012<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2012-06-19 |title=Exponents of eight classical dance forms to be felicitated |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2012/Jun/19/exponents-of-eight-classical-dance-forms-to-be-felicitated-378708.html |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* '''PadmaSri K. Shobha Naidu Excellence Award - 2023''' by Nataraj Music and Dance Academy at Visakhapatnam on 8 July 2023<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-08 |title=Sobha Naidu Smarak Excellence Award to be presented to Vedantam Ramalinga Sastry in Visakhapatnam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/sobha-naidu-smarak-excellence-award-to-be-presented-to-vedantam-ramalinga-sastry-in-visakhapatnam/article67057726.ece |access-date=2024-06-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* '''Sri Siddendrayogi Award''' on 15 October 2023 at Kuchipudi on the occasion of "4th World Kuchipudi Dance Day 2023".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivas |first=Rajulapudi |date=2023-10-15 |title=Andhra Pradesh: Manju Bhargavi conferred with Vempati Chinna Satyam Jayanthi Puraskaram |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-manju-bhargavi-conferred-with-vempati-chinna-satyam-jayanthi-puraskaram/article67424357.ece |access-date=2024-06-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Family ==
His wife, Venkata Durga Bhavani, is a music director and singer. They have two children.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sastry, Vedantam Ramalinga}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Teachers of Indian classical dance]]
[[Category:Kuchipudi dancers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian dance teachers]]

Kanak Rele

2026-01-12T04:28:08Z

CharlineDiederic: adding a article more to come

{{Short description|Indian dancer (1937–2023)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}

{{About|the people|other uses|Rele (disambiguation)}}{{Infobox person
| name = Kanak Rele
| image = KanakRele.jpeg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1937|06|11}}
| birth_place = [[Gujarat]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2023|02|22|1937|06|11}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = {{hlist|Classical dancer|choreographer|academic}}
| years_active =
| known for = [[Mohiniyattam]]
| spouse = [[Yatin Rele|Yatindra Rele]]
| children = 1
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] [[Padma Shri]] [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] [[Kalidas Samman]] Gaurav Puraskar Kala Vipanchee [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]] Award
}}

'''Kanak Rele''' (11 June 1937 – 22 February 2023)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=23 February 2023 |title=Renowned classical dancer Kanak Rele passes away |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1013388&u= |access-date=27 February 2023 |website=[[Kerala Kaumudi|Keralakaumudi Daily]] |language=en}}</ref> was an Indian dancer, choreographer, and academic best known as an exponent of [[Mohiniyattam]]. She was the founder-director of the Nalanda Dance Research Centre and the founder-principal of the Nalanda Nritya Kala Mahavidyalaya in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="ccrtindia">{{cite web|title=ARTISTE'S PROFILE — Kanak Y. Rele|url=http://ccrtindia.gov.in/KanakYRele.htm|publisher=Centre for Cultural Resources and Training|access-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218094841/http://ccrtindia.gov.in/KanakYRele.htm|archive-date=18 February 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Imagination unlimited|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/10/27/stories/2006102701570200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113061216/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/10/27/stories/2006102701570200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 November 2007|access-date=27 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 October 2006}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Born in [[Gujarat]] on 11 June 1937,<ref name=":0" /> Rele spent a part of her childhood in [[Santiniketan]] and in [[Kolkata]] with her uncle. At Santiniketan she had the opportunity to watch [[Kathakali]] and [[Mohiniyattam]] performances, which she claimed helped shape her artistic sensibilities.<ref name="articles.timesofindia.indiatimes">{{cite news|title=Dance has its own language: Dr. Kanak Rele|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Dance-has-its-own-language-Dr-Kanak-Rele/articleshow/7924385.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216083315/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-09/news-and-interviews/29400193_1_kathak-mohiniattam-dance-form|url-status=live|archive-date=16 February 2013|access-date=27 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 April 2011}}</ref><ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|title=Dance has to serve more social causes|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/dance/dance-has-to-serve-more-social-causes/article855038.ece|access-date=27 January 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=28 October 2010}}</ref>

Rele was a qualified lawyer with an [[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B.]] from the [[Government Law College, Mumbai]] and a diploma in [[international law]] from the [[University of Manchester]].<ref name="thehindu" /> She also held a PhD in dance from the [[University of Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Dancing Queen — Dr.Kanak Rele|url=http://sitagita.com/working-women/women-achievers/dancing-queen-dr-kanak-rele.html|access-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106045017/http://sitagita.com/working-women/women-achievers/dancing-queen-dr-kanak-rele.html|archive-date=6 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Rele and her husband [[Yatin Rele|Yatindra]] had one son. She died in Mumbai on 22 February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bose |first=Mrityunjay |date=22 February 2023 |title=Classical dance legend Kanak Rele passes away in Mumbai |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/classical-dance-legend-kanak-rele-passes-away-in-mumbai-1193717.html |access-date=26 February 2023 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Mohiniyattam artiste ==
Rele was also a [[Kathakali]] artiste having been trained under Guru "Panchali" Karunakara Panicker since the age of seven.<ref name="thehindu" /><ref name="hindu">{{cite news|title=Tryst with Mohiniyattam|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2006/01/29/stories/2006012900240500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314050700/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2006/01/29/stories/2006012900240500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 March 2007|access-date=27 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 January 2006}}</ref> Her initiation into [[Mohiniyattam]] came much later under Kalamandalam Rajalakshmi. A grant from the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] and later the [[Ford Foundation]] helped her delve deeper into her interest in Mohiniyattam and during 1970–71 she traveled to [[Kerala]] filming exponents of the dance form such as Kunjukutty Amma, [[Thottassery Chinnammu Amma|Chinnammu Amma]], and Kalyanikutty Amma. The project helped acquaint her with the nuances of Mohiniyattam and record its traditional and technical styles while also enabling her to evolve a teaching methodology for it.<ref name="thehindu" /><ref name="hindu" /> Her study of these artistes and their technique against the backdrop of classical texts like ''[[Natya Shastra]]'', ''[[Hastalakshana Deepika]],'' and ''[[Balarama Bharatam]]'' led her to develop her own style of Mohiniyattam dubbed the ''Kanaka Rele School of Mohiniyattam''.<ref name="hindu" />

Rele's concept of body kinetics in dance is a pioneering innovation that disaggregates body movements in Mohiniyattam using a notation system.<ref name="articles.timesofindia.indiatimes" /> She is credited with having played a key role in the revival and popularisation of Mohiniyattam and for having brought a scientific temper and academic rigour to it.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lasya unlimited|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/dance/lasya-unlimited/article434214.ece|access-date=27 January 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=20 May 2010}}</ref>

== Notable choreographies ==
Rele is noted for the contemporisation of mythological tales in her performances and her portrayal of strong women characters in them, which is a marked departure from the traditional [[Mohiniyattam]] theme of the [[nayika]] pining for love.<ref name="narthaki">{{cite news |date=7 May 2006 |title=Dr. Kanak Rele gets Kalidas Samman |newspaper=Narthaki |url=http://www.narthaki.com/info/reviews/rev346.html |access-date=27 January 2013}}</ref> Some of her notable subjects and choreographies include ''[[Kubja Vishnuvardhana|Kubja]]'', ''Kalyani'', ''[[Silappadikaram]],'' and ''[[Swapnavasavadattam]]''.<ref name="hindu" />

Rele's association with the [[Malayalam poetry|Malayalam poet]] and scholar [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]] led to her introduction to [[Sopana Sangeetham]] and creation of choreographic pieces set to Sopana Sangeetam's [[Tala (music)|talas]]. Rele credited Kavalam's compositions as being inspirational for several of her choreographies that "highlight the trauma of women in society based on women characters in mythology".<ref name="thehindu" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Art of evolution|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/dance/art-of-evolution/article790731.ece|access-date=27 January 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 September 2010}}</ref>

''Nritya Bharati'', a documentary on [[Indian classical dance|India's classical dances]] produced by Rele's Nalanda Dance Research Centre has been acquired by the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] as the official capsule for all [[List of diplomatic missions of India|Indian missions abroad]].<ref name="hindu" /> ''The Enlightened One — Gautama Buddha,'' which premiered in 2011, was a choreographic piece created against the backdrop of the [[Mumbai Terror Attacks|26/11 attacks]] on [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Dance of peace|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article2666492.ece|access-date=27 January 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=28 November 2011}}</ref>

== Academic career ==
Rele was instrumental in beginning the Department of Fine Arts at the [[University of Mumbai]] and also served as its dean. Rele established the Nalanda Dance Research Centre in 1966 and the Nalanda Nritya Kala Mahavidyalay in 1972.<ref name="hindu" /> The Nalanda Dance Research Centre, Mumbai which trains students for a university degree in Mohiniyattam is recognised as a research institute by the [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Ministry of Science and Technology]].<ref name="thehindu" /> Rele also served as an expert and advisor on dance to the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Department of Culture]] of the [[Government of India]] and the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]] and was part of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission's]] curriculum development team and a consultant to Indian and foreign universities in developing academic dance courses.<ref name="ccrtindia" />

== Awards and honours ==
Rele was conferred the [[Gaurav Puraskar]] by the [[Government of Gujarat]] in 1989 and the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth-highest civilian award in the [[India|Republic of India]], in 1990.<ref>{{cite journal|last=VENKATACHALAM|first=JYOTHI|title=DR. KANAK RELE IS A DISTINGUISHED DANCER-SCHOLAR|date=August 2007|url=http://www.khaasbaat.com/aug2007/arts.htm|journal=Khaas Baat}}</ref> She was honoured with the title ''Kala Vipanchee'' by Vipanchee, a pioneering institution for Indian music and dance, in 2005.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kanak Rele honoured|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/01/07/stories/2005010702070800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050414050249/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/01/07/stories/2005010702070800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 April 2005|access-date=27 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 January 2005}}</ref> In 2006, the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]] conferred the [[Kalidas Samman]] on her for her contributions to and excellence in the field of classical dance.<ref name="narthaki" /> She was also a recipient of the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] and the [[M. S. Subbulakshmi|M. S. Subbulakshmi Award]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Dance-Drama by Dr Kanak Rele at Lionel Wendt|url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2012/08/06/news60.asp|access-date=27 January 2013|newspaper=Daily News|date=6 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120809002742/http://www.dailynews.lk/2012/08/06/news60.asp|archive-date=9 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2013, she was conferred the [[Padma Bhushan]] by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=91838|title= Padma Awards|publisher=pib|date= 29 January 2013 |access-date= 29 January 2013 }}</ref>

