https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=CharliVangundyBharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-17T14:23:39ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thrithala_Assembly_constituency&diff=541198Thrithala Assembly constituency2026-05-08T08:43:40Z<p>CharliVangundy: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Thrithala<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| state = Kerala<br />
| constituency_no = 49<br />
| map_image = File:Thrithala Velliyamkallu bridge.jpg<br />
| map_caption = Thrithala Veliyamkallu Bridge in Thrithala Assembly constituency<br />
| established = 1951<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| electors = 1,94,108 (2021)<br />
| mla = [[V. T. Balram]]<br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br />
| district = [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Thrithala State assembly constituency''' is one Aof the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is one of the two assembly constituencies included in [[Pattambi]] Taluk, Palakkad District. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Ponnani Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/palakkad.html<br />
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in<br />
|title = State Assembly constituencies in Palakkad district, Kerala.<br />
}}</ref> As of the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026 Assembly elections]], the current MLA is [[V. T. Balram]] of [[Indian National Congress]].<br />
<br />
==Local self-governed segments==<br />
Thrithala Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/palakkad.html<br />
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in<br />
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Palakkad District<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"<br />
!width="30px" |Sl no.<br />
!width="100px" |Name<br />
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])<br />
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|[[Anakkara (Palakkad)|Anakkara]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Pattambi]]<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|[[Chalissery]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Pattambi]]<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|[[Kappur (Palakkad district)|Kappur]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Pattambi]]<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|[[Nagalassery]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Pattambi]]<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|[[Parudur]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Pattambi]]<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|[[Pattithara]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Pattambi]]<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|[[Thirumittacode (gram panchayat)|Thirumittacode]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Pattambi]]<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|[[Thrithala]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Pattambi]]<br />
|}<br />
<mapframe text="Thrithala Assembly constituency" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q13110239,Q13111922,Q13110970,Q6958393,Q13113111,Q13113059,Q16909824,Q13112599"}</mapframe><br />
<br />
==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br />
<br />
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented Thrithala Assembly constituency during the period of various assemblies:<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/kerala/thrithala-assembly-constituency-map.html<br />
|website = www.mapsofindia.com<br />
|title = Members of Kerala Legislative Assembly: Thrithala<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''Key'''<br />
<br />
{{Party index link|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}} {{Party index link|Independent (politician)}}<br />
<br />
{| class="sortable" width="50%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big; font-family: verdana"<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Election<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Niyama<br>Sabha<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Member<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2"|Party<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Tenure<br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
| 3rd <br />
| E. T. Kunhan<br />
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]<br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|<br />
| 1967 – 1970<br />
|-<br />
| [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]<br />
| 4th<br />
| [[Vella Eacharan]]<br />
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress }}"|<br />
| 1970 – 1977<br />
|-<br />
| [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
| 5th<br />
| [[K. Sankaranarayanan]]<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
| rowspan="4" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
| 1977 – 1980<br />
|-<br />
| [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
| 6th<br />
| M. P. Thami<br />
| 1980 – 1982<br />
|-<br />
| [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]<br />
| 7th<br />
| [[K. K. Balakrishnan]]<br />
| 1982 – 1987<br />
|-<br />
| [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]<br />
| 8th<br />
| M. P. Thami<br />
| 1987 – 1991<br />
|-<br />
| [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br />
| 9th<br />
| E. Sankaran<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]<br />
| rowspan="4" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|<br />
| 1991 – 1996<br />
|-<br />
| [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br />
| 10th<br />
| rowspan="2" |V. K. Chandran<br />
| 1996 – 2001<br />
|-<br />
| [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br />
| 11th <br />
| 2001 – 2006<br />
|-<br />
| [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br />
| 12th<br />
| T. P. Kunjunni<br />
| 2006 – 2011<br />
|-<br />
| [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br />
| 13th<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[V. T. Balram]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
| rowspan="2" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
| 2011 – 2016<br />
|-<br />
| [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br />
| 14th<br />
| 2016 - 2021<br />
|-<br />
| [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
| 15th<br />
| [[M. B. Rajesh]]<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]<br />
| rowspan="4" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|<br />
|2021-2026 <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.<br />
<br />
===2026===<br />
There were '''2,03,700''' registered voters in constituency for the 2026 election.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karingamadathil |first=Manoj |last2=S Dinesh |first2=Akshay |last3=R T |first3=Athul |last4=T M |first4=Navaneeth |date=2026 |title=Kerala Legislative Assembly Election 2026 ODK Portal |url=https://opendatakerala.org/KLA2026/ |language=en |doi=10.5281/zenodo.19323427}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Thrithala}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[V. T. Balram]]|votes=76,427|percentage=47.10%|change={{increase}} 3.24%}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=CPI(M)|candidate=[[M. B. Rajesh]]|votes=68,042|percentage=42.00%|change={{decrease}} 3.84%}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=BJP|candidate=V. Unnikrishnan|votes=15,051|percentage=9.30%|change={{increase}} 0.86%}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=409|percentage=0.30%|change={{increase}} 0.02%}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
|votes =8,385 <br />
|percentage =5.10% <br />
|change ={{increase}} 3.12% <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,62,186|percentage=78.73%|change={{increase}} 0.26%}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link||winner =Indian National Congress <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2021 ===<br />
There were 1,94,108 registered voters in constituency for the 2021 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2021, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2021}}</ref><br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Thrithala}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[M. B. Rajesh]]|votes=69,814|percentage=45.84%|change={{increase}}6.16|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate= V. T. Balram|votes=66,798|percentage=43.86%|change={{decrease}}3.30|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate= Sanku T. Das|votes=12,851|percentage=8.44%|change={{decrease}}1.85|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=M. K. Abdul Nasar|votes=1,582|percentage=1.04%|change={{increase}}0.11|}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=427|percentage=0.28%|change=-|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Rajagopal Thrithala|votes=333|percentage=0.22%|change={{decrease}}0.04|}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=3,016|percentage=1.98%|change={{decrease}}5.50|}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,52,311|percentage=78.47%|change={{decrease}}0.41}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link||winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|loser=Indian National Congress|swing={{increase}}6.16|}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2016 ===<br />
There were 1,55,638 registered voters in constituency for the 2016 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016}}</ref><br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Thrithala}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=V. T. Balaram|votes=66,505|percentage=47.16%|change={{decrease}}0.31|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Subaida Ishac|votes=55,958|percentage=39.68%|change={{decrease}}5.07|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=V. T. Rema|votes=14,510|percentage=10.29%|change={{increase}}5.46|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=C. P .Mohammedali|votes=1,313|percentage=0.93%|change={{decrease}}0.15|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Subaida|votes=1,080|percentage=0.77%|change=-|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=549|percentage=0.39%|change=-|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Peoples Democratic Party (India)|candidate=Moideenkutty Pookath|votes=541|percentage=0.38%|change={{decrease}}0.10|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Vinod Perumbavoor|votes=366|percentage=0.26%|change={{decrease}}0.18|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Balaram|votes=199|percentage=0.14%|change=-|}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=10,547|percentage=7.48%|change={{increase}}6.41}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,41,021|percentage=78.88%|change={{increase}}0.42}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing={{decrease}}0.31}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2011 ===<br />
There were 1,78,784 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Thrithala}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=V. T. Balaram|votes=57,848|percentage=47.37%|change=|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Mammikutty P.|votes=54,651|percentage=44.75%|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=V. Ramankutty|votes=5,899|percentage=4.83%|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Baburajan O. T.|votes=1,320|percentage=1.08%|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=P. Mammnkutty|votes=902|percentage=0.74%|change=-|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Peoples Democratic Party (India)|candidate=P. Shamsudheen|votes=590|percentage=0.48%|change=-|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Rameshan Perumannur|votes=543|percentage=0.44%|change=-|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=K. Balaraman|votes=367|percentage=0.30%|change=-|}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=3,197|percentage=2.62%|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,22,120|percentage=78.46%|change=}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1952=== <br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Thrithala]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. B. Menon]] |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=14,280 |percentage=36.96% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. K. Moideen Kutty |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,253 |percentage=29.13% |change=29.13% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. P. Madhava Menon |party=Communist Party of India |votes=6,661 |percentage=17.24% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Thangal |party=Indian Union Muslim League |votes=6,439 |percentage=16.67% |change= }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,027 |percentage=7.84% |change= }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=38,633 |percentage=50.98% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,781 |change = }} <br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Socialist Party (India) |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Thrithala]]<br />
* [[Palakkad district]]<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}<br />
<br />
{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Palakkad district]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br />
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indrani_Mukerjea&diff=504438Indrani Mukerjea2026-05-08T06:38:38Z<p>CharliVangundy: put up</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|British consultant and media executive}}<br />
{{distinguish|text=[[Indrani Mukherjee]]}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=May 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Indrani Mukerjea<br />
| image = [[File:Mrs. Indrani Mukherjea.png|300px]]<br />
| caption = Indrani Mukerjea in [[Goa]], 2014<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| birth_name = Pori Bora<ref name="mukerjea_pori">{{cite news | title = From Pori Bora to Mrs Mukerjea | url = http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/from-pori-bora-to-mrs-mukerjea/ | author = Archana Shukla | publisher = Indian Express | date = 27 August 2015 | archive-date = 28 August 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828132530/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/from-pori-bora-to-mrs-mukerjea/}}</ref><br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[Guwahati, Assam]], India<ref name="mukerjea_ht_2015-08-27" /><br />
| citizenship = {{ubl<br />
| Indian (until 2012)<br />
| British (from 2012)<br />
}}<br />
| occupation = HR consultant and media executive<br />
| years_active = 1996–2009 <br />
| known_for = [[INX Media]], [[Sheena Bora murder case]]<br />
| partner = Siddhartha Das (1986–1989)<br />
| spouse = {{ubl<br />
| {{marriage|Sanjeev Khanna|1993|2002|end=div.}}<br />
| {{marriage|Peter Mukerjea|2002|2017|end=dev.}}<br />
}}<br />
| children = 3<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Indrani Mukerjea''' (born '''Pori Bora''') is a British former HR consultant and media executive. She is the ex-wife of [[Peter Mukerjea]], a retired television executive. In 2007, she co-founded [[9X Media|INX Media]] with him, and took on the role of CEO. She resigned from the company in 2009, and later sold her stake in it. In 2015, she was arrested and charged as the main accused in the alleged murder of her daughter, [[Sheena Bora]]. After more than six years in custody, she was released on bail in 2022. Starting from 2024, she ventured into theatre production and acting.<br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Indrani Mukerjea was born in [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], into an [[Assamese people|Assamese family]] to Upendra Kumar Bora and Durga Rani Bora.<ref name="mukerjea_birth_2015-08-30">{{cite news | title = Indrani is my daughter: Upendra | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Indrani-is-my-daughter-Upendra/articleshow/48726016.cms | author = Prabin Kalita | publisher = Times of India | date = 30 Aug 2015 | accessdate = 31 Aug 2015}}</ref> She was named Pori Bora<ref name="mukerjea_pori" /> at birth and spent her childhood in Guwahati. While as per records she is born in the year 1972 however as per Siddhartha Das, former husband of Indrani Mukherjee her real age should be more than 7 years than what is stated in the records. After completing school there, she moved to [[Shillong]] to pursue higher education at Lady Keane College. In 1986 she met Siddhartha Das with whom she had a daughter, Sheena, in February 1987 and a son, Mikhail, in September 1988.<ref name="mukerjea_dna_2015-09-01">{{cite news | title = Sheena and Mikhail born out of wed-lock, wants guilty to be hanged: Siddhartha Das | url = http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-sheena-and-mikhail-born-out-of-wed-lock-wants-guilty-to-be-hanged-Siddharta-das-2120706 | author = Pooja Mehta | work = Daily News and Analysis | date = 1 September 2015 | access-date = 1 September 2015}}</ref> In 1990 Indrani left the children under the care of her parents in Guwahati and moved to Kolkata. There she studied computers and stayed as a [[paying guest]].<ref name="mukerjea_toi_2015-08-26">{{cite news | title = She always carried pic of a little girl & boy: Khanna | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/She-always-carried-pic-of-a-little-girl-boy-Khanna/articleshow/48688177.cms | author = Mohua Das | publisher = Times of India | date = 26 Aug 2015 | accessdate = 26 Aug 2015}}</ref> A few months after her move to Kolkata, she met Sanjeev Khanna.<ref name="mukerjea_ie_2015-08-26">{{cite news | title = Indrani Mukherjea's former husband Sanjeev Khanna: A highly connected man | url = http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/indrani-mukherjeas-former-husband-sanjeev-khanna-a-highly-connected-man/ | author = Subrata Nagchoudhury | publisher = Indian Express | date = 26 Aug 2015 | accessdate = 26 Aug 2015}}</ref> They got married in 1993 and had a daughter named Vidhie in 1997. In 2001 they moved to Mumbai.<br />
<br />
In 2002, Indrani met [[Peter Mukerjea]] and moved in with him while awaiting her divorce from Sanjeev Khanna. In November 2002, Indrani married Peter Mukerjea.<ref name="mukerjea_toi_2015-08-26"/><ref name="mukerjea_2002-10-17">{{cite news | title = Peter Mukherjea ready to tie the knot with his new star | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/calcutta-times/Peter-Mukherjea-ready-to-tie-the-knot-with-his-new-star/articleshow/25484405.cms | author = Nupur Mahajan | publisher = Times of India | date = 17 October 2002 | accessdate = 26 August 2015}}</ref> After this marriage Vidhie Khanna moved in with the Mukerjeas and took the Mukerjea name.<ref name="mukerjea_toi_2015-08-26" /> <br />
<br />
Around 2012 Indrani acquired [[United Kingdom]] citizenship based on marriage to Peter Mukerjea, himself a [[United Kingdom]] citizen.<ref name="mukerjea_dna-2015-09-11">{{cite news | title = Sheena Bora murder case: Indrani changed citizenship around the time of Sheena Bora murder | url = http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-sheena-bora-murder-case-indrani-changed-citizenship-around-the-time-of-sheena-bora-murder-2124051 | author = Naziya Alvi Rahman | work = Daily News and Analysis | date = 11 Sep 2015 | accessdate = 6 Feb 2016}}</ref><ref name="mukerjea_ie-2015-09-11">{{cite news | title = Sheena Bora Murder: UK consulate officials reach Byculla jail to check on Indrani, directed to MHA | url = http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/sheena-bora-murder-uk-consulate-officials-reach-byculla-jail-to-check-on-indrani-directed-to-mha/ | author = Rashmi Rajput | publisher = Indian Express | date = 11 Sep 2015 | accessdate = 6 Feb 2016}}</ref> From 2012 until 2015, the Mukerjeas divided their time between residences in [[Worli]], Mumbai, [[Bristol]], UK and [[Marbella]], Spain.<ref name="mukerjea_pori" /><ref name="mukerjea_2015-07-03">{{cite news | title = Hot gig with Coldplay | url = https://www.mid-day.com/articles/hot-gig-with-coldplay/16340172 | author = Malavika Sangghvi | publisher = MidDay | date = 3 July 2015 | accessdate = 26 August 2015}}</ref> She had also carried an [[Overseas Citizenship of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sheena Bora Murder Case: No OCI Card Renewal For Indrani Mukerjea |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/sheena-bora-murder-case-no-oci-card-renewal-for-indrani-mukerjea |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
In 1996 Indrani founded INX Services Private Limited as a recruitment company in [[Kolkata]].<ref name="mukerjea_ht_2015-08-27">{{cite news | title = From power woman to murder accused: rise, rise and fall of Indrani | url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/from-power-woman-to-murder-accused-rise-rise-and-fall-of-indrani/article1-1384966.aspx | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150828021542/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/from-power-woman-to-murder-accused-rise-rise-and-fall-of-indrani/article1-1384966.aspx | url-status = dead | archive-date = 28 August 2015 | publisher = Hindustan Times | date = 27 August 2015 | access-date = 27 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="mukerjea_2007-05-30">{{cite news | title = Indrani Mukerjea's INX Group on the hunt for agencies | url = https://www.afaqs.com/news/story/17973_Indrani-Mukerjeas-INX-Group-on-the-hunt-for-agencies | author = Devina Joshi | publisher = agencyfaqs! | date = 30 May 2007 | access-date = 27 August 2015}}</ref> In 2001 Indrani moved to Mumbai, where her recruitment firm considered [[Reliance Industries]] as her most important client.<ref name="mukerjea_dna_2015-08-27">{{cite news | title = Peter – Indrani Mukerjea saga: The who's who of INX Media | url = http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-peter-indrani-mukerjee-saga-the-who-s-who-of-inx-media-2119036 | author = Ruchika Shah | work = Daily News and Analysis | date = 27 August 2015 | access-date = 27 August 2015}}</ref> The firm also handled recruitment for [[STAR India]].<ref name="mukerjea_ht_2015-08-27" /> In 2005, the firm formed a partnership with Switzerland-based global executive search specialist, IMD International Search Group, which appointed Indrani as its regional director, Asia Pacific.<ref name="mukerjea_2007-11-06">{{cite news | title = Indrani Mukerjea officially appointed as CEO INX media | url = https://www.afaqs.com/news/story/19594_Indrani-Mukerjea-officially-appointed-as-CEO-INX-media | publisher = agencyfaqs! | date = 6 November 2007 | access-date = 27 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="mukerjea_dna_2007-01-21">{{cite news | title = Mukerjea in new avatar as HR wiz | url = http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-mukerjea-in-new-avatar-as-hr-wiz-1075591 | author = Anushree Madan Mohan | work = Daily News and Analysis | date = 21 January 2007 | access-date = 26 August 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
In December 2006 Peter and Indrani Mukerjea became [[corporate promoter|promoters]] of the INX Group, which consisted of human resources companies INX Services and INX Executive Search, and media companies [[9X Media|INX Media]] and [[NewsX|INX News]]. Indrani was appointed chairperson of INX Group.<ref name="mukerjea_go_2007-03-14">{{cite news | title = Peter Mukerjea's TV Venture Announced | url = https://gigaom.com/2007/03/14/419-peter-mukerjeas-tv-venture-announced/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150311083743/https://gigaom.com/2007/03/14/419-peter-mukerjeas-tv-venture-announced/ | url-status = dead | archive-date = 11 March 2015 | author = Sahad PV | publisher = GigaOM | date = 14 March 2007 | access-date = 27 August 2015}}</ref> Peter and Indrani Mukerjea held a 50% stake in INX Media.<ref name="mukerjea_2009-03-12">{{cite news | title = Peter Mukerjea and Indrani Mukerjea to step down at INX Media | url = https://www.afaqs.com/news/story/23544_Peter-Mukerjea-and-Indrani-Mukerjea-to-step-down-at-INX-Media | publisher = afaqs! | date = 12 March 2009 | access-date = 26 August 2015}}</ref> The other half was held by private equity firms for a total funding of $170 million (₹750 [[crore]] according to the exchange rate at the time).<ref name="mukerjea_2007-05-07">{{cite news | title = INX Media gets foreign consults for TV foray | url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/inx-media-gets-foreign-consults-for-tv-foray-107050701045_1.html | author = Aminah Sheikh | publisher = Business Standard | date = 7 May 2007 | access-date = 27 August 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
INX News was incorporated on 22 December 2006 with an authorized capital of ₹7.5 crore (75 million) divided into 75 lakh (7.5 million) shares of ₹10 each.<ref name="mukerjea_cnbc_2007-03-14">{{cite news | title = Indrani Mukerjea plans bouquet of channels | url = http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/current-affairs/indrani-mukerjea-plans-bouquetchannels_271609.html | work = CNBC-TV18 | publisher = MoneyControl.com | date = 14 March 2007 | access-date = 27 August 2015}}</ref> INX Media took a 26% stake in INX News since [[Government of India]] regulations did not permit [[foreign direct investment]] in Indian news media beyond that limit at that time.<ref name="mukerjea_cnbc_2007-03-14" /> IM Media, a corporate entity claimed to be 99% owned by Indrani Mukerjea through her holding company Indrani Incon Pvt Ltd., held the majority 51% stake in INX News. Indrani Mukerjea personally held a 17% stake. Peter Mukerjea, a foreign national, could not claim ownership in INX News. In March 2007 Vir Sanghvi, hired as CEO of INX News, was given a 16% stake as [[sweat equity]].<ref name="mukerjea_pti_2007-03-14">{{cite news | title = Vir Sanghvi to head new English news channel | url = http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-vir-sanghvi-to-head-new-english-news-channel-1084803 | work = Press Trust of India | publisher = Daily News and Analysis | date = 14 Mar 2007 | access-date = 6 Feb 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
Peter Mukerjea, bound by a [[non-compete clause]] from his previous employer, became chairman of the human resources company INX Services Private Limited in January 2007.<ref name="mukerjea_dna_2007-01-21"/> In August 2007, Peter joined INX Media as chairman and chief strategy officer.<ref name="mukerjea_2007-08-21">{{cite news | title = Peter Mukerjea joins INX Media officially as chief strategy officer | url = https://www.afaqs.com/news/story/18800_Peter-Mukerjea-joins-INX-Media-officially-as-chief-strategy-officer | publisher = agencyfaqs! | date = 21 August 2007 | access-date = 26 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="mukerjea_et-2015-08-29">{{cite news | title = How Indrani and husband Peter Mukerjea lost the plot at INX Media | url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-08-29/news/66002979_1_news-channel-inx-media-newsx | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150906000521/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-08-29/news/66002979_1_news-channel-inx-media-newsx | url-status = dead | archive-date = 6 September 2015 |author1=Ravi Teja Sharma |author2=Pritha Mitra Dasgupta | publisher = Economic Times | date = 29 Aug 2015 | access-date = 6 Feb 2016}}</ref> In November 2007 Indrani became the CEO of INX Media.<ref name="mukerjea_2007-11-06" /><br />
<br />
At INX Media, Peter looked after advertisement, finance, distribution and revenues while Indrani was in charge of content, human resources and marketing.<ref name="mukerjea_et-2015-08-29"/><ref name="mukerjea_ob-2008-01-26">{{cite news | title = 'She's the slave driver and I'm the slave' | url = http://blogcms.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?100542 | author = Ajita Shashidhar | publisher = Outlook Business | date = 26 Jan 2008 | access-date = 6 Feb 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160213194534/http://blogcms.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?100542 | archive-date = 13 February 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> In the first phase of operations, INX Media launched the Hindi general entertainment channel [[9X (TV channel)|9X]] and the Hindi youth music channel [[9XM]] in November 2007. [[NewsX]], an English news channel, launched in March 2008. In its first year of operations, the INX Group spent almost the entire corpus it had raised from foreign investors.<ref name="mukerjea_dna-2015-08-31">{{cite news | title = Peter - Indrani Mukerjea saga: Here's how the money travelled | url = http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-peter-indrani-mukerjea-saga-here-s-how-the-money-travelled-2120506 | author = Ruchika Shah | work = Daily News and Analysis | date = 31 Aug 2015 | access-date = 6 Feb 2016}}</ref> Employees suspected that vendors were encouraged to present inflated invoices so that the Mukerjeas could earn [[kickback (bribery)|kickbacks]].<ref name="mukerjea_tm-2015-09-12">{{cite news | title = Peter Mukerjea: Catch a falling star | url = http://www.tehelka.com/2015/09/indrani-mukerjea-detained-in-the-sensational-sheena-bora-murder-case/?singlepage=1 | author = Alam Srinivas | publisher = Tehelka Magazine | date = 12 Sep 2015 | access-date = 6 Feb 2016 | archive-date = 13 February 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160213201720/http://www.tehelka.com/2015/09/indrani-mukerjea-detained-in-the-sensational-sheena-bora-murder-case/?singlepage=1 | url-status = dead }}</ref> By September 2008, all the investors in INX Media were looking to sell some part of their stake to raise funding for the second phase of expansion. They wanted $150 million to launch three regional channels, three regional music channels and three city-specific news channels.<ref name="mukerjea_2008-09-12">{{cite news | title = INX to mop up Rs 600 cr, plans 10 new channels | url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/inx-to-mop-up-rs-600-cr-plans-10-new-channels-108091201019_1.html | author = Aminah Sheikh | publisher = Business Standard | date = 12 September 2008 | access-date = 27 August 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
During the [[2008 financial crisis]], advertisers could not pay their dues and INX Media in turn could not pay its vendors.<ref name="mukerjea_tm-2015-09-12"/> Employees suspected that TRP ratings of the general entertainment channel 9X were being added to those of NewsX in order to present a rosy picture to the investors. An audit conducted by Temasek Holdings brought up suspicions that the Mukerjeas had siphoned off ₹160 crores (₹1.6 billion) from the company.<ref name="mukerjea_tm-2015-09-12"/> In January 2009, the Mukerjeas sold INX Media and its loss-making channel NewsX to Indi Media Network, a partnership between the [[Nai Dunia]] promoter and CEO Vinay Chhajlani and former [[Businessworld]] editor Jehangir S Pochaa.<ref name="mukerjea_itv-2009-01-09">{{cite news | title = NaiDunia, Pocha buy NewsX | url = http://www.indiantelevision.org.in/headlines/y2k9/jan/jan56.php | publisher = indiantelevision.org.in | date = 9 January 2009 | access-date = 27 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="mukerjea_af-2009-01-09">{{cite news | title = NewsX sale part of a larger INX plan | url = https://www.afaqs.com/news/story/23063_NewsX-sale-part-of-a-larger-INX-plan |author1=Dhaleta Surender Kumar |author2=Sapna Nair | publisher = afaqs! | date = 12 Jan 2009 | access-date = 6 Feb 2016}}</ref><ref name="mukerjea_2013-08-30">{{cite news | title = 9XM Media and its band of music channels | url = http://www.televisionpost.com/television/9xm-media-and-its-band-of-music-channels/ | publisher = TelevisionPost | date = 30 August 2013 | access-date = 27 August 2015 | archive-date = 24 September 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924114119/http://www.televisionpost.com/television/9xm-media-and-its-band-of-music-channels/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> By March 2009 INX Media had accumulated losses of Rs 800 crore and was in debt to the tune of Rs 100 crore. Temasek Holdings and Kotak Mahindra were looking to exit.<ref name="mukerjea_2014-03-02">{{cite news | title = 9X: Hitting a High Note | url = https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/features/9x-media-banks-on-music-back-from-near-bankruptcy-turnaround/story/203166.html | author = Ajita Shashidhar | publisher = Business Today | date = 2 March 2014 | access-date = 27 August 2015}}</ref> With the company running out of cash and outstanding payments to creditors mounting,<ref name="mukerjea_2009-02-02">{{cite news | title = Cash Crunch At INX Media: Outstandings To Producers Mount | url = https://gigaom.com/2009/02/02/419-cash-crunch-at-inx-media-outstandings-to-producers-mount/ | author = Sruthijith KK | date = 2 February 2009 | access-date = 27 August 2015 | archive-date = 24 March 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150324184426/https://gigaom.com/2009/02/02/419-cash-crunch-at-inx-media-outstandings-to-producers-mount/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> the Mukerjeas resigned from their management positions. In March 2009 Indrani left, with Peter following a month later.<ref name="mukerjea_2009-03-12" /><ref name="mukerjea_2009-03-11">{{cite news | title = Indrani and Peter Mukerjea Quit Management Positions At INX Media | url = http://www.vccircle.com/news/telecom/2009/03/11/indrani-and-peter-mukerjea-quit-management-positions-inx-media | author = Madhav A Chanchani | publisher = VCCircle.com | date = 11 March 2009 | access-date = 27 August 2015 | archive-date = 13 February 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160213170954/http://www.vccircle.com/news/telecom/2009/03/11/indrani-and-peter-mukerjea-quit-management-positions-inx-media | url-status = dead }}</ref> By April 2010, the Mukerjeas had sold their stake in the company.<ref name="mukerjea_2010-04-09">{{cite news | title = New Silk Route Eyes Buyout Of PE Investors In INX Media | url = http://www.vccircle.com/news/telecom/2010/04/08/new-silk-route-eyes-buyout-pe-investors-inx-media | author1 = Boby Kurian | author2 = Shrija Agrawal | publisher = VCCircle.com | date = 9 April 2010 | access-date = 27 August 2015 | archive-date = 7 February 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160207201836/http://www.vccircle.com/news/telecom/2010/04/08/new-silk-route-eyes-buyout-pe-investors-inx-media | url-status = dead }}</ref> In May 2011, the Mukerjeas resigned from their position on the board of directors of the company.<ref name="mukerjea_bs_2015-08-28">{{cite news | title = Indrani quit most of her companies by mid-2011 | url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/indrani-quit-most-of-her-companies-by-mid-2011-115082700918_1.html | author = N Sundaresha Subramanian | publisher = Business Standard | date = 28 August 2015 | access-date = 28 August 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2024, Indrani started her career as a performer with The Sunkissed Phoenix, a theater production, which did its debut at [[Khushwant Singh]] Literature Festival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://kslitfest.com/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=The Khushwant Singh Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> She did 2 more theater productions as part of her venture Indrani Mukerjea Enterprise in 2025, Chitrangada: Ek Sashakt Naari,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Indrani Mukerjea's Chitrangada: A Study in Quiet Authority |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/indrani-mukerjeas-chitrangada-a-study-in-quiet-authority/amp_articleshow/124993064.cms |access-date=2026-02-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Chitrangada Felt Like The Natural Next Chapter' — Indrani Mukerjea Steps Back Into The Spotlight |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/weekend/chitrangada-felt-like-the-natural-next-chapter-indrani-mukerjea-steps-back-into-the-spotlight |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-27 |title=Indrani Mukerjea's Powerhouse Performance Lights Up Chitrangada - Ek Sashakt Naari |url=https://www.mid-day.com/buzzfeed/article/indrani-mukerjeas-powerhouse-performance-lights-up-chitrangada--ek-sashakt-naari-7873 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> a story from Mahabharata written by Gurudev [[Rabindranath Tagore|Rabindra Nath Tagore]], which debuted at Royal Opera House in Mumbai in 2025. In 2026, it was performed in Delhi at [https://www.frontlist.in/public/pvlf/ PragatiE Vichaar Literature Festival (PVLF)].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indrani Mukerjea Enterprise presents two Tagore dance dramas at PVLF in New Delhi, signalling IME's growing national presence |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/indrani-mukerjea-enterprise-presents-two-tagore-dance-dramas-at-pvlf-in-new-delhi-signalling-imes-growing-national-presence20260120112503/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> Indrani Mukerjea Enterprise also launched Nayika Bhoomika,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Indrani Mukerjea Enterprise finds its theatrical voice with Nayika Bhoomika |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/indrani-mukerjea-enterprises-bold-theatrical-debut-with-nayika-bhoomika/amp_articleshow/126563596.cms |access-date=2026-02-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> 4 powerful stories from Gurudev [[Rabindranath Tagore|Rabindra Nath Tagore]]. The show debuted in Mumbai in December 2025 and was performed in Delhi at [https://www.frontlist.in/public/pvlf/ PragatiE Vichaar Literature Festival (PVLF)].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indrani Mukerjea Enterprise presents two Tagore dance dramas at PVLF in New Delhi, signalling IMEs growing national presence |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/business/indrani-mukerjea-enterprise-presents-two-tagore-dance-dramas-at-pvlf-in-new-delhi-signalling-imes-growing-national-presence/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Awards ==<br />