== Books ==
*''Mohinī Āțțam: The Lyrical Dance''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rele |first1=Kanak |title=Mohinī āṭṭam: The lyrical dance |date=1992 |publisher=Nalanda Dance Research Centre |location=Bombay |url=https://archive.org/details/mohiniattamlyric00rele |access-date=26 February 2023|oclc=624391217}}</ref>
*''Bhaava Niroopanna''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rele |first1=Kanak |title=Bhaava Niroopanna |date=1996 |publisher=Nalanda Dance Research Centre |location=Mumbai|oclc=36807042}}</ref>
*''A Handbook of Indian Dance Terminology''<ref name="ccrtindia" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Londhe |first1=Veena|last2=Agneswaran |first2=Malati|last3=Rele |first3=Kanak |title=Hand book of Indian classical dance terminology|date=1992 |publisher=Nalanda Dance Research Centre |location=Bombay|oclc=679985421}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Indian women in dance]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.nalandadanceeducation.com/ Nalanda Dance Research Centre]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}
{{SangeetNatakAkademiFellowship}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rele, Kanak}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Mohiniyattam dancers]]
[[Category:Indian classical choreographers]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Teachers of Indian classical dance]]
[[Category:Founders of educational institutions]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Women writers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian art educators]]
[[Category:Indian women choreographers]]
[[Category:Women educators from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian dance teachers]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Educators from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Women artists from Gujarat]]

Sanket Sargar

2026-01-05T22:17:29Z

CharlineDiederic: added post - done

{{Short description|Indian weightlifter (born 2000)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Sanket Sargar
| image = Sanket Sargar.jpg
| image_size =
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| fullname = Sanket Mahadev Sargar
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| native_name_lang = Sangli
| nationality = [[India]]n
| alma mater = [[Shivaji University]], [[Kolhapur]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vasudevan |first1=Shyam |title=Overcoming the odds, lifting spirits |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/overcoming-the-odds-lifting-spirits/article30925063.ece |access-date=29 July 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=26 February 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2000|10|16|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Sangli]], [[Maharashtra]], India
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{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalComp|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]]|[[Weightlifting at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's 55 kg|55 kg]]}}
| show-medals = y
| updated = 30 July 2022
}}

'''Sanket Mahadev Sargar''' (born 16 October 2000) is an Indian [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifter]] who holds the [[List of Indian records in Olympic weightlifting|national]] and Commonwealth record of 256 kg in the men's 55 kg weight class.<ref>{{cite news |title=Weightlifter Sanket Sargar smashes Commonwealth record to clinch gold in Singapore, qualifies for Birmingham 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/weightlifter-sanket-sargar-smashes-commonwealth-record-to-clinch-gold-in-singapore-qualifies-for-birmingham-2022/articleshow/89833948.cms |access-date=29 July 2022 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He won the silver medal at the [[2022 Commonwealth Games]] in [[Birmingham]] with a total lift of 248 kg.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Selvaraj |first1=Jonathan |title=Who is weightlifter Sanket Sargar - India's first CWG 2022 silver medallist |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/commonwealth-games/know-your-athlete/who-is-sanket-sargar-weightlifting-indias-first-cwg-2022-silver-medallist-paan-tea-seller/article65702016.ece |access-date=30 July 2022 |work=Sportstar |date=30 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IWF|17500}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sargar, Sanket}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Indian male weightlifters]]
[[Category:Weightlifters from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Sangli]]
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists in weightlifting]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games weightlifters for India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

{{India-weightlifting-bio-stub}}

Achyut Lahkar

2025-12-18T09:43:32Z

CharlineDiederic: enhance article based on references and updated info after review

{{short description|Indian dramatist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
'''Achyut Lahkar''' (9 July 1931– 12 June 2016)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhruba Jyoti Baruah |title=Achut Lahkar turned 85 |url=http://www.assamtalks.com/achut-lahkar-turned-85.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809011715/http://www.assamtalks.com/achut-lahkar-turned-85.html |archive-date=9 August 2016 |access-date=14 June 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/thespian-achyut-lahkar-dies-assam-mobile-theatre-2849205/ Thespian Achyut Lahkar, doyen of Assam’s mobile theatre, passes away]</ref> was the father of the Bhryamyman or [[Mobile theatre in Assam|Mobile theatre]], and gave birth to the mobile theatre in [[Assam]] in the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gem of a Mission |url=https://assamtribune.com/sep2608/panorama1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724074036/https://assamtribune.com/sep2608/panorama1.html |archive-date=July 24, 2010 |work=[[The Assam Tribune]]}}</ref> He founded the popular [[Natraj Theatre]] at [[Pathsala]] in 1963 which performed across Assam and in other states for nearly 40 years.<ref>{{cite web |author=Last Updated: 22 Apr 18:10 PM IST |date= |title=Theatre with a cause |url=http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=337982:theatre-with-a-cause&catid=47:marquee |accessdate=2013-04-22 |publisher=Thestatesman.net}}{{dead link|date=May 2024}}</ref>{{cn|date=December 2025}} He was a pioneering dramatist, actor, director and producer and staged numerous memorable plays on the mobile theatre stage. He also published and edited an illustrated magazine called Deepawali for some time. He was awarded the [[Kamal Kumari National Award]] in 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=25..210409.apr09 |title=Syam Sharma selected for Kamal Kumari Award : 21st apr09 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |publisher=E-pao.net |date= |accessdate=2013-04-22}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lahkar, Achyut}}
[[Category:Assamese-language dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Barpeta district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Assam]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

Kuldip Singh (architect)

2025-12-12T01:27:41Z

CharlineDiederic: adding a bio basic info

{{Short description|Indian architect (1934–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}

'''Kuldip Singh''' (1934 – 10 November 2020) was an Indian [[architect]] and [[urban planner]] known for his [[brutalist architecture]] designs.

== Biography ==
Singh was born in [[Shimla]] in 1934. He attended the [[School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi|Delhi Polytechnic School]], Upon graduating with a bachelor's in architecture in 1951, he worked for two years in [[Chandigarh]], where he was mentored by [[J. K. Choudhury]]. Following this, he went on to study at the [[University College London]]. During his time in England, he also worked with [[Howard Robertson (architect)|Howard Robertson]], on the library building of the [[Keele University]]. In 1963, upon his return to India, he started a practice, partnering with [[Raj Rewal]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dodson |first=Michael S. |date=17 November 2020 |title=Kuldip Singh (1934-2020): Architect who made his mark on Delhi's modern urban form like few others |url=https://scroll.in/article/978593/kuldip-singh-1934-2020-architect-who-made-his-mark-on-delhis-modern-urban-form-like-few-others |website=Scroll.in}}</ref>

He designed the National Cooperative Development Corporation building, and the [[Palika Kendra]] for the [[New Delhi Municipal Council]].

On 10 November 2020, he died from [[COVID-19|Covid-19]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Laharia |first=Utkarsha |date=13 November 2020 |title=Kuldip Singh, legendary Indian architect, dies at age 86 |url=https://www.archpaper.com/2020/11/kuldip-singh-legendary-indian-architect-dies-at-age-86/ |accessdate=22 April 2023 |newspaper=The Architect's Newspaper}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Sarkia |date=29 November 2020 |title=Kuldip Singh: The architect who changed Delhi's landscape |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/arts/kuldip-singh-the-architect-who-changed-delhis-landscape-177374 |accessdate=22 April 2023 |newspaper=The Tribune |location=India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=world |first=STIR |title=Remembering Kuldip Singh (1934-2020): an icon of Modernism in Delhi |url=https://www.stirworld.com/inspire-people-remembering-kuldip-singh-1934-2020-an-icon-of-modernism-in-delhi |website=www.stirworld.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2020 |title=Remembering Kuldip Singh, an architect who modernised the capital city |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2020/nov/12/remembering-kuldip-singh-an-architect-who-modernised-the-capital-city-2222757.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
[[File:New Delhi Municipal council building, Connaught Place.jpg|thumb|[[Palika Kendra]] building in New Delhi, completed in the 1980s]]Singh was also an art collector, with his collection of [[Thanjavur painting|Thanjavur]] paintings and other southern Indian artworks numbering over 350 objects. This collection is now on display at the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rewal |first=Arun |date=28 November 2020 |title=Architect Kuldip Singh worked with ground realities to push for change |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/architect-kuldip-singh-worked-with-ground-realities-to-push-for-change/article33191674.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Varghese |first=Shiny |date=2017-12-08 |title=A unique exhibition of Thanjavur and south Indian paintings honours its collector Kuldip Singh’s passion |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/nectar-of-life-4972967/ |access-date=2025-12-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Jugal Kishore Choudhury]]
* [[Shiv Nath Prasad]]
* [[Mahendra Raj]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category-inline}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Kuldip}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian architects]]
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Brutalist architects]]
[[Category:Indian urban planners]]
[[Category:People from Shimla]]

{{India-architect-stub}}
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

Mahatma Gandhi Series

2025-11-19T23:05:57Z

CharlineDiederic: enhance section for clarity and improved wording per standard format

{{Short description|Series of Indian banknotes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{for|the notes that replaced these in 2016|Mahatma Gandhi New Series}}
[[File:Indian rupees.png|thumb|right|Banknotes of denominations of ₹5, ₹10, ₹20, ₹50, ₹100, ₹500 and ₹1000 of the Mahatma Gandhi Series]]

The '''Gandhi Series''' of banknotes are issued by the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) as the legal tender of [[Indian rupee]]. The series is so called because the obverse of the banknotes prominently display the portrait of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. Since its introduction in 1996, this series replaced all [[Lion Capital Series]] banknotes issued before 1996. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) introduced the series in 1996 with ₹10 and ₹500 banknotes.

As of 10 November 2016, the RBI issues banknotes in this series in denominations from ₹5 to ₹100. Printing of five-notes, which had stopped earlier, restarted in 2009. On 8 November 2016, the [[Indian 500 and 1000 rupee note demonetisation|₹500 and ₹1000 banknote denominations]] of this series were [[demonetised]] and the [[Mahatma Gandhi New Series|new Mahatma Gandhi Series]] of banknotes were revealed in denominations of ₹500 and ₹2000, intended to replace this series.