In November 2008, [[The Wall Street Journal]] named Indrani as one of ''50 Women to Watch''.<ref name="mukerjea_wsj_2008-11-07">{{cite news | title = 50 Women to Watch | url = https://www.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/st_50WomentoWatch_20081107.html | publisher =The Wall Street Journal | date = 7 November 2008 | access-date = 26 August 2015}}</ref> ''Uttar Bhartiya Mahasangh'', an organization that aims to promote the north Indian community in the country, awarded Indrani Mukerjea with the title of ''Uttar Ratna'' for her "outstanding work in the art, media and broadcasting sector".<ref name="mukerjea_afaqs_2008-11-07">{{cite news | title = Indrani Mukerjea awarded the prestigious 'Uttar Ratna' award | url = http://www.afaqs.com/media/media_newslets/index.html?id=38256_Indrani+Mukerjea+awarded+the+prestigious+%91Uttar+Ratna%92+award | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160213144158/http://www.afaqs.com/media/media_newslets/index.html?id=38256_Indrani+Mukerjea+awarded+the+prestigious+%91Uttar+Ratna%92+award | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 February 2016 | work = INX Media Press Release | publisher = afaqs! | date = 7 November 2008 | access-date = 27 August 2015 }}</ref><br />
<br />
She was named among the Top 33 Women Achievers of India in 2023 by the [https://www.indianachieversclub.org/ Indian Achievers’ Club]. <br />
<br />
In 2024 and 2025, she received the Rex Karmaveer Global Fellowship and the [[Karmaveer Chakra Award|Karamveer Chakra Award]], conferred by iCONGO in partnership with the United Nations, for contributions to arts, culture, and social impact. <br />
<br />
Iconic Innovative Entrepreneur of the Year at the mid-day Glitz and Glamour Icons awards in 2024.<br />
<br />
'Unbroken' received the Best Debut Non-Fiction Award at the [https://www.frontlist.in/public/pvlf/ PragatiE Vichaar Literature Festival] in 2025.<br />
<br />
== Controversies ==<br />
<br />
=== Conflict and fraud at INX Media ===<br />
Starting from mid-2007 Indrani Mukerjea, as the chairperson of INX News, found herself in conflict with [[Vir Sanghvi]], the CEO over control of the organization.<ref name="mukerjea_pori" /><ref name="mukerjea_fraud_2015-08-26">{{cite news | title = 9X Founder Indrani Mukerjea No Stranger To Controversies | url = http://focusnews.com/india/9x-founder-indrani-mukerjea-no-stranger-to-controversies/115330/ | publisher = Focus News | date = 26 August 2015 | access-date = 26 August 2015 | archive-date = 28 August 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150828220828/http://focusnews.com/india/9x-founder-indrani-mukerjea-no-stranger-to-controversies/115330 | url-status = dead }}</ref> On January 23, 2008 NewsX announced that as a consequence, Vir Sanghvi would resign on January 29, 2008.<ref name="mukerjea_bs-2008-01-23">{{cite news | title = Peter Mukherjea, Vir Sanghvi declare truce | url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/peter-mukherjea-vir-sanghvi-declare-truce-108012301013_1.html | publisher = Business Standard | date = 23 January 2008 | access-date = 26 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="mukerjea_lm-2008-01-23">{{cite news | title = Changes likely at top level in INX News | url = https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/gvJaCqWwWoeH9KFgdbYrGP/Changes-likely-at-top-level-in-INX-News.html | author = Sruthijith KK | publisher = Live Mint | date = 23 January 2008 | access-date = 26 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="mukerjea_2008-01-28">{{cite news | title = Vir Sanghvi quits Mukerjea's NewsX as CEO | url = https://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/vir-sanghvi-quits-mukerjeas-newsx-as-ceo/21766 | publisher = Business of Cinema | date = 29 January 2008 | access-date = 26 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="mukerjea_red-2008-01-29">{{cite news | title = Vir Sanghvi quits NewsX | url = https://www.rediff.com/money/2008/jan/29vir.htm | work = rediff.com | date = 29 Jan 2008 | access-date = 6 Feb 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
On the evening of January 31, 2008 Indrani Mukerjea fired five television journalists at NewsX without prior notice or explanation: executive editor Avirook Sen, head of domestic news, Rajesh Sundaram, editorial adviser [[Nick Pollard]], consultant Arun Roy Chowdhury, and news anchor Kailash Menon.<ref name="mukerjea_pt-2008-02-01">{{cite news | title = Drama at NewsX | url = https://presstalk.blogspot.com/2008/02/drama.html | publisher = Press Talk | date = 1 Feb 2008 | access-date = 6 Feb 2016}}</ref><ref name="mukerjea_tho-2008-02-02">{{cite news | title = Trouble at News X | url = http://www.thehoot.org/media-watch/media-practice/trouble-at-news-x-2920 | publisher = The Hoot | date = 2 Feb 2008 | access-date = 6 Feb 2016}}</ref> Protesting against this unprofessional conduct, a further nine television journalists resigned, among them news coordinator Prakash Patra, and Narendra Nag.<ref name="mukerjea_fe-2008-02-01">{{cite news | title = NewsX launch in limbo as six more editorial heads quit | url = http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/NewsX-launch-in-limbo-as-six-more-editorial-heads-quit/268119 | author = Vikram Chaudhary | publisher = Financial Express | date = 1 Feb 2008 | access-date = 6 Feb 2016}}</ref> The following day, February 1, 2008, a group of former NewsX employees took their grievances to [[Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi]], then [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Minister of Information and Broadcasting]] in the [[Government of India]].<ref name="mukerjea_tho-2008-02-02_2">{{cite news | title = Why are we going to this man? | url = http://www.thehoot.org/story_popup/why-are-we-going-to-this-man-2917 | publisher = The Hoot | date = 2 Feb 2008 | access-date = 6 Feb 2016}}</ref><ref name="mukerjea_itv-2008-02-01">{{cite news | title = Dasmunsi weighs in to NewsX fracas | url = http://www.indiantelevision.com/old-html/headlines/y2k8/feb/feb13.php | publisher = Indiantelevision.com | date = 1 Feb 2008 | access-date = 6 Feb 2016}}</ref> Dasmunshi conveyed their concern over dubious sources of funding at INX Media to [[P. Chidambaram]], then [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]] in the [[Government of India]].<ref name="mukerjea_fe-2008-02-01_2">{{cite news | title = Newsroom war reaches Ministry | url = http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/newsroom-war-reaches-ministry/268019/0 | author = Anubhuti Vishnoi | publisher = Financial Express | date = 1 Feb 2008 | access-date = 6 Feb 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160213111934/http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/newsroom-war-reaches-ministry/268019/0 | archive-date = 13 February 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="mukerjea_ex4m-2008-02-02">{{cite news | title = Dasmunsi asks Finance Ministry to probe source of funding for INX; meanwhile, Executive Editor Avirook Sen sacked | url = http://www.exchange4media.com/tv/dasmunsi-asks-finance-ministry-to-probe-source-of-funding-for-inx;-meanwhile-executive-editor-avirook-sen-sacked_29631.html | author = Abhijeet Mukherjee | publisher = exchange4media | date = 2 Feb 2008 | access-date = 6 Feb 2016}}</ref><ref name="mukerjea_af-2008-02-04">{{cite news | title = INX finds itself mired in controversy | url = https://www.afaqs.com/news/story/20291_INX-finds-itself-mired-in-controversy | author = Rachit Vats | publisher = afaqs! | date = 2 Feb 2008 | access-date = 6 Feb 2016}}</ref> Chidambaram in turn requested the [[Serious Fraud Investigation Office]] (SFIO) to look into the allegations of financial impropriety.<ref name="mukerjea_it-2015-08-29">{{cite news | title = Indrani and others caused deliberate loss of Rs 168 crore to NEWS X | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indrani-and-others-caused-deliberate-loss-of-rs-168-crore-to-news-x-290888-2015-08-29 | author = Rahul Kanwal | publisher = India Today | date = 29 Aug 2015 | access-date = 6 Feb 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
In February 2008 Rajesh Sundaram and Avirook Sen filed legal notices against NewsX seeking damages over their unfair dismissal.<ref name="mukerjea_ex4m-2008-02-18">{{cite news | title = Avirook Sen, Rajesh Sundaram send legal notices to INX News over "fraudulent termination" of employment | url = http://www.exchange4media.com/tv/avirook-sen-rajesh-sundaram-send-legal-notices-to-inx-news-over-%E2%80%9Cfraudulent-termination%E2%80%9D-of-employment_29825.html | work = exchange4media News Service | publisher = exchange4media | date = 18 Feb 2008 | access-date = 6 Feb 2016}}</ref> By September 15, 2008 Avirook Sen had received a settlement worth ₹2 crore (₹20 million) paid out over four equal monthly installments.<ref name="mukerjea_2010-10-16">{{cite news | title = My Settlement with NewsX | url = https://www.openthemagazine.com/article/nation/my-settlement-with-newsx | author = Avirook Sen | publisher = OPEN magazine | date =16 October 2010 | access-date = 26 August 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the weeks following the departure of Vir Sanghvi, there was a mass exodus of talent from NewsX,<ref name="mukerjea_dna-2008-04-19">{{cite news | title = Buzz of investors pulling out rubbish | url = http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-buzz-of-investors-pulling-out-rubbish-1160321 | author = Nivedita Mookerji | work = Daily News and Analysis | date = 19 Apr 2008 | access-date = 6 Feb 2016}}</ref> leaving it unable to meet its commitment to jittery investors of the launch of a news channel by March 31, 2008.<ref name="mukerjea_red-2008-01-29"/> The Mukerjeas started exploring an exit route from INX Media<ref name="mukerjea_it-2015-08-29"/> and ultimately sold it to Indi Media Network, partly owned by [[Nai Dunia]] promoter and CEO Vinay Chhajlani.<br />
<br />
According to a report filed by the [[Serious Fraud Investigation Office]] (SFIO) in April 2013 based on its investigation into the [[Radia tapes controversy|Niira Radia tapes]], IM Media, the majority stake holder in INX News, was a front for [[Mukesh Ambani]]'s Reliance Industries Limited (RIL).<ref name="mukerjea_oi-2015-09-07">{{cite news | title = Muddy Waters Flow Through This Channel: SFIO investigates the many levels of fraud the Mukerjeas committed in NewsX | url = http://www.outlookindia.com/article/muddy-waters-flow-through-this-channel/295193 | author = Meetu Jain | publisher = Outlook India | date = 7 Sep 2015 | access-date = 6 Feb 2016}}</ref> As per SFIO, Chhajlani's Nai Dunia was also indirectly owned by Mukesh Ambani, thus making IM Media and Nai Dunia related companies. On January 7, 2009 shares in INX Media, previously valued at ₹208.24, were sold to Nai Dunia for just ₹10 each. The SFIO report recommended charges be filed for causing wrongful losses to the ordinary shareholders of RIL under Indian Penal Code Sections 120B (conspiracy), 415 (cheating), 418 (cheating with knowledge that wrongful loss may ensue to person whose interest offender is bound to protect), and 420 (cheating and dishonestly inducing delivery of property).<ref name="mukerjea_oi-2015-09-07" /><ref name="mukerjea_tho-2013-11-12">{{cite news | title = A 'sham' transaction? | url = http://www.thehoot.org/media-watch/media-business/a-sham-transaction-7138 | author = Paranjoy Guha Thakurta | publisher = The Hoot | date = 12 Nov 2013 | access-date = 6 Feb 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Foreign exchange violation at INX Group ===<br />
{{Main|INX Media case}}<br />
<br />
In 2010, the [[Enforcement Directorate]], a financial crime fighting agency, registered a case under [[Foreign Exchange Management Act]] (FEMA) for diverting [[foreign direct investment]] by three Mauritius-based companies in INX Media to its step down subsidiaries without prior approval of the [[Foreign Investment Promotion Board]] (FIPB).<ref name="mukerjea_ie-2015-09-08">{{cite news | title = ED probes INX Media for 'forex violations' | url = http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/ed-probes-inx-media-for-forex-violations/ | author = Khushboo Narayan | publisher = Indian Express | date = 8 Sep 2015 | access-date = 6 Feb 2016}}</ref> The three companies named were New Vernon Private Equity Limited, New Silk Route (NSR) PE Mauritius, and Dunearn Investment (Mauritius). In 2013 the investigation was halted without explanation.<ref name="mukerjea_dna-2015-09-17">{{cite news | title = Sheena Bora murder: ED may reopen probe into Mukerjeas' money dealings | url = http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-sheena-bora-murder-ed-may-reopen-probe-into-mukerjeas-money-dealings-2125860 | author = Shrimi Choudhary | work = Daily News and Analysis | date = 17 Sep 2015 | access-date = 6 Feb 2016}}</ref> In May 2014 the investigative wing of the [[Taxation in India#Central Board of Direct Taxes|Central Board of Direct Taxes]] compiled a tax history of the INX Group and suggested that the Mukerjeas had laundered ₹275.5 crore (₹2.755 billion) via Mauritius into eight INX Group subsidiary companies between 2007 and 2008.<ref name="mukerjea_th-2015-12-09">{{cite news | title = Indrani, Peter laundered Rs. 275 crore: CBDT report | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/news/indrani-peter-laundered-rs-275-crore-cbdt-report/article7962748.ece | author = Sharad Vyas | work = The Hindu | date = 9 Dec 2015 | access-date = 6 Feb 2016}}</ref><ref name="mukerjea_dna-2015-09-03">{{cite news | title = Peter Mukerjea used Indrani as a money funnel | url = http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-peter-mukerjea-used-indrani-as-a-money-funnel-2121316 | author = Sai Manish | work = Daily News and Analysis | date = 3 Sep 2015 | access-date = 6 Feb 2016}}</ref> In September 2015 the Mumbai office of the Enforcement Directorate indicated that it would reopen the 2010 FEMA case under the [[Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002]].<ref name="mukerjea_it-2015-09-22">{{cite news | title = ED to begin reinvestigation of INX deal under money laundering act | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ed-to-begin-reinvestigation-of-inx-deal-under-money-laundering-act-264349-2015-09-22 | author = Avarnita Mathur | publisher = India Today | date = 22 Sep 2015 | access-date = 6 Feb 2016}}</ref><br />
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/maharashtra/story/sheena-bora-murder-case-peter-mukerjea-indrani-958992-2017-02-04|title = Sheena Bora murder case: Peter Mukerjea ready to divorce Indrani| date=4 February 2017 }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Sheena Bora murder case===<br />
{{Main|Sheena Bora murder case}}<br />
<br />
In 2015 Indrani Mukerjea was arrested by [[Mumbai Police]] in connection with the alleged murder of her daughter, Sheena Bora, in 2012.<ref name="mukerjea_telegraph_2015-08-26">{{cite news | title = TV top gun's wife held in murder case | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150826/jsp/frontpage/story_39195.jsp | archive-url = https://archive.today/20150830164752/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150826/jsp/frontpage/story_39195.jsp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 30 August 2015 | publisher = The Telegraph | date = 26 August 2015 | access-date = 26 August 2015}}</ref><br />
She was sent to judicial custody at a women's-only prison in [[Byculla Jail]], Mumbai.<ref name="mukerjea_ht-2015-09-22">{{cite news | title = Indrani, held for Sheena Bora's murder, to live with 27 undertrials in Mumbai prison | url = https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/indrani-held-for-sheena-bora-s-murder-to-live-with-27-undertrials-in-mumbai-prison/story-msAm76EPD8KqZOA09OOJCN.html | author = Vijay Kumar Yadav | publisher = Hindustan Times | date = 22 Sep 2015 | access-date = 6 Feb 2016}}</ref><ref name="mukerjea_ndtv-2015-12-07">{{cite news | title = Sheena Bora Murder Case: Indrani Mukerjea's Jail Diaries | url = http://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/sheena-bora-murder-case-indrani-mukerjeas-jail-diaries-1251671 | work = Mid-Day | publisher = NDTV | date = 7 Dec 2015 | access-date = 6 Feb 2016}}</ref><br />
The [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) took over the case<ref name="mukerjea_ndtv-2015-09-29">{{cite news | title = CBI Takes Over Probe Into Sheena Bora Murder Case | url = http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/cbi-takes-over-probe-into-sheena-bora-murder-case-1224388 | work = Indo-Asian News Service | publisher = NDTV | date = 29 Sep 2015 | access-date = 6 Feb 2016}}</ref> and filed charges against Indrani under the [[Indian Penal Code]] Sections 302 (murder), 201 (causing disappearance of evidence), 34 (criminal conspiracy), 420 (cheating and forgery), 364 (kidnapping) and 120-B (conspiracy).<ref name="mukerjea_toi_2015-08-25">{{cite news | title = TV honcho Peter Mukerjea's wife Indrani arrested on murder charges by Mumbai Police | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/TV-honcho-Peter-Mukerjeas-wife-Indrani-arrested-on-murder-charges-by-Mumbai-Police/articleshow/48672611.cms | author = Ahmed Ali | publisher =Times of India | date = 25 August 2015 | access-date = 26 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="mukerjea_th-2015-11-19">{{cite news | title = CBI arrests Peter Mukherjea, chargesheets Indrani | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sheena-bora-case-chargesheet-filed-by-cbi/article7896423.ece |author1=Gautam S Mengle |author2=Rahi Gaikwad |author3=Devesh Pandey | work = The Hindu | date = 19 Nov 2015 | access-date = 6 Feb 2016}}</ref> CBI officials contended that Peter and Indrani Mukerjea had siphoned off money from [[9X Media|INX Media]] and parked it in an offshore bank account in Sheena Bora's name.<ref name="mukerjea_pti-2015-11-27">{{cite news | title = Peter, Indrani Mukerjea Siphoned Off Funds From 9X Media: CBI | url = http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/peter-indrani-mukerjea-siphoned-off-funds-from-9x-media-cbi-1248115 | work = Press Trust of India | publisher = NDTV | date = 27 Nov 2015 | access-date = 6 Feb 2016}}</ref><ref name="mukerjea_ie-2015-12-24">{{cite news | title = Sheena Bora murder case- Peter, Indrani siphoned off funds from INX deal: CBI | url = http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/sheena-bora-murder-case-peter-indrani-siphoned-off-funds-from-inx-deal-cbi/ | work = Express News Service | publisher = Indian Express | date = 24 Dec 2015 | access-date = 6 Feb 2016}}</ref> The CBI speculated this financial angle as a motive for Sheena Bora's murder.<ref name="mukerjea_dna-2015-10-07">{{cite news | title = Was it a Rs 1,000-crore secret that Indrani Mukerjea wanted to take to her grave? | url = http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-was-it-a-rs-1000-crore-secret-that-indrani-mukerjea-wanted-to-take-to-her-grave-2132535 | author = Ruchika Shah | work = Daily News and Analysis | date = 7 Oct 2015 | access-date = 6 Feb 2016}}</ref><ref name="mukerjea_pti_2015-11-27">{{cite news | title = Whether funds parked in Sheena Bora's overseas account led to her murder? | url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-27/news/68604576_1_cbi-sources-hsbc-account-income-tax | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160214014703/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-27/news/68604576_1_cbi-sources-hsbc-account-income-tax | url-status = dead | archive-date = 14 February 2016 | work = Press Trust of India | publisher = Economic Times | date = 27 Nov 2015 | access-date = 6 Feb 2016}}</ref><br />
Sheena Bora was also in a relationship with Peter Mukerjea's son from earlier marriage, Rahul, which Indrani Mukerjea disapproved of.<br />
<br />
While in custody, Mukerjea informed the court in 2016 that she had translated 700 verses of the [[Bhagavad Gita]] into English from [[Sanskrit]]. She had sought permission from a CBI court in Mumbai to publish them.<br />
In 2017, following a jail inmate's death due to alleged torture by jail officials, Indrani and 200 other prisoners in Byculla women's prison were booked for rioting. The jail officials accused of murdering the inmate are currently being tried in a fast-track court.<br />
<br />
After her bail plea was rejected by the [[Bombay High Court]], the Supreme Court granted her bail in 2022 after more than 6 years as an undertrial, and she returned home to her Worli residence.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jail-sheena-bora-murder-case-indrani-mukerjea-home-pictures-1952323-2022-05-21 |title=Indrani Mukerjea, accused of daughter's murder, back at posh Worli home after 6 years in jail |author=Vidya |date=21 May 2022 |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=indiatoday.in}}</ref> The Court while granting bail, noted that of the 237 prosecution witnesses, 185 witnesses still remain to be examined, and there was no sign of the trial completing soon.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/supreme-court-grants-bail-to-indrani-mukerjea-in-sheena-bora-murder-case/articleshow/91634500.cms |title=Supreme Court grants bail to Indrani Mukerjea in Sheena Bora murder case |author=Swati Deshpande |date=18 May 2022 |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=indiatimes.com}}</ref><br />
Her bail conditions included surrendering her passport, not contacting any of the witnesses, and not seeking adjournment of the case.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/indrani-mukerjea-out-of-jail-six-years-arrest-7928145/ |title=Indrani Mukerjea walks out of Byculla prison |author=Express News Service |date=21 May 2022 |access-date=9 January 2024 |website=indianexpress.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2024, [[Netflix]] released a docuseries ''[[The Indrani Mukerjea Story: Buried Truth]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch The Indrani Mukerjea Story: Buried Truth {{!}} Netflix Official Site |url=https://www.netflix.com/in/title/81150989 |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=www.netflix.com |language=en}}</ref> which explored the case.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roeloffs |first=Mary Whitfill |title=Why Netflix Delayed The Release Of 'Buried Truth' Docuseries—One Of Last Week's Biggest Hits |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maryroeloffs/2024/03/06/why-netflix-delayed-the-release-of-buried-truth-docuseries-one-of-last-weeks-biggest-hits/ |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Memoir ==<br />
<br />
Indrani Mukerjea wrote a memoir entitled ''Unbroken'', which was published by [[HarperCollins]] in 2023.<ref name=NotCrime>{{cite web | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/its-not-a-crime-to-be-ambitious-successful-and-beautiful-indrani-mukerjea/cid/1961237 | title=It's not a crime to be ambitious, successful and beautiful: Indrani Mukerjea }}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukerjea, Indrani}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1972 births]]<br />
[[Category:Businesspeople from Guwahati]]<br />
[[Category:British businesspeople of Indian descent]]<br />
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:British expatriates in India]]<br />
[[Category:British television executives]]<br />
[[Category:British chief executives]]<br />
[[Category:British women chief executives]]<br />
[[Category:British prisoners and detainees]]<br />
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of India]]<br />
[[Category:Businesswomen from Assam]]<br />
[[Category:People with Overseas Citizenship of India]]<br />
[[Category:People charged with murder]]<br />
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of Maharashtra]]</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaile_Anil_Kumar&diff=507436Kaile Anil Kumar2026-04-25T03:33:46Z<p>CharliVangundy: done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1979)}}<br />
{{family name hatnote|Kaile|lang=Telugu}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Kaile Anil Kumar<br />
| image =<br />
| caption =<br />
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]], [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| term_start = 2019<br />
| term_end = 2024<br />
| predecessor = Uppuleti Kalpana<br />
| successor = [[Varla Kumar Raja]]<br />
| constituency = [[Pamarru Assembly constituency|Pamarru]]<br />
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Kaile Anil Kumar''' (born 1979) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is an MLA of [[YSR Congress Party]] from [[Pamarru Assembly constituency]] in [[Krishna district]] which is reserved for SC community. He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]. He is nominated by [[YSR Congress Party]] again to contest from Pamarru constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh Election 2023: Get Latest Updates of Constituency List in Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election 2023 |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election/constituencies-list/ |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Kumar hails from Pamarru. He was born to Kaile Sanjeeva Rao. He completed his BBM from Noble College, Machilipatnam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-01 |title=Kaile Anil Kumar {{!}} MLA {{!}} Pamarru {{!}} Krishna {{!}} Andhra Pradesh {{!}} YSRCP |url=https://theleaderspage.com/kaile-anil-kumar/ |access-date=2024-05-15 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Kumar won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from Pamarr Assembly constituency on YSR Congress Party ticket defeating [[Telugu Desam Party|Telugu Desam]] candidate Uppuleti Kalpana by a margin of 30,873 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pamarru Constituency Election Results 2019: Pamarru Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/pamarru |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> In January 2023, his house was reportedly ransacked.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivas |first=Rajulapudi |date=2023-01-27 |title=Miscreants ransack MLA's house |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/miscreants-ransack-mlas-house/article66441066.ece |access-date=2024-05-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In March 2024, chief minister [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy|Jagan Mohan Reddy]] praised him for his developmental activities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=అనిల్ లా ప్రతి ఎమ్మెల్యే ఉంటే... సీఎం జగన్ ఇంట్రెస్టింగ్ కామెంట్స్ {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/video/news-videos/cm-ys-jagan-about-pamarru-mla-kaile-anil-kumar-1972224 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Anil Kumar, Kaile}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]<br />
[[Category:1979 births]]<br />
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]<br />
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ziyad_Rahman_A._A&diff=546584Ziyad Rahman A. A2026-04-24T21:09:52Z<p>CharliVangundy: put up initial page initial version</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Ziyad Rahman A. A<br />
| honorific_prefix = '''Justice'''<br />
| image =<br />
| caption = <br />
| office = [[Kerala High Court|Judge of the Kerala High Court]]<br />
| term_start = 25 February 2021<br />
| term_end = <br />
| appointer = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]<br />
| nominator = [[Sharad Arvind Bobde]]<br />
| predecessor = <br />
| office2 = <br />
| term_start2 = <br />
| term_end2 = <br />
| office3 = <br />
| term_start3 = <br />
| term_end3 = <br />
| office4 = <br />
| term_start4 = <br />
| term_end4 = <br />
| office5 = <br />
| term_start5 = <br />
| term_end5 = <br />
| office6 = <br />
| term_start6 = <br />
| term_end6 = <br />
| office7 = <br />
| term_start7 = <br />
| term_end7 = <br />
| office8 = <br />
| term_start8 = <br />
| term_end8 = <br />
| education = <br />
| alma_mater = YMS Law College, Kundapura, Karnataka<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|5|12|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Thrikkakara]], [[Ernakulam]]<br />
| father = <br />
| mother = <br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = <br />
| website = {{URL|https://hckerala.gov.in/judges.php|High Court of Kerala}}<br />
| signature = <br />
}}<br />
'''Ziyad Rahman Alevakkatt Abdul Rahiman''' (born May 12, 1972) is an Indian judge serving on the [[Kerala High Court]], the highest court in the [[Indian state]] of [[Kerala]] and in the [[Union Territory]] of [[Lakshadweep]].<ref name="hc">{{cite web|url=https://hckerala.gov.in/judges.php|title=Official|via=Official website High Court of Kerala|date=|access-date=12 Mar 2022}}</ref><ref name="Appointment">{{cite web|url=https://doj.gov.in/sites/default/files/Orders%20of%20appointment%20of%20Shri%20Z%20R%20A%20A%20Rahiman%20and%2003%20others%20%20to%20be%20Addl.%20Judges%20of%20Kerala%20HC%20%2822.02.2021%29.pdf|title=Appointment Notification|via=Department of Justice, Government of India|work=doj.gov.in|date=22 Feb 2021|access-date=12 Mar 2022}}</ref><ref name="PIB">{{cite web|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1700024|title=Appointment Notification|via=Official website Press Information Bureau|work=pib.gov.in|date=22 Feb 2021|access-date=12 Mar 2022}}</ref><ref name="H1">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/four-appointed-as-hc-judges/article33904547.ece|title=Four appointed as HC judges|via=The Hindu News|work=thehindu.com|date=22 Feb 2021|access-date=12 Mar 2022}}</ref><ref name="LL1">{{cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/four-new-judges-take-office-in-kerala-high-court-working-strength-now-40-170374|title=Four New Judges Take Office In Kerala High Court; Working Strength Now 40|via=Live Law News|work=livelaw.in|date=25 Feb 2021|access-date=12 Mar 2022}}</ref><ref name="IE1">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2020/aug/18/hc-to-get-four-more-judges-2184771.html|title=Kerala HC to get four more judges|via=New Indian Express News|work=newindianexpress.com|date=18 Aug 2020|access-date=12 Mar 2022}}</ref><ref name="TOI1">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-hc-gets-4-new-judges/articleshow/81166688.cms|title=Kerala HC gets four new judges|via=Times of India News|work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=23 Feb 2021|access-date=12 Mar 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Rahman was born to Adv. A.A. Abdul Rahman and Latheepha at Thrikkakkara, Ernakulam District on May 12, 1972{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}. He attended Mary Matha English Medium School, Thrikkakkara, Cardinal High School, Thrikkakkara, graduated in economics from [[St. Paul's College, Kalamassery]] and obtained Degree in law from YMS Law College, Kundapura, Karnataka in 1996.<ref name="hc"/><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Rahman enrolled as an Advocate on August 31, 1997 and started practicing in High Court of Kerala and Subordinate Courts in Ernakulam mainly in Electricity Act, Motor Vehicles Act, Insurance Act, Employees Compensation Act, Land Laws etc. During his practice, he served as Standing Counsel for New India Assurance Company Ltd. from 2011 till his appointment as Additional Judge of Kerala High Court on February 25, 2021. He became a permanent judge of that high court from June 6, 2022.<ref name="hc"/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in High Court of Kerala]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahman A. A., Ziyad}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1972 births]]<br />
[[Category:Judges of the Kerala High Court]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=K._S._Jawahar&diff=507026K. S. Jawahar2026-04-19T22:11:22Z<p>CharliVangundy: pg</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Former Minister of Excise, Andhra Pradesh, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name =<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|01|26|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = Ganugapadu, [[Tiruvuru mandal|Tiruvuru]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| office = Chairman of Andhra Pradesh SC Commission<br />
| constituency = <br />
| term_start = 11 May 2025<br />
| term_end = <br />
| office2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]], [[14th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| constituency2 = [[Kovvur Assembly constituency|Kovvur]], [[East Godavari district]]<br />
| term_start2 = 16 May 2014<br />
| term_end2 = 23 May 2019<br />
| predecessor2 = T V Rama Rao, [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]<br />
| successor2 = [[Taneti Vanitha]], [[YSR Congress Party|YRCP]]<br />
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]] (2014 – present)<br />
| office1 = Minister of Excise, [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| term_start1 = 2 April 2017<br />
| term_end1 = 29 May 2019<br />
| predecessor1 = <br />
| occupation = Teacher, politician<br />
| spouse = Usha Rani<br />
| children = 3<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| year = 2004<br />
| parents = Amrutham (father), Dhanamma (mother)<br />
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister<br />
| 1namedata2 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]<br />
| birth_name = Kothapalli Samuel Jawahar <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kothapalli Samuel Jawahar''' (born 26 January 1965), popularly known as '''K. S. Jawahar''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=కొత్త మంత్రుల పుట్టుపూర్వోత్తరాలు {{!}} Andhrabhoomi - Telugu News Paper Portal {{!}} Daily Newspaper in Telugu {{!}} Telugu News Headlines {{!}} Andhrabhoomi |url=http://www.andhrabhoomi.net/content/ap-4396 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=www.andhrabhoomi.net |archive-date=10 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210041707/http://www.andhrabhoomi.net/content/ap-4396 |url-status=dead }}</ref> is a politician from the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and also a [[teacher]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-04-04 |title=Sonrise in AP: Lokesh new IT, panchayat raj minister |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/sonrise-in-ap-lokesh-new-it-panchayat-raj-minister/articleshow/58002406.cms |access-date=2023-10-02 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He served as the State Excise Minister from 2017 to 2019<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-07-05 |title=Top stories of the day - July 5, 2017 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/top-stories-of-the-day-july-5-2017/article19216193.ece |access-date=2023-10-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> in the state of Andhra Pradesh and was elected as the [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) for [[Kovvur Assembly constituency]] from 2014 to 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Representatives {{!}} West Godavari District, Government of Andhra Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://westgodavari.ap.gov.in/public-representatives/ |access-date=2023-10-02 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
K. S. Jawahar was appointed as AP SC Commission chairman on 11 May 2025.<ref name="Govt issues orders filling 22 nominated posts">{{cite news |last1= |title=Govt issues orders filling 22 nominated posts |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/govt-issues-orders-filling-22-nominated-posts-970338 |access-date=12 May 2025 |work= |publisher=The Hans India |date=12 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250512121100/https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/govt-issues-orders-filling-22-nominated-posts-970338 |archive-date=12 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
K. S. Jawahar completed his BA and B.Ed. degrees, as well as a PGDTT qualification. He worked as a teacher in [[Kovvur]] and held the position of President of the Andhra Pradesh Teachers Federation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ఏపీ మంత్రివర్గంలో కొత్త వారి వ్యక్తిగత వివరాలు |url=https://www.suryaa.com/ |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=www.suryaa.com |language=en}}</ref> He became a member of the [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP) prior to the 2014 elections.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Hans News |date=2019-03-18 |title=Excise Minister Jawahar to contest against MLA Rakshana |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/vijayawada/excise-minister-jawahar-to-contest-against-mla-rakshana-512925 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Political career ==<br />
Jawahar resigned from his position as a teacher entered politics in 2014 through the Telugu Desam Party. He ran as a TDP candidate for the Kovvur constituency in the [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014 elections]] and emerged victorious,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kothapalli Samuel Jawahar(TDP):Constituency- KOVVUR(WEST GODAVARI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/andhra2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=3710 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-16 |title=ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ విజేతలు |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/elections-2014/winners-in-andhra-pradesh-131007 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=Sakshi |language=te}}</ref> defeating [[YSR Congress Party]] candidate [[Taneti Vanitha]] with a majority of 12,745 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Kovvur 2014 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2014/andhra-pradesh-%5B2014-onwards%5D/kovvur/62/34900/www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2014/andhra-pradesh-%5B2014-onwards%5D/kovvur/62/34900/235 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> After assuming office as an MLA, Jawahar took on various roles, including serving as a member of the SC House Committee and being appointed as a board member of the Agriculture Committee under N. G. Ranga Agricultural University. On April 2, 2017, he assumed the role of Excise Minister<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=G. V. R. Subba |date=2017-04-02 |title=11 new faces, including Lokesh, in Cabinet; 4 from YSRCP make it |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/11-new-faces-including-lokesh-in-cabinet-4-from-ysrcp-make-it/article17761801.ece |access-date=2023-10-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2017-04-14 |title=Kothapalli Samuel Jawahar vows arrack-free AP |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2017-04-14/Kothapalli-Samuel-Jawahar-vows-arrack-free-AP/293272 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> as part of the cabinet reshuffle in Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-10 |title=ఇవీ ఆంధ్రా కొత్త మంత్రుల శాఖలు |url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/andhra-pradesh/naidu-cabinet-and-portfolios |access-date=2023-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210075142/https://telugu.asianetnews.com/andhra-pradesh/naidu-cabinet-and-portfolios |archive-date=10 December 2021 }}</ref> In the 2019 elections, he contested as a TDP candidate for the [[Tiruvuru Assembly constituency]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kothapalli Samuel Jawahar(TDP):Constituency- TIRUVURU(KRISHNA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/andhrapradesh2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=4762 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> but was defeated by YSR Congress Party candidate [[Kokkiligadda Rakshana Nidhi]] by 10,835 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Tiruvuru 2019 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2019/andhra-pradesh-%5B2014-onwards%5D/tiruvuru/62/43550/www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2019/andhra-pradesh-%5B2014-onwards%5D/tiruvuru/62/43550/272 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2019-05-24 |title=YSRCP set to wrest many seats from Telugu Desam in Krishna district |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/ysrcp-set-to-wrest-many-seats-from-telugu-desam-in-krishna-district/article27231075.ece |access-date=2023-10-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jawahar, Kothapalli Samuel}}<br />
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1965 births]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mangnipora&diff=515925Mangnipora2026-04-18T07:26:04Z<p>CharliVangundy: adding the info needs work</p>
<hr />
<div>{{No footnotes|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{About|the village in Bandipora, India|its neighbouring village|Patushay}}<br />
{{Infobox Village<br />
| name = Mangnipora<br />
| area_total_ha = 436.3<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
| registration_plate = JK15<br />
| population_demonym = Mangniporaya, Mangniporayian, Mangniporuk<br />
| area_code = 01957<br />
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]<br />
| leader_name = NA<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://drdk.nic.in/SRO%20211%20Name%20of%20Sarpanch%20%26%20Panchs/BANDIPORA.pdf|title=Sarpanchs in Bandipora|access-date=19 February 2024|archive-date=3 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603175408/http://drdk.nic.in/SRO%20211%20Name%20of%20Sarpanch%20%26%20Panchs/BANDIPORA.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]<br />
| total_type = <br />
| pushpin_map = Jammu and Kashmir#India<br />
| blank_name_sec1 = Census of India Village-code<br />
| blank_info_sec1 = 002744<br />
| leader_title1 = [[District Development Council]]<br />
| leader_name1 = Kaunser Shafeeq<br />
| demographics2_title1 = Spoken<br />
| demographics2_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[English language|English]]<br />
| demographics_type2 = Languages Spoken<br />
| settlement_type = [[Village]]<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| population_total = 4021<br />
| postal_code = 193505<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Mangnipora+193502/@34.4283102,74.5789288,16z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x38e112c9ccc6d055:0x55dfcff1b19aac5f!8m2!3d34.426378!4d74.5836739!16s%2Fg%2F12jshvdpc?entry=ttu|title=Postal Pincode in Mangnipora}}</ref><br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| utc_offset = +05:30<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics_type1 = Official Languages<br />
| population_density_km2 = Auto<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bandipora district|Bandipora]]<br />
| other_name = Murad Pora<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union Territory]]<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|34|25|33|N|74|35|4|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| elevation_m = 1578<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Aloosa]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Mangnipora''' is a village in [[Aloosa]] Tehsil in [[Bandipore district|Bandipora District]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]].<br />
<br />
== Transport ==<br />
<br />
=== Road ===<br />
Mangnipora is connected by road with other places in Jammu and Kashmir and India by the Srinagar-Bandipora Road, Sopore-Bandipora Road, etc.<br />
<br />
=== Rail ===<br />
The nearest railway stations to Mangnipora are [[Sopore railway station|Sopore Railway Station]] and [[Srinagar railway station|Srinagar Railway Station]], located 26 and 73 kilometers from Mangnipora respectively.<br />
<br />
=== Air ===<br />
The nearest airport is [[Sheikh ul-Alam International Airport|Srinagar International Airport]] located 69&nbsp;km from Mangnipora.<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Total Households<br />
|627<br />
|-<br />
!Total Murad Pora (Mangni Pora) Village Population<br />
|4021<br />
|-<br />
!Total Male Population<br />
|2084<br />
|-<br />
!Total Female Population<br />
|1937<br />
|-<br />
!Sex Ratio<br />
|107.58905524006<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Culture ==<br />
See: [[Culture of Kashmir]]<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* Patushay<br />
* [[Bandipore district|Bandipora]]<br />
* [[Gurez|Gurez Valley]]<br />
* [[Wular Lake|Wullar Lake]]<br />
* Qazipora Patushi<br />
* [[Harmukh]]<br />
* [[Kashmir]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mangnipora}}<br />
[[Category:Villages in Bandipore district]]<br />
[[Category:Bandipore district]]</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagaur_Assembly_constituency&diff=519879Nagaur Assembly constituency2026-04-16T04:35:05Z<p>CharliVangundy: adding some data nd citations</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Nagaur<br />
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-109-Nagaur.svg<br />
| mla = Harendra Mirdha<br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
| state = [[Rajasthan]]<br />
| district = [[Nagaur district|Nagaur]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagaur Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaur]]<br />
| established = 1972<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:270729}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 109<br />
}}<br />
'''Nagaur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]]. It comprises parts of [[Nagaur tehsil]], in [[Nagaur district]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref> As of 2023, it is represented by Harendra Mirdha of the [[Indian National Congress]].{{update after|2029|2}}<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<br />
!colspan="2"|Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<br />
|rowspan=2|[[Harendra Mirdha]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<br />
|[[Gajendra Singh Khimsar]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref><br />
|rowspan=2| Habibur Rahaman<br />
|-<br />
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/> <br />
|Mohan Ram Choudhary<br />
|-<br />
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
|[[Harendra Mirdha]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
=== 2023 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagaur<ref name=election2023/>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Harendra Mirdha<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:87110}}<br />
|percentage = 46.29<br />
|change = +4.66<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Jyoti Mirdha<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:72490}}<br />
|percentage = 38.52<br />
|change = -10.5<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Habiburrehman Ashrafi Lamba<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:20578}}<br />
|percentage = 10.93<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Surendra Dotar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1801}}<br />
|percentage = 0.96<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2159}}<br />
|percentage = 1.15<br />
|change = +0.32<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:14620}}<br />
|percentage = 7.77<br />
|change = +0.38<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:188186}}<br />
|percentage = 69.51<br />
|change = -3.16<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2018 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagaur<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Mohan Ram<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:86315}}<br />
|percentage = 49.02<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Habibur Rehman Ashrafi Lamba<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:73307}}<br />
|percentage = 41.63<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party<br />
|candidate = Samsher Khan<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:5372}}<br />
|percentage = 3.05<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Bajrang Ram<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2158}}<br />
|percentage = 1.23<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Narendra<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2089}}<br />
|percentage = 1.19<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Dalit Kranti Dal<br />
|candidate = Goutam Nayak<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1613}}<br />
|percentage = 0.92<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1453}}<br />
|percentage = 0.83<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:13008}}<br />
|percentage = 7.39<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:176092}}<br />
|percentage = 72.67<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[Nagaur district]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|27.2|73.73|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Nagaur district]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]<br />
[[Category:1972 establishments in Rajasthan]]</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leech_(2025_film)&diff=512021Leech (2025 film)2026-04-07T23:40:27Z<p>CharliVangundy: adding a info more to come.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian Malayalam-language action film}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| director = S M<br />
| writer = S M<br />
| producer = Anoop Rethna<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
*Anoop Rethna<br />
*Megha<br />
*Sandya Nair<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = Arun T Sasi<br />
| editing = Alvin Tomy<br />
| music = Kiran Jose<br />
| studio = Book of Cinema Productions<br />
| distributor = SFC Ads<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|3|14}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Malayalam<br />
}}'''''Leech''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action film]] written and directed by S. M.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ജാക്ക് ലീച്ച് രണ്ടാംടെസ്റ്റിനില്ല ; മത്സരം നാളെ |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/sports-2/news_70/316006 |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=Deshabhimani |language=en}}</ref> The film stars Anoop Rethna, Megha, and Sandya Nair in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=nirmal |title='ലീച്ച്' മാര്ച്ച് 7 ന്; ഫസ്റ്റ് ലുക്ക് പോസ്റ്റര് എത്തി |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/leech-malayalam-movie-first-look-poster-sryzk0 |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=Asianet News Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref> It is produced by Anoop Rethna under the banner of Book of Cinema Productions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=இளையராஜாவின் பாடல்களை பாடக்கூடாதா?: இயக்குனர் பேரரசு கேள்வி |url=https://m.dinakaran.com/article/News_Detail/26784 |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=cinema.dinakaran.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
<br />
* Anoop Rethna as Karthi<br />
* Megha as Megha<br />
* Sandya Nair as Sandy<br />
* Nizam Calicut as Akbar<br />
* Kannan Viswanathan as Philip<br />
* Zuhail Sulthan as Anand<br />
* Bakkar as George<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
The film is written and directed by S M,<ref>{{Cite web |last=ലേഖകൻ |first=അന്വേഷണം |date=2025-02-20 |title=അനൂപ് രത്ന ചിത്രം ലീച്ചിന്റെ ഫസ്റ്റ് ലുക്ക് പോസ്റ്റർ പുറത്ത്; ചിത്രം മാർച്ച് 7 ന് തിയേറ്ററിൽ എത്തും {{!}} Leach movie |url=https://anweshanam.com/951185/leach-movie-2012-new/ |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=Anweshanam |language=ml-IN}}</ref> while the technical team consists of Arun T Sasi as the cinematographer,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Express Kerala |date=2025-02-20 |title='ലീച്ച്' ചിത്രത്തിന്റെ ഫസ്റ്റ് ലുക്ക് പോസ്റ്റര് പുറത്ത് |url=https://www.expresskerala.com/news/the-first-look-poster-of-leech-is-out.html |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=Malayalam News, Kerala News, Political News {{!}} Express Kerala |language=ml-IN}}</ref> Alvin [[Tomy]] as the editor and Kiran Jose as the music director.<ref>{{Cite web |last=மலர் |first=மாலை |date=2025-03-05 |title=சினிமாவில் மொழி ஒரு பிரச்சினை இல்லை.. இயக்குநர் பேரரசு {{!}} cinema has no problem with languages said director perarasu |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/cinema-has-no-problem-with-languages-said-director-perarasu-763165 |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
Regarding the Tamil dubbed version, a critic from ''[[Dinamalar]]'' wrote: "The film puts forward the idea that women should not always allow themselves to be surrounded by loneliness. The cinematographer Arun T. is commendable for showing the forest beautifully. The music director Kiran Jose has composed the background score well."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dinamalar hosted at ImgBB |url=https://ibb.co/sdMFP7fX |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=ImgBB |language=ta}}</ref> Regarding the same version, a reviewer of ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' stated: "Admirable. Although the characters do not speak much in the film, the background music is used throughout the film. The weakness of the film is the lack of compelling scenes".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maalaimalar hosted at ImgBB |url=https://ibb.co/MkSL19sJ |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=ImgBB |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[Dinakaran]]'' critic also gave a mixed review of the same version.<ref>{{Cite web |title=லீச் – திரை விமர்சனம் – Kollywood News {{!}} Kollywood Images – Cinema.dinakaran.com |url=https://cinema.dinakaran.com/leech_movie_review/ |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=cinema.dinakaran.com|language=ta}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* {{IMDb title|29457468}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2025 action films]]<br />
[[Category:2025 films]]<br />
[[Category:2025 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action films]]</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valleem_Thetti_Pulleem_Thetti&diff=543456Valleem Thetti Pulleem Thetti2026-04-01T18:52:24Z<p>CharliVangundy: put up basic stub w/ infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|2016 film by Rishi Sivakumar}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Valleem Thetti Pulleem Thetti<br />
| image = Valleem Thetti Pulleem Thetti Poster.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| native_name = <br />
| director = Rishi Sivakumar<br />
| producer = Faizal Latheef<br />Sajeev MeeraSahib Rawther<br />
| writer = {{ubl|Rishi S<br>Jijo Seban}}<br />
| screenplay = Jijo Seban<br />
| story = Jijo Seban<br />
| based_on = <!-- {{based on|title of the original work|writer of the original work}} --><br />
| starring = [[Kunchacko Boban]]<br>[[Shamili]]<br>[[Renji Panicker]]<br>[[Manoj K.Jayan]]<br>[[Saiju Kurup]]<br>[[Sreejith Ravi]]<br />
| narrator = <!-- or: |narrators = --><br />
| music = [[Sooraj S. Kurup]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interview/sooraj-s-kurup-valliyum-thetti-pulliyum-thetti-songs-kunchacko-boban.html|title=Sooraj S Kurup who put vallis and pullis in the right place|website=OnManorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/title-song-of-valleem-thetti-pulleem-thetti-released/articleshow/51440209.cms|title=Title song of Valleem Thetti Pulleem Thetti released|date=16 January 2017|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref><br />
| cinematography = Kunjunni S. Kumar<br />
| editing = <br />
| studio = Achappu Movie Magic<br />
| distributor = [[Kalasangham Films]] <br> Popcorn Entertainments<br />
| released = {{Film date|2016|05|12|df=yes}}<br />
| runtime = 148 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Malayalam<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <!--(please use condensed and rounded values, e.g. "£11.6 million" not "£11,586,221")--><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Valleem Thetti Pulleem Thetti''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by Rishi Sivakumar. It stars [[Kunchacko Boban]], [[Renji Panicker]], [[Manoj K.Jayan]], [[Saiju Kurup]] and [[Shamili]] (in her first and only Malayalam film as a leading actress).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kunchacko-boban-to-shed-7-kg-for-his-next/articleshow/46783316.cms|title=Kunchacko Boban to shed 7 kg for his next|date=3 April 2015|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/get-ready-kerala-baby-shamlee-all-set-make-comeback-silver-screen-after-18-years-42040|title=Get ready Kerala: Baby Shamlee is all set to make a comeback to the silver screen after 18 years|first=T. N. M.|last=Staff|date=22 April 2016|website=The News Minute}}</ref> The film hinges on cinema culture and the presentation of 1990s film themes & styles. The film was released on 12 May 2016 but was panned and flopped at the box office.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/Valleem-Thetti-Pulleem-Thetti/articleshow/52239763.cms|title = Valleem Thetti Pulleem Thetti Movie Review {2.5/5}: Critic Review of Valleem Thetti Pulleem Thetti by Times of India| newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
<br />
The story is set in the 1990s in a village and its about film culture. Vinayan is a young man, who works as a projector operator in Sreedevi Talkies, an old "C" class cinema theatre. The owner of the theatre is Madhavan Nair, who is like a godfather to Vinayan. Madhavan inherited it from his father who was a film nut. Madhavan finds it hard to run the business and loses his right to land to the village's wealthy businessman Menon due to debt and leaves the village. Vinayan is in love with the Menon's daughter, Sreedevi. Neer is the town's infamous [[moonshine]]r who supports Vinayan's love and dies later in an accident resulting from intoxication. Vinayan and his friends often find in trouble with Biju and his friends over petty issues. During the village's annual temple festival Vinayan plans to run away with Sreedevi. Menon finds this out and attempts to kill Vinayan. A misfired firework during the festival lands on Menon and he dies off-screen. Everyone in the village is happy and they continue the talkies that were on the verge of shutdown.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
*[[Kunchacko Boban]] as Vinayan ([[Prem Nazir]])<br />
**Aniroodh as Young Vinayan<br />
*[[Renji Panicker]] as Madhavan<br />
*[[Manoj K Jayan]] as Muneer (Neer Ashan)<br />
*[[Saiju Kurup]] as Biju (Bhajrangan)<br />
*[[Krishna Sankar]] as Gagan<br />
*[[Shamili]] as Sreedevi<br />
*[[Miya (actress)|Miya]] as Sreekala<br />
*[[Muthumani]] as Vanaja<br />
*[[Aneesh G Menon]] as Jose<br />
*[[Seema G. Nair]] as Madhavi<br />
*Bindhu as Sreeja Menon<br />
*[[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]] as Menon (Bhagavaan)<br />
*[[Sudheer Karamana]] as Vedikettu Velayudhan<br />
*[[Sreejith Ravi]] as Pothan<br />
*[[Kalabhavan Haneef]] as Nair<br />
*Revathy Sivakumar as Malootty<br />
*[[Chembil Ashokan]] as Govachan<br />
*[[Lukman Avaran]] as Filament Philip<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb title|5370488}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2016 films]]<br />
[[Category:2016 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Sooraj S. Kurup]]</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fatma_Begum&diff=498985Fatma Begum2026-03-31T04:36:49Z<p>CharliVangundy: creating some details more to come</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actress and director (1892–1983)}}<br />
{{redirect|Fatima Begum|the Pakistan Movement politician|Fatima Begum (politician)|the member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab|Fatima Begum (Pakistani politician)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Fatma Begum<br />
| image = Fatima Begum (vers 1925).jpg<br />
| imagesize = 150px<br />
| birth_name = Fatma Bai<br />
| birth_date = 1892<br />
| birth_place = [[Gujarat]], [[Surat district]], [[British Raj]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]<br />
| death_date = {{death year and age|1983|1892}}<br />
| death_place = [[Gujarat]], [[India]]<br />
| alias = ''First Female Film Director of Indian Cinema''<br />
| occupation = {{Hlist | Actress | director | screenwriter | producer}}<br />
| years_active = 1922–1940<br />
| parents = <br />
| spouse = [[Sidi Ibrahim Muhammad Yakut Khan III|Nawab Sidi Ibrahim Muhammad Yakut Khan III]] (divorced)<ref name=OxfordUniversityPress/><br />
| children = 3, including [[Zubeida]] and [[Sultana (actress)|Sultana]]<br />
| relatives = [[Jamila Razzaq]] (granddaughter) <br/> [[Rhea Pillai]] (great-granddaughter)<br />
}}<br />
'''Fatma Begum''' (1892 {{endash}} 1983) was an Indian actress, director, producer and screenwriter. She is known as ''The First Female Film Director in [[Cinema of India|Indian Cinema]]''.<ref name=Cinemaazi>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/fatma-begum|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 January 2022|access-date=29 March 2025|title=Fatma Begum profile|website=Indian Cinema Heritage Foundation (Cinemaazi.com) website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118183438/https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/fatma-begum}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.himalmag.com/culture/a-southasian-filmmaker-sumitra-peries-2022|title=A Southasian filmmaker unlike any other|website=Himal Southasian|date=April 19, 2022}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |publisher=Routledge |year=1999 |isbn=1579581463 |editor-last=Rajadhyaksha |editor-first=Ashish |edition=2 |location=New York |pages=95 |editor-last2=Willemen |editor-first2=Paul}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Within four years, she went on to write, produce and direct many films. She launched her own production house, Fatma Films, which later became Victoria-Fatma Films, and directed her first film, ''Bulbul-e-Paristan'', in 1926.<ref name=TOI>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Bollywoods-unforgettable-women/articleshow/5650530.cms|title=Bollywood's unforgettable women|newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=29 March 2025|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202001530/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Bollywoods-unforgettable-women/articleshow/5650530.cms|url-status=dead|last1=Khurana|first1=Ashleshaa}}</ref><ref name=Cinestaan>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2017/feb/9/4220 |title=Fatma Begum, Jaddanbai: The earliest female filmmakers of Indian cinema|last=Pandya|first=Sonal|website=Cinestaan.com website|access-date=29 March 2025|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226220137/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2017/feb/9/4220|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Fatma Begum was born into an [[Urdu]]-speaking [[Muslim]] family in India and came from a background in the Urdu language theater, her family of Muslim background having spoken that tongue. She was trained in theater and mostly acted in Urdu and Hindi plays.<ref name=Cinemaazi/><ref name=SachinPrincely/><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
She began her career on the Urdu stage. She later shifted to films and debuted in [[Ardeshir Irani]]'s silent film, ''[[Veerabhimanyu|Veer Abhimanyu]]'' (1922).<ref name=Cinemaazi/><ref name=":0" /> It was common practice for men to play women in plays and movies, so she became a huge woman superstar. Fatma Begum was fair skinned and wore dark make-up that suited the sepia/black & white images on the screen. Most of the roles required wigs for the heroes as well as the heroines.<br />
<br />
In 1926, she established Fatma Films which later became known as Victoria-Fatima Films in 1928. She became a pioneer for fantasy cinema where she used trick photography to have early special effects. She was an actress at Kohinoor Studios and [[Imperial Studios]], while writing, directing, producing, and acting in her own films at Fatma Films.<ref name=Cinemaazi/><ref name=TOI/><br />
<br />
Begum became the first female director of [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]] with her 1926 film, ''Bulbul-e-Paristan''.<ref name=Cinemaazi/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/100-years-of-indian-cinema-the-first-women-directors-599939.html |title=100 Years of Indian Cinema: The first women directors |website=IBNLive |access-date=29 March 2025|archive-date=12 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312133532/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/100-years-of-indian-cinema-the-first-women-directors-599939.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film was a high budget production has been described as a fantasy film featuring many special effects and her daughters [[Sultana (actress)|Sultana]], [[Zubeida]] also Shehzadi worked in the film.<ref name=OxfordUniversityPress/> The film places Begum among early pioneers of fantasy cinema such as [[Georges Méliès|George Melies]].<ref name=OxfordUniversityPress>{{cite book |last=Gazdar |first=Mushtaq |author-link=Mushtaq Gazdar |year=1997 |title=Pakistan Cinema, 1947-1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=8 |isbn=0-19-577817-0}}</ref> She directed many other films, her last being the ''Goddess of Luck'' in 1929. While continuing to produce and appear in her own work, Fatma worked for Kohinoor Studios and Imperial Studios in the film ''Duniya Kya Hai?'' in 1937.<ref name=Cinemaazi/><br />
<br />
She worked in her last film ''[[Diamond Queen (1940 film)|Diamond Queen]]'' as Faima in 1940.<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
She was married to Nawab [[Sidi Ibrahim Muhammad Yakut Khan III]] of [[Sachin State]].<ref name=SachinPrincely>{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/s/sachin.html |title=Sachin Princely State (9 gun salute) |access-date=29 March 2025|archive-date=23 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423041551/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/s/sachin.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Her husband didn't approve of her acting career, as it was not then considered an appropriate profession for girls from respectable families. In response, she divorced him and took custody of her daughter.<ref name=OxfordUniversityPress/> She was the mother of silent superstars [[Zubeida]], [[Sultana (actress)|Sultana]] and Shahzadi.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=Cinestaan/> She was also the grandmother of Humayun Dhanrajgir and Durreshahwar Dhanrajgir, son and daughter of Zubeida and Maharaja Narsingir Dhanrajgir of Hyderabad and [[Jamila Razzaq]] daughter of Sultana and Seth Razaaq, a prominent businessman of Karachi. She also happened to be the great-grandmother of model turned actress [[Rhea Pillai]] who is the daughter of her grand daughter Durreshahwar Dhanrajgir.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mdaily.bhaskar.com/news/SPO-OTS-who-is-rhea-pillai-4602228-PHO.html |title=Who is Rhea Pillai- Daily Bhaskar |access-date=22 August 2019 |archive-date=22 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822173622/https://mdaily.bhaskar.com/news/SPO-OTS-who-is-rhea-pillai-4602228-PHO.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
She died in 1983 at the age of 91.<ref name=Cinemaazi/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/womens-day-2023-almost-forgotten-a-look-back-at-the-firsts-of-indian-cinema/photostory/98472382.cms?picid=98472812|title=Women’s Day 2023: Lost in history! A look back at the 'FIRSTS' of Indian Cinema|newspaper=Times of India|date=March 8, 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
===Silent Movies===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|- <br />
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 1922 || ''Veer Abhimanyu''<ref name=Cinemaazi/><ref name=TOI/> || Subhadra || Debuted in [[Ardeshir Irani]]'s silent film<ref name=Cinemaazi/><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5"|1924 || ''[[Prithvi Vallabh (1924 film)|Prithvi Vallabh]]'' || Mrinalwati || Silent film<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kala Naag'' || || Silent film<br />
|-<br />
| ''Sati Sardarba'' || || Silent film<br />
|-<br />
| ''Gul-e-Bakavali'' || || Silent film<br />
|-<br />
| ''Raja Harishchandra'' || || Silent film<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6"|1925 || ''Social Pirates'' || Mohini || Silent film<br />
|-<br />
| ''Nahar Singh'' || || Silent film<br />
|-<br />
| ''Gaud Bangal'' || || Silent film<br />
|-<br />
| ''Devdasi'' || || Based on Novel<br />
|-<br />
| ''Naharsingh Daku'' || || Silent film<br />
|-<br />
| ''The Magician of Bengal'' || || Silent film<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4"|1926 || ''Indrajal'' || || Silent film<br />
|-<br />
| ''Khubsurat Bala'' || Actress || Silent film<br />
|-<br />
| ''Bulbul-e-Paristan'' || Actress || First female director of [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]]<ref name=OxfordUniversityPress/><br />
|-<br />
| ''Swarga Kankan'' || || Silent film<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|1927 || ''Mumbai Ni Biladi'' || || Silent film<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kul Dipak'' || || Silent film<br />
|-<br />
| 1928 || ''Rup Basant'' || || Silent film<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"|1929 || ''Maha Sunder'' || || Silent film<br />
|-<br />
| ''Mahasundar'' || || Silent film<br />
|-<br />
| ''Nasib Ni Devi'' || || Silent film<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|1930 || ''Am Rande Der Sahara'' || || Silent film<br />
|-<br />
| ''Zalim Zulekha'' || Zulekha || Silent film<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Talkie Movies===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|- <br />
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 1931 || ''Discarded Love'' || Actress ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1933 || ''Satan's Victim'' || Actress || <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"|1934 || ''Seva Sadan'' || Actress ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Sant Tulsidas'' || Actress ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Neki Ka Taj'' || Actress || Starred with [[Noor Jehan]]<br />
|-<br />
| 1938 || ''Duniya Kya Hai?'' || Actress ||<ref name=Cinemaazi/> <br />
|-<br />
| 1939 || ''Romancero Marroquí'' || Actress ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|1940 || ''Jai Swadesh'' || Actress ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Diamond Queen (1940 film)|Diamond Queen]]'' || Faima ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Writer===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|- <br />
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 1926 || ''Bulbul-e-Paristan'' || Writer || Screenplay<br />
|-<br />
| 1928 || ''Heer Ranjha'' <ref name=Cinemaazi/>|| Writer || Screenplay<br />
|-<br />
| 1929 || ''Wonderful Prince'' || Writer || Screenplay<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Director===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|- <br />
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 1926 || ''Bulbul-e-Paristan''<ref name=Cinemaazi/>|| Director || First female director of [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]];<br/>Used own production house 'Fatma Films'<ref name=Cinemaazi/><br />
|-<br />
| 1927 || ''Goddess of Love'' || Director ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|1928 || ''Chandravali''<ref name=Cinemaazi/> || Director ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Heer Ranjha'' || Director || Director and writer<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6"|1929 || ''Goddess of Luck''|| Director || Director<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kanakatara'' || Director ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Milan Dinar''<ref name=Cinemaazi/> || Director ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Shakuntala'' || Director ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kanak Tara''<ref name=Cinemaazi/> || Director ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Nasib Ni Devi''<ref name=Cinemaazi/> || Director || She also acted in the film<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Producer===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|- <br />
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 1928 || ''Heer Ranjha''<ref name=Cinemaazi/> || Producer || Producer, director and writer<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Legacy==<br />
Her legacy was carried on by her daughters [[Sultana (actress)|Sultana]], Shahzadi and [[Zubeida]] acted in India's first ever talkie, ''[[Alam Ara]]'', in addition to being a [[silent film]] star.<ref name=Cinemaazi/><ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{commons category-inline}}<br />