==Security features==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Lord Pethic-Lawrence and Mahatma Gandhi.jpg
| width1 = 200
| alt1 =
| caption1 = The obverse design of the series was based on this 1946 photograph of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Lord Pethick-Lawrence]].
| image2 = Gandhi smiling R.jpg
| width2 = 120
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Details of the photograph
| footer =
}}

The following features are included in the notes.<ref>[https://www.rbi.org.in/currency/FAqs.html Reserve Bank of India Currency Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110116022151/https://www.rbi.org.in/currency/faqs.html |date=2011-01-16}} 9 January 2012</ref>
* Security thread: The notes contain an embedded security thread that can be seen as a vertical straight line when held against a light source. The notes contains the words 'Bharat' in [[Devanagari]] and RBI. The ₹1000 denomination contains the number 1000 as well. Older notes, however, are not readable.
* Latent image: When held against the light at an angle of 45 degrees, an inscription of the value of the denomination is seen on the right side of Mahatma Gandhi's image.
* Microlettering: Micro-letters are used to print ''RBI'' on ₹10 notes, and the value of the denomination on other notes.
* Intaglio print:
# An intaglio (raised) shape is present on all denominations other than the ₹10 note to help the visually impaired.
## {{INR}}20-Vertical rectangle
## {{INR}}50-Square
## {{INR}}100-Triangle
## {{INR}}500-Circle
## {{INR}}1,000-Diamond
# The image of Mahatma Gandhi, [[Reserve Bank of India]] seal, clause of guarantee, Ashoka Pillar emblem and signature of the governor of the Reserve Bank of India are all intaglio prints.
* Fluorescence: The number panels are printed with fluorescent ink.
* Optical fibre: The notes have optical fibres that glow when exposed to ultra-violet light.
* Optically variable ink: Denominations of ₹500 and ₹1000 are printed with ink that changes color with the angle of placement to light.
* [[Security printing#Registration of features on both sides|See-through registration device]] – A floral design (later issues now have the corresponding denomination) printed on the front and the back of the note coincides and perfectly overlap each other when viewed against a light source.
* [[EURion constellation]] – A pattern of symbols found on the banknote helps software detect the presence of a banknote in a digital image so that it can prevent its reproduction with devices such as color photocopiers.
* Angular lines: A series of lines placed on both the left and right side of the {{INR}}100, {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1,000 notes. They are only featured on the 2015 series notes, and are utilised to help those with visual impairments in identifying the notes.
* Novel numbering: A set of six digit serial numbers that increase in size from left to right. Issued for the 2015 and 2016 series {{INR}}20, {{INR}}50, {{INR}}100, {{INR}}500 and {{INR}}1,000 notes.

==Banknotes==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="10"|Mahatma Gandhi Series<ref name="rbi_notes">{{cite web|url=http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/ic_banknotes.aspx |title=Reserve Bank of India — Bank Notes |publisher=Rbi.org.in |access-date=5 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026095526/http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/ic_banknotes.aspx |archive-date=26 October 2011 }}</ref>
|-
!colspan="2"| Image !!rowspan="2"| Value !!rowspan="2"| Dimensions (millimetres)!!rowspan="2"| Main colour !!colspan="3"| Description !!colspan="3"| Date of
|-
! Obverse !! Reverse !! Obverse !! Reverse !! Watermark !! Issue !! Withdrawal
|-
|align="center" |[[File:5 Rupees (Obverse).jpg|x82px]]
|align="center" |[[File:5 Rupees (Reverse).jpg|x82px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Indian 5-rupee note|₹5]] || 117 × 63 mm || Green || rowspan="7"| [[Mahatma Gandhi]] || [[Agriculture in India|Agriculture endeavour]] || rowspan="7"| Mahatma Gandhi || 2002 / 2011 || rowspan="5" | Current
|-
|align="center" |[[File:10 Rupee (Obverse) 2016.jpg|x96px]]
|align="center" |[[File:10 Rupee (Reverse) 2016.jpg|x96px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Indian 10-rupee note|₹10]]|| 137 × 63 mm || Orange and violet || [[Indian rhinoceros]], [[Indian elephant]], and [[Bengal tiger]] || 1996 / 2017
|-
|align="center" |[[File:India P-089A 20 Rupees Gandhi 2002, obverse.jpg|x103px]]
|align="center" |[[File:India P-089A 20 Rupees Gandhi 2002, reverse.jpg|x103px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Indian 20-rupee note|₹20]] || 147 × 63 mm || Red-orange || [[Mount Harriet National Park|Mount Harriet]] || 2001 / 2018
|-
|align="center" |[[File:India 50 INR, MG series, 2011, obverse.jpg|x103px]]
|align="center" |[[File:India 50 INR, MG series, 2011, reverse.jpg|x103px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Indian 50-rupee note|₹50]] || 147 × 73 mm || Lilac and Violet || [[Old Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament House]] || 1997 / 2017
|-
|align="center" |[[File:India P-091m 100 Rupees 1996 XF, obverse.jpg|x110px]]
|align="center" |[[File:India P-091m 100 Rupees 1996 XF, reverse.jpg|x110px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Indian 100-rupee note|₹100]] || 157 × 73 mm || Blue and green at centre, brown and purple at two sides || [[Kangchenjunga]]|| 1996 / 2017
|-
|align="center" |[[File:India 500 INR, MG series, 2014, obverse.jpg|x117px]]
|align="center" |[[File:India 500 INR, MG series, 2014, reverse.jpg|x117px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Indian 500-rupee note|₹500]] || 167 × 73 mm || Orange and Yellow || [[Gyarah Murti]] || rowspan="2" | 2000 / 2016 || rowspan="2" | [[2016 Indian banknote demonetisation| 8 November 2016]]
|-
|align="center" |[[File:India 1000 INR, MG series, 2006, obverse.jpg|x124px]]
|align="center" |[[File:India 1000 INR, MG series, 2006, reverse.jpg|x124px]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Indian 1000-rupee note|₹1000]] || 177 × 73 mm || Amber-Red || [[Economy of India]]
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:left;"|'''{{Standard banknote table notice|standard_scale=Y|BrE=Y}}'''
|}

=== Languages ===

Each banknote has its amount written in 17 languages. On the obverse, the denomination is written in [[Hindi]] and [[English language|English]]. On the reverse is a language panel which displays the denomination of the note in 15 of the 22 [[List of official languages of India|official languages of India]]. The languages are displayed in alphabetical order. Languages included on the panel are [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kannada]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Urdu]].

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto;"
|+
! colspan="9" |Denominations in [[Languages with official status in India|union level official languages]] (At below either ends)
|-
!Language
!{{INR}}5 !!{{INR}}10 !!{{INR}}20 !!{{INR}}50 !!{{INR}}100 !!{{INR}}500 !!{{INR}}1000
|-
|[[English language|English]] ||Five rupees ||Ten rupees ||Twenty rupees ||Fifty rupees ||One hundred rupees ||Five hundred rupees ||One thousand rupees
|-
|[[Hindi]] || {{lang|hi|पाँच रुपये}} || {{lang|hi|दस रुपये}} || {{lang|hi|बीस रुपये}} || {{lang|hi|पचास रुपये}} || {{lang|hi|एक सौ रुपये}} || {{lang|hi|पांच सौ रुपये}} || {{lang|hi|एक हज़ार रुपये}}
|-
! colspan="9" |Denominations in 15 [[Languages with official status in India#Schedule|state level/other official languages]] (As seen on the language panel)
|-
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]] || {{lang|as|পাঁচ টকা}} || {{lang|as|দহ টকা}} || {{lang|as|বিছ টকা}} || {{lang|as|পঞ্চাশ টকা}} || {{lang|as|এশ টকা}} || {{lang|as|পাঁচশ টকা}} || {{lang|as|এহেজাৰ টকা}}
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || {{lang|bn|পাঁচ টাকা}} || {{lang|bn|দশ টাকা}} || {{lang|bn|কুড়ি টাকা}} || {{lang|bn|পঞ্চাশ টাকা}} || {{lang|bn|একশ টাকা}} || {{lang|bn|পাঁচশ টাকা}} || {{lang|bn|এক হাজার টাকা}}
|-
| [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] || {{lang|gu|પાંચ રૂપિયા}} || {{lang|gu|દસ રૂપિયા}} || {{lang|gu|વીસ રૂપિયા}} || {{lang|gu|પચાસ રૂપિયા}} || {{lang|gu|સો રૂપિયા}} || {{lang|gu|પાંચ સો રૂપિયા}} || {{lang|gu|એક હજાર રૂપિયા}}
|-
| [[Kannada]] || {{lang|kn|ಐದು ರೂಪಾಯಿಗಳು}} || {{lang|kn|ಹತ್ತು ರೂಪಾಯಿಗಳು}} || {{lang|kn|ಇಪ್ಪತ್ತು ರೂಪಾಯಿಗಳು}} || {{lang|kn|ಐವತ್ತು ರೂಪಾಯಿಗಳು}} || {{lang|kn|ಒಂದು ನೂರು ರೂಪಾಯಿಗಳು}} || {{lang|kn|ಐದು ನೂರು ರೂಪಾಯಿಗಳು}} || {{lang|kn|ಒಂದು ಸಾವಿರ ರೂಪಾಯಿಗಳು}}
|-
| [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] || {{lang|ks|پانٛژھ رۄپیہِ}}|| {{lang|ks|دٔہ رۄپیہِ}}|| {{lang|ks|وُہ رۄپیہِ}}|| {{lang|ks|پَنٛژاہ رۄپیہِ}}|| {{lang|ks|ہَتھ رۄپیہِ}}|| {{lang|ks|پانٛژھ ہَتھ رۄپیہِ}}|| {{lang|ks|ساس رۄپیہِ}}
|-
| [[Konkani language|Konkani]] || {{lang|kok|पांच रुपया}} || {{lang|kok|धा रुपया}} || {{lang|kok|वीस रुपया}} ||{{lang|kok|पन्नास रुपया}} || {{lang|kok|शंबर रुपया}} || {{lang|kok|पाचशें रुपया}} || {{lang|kok|एक हजार रुपया}}
|-
| [[Malayalam]] || {{lang|ml|അഞ്ചു രൂപ}} || {{lang|ml|പത്തു രൂപ}} || {{lang|ml|ഇരുപതു രൂപ}} || {{lang|ml|അൻപതു രൂപ}} || {{lang|ml|നൂറു രൂപ}} || {{lang|ml|അഞ്ഞൂറു രൂപ}} || {{lang|ml|ആയിരം രൂപ}}
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]] || {{lang|mr|पाच रुपये}} || {{lang|mr|दहा रुपये}} || {{lang|mr|वीस रुपये}} || {{lang|mr|पन्नास रुपये}} || {{lang|mr|शंभर रुपये}} || {{lang|mr|पाचशे रुपये}} || {{lang|mr|एक हजार रुपये}}
|-
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]] || {{lang|ne|पाँच रुपियाँ}} || {{lang|ne|दस रुपियाँ}} || {{lang|ne|बीस रुपियाँ}} || {{lang|ne|पचास रुपियाँ}} || {{lang|ne|एक सय रुपियाँ}} || {{lang|ne|पाँच सय रुपियाँ}} || {{lang|ne|एक हजार रुपियाँ}}
|-
| [[Odia language|Odia]] || {{lang|or|ପାଞ୍ଚ ଟଙ୍କା}} || {{lang|or|ଦଶ ଟଙ୍କା}} || {{lang|or|କୋଡିଏ ଟଙ୍କା}} || {{lang|or|ପଚାଶ ଟଙ୍କା}} || {{lang|or|ଏକ ଶତ ଟଙ୍କା}} || {{lang|or|ପାଞ୍ଚ ଶତ ଟଙ୍କା}} || {{lang|or|ଏକ ହଜାର ଟଙ୍କା}}
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] || {{lang|pa|ਪੰਜ ਰੁਪਏ}} || {{lang|pa|ਦਸ ਰੁਪਏ}} || {{lang|pa|ਵੀਹ ਰੁਪਏ}} || {{lang|pa|ਪੰਜਾਹ ਰੁਪਏ}} || {{lang|pa|ਇਕ ਸੌ ਰੁਪਏ}} || {{lang|pa|ਪੰਜ ਸੌ ਰੁਪਏ}} || {{lang|pa|ਇਕ ਹਜ਼ਾਰ ਰੁਪਏ}}
|-
| [[Sanskrit]] ||{{lang|sa|पञ्चरूप्यकाणि}} || {{lang|sa|दशरूप्यकाणि}} || {{lang|sa|विंशती रूप्यकाणि}} || {{lang|sa|पञ्चाशत् रूप्यकाणि}} || {{lang|sa|शतं रूप्यकाणि}} || {{lang|sa|पञ्चशतं रूप्यकाणि}} || {{lang|sa|सहस्रं रूप्यकाणि}}
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || {{lang|ta|ஐந்து ரூபாய்}} || {{lang|ta|பத்து ரூபாய்}} || {{lang|ta|இருபது ரூபாய்}} || {{lang|ta|ஐம்பது ரூபாய்}} || {{lang|ta|நூறு ரூபாய்}} || {{lang|ta|ஐந்நூறு ரூபாய்}} || {{lang|ta|ஆயிரம் ரூபாய்}}
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || {{lang|te|ఐదు రూపాయలు}} || {{lang|te|పది రూపాయలు}} || {{lang|te|ఇరవై రూపాయలు}} || {{lang|te|ఏబది రూపాయలు}} || {{lang|te|నూరు రూపాయలు}} || {{lang|te|ఐదువందల రూపాయలు}} || {{lang|te|వెయ్యి రూపాయలు}}
|-
| [[Urdu language|Urdu]] || {{lang|ur|پانچ روپیے}}|| {{lang|ur|دس روپیے}}|| {{lang|ur|بیس روپیے}}|| {{lang|ur|پچاس روپیے}}|| {{lang|ur|سو روپیے}}|| {{lang|ur|پانچ سو روپیے}}|| {{lang|ur|ایک ہزار روپیے}}
|}

{{Portal|India|Money|Numismatics}}

==See also==
*[[Lion Capital Series]]
*[[Mahatma Gandhi New Series]]
*[[List of artistic depictions of Mahatma Gandhi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Indian currency}}
{{Mohandas K. Gandhi}}

[[Category:Memorials to Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[Category:Banknotes of India]]
[[Category:Portraits on banknotes]]

Jarasandha ka Qila

2025-10-23T01:41:40Z

CharlineDiederic: adding initial stub needs work

{{short description|Ancient archaeological site in India}}
'''Jarasandha Ka Qila''' (Fort of Jarasandha) is an ancient site protected by [[Archaeological Survey of India]], that is located in village Asandh (40 km away from [[Karnal]]). The Qila is actually a Stupa which has a height of more than 25 metre and is bigger than [[Sanchi|Sanchi Stupa]]. It is also known as Asandh Stupa or Kushna Stupa since it belongs to the Kushna period. Many relics, pottery and coins belonging to Kushna period were found here.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantravelportal.com/haryana/excavations/kushana-stupa.html|title=Kushana Stupa Haryana, Kushana Stupa Archaelogical Travel, Haryana Kushana Stupa Excavations|website=www.indiantravelportal.com|access-date=2020-03-14|archive-date=2012-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509052706/http://www.indiantravelportal.com/haryana/excavations/kushana-stupa.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Structure ==
The monument has a circular drum with an elongated dome. The core of the structure was filled with earth and brickbats that formed the spokes between the walls. There were in total of 44 courses of a circular wall that were present. The bricks used to create the stupa were sized approximately 34 to 35.5 cm x 5 to 6.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.visitindia.org.in/delhi/karnal.html|title=Karnal in Haryana (120 km from Delhi)|website=www.visitindia.org.in|access-date=2020-03-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=74879|title=Protected Historical Monuments|website=pib.gov.in|access-date=2020-03-14}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Jarasandha|Jarasandh]]

== References ==
<references />

{{coord missing|Haryana}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Haryana]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Haryana]]

Kaundinyapur

2025-10-22T10:34:29Z

CharlineDiederic:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{refimprove|date=November 2016}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=April 2022}}
}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kaundanyapur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Marathi
| other_name = Kaundinyapur
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_relief = 1
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|20.98|N|78.14|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Vidarbha]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Amravati district|Amravati]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| leader_title = Sarpanch
| leader_name =
| population_total = 935
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-0721]]
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbering plan|Telephone code]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#MH—Maharashtra|MH27]] (Amravati)
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kaundanyapur''' is a [[village]] in [[Tiosa]] Tahsil in [[Amravati District]] in the state of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]], thought to be the site of [[Kundinapuri]], ancient capital of the legendary [[Vidarbha Kingdom]].

== History ==
Kaundanyapur is the capital of the [[Vidarbha Kingdom]] mentioned in the [[Mahabharata]]. It is believed that the incident of [[Rukmini]] Haran happened here. [[Krishna|Shri Krishna]] rested here for a while and drank water from the [[Wardha River]] (the present name of the River Vardayini). There is a famous temple of [[Vithoba|Vitthal]] and [[Rukmini|Rukhmini]]. The state archaeological department conducted excavations at Kaundanyapur to "ascertain its antiquity". The dig revealed traces of the rampart of the ancient city. "The stone, foundation and brick walls of what appeared to be a palatial building, probably of the 14th or 15th century AD, have also been discovered," the report adds.<ref name=toi>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/The-rebirth-of-Kaundinyapur/articleshow/26656440.cms "The rebirth of Kaundinyapur"], Times of India, 1 December 2013</ref>

An information board at the temple also says that remains from the [[Chalcolithic|Copper Age]] and [[Stone Age]] are believed to have been found at Kaundanyapur. The ancient nature of the site also finds mention in the Hyderabad Gazette. Its ancient Vitthal Rukmini temple, situated on a hillock, overlooks the perennially flowing Wardha River. Some believe that in the month of [[Kartik (month)|Kartik]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-27 |title=कौडण्यपुर यात्रा! विदर्भाचे पंढरपूर; रुक्मिणीहरण व विविध आख्यायिका... |url=https://www.loksatta.com/nagpur/in-wardha-kaudanyapur-yatra-also-known-as-pandharpur-of-vidarbh-story-of-temple-kartik-ekadashi-pmd-64-css-98-4068204/ |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref> Rukmini used to come back to her maternal home in Kaundanyapur. It is also believed that there is a tunnel from the Kaundanyapur temple to another temple of the goddess Amba Devi located close by. However, there is another Ambai temple in the city of [[Amravati]]. The telling and retelling of the story has resulted in some confusion regarding the Ambai temple from where Rukmini is believed to have eloped with [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]].