* {{IMDb name|0066828}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fatima Begum}}<br />
[[Category:1892 births]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian silent film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:1983 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women screenwriters]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]<br />
[[Category:Screenwriters from Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:People from Surat district]]<br />
[[Category:Women writers from Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Film directors from Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women film producers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian silent film producers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian silent film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Businesswomen from Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Businesspeople from Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]<br />
[[Category:Indian courtesans]]</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radhanagar_Beach&diff=527939Radhanagar Beach2026-03-30T14:46:18Z<p>CharliVangundy: adding basic article first draft - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Beach on Havelock Island, India}}<br />
{{Infobox landform<br />
| name = Radhanagar Beach<br />
| image = File:Radha_Nagar_beach_,_Havelock_Island,_Andamn,India-_Sun_set_view.JPG<br />
| caption = Radha Nagar beach, Havelock Island, Andamn,- Sun set view<br />
| location = [[Havelock Island]], [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[India]]<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|11.9820|N|92.9640|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| water_bodies = [[Bay of Bengal]]<br />
| length = 2 km<br />
| width = Variable<br />
| elevation = 0 m<br />
| type = Sandy beach<br />
| part_of = [[Havelock Island]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Radhanagar Beach''' is a beach located on [[Havelock Island]] (officially known as [[Swaraj Dweep]]), in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[India]]. Recognized for its natural beauty and environmental sustainability, it has been awarded the [[Blue Flag beach]] certification, which is an international eco-label for beaches meeting strict environmental, safety, and cleanliness standards.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-08 |title=World Oceans Day: India’s Radhanagar Beach is the World’s Second Most Sustainable Beach |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/travel/world-oceans-day-sustainable-beaches-in-the-world-101717764382051.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702042600/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/travel/world-oceans-day-sustainable-beaches-in-the-world-101717764382051.html |archive-date=2024-07-02 |access-date=2025-02-08 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Eisha |date=2024-08-30 |title=From Adventure To Conservation: Discover India’s Blue Flag Beaches |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/experiences/nature/from-adventure-to-conservation-discover-indias-blue-flag-beaches |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=Outlook Traveller |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Radhanagar Beach at Swarajdweep One Among the Eight to be Awarded Blue Flag Certificate |url=https://www.andamanchronicle.net/index.php/20365-radhanagar-beach-at-swarajdweep-one-among-the-eight-to-be-awarded-blue-flag-certificate |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=www.andamanchronicle.net}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Location and accessibility ==<br />
Radhanagar Beach is on the western coast of [[Havelock Island]], about 12 kilometres from Havelock Jetty. It can be reached through:<ref>{{Cite web |title=How To Reach Radhanagar Beach; Ranked Among World’s Top 10 Beaches |url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/travel-how-to-reach-radhanagar-beach-ranked-among-worlds-top-10-beaches-7204651.html |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthick |first=Tarun |date=2024-10-03 |title=A&N Administration to Attempt Multiple Underwater Guinness World Records at Radha Nagar Beach in Swaraj Dweep |url=https://nicobartimes.com/local-news/an-administration-to-attempt-multiple-underwater-guinness-world-records-at-radha-nagar-beach-in-swaraj-dweep/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=Nicobar Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Andaman & Nicobar's Radhanagar Beach ranked No. 7 in the world |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/andaman-nicobars-radhanagar-beach-ranked-no-7-in-the-world-1196168.html |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
* '''Ferry''': Services operate from [[Port Blair]], with a journey duration of 1.5 to 3 hours.<br />
* '''Local Transport''': Taxis, auto-rickshaws, and rental two-wheelers are available.<br />
* '''Public Transport''': Government buses run from Havelock Jetty to the beach.<br />
<br />
== Environment and natural features ==<br />
The beach is known for its white sand, clear turquoise waters, and dense tropical forests. The gentle waves make it suitable for swimming, and the beach is considered one of the cleanest in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthick |first=Tarun |date=2024-12-04 |title=Radhanagar Beach Bags Gold at Outlook Traveller Awards 2024 for Best Eco-Friendly Beach Destination |url=https://nicobartimes.com/local-news/radhanagar-beach-bags-gold-at-outlook-traveller-awards-2024-for-best-eco-friendly-beach-destination/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=Nicobar Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-12 |title=Best beaches in Asia 2023 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-best-beaches-in-asia-2023-3005846/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Blue Flag certification ==<br />
In 2021, Radhanagar Beach received the [[Blue Flag beach]] certification from the [[Foundation for Environmental Education]] (FEE), Denmark. This certification is based on:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radhanagar beach retains Blue Flag certification |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/schools/radhanagar-beach-retains-blue-flag-certification-315139/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shenoy |first=Sanjana |date=2020-10-12 |title=India Becomes World's First Country To Get Blue Flag Eco-Label For 8 Beaches |url=https://curlytales.com/eight-indian-beaches-recommended-for-blue-flag-eco-label-for-the-first-time/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=Curly Tales |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=O. T. |date=2024-01-20 |title=Cleanest Beaches In India With A Blue Flag Certification |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/destinations/india/8-beaches-in-india-that-have-a-blue-flag-certification |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=Outlook Traveller |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
* Water quality monitoring<br />
* Environmental management and education<br />
* Safety measures, including lifeguards and emergency services<br />
* [[Sustainable tourism]] initiatives<br />
<br />
== Activities and attractions ==<br />
<br />
* '''Swimming''': The calm waters and marked safe zones make it ideal for swimming.<br />
* '''Sunset Viewing''': The beach is famous for its scenic sunset views over the [[Bay of Bengal]].<br />
* '''Trekking''': The nearby forests offer trails for trekking and wildlife observation.<br />
* '''Photography''': The landscape of white sand, clear water, and lush greenery makes it a popular location for photography.<br />
<br />
== Best time to visit ==<br />
The ideal time to visit Radhanagar Beach is between '''October and May''', when the weather is favorable. The monsoon season (June to September) brings heavy rainfall, which may restrict beach activities.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Radhanagar Beach, Havelock Island |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/andaman-and-nicobar-islands/radhanagar-beach-havelock-island/ps34819667.cms#supriya-sehgal |access-date=2025-02-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Discover 5 Of India's Most Underrated Enchanting Beach Escapes |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/lifes/discover-5-of-indias-most-underrated-enchanting-beach-escapes/90775/1 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Recognition ==<br />
<br />
* Ranked among the '''top 10 beaches in Asia''' by ''TripAdvisor’s Travelers' Choice Awards''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India wins Asia’s Best Beach in 2021 Travelers’ Choice Awards |url=https://tripadvisor.mediaroom.com/press-releases?item=126527 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=MediaRoom |language=en}}</ref><br />
* Featured as one of the '''best beaches in the world''' by ''Time Magazine'' in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-28 |title=Enjoy The Sun, Sea And Sand At These 10 Of The Most Beautiful Beaches In India |url=https://www.travelandleisureasia.com/in/destinations/india/most-beautiful-beaches-in-india/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=Travel and Leisure Asia {{!}} India |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Conservation efforts ==<br />
To maintain ecological balance, the beach management enforces:<ref>{{Cite web |last=sanjib |date=2024-12-03 |title=Radhanagar Beach Wins Gold for Best Eco-Friendly Beach Destination at Outlook Traveller Awards 2024 |url=https://www.andamansheekha.com/134250/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=ANDAMAN SHEEKHA |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
* A plastic-free zone policy.<br />
* Strict waste management measures.<br />
* Controlled construction to prevent environmental degradation.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]<br />
* [[Havelock Island]]<br />
* [[Blue Flag beach]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* [https://www.andamantourism.gov.in Andaman Tourism Official Website]<br />
* [https://www.blueflag.global Blue Flag Global Certification]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Beaches of India]]<br />
[[Category:Landforms of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]<br />
[[Category:Blue Flag beaches]]</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiruchirappalli_International_Airport&diff=459882Tiruchirappalli International Airport2026-03-29T06:42:58Z<p>CharliVangundy: minor edit</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Airport serving Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox airport<br />
| name = Tiruchirappalli International Airport<br />
| nativename = <br />
| nativename-a = <br />
| image = TRZ NITB.jpg<br />
| image-width = <br />
| IATA = TRZ<br />
| ICAO = VOTR<br />
| type = Public<br />
| owner = [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]]<br />
| operator = [[Airports Authority of India]]<br />
| city-served = [[Tiruchirapalli]]<br />
| location = Tiruchirappalli, [[Tamil Nadu]], India<br />
| opened = {{start date and age|1936|12|23|df=yes|p=n|br=n}}<br />
| operating_base = [[Air India Express]]<br />
| elevation-f = 288<br />
| elevation-m = 87.7<br />
| metric-elev = yes<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|10|45|56|N|078|42|54|E|type:airport|display=inline,title}}<br />
| website = {{URL|www.aai.aero/en/airports/tiruchirapalli}}<br />
| pushpin_map = India Tiruchirapalli#India Tamil Nadu#India<br />
| pushpin_label = '''TRZ'''<br />
| r1-number = 09/27<br />
| r1-length-f = 8136<br />
| r1-length-m = 2480<br />
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]<br />
| metric-rwy = yes<br />
| stat-year = April 2024 - March 2025<br />
| stat1-header = Passengers<br />
| stat1-data = 1,956,851 ({{increase}} 10.9%)<br />
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements<br />
| stat2-data = 17,398 ({{increase}} 21.5%)<br />
| stat3-header = Cargo tonnage<br />
| stat3-data = 6,476 ({{decrease}} 1.8%)<br />
| footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India]]<ref>{{cite report|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|work=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|work=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|work=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Tiruchirappalli International Airport''' {{airport codes|TRZ|VOTR}} is an [[international airport]] serving the city of [[Tiruchirappalli]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Spread across an area of {{cvt|702.02|acre}}, the airport is located off the [[National Highway 336 (India)|National Highway 336]], about {{cvt|5|km}} south of the city center.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aai.aero/allAirports/Trichy_airpo_gi.jsp|title=Tiruchirapalli Airport|publisher=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=5 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531161314/http://aai.aero/allAirports/Trichy_airpo_gi.jsp|archive-date=31 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> As of 2025, it is the second-busiest airport in the state by international passenger traffic, after the [[Chennai International Airport]], and the third-busiest in terms of passengers served, after Chennai and [[Coimbatore International Airport]]s.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 October 2020 |title=AAI air traffic News |url=https://www.aai.aero/en/business-opportunities/aai-traffic-news |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404223355/https://www.aai.aero/en/business-opportunities/aai-traffic-news |archive-date=4 April 2023 |access-date=6 December 2020 |work=[[Airports Authority of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
The airport is managed by the [[Airports Authority of India]] and is served by two Indian and four foreign airlines, providing direct connections to five domestic and nine international locations. The airport was designated as an international airport in October 2012 and holds an [[ISO 9001:2008]] certification.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airportsindia.org.in/allAirports/ISO_12_06_09.pdf|title=ISO Certification of Airports Under Various Standards|publisher=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=29 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101019013231/http://www.airportsindia.org.in/allAirports/ISO_12_06_09.pdf|archive-date=19 October 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/article3497708.ece|title=PM gives infrastructure boost to sagging economy|work=[[Business Line]]|date=7 June 2012|access-date=29 March 2013|archive-date=22 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222100042/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/article3497708.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2023, the airport was awarded as the ''Best Airport in Asia-Pacific'' in the under two million passengers per annum category by [[Airports Council International]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Tiruchi Airport rated best in Asia Pacific region, in under two million passengers category, for 2022|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tiruchi-airport-rated-best-in-asia-pacific-region-in-under-two-million-passengers-category-for-2022/article66590521.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=7 March 2023|access-date=8 March 2023|language=en|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308073929/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tiruchi-airport-rated-best-in-asia-pacific-region-in-under-two-million-passengers-category-for-2022/article66590521.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The first flight service began in 1936 with regular [[airmail]] flights operating from 1938. It was used as an [[airbase]] by the [[Royal Air Force]] during the [[Second World War]]. After the [[Independence Day (India)|Indian Independence]], the airport was used for civilian operations. In the 1990s, the airport had regular commercial flights to the [[Middle East]] and Sri Lanka. In the late 2000s, it expanded as an international hub for [[low cost carriers]] plying to [[South East Asia]]. A new passenger terminal was added in 2009, and the airport was further expanded and renovated in the early 2020s with the addition of a new passenger terminal, parking bays, and [[Air Traffic Control]] tower.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Beginning and establishment===<br />
The first flight landed at the airport on 23 December 1936 when [[Tata Sons]] operated an airmail service between [[Chennai airport|Madras]] and [[Ratmalana Airport|Colombo]] via Tiruchirappalli. The flight was operated by a [[Miles Merlin|Miles M4A Merlin]] aircraft (registration ''VT-AHC''), and was piloted by Homi Dhanjishaw Bharucha.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=N8E-AAAAIBAJ&pg=6160,8690478&dq=TIRUCHIRAPALLI+flights&hl=en|title=First Air Mail for Colombo|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|via=[[Google News]]|date=25 December 1936|access-date=1 January 2018|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408074010/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=N8E-AAAAIBAJ&pg=6160,8690478&dq=TIRUCHIRAPALLI+flights&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> A weekly airmail operated on the [[Bombay airport|Bombay]]&ndash;Tiruchirappalli route, with various stopovers, during early 1937 which later made connection to the Colombo service at Tiruchirappalli.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianairmails.com/1938---trichinopoly---trivandrum-extension.html|title=1938 - Trichinopoly - Trivandrum extension|access-date=30 May 2020|archive-date=21 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721144012/https://www.indianairmails.com/1938---trichinopoly---trivandrum-extension.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The regular airmail service on the Madras&ndash;Colombo route began on 28 February 1938.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianairmails.com/1936---madras-to-colombo-via-trichinopoly.html|title=1936 - Madras to Colombo via Trichinopoly|access-date=30 May 2020|archive-date=21 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721143818/https://www.indianairmails.com/1936---madras-to-colombo-via-trichinopoly.html|url-status=live}}</ref> During the early years, the airfield consisted of a {{cvt|600|m}} runway and an [[Air traffic control]] tower.<ref name="Hist">{{cite report|url=https://www.pdatrademedia.com/airports-international/images/API-Oct-Nov-2012.pdf|title=Airports International|date=October 2012|access-date=1 June 2025|pages=6-12}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Second World War ===<br />
During the [[Second World War]], [[List of Royal Air Force stations|RAF station]] Kajamalai was established at the airfield by the British [[Royal Air Force]].<ref>{{cite web |title=RAF Trichinopoly |url=https://www.rafweb.org/Stations/Stations-T.htm#Trichinopoly |work=Air of Authority |access-date=11 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222032503/https://www.rafweb.org/Stations/Stations-T.htm#Trichinopoly |archive-date=22 December 2019}}</ref> The aircraft landed in the airfield for carrying out repairs at the nearby workshop at [[Ponmalai]].<ref name="Hist"/> The base was used from May 1942 to early 1944, with three squadrons operating out of the airfield.<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;" style="font-size: 90%"<br />
|+ Flying squadrons<br />
|-<br />
! Squadron !! From !! Till !! Aircraft<br />
|-<br />
| [[No. 20 Squadron RAF]] || 31 July 1944 || 21 September 1944 || [[Hawker Hurricane]] Mk IID<ref>{{cite web |title=No. 20 Squadron (RAF) during the Second World War |url=http://www.historyofwar.org/air/units/RAF/20_wwII.html |work=History of war |access-date=11 July 2020 |archive-date=14 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714064505/http://www.historyofwar.org/air/units/RAF/20_wwII.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="RAF">{{cite web|url=http://www.rafweb.org/Stations/Stations-T.htm#Trichinopoly|title=Stations-T|access-date=11 January 2021|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112185353/http://www.rafweb.org/Stations/Stations-T.htm#Trichinopoly|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[No. 5 Squadron RAF]] || 29 October 1944 || 14 December 1944 || [[Republic P-47 Thunderbolt|Republic Thunderbolt]] Mk I, Mk II<ref>{{cite web |title=No. 5 Squadron (RAF) during the Second World War |url=http://www.historyofwar.org/air/units/RAF/5_wwII.html |work=History of war |access-date=11 July 2020 |archive-date=14 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714071021/http://www.historyofwar.org/air/units/RAF/5_wwII.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[No. 123 Squadron RAF]] || 29 October 1944 || 3 December 1944 || Republic Thunderbolt Mk II<ref>{{cite web |title=No. 123 Squadron (RAF) during the Second World War |url=http://www.historyofwar.org/air/units/RAF/123_wwII.html |work=History of war |access-date=11 July 2020 |archive-date=28 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228173351/http://www.historyofwar.org/air/units/RAF/123_wwII.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
It served as the headquarters of the No. 173 Wing (25 November 1942&ndash;19 October 1943) and No. 171 Wing (1 August&ndash;8 November 1943) during the war. During and after the war, the airfield was used for aircraft maintenance and calibration. It housed the Nos. 121, 101, and 138 Repair & Salvage units (1942&ndash;1945), No. 2 Civil Maintenance unit (1943&ndash;1946), No. 1580 Calibration Flight (February 1944&ndash;October 1945), No. 1583 Calibration Flight (February 1944&ndash;15 November 1945). It was also used as a center for ferry flights (April 1944&ndash;February 1946), and as a staging post (March 1945&ndash;April 1946), and personnel transit centre (September 1945&ndash;November 1945).<ref name="RAF"/><br />
<br />
===Post Indian Independence===<br />
In 1947, the [[Government of Sri Lanka|Ceylon government]] requested the [[Indian government]] permission to operate flights between Colombo and Trichinopoly in 1947.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-NI-AAAAIBAJ&pg=3152,2963884&dq=trichy+colombo&hl=en|title=Colombo-Trichy Air Service|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|via=[[Google News]]|date=3 November 1947|access-date=1 January 2018|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408074010/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-NI-AAAAIBAJ&pg=3152,2963884&dq=trichy+colombo&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> The Indian government improved the airport to make it operational for commercial flights with the flight operations to Colombo beginning in February 1948.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5MU-AAAAIBAJ&pg=4914,3093599&dq=trichy+colombo&hl=en|title=Civil Aviation in Madras|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|via=[[Google News]]|date=5 February 1948|access-date=1 January 2018|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408074014/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5MU-AAAAIBAJ&pg=4914,3093599&dq=trichy+colombo&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> On 3 December 1948, [[Air Ceylon]] inaugurated a regular weekly commercial service between Colombo and [[Karachi airport|Karachi]], using a [[Douglas DC-3]] aircraft via Tiruchirappalli and Bombay.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kM4-AAAAIBAJ&pg=3078,5212419&dq=trichinopoly+airport&hl=en|title=Kolombo-Karachi Air Service|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|via=[[Google News]]|date=27 November 1948|access-date=1 January 2018|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408074010/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kM4-AAAAIBAJ&pg=3078,5212419&dq=trichinopoly+airport&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1950, Air Ceylon operated daily flights from Colombo to Tiruchirapalli via [[Jaffna]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timetableimages.com/ttimages/ae/ae50/ae50-14.jpg |title=Timetables |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-date=16 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216222405/http://timetableimages.com/ttimages/ae/ae50/ae50-14.jpg |url-status=live }}</ref> Two years later, [[Air India]] started operating daily flights on the Bombay-Madras-Tiruchirappalli-Colombo route, which was later transferred to the [[Indian airlines]].<ref name="Hist"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timetableimages.com/ttimages/ai/ai52/ai52-2.jpg |title=Timetables |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-date=16 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216223008/http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/ai/ai52/ai52-2.jpg |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Expansion and modernisation ===<br />
In the late 1980s, [[Air Lanka]] operated regular weekly flights from Tiruchirappalli to Colombo. In the 1990s, Indian Airlines started operating regular international flights to the [[Middle East]]. In the late 2000s, the airport became a hub for [[low cost carriers]] operating to [[South East Asia]]. A new passenger terminal building was commissioned in 2009, and the old passenger terminal was converted to handle cargo operations.<ref name="Hist"/> The airport was categorised as a [[customs airport]] until 4 October 2012, when it was given international status by the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=88173|title=Declaration of Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport Lucknow, Lal Bhadur Shastri Airport Varanasi and Airports at Tiruchirapalli, Mangalore and Coimbatore as International Airports|work=[[Press Information Bureau]]|access-date=29 March 2013|archive-date=14 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014180056/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=88173|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-cabinet-grants-international-airport-status-to-5-airports-1748982|title=Cabinet grants intl airport status to five airports|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=4 October 2012|access-date=1 January 2018|archive-date=2 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102081536/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-cabinet-grants-international-airport-status-to-5-airports-1748982|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012, a request was made to name the airport after scientist [[C. V. Raman]], who was from the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/name-airport-after-cv-raman/article4110473.ece |title=Name airport after C.V. Raman |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=19 November 2012 |access-date=25 August 2019 |archive-date=23 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023033524/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/name-airport-after-cv-raman/article4110473.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, requests were made to rename the airport after [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kalam-nostalgia-spurs-book-sales-biopic-online-pleas/articleshow/48302685.cms|title=Kalam nostalgia spurs book sales, biopic, online pleas|newspaper=[[The Times Of India]]|date=1 August 2015|access-date=1 January 2018|archive-date=20 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520071049/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kalam-nostalgia-spurs-book-sales-biopic-online-pleas/articleshow/48302685.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> <br />
<br />
As a part of a proposed expansion plan in the 2010s, the AAI intended to expand the airport by {{cvt|510|acre|ha|order=flip}} with the extension of the runway, addition of new parking bays, and construction of a new passenger terminal and ATC complex.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article646837.ece|title=Phase 2 expansion works|author=S.Ganesan|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 September 2010|access-date=1 January 2018|archive-date=18 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118211209/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article646837.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, the airport was one of the non-metro airports selected for {{INR convert|2|b}} development in a [[public-private partnership|Public-Private Partnership]]model.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.projectsmonitor.com/daily-wire/trichy-airport-shines-in-indias-airport-development|title=Trichy Airport shines in India's airport development|work=Project Monitor|date=8 April 2014|access-date=1 January 2018|archive-date=2 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102132311/http://www.projectsmonitor.com/daily-wire/trichy-airport-shines-in-indias-airport-development/|url-status=live}}</ref> The new integrated passenger terminal was opened in 2024 and replaced the terminal built in 2009.<ref name="IT">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/5-things-to-know-about-new-tiruchirappalli-international-airport-terminal-2552749-2024-06-13|title=5 things to know about the new Tiruchirappalli International Airport Terminal|work=[[India Today]]|date=13 June 2024|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Facilities ==<br />
=== Runway ===<br />
The airport has a single {{cvt|2427|m}} long runway 09/27 (Northeast&ndash;Southwest orientation) equipped with CAT-I [[Instrument Landing System]] for [[IFR]].<ref name="Info">{{cite web|url=https://aim-india.aai.aero/eaip-v2/PUB/2012-04-01/html/eAIP/EC-AD-2.1VOTR-en-GB.pdf|title=Tiruchirappalli Airport (VOTR)|work=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=8 September 2018|archive-date=4 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904191832/https://aim-india.aai.aero/eaip-v2/PUB/2012-04-01/html/eAIP/EC-AD-2.1VOTR-en-GB.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The old {{cvt|1456|m}} runway 15/33 was closed as part of early development, and is used as an alternate taxiway to the main apron. The re-carpeting work on the active runway 09/27 was completed during February 2020 to July 2021 at a cost of {{INR convert|200|m}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=Runway re-carpeting, work on bays at Trichy international airport to begin in February |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/runway-re-carpeting-work-on-bays-at-airport-to-begin-in-feb/articleshow/73563936.cms&from=mdr |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajaram |first1=R. |title=Runway resurfacing work over at Tiruchi airport |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/runway-resurfacing-work-over-at-tiruchi-airport/article35607161.ece |access-date=21 December 2021 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=29 July 2021 |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717083707/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/runway-resurfacing-work-over-at-tiruchi-airport/article35607161.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2025, the [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI) proposed to extend the primary runway to {{cvt|12500|ft|order=flip}} at a cost of {{INRconvert|2.3|b}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/process-of-getting-approval-for-airport-runway-expansion-initiated/article70244623.ece|title=Process of getting approval for Tiruchi airport runway expansion initiated|date=6 November 2025|access-date=10 November 2025|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Apron and taxiways===<br />
[[File:TRZ-Apron.jpg|thumb|View of the main apron]]<br />
<br />
There were four taxiways designated from A to D, which connected to the main apron with seven parking stands.<ref name="Info"/><ref name="AIPS">{{cite web |url=https://aim-india.aai.aero/sites/default/files/aip_supplements/AIPS_2023_211_3.pdf |title=AIPS Data 2024 |access-date=11 January 2024 |archive-date=11 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111165745/https://aim-india.aai.aero/sites/default/files/aip_supplements/AIPS_2023_211_3.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The ministry of civil aviation initiated the plan to expand the apron to provide two more aircraft bays, increasing the bay count to nine.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite press release|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=103469|title=Government Firm on Airports Development|work=[[Press Information Bureau]], [[Government of India]]|date=11 February 2014|access-date=1 January 2018|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201080748/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=103469|url-status=live}}</ref> The AAI has expanded the existing apron with the construction of a third [[aerobridge]] and ramp equipment area, measuring {{cvt|2800|m2}} at an estimated cost of {{INR convert|22.5|m}}, which became active in January 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aai.aero/tenders/sr_try_chn_bay_ramp_may_2012.jsp|title=Bay ramp for Trichy airport|work=[[Airports Authority of India]]|date=20 April 2010|access-date=1 January 2018|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121215155034/http://www.aai.aero/tenders/sr_try_chn_bay_ramp_may_2012.jsp|archive-date=15 December 2012}}</ref> In December 2023, a new apron of {{cvt|15580|m2}} area was added with ten additional parking stands (10 to 20), three parallel taxiways (E1 to E3) and four new taxiways (F to J).<ref name="AIPS"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aai.aero/system/files_force/tender/3etendernotice.pdf?download=1|title=Notice for Tender|work=[[Airports Authority of India]]|date=11 September 2017|access-date=1 January 2018|archive-date=4 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204061351/https://www.aai.aero/system/files_force/tender/3etendernotice.pdf?download=1|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;" style="font-size: 90%"<br />
|+Parking bays at Tiruchirappalli airport<ref name="AIPS" /><br />
!Stand numbers<br />
!PCN<br />
!Aircraft<br />
!Remarks<br />
|-<br />
|1-4<br />
|70/R/C/W/T<br />
|[[Boeing 737 Next Generation|B739]]/[[Airbus A321|A321]] or below<br />
|Concrete surface<br />
|-<br />
|5-7<br />
|84/R/B/W/T<br />
|[[Boeing 767|B767-200]] or below<br />
|Concrete surface with [[Jet bridge|aerobridges]]<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|68/R/B/W/T<br />
|[[Airbus A321|A321]] or below<br />
|Concrete surface<br />
|-<br />
|10-20<br />
|87/R/B/W/T<br />
|[[Airbus A321|A321]] or below<br />
|Concrete surface with [[Jet bridge|aerobridges]]<br />
|-<br />
|ISO Bay<br />
|64/R/B/W/T<br />
|[[Airbus A321|A321]] or below<br />
|Concrete surface<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Passenger terminal ===<br />
[[File:TRZ OITB.jpg|thumb|alt=View of the old integrated passenger terminal|The passenger terminal opened in 2009]]<br />
<br />
The airport has three adjacent terminals. The original passenger terminal was replaced by a new terminal in 2009, which was later replaced by a new integrated passenger terminal in 2024.<ref name="Hist"/><ref name="IT"/> The passenger terminal, inaugurated on 21 February 2009, was built at a cost of {{INR convert|800|m}}, and started operations from 1 June 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Airport-terminal-to-be-opened-on-Saturday/article16336339.ece|title=Trichy Airport new terminal inauguration|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 February 2009|access-date=1 January 2018|archive-date=9 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409233217/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Airport-terminal-to-be-opened-on-Saturday/article16336339.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The two-story terminal has a floor area of {{cvt|11777|m2}} with a handling capacity of 490,000 passengers per annum, and peak hour capacity of 470 passengers. It was equipped with 12 check-in counters, four customs counters, 16 immigration counters, three conveyor belts, five scanners, and four security check units.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.equitybulls.com/admin/news2006/news_det.asp?id=46165|title=Trichy Airport new terminal|work=Equity Bulls|date=22 February 2009|access-date=1 January 2018|archive-date=28 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228112841/http://www.equitybulls.com/admin/news2006/news_det.asp?id=46165|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/Trichy_pi.jsp|title=Airports Authority of India|publisher=AAI|date=1 January 2013|access-date=29 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620172527/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/Trichy_pi.jsp|archive-date=20 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:TRZ NITB Roof.jpg|thumb|alt=View of Trichy Airport New Terminal Roof Design|The new integrated passenger terminal opened in 2024]]<br />