==See also==

* [[Ram Janmabhoomi]], Rama's birthplace
* [[Janakpur Dham]], Sita's birthplace in Nepal
* [[Punaura Dham]], Sita's birthplace in India
* [[Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex]], Krishna's birthplace
* [[Kundinapuri]], Rukmini's birthplace
* [[Raval, Uttar Pradesh]], Radha's birthplace
* [[Parikrama]]
* [[Mithila Madhya Parikrama]]
* [[Sitamarhi Dham Parikrama]]
* [[Yatra]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
Rukhmini Udana: The Flight to Sri Krishna Reunion by Hemant Bonde Patil Atlantic Publishers & Distributors India, {{ISBN|9788126926886}}
[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=598857 Census Data 2011 - Kaudanyapur]

{{Amravati district topics|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Amravati district]]

Chowrasta (Darjeeling)

2025-08-05T13:03:06Z

CharlineDiederic: Page refined with updated information

{{Short description|Historical public square in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox street
| name = Chowrasta
| former_names = Band Stand
| namesake =
| image = Darjeeling MET DP71242.jpg
| image_size = 275px
| caption = Chowrasta (Band Stand), Darjeeling in 1880
| postal_code = 734101
| location = [[Darjeeling]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| maint = [[Darjeeling Municipality]]
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates =
| designer =
| completion_date = {{circa|mid-18th century}}
| north = [[Sikkim]]
| south = [[Kurseong]]
| west = [[Nepal]]
| east = [[Kalimpong]], [[Bhutan]]
| website =
}}
[[File:Darjeeling Chowrasta in 2024.jpg|thumb|Darjeeling Chowrasta]]
[[File:Chowrasta Darjeeling audio.ogg|thumb|Pronunciation of Chowrasta]]

[[File:Darjeeling QE2 52.jpg|thumb|People assembling at Chowrasta, {{circa}} 1897–1899]]

'''Chowrasta''' "[[Intersection (road)|Intersection]]" [[Literal translation|lit.]] ''where four roads meet'') is a historical [[Town square|public square]] in the [[Victorian era]] hill resort town of [[Darjeeling]] in the state of West Bengal, India. Located in the heart of the town it was the fashionable place of assembly for residents and visitors in the 18th century. Chowrasta is situated on the ridge of the Darjeeling hill range and is now a center of tourist attraction and a popular spot for the residents to assemble.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2201/stories/20050114006111400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926212540/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2201/stories/20050114006111400.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=2007-09-26|title=Return of the queen|website=hinduonnet.com|date=2007-09-26|access-date=2018-08-17}}</ref><ref name="darjeeling tourism" />{{bsn|date=March 2024}}

== Geography ==
Chowrasta is perched at an altitude of {{convert|2134|m|ft}} and on a clear day, one can see [[Kangchenjunga|Mount Kanchenjunga]] the third highest mountain in the world and twelve other peaks of the [[Himalayas|Himalayan Range]], all which are above {{convert|20000|ft|m}}. It came into being during the [[Victorian era]] in the mid 18th century owing to Darjeeling's cool climate, which was similar to that of [[London]], the British established a hill station for its officials there.{{cn|date=March 2024}}

The square is lined with old stores (the oldest being Oxford Book & Stationery); towards the west is are hills and to the east are valleys.{{cn|date=March 2024}}

Although it is closed to all vehicles, Chowrasta is well connected to Darjeeling town and is at an accessible proximity from all parts of the Darjeeling hill range.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ixigo.com/chowrasta-and-the-mall-darjeeling-india-ne-1652240|title=chowrasta and the mall - ixigo trip planner!|website=www.ixigo.com|access-date=2018-08-15}}</ref> Two main road arteries of the town, Nehru Road and Dr Zakir Hussain Road, culminate at Chowrasta and so do the two ends of Mall Road which winds around [[Observatory Hill, Darjeeling|Observatory Hill]] and [[Mahakal Temple (Darjeeling)|Mahakal Temple]]. Both ends of the Mall Road meet at Chowrasta from the north. There are few other narrow roads and footpaths which terminate and originate at Chowrasta.<ref name="darjeeling tourism">{{Cite web|url=https://www.darjeeling-tourism.com/darj_000013.htm|title=Darjeeling Mall, Chowrasta|last=win7|website=www.darjeeling-tourism.com|access-date=2018-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tourism.webindia123.com/tourism/hillstations/darjeeling/index.htm|title=Darjeeling, Hill Station Darjeeling, hill stations in India, Hill Stations in West Bengal, scenic places, tourism|website=tourism.webindia123.com|access-date=2018-08-17}}</ref>{{bsn|date=March 2024}}

== Social and tourist significance ==
Chowrasta is the social center of Darjeeling and witnesses many cultural and political activities throughout the year. A few coffee shops and restaurants have grown around it over the years. Activities available include pony rides along the Mall Road.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JKbSCQAAQBAJ&q=chowrasta+altitude&pg=PA12|title=Darjeeling Pocket Travel Guide|last1=Guides|first1=Bluworlds|last2=Das|first2=Joydip|publisher=Bluworlds Guides|language=en}}</ref>{{bsn|date=March 2024}}

== Statues, monuments and developments ==
On the far North of the square stands a golden concrete statue of Nepali poet [[Bhanubhakta Acharya|Shri Bhanubhakta Acharya]]. Initially, a 'bust above' statue of the Acharya was erected on 17 June 1949 and a full life sized figure was reinstalled on 13 July 1996, commissioned by the [[Nepali Sahitya Sammelan, Darjeeling|Nepali Sahitya Sammelan]].{{cn|date=March 2024}} In 2014 a park located behind the statue was developed into a stepped concrete platform for public events.<ref name="darjeeling tourism" />{{bsn|date=March 2024}}

Immediately after the entrance from Nehru Road is a water fountain ornamented with concrete golden colored fishes and pelicans, however the fountain is nonoperational.{{cn|date=March 2024}}

The Hawa Ghar (translation: wind house) is a permanent roofed concrete stage-like structure on the east edge of Chowrasta where cultural programs, performances and political speeches take place.<ref name="darjeeling tourism" />{{bsn|date=March 2024}}

[[File:Bhanubhakta statue.JPG|thumb|349x349px|Bhanubhakta statue in Chowrasta]]
Chaurasta has a pigeon population and feeding them is a popular activity. Their droppings disfigure the Bhanubhakta statue and other stonework; the birds are not considered a health or public hazard.<ref name="darjeeling tourism" />{{bsn|date=March 2024}}

== See also ==
* [[Mahakal Temple (Darjeeling)|Mahakal Temple]]
* [[Darjeeling#Tourism|Darjeeling]]
* [[Observatory Hill, Darjeeling]]

== Gallery of pictures ==
{{Gallery|title=|align=center|height=140|width=170|File:Darjeeling View from The Mall.jpg|View from Mall Road||View from Chowrasta|File:Darjeeling Kangchenjunga.jpg|Kanchenjunga|File:Kanchanjunga shining.jpg|First light on Kanchenjunga |File:Darjeeling.jpg|Darjeeling town|File:Mt. Kanchenjunga.jpg|Mt. Kanchanjunga }}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mM1ozimDLKo Chowrasta video]
* [https://www.lookandlearn.com/history-images/search.php?t=2&q=Darjeeling&n=12 Old pictures of Darjeeling]

{{Darjeeling}}

{{coord|27.0448|N|88.2677|E|region:IN_type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Darjeeling]]
[[Category:Darjeeling]]
[[Category:Hill stations in West Bengal]]

Phir Bhi Tumko Chaahunga

2025-07-27T06:54:31Z

CharlineDiederic:

{{short description|Song performed by Mithoon}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}

{{Infobox song
| name = Phir Bhi Tumko Chaahunga
| cover = Phir Bhi Tumko Chaahunga official poster.jpeg
| caption = Cover of the song, featuring actors [[Arjun Kapoor]] and [[Shraddha Kapoor]]
| artist = [[Mithoon]] featuring [[Arijit Singh]], [[Shashaa Tirupati]], [[Shraddha Kapoor]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| English_title = "I Will Still Love You"
| album = [[Half Girlfriend (film)#Soundtrack|Half Girlfriend]]
| written = 2001 (lyrics)
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|04|18}}
| length = {{Duration|m=5|s=52}}
| genre = [[Nazm]] . [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]
| label = [[Zee Music Company|Zee Music]]
| composer = Mithoon
| lyricist = [[Manoj Muntashir]]
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|_iktURk0X-A|"Phir Bhi Tumko Chaahunga"}}|type=song}}
}}

'''"Phir Bhi Tumko Chaahunga"''' ({{Translation|I will still love you}}) is a song from the 2017 Hindi film ''[[Half Girlfriend (film)|Half Girlfriend]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/music/shraddha-kapoor-arjun-kapoor-s-half-girlfriend-new-track-phir-bhi-tumko-chaahunga-out-1997099.html|title=Shraddha Kapoor – Arjun Kapoor's 'Half Girlfriend': New track 'Phir Bhi Tumko Chaahunga' out!|newspaper=[[Zee News]]|date=18 April 2017}}</ref> Picturised on [[Arjun Kapoor]] and [[Shraddha Kapoor]], the song has been sung by [[Arijit Singh]] and [[Shashaa Tirupati]]. The music of the song is composed by [[Mithoon]] and the lyrics are penned by [[Manoj Muntashir]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/half-girlfriend-song-phir-bhi-tumko-chahunga-more-than-arjun-kapoor-shraddha-kapoor-is-lost-in-love-watch-video-4617709/|title=Half Girlfriend song Phir Bhi Tumko Chaahunga: Not just Arjun Kapoor, Shraddha Kapoor is lost in love too. Watch video|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=18 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-main-phir-bhi-tumko-chaahunga-song-epitomises-arjun-kapoor-s-unconditional-unrequited-love-for-shraddha-kapoor-2406258|title='Main Phir Bhi Tumko Chaahunga' song epitomises Arjun Kapoor's unconditional, unrequited love for Shraddha Kapoor|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=18 April 2017}}</ref> The track has over 1 Billion views on [[YouTube]] as of September 2024. Reprise version of the track is sung by [[Arijit Singh]] titled, "Pal Bhar (Chaahunga Reprise)", and also another female version titled, "Phir Bhi Tumko Chaahungi" is sung by Shraddha Kapoor<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tellmenothing.com/2017/05/13/phir-bhi-tumko-chahunga-shraddha-kapoor/|title=Shraddha Kapoor's Version Of 'Phir Bhi Tumko Chahunga' Will Give You Goosebump|date=13 May 2017|website=Tell Me Nothing|access-date=15 May 2017}}</ref> along with the instrumental "Half Girlfriend (Love Theme)".