<br />
Due to the increase in air traffic, it was planned to expand the existing terminal by {{cvt|180|m}} on both sides, by constructing an additional {{convert|17920|m2}} area, which would increase the passenger handling capacity to 1,075 peak-hour passengers.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Later, the plan was shelved in favour of the construction of a new two-level passenger terminal at a cost of {{INR convert|9.51|b}} in February 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aai.aero/tenders/WEBNITTRICHY.pdf|work=[[Airports Authority of India]]|title=Tenders for Trichy airport|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705140044/https://www.aai.aero/tenders/WEBNITTRICHY.pdf|archive-date=5 July 2016|access-date=10 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The construction started after the foundation stone was laid on 10 February 2019, with the project expected to completed on October 2021.<ref>{{cite news|author=Tiruchirapalli |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/pm-lays-foundation-stone-for-integrated-passenger-terminal/article26234784.ece/ |title=PM lays foundation stone for integrated passenger terminal| newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=11 February 2019 |access-date=25 August 2019 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408074014/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/pm-lays-foundation-stone-for-integrated-passenger-terminal/article26234784.ece/amp/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The terminal is situated on the southern side, and a four-lane elevated access road was built from the [[National Highway 336 (India)|NH-336]] passing besides the original terminal.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/airlines-aviation/chennai-airport-to-get-a-swanky-makeover-major-aviation-push-in-tamil-nadu/1484927/lite/|title=Tiruchi airport's new terminal takes shape|first=R.|last=Rajaram|date=24 August 2018|access-date=2 October 2019|newspaper=[[Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]|archive-date=2 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002025037/https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/airlines-aviation/chennai-airport-to-get-a-swanky-makeover-major-aviation-push-in-tamil-nadu/1484927/lite/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The terminal was designed by a French company, [[Egis Group]], in partnership with the British architectural firm, [[Pascall+Watson]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/new-passenger-terminal-building-for-airport/article19238710.ece|title=New passenger terminal building for airport|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 July 2017|access-date=1 January 2018|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025917/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/new-passenger-terminal-building-for-airport/article19238710.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The construction contract was awarded to ITD Cementation in August 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/new-airport-terminal-to-be-ready-by-2021/articleshow/65926717.cms|title=New airport terminal to be ready by 2021|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 September 2018|access-date=24 September 2018|archive-date=28 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928094227/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/new-airport-terminal-to-be-ready-by-2021/articleshow/65926717.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> It was completed at a cost of {{INR convert|11.12|b|year=2024}} and was inaugurated on 2 January 2024.<ref>https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1992333&reg=3&lang=2</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hq345XlwX4A</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=PM Modi inaugurates airport terminal in Trichy, launches projects worth over Rs 20,000 cr|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/pm-modi-inaugurates-airport-terminal-in-trichy-launches-projects-worth-over-rs-20000-cr-11987361.html|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=2 January 2024|access-date=2 January 2024|archive-date=2 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102102747/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/pm-modi-inaugurates-airport-terminal-in-trichy-launches-projects-worth-over-rs-20000-cr-11987361.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The building has an area of {{cvt|75000|m2}}, with capacity to handle 4.5 million passengers annually and 3,480 passengers during peak hour. It began operations from 11 June 2024.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/new-terminal-building-of-tiruchi-airport-likely-to-become-operational-by-mid-june/article68221348.ece|title=New terminal building of Tiruchi airport likely to become operational by mid-June|date=27 May 2024|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The terminal's design is inspired by the monuments of Tiruchirapalli, Tamil festivals and art forms. A replica of the south [[gopuram]] (ornate tower at the entrance of [[Hindu temples]]) of the [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Ranganathaswamy temple]], is placed along the main entrance. The roof of the terminal has been designed with elements from [[Dravidian architecture]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Arockiaraj|first=Vincent D.|title=Airport terminal design influenced by southern architecture|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/airport-terminal-design-influenced-by-southern-architecture/articleshow/106413292.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 December 2023|access-date=2 January 2024|archive-date=2 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102031609/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/airport-terminal-design-influenced-by-southern-architecture/articleshow/106413292.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The terminal consists of 11 boarding gates with five aerobridges, 26 domestic and 34 international check-in counters, 60 immigration counters, 44 emigration counters, five baggage carousels, three lounges, 19 baggage scanning systems, and an associated parking splace for 1250 cars and 10 buses with electric charging bays.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trichy airport operations shifts to new terminal from today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/trichy-airport-operations-shifts-to-new-terminal-from-today/articleshow/110887210.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=11 June 2024 |access-date=14 June 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614230607/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/trichy-airport-operations-shifts-to-new-terminal-from-today/articleshow/110887210.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Cargo terminal===<br />
[[File:TRZ-Cargo.jpg|thumb|Cargo terminal]]<br />
<br />
After the construction of a new passenger terminal in 2009, the old terminal was converted into a cargo complex at a cost of {{INRconvert|10|m}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Trichys-intl-air-cargo-terminal-opens-at-Trichy-airport/articleshow/10822752.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701154032/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-22/madurai/30428083_1_cargo-terminal-cargo-movement-cargo-handling|url-status=live|archive-date=1 July 2012|title=Trichy's int'l air cargo terminal opens at Trichy airport|date=22 November 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 January 2018}}</ref> The cargo complex is spread over an area of {{cvt|4000|m2}} with the export wing occupying {{cvt|2193|m2}} and {{cvt|1750|m2}} demarcated for imports. It started operations on 21 November 2011 after the [[Central Board of Excise and Customs]] approved and notified the airport as an air cargo complex.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/article2648687.ece|title=Cargo complex commissioned|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 November 2011|access-date=1 January 2018|archive-date=22 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222015650/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/article2648687.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=S. Ganesan|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Air-cargo-complex-at-Tiruchi-Airport-soon/article15530270.ece|title=Air cargo complex at Tiruchi Airport soon|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 January 2011|access-date=1 January 2018|archive-date=9 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409234335/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Air-cargo-complex-at-Tiruchi-Airport-soon/article15530270.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The cargo terminal has a holding capacity of 250 metric tonnes,<ref>{{cite news|author=Dennis Selvan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/With-new-international-tag-Trichy-airport-hopes-to-go-for-a-makeover/articleshow/13913511.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103171032/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-08/madurai/32123214_1_airport-director-s-dharmaraj-cargo-terminal-export-cargo|url-status=live|archive-date=3 January 2013|title=With new international tag, Trichy airport hopes to go for a makeover|date=8 June 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 January 2018}}</ref> and serves as an export hub for the central region of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/article1717149.ece|author=S. Ganesan|title=Air cargo complex in Tiruchi to start functioning from August 15|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 April 2011|access-date=1 January 2018|archive-date=18 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118211209/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/article1717149.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> On 11 October 2013, a cold storage facility, with a capacity of five-metric tons, was inaugurated at the airport.<ref>{{cite news|author=Dennis Selvan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/Defence-ministry-likely-to-transfer-land-for-Trichy-airport-runway-expansion/articleshow/23844744.cms|title=Defence ministry likely to transfer land for Trichy airport runway expansion|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 October 2013|access-date=1 January 2018|archive-date=13 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913210438/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/Defence-ministry-likely-to-transfer-land-for-Trichy-airport-runway-expansion/articleshow/23844744.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> On 21 April 2017, an additional dedicated import cargo facility was established on a {{cvt|190|m2}} area at a cost of {{INR convert|2|m}}.<ref>{{cite news|author=R Rajaram|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/infrastructure-ready-for-edi-facility-at-airport/article19077611.ece|title=Infrastructure ready for EDI facility at airport|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 June 2017|access-date=1 January 2018|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112031355/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/infrastructure-ready-for-edi-facility-at-airport/article19077611.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Air traffic control ===<br />
[[File:TRZ-ATC.jpg|thumb|ATC tower alongside the old terminal]]<br />
<br />
The Air Traffic Control (ATC) is located alongside the old terminal building.<ref name="Info"/> As a part of the expansion project, a new ATC building and technical block were proposed to be constructed.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/new-atc-tower-poised-for-take-off-as-aai-grants-noc/article26087143.ece |title=New ATC tower poised for take off as AAI grants NOC |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 January 2019 |access-date=25 August 2019 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408075520/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/new-atc-tower-poised-for-take-off-as-aai-grants-noc/article26087143.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The {{cvt|46|m}} tall ATC tower was planned to be constructed at a cost of {{INRconvert|514.9|m}}, with work beginning in July 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajaram |first1=R. |title=New Air Traffic Control Tower-cum-Technical Block at Tiruchi international airport to be ready in two years |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/new-air-traffic-control-tower-cum-technical-block-at-tiruchi-international-airport-to-be-ready-in-two-years/article67071529.ece |access-date=2 January 2024 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=12 July 2023 |archive-date=2 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102153754/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/new-air-traffic-control-tower-cum-technical-block-at-tiruchi-international-airport-to-be-ready-in-two-years/article67071529.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Other facilities ===<br />
Air Works operates a line maintenance facility to conduct transit checks on [[Airbus A320]] aircraft operated by [[Scoot]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Line-maintenance-services-for-aircraft/article16622794.ece|title=Line maintenance services for the aircraft|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 April 2009|access-date=1 January 2018|archive-date=23 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023175650/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Line-maintenance-services-for-aircraft/article16622794.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.airworks.in/pressreleases_4jan.asp|title=Air Works India Engineering Pvt. Ltd. Inaugurates its Line Maintenance facility at Trichy International Airport|date=4 January 2011|access-date=19 January 2012|work=Airworks|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419193311/http://www.airworks.in/pressreleases_4jan.asp|archive-date=19 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Air India Express]] maintains an engineering stores and maintenance facility for service and repairs of its aircraft.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Air-India-Express-opens-engineering-complex/article15594997.ece|author=S.Ganesan|title=Air India maintenance|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 December 2010|access-date=1 January 2018|archive-date=1 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101223043/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Air-India-Express-opens-engineering-complex/article15594997.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Madras Flying Club]] was established in 1929, and operated from the Chennai airport. In 2018, it announced plans to shift operations to Tiruchirapalli due to congestion and operational difficulties at Chennai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.themadrasflyingclub.org/contact/ |title=Contact – Madras Flying Club |work=[[Madras Flying Club]] |access-date=25 August 2019 |archive-date=3 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903005510/http://www.themadrasflyingclub.org/contact/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.trichynews.net/2018/12/madras-flying-club-to-be-shifted-to-city.html |title=Madras Flying Club to be shifted to city |work=Trichy News |date=3 December 2018 |access-date=25 August 2019 |archive-date=17 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717083706/http://www.trichynews.net/2018/12/madras-flying-club-to-be-shifted-to-city.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It began operations at the airport on 10 January 2020, with six training aircraft. The [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] allocated {{cvt|2|acre|spell=in}} of its land adjacent to the airport for the club to set up its operational infrastructure.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/madras-flying-club-all-set-to-take-off-from-tiruchi/article30567929.ece|title=Madras Flying Club all set to take off from Tiruchi|last=Rajaram|first=R.|date=14 January 2020|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=15 January 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=14 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114203033/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/madras-flying-club-all-set-to-take-off-from-tiruchi/article30567929.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Airlines and destinations ==<br />
{{Airport-dest-list<br />
| [[AirAsia]] | [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur–International]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Air Asia plans to resume daily service on Tiruchi - Kuala Lumpur sector |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/air-asia-plans-to-resume-daily-service-on-tiruchi-kuala-lumpur-sector/article65211262.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=10 March 2022 |access-date=17 November 2022 |archive-date=17 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117221453/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/air-asia-plans-to-resume-daily-service-on-tiruchi-kuala-lumpur-sector/article65211262.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<!-- --><br />
| {{Nowrap|[[Air India Express]]}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.airindiaexpress.com/where-we-fly/airports|title=Our Network|work=Air India Express|access-date=13 June 2024|archive-date=19 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519164551/https://www.airindiaexpress.com/where-we-fly/airports|url-status=live}}</ref> | [[Zayed International Airport|Abu Dhabi]],<ref>{{cite news |title=UAE airlines restore more flights to India: Here are the renewed schedules |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/travel-news/2022/03/21/uae-airlines-restore-more-flights-to-india-new-schedule.html |work=[[Manorama News]] |access-date=17 November 2022 |archive-date=7 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207140016/https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/travel-news/2022/03/21/uae-airlines-restore-more-flights-to-india-new-schedule.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Air India Express Adds More flights from South Indian Cities| url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2025/04/19/air-india-express-adds-more-flights-from-south-indian-cities/ |work=Aviation A2Z |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> [[Hamad International Airport|Doha]],<ref name="AIX" /> [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]],<ref name="AIX">{{cite news |author=Vincent Arockiaraj |title=In A 1st For Trichy, AIE To Hire Cabin Crew From Region |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/in-a-1st-for-trichy-aie-to-hire-cabin-crew-from-region/articleshow/92556820.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 November 2022 |archive-date=28 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628052903/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/in-a-1st-for-trichy-aie-to-hire-cabin-crew-from-region/articleshow/92556820.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Air India Express Adds More flights from South Indian Cities| url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2025/04/19/air-india-express-adds-more-flights-from-south-indian-cities/|work=Aviation A2Z |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> [[Muscat International Airport|Muscat]], [[Sharjah International Airport|Sharjah]],<ref name="AIX"/> [[Changi Airport|Singapore]],<ref name="singapore"/> [[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br />
<!-- --><br />
| [[Batik Air Malaysia]] | [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur–International]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Batik Air expands Bali services |url=https://www.ttrweekly.com/site/2022/06/batik-air-expands-bali-services/ |work=TTR Weekly |date=12 June 2022 |access-date=17 November 2022 |archive-date=28 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628053128/https://www.ttrweekly.com/site/2022/06/batik-air-expands-bali-services/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<!-- --><br />
| {{Nowrap|[[IndiGo]]}} | [[Zayed International Airport|Abu Dhabi]] (resumes 31 March 2026)<ref>{{cite news |title=Trichy airport to get 7 more int’l services from March |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/trichy-airport-to-get-7-more-intl-services-from-march/articleshow/127916204.cms| work=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 February 2026 |access-date=24 February 2026}}</ref>, [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]],<ref name="indigo">{{cite news |author=D. Vincent Arockiaraj |title=Seven new flights on Trichy-Bengaluru sector |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/seven-new-flights-on-trichy-bengaluru-sector/articleshow/95190386.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 November 2022 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118020617/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/seven-new-flights-on-trichy-bengaluru-sector/articleshow/95190386.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Indigo, Air India Express resume flights to Dubai from Indian cities |url=https://gulfnews.com/business/aviation/indigo-air-india-express-resume-flights-to-dubai-from-indian-cities-1.1628171806901 |work=Gulf news |access-date=17 November 2022 |archive-date=17 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117221450/https://gulfnews.com/business/aviation/indigo-air-india-express-resume-flights-to-dubai-from-indian-cities-1.1628171806901 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]]<ref>{{cite news |title=IndiGo announces direct flights from Delhi to Jorhat and Tiruchirappalli| url=https://economictimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/indigo-announces-direct-flights-from-delhi-to-jorhat-and-tiruchirappalli/articleshow/121887784.cms} |work=[[The Economic Times]]| access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]],<ref name="indigo"/> [[Jaffna International Airport|Jaffna]],<ref>{{cite news |title=IndiGo to launch direct flights on Tiruchi-Jaffna sector from March 30 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/indigo-to-launch-direct-flights-on-tiruchi-jaffna-sector-from-march-30/article69294682.ece |access-date=5 March 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 March 2025}}</ref> [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Ganesan|first=S.|title=IndiGo to operate daily service on Mumbai-Tiruchi-Mumbai sector from November 4|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/indigo-to-operate-daily-service-on-mumbai-tiruchi-mumbai-sector-from-november-4/article67403989.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 October 2023|access-date=11 October 2023|archive-date=11 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011014531/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/indigo-to-operate-daily-service-on-mumbai-tiruchi-mumbai-sector-from-november-4/article67403989.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Changi Airport|Singapore]]<ref name="singapore" /><br />
<!-- --><br />
| [[Scoot]] | [[Changi Airport|Singapore]]<ref>{{OAGWorldAug2025Ref|title=Singapore, Singapore SIN|pages=1214-1219}}</ref><ref name="singapore">{{cite news |title=Seven Additional Singapore Flights From Trichy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/7-additional-singapore-flights-from-trichy/articleshow/95000339.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=15 November 2022 |archive-date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123224353/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/7-additional-singapore-flights-from-trichy/articleshow/95000339.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<!-- --><br />
|{{Nowrap|[[SriLankan Airlines]]}} | [[Bandaranaike International Airport|Colombo–Bandaranaike]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Sri Lankan Airlines to restart Tiruchi-Colombo service from Sept. 2 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/sri-lankan-airlines-to-restart-tiruchi-colombo-service-from-sept-2/article36104395.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 August 2021 |access-date=17 November 2022 |archive-date=17 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117221452/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/sri-lankan-airlines-to-restart-tiruchi-colombo-service-from-sept-2/article36104395.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<!-- --><br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Connectivity ==<br />
The airport is located on the [[National Highway 336 (India)|National Highway 336]], with government bus services connecting the airport to the central bus terminus and major railway stations in Tiruchirappalli.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/Direct-bus-services-from-airport-to-Central-bus-stand/article14992885.ece|title=Direct bus services from airport to Central bus stand|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 September 2016|access-date=1 January 2018|archive-date=9 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409233228/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/Direct-bus-services-from-airport-to-Central-bus-stand/article14992885.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Accidents and incidents==<br />
* On 21 December 1949, an [[Air Ceylon]] flight operated by a [[Douglas DC-3]] aircraft (named "Sunethra Devi" and registered as VP-CAT) from [[Ratmalana Airport|Colombo]] to Tiruchirappalli via [[Jaffna Airport|Jaffna]], crash landed at the airport. There were no fatalities but all three crew members along with one of the 21 passengers sustained injuries. The accident was caused by engine issues, and the aircraft was heavily damaged and written off.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19491221-0|title=ASN Aircraft accident Douglas C-47A-1-DK (DC-3) VP-CAT Tiruchirappalli-Civil Airport (TRZ)|access-date=30 May 2020|archive-date=23 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423120631/https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19491221-0|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/991219/plus4.html|title=Air Ceylon Dakota "Sunethra Devi"|author=Roger Thiedeman|work=[[The Sunday Times]]|date=19 December 1999|access-date=1 January 2018|archive-date=5 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105004131/http://www.sundaytimes.lk/991219/plus4.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
*On 25 December 1965, a Douglas DC-3 aircraft (registered as VT-DUC) met with an accident while landing at the airport. The accident was determined as due to pilot error, and the aircraft received substantial damage with injuries to one passenger and two crew members.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19671225-1|title=ASN Aircraft accident Douglas DC-3 VT-DUC Tiruchirappalli-Civil Airport (TRZ)|access-date=30 May 2020|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124130428/https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19671225-1|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* On 29 May 1980, [[Indian Airlines]] flight IC529, a [[Boeing 737|Boeing 737-200]] (registered as VT-EGD), operating from [[Chennai International Airport|Madras]] to Tiruchirappalli 122 passengers and 6 crew members, could not land at the airport and sustained damage to its left wing during a [[go-around]]. The flight returned to Madras and landed safely with the plane sustaining substantial damage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19860115-1|title=ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 737-2A8 Advanced VT-EGD Tiruchirappalli-Civil Airport (TRZ)|access-date=30 May 2020|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021103107/https://www.aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19860115-1|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* On 11 October 2018, [[Air India Express]] flight IX611 from Tiruchirappalli to [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai]], operated by [[Boeing 737-800]] (registered as VT-AYD), suffered a [[Tailstrike|tail strike]], and hit the [[Instrument landing system|ILS]] and boundary wall while taking off at 1:18 a.m. The pilots continued the flight, and the flight was diverted to [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]], where it landed safely. The [[fuselage]], [[engine cowling]] and [[flight control surfaces]] were severely damaged with debris lodged in the [[landing gear]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20181012-0|title=ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 737-8HG (WL) VT-AYD Tiruchirappalli-Civil Airport (TRZ)|access-date=30 May 2020|archive-date=12 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712171635/https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20181012-0|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|access-date=13 October 2018|title=Damaged Air India Plane Flew For 3 Hours, Clueless Pilot Asked To Divert|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/air-india-flight-with-136-on-board-hit-wall-at-trichy-airport-yesterday-diverted-to-mumbai-1930799|work=[[NDTV]]|archive-date=13 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013024542/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/air-india-flight-with-136-on-board-hit-wall-at-trichy-airport-yesterday-diverted-to-mumbai-1930799|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|access-date=13 October 2018|title=Air India Express plane hits Trichy airport compound wall, lands safely in Mumbai|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/air-india-express-plane-hits-trichy-airport-compound-wall-lands-safely-in-mumbai/articleshow/66173131.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=13 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013073050/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/air-india-express-plane-hits-trichy-airport-compound-wall-lands-safely-in-mumbai/articleshow/66173131.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* On 11 October 2024, Air India Express flight IX613, a [[Boeing 737 Next Generation|Boeing 737-800]] aircraft (registered as VT-AYB), flying from Tiruchirapalli to [[Sharjah International Airport|Sharjah]], suffered a hydraulic failure in its landing gear assembly. After engaging in a [[Holding (aeronautics)|holding pattern]] over the airport for over two hours, the flight, with 141 passengers, landed safely at the airport.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 October 2024 |title=Air India Express flight faces snag, lands after circling Trichy airport for two hours |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/air-india-flight-reports-hydraulic-failure-tiruchirappalli-airport-prepares-for-emergency-landing-9615740/lite/ |access-date=1 June 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express ]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=How Air India Express Pilots Handled Mid-Air Scare Over Trichy |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/exclusive-how-air-india-express-pilots-handled-mid-air-scare-over-trichy-6769961 |access-date=1 June 2025 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/tiruchirapalli Official AAI website]<br />
<br />
{{Portal bar|India|Aviation}}<br />
{{Transport in Tiruchirappalli}}<br />
{{Airports in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Airports in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Tiruchirappalli]]<br />
[[Category:International airports in India]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Tiruchirappalli]]<br />
[[Category:World War II airfields in India]]<br />
[[Category:1936 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hotel_California_(film)&diff=503130Hotel California (film)2026-03-28T00:19:44Z<p>CharliVangundy: new</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|2013 Malayalam comedy caper film}}<br />
{{More plot|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Hotel California film poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = Aji John<br />
| writer = [[Anoop Menon]]<br />
| producer = Josemon Simon<br />
| starring = [[Jayasurya]]<br />Anoop Menon<br />[[Honey Rose]]<br />[[Maria Roy]]<br />[[Aparna Nair]]<br />
| cinematography = Jithu Damodar<br />
| editing = Zian Sreekanth<br />
| music = Shaan Rahman<br />
| studio = HASH cinema<br />
| distributor = Jairaj Release<br />
| released = {{film date|df=y|2013|5|3}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Malayalam<br />
}}<br />
'''''Hotel California''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[crime caper]] film directed by Aji John and written by [[Anoop Menon]]. It stars [[Jayasurya]], Anoop Menon, [[Saiju Kurup]], [[Shankar (actor)|Shankar Panikkar]], [[Joju George]], [[Honey Rose]], [[Maria Roy]] and [[Aparna Nair]]. The film is produced by Josemon Simon under the banner of Jairaj Films and features music composed by [[Shaan Rahman]], cinematography by Jithu Damodar and editing by Xian. The film's title is derived from [[Hotel California|a song]] by [[Eagles (band)|Eagles]]. It was released on 3 May 2013, to mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 May 2013 |title='Hotel California' has its takers everywhere |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/hotel-california-has-its-takers-everywhere-609991.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250810030629/https://www.news18.com/news/india/hotel-california-has-its-takers-everywhere-609991.html |archive-date=10 August 2025 |access-date=27 March 2026 |work=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The film begins with the City Police Commissioner Bharath Chandran jumping over the compound wall of a house who is having an affair with the house owner's wife. The house owner confronts the commissioner and beats and breaks his arm. It then shifts to a man at a friend's house asking where his friend and a don named Jimmy are, as there is work for him to do for the man. He reveals his work is to transport the counterfeit DVD of the upcoming releasing movie Hotel California and in which Jimmy has to transport it through the airport safely. It shifts to Kamala Nambiar a dancer practising dance receives a call informing that what she ordered is ready (It is not revealed what she ordered to audiences). It once again shifts to Aby Mathew a lusting married middle aged man, who contacts a pimp to have sex with a television actress named Swapna Joseph who agrees to have sex with him for a large sum of money. Then Sasi Pillai is shown talking about a hot topic for news reporting about the don named Airport Jimmy. In which it shifts to the scene of Airport Jimmy in high class bar.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
*[[Jayasurya]] as Sulfur Jimmy alias Airport Jimmy<br />
*[[Anoop Menon]] as Superstar Prem Sagar<br />
*[[Honey Rose]] as Swapna Joseph<br />
*[[Saiju Kurup]] in a dual role as:<br />
**Tarun Singh Deol<br />
**Rafeeq Kunjahammed<br />
*Nikhil as Rafeeq Ahammed<br />
*[[Maria Roy]] as Kamala Nambiar<br />
*[[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]] as Aby Mathew<br />
*[[Joju George]] as Bharath Chandran IPS<br />
*[[P. Balachandran]] as Sasi Pillai<br />
*[[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]]<br />
*[[Krishna (Malayalam actor)|Krishna]] as Rashid<br />
*[[Sruthi Lakshmi]] as Linda Tharakan<br />
*[[Thesni Khan]] as Sherly<br />
*[[Sadiq (actor)|Sadiq]] as Ali<br />
*[[Aparna Nair]] as Deepa Pillai<br />
*[[Babu Namboothiri]] as Koshi<br />
*[[Manikuttan]] as Sharat<br />
*[[Sukumari]] as Rafeeq's mother<br />
*[[Sudheesh]] as Bavutty<br />
*[[Narayanankutty]] as Police Officer<br />
*[[Nobi]] as Benny<br />
*[[Krishna Praba]]<br />
*Deepak Nair as Jiyad<br />
*Deepu Parassala<br />
*Kavitha Nair<br />
*Romanch as Director Linguswamy<br />
*Shibu Laban as Shibu<br />
*[[Arun Cherukavil|Arun]]<br />
*[[Kani Kusruti]] in a guest role<br />
*Aji John as John<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
The combination of Anoop Menon and Jayasurya was joined again for the film named ''Pushpakavimaanam'', which is scripted by Anoop. The film was announced after the duo's ''[[Beautiful (2011 film)|Beautiful]]'', and was supposed to be directed by V.K. Prakash. Prakash was initially chosen to direct the film after the 2011 film ''Beautiful''. The director V.K. Prakash felt that such a big film wouldn't begun so soon, thus Anoop Menon bringing forth the script of ''[[Trivandrum Lodge]]'' for the director to start. With the director opting to helm ''Trivandrum Lodge'', Aji John was now chosen to direct ''Pushpakavimaanam''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sidhardhan |first=Sanjith |date=18 October 2012 |title=Anoop Menon and Jayasurya to team up again |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-18/news-and-interviews/34526738_1_anoop-menon-and-jayasurya-trivandrum-lodge-pushpakavimaanam |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729124124/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-18/news-and-interviews/34526738_1_anoop-menon-and-jayasurya-trivandrum-lodge-pushpakavimaanam |archive-date=29 July 2013 |access-date=3 January 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Jayasurya and Anoop Menon were already announced but many actors had been considered for the female lead roles and supporting roles in the film. [[Roma Asrani|Roma]] had opted out the role from ''Hotel California''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vipin |first=Manu |date=19 December 2012 |title=Roma checks into 'Hotel California' |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-19/news-and-interviews/35911457_1_malayalam-film-industry-roma-hotel-california |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012101436/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-19/news-and-interviews/35911457_1_malayalam-film-industry-roma-hotel-california |archive-date=12 October 2013 |access-date=6 January 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The producers of the film had already set aside 2.5&nbsp;million just for the shots inside aeroplanes and in airports. ₹60,000 was spent an hour for shooting in aeroplanes. Not many Malayalam films have been shot inside aeroplanes due to the formalities and the heavy expenses involved. The film's airport scenes in Kerala were shot in [[Cochin International Airport]] in January 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zachariah |first=Ammu |date=6 January 2013 |title=Hotel California shoot progresses |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-06/news-and-interviews/36173809_1_trivandrum-lodge-anoop-menon-hotel-california |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507150831/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-06/news-and-interviews/36173809_1_trivandrum-lodge-anoop-menon-hotel-california |archive-date=7 May 2013 |access-date=1 July 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The makers had set aside an extra 2.5&nbsp;million for the shoot, since they will require five to six days of shoot; six to seven hours a day. The crew had earlier checked out the aeroplane set at the Ramoji Film City, but what the crew were looking for were something bigger. The film's story unfolds in the business class of the plane.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=Asha |date=28 January 2013 |title='Hotel California' pays heavily for aeroplane shoot |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Hotel-California-pays-heavily-for-aeroplane-shoot/articleshow/18206554.cms?referral=PM |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629120434/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Hotel-California-pays-heavily-for-aeroplane-shoot/articleshow/18206554.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=29 June 2014 |access-date=27 March 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The music was composed by Shaan Rahman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2014 |title=Hotel California (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)&nbsp;– Single |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/hotel-california-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/908532123 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260328000300/https://music.apple.com/in/album/hotel-california-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/908532123 |archive-date=28 March 2026 |access-date=23 March 2026 |website=[[Apple Music]] |language=en}}</ref> Lyrics were written by Anoop Menon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hotel California (2013) |url=https://en.msidb.org/m.php?7359 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201153951/https://en.msidb.org/m.php?7359 |archive-date=1 December 2022 |access-date=23 March 2026 |website=en.msidb.org |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Ee Raavin<br />
| length1 = <br />
| lyrics1 = <br />
| extra1 = Shaan Rahman<br />
| title2 = Manju Theerum<br />
| length2 = <br />
| lyrics2 = <br />
| extra2 = [[Vijay Yesudas]]<br />
| title3 = Njaanoru Vedan<br />
| length3 = <br />
| lyrics3 = <br />
| extra3 = Shaan Rahman<br />
| title4 = Welcome to Hotel California<br />
| note4 = instrumental<br />
| length4 = <br />
| lyrics4 = <br />
| extra4 = –<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
Aswin J Kumar of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Hotel California'' might be able to generate a few chuckles even with its lewd taste. But when it comes to loving a film as a whole, it falls flat".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Aswin J |title=Hotel California Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/hotel-california/movie-review/19892913.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528152250/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/hotel-california/movie-review/19892913.cms |archive-date=28 May 2025 |access-date=23 March 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Paresh C Palicha of [[Rediff.com]] rated the film one out of five stars and wrote, "''Hotel California'' has no plot and look like a half baked effort from director Ali John".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Palicha |first=Paresh C |date=6 May 2013 |title=Review: Ignore Hotel California |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-ignore-hotel-california/20130506.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301021845/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-ignore-hotel-california/20130506.htm |archive-date=1 March 2023 |access-date=23 March 2026 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2013 crime comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2013 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about lookalikes]]<!-- are Tarun Singh Deol and Rafeeq Kunjahammed really twins or just lookalikes? --><br />
[[Category:Films directed by Aji John]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Shaan Rahman]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in airports]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Dubai]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Sri Lanka]]<br />
[[Category:Indian crime comedy films]]</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sukma_Dukma_Dam&diff=538080Sukma Dukma Dam2026-03-21T16:54:33Z<p>CharliVangundy: put up some article w/ infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox dam<br />
| location_map = India<br />
| location_map_caption = <br />
| country = India<br />
| name = Sukma Dukma Dam<br />
| dam_crosses = [[Sabari River]]<br />
| location = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|25|11|23.83|N|78|32|34.73|E|type:river|display=title}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sukma Dukma Dam''' is situated in [[Jhansi district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], for irrigation and water supply.<ref>{{Cite web |last=बस्तर |first=अशोक नायडू |date=2022-11-02 |title=छत्तीसगढ़: सुकमा का तुंगल डैम इको पर्यटन केंद्र के रूप विकसित, क्या है टूरिज्म प्लेस की खासियत |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/chhattisgarh/sukma-tungal-dam-developed-as-eco-tourism-center-specialty-of-this-place-in-chhattisgarh-ann-2250462 |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref> It is constructed across a tributary of the [[Yamuna|Yamuna River]] and plays a significant role in supporting agriculture in the surrounding regions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-13 |title=Uttar Pradesh: Sukwa dam in Bundelkhand bags global heritage honour |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/sukwa-dam-in-bundelkhand-bags-global-heritage-honour/articleshow/88865021.cms |access-date=2025-04-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
It was constructed between 1905 and 1909 on the [[Betwa River]], a tributary of the Yamuna, it was built as a secondary dam to the [[Parichha Dam]].<ref>https://jhansi.nic.in/tourist-place/sukma-dukma-dam/</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references />{{India-dam-stub}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sukma district]]<br />
[[Category:Dams in Chhattisgarh]]<br />
[[Category:Irrigation in India]]</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Durjaya_(Andhra_chieftain)&diff=452351Durjaya (Andhra chieftain)2026-03-21T07:57:25Z<p>CharliVangundy: Refined content and updated sections</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Eponymous Progenitor}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}<br />
<br />
'''Durjaya''' ([[Sanskrit]] for "difficult to conquer" or "invincible")<ref>{{Cite web |title=Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary --द |url=https://sanskrit.inria.fr/MW/119.html |access-date=2023-06-09 |via=[[French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation|French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation (Inria)]]}}</ref> was a legendary semi-mythological chieftain of ancient Andhra.<ref name="Gajjala 2023 51–52">{{Cite book |last=Gajjala |first=Vasanta Lakshmi |title=Epigraphia Telanganica |publisher=SRAS publications |year=2023 |edition=2 |location=Hyderabad |pages=51–52 |language=English}}</ref> The identity of Durjaya remains unknown.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |editor-last=Gajjala Vasanta Lakshmi |title=Post-Kakatiya Telangana |url=https://www.mcrhrdi.gov.in/images/epigraphia/Vol-IV.pdf |journal=Epigraphia Telanganica |volume=4 |pages=25 |quote=Several other medieval ruling families in Andhra such as the chiefs of Kota, Chagi, Velanati, Haihaya, Kondapadumati, and Kakatiya also trace their descent from Durjaya. The identity of Durjaya remains unknown, though the inscriptions of the Velamas and the chiefs of these dynasties unequivocally state that they belong to the fourth caste.}}</ref> Several ruling dynasties of medieval Andhra and Telangana, such as the [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiyas]], [[Velanati Chodas]], Malyalas, Viryalas, Haihayas, Konakandravadis, Ivani Kandravadis, [[Kondapadumati]]s, Natavadis, [[Parichchedi]]s, Kotas, and [[Chagi]]s, claimed descent from him.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Talbot |first1=Cynthia |title=Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra |date=20 September 2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-803123-9 |page=53 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DV9uAAAAMAAJ&q=durjaya |title=A Thousand Laurels--Dr. Sadiq Naqvi: Studies on Medieval India with Special Reference to Deccan |date=2005 |publisher=Department of History, Osmania University |pages=638 |language=en |quote=It is interesting to note that the feudatory chiefs such as the Velanati Chodas, Haihayas, Kondapadumatis, Natavadis, Chagis etc., who emerged as political power during the medieval periods claim the lineage from Durjaya.}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> In the opinion of Bhavaraju Venkata Krishna Rao, he probably flourished in the 3rd century CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vēṅkaṭakr̥ṣṇarāvu |first1=Bhāvarāju |title=History of the Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi, 610-1210 A.D. |date=1973 |publisher=Andhra Pradesh Sahitya Akademi |page=438 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ZIBAAAAMAAJ&q=durjaya%203%20AD |access-date=9 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref> According to Pakhal and Garavapadu inscriptions of [[Ganapati Deva]], the famous [[Early Cholas|Early Chola]] king [[Karikala Chola]] of the solar race was one of the predecessors of Durjaya.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ranga |first=N. G. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=C58sAAAAMAAJ&q=Durjaya+karikala+chola&dq=Durjaya+karikala+chola&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiC14Ci9KSTAxW6VmwGHU0lLJgQ6AF6BAgLEAM#Durjaya%20karikala%20chola |title=Kakatiya Nayaks: Their Contribution to Dakshinapath's Independence, 1300-1370 A.D. |date=1971 |publisher=Indian Peasant Institute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=yfrUAAAAMAAJ&q=Durjaya+karikala+epigraphia+indica+vol+9&dq=Durjaya+karikala+epigraphia+indica+vol+9&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjg-rqU9aSTAxXKRWcHHY6HNRAQ6AF6BAgIEAM#karikala |title=Epigraphia Indica and Record of the Archæological Survey of India |date=1981 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=q-LUAAAAMAAJ&q=Rana+Durjaya&dq=Rana+Durjaya&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiGwJH68KWTAxVRJxAIHZzEIMAQ6AF6BAgNEAM#Rana%20Durjaya |title=Epigraphia Indica and Record of the Archæological Survey of India |date=1984 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:History of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
<br />
{{India-stub}}</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Akram&diff=459547Muhammad Akram2026-03-19T06:50:12Z<p>CharliVangundy: typo fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Pakistani Army Officer (1938–1971)}}<br />
{{Use Pakistani English|date=November 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{similar names|Mohammad Akram (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Infobox military person<br />
| honorific_prefix = [[Major (rank)|Major]]<br />
| name = Muhammad Akram<br />
| honorific_suffix = [[Nishan-e-Haider|NH]]<br />
| image = Major Akram.jpg<br />
| image_upright = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1938|04|04}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Dinga]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1971|12|05|1938|04|04}}<br />
| death_place = [[Hili Railway Station|Hilli]], [[Rajshahi Division|Rajshahi]], East Pakistan<br />
| placeofburial = [[Hakimpur]], [[Rangpur Division|Rangpur]], Bangladesh<br />
| placeofburial_label = <br />
| placeofburial_coordinates = <!--{{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}}--><br />
| allegiance = {{PAK}}<br />
| branch = {{army|PAK}}<br />
| branch_label = Branch/service<br />
| serviceyears = 1956–1971<br />
| serviceyears_label = <br />
| rank = [[File:OF-3 Pakistan Army.svg|20px]] [[Major (rank)|Major]]<br />
| rank_label = <br />
| servicenumber = <br />
| unit = [[Frontier Force Regiment|4th Frontier Force Regiment]]<br />
| commands = <br />
| battles = {{tree list}}<br />
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]<br />
* [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971]]<br />
** [[Battle of Hilli]]{{KIA}}<br />
{{tree list/end}}<br />
| battles_label = <br />
| awards = [[File:Nishan-e-Haider.png|50px]] [[Nishan-e-Haider]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[Pakistan Military Academy]]<br />
| spouse = <!--Add spouse if reliably sourced--><br />
| children = <br />
| relations = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Major (rank)|Major]] '''Muhammad Akram''' {{small|[[Nishan-e-Haider|NH]]}} ({{Langx|ur|{{nq|محمد اکرم}}}}; 4 April 1938 – 5 December 1971)<ref name=DailyTimes>{{cite news|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/698013/nation-pays-tribute-to-war-hero-major-akram-shaheed-2/|url-status=dead|title=Nation pays tribute to war hero 'Major Akram Shaheed'|newspaper=Daily Times newspaper|date=5 December 2020|archive-date=5 December 2020|access-date=12 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205061726/https://dailytimes.com.pk/698013/nation-pays-tribute-to-war-hero-major-akram-shaheed-2/}}</ref><ref name=PakistanArmy/> was a Pakistani [[military officer]] and the sixth recipient of Pakistan's highest military award, the [[Nishan-e-Haider]], which he was awarded [[Posthumous recognition|posthumously]] for his actions of valour in the [[Battle of Hilli]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|1971 India-Pakistan war]].<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
Muhammad Akram was born on 4 April 1938 at Dingha, [[Gujrat District]],<ref name="DailyTimes" /><ref name="PakistanArmy">{{cite web|title=Major Muhammad Akram profile|website=Pakistan Army website|url=http://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/awpreview/TextContent.aspx?pId=182|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824194224/http://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=182 | url-status=dead|archive-date=24 August 2010|access-date=12 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="www.urdubiography.com, 2012">{{cite web|title=Major Muhammad Akram Shaheed (Major Muhammad Akram Profile in Urdu language) |url=https://www.urdubiography.com/national-heroes/major-muhammad-akram-shaheed.html|website=urdubiography.com website|access-date=12 November 2025|language=ur|date=12 May 2012|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608034541/https://urdubiography.com/national-heroes/major-muhammad-akram-shaheed.html}}</ref> into a [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] [[Awan (tribe)|Awan]] family of Village Naka Kalan (District Jhelum). He was a [[military brat]] and his father, Malik S. Muhammad, was an enlisted personnel in the [[British Indian Army]] who later retired as a ''[[Havildar]]'', an [[non-commissioned officer|army n.c.o.]], in the [[Pakistan Army]].<ref name="www.urdubiography.com, 2012" /><br />
<br />
After securing his graduation from a local middle school in [[Nakka Kalan]], Akram enrolled at the [[Military College Jhelum]]– an [[Reserve Officers' Training Corps|ROTC]] and an army's [[Officer candidate school|OCS]] in [[Jhelum]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]].<ref name="www.urdubiography.com, 2012" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://militarycollege.edu.pk/new/alamgirian-shuhada/|title=ALAMGIRIAN SHUHADA – Martyrs of Military College Jhelum|website=militarycollege.edu.pk website|language=en-US|access-date=2025-11-12|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616003950/https://militarycollege.edu.pk/new/alamgirian-shuhada/}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Gallery|File:Major Akram Memorial.jpg|Major Akram's Memorial|width=190|height=250|align=left|mode=nolines|noborder=no}}In 1953, he dropped out of the [[Military College Jhelum]] due to his father's deployment, and had to take the High School equivalency exam where he took examinations in [[geography]] and [[intermediate education]].<ref name="www.urdubiography.com, 2012" /><br />
<br />
In 1956, he was enlisted in the [[Pakistan Army]] and posted with the [[8th Punjab Regiment]] near [[India-Pakistan border]].<ref name="www.urdubiography.com, 2012" /><br />
<br />
In 1959, Muhammad Akram was selected to attend the [[Pakistan Military Academy]] but only spent a semester after being deployed in [[East Pakistan|East-Pakistan]] as a [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]] (equivalent to [[Corporal (rank)|Corporal]]).<ref name="www.urdubiography.com, 2012" /><br />
<br />
He received [[Commissioned officer|commission]] in the Army through his years of attendance at the army's [[Officer candidate school|OCS]] in [[Jhelum]] in 1961 in the [[Frontier Force Regiment]], and was attached to the [[East Pakistan Rifles]] from 1963 to 1965.<ref name="www.urdubiography.com, 2012" /><br />
<br />
He was commissioned in the [[Frontier Force Regiment]] of [[Pakistan Army]] on 13 October 1963.<ref name=DailyTimes/><ref name=PakistanArmy/><br />
<br />
In 1965, Capt. Akram was stationed in different parts of the [[West Pakistan|West-Pakistan]] before being deployed in [[East Pakistan|East-Pakistan]] as a [[quartermaster]] with the [[Frontier Force Regiment]] till 1967–68.<ref name="www.urdubiography.com, 2012" /><br />
<br />
==Nishan-e-Haider action==<br />
In 1968–70, [[Major (United Kingdom)|Maj.]] Akram served with the 4th [[battalion]] posted with the [[Frontier Force Regiment]], eventually becoming its [[second-in-command]] by 1971.<ref name=DailyTimes/><ref name=DostPakistan>{{cite web|title=Major Muhammad Akram Shaheed Profile|date=5 July 2012|author=Ahmad Jamal|website=Dost Pakistan website|url=http://www.dostpakistan.pk/major-muhammad-akram-shaheed/|url-status=dead|access-date=12 November 2025|archive-date=24 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724125340/https://www.dostpakistan.pk/major-muhammad-akram-shaheed/}}</ref><br />
<br />
During the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971]], the 4th FF Regiment, which at that time was commanded by then Lt. Col. Muhammad Mumtaz Malik, was placed in the forward area of the Hilli Municipality (under Hakimpur Upazila, Dinajpur District), in what was then [[East Pakistan]].<ref name=DostPakistan/> The regiment came under continuous and heavy air, artillery and armour attacks from the [[Indian Army]]. Despite enemy superiority in both numbers and firepower, Akram and his men repulsed many attacks, inflicting heavy casualties on the enemy.<ref name=PakistanArmy/><ref name=ShaheedFoundation>{{cite web|url=http://www.shaheedfoundation.org/nishanehaider.asp|url-status=dead|title=Major Muhammad Akram Shaheed profile (scroll down on the List to his profile)|archive-date=12 August 2014|access-date=13 November 2025|website=Shaheed Foundation Pakistan website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812211253/http://www.shaheedfoundation.org/nishanehaider.asp}}</ref> He was killed in action in the battle on 5 December 1971 and was [[Posthumous recognition|posthumously]] awarded the [[Nishan-e-Haider]], Pakistan's highest military honour.<ref name=DailyTimes/><ref name=ShaheedFoundation/><br />
<br />
He was buried in the village of Boaldar, Thana/Upozila-Hakimpur (Banglahilly), District-Dinajpur.<ref name=DostPakistan/> There is a monument, ''Major Muhammad Akram Shaheed Memorial'', in the middle of [[Jhelum (city)|Jhelum]] city.<ref name=DostPakistan/><br />
<br />
==Awards and decorations==<br />
{{Infobox award<br />
| name = [[Nishan-e-Haider|Nishan-e-Haider Recipient]]<br />
| image = <br />
| imagesize = 105px<br />
| caption = Muhammad Akram received<br>the '''[[Nishan-e-Haider]]''' Award<br />
| country = [[Islamic Republic of Pakistan]]<br />
| date = 1971<br />
| presenter = [[Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto|President Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]]<br />
}}<br />
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"<br />
|<br />
|{{ribbon devices|ribbon=Nishan-e-Haider.png|width=130}}<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War Ribbon.png|width=130}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War.png|width=130}}<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War.png|width=130}}<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War.png|width=130}}<br />
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Republic Medal 1956 (Pakistan).png|width=130}}<br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"<br />
| colspan="2" |'''[[Nishan-e-Haider]]'''<br />
''(Emblem of the Lion)''<br />
<br />
'''[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971 War]]'''<br />
<br />
'''<u>Posthumously</u>'''<br />
| colspan="2" |'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War]]'''<br />
''(War Star 1965)''<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War]]'''<br />
''(War Star 1971)''<br />
<br />
'''<u>Posthumously</u>'''<br />
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War]]'''<br />
''(War Medal 1965)''<br />
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War]]'''<br />
''(War Medal 1971)''<br />
<br />
'''<u>Posthumously</u>'''<br />
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Tamgha-e-Jamhuria]]'''<br />
''(Republic Commemoration Medal)''<br />
<br />
'''1956'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{Commons category-inline|Raja Muhammad Akram}}<br />
<br />
{{Navboxes<br />
|list =<br />
{{Nishan-e-Haider}}<br />
{{1971 Indo-Pak War}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Akram, Muhammad}}<br />
[[Category:1938 births]]<br />
[[Category:1971 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from Gujrat District]]<br />
[[Category:People from Jhelum]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistan Military Academy alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistan Army officers]]<br />
[[Category:People of the India–Pakistan war of 1971]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani military personnel killed in action]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of Nishan-e-Haider]]<br />
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thiruvilaiyadal&diff=541023Thiruvilaiyadal2026-03-05T02:02:20Z<p>CharliVangundy: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|1965 film A. P. Nagarajan}}<br />
{{About|the 1965 film|the 2006 film|Thiruvilaiyaadal Aarambam}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Thiruvilaiyadal poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[A. P. Nagarajan]]<br />
| producer = {{plainlist|<br />
* A. P. Nagarajan<br />
* A. M. Shahul Hameed<br />
}}<br />
| screenplay = A. P. Nagarajan<br />
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam]]''|Paranjothi Munivar}}<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
*[[Sivaji Ganesan]]<br />
*[[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]<br />
*[[K. B. Sundarambal]]<br />
}}<br />
| narrator = A. P. Nagarajan<br />
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]<br />
| cinematography = [[K. S. Prasad]]<br />
| editing = {{plainlist|<br />
*M. N. Rajan<br />
*T. R. Natarajan<br />
}}<br />
| studio = Sri Vijayalakshmi Pictures<br />
| distributor = Sivaji Films<br />
| released = {{film date|1965|7|31|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 155 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
'''''Thiruvilaiyadal''''' ({{translation|The Divine Game}}) is a 1965 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Hindu mythological film]] written, directed and co-produced by [[A. P. Nagarajan]]. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], and [[K. B. Sundarambal]], with [[T. S. Balaiah]], [[R. Muthuraman]], [[Nagesh]], [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]], [[K. Sarangapani]], [[Devika]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], and Nagarajan in supporting roles. [[K. V. Mahadevan]] composed the film's soundtrack and score, and [[Kannadasan]] and [[Sankaradas Swamigal]] wrote the song lyrics.<br />
<br />
''Thiruvilaiyadal'' was inspired by the ''[[Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam]]'': a collection of sixty-four [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] devotional, [[Epic poetry|epic stories]], written in the 16th century by Paranjothi Munivar, which record the actions (and antics) of [[Shiva]] on [[Earth]] in a number of disguises to test his devotees. ''Thiruvilaiyadal'' depicts four of the stories. The first is about the poets Dharumi and [[Nakkīraṉãr|Nakkeerar]]; the second concerns [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Dhakshayani]]. The third recounts how Shiva's future wife, [[Parvati]], is born as a fisherwoman; Shiva, in the guise of a fisherman, finds her and marries her. The fourth story is about the singers Banabhathirar and Hemanatha Bhagavathar.<br />
<br />
''Thiruvilaiyadal'' was released on 31 July 1965 to critical praise for its screenplay, dialogue, direction, music and the performances of Ganesan, Nagesh and Balaiah. The film was a commercial success, running for over twenty-five weeks in many theatres and becoming a [[silver jubilee film]]. It was also responsible for a resurgence in devotional and mythological cinema, since it was released when Tamil cinema was primarily producing social films.{{efn|name=social}} ''Thiruvilaiyadal'' received the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil|Certificate of Merit for the Second-Best Feature Film]] in Tamil at the [[13th National Film Awards]] and the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film&nbsp;– Tamil]]. A digitally-restored version was released in September 2012, which was also a commercial success.<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
The [[Hindus|Hindu]] god [[Shiva]] gives a sacred mango fruit, brought by the sage [[Narada]], to his elder son [[Ganesha|Vinayaka]] as a prize for outsmarting his younger brother [[Kartikeya|Muruga]] in a competition. Angry with his father, Muruga (dressed as a hermit) goes to [[Palani]]. He meets [[Avvaiyar (Sangam poet)|Avvaiyar]], one of his devotees, along the way. Despite her attempts to convince Muruga to return to [[Mount Kailash]], he remains adamant about his decision to leave his family. His mother, the goddess [[Parvati]], arrives there and tells the stories of four of Shiva's divine games to calm Muruga.<br />
<br />
The first story is set in [[Madurai]], the capital city of the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya Kingdom]]. Shenbagapandian, the king, wants to find the answer to a question posed by his wife (whether the fragrance of a woman's hair is natural or artificial), and announces a reward of 1,000 gold coins to anyone who can come up with the answer. Dharumi, a poor poet, desperately wants the reward, and starts to break down in the [[Meenakshi Temple, Madurai|Meenakshi Amman Temple]]. Shiva, hearing him weeping, takes the form of a poet and gives Dharumi a poem containing the answer. Overjoyed, Dharumi takes the poem to Shenbagapandian's [[Royal court|court]] and recites it; however, the court's head poet [[Nakkīraṉãr|Nakkeerar]] claims that the poem's meaning is incorrect. On hearing this, Shiva argues with Nakkeerar about the poem's accuracy and burns him to ashes when he refuses to relent. Later, Shiva revives Nakkeerar and says that he only wanted to test his knowledge. Realising it was Shiva's will that Dharumi should get the reward, Nakkeerar requests Shenbagapandian to give it to Dharumi.<br />
<br />
The second story focuses on Shiva marrying [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]] against the will of her father, [[Daksha]]. Daksha performs a ''[[Yajna|Mahayajna]]'' without inviting his son-in-law. Sati asks Shiva's permission to go to the ceremony, but Shiva refuses to let her go because he feels that no good will come from it. Sati disobeys him and goes, only to be insulted by Daksha. She curses her father and returns to Shiva, who is angry with her. Sati says that they are one; without her, there is no Shiva. He disagrees, and burns her to ashes. He then performs his [[Tandava]], which is noticed by the [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]], who pacify him. Shiva restores Sati to life (who is reborn as Parvati) and accepts their oneness.<br />
<br />
In the third story, Parvati is banished by Shiva when she is momentarily distracted while listening to his explanation of the [[Vedas]]. Parvati, now born as Kayarkanni, is the daughter of a fisherman. When she is playing with her friends, Shiva approaches in the guise of a fisherman and tries to flirt with her. The fishermen are troubled by a giant shark who disrupts their way of life, and Shiva says that he alone can defeat the shark. After a long battle, Shiva subdues the shark (who is the bull deity [[Nandi (mythology)|Nandi]] in disguise) and marries Parvati.<br />
<br />
The last story is about Banabathirar, a devotional singer. Hemanatha Bhagavathar, a talented singer, tries to conquer the Pandya Kingdom when he challenges its musicians. The king's minister advises the king to seek Banabathirar's help against Bhagavathar. When the other musicians spurn the competition, the king orders Banabathirar to compete against Bhagavathar. Knowing that he cannot win, the troubled Banabathirar prays to Shiva—who appears outside Bhagavathar's house in the form of a firewood vendor the night before the competition, and shatters his arrogance by singing "Paattum Naane". Shiva introduces himself to Bhagavathar as Banabathirar's student. Sheepish at hearing this, Bhagavathar leaves the kingdom immediately and leaves a letter for Shiva to give to Banabathirar. Shiva gives the letter to Banabathirar, and reveals his true identity; Banabathirar thanks him for his help.<br />
<br />
After listening to the stories, Muruga realises that this too was one of Shiva's divine games to test his patience; he then reconciles with his family. The film ends with Avvaiyar singing "Vaasi Vaasi" and "Ondraanavan Uruvil", in praise of Shiva and Parvati.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
<!-- PER THE OPENING CREDITS --><br />
{{cast listing|<br />
* [[Sivaji Ganesan]] as [[Shiva]]<br />
* [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] as [[Parvati]], [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]], Kayarkanni<br />
* [[K. B. Sundarambal]] as [[Avvaiyar (Sangam poet)|Avvaiyar]]<br />
* [[T. S. Balaiah]] as Hemanatha Bhagavathar<br />
*[[R. Muthuraman]] as Shenbagapandian<ref name="Tamil Hindu" /><br />
* [[Nagesh]] as Dharumi<ref name="re-released" /><br />
* [[O. A. K. Thevar]] as [[Daksha]]{{sfn|Nagarajan|1965|loc=Opening credits, from 0:55 to 1:20}}<br />
* [[A. Karunanidhi]] as Sovai<br />
* [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]] as Banabathirar<ref name="Tamil Hindu" /><br />
* [[A. P. Nagarajan]] as [[Nakkīraṉãr|Nakkeerar]]<br />
* [[K. Sarangapani]] as Kayarkanni's father<br />
* [[E. R. Sahadevan]] as Pandya King Varagunapandiyan<ref name="Tamil Hindu" /><br />
* [[Devika]] as Shenbagapandian's wife<ref name="Kalki" /><br />
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Ponni{{sfn|Rajya V. R.|2014|p=69}}<br />
* [[G. Sakunthala]] as Banabathirar's wife<br />
* Baby Susarita as [[Kartikeya|Murugan]]<!-- per http://srimylaporetrio.blogspot.com/2018/07/16th-year-balar-chithirai-kalai-vizha.html --><br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
=== Development ===<br />
<!-- https://archive.today/20190821034804/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/70466 --><br />
In 1965, after the critical and commercial success of ''[[Navarathri (1964 film)|Navarathri]]'' (1964), its director [[A. P. Nagarajan]] and producer A. M. Shahul Hameed came together to make a film entitled ''Siva-Leela'', later retitled ''Thiruvilaiyadal''. It was inspired by the ''[[Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam]]'', a collection of sixty-four 16th-century [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] devotional epic stories by Paranjothi Munivar, which describe the actions (and antics) of [[Shiva]] on Earth in a number of disguises to test his devotees.<ref name="Tinsel" />{{Sfn|Thiagarajan|1965|p=xviii}}<br />
<br />
Four of the ''Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam''{{'s}} stories are depicted in the film,<ref name="Tinsel" />{{Sfn|David|1983|p=40}} including the story where the Tamil poet [[Nakkīraṉãr|Nakkeerar]] confronts Shiva over an error in his poem, exaggerating his sensitivity to the right and the wrong. Nagarajan had previously used this story as a [[play within a film]] in K. Somu's ''[[Naan Petra Selvam]]'' (1956).{{Sfn|Guy|1997|pages=280–281}} In addition to directing, Nagarajan co-produced ''Thiruvilaiyadal'' under the banner of Sri Vijayalakshmi Pictures,<ref>{{Cite web |title=1965 – திருவிளையாடல் ஸ்ரீ விஜயலஷ்மி பிக் (கலர்) |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1965-cinedetails24.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180116120722/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1965-cinedetails24.asp |archive-date=16 January 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> and wrote the screenplay.{{sfn|Nagarajan|1965|loc=Opening credits, from 3:17 to 3:25}} M. N. Rajan and T. R. Natarajan edited ''Thiruvilaiyadal''; K. S. Prasad and Ganga were the film's cinematographer and art director, respectively.{{Sfn|Nagarajan|1965|loc=Opening credits, from 1:40 to 2:07}}<br />
<br />