==Background==
The song was written in [[Nazm]] style in 2001 by the writer Manoj Muntashir, while he was working for the TV show ''[[Yatra (2002 TV program)|Yatra]].'' Muntashir wrote the Nazm in his diary at [[Dal Lake]] in Kashmir while thinking of his wife. The song was then forgotten for years until music composer [[Ankit Tiwari]] heard about it and insisted that he use it. Muntashir was hesitant to use it in films, but later submitted on the insistence of film director [[Mohit Suri]]. As Mohit Suri believed if produced properly the song would be a "Historical". According to Muntashir, "Mohit told [[Mithoon]] to compose the music and it was beautiful. The credit has to go to Mithoon for bringing it to Mohit's notice."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-whoa-lyricist-of-main-phir-bhi-tumko-chahunga-manoj-muntashir-had-asked-2405804|title='Main Phir Bhi Tumko Chaahunga' lyricist Manoj Muntashir DIDN'T want his lyrics to be used for 'Half Girlfriend'|newspaper=Daily News and Analysis|date=18 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="Pinkvilla">{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/376766/phir-bhi-tumko-chahungas-lyricist-manoj-muntashir-i-didnt-want-my|title=Phir Bhi Tumko Chaahunga's lyricist Manoj Muntashir: I didn't want my nazm to get converted into a Bollywood song|publisher=Pinkvilla|date=18 April 2017|accessdate=18 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-5-reasons-why-we-adore-phir-bhi-tumko-chaahunga-song-from-half-girlfriend-2406314|title=5 Reasons why we ADORE 'Phir Bhi Tumko Chaahunga' song from 'Half Girlfriend'!|newspaper=Daily News and Analysis|date=18 April 2017}}</ref>

==Pre-release==
The track registered over 4 million views through unofficial versions and remixes, even before the song's official release. [[Manoj Muntashir|Muntashir]] said, ‛he can't believe how much of an impact just two lines of the song have created.’<ref>{{cite news|url=http://wap.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/main-phir-bhi-from-half-girlfriend-gets-4-mn-pre-release-views-117041700322_1.html|title= 'Main phir bhi' from 'Half Girlfriend' gets 4 mn pre-release views|newspaper= Business Standard India|date= 17 April 2017|accessdate= 22 April 2017}}</ref>

==Reception==
''[[India Today]]'' wrote that "Phir Bhi Tumko Chaahunga" is "sung in the soulful voice of [[Arijit Singh]]" and that it "has romance written all over it. The song beautifully puts across feeling of unconditional love"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.indiatoday.in/story/half-girlfriend-phir-bhi-tumko-chahunga-arjun-kapoor-shraddha-arijit-singh/1/931663.html|title=Halfgirlfriend-Its an unconditional love for Arjun and shraddha kapoot in phir bhi tumko chahunga|work=Indiatoday.in|date=18 April 2017 |accessdate=19 April 2017}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'''s Pratibha D. wrote, "Arijit Singh weaves magic yet again. The music for the movie is given by renowned music composer Mithoon, whose romantic touch in tracks just takes you into another world."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/phir-bhi-tumko-chahunga-song-sounds-like-it-is-just-straight-out-of-our-dreams/articleshow/58236291.cms|title=Phir Bhi tumko chahunga sounds like its straight from our dreams|author=Pratibha.D|newspaper=Times of India|accessdate=20 April 2017}}{{dead link|date=April 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> [[NDTV]] wrote, "'Phir Bhi Tumko Chahunga' is a soulful rendition by Arijit Singh."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/half-girlfriend-song-phir-bhi-tumko-chahunga-arjun-kapoor-cant-get-over-shraddha-kapoor-1682768|title=Half Girlfriend Song Phir Bhi Tumko Chahunga: Arjun Kapoor Can't Get Over Shraddha Kapoor|publisher=NDTV Movies|accessdate=20 April 2017}}</ref>

Writer of the song Manoj Muntashir said, "I would like to mention, Mithoon has done what i always thought was impossible. Without changing one word from the original poetry, he made a tune India is shedding tears and spilling cans of beer over. It's a craze because of Mithoon's genius."<ref name="Pinkvilla"/> Director of the film Mohit Suri said, "I'm taken aback by the quantum of love and the amount of anticipation around the song. As my reciprocation I would like to present the song to my audiences sooner than scheduled. Mithoon, Arijit, and me are overwhelmed by all the love."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hindustantimes.com/bollywood/half-girlfriend-song-arijit-singh-is-back-with-a-soulful-number-phir-bhi-tumko-chahunga/story-aJBNW3mnIZnuOtgIjF1MxO_amp.html|title=Half Girlfriend song: Arijit Singh is back with a soulful number, Phir Bhi Tumko Chaahunga|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=18 April 2017|accessdate=18 April 2017}}</ref>

''Radioandmusic.com'' wrote "'Phir Bhi Tumko Chaahunga' features soulful vocals by Arijit Singh, which will surely soothe the soul. Revealing just a small verse of the song, was enough for music lovers and the singer's fans to start to love it. The song was an instant hit among the audiences and fans and music lovers have already made several covers of the song, which seem to have gone viral already. Following this, the makers have decided to treat their fans by preponing the song release and give out the full original track."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/170417-half-girlfriends-most-awaited-track-phir-bhi|title=Half Girlfriend's most-awaited track 'Phir Bhi Tumko Chaahunga' releasing tomorrow|publisher=Radio and Music|date=17 April 2017|accessdate=18 April 2017}}</ref>

==Accolades==

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award Ceremony
!Category
!Recipient
!Result
!Reference(s)
|-
|rowspan="3" | 2018
|rowspan="3" | [[10th Mirchi Music Awards]]
|Listeners' Choice Song of The Year
|Manoj Muntashir, Mithoon, Arijit Singh and Shashaa Tirupati
|{{won}}
|rowspan="3" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/10th-royal-stag-mirchi-music-awards-complete-list-of-winners/articleshow/62686528.cms|title=10th Royal Stag Mirchi Music Awards: Complete list of winners|date=29 January 2018|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=10 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2017/nominations/|title=Nominations – Mirchi Music Awards 2017|website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards|access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2017/winners/|title=Winners – Mirchi Music Awards 2017|website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards|access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Male Vocalist of The Year|Male Vocalist of The Year]]
| Arijit Singh
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Music Composer of The Year|Music Composer of The Year]]
| Mithoon
| {{nom}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Arijit Singh}}

[[Category:2017 songs]]
[[Category:Songs written for Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Manoj Muntashir]]
[[Category:Arijit Singh songs]]
[[Category:Songs written by Mithoon]]
[[Category:Songs from Half Girlfriend]]

Saif Ud Din Bhat

2025-07-09T16:43:28Z

CharlineDiederic:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = File:Saif Ud Din bhat.jpg
| office = Member of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Khan Sahib Assembly constituency|Khan Sahib]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Hakeem Mohammad Yaseen Shah]]
| party = [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
}}
'''Advocate Saif Ud Din Bhat''' is an Indian politician from Jammu & Kashmir. He is a [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Member of the Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Khan Sahib Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Khan Sahib, J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: JKNC's Saif Ud Din Bhat wins Khansahib with 25006 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/khan-sahib-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612896-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Khansahib Election Result 2024 LIVE Update: Assembly Winner, Leading, MLA, Margin, Candidates |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/khansahib-election-result-2024-live-update-9077414.html |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |date=8 October 2024 |title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Khan Sahib |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0829.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709164053/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0829.htm |archive-date=9 July 2025}}</ref> Previously he was elected as MLC (Member of Legislative council) by the PDP-BJP government.

== See also ==
* [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024 Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhat, Saif Ud Din}}
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Budgam district]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{JammuKashmir-politician-stub}}

Damarcheruvu

2025-05-16T20:59:03Z

CharlineDiederic: Creating a info!

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}

'''Damarcheruvu''' is a village in [[Medak district]], [[Telangana state]], India.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> Damarcheruvu belongs to ramayampet mandal. It is homeland of many farmers. The village is really inspiring by inculcating hygiene practices and promoting toilets for every home.

== References ==
<references />
{{coord missing|Telangana}}
{{Medak district}}

[[Category:Villages in Medak district]]

{{Medak-geo-stub}}

Darashaw

2025-01-22T00:36:28Z

CharlineDiederic: update section based on references and fixed typos for clarity

{{Short description|Indian Financial Services company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}{{Infobox company
| name = Darashaw & Co. Pvt, Ltd.
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| logo = Darashaw logo.gif
| slogan =
| foundation = {{start date and age|1926}}
| founder = Mr. Darashaw Master
| location_city = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| area_served =
| key_people = Mr Darashaw K Mehta, [[Managing Director]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2005/10/21/stories/2005102102331500.htm |title=The Hindu Business Line : Darashaw & Co picks up 51% stake in Tata Share Registry |publisher=Thehindubusinessline.in |date=2005-10-21 |accessdate=2011-02-03}}</ref>
| num_employees =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| industry = [[Brokerage firm|Stock broker]]
| subsid =
| parent =
| products =
| homepage = [http://www.darashaw.com Official Website]
}}

'''Darashaw & Co. Pvt. Ltd.''' is an Indian [[Broker|brokering]] and [[investment banking]] company founded in 1926. The company was historically the sole broker to the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], a significant player in the capital markets at the time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report_darashaw-buys-tata-share-registry_6544 |title=Darashaw buys Tata Share Registry - Money - DNA |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=2005-10-20 |accessdate=2011-02-03}}</ref> The company is headquartered in [[Mumbai]] and operates 13 regional offices across India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.darashaw.com/contactus/default.asp |title=Darashaw |publisher=Darashaw |accessdate=2011-02-03 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123162150/http://www.darashaw.com/contactus/default.asp |archivedate=2011-01-23 }}</ref>

Darashaw is active in the Indian Debt Market and maintains a dedicated desk for handling debt-related transactions. The company's business structure is organized into Pan-national [[Strategic business unit|Strategic Business Units]]. Darashaw offers Retirement Benefit Services, which include payroll outsourcing, retirement benefits investment intermediation, advisory, [[Asset management|fund management]], and consulting.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.darashaw.com the official website]
*[http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report_fii-moves-worry-amid-global-rout_1379123 FII moves worry amid global rout]
*[http://www.dnaindia.com/money/comment_pair-trading-pays-in-volatile-markets_1272076 Pair trading pays in volatile markets]
*[http://www.financialexpress.com/news/darashaw-buys-51-stake-in-tata-share-registry/153727/ Darashaw buys 51% stake in Tata Share Registry]
*[http://www.vccircle.com/2007/04/2mkmlm ij jk3/archies-raises-capital-from-bennett-coleman-and-darashaw Archies Raises Capital From Bennett, Coleman And Darashaw]{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Financial services in India}}

[[Category:Financial services companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1926]]
[[Category:Financial services companies established in 1926]]

T. Raja (social worker)

2024-12-01T14:43:28Z

CharlineDiederic: added pg

{{Short description|Indian humanitarian and social worker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = T. Raja
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = Thomas Raja
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1967}}
| birth_place = [[Vaniyambadi]], [[Tirupattur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername = Auto Raja
| occupation = Social worker, humanitarian
| alma mater =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents = {{ublist||}}
| website = {{url|https://newarkmission.org|official website}}
| awards = {{ubl|2001 Induvalu. H. Honnaiah Samaja Seva Prashasti Award|2010 [[CNN-IBN]] [[Real Heroes Award]]|2011 [[NDTV]] Man of The Year|2011 Namma Bengaluru Award}}
}}
'''Thomas Raja''', popularly known as '''Auto Raja''' (born 1967) is an Indian humanitarian, social worker and the founder of the ''New Ark Mission of India'' (NAMI), a non governmental organization engaged in helping the destitutes of [[Bengaluru]], a south Indian metropolitan city. The organization houses around 750 inmates, providing them food, shelter and healthcare. Raja is a recipient of a number of awards including the [[NDTV]] Man of The Year Award, the [[CNN-IBN]] [[Real Heroes Award]] and the Namma Bengaluru Award.