[[Sivaji Ganesan]] was cast as Shiva,{{Sfn|Guy|1997|page=281}} and [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] as the goddess [[Parvati]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tilak |first=Sudha G. |date=22 May 2004 |title=Mother goddesses rule the telly |work=[[Tehelka]] |url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main3.asp?filename=hub052204Mother.asp |url-status=dead |access-date=7 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007103617/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main3.asp?filename=hub052204Mother.asp |archive-date=7 October 2015}}</ref> R. Rangasamy did the make-up for Ganesan,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kannan |first=Uma |date=27 June 2011 |title=Kollywood's make-up specialists of the 1960s |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article447021.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=11 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011065720/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/interviews/article447021.ece |archive-date=11 October 2015}}</ref> and Savitri was given green make-up to portray her character.<ref>{{Cite web |last=தீனதயாளன் |first=பா. |date=3 July 2015 |title=சாவித்ரி-9. தங்கச் சரிகை சேல! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2015/jul/04/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF-9.-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2-1143022.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190820052334/https://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2015/jul/04/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF-9.-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2-1143022.html |archive-date=20 August 2019 |access-date=20 August 2019 |website=[[Dinamani]] |pages=2 |language=ta}}</ref> [[K. B. Sundarambal]] was chosen to play [[Avvaiyar (Sangam poet)|Avvaiyar]], reprising her role in the 1953 [[Avvaiyar (film)|film of the same name]].{{Sfn|Guy|1997|page=120}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 December 2015 |title=தென்னகத்தின் இசைக்குயில் மறைந்தது; தமிழ் சினிமா முன்னோடிகள் தொடர்-19 |language=Tamil |work=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |url=http://www.vikatan.com/news/coverstory/56909-kb-sundarambal-tamil-cinema-pioneers-.art |url-status=live |access-date=1 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601073656/http://www.vikatan.com/news/coverstory/56909-kb-sundarambal-tamil-cinema-pioneers-.art |archive-date=1 June 2016}}</ref> [[Nagesh]] was cast as Dharumi, and had a [[Daily call sheet|call sheet]] of one-and-a-half days to finish his portion.<ref name="Nugget" /><ref name="kalki" /> Besides directing, producing and writing, Nagarajan appeared as Nakkeerar.{{Sfn|Guy|1997|page=281}} [[M. Balamuralikrishna]] initially wanted to portray Hemanatha Bhagavathar but Nagarajan refused, believing [[T. S. Balaiah]] would be able to emote the character better. Balamuralikrishna agreed, and remained on the film as a singer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 August 2018 |title=பிளாஷ்பேக் : ஹேமநாத பாகவதரை விட்டுக்கொடுக்காத ஏ.பி.நாகராஜன்&nbsp;– டி.எஸ்.பாலையா பிறந்தநாள் ஸ்பெஷல்! |language=ta |work=[[Dinamalar]] |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/cinema-news/71313/special-report/TS-Balaiah-Birthday-special.htm |url-status=live |access-date=2 November 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180906145419/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/cinema-news/71313/special-report/TS-Balaiah-Birthday-special.htm |archive-date=6 September 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Filming ===<br />
<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20250510150447/https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemanews/127338 --><br />
{{blockquote<br />
| quote = We had to talk as we walked. We could not break up the dialogues for our convenience as that would slow down the tempo of the shot. We had such a degree of understanding that we enacted the scene with immaculate timing and with the required expressions in one continuous shot.<br />
|sign=[[Sivaji Ganesan]] on his experience filming with Nagesh| source = ''Autobiography of an Actor: Sivaji Ganesan, October 1928&nbsp;– July 2001''.{{Sfn|Ganesan|Narayana Swamy|2007|page=150}}<br />
}}<br />
''Thiruvilaiyadal'' was shot on a custom-built set at Vasu Studios in Madras (now [[Chennai]]).<ref name="Nugget" /> It was filmed in [[Eastmancolor]], thereby making it Nagarajan's first picture to be shot in colour.{{sfn|Nagarajan|1965|loc=From 0:43 to 0:47}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 December 2011 |title=திருவிளையாடல், தில்லானா மோகனாம்பாள் படங்களை தயாரித்த ஏ.பி.நாகராஜன் |language=Tamil |trans-title=A. P. Nagarajan, the man who created Thiruvilaiyadal and Thillana Mohanambal |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |url=http://www.maalaimalar.com/2011/12/09175038/thiruvilaiyadal-thillana-mogan.html |url-status=dead |access-date=11 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011173749/http://www.maalaimalar.com/2011/12/09175038/thiruvilaiyadal-thillana-mogan.html |archive-date=11 October 2015}}</ref> Before he began filming, Nagesh learned that Ganesan's arrival was delayed because his make-up had not been completed; he asked Nagarajan whether they could film any solo sequences, which included a scene where Dharumi laments his misfortune in the [[Meenakshi Temple, Madurai|Meenakshi Amman Temple]].<ref name="Nugget" /><ref name="kalki" /> While filming, Nagesh spontaneously came up with the line "''Varamaattan. Varamaattan. Avan nichchaiyam varamaattan. Enakku nalla theriyum. Varamaattan''" (He won't come. He won't come. He will definitely not come. I know he won't come).<ref name="Nugget" /><ref name="MM" /><ref name="dharumi" /> According to the actor, two&nbsp;incidents inspired him. One involved two&nbsp;assistant&nbsp;directors discussing whether Ganesan would be ready before or after lunch; one said he would be ready, the other said not. The other was when Nagesh overheard a passerby talking to himself about how the world had fallen on bad times.<ref name="Nugget" /><ref name="MM" /> He also took inspiration from Mylapore Krishnasamy Iyer.<ref name="kalki" /><br />
<br />
Dubbing of the scenes with Nagesh and Ganesan was completed soon after the footage was shot. After watching the scenes twice, Ganesan asked Nagarajan not to remove even a single frame of Nagesh's portions from the final cut, because he believed that those scenes along with the ones involving Balaiah would be the highlights of the film.<ref name="MM" /><ref name="MV" /><ref name="dharumi" /> The conversations between Shiva and Dharumi were improvised by Ganesan and Nagesh, not scripted by Nagarajan.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnamachari |first=Suganthy |date=13 August 2010 |title=Of performing arts |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/of-performing-arts/article567162.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=8 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008015939/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/of-performing-arts/article567162.ece |archive-date=8 October 2015}}</ref> ''Thiruvilaiyadal'' was the first Tamil film since ''[[Jagathalapratapan]]'' (1944) in which the lead actor plays five roles in one scene. Ganesan does so during the song "Paattum Naane", where he sings and plays four instruments: the [[veena]], [[mridangam]], flute and [[Glossary of Carnatic music#Jathi|jathi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 March 2016 |title=10 வேடத்தில் நடித்த முதல் நடிகர் பி.யு சின்னப்பா ! ( தமிழ்சினிமா முன்னோடிகள்-தொடர் 24) |language=Tamil |work=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |url=http://www.vikatan.com/news/coverstory/60547-pu-chinnappatamil-cinema-pioneers-series-24.art |url-status=live |access-date=1 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601145907/http://www.vikatan.com/news/coverstory/60547-pu-chinnappatamil-cinema-pioneers-series-24.art |archive-date=1 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2019 |title=எம்ஜிஆரின் நாயகர்... சிவாஜியின் முன்மாதிரி... |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/literature/516784-p-u-chinnappa-birthday.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105051842/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/literature/516784-p-u-chinnappa-birthday.html |archive-date=5 January 2022 |access-date=5 January 2022 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> Asked by his biographer, T. S. Narayanawami, about the ''[[Tandava]]'' he performed in the film, Ganesan replied that he simply learned the movements necessary for the dance and followed the choreographer's instructions.{{Sfn|Ganesan|Narayana Swamy|2007|page=158}}{{sfn|Nagarajan|1965|loc=From 1:13:35 to 1:16:18}} ''Thiruvilaiyadal'' was the last film produced by Hameed, who died on 20 May 1965, a few days after the filming ended.<ref name="Tinsel" /> Neither he nor Nagarajan was credited in the film as producers.{{sfn|Nagarajan|1965|loc=Opening credits, from 0:00 to 3:25}}<br />
<br />
== Themes ==<br />
The film's title is explained in an introductory voiceover. Greeting the audience, it quotes Shiva's literary epic of the same name. According to the narrator (Nagarajan), Shiva does what he does to test the patience of his disciples; the god plays games, which evoke more devotion in the hearts of his worshippers. Therefore, the film's title refers to the games played by Shiva.{{Sfn|Rajya V. R.|2014|pp=46–47}} According to Hari Narayan of ''[[The Hindu]]'', ''Thiruvilaiyadal'' celebrates the deeds of a god (in this case, Shiva) by depicting miracles performed by him.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narayan |first=Hari |date=31 October 2016 |title=Not just another sequel |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Not-just-another-sequel/article16086140.ece |url-status=live |access-date=15 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115112530/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-sequel-to-the-surprise-hit-chaar-sahibzaade/article9288423.ece |archive-date=15 November 2016}}</ref> R. Bharathwaj wrote for ''[[The Times of India]]'' that the story of the competition between Hemanatha Bhagavathar and Banabathirar is comparable to a contest between [[Carnatic music]] composer [[Shyama Shastri]] and Kesavvaya, a singer from [[Bobbili]].{{Sfn|Panikkar|2002|page=44}}<ref name="TOIB" /> Sastri had sought divine intervention from the goddess Kamakshi to defeat Kesavayya, mirroring Banabathirar's plea for Shiva's help.<ref name="TOIB" /> Mana Baskaran of ''[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]]'' notes that the film, despite being a mythological, also depicts contemporary social issues.<ref name="Tamil Hindu" /><br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
K. V. Mahadevan composed the film's soundtrack and score,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thiruvilayadal (1965) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0000528.html |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313024303/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0000528.html |archive-date=13 March 2013 |access-date=22 February 2012 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mqB7I3CLo6k |title=Thiruvilaiyadal {{!}} Tamil Movie Songs {{!}} Audio Jukebox {{!}} திருவிளையாடல் பாடல்கள் {{!}} Sivaji Ganesan |date=18 January 2017 |last=Saregama Tamil |author-link=Saregama |access-date=4 January 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/mqB7I3CLo6k |archive-date=4 January 2022 |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kannadasan wrote the song lyrics except for the first portions of "Pazham Neeyappa", which were written by Sankaradas Swamigal.<ref>{{Cite news |title=திருப்புமுனைத் திரைப்படங்கள்&nbsp;– 37&nbsp;– திருவிளையாடல் (1965) |language=ta |trans-title=Pathbreaking films{{snd}}37{{snd}}''Thiruvilaiyadal'' (1965) |work=[[Cinema Express]] |url=http://cinemaexpress.com/cinemaexpress/story.aspx?Title=திருப்புமுனைத்+திரைப்படங்கள்+-+37&artid=110685&SectionID=128&MainSectionID=128&SectionName=News&SEO |url-status=dead |access-date=17 January 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160507060805/http://cinemaexpress.com/cinemaexpress/story.aspx?Title=%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D+-+37&artid=110685&SectionID=128&MainSectionID=128&SectionName=News&SEO= |archive-date=7 May 2016}}</ref> Nagarajan initially wanted [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]] to sing "Oru Naal Podhuma", but he refused and M. Balamuralikrishna sang the song.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 July 2016 |title=பிளாஷ் ஃபேக்:சீர்காழி கோவிந்தராஜன் பாட மறுத்த பாடல் |language=ta |work=[[Dinamalar]] |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/48944/cinema/Kollywood/flash-back-the-popular-singer-Sirkali-Govindarajan-rejected-this-song.htm |url-status=live |access-date=5 September 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180905140045/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/48944/cinema/Kollywood/flash-back-the-popular-singer-Sirkali-Govindarajan-rejected-this-song.htm |archive-date=5 September 2018}}</ref> Each line in the song is from a different [[raga]],{{sfn|Rajya V. R.|2014|p=57}}<ref name="DYK" /> including ''[[List of Janya Ragas#Kharaharapriya|Darbar]]'',<ref name="Durbar" /> ''[[Todi (raga)|Todi]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=21 December 2012 |title=A Raga's Journey&nbsp;– Towering Todi |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-columns/towering-todi/article4225921.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009051320/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-columns/towering-todi/article4225921.ece |archive-date=9 October 2015 |access-date=9 October 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ''Maand'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=21 December 2012 |title=A Raga's Journey&nbsp;– Mesmeric Maand |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-columns/mesmeric-maand/article3558581.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009051354/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-columns/mesmeric-maand/article3558581.ece |archive-date=9 October 2015 |access-date=9 October 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and ''[[Mohanam]]''.<ref name="DYK" /> "Pazham Neeyappa" is based on three ragas: ''[[Darbari Kanada]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=8 June 2012 |title=A Raga's Journey&nbsp;– Dynamic Durbarikaanada |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-dynamic-durbarikaanada/article3504841.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009044839/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-dynamic-durbarikaanada/article3504841.ece |archive-date=9 October 2015 |access-date=9 October 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ''[[Shanmukhapriya]]'' and ''[[Kambhoji]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=2 September 2011 |title=A Raga's Journey&nbsp;– Sacred Shanmukhapriya |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-sacred-shanmukhapriya/article2418290.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009133403/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-sacred-shanmukhapriya/article2418290.ece |archive-date=9 October 2014 |access-date=9 October 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=153}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=17 August 2012 |title=A Raga's Journey&nbsp;– Devotional Kambhoji |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/devotional-kambhoji/article3784875.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009045147/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/devotional-kambhoji/article3784875.ece |archive-date=9 October 2015 |access-date=9 October 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> "Isai Thamizh", "Paattum Naane" and "Illadhathondrillai" are based on the ''[[Abheri]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=5 September 2011 |title=A Raga's Journey&nbsp;– Aspects of Abheri |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-aspects-of-abheri/article2325286.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009045743/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-aspects-of-abheri/article2325286.ece |archive-date=9 October 2015 |access-date=9 October 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=133}} ''[[Gourimanohari]]'' and ''[[Simhendramadhyamam]]'' ragas, respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=20 January 2012 |title=A Raga's Journey&nbsp;– The passionate appeal of Simhendramadhyamam |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-the-passionate-appeal-of-simhendramadhyamam/article2817296.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009052440/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-the-passionate-appeal-of-simhendramadhyamam/article2817296.ece |archive-date=9 October 2015 |access-date=9 October 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=25 October 2013 |title=A Raga's Journey&nbsp;– Godly Gowrimanohari |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/godly-gowrimanohari/article5271861.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009053105/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/godly-gowrimanohari/article5271861.ece |archive-date=9 October 2015 |access-date=9 October 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=152}} Vikku Vinayakram and Cheena Kutty were the [[ghatam]] and mridangam players, respectively, for "Paattum Naane".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krupa |first=Lakshmi |date=24 March 2013 |title=From kutcheris to recording studios |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/from-kutcheris-to-recording-studios/article4544076.ece |url-status=live |access-date=10 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010050936/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/from-kutcheris-to-recording-studios/article4544076.ece |archive-date=10 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=31 October 2012 |title=Artiste Cheena Kutty no more |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/artiste-cheena-kutty-no-more/article4048493.ece |url-status=live |access-date=9 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906022126/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/artiste-cheena-kutty-no-more/article4048493.ece |archive-date=6 September 2013}}</ref> Subbiah Asari made the [[Saraswati veena|Macha Veena]] seen in "Paattum Naane", and the crew of ''Thiruvilaiyadal'' purchased it from him for {{INRConvert|10000|year=1965}}.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kavitha |first=S. S. |date=30 January 2013 |title=Vestiges of an old art |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/vestiges-of-an-old-art/article4361479.ece |url-status=live |access-date=5 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405103753/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/vestiges-of-an-old-art/article4361479.ece |archive-date=5 April 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
Songs from the album, including "Pazham Neeyappa", "Oru Naal Podhuma", "Isai Thamizh", "Paarthal Pasumaram" and "Paattum Naane", became popular with the [[Tamil diaspora]].<ref name="re-released" /> Film historian [[Randor Guy]], in his 1997 book ''Starlight, Starbright: The Early Tamil Cinema'', said "Pazham Neeyappa" (performed by Sundarambal) was the "favourite of millions".{{Sfn|Guy|1997|page=121}} Singer [[Charulatha Mani]] wrote for ''The Hindu'' that Sundarambal produced a "pure and pristine depiction" of the ''[[List of Janya Ragas#Dheerashankarabharanam|Neelambari]]'' raga in "Vaasi Vaasi", and praised Balamuralikrishna's rendition of "Oru Naal Podhuma".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |date=28 March 2014 |title=A Raga's Journey&nbsp;– Soothing the senses |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/soothing-the-senses/article5843142.ece |url-status=live |access-date=9 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009045933/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/soothing-the-senses/article5843142.ece |archive-date=9 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="Durbar" /><br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 45:30<br />
| title1 = Pazham Neeyappaa<br />
| extra1 = [[K. B. Sundarambal]]<br />
| length1 = 06:29<br />
| title2 = Oru Naal Podhumaa<br />
| extra2 = [[M. Balamuralikrishna]]<br />
| length2 = 05:28<br />
| title3 = Isai Thamizh<br />
| extra3 = [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]]<br />
| length3 = 03:50<br />
| title4 = Paarthaal Pasumaram<br />
| extra4 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]]<br />
| length4 = 03:44<br />
| title5 = Paattum Naane<br />
| extra5 = T. M. Soundararajan<br />
| length5 = 05:54<br />
| title6 = Podhigai Malai Uchchiyiley<br />
| extra6 = [[P. B. Sreenivas]], [[S. Janaki]]<br />
| length6 = 02:52<br />
| title7 = Ondraanavan Uruvil<br />
| extra7 = K. B. Sundarambal<br />
| length7 = 03:04<br />
| title8 = Illaadhathondrillai<br />
| extra8 = T. R. Mahalingam<br />
| length8 = 03:08<br />
| title9 = Vaasi Vaasi<br />
| extra9 = K. B. Sundarambal<br />
| length9 = 05:57<br />
| title10 = Om Namasivaaya<br />
| extra10 = [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]], [[P. Susheela]]<br />
| length10 = 03:32<br />
| title11 = Neela Chelai Katti Konda<br />
| extra11 = P. Susheela<br />
| length11 = 04:40<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
''Thiruvilaiyadal'' was released on 31 July 1965,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dheenadhayalan |first=Pa. |date=27 June 2015 |title=சாவித்ரி- 8. தென்றலும் புயலும் |language=Tamil |work=[[Dinamani]] |url=http://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2015/06/27/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF--8.-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D/article2887518.ece |url-status=live |access-date=1 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601072624/http://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2015/06/27/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF--8.-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D/article2887518.ece |archive-date=1 June 2016}}</ref> and distributed by [[Sivaji Productions|Sivaji Films]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 July 1965 |title=Thiruvilaiyadal |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=vzY-6mMDyDUC&dat=19650724&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=23 January 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> During a screening at a Madras cinema, several women went into a religious frenzy during a scene with Avvaiyar and Murugan. The film was temporarily suspended so the women could be attended to.{{Sfn|Guy|1997|page=121}} According to artist [[Jeeva (artist)|Jeeva]], the management of the Raja Theatre built a replica of Mount Kailash to promote ''Thiruvilaiyadal''.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Jeevanathan |first1=V. |last2=Sivashankar |first2=Nithya |date=28 May 2012 |title=The painter of banners |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-painter-of-banners/article3464638.ece |url-status=live |access-date=14 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014044914/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-painter-of-banners/article3464638.ece |archive-date=14 October 2015}}</ref> A commercial success, the film ran for twenty-five&nbsp;weeks at the Ganesan-owned [[Shanti Theatre]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Mohan V. |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=17 January 2011 |title=Movie hall crosses a milestone |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/society/article1097489.ece |url-status=live |access-date=8 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116220949/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/society/article1097489.ece |archive-date=16 November 2012}}</ref> It also ran for twenty-five weeks at the Crown and Bhuvaneshwari Theatres in Madras and other theatres across South India,<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 January 1966 |title=வெற்றிகரமான வெள்ளி விழா.... |language=Tamil |trans-title=A successful Silver Jubilee |work=[[Dina Thanthi]] |url=http://www.mayyam.com/talk/showthread.php?9593-Nadigar-Thilagam-Sivaji-Ganesan-Part-8/page73 |url-status=dead |access-date=10 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010053612/http://www.mayyam.com/talk/showthread.php?9593-Nadigar-Thilagam-Sivaji-Ganesan-Part-8%2Fpage73 |archive-date=10 October 2015}}</ref> becoming a [[silver jubilee film]].{{efn|A silver jubilee film is one that runs for at least twenty-five&nbsp;weeks in a single theatre.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayakar |first=R. M. |date=22 November 2017 |title=From 100 Crore-Grossing Movies to Bygone Era's Silver and Golden Jubilee Hits: A look at Rare Feats in Indian Cinema |work=India-West |url=https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/from-crore-grossing-movies-to-bygone-era-s-silver-and/article_b3298434-cf7a-11e7-a2b0-a7e724c35d4b.html |url-status=live |access-date=16 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116133711/http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/from-crore-grossing-movies-to-bygone-era-s-silver-and/article_b3298434-cf7a-11e7-a2b0-a7e724c35d4b.html |archive-date=16 January 2018}}</ref>}} It added to Ganesan's string of successful films.<ref>{{Cite web |year=1993 |title=40th National Film Festival |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm40thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=40NFA.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008114601/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm40thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=40NFA.pdf |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=12 September 2015 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |page=89}}</ref> At the [[13th National Film Awards]], ''Thiruvilaiyadal'' received the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil|Certificate of Merit for the Second-Best Feature Film]] in Tamil.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Recipients of State Awards for Films 1965 |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/13th_NFA.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008121223/http://dff.nic.in/2011/13th_NFA.pdf |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=8 October 2015 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |page=32}}</ref> It also received the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Film News Anandan |author-link=Film News Anandan |date=8 August 2001 |title=Filmography of Dr. Sivaji Ganesan (Part-2) |language=Tamil |work=[[Dinakaran]] |url=http://dinakaran.com/cinema/english/facts/2001/august/08-08-01.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=10 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011122020349/http://dinakaran.com/cinema/english/facts/2001/august/08-08-01.htm |archive-date=22 November 2001}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
''Thiruvilayadal'' was praised by critics.<ref name="Tinsel" /> The Tamil magazine ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'', in a review dated 22 August 1965, considered the film a victory for Tamil cinema.<ref name="Kalki" /> Shanmugam Pillai and Meenakshi Ammal of ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' jointly reviewed the film on the same day. Shanmugam Pillai praised the ''tandava'' and said Nagarajan deserved to be appreciated for taking such a long epic and making it into a film. Although Meenakshi Ammal felt it was unnecessary to have a Tamil poet (Dharumi) do comedy, Shanmugam Pillai applauded Nagesh for showing his comic skills even in a mythological. Meenakshi Ammal noted that at a time when social films{{efn|name=social}} were dominating Tamil cinema, a mythological like ''Thiruvilaiyadal'' was a welcome change and deserved another viewing.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Shanmugam Pillai |last2=Meenakshi Ammal |date=22 August 1965 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம்: திருவிளையாடல் |trans-title=Movie Review: Thiruvilaiyadal |url=https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/626--3 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210123053150/https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/626--3 |archive-date=23 January 2021 |access-date=20 August 2019 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 7 August 1965, ''[[The Indian Express]]'' appreciated Nagarajan for treating the four episodes adapted from the ''Thiruvilayadal Puranam'' with "due reverence and respect" and chaste Tamil dialogue (a "delight to the ears"). However, the reviewer derided Nagarajan's "unimaginative" handling of the fisherman episode and Ganesan's "awkward" gestures, which turned what would have been a "sublime, divine love story" into a typical "boy-meets-girl affair". They also criticised technical aspects such as "jumpy" shots, the colour scheme, Shiva's fight with the shark and the facial make-up. The reviewer criticised Ganesan for [[overacting]] while opining that Savitri had nothing to do, but commended the performances of Sundarambal, Mahalingam, Balaiah, Nagesh, Sarangapani, Muthuraman and Nagarajan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 August 1965 |title=A religious discourse in celluloid |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19650807&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=9 September 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 4 September 1965, T. M. Ramachandran wrote for ''[[Sport and Pastime]]'', "Both for the devout Hindu and the average movie fan, the picture provides such elements that sustain their interest from beginning to end." He noted that although there were anachronisms such as telephone and telegraph wires visible, "these defects pale into insignificance before the gloss and satisfying impact of the film as a whole on the minds of cinegoers." Ramachandran lauded Ganesan's performance, his ''tandava'', the performances of Savitri, Nagarajan and the other supporting actors, Sundarambal's singing, K. S. Prasad's cinematography and Ganga's art direction.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ramachandran |first=T. M. |date=4 September 1965 |title=Nagarajan Does It Again! |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.11921/page/n559/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230222055816/https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.11921/page/n559/mode/2up |archive-date=22 February 2023 |access-date=22 February 2023 |magazine=[[Sport and Pastime]] |page=51 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |volume=19}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Re-release ==<br />
In mid-2012, legal issues arose when attempts were made to digitally re-release the film. G. Vijaya of Vijaya Pictures filed a lawsuit against [[Gemini Studios|Gemini Colour Laboratory]] and Sri Vijayalakshmi Pictures for attempting to re-release the film without her company's permission. In December 1975, Sri Vijayalakshmi Pictures transferred the film rights to Movie Film Circuit; MFC transferred them to Vijaya Pictures on 18 May 1976.<ref name="TNIE" /> Vijaya Pictures approached Gemini to digitise the film for re-release, but Sri Vijayalakshmi Pictures asked laboratory officials not to release the film without their consent. Sri Vijayalakshmi Pictures disputed Vijaya's claim by running an advertisement in a Tamil newspaper on 18 May 2012 saying that it owned the film's rights, and anyone who wanted to exhibit it in a digital format should only do so with their permission. The judge who presided over the case ordered that the [[status quo]] be maintained by both parties.<ref name="TNIE" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 August 2012 |title=Bid to re-release Sivaji classic ends up in court |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Bid-to-re-release-Sivaji-classic-ends-up-in-court/articleshow/15485560.cms? |url-status=live |access-date=8 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008083708/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Bid-to-re-release-Sivaji-classic-ends-up-in-court/articleshow/15485560.cms |archive-date=8 October 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
Encouraged by the success of the re-release of ''[[Karnan (1964 film)|Karnan]]'' (1964), C. N. Paramasivam (Nagarajan's son and the head of Sri Vijayalakshmi Pictures) found film negatives of ''Thiruvilayadal'' in a [[Gemini Film Circuit|Gemini Films]] storage facility. Paramasivam restored the film and re-released it in [[CinemaScope]] in September 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=5 September 2012 |title=Classic gets a new life |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article3862116.ece |url-status=live |access-date=9 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009121554/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article3862116.ece |archive-date=9 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="re-released" /> The digitised version premiered at the Woodlands Theater in Royapettah, [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayan |first=S. |date=October 2012 |title=சினிமாஸ்கோப் டிஜிட்டலில் திருவிளையாடல் |language=Tamil |trans-title=Thiruvilaiyadal in CinemaScope Digital |work=Idhayakkani |url=http://www.mayyam.com/talk/showthread.php?9939-Nadigar-Thilagam-The-Greatest-Actor-of-the-Universe-amp-The-One-amp-Only-BO-Emperor/page163 |url-status=live |access-date=11 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011012630/http://www.mayyam.com/talk/showthread.php?9939-Nadigar-Thilagam-The-Greatest-Actor-of-the-Universe-amp-The-One-amp-Only-BO-Emperor%2Fpage163 |archive-date=11 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Contact Us |url=http://www.woodlandscinemas.com/contact_us |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011012539/http://www.woodlandscinemas.com/contact_us |archive-date=11 October 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |website=Woodlands Cinemas}}</ref> It received public acclaim and became a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 August 2013 |title=Old hall makes it a no show for Pasamalar fans |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/old-hall-makes-it-a-no-show-for-pasamalar-fans/article5074105.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=10 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010144614/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/old-hall-makes-it-a-no-show-for-pasamalar-fans/article5074105.ece |archive-date=10 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 September 2012 |title=திருவிளையாடல் |work=[[Dina Thanthi]] |url=http://www.mayyam.com/talk/showthread.php?9939-Nadigar-Thilagam-The-Greatest-Actor-of-the-Universe-amp-The-One-amp-Only-BO-Emperor/page131 |url-status=live |access-date=20 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190440/http://www.mayyam.com/talk/showthread.php?9939-Nadigar-Thilagam-The-Greatest-Actor-of-the-Universe-amp-The-One-amp-Only-BO-Emperor%2Fpage131 |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Producer [[Ramkumar Ganesan|Ramkumar]] (Ganesan's son) said about the digitised version, "It was like watching a new film".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 September 2012 |title=Thiruvilayadal next |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/thiruvilayadal-next/article3849187.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=10 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010145608/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/thiruvilayadal-next/article3849187.ece |archive-date=10 October 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Legacy and influence ==<br />
{{Main|Influence of Thiruvilaiyadal}}<br />
<br />
{{blockquote<br />
|Only two actors can pull the scene away from under my feet when we face the camera together{{snd}}one is [[M. R. Radha]], the other, Nagesh.<br />
|author = Ganesan, while listening to an [[Audio mixing|audio version]] of ''Thiruvilaiyadal''<ref name="Nostalgia" /><br />
}}<br />