== Biography ==
Thomas Raja was born in 1967 in [[Vaniyambadi]], a village in [[Tirupattur district]] in the south Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="The healing touch">{{Cite web |title=The healing touch |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/meet-auto-raja-the-saviour-of-bengalurus-destitute/article17474857.ece |last=Shrikumar |first=A. |date=2017-03-16 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2020-05-31}}</ref> His father, who worked as a lineman with [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited]], moved to Bengaluru with family when Raja was young.<ref name="Earlier A Rowdy, Now A Person Who Takes Care Of Destitutes By Bringing Them To His Home">{{Cite web |title=Earlier A Rowdy, Now A Person Who Takes Care Of Destitutes By Bringing Them To His Home |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/exclusive/t-raja-auto-raja/ |last=Saxena |first=Koshika Mira Saxena Mira |date=2017-06-19 |website=thelogicalindian.com |language=en |access-date=2020-05-31}}</ref> He dropped out of school at third standard and when his father kicked him out from home, went to Chennai with the money obtained by selling some goods stolen from his own home.<ref name="India’s Silent Heroes: Auto Raja">{{Cite web |title=India's Silent Heroes: Auto Raja |url=http://www.flutur.org/blog/indias-silent-heroes-auto-raja |last=Khullar |first=Mallika Priya |website=www.flutur.org |language=en |access-date=2020-05-31}}</ref> He started drinking and gambling, slept on pavements and had to spend time in [[Chennai Central Prison]] after getting caught by the police. There, he fell ill and after recovering from the illness, he was released from jail and was taken back to Bengaluru by his family.<ref name="'Hope my ashram serves as a No...">{{Cite web |title='Hope my ashram serves as a Noah Ark's for the destitute' |url=https://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/2843-auto-raja-namma-bengaluru-award-winner-2843 |date=2011-03-14 |website=Citizen Matters, Bengaluru |language=en-GB |access-date=2020-05-31}}</ref>

The life in the prison is said to have changed Raja's life who started driving an auto-rickshaw for a living.<ref name="The healing touch" /> However, he continued his ruffian ways and even worked as a henchman to the secretary of the auto-rickshaw drivers' union. It was during his several trips along the Bengaluru streets that he came across the people who lived in the streets. He brought one such person, a destitute woman,<ref name="India’s Silent Heroes: Auto Raja" /> home and sheltered her in the parking space of his auto-rickshaw. Later, he rented a small house and started looking after destitute people, initially with 13 inmates. Subsequently, with funds collected from the public, he bought a half-acre plot of land in Doddagubbi Village near the city, where he constructed a 2000 sq. ft building which served as the base for New Ark Mission of India, a [[non-governmental organization]] when he started it in 1997.<ref name="India’s Silent Heroes: Auto Raja" /> The home, named Home of Hope,<ref name="Bengaluru's Charitable Home Of Hope Now Facing Severe Water Crisis">{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru's Charitable Home Of Hope Now Facing Severe Water Crisis |url=https://www.ndtv.com/bangalore-news/bengalurus-charitable-home-of-hope-now-facing-severe-water-crisis-1686457 |website=NDTV.com |access-date=2020-05-31}}</ref> has since grown to manage one centre in Chikkagubbi village for men and two centres for women in Doddagubbi,<ref name="Auto Raja-- Samaritan of the Destitute">{{Cite web |title=Auto Raja-- Samaritan of the Destitute |url=https://www.indianfolk.com/auto-raja-samaritan-destitute-edited-gayatri/ |last=Raghuram |first=Darshini |date=2019-03-04 |website=IndianFolk |language=en-US |access-date=2020-05-31}}</ref> housing around 750 inmates<ref name="'Auto Raja’ crowd-sourcing funds for water at home for destitutes">{{Cite web |title='Auto Raja' crowd-sourcing funds for water at home for destitutes |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/auto-raja-crowd-sourcing-funds-for-water-at-home-for-destitutes/articleshow/68574038.cms?from=mdr |date=2019-03-26 |website=The Economic Times |access-date=2020-05-31}}</ref> and also runs an ambulance service.<ref name="Mr.T.Raja(Auto Raja)">{{Cite web |title=Mr.T.Raja(Auto Raja) |url=https://www.nammabengaluruawards.org/portfolio/mr-t-rajaauto-raja/ |website=NAMMA BENGALURU AWARDS |language=en-US |access-date=2020-05-31}}</ref>

Raja is married and the couple has three children.<ref name="T. Raja at TEDxREC">{{Cite web |title=T. Raja at TEDxREC |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TyPUslXsW6M |language=en-GB |access-date=2020-05-31}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
[[CNN-IBN]] selected Raja for the [[Real Heroes Award]] in 2010.<ref name="Mr.T.Raja(Auto Raja)" /><ref name="T. Raja- 'CNN-IBN Real Heroes Awards 2010'">{{Cite web |title=T. Raja- 'CNN-IBN Real Heroes Awards 2010' |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_g80P074LKY |language=en-GB |access-date=2020-05-31}}</ref> He received the [[NDTV]] Man of The Year the next year;<ref name="T Raja Auto Raja">{{Cite web |title=T Raja Auto Raja |url=https://sprat.in/t-raja-auto-raja/ |language=en-US |access-date=2020-05-31}}</ref> the same he was chosen for the Namma Bengaluru Award.<ref name="'Hope my ashram serves as a No..." /> A recipient of the Individual H. Honnaiah Samaja Seva Prashasti Award in 2001, Raja delivered a speech at [[TEDx Talks]] in 2012.<ref name="T. Raja at TEDxREC" /><ref name="King of the streets - Times of India">{{Cite news |title=King of the streets |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-times/King-of-the-streets/articleshow/4880273.cms |date=26 March 2002 |first=Vyshnavi N. | last=Doss |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Self Employed Women's Association]]
* [[Phoolbasan Bai Yadav]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |title=Earlier A Rowdy, Now A Person Who Takes Care Of Destitutes By Bringing Them To His Home |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/story-feed/get-inspired/auto-raja/ |last=Indian |first=The Logical |date=2017-06-16 |website=thelogicalindian.com |language=en |access-date=2020-05-31}}
* {{Cite web |title=About The Founder – New Ark Mission of India |url=https://newarkmission.org/about-the-founder/ |language=en-US |access-date=2020-05-31}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_g80P074LKY |title=T. Raja- 'CNN-IBN Real Heroes Awards 2010' |date=2013-04-24 |website=YouTube |language=en |access-date=2020-05-31}}
* {{Cite web |title=Auto Raja - Home Of Hope - New Ark Mission of India |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nw8kRjgSAtU |language=en-GB |access-date=2020-05-31}}
* {{Cite web |title=AUTO RAJA - Home of Hope |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bcd2rKIu5uo |language=en-GB |access-date=2020-05-31}}
* {{Cite web |title=CNNIBN ABOUT AUTO RAJA |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uzLBamj6CO8 |language=en-GB |access-date=2020-06-01}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raja, T.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:Social workers from Tamil Nadu]]

Chhota Bheem and the Curse of Damyaan

2024-10-15T10:55:25Z

CharlineDiederic: expand information additionally and corrected details after review

'''''Chhota Bheem and the Curse of Damyaan''''' may refer to these feature films based on ''[[Chhota Bheem]]'', an Indian animated television series and its titular character:

* [[Chhota Bheem and the Curse of Damyaan (2012 film)|''Chhota Bheem and the Curse of Damyaan'' (2012 film)]], a 2012 Indian animated film by Rajiv Chilaka
* [[Chhota Bheem and the Curse of Damyaan (2024 film)|''Chhota Bheem and the Curse of Damyaan'' (2024 film)]], a 2024 Indian live action remake by Chilaka

== See also ==

* ''[[Chhota Bheem and the Throne of Bali]]'', a 2013 Indian animated feature film by Chilaka
* ''[[Chhota Bheem: Kung Fu Dhamaka]]'', a 2019 Indian animated feature film by Chilaka
{{disambiguation}}

Fatehgarh Sahib railway station

2024-07-29T01:03:05Z

CharlineDiederic: Creating new data

{{short description|Train station in Punjab, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}

{{Infobox station
| name = Fatehgarh Sahib
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[Indian Railways]]
| image = Sirhind-Fatehgarh Sahib WikiExpedition 19.jpg
| image_caption =
| address = Station Rd, Opp. Mata Gujri College, [[Fatehgarh Sahib district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.6511|N| 76.3886|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline, title}}
| elevation = {{convert|268.07|m|ft}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| line = [[Sirhind–Una-Mukerian line]]
| platform = 1
| tracks = {{RailGauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| structure = Standard on ground
| parking = Yes
| bicycle =
| accessible =
| status = Functioning
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = FGSB
| division = {{rwd|Ambala}}
}}
| opened = 1927
| electrified = Yes
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| map_type = India Punjab
| map_dot_label = Fatehgarh Sahib railway station
| map_size = 280
| map_caption = Location in Punjab
}}
'''Fatehgarh Sahib''' (station code: '''FGSB''') is a small railway station located in [[Fatehgarh Sahib district]] in the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and serves [[Fatehgarh Sahib]] city which is the administrative headquarter of the district. Fatehgarh Sahib station falls under [[Ambala railway division]] of [[Northern Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Fatehgarh Sahib railway station|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/fatehgarh-sahib-fgsb/1969|accessdate=5 September 2020|publisher=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

== The railway station ==
Fatehgarh Sahib railway station is located at an elevation of {{convert|268.07|m|ft}}. This station is located on the single track, {{RailGauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]], Sirhind–Nangal line. Station was established in 1927 when [[Sirhind]] to [[Nangal]] line was opened.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Detail of Development Milestones in Roopnagar – Pg 20|url=http://puda.gov.in/img/approved_masterplan_files/final_report_16.3.2012.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128122611/http://puda.gov.in/img/approved_masterplan_files/final_report_16.3.2012.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2018|access-date=5 September 2020|website=[[Punjab Urban Planning and Development Authority]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=How to reach Fatehgarh Sahib|url=https://fatehgarhsahib.nic.in/how-to-reach/|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=5 September 2020|website=|publisher=Fatehgarh Sahib district official website}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Fatehgarh Sahib Train Station|url=http://www.totaltraininfo.com/station/FGSB/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=5 September 2020|website=Total Train Info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Fatehgarh Sahib Trains Schedule and station information|url=https://www.goibibo.com/trains/fatehgarh-sahib-railway-station-fgsb/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=5 September 2020|website=[[Ibibo|goibibo]]}}</ref>

== Electrification ==
Fatehgarh Sahib railway station line is electrified.<ref name=":0" /> Sections of Sirhind–Nangal line were completed and energized at various times between 1999 and 2001 and complete line from Sirhind to Nangal was tested and inspected by CRS on 24 April 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=IR Electrification Chronology up to 31.03.2004|url=https://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=5 September 2020|website=IRFCA}}</ref>

== Amenities ==
Fatehgarh Sahib railway station has two booking windows and all basic amenities like drinking water, public toilets, sheltered area with adequate seating. There is one platform at the station.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Passenger amenities details of Fatehgarh Sahib railway station|url=https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/IRDBStationPDF.jsp?stncode=FGSB|accessdate=5 September 2020|publisher=Rail Drishti}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/raildrishtiv3/initiativeGallery.jsp?initid=48&locid=FGSB&locname=FATEHGARH%20SAHIB Pictures of railway station]

{{Railway stations in the Punjab, India}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1927]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Fatehgarh Sahib district]]
[[Category:Firozpur railway division]]
[[Category:Fatehgarh Sahib]]

E. P. Sreekumar

2024-06-30T20:10:43Z

CharlineDiederic: Creating a bio

{{Short description|Indian short story writer and novelist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
'''E. P. Sreekumar''' is an Indian short story writer and novelist in [[Malayalam]]. He received the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story]] in 2010 for his collection ''Parasya Sareeram''. He is also a recipient of [[Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]], [[List of Malayalam literary awards#C. V. Sreeraman Award|C. V. Sreeraman Award]] and [[Ulloor Award]].

==Biography==
Sreekumar was born in Pallipuram near [[Cherai]] in [[Ernakulam district]], [[Kerala]].<ref name="Maramudra"/> He worked for 35 years at the People's Urban Cooperative Bank in [[Tripunithura]] and retired as its General Manager in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title=Standing tall at his desk |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/standing-tall-at-his-desk/article7540823.ece |access-date=14 February 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104013159/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/standing-tall-at-his-desk/article7540823.ece |archive-date=4 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='E P Sreekumar a Banker, Writer Par Excellence' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2014/apr/29/e-p-sreekumar-a-banker-writer-par-excellence-606102.html |access-date=14 February 2023 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=29 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Reminiscence' to Honour E P Sreekumar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2014/apr/24/reminiscence-to-honour-e-p-sreekumar-604108.html |access-date=14 February 2023 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=24 April 2014}}</ref> He published a science fiction novel titled ''Maramudra'' in 2002 which a prize in a competition held as part of the golden jubilee of Current Books.<ref name="Maramudra"/> His other works include the short story collections ''Parasya Sareeram'', ''Currency'' and ''Adhwanavetta'', and the novels ''Mamsapporu'' and ''Dravyam''.

==Awards==
Sreekumar is a recipient of several awards including:<ref>{{cite news |last1=P. R. Pushpangadan |title=മറവിയുടെ രഹസ്യങ്ങൾ തേടി ഇ.പി.ശ്രീകുമാർ |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=276183&u=local-news-ernakulam |access-date=14 February 2023 |work=[[Kerala Kaumudi]] |date=3 April 2020}}</ref>
* [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Story]] in 2011 for ''Parasya Sareeram''<ref>{{cite web |title=2010 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards |author= |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/pdf/Award-Announcement-%2710.pdf |publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] | date= |accessdate=14 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125033131/http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/pdf/Award-Announcement-'10.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2011}}</ref>
* [[Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]] in 2015 for ''Currency''<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/award-winners/article7369118.ece |title=Award winners |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=30 June 2015 |access-date=14 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/latest-news/478904 |title=അബുദാബി ശക്തി അവാര്‍ഡുകള്‍ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു |newspaper=[[Deshabhimani]] |date=30 June 2015 |access-date=14 February 2023}}</ref>
* K. R. Manoraj Award in 2015 for ''Currency''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Muralidharan |title=പ്രഥമ മനോരാജ് കഥാപുരസ്‌ക്കാരം ഇ പി ശ്രീകുമാറിന്റെ 'കറന്‍സിക്ക് ' |url=https://malayalam.oneindia.com/news/ernakulam/ep-sreekumar-currency-wins-manoraj-puraskaram-kochi-138433.html |website=Oneindia.in |access-date=14 February 2023 |date=10 September 2015}}</ref>
* [[List of Malayalam literary awards#C. V. Sreeraman Award|C. V. Sreeraman Award]] in 2018 for ''Adhwanavetta''<ref>[https://www.dcbooks.com/ayanam-c-v-sreeraman-kathapuraskaram-for-e-p-sreekumar.html "ഇ പി ശ്രീകുമാറിന് കഥാപുരസ്‌കാരം"]. DC Books. 17 March 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2023.</ref>
* [[Ulloor Award]] in 2019 for ''Adhwanavetta''<ref>[https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=204593&u=local-news--thiruvananthapuram "ഉള്ളൂർ സ്മാരക സാഹിത്യ പുരസ്‌കാരം ഇ പി ശ്രീകുമാറിന്"]. ''[[Kerala Kaumudi]]'' (in [[Malayalam]]). 13 December 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2023.</ref>
* Current Books Golden Jubilee Novel Award for ''Maramudra''{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}
* T. V. Kochubava Award{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}
* S. K. Pottekkatt Award{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}
* SBT Literary Award{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

==Works==
===Short story collections===
* ''Parasya Sareeram'' ([[DC Books]], 2008)
* ''Currency'' ([[Mathrubhumi Books]], 2014)<ref>{{cite news |last1=E. P. Sreekumar |title=ബോധമുള്ളപ്പോള്‍ മാത്രമേ സ്‌നേഹത്തിന് അര്‍ത്ഥമുണ്ടാകുന്നുള്ളൂ |url=https://archives.mathrubhumi.com/features/literature/malayalam-news-1.1452590 |access-date=14 February 2023 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=ml |date=25 October 2016}}</ref>
* ''Kanneerppasu'' (Logos Books, 2017)
* ''Adhwanavetta'' ([[DC Books]], 2017)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Midhun Krishna |title=സംഭ്രമത്തിന്റെ പുതിയ തലങ്ങള്‍ |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/special/news-03-09-2017/668231 |access-date=14 February 2023 |work=[[Deshabhimani]] |language=ml |date=3 September 2017}}</ref>
* ''Khalasi'' ([[DC Books]], 2022)

===Novels===
* ''Maramudra'' (Current Books, 2002)<ref name="Maramudra">[https://sites.google.com/site/literaturev3/maramudra "Literature: Maramudra"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214165312/https://sites.google.com/site/literaturev3/maramudra |date=14 February 2023 }}. Retrieved 14 February 2023.</ref>
* ''Mamsapporu'' ([[DC Books]], 2013)
* ''Dravyam'' ([[DC Books]], 2021)<ref>{{cite web |title=ഇ.പി.ശ്രീകുമാറിന്റെ ‘ദ്രവ്യം’; കവര്‍ചിത്രം പ്രകാശനം ചെയ്തു |url=https://www.dcbooks.com/e-p-jayakumars-new-book-dravyam-cover-page-released.html |publisher=[[DC Books]] |access-date=14 February 2023 |language=ml |date=3 November 2021}}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [https://www.puzha.com/blog/magazine-ep-sreekumar-story2-comp/ "കണ്ണീർപ്പശു"] [Kanneerppasu] (Full text of the short story) at ''Puzha.com''
* [https://archive.today/20230214171612/https://www.samakalikamalayalam.com/malayalam-vaarika/story/2019/may/31/%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF-%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF-%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D-%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF-%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A5-57167.html "ഖലാസി"] [Khalasi] (Full text of the short story) at ''[[Samakalika Malayalam Vaarika]]''

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |editor1-last=[[M. M. Basheer]] |title=Malayala Novel Sahityamala |volume=3 |date=2020 |publisher=[[DC Books]] |isbn=978-9-353-90670-2 |pages=2159–2174 |language=ml |chapter=Maramudra}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sreekumar, E. P.}}
[[Category:Malayalam-language novelists]]
[[Category:Writers from Kochi]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Novelists from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Holkar

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Kheria Khurd

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{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kheria Khurd
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Kotla block Kheria Khurd.png
| map_caption = Map showing Kheria Khurd in Kotla block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.27208|N|78.3659|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.18
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 465
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kheria Khurd''' ({{IAST|Kheṛiyā Khurd}}) is a village in [[Kotla, Firozabad|Kotla]] block of [[Firozabad district]], Uttar Pradesh, India. As of 2011, it had a population of 465, in 85 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Kheria Khurd had a population of 465, in 85 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|95}} This population was 52.7% male (245) and 47.3% female (220). The 0-6 age group numbered 83 (43 male and 40 female), making up 17.8% of the total population. 247 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 53.1% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|98-9}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Kheria Khurd as having a population of 301 people (161 male and 140 female), in 57 households and 55 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|186-7}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Kheria Khurd as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 207 people (116 male and 91 female), in 54 households and 50 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 292 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|xcii}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Kheria Khurd had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by hand pump; there were no public toilets. The village did not have a post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|95-100}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]

1952 Coorg Legislative Assembly election

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Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan

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