''Thiruvilaiyadal'' has attained [[Cult film|cult status]] in Tamil cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Aravind |first=CV |date=20 June 2017 |title=Revisiting AP Nagarajan, the man who gave us immortal films like 'Thiruvilayadal' and 'Saraswathi Sabatham' |work=[[The News Minute]] |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/revisiting-ap-nagarajan-man-who-gave-us-immortal-films-thiruvilayadal-and-saraswathi |url-status=dead |access-date=16 January 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180116114012/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/revisiting-ap-nagarajan-man-who-gave-us-immortal-films-thiruvilayadal-and-saraswathi |archive-date=16 January 2018}}</ref> Along with ''Karnan'', it was responsible for a resurgence in devotional and mythological cinema, since it was released at a time when Tamil cinema primarily made social films.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saraswathi |first=S. |date=22 May 2014 |title=The Best Mythological Films of Tamil Cinema |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-the-most-popular-mythological-films-of-tamil-cinema-south/20140522.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180119070122/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-the-most-popular-mythological-films-of-tamil-cinema-south/20140522.htm |archive-date=19 January 2018 |access-date=19 January 2018 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Baskaran |first1=S. Theodore |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran |last2=Warrier |first2=Shobha |date=23 July 2001 |title='He was the ultimate star' |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/jul/23sive.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010150820/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/jul/23sive.htm |archive-date=10 October 2015 |access-date=10 October 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]}}</ref> Film critic [[Baradwaj Rangan]] called ''Thiruvilaiyadal'' "the best" Tamil film [[Epic film|epic]] released during the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=29 April 2011 |title=Lights, Camera, Conversation...&nbsp;– A dinosaur roams again |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Lights-Camera-Conversation...-mdash-A-dinosaur-roams-again/article14885442.ece |url-status=live |access-date=10 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010152242/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/lights-camera-conversation-a-dinosaur-roams-again/article1936998.ece |archive-date=10 October 2015}}</ref> Nagarajan and Ganesan collaborated on many more films in the genre, including ''[[Saraswathi Sabatham]]'' (1966), ''[[Thiruvarutchelvar]]'' (1967), ''[[Kandhan Karunai]]'' (1967) and ''[[Thirumal Perumai]]'' (1968).<ref name="MV" />{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=158}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 December 2012 |title=ரஜினியின் 100-வது படம் 'ஸ்ரீராகவேந்திரர்': ஸ்டைல்களை ஒதுக்கி விட்டு, மகானாகவே வாழ்ந்து காட்டினார் |language=Tamil |trans-title=Rajini's 100th film 'Sri Raghavendrar': Leaving Behind The Style, He Lives The Role |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2012/12/04234518/rajinikanth-100th-movie-srirag.html |access-date=10 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010060546/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2012/12/04234518/rajinikanth-100th-movie-srirag.html |archive-date=10 October 2015}}</ref> The film was a milestone of Nagesh's career, and the character of Dharumi is cited as one of his finest roles.<ref name="Nostalgia" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ravi |first=Bhama Devi |date=1 February 2009 |title=Mirth Gains Immortality |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOICH/2009/02/01/1/Ar00105.xml&CollName=TOI_CHENNAI_ARCHIVE_2009&DOCID=8322&Keyword=(%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EThiruvilayadal)&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF |url-status=dead |access-date=11 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303032231/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOICH/2009/02/01/1/Ar00105.xml&CollName=TOI_CHENNAI_ARCHIVE_2009&DOCID=8322&Keyword=%28%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EThiruvilayadal%29&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran |date=February 2009 |title=Tragic comedian |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |url=https://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2604/stories/20090227260413300.htm |url-status=live |access-date=10 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929051310/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2604/stories/20090227260413300.htm |archive-date=29 September 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
In July 2007, when S. R. Ashok Kumar of ''The Hindu'' asked eight notable directors to list ten films they liked the most, [[C. V. Sridhar]] and [[Ameer (director)|Ameer]] chose ''Thiruvilaiyadal''. Ameer found the film "imaginative", depicting mythology in "an interesting way", and called it "one of the best films in the annals of Tamil cinema."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=13 July 2007 |title=Filmmakers' favourites |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article2272999.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=11 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011060705/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article2272999.ece |archive-date=11 October 2014}}</ref> After Nagesh's death in 2009, ''Thiruvilaiyadal'' ranked fifth on the [[Sify]] list of "10 Best Films of late Nagesh"; according to its entry, the actor "was at his comic best in this film".<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2009 |title=10 Best Films of late Nagesh |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/10-best-films-of-late-nagesh-news-tamil-kkfsx3ccfbhsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141123070732/http://www.sify.com/movies/10-best-films-of-late-nagesh-news-tamil-kkfsx3ccfbhsi.html |archive-date=23 November 2014 |access-date=25 November 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''Thiruvilaiyadal'' is included with other Sivaji Ganesan films in ''8th Ulaga Adhisayam Sivaji'', a compilation DVD with Ganesan's "iconic performances in the form of scenes, songs and stunts", which was released in May 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Iyer |first=Aruna V. |date=12 May 2012 |title=For the love of Sivaji |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/for-the-love-of-sivaji/article3412363.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=9 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704094406/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/for-the-love-of-sivaji/article3412363.ece |archive-date=4 July 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
The film has been parodied and referenced in cinema, television and theatre. Notable films alluding to ''Thiruvilaiyadal'' include ''[[Poove Unakkaga (film)|Poove Unakkaga]]'' (1996),<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Poove Unakkaga |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=[[Super Good Films]] |year=1996 |time=24:00}}</ref> ''[[Mahaprabhu (film)|Mahaprabhu]]'' (1996),<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Mahaprabhu |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Sri Sai Theja Films |year=1996 |time=30:36}}</ref> ''[[Kaathala Kaathala]]'' (1998),<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Kaathala Kaathala |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=[[Raaj Kamal Films International]] |year=1998 |time=1:22:52}}</ref> ''[[Vanna Thamizh Pattu]]'' (2000),<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Vanna Thamizh Pattu |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Murugan Cine Arts |year=2000 |time=2:03:14}}</ref> ''[[Middle Class Madhavan]]'' (2001),<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Middle Class Madhavan |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=K. R. G. Movies International |year=2001 |time=23:39}}</ref> ''[[Kamarasu]]'' (2002),<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Kamarasu |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Saanthi Vanaraja Movies |year=2000 |time=46:50}}</ref> ''[[Kanthaswamy]]'' (2009)<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Kanthaswamy |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=[[Kalaipuli Films International]] |year=2009 |time=26:07}}</ref> and ''[[Oru Kal Oru Kannadi]]'' (2012).<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Oru Kal Oru Kannadi |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=[[Red Giant Movies]] |year=2012 |time=1:17:50}}</ref> In his review of ''[[Oru Kanniyum Moonu Kalavaanikalum]]'' (2014), Baradwaj Rangan noted that the use of touchscreen human facial [[Icon (computing)|icons]] on [[mobile app]]s was a "''Thiruvilaiyadal''-like framing device".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=5 April 2014 |title=Oru Kanniyum Moonu Kalavaanikalum: Time passages |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/oru-kanniyum-moonu-kalavaanikalum-time-passages/article5876513.ece |url-status=live |access-date=11 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011124047/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/oru-kanniyum-moonu-kalavaanikalum-time-passages/article5876513.ece |archive-date=11 October 2015}}</ref> The [[Star Vijay]] comedy series ''[[Lollu Sabha]]'' parodied the film twice: in an episode of the same name,<ref>{{Cite episode |title=Thiruvilayaadal |series=Lollu Sabha |series-link=Lollu Sabha |network=[[Star Vijay]] |date=5 May 2002 |season=1}}</ref> and in a contemporary version titled ''Naveena Thiruvilayaadal''.<ref>{{Cite episode |title=Naveena Thiruvilayaadal |series=Lollu Sabha |series-link=Lollu Sabha |network=[[Star Vijay]] |date=28 July 2002 |season=1}}</ref><br />
<br />
After T. M. Soundararajan's death in May 2013, M. Ramesh of ''[[Business Line]]'' wrote: "The unforgettable sequences from ... [''Thiruvilaiyadal''] ... have forever divided the world of Tamil music lovers in two: those who believe that the [''Oru Naal Podhuma''] of the swollen-headed Hemanatha Bhagavathar could not be bested, and those who believe that Lord Shiva's ''Paattum Naane Bhavamum Naane'' won the debate hands down".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramesh |first=M. |date=25 May 2013 |title=Veteran playback singer TMS is no more |work=[[Business Line]] |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/veteran-playback-singer-tms-is-no-more/article4750571.ece |url-status=live |access-date=1 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601082009/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/veteran-playback-singer-tms-is-no-more/article4750571.ece |archive-date=1 June 2016}}</ref> The character of Dharumi was parodied in ''Iruttula Thedatheenga'', a play staged in November 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnamachari |first=Suganthy |date=28 November 2013 |title=On how greed corrupts |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/on-how-greed-corrupts/article5400995.ece |url-status=live |access-date=11 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203033709/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/on-how-greed-corrupts/article5400995.ece |archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> In a January 2015 interview with ''The Times of India'', playwright [[Y. G. Mahendran]] said: "Most character artists today lack variety [...] Show me one actor in India currently who can do a ''[[Veerapandiya Kattabomman (film)|[Veerapandiya] Kattabomman]]'', a [[V. O. Chidambaram Pillai|VOC]], a ''[[Vietnam Veedu]]'', a ''[[Galatta Kalyanam]]'' and a {{sic|''Thiruvilayadal''}}."<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 January 2015 |title=Oscar-worthy performance by Sivaji: Y Gee Mahendra |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Oscar-worthy-performance-by-Sivaji-Y-Gee-Mahendra/articleshow/45883224.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403050315/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Oscar-worthy-performance-by-Sivaji-Y-Gee-Mahendra/articleshow/45883224.cms |archive-date=3 April 2015}}</ref> After Manorama's death in October 2015, ''Thiruvilaiyadal'' was ranked eighth on ''[[The New Indian Express]]''{{'}} list of top movies featuring the actress.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 October 2015 |title=Reminiscing Manorama: Comedy Loses Its Aachi Forever |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Reminiscing-Manorama-Comedy-Loses-Its-Aachi-Forever/2015/10/11/article3073834.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=7 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507083909/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Reminiscing-Manorama-Comedy-Loses-Its-Aachi-Forever/2015/10/11/article3073834.ece |archive-date=7 May 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist|refs= <br />
{{efn|name=social|In Indian cinema terminology, social films (or simply socials) are films with a contemporary setting, as opposed to those which have mythological and period settings.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=219}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=4 January 2008 |title=Menaka 1935 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/menaka-1935/article3022401.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=19 January 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170928145419/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/menaka-1935/article3022401.ece |archive-date=28 September 2017}}</ref>}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references><br />
<ref name="Tamil Hindu">{{Cite news |last=Baskaran |first=Mana |date=22 May 2015 |title=சமயம் வழியே சமூகம் கண்ட காவியம்!&nbsp;– திருவிளையாடல் |trans-title=The epic seen by the people!&nbsp;– Thiruvilaiyadal |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/44626-.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220081257/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/44626-.html |archive-date=20 December 2020 |access-date=20 December 2020 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref><br />
<ref name="re-released">{{Cite news |date=6 September 2015 |title=டிஜிட்டல் தொழில்நுட்பத்தில் 'திருவிளையாடல்' படம் மீண்டும் ரிலீஸ் |trans-title=Thiruvilayadal released again in digital technology |url=http://www.maalaimalar.com/2012/09/06145005/Thiruvilayadam-movie-released.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011172204/http://www.maalaimalar.com/2012/09/06145005/Thiruvilayadam-movie-released.html |archive-date=11 October 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=Tamil}}</ref><br />
<ref name="Kalki">{{Cite magazine |date=22 August 1965 |title=திருவிளையாடல் |trans-title=Thiruvilaiyadal |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1965-08-22/page/5/mode/2up |access-date=9 September 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=69 |language=Tamil |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><br />
<ref name="Tinsel">{{Cite news |last=Nainar |first=Nahla |date=31 August 2018 |title=Tinsel-edged memories |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/s-rahima-shahul-hameed-central-talkies-nahla-nainar-interview-tamil-cinema/article24831877.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180904151018/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/s-rahima-shahul-hameed-central-talkies-nahla-nainar-interview-tamil-cinema/article24831877.ece |archive-date=4 September 2018 |access-date=4 September 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
<ref name="Nugget">{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Mohan V. |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=9 September 2012 |title=An interesting nugget |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/an-interesting-nugget/article3875647.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008014602/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/an-interesting-nugget/article3875647.ece |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=8 October 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
<ref name="kalki">{{Cite magazine |last=நாகேஷ் |author-link=Nagesh |date=25 April 2004 |title=காமெடிக்கு லாஜிக் கிடையாது! |trans-title=Comedy has no logic! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki2004-04-25/kalki2004-04-25.pdf |access-date=1 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=76–78 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><br />
<ref name="MM">{{Cite news |date=10 May 2012 |title=திருவிளையாடல் படத்தில் தருமியாக வாழ்ந்து காட்டிய நாகேஷ் |trans-title=Nagesh, the man who lived the role of Dharumi in Thiruvilaiyadal |url=http://www.maalaimalar.com/2012/05/10180443/thiruvilaiyaal-film-nagesh-act.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008012229/http://www.maalaimalar.com/2012/05/10180443/thiruvilaiyaal-film-nagesh-act.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=8 October 2015 |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=Tamil}}</ref><br />
<ref name="dharumi">{{Cite magazine |last=நாகேஷ் |author-link=Nagesh |date=2 May 2004 |title=தருமி பட்ட அவமானம்! |trans-title=The humiliation Dharumi faced! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2004-05-02/page/48/mode/2up |access-date=13 January 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=49–51 |language=Ta}}</ref><br />
<ref name="MV">{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Mohan V. |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=14 April 2012 |title=Master of mythological cinema |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article3314719.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428035547/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article3314719.ece |archive-date=28 April 2015 |access-date=17 April 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
<ref name="TOIB">{{Cite news |last=Bharathwaj |first=R. |date=5 December 2008 |title=A different beat |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2008/12/05&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar03002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180905164346/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2008/12/05&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar03002 |archive-date=5 September 2018 |access-date=5 September 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<ref name="DYK">{{Cite news |date=30 October 2010 |title=Did You Know? |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2010/10/30&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar03502 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180417043309/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrintGifMSIE_PASTISSUES2&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2010/10/30&ChunkNum=0&ID=Ar03502 |archive-date=17 April 2018 |access-date=17 April 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<ref name="Durbar">{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=27 September 2013 |title=A Raga's Journey&nbsp;– The royal Durbar |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-columns/the-royal-durbar/article5175111.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009051135/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-columns/the-royal-durbar/article5175111.ece |archive-date=9 October 2015 |access-date=9 October 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
<ref name="TNIE">{{Cite news |date=14 August 2012 |title=Status quo ordered on digitising Thiruvilaiyadal |url=http://newindianexpress.com/education/student/article588890.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225105014/http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/student/article588890.ece |archive-date=25 December 2014 |access-date=8 October 2015 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><br />
<ref name="Nostalgia">{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=29 June 2007 |title=Nostalgia re-visited |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/nostalgia-revisited/article2272865.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010235349/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/nostalgia-revisited/article2272865.ece |archive-date=10 October 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
</references><br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
<!-- *{{Cite book |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |title=Sivaji Ganesan: Profile of an Icon |publisher=Wisdom Tree |year=2015 |isbn=9788183281096 |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran |orig-date=2008}} --><br />
* {{Cite book |last=David |first=C. R. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l384AAAAMAAJ&q=thiruvilaiyadal |title=Cinema as Medium of Communication in Tamil Nadu |publisher=Christian Literature Society |year=1983}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last1=Ganesan |first1=Sivaji |title=Autobiography of an Actor: Sivaji Ganesan, October 1928&nbsp;– July 2001 |title-link=Autobiography of an Actor |last2=Narayana Swamy |first2=T. S. |publisher=Sivaji Prabhu Charities Trust |year=2007 |oclc=297212002 |author-link=Sivaji Ganesan |orig-date=2002}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Guy |first=Randor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tWVYGwAACAAJ |title=Starlight, Starbright: The Early Tamil Cinema |publisher=Amra Publishers |year=1997 |oclc=1129588233 |author-link=Randor Guy}}<br />
* {{Cite AV media |title=Thiruvilayadal |last=Nagarajan |first=A. P. |type=motion picture |publisher=Sri Vijayalakshmi Pictures |year=1965 |author-link=A. P. Nagarajan |place=India}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Panikkar |first=K. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pyh8iVh7TAwC |title=Culture, Ideology, Hegemony: Intellectuals and Social Consciousness in Colonial India |publisher=Anthem Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-84331-039-6}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author-link2=Paul Willemen |orig-date=1994}}<br />
* {{Cite web |last=Rajya V. R. |first=Rashmi |year=2014 |title=Narrative Strategies and Communication of Values in Tamil Epic Tradition Films of A. P. Nagarajan |url=https://archive.org/details/NarrativeStrategiesAndCommunicationO_201510 |website=[[University of Madras]] |format=PDF}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |location=Chennai |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Thiagarajan |first=K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RmbqAAAAMAAJ |title=Meenakshi Temple, Madurai |publisher=Meenakshi Sundareswarar Temple Renovation Committee |year=1965}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
{{Good article}}<br />
{{A. P. Nagarajan}}<br />
{{NationalFilmAwardBestFeatureFilmTamil}}<br />
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1960s dance films]]<br />
[[Category:1965 films]]<br />
[[Category:1965 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1965 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about reincarnation]]<br />
[[Category:Films about royalty]]<br />
[[Category:Films about shapeshifting]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by A. P. Nagarajan]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]<br />
[[Category:Films with screenplays by A. P. Nagarajan]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian dance films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian religious epic films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anokhi_Ada_(1973_film)&diff=486848Anokhi Ada (1973 film)2026-03-03T23:39:20Z<p>CharliVangundy: Made A Info Needs Work</p>
<hr />
<div>{{More citations needed|date=October 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Anokhi Ada<br />
| image = Anokhi Ada 1973 poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = Kundan Kumar<br />
| producer = Kundan Kumar<br />
| writer = Rafi Ajmeri<br />Vishwanath Pande {{small|(dialogues)}}<br />
| story = Mushtaq Jalili<br />
| screenplay = Mushtaq Jalili<br />K.K. Shukla<br />
| starring = [[Jeetendra]]<br />[[Rekha]]<br />[[Vinod Khanna]]<br />
| music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]<br />
| cinematography = V. Durga Prasad<br />
| editing = Kamlakar Karkhanis<br />
| studio = Kundan Films<br />B4U Entertainment<br />[[Eros Entertainment]]<br />
| distributor = Asha Studios<br />[[Ranjit Studios]]<br />Roop Tara Studios<br />Shree Sound Studios<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1973|04|20}}<br />
| runtime = 118 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
}}<br />
'''''Anokhi Ada''''' ({{translation|''Unique style''}}) is a 1973 Indian [[Hindi]]-language film produced and directed by Kundan Kumar. The film stars [[Jeetendra]], [[Rekha]] and [[Vinod Khanna]], with music composed by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 September 2016 |title=Anokhi Ada (1973) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Anokhi-Ada-1973/article14639467.ece |access-date=15 October 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
The film begins at an estate where two fine folks, Lalaji & Gupta, jointly run a timber business. Besides, their children Rakesh & Neeta are under crush, and the elders decide to couple up with them. Once, Lalaji rescues an orphan, Gopal, from suicide and comforts him with a job. Soon, he acquires the credence of partners and befriends Rakesh & Neetu. In tandem, Gopal exposes the sharp practice of a sly accountant, Khushi Ram, and fires him. Begrudged Khushiram plots by creating a split between Lalaji & Gupta, which turns into a rivalry. It also leads to the forcible breakup of love birds. Shockingly, Gopal turns into an imposter who rushes to heist the wealth of two workmates along with Neeta. Rakesh discovers his devilishness and brawls in which he is backstabbed. Gopal orders his men to dispose, and they drown him in a lake. Afterward, Gopal wields Lalaji's property and convinces Gupta to knit Neeta with him. Just then, Khushiram extorts Gopal, killing him, convicting Lalaji, and seizing him. Rakesh returns alive in the guise of a riff-raff ruffian Kishan, the son of Lalaji's allegiant Ramu. At last, he knocks down Gopal, saves his father, and removes the disparity between the friends. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with the marriage of Rakesh & Neeta.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
*[[Jeetendra]] as Rakesh / Kishan<br />
*[[Rekha]] as Neeta Gupta<br />
*[[Vinod Khanna]] as Gopal<br />
*[[Padma Khanna]] as Radhika<br />
*[[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]] as Dr. Captain Bhushan<br />
*[[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]] as Khushiram<br />
*[[Nazir Hussain]] as Lalaji<br />
*[[Manmohan Krishna]] as Mr. Gupta<br />
*[[Praveen Paul]] as Mrs. Kamla Gupta<br />
*[[Kanhaiyalal (actor)|Kanhaiyalal]] as Ram Prasad "Ramu"<br />
*[[Manmohan (actor)|Manmohan]] as Shambhu<br />
*[[Brahmachari (actor)|Brahmachari]] as Sewakram (Dr. Bhushan's Compounder)<br />
*[[Sanjana (actress)|Sanjana]] as Rosy (Gopal's Girlfriend)<br />
*[[Keshav Rana]] as Govind<br />
*[[M. B. Shetty]] as Birju<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
Lyricist: [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! Song !! Singer<br />
|-<br />
| "Haal Kya Hai Dilon Ka"<br />
| [[Kishore Kumar]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Sundari, Aay Haay Sundari"<br />
| Kishore Kumar<br />
|-<br />
| "Tere Dil Mein Zara Si Jagah Agar Mile"<br />
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Mohammed Rafi]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Jawaani Tera Bolbala, Budhape Tera Munh Kaala"<br />
| [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Manna Dey]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Gum Gayi, Gum Gayi"<br />
| Asha Bhosle<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=0233227|title=Anokhi Ada}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1973 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1973 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1973 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mannukku_Mariyadhai&diff=516202Mannukku Mariyadhai2026-03-03T04:50:43Z<p>CharliVangundy: adding some info from scratch</p>
<hr />
<div>{{More citations needed|date=March 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Mannukku Mariyadhai<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| director = T. R. Vijayan<br />
| producer = J. Shanmugam<br />A. Sankunthala<br />V. L. Gopal<br />
| writer = Parthibaraman <small>(dialogues)</small><br />
| screenplay = T. R. Vijayan<br />
| story = G. Jayapal<br />K. M. P Samy<br />
| starring = {{ubl|[[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]]|[[Sanghavi]]}}<br />
| music = Devadevan<br />
| cinematography = M. S. Sagadevan<br />
| editing = K. Ganesh<br />
| distributor = <br />
| studio = J. K. S. Films<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1995|09|22}}<br />
| runtime = 110 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Mannukku Mariyadhai''''' ({{translation|Respect for the soil}}) is a 1995 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by T. R. Vijayan. The film stars [[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]] and [[Sanghavi]], with R. P. Viswam, [[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]], [[Uday Prakash (actor)|Uday Prakash]], [[Chinni Jayanth]], newcomer Jayaprabhu, Vandhana and Mandai Seenu playing supporting roles. It was released on 22 September 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mannukku Mariyadhai ( 1995 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=1928 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041129072020/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=1928 |archive-date=29 November 2004 |access-date=1 March 2024 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
<br />
Thupakki Gounder (R. P. Viswam) is a ruthless village chief and a greedy moneylender, and every villager is afraid of him and his henchmen. Thupakki Gounder is married to Lakshmi ([[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]]), and they have a son ([[Uday Prakash (actor)|Uday Prakash]]) who is a womanizer and a daughter Bhavani ([[Sanghavi]]) who is studying in the city. He has also an illegitimate son Nagarajan (Jayaprabhu) who works as a blacksmith and Nagarajan wants his father to confess that he is his son in front of the villagers.<br />
<br />
Pandian ([[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]]), an angry young man and a jobless graduate, gives tuition to the uneducated villagers which annoy Thupakki Gounder. But beyond that, Pandian spends time with his jobless friends. Pandian lives with his father Samikannu (Samikannu) and his widow sister Kalyani (Vandhana). Her husband died after two days of marriage, nobody wants to marry her after this tragedy.<br />
<br />
Bhavani arrives from the city, her father insisted to come in their village. He wants his daughter to provide lessons for the uneducated villagers. Her lessons become way more popular among the villagers than Pandian's lessons. After initial fights between Pandian and Bhavani, both fall in love. What transpires next forms the rest of the story.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
*[[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]] as Pandian<br />
*[[Sanghavi]] as Bhavani<br />
*R. P. Viswam as Thupakki Gounder<br />
*[[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]] as Lakshmi<br />
*[[Uday Prakash (actor)|Uday Prakash]]<br />
*[[Chinni Jayanth]] as Azhagu<br />
*Jayaprabhu as Nagarajan<br />
*Vandhana as Kalyani<br />
*Mandai Seenu as Mandai<br />
*[[Kumarimuthu]]<br />
*[[Loose Mohan]]<br />
*[[Idichapuli Selvaraj]]<br />
*[[Theni Kunjarammal]]<br />
*[[Pasi Narayanan]]<br />
*Samikannu as Samikannu<br />
*Kavithasri as Padmavati<br />
*Vennila as Rasathi<br />
*K. Kannan<br />
*[[Baba Bhaskar]]<br />
*Dharapuram Rajendran<br />
*Dharapuram V. S. Arumugam<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
The soundtrack was composed by Devadevan, with lyrics written by [[Piraisoodan]], Udhaya Bharathi, Aruvi Radha, Anbuthurai and Mohana Priyan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mannukku Mariyadhai (1995) |url=http://mio.to/album/Mannukku+Mariyadhai+%281995%29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012235449/http://mio.to/album/Mannukku+Mariyadhai+(1995) |archive-date=12 October 2016 |access-date=12 October 2016 |website=MusicIndiaOnline}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1995-01-01 |title=Mannukku Mariyadhai (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/mannukku-mariyadhai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1577992910 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240301092754/https://music.apple.com/in/album/mannukku-mariyadhai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1577992910 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |access-date=1 March 2024 |work=[[Apple Music]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration<br />
|-<br />
| "Ponn Manne" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || 4:56<br />
|-<br />
| "Aathi Sakthi" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[Swarnalatha]] || 4:26<br />
|-<br />
| "Poo Malaiyo" || Mano, K. S. Chithra || 4:55<br />
|-<br />
| "Alamaram Pole" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || 5:22<br />
|-<br />
| "Padhaiyileh" || Malaysia Vasudevan || 4:52<br />
|-<br />
| "Raathiri Enum" || K. S. Chithra || 4:31<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1995 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1995 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1995 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hai_Golmaal_in_White_House&diff=501823Hai Golmaal in White House2026-03-02T09:35:17Z<p>CharliVangundy: details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Hai Golmaal In White House<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| director = Salar Shaikh<br />
| producer = A.K.MISHRA<br />
| writer = Saajan Agarwal<br />
| starring = [[Rajpal Yadav]]<br>[[Govind Namdeo]]<br>[[Pratima Kazmi]]<br>[[Vijay Raaz]]<br> [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]]<br />
| music = [[Shamir Tandon]]<br />
| cinematography = <br />
| editing = <br />
| studio = Vision Corporation Ltd<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2015|09|14}}<br />
| runtime = 143 minutes<br />
| country = India <br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = 40,00,000 [[Indian rupee|INR]]<br />
| gross = 2,75,000 [[Indian rupee|INR]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1295|title=Hai Golmaal In White House - Movie - Box Office India|website=Boxofficeindia.com|accessdate=21 October 2017}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Hai Golmaal In White House''''' is a 2015 Indian [[Comedy drama|comedy-drama]] film directed by Salar Shaikh,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hungama.com/movie/hai-golmal-in-white-house/23545848/|title=Watch Hai Golmal In White House Movie - Hungama|last=Hungama|website=Hungama.com|accessdate=21 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moviebuff.com/hai-golmaal-in-white-house|title=Hai Golmaal In White House on Moviebuff.com|website=Moviebuff.com|accessdate=21 October 2017}}</ref> starring [[Rajpal Yadav]], [[Govind Namdeo]], [[Pratima Kazmi]], [[Vijay Raaz]] and [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]]. It was released on 23 June 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1295|title=Hai Golmaal In White House - Movie - Box Office India|website=Boxofficeindia.com|accessdate=21 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmipop.com/movies/hai-golmaal-in-white-house-movie-4461|title=Hai Golmaal In White House Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos - FILMIPOP|website=Filmipop.com|accessdate=21 October 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The movie is about people living in a white house. Four gorgeous women are looking for a house to rent; they find a house named "White House". They find that the other people residing there are unique characters, living hard and boring lives.{{Clarify|date=June 2023}}<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
*[[Rajpal Yadav]]<br />
*[[Govind Namdev]]<br />
*[[Pratima Kazmi]]<br />
*[[Vijay Raaz]] <br />
*[[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]]<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
All songs were composed by [[Shamir Tandon]].<br />
<br />
*"Baithe Baithe Dil Ko" – [[Kailash Kher]]<br />
*"Dil Lagane Ko Jab Dil" – [[Asha Bhosle]]<br />
*"Door Jao Na Tum" – [[Kunal Ganjawala]]<br />
*"Ek Ladki Se Aaj Main" – N/A<br />
*"Ek To Pyaar Ki Umar Hai" – N/A<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2015 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Shamir Tandon]]<br />
[[Category:2015 comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language comedy-drama films]]<br />
<br />
{{2010s-Hindi-film-stub}}</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=V._I._S._Jayapalan&diff=543051V. I. S. Jayapalan2026-03-01T18:21:55Z<p>CharliVangundy: put up initial page needs work</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian film actor}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = V. I. S. Jayapalan<br />
| years_active = 1978–present<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1944|12|13|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Uduvil]], [[Jaffna]], [[Sri Lanka]]<br />
| occupation = Writer, political commentator, [[actor]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''V. I. S. Jayapalan''' is a [[Sri Lanka]]n-Norwegian writer, political commentator and actor who has appeared in Indian films, mainly in [[Tamil cinema]]. He made his acting debut in [[Vetrimaaran]]'s ''[[Aadukalam]]'' (2011) and won a [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] for his portrayal.<ref>{{cite web|author=Karthik Subramanian |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/from-the-arena-of-life/article1136906.ece |title=From the arena of life |work=The Hindu |date=2011-01-29 |access-date=2014-03-29}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Jayapalan was born in [[Uduvil]], [[Jaffna]], Sri Lanka. He began writing in the 1970s while studying at the [[University of Jaffna]] and published his first anthology in 1986. He graduated with a degree in [[Economics]] from the university, while also leading the student union.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pathirana |first=Saroj |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5076930.stm |title=South Asia &#124; Tamil poet's plea for peace |publisher=BBC News |date=2006-06-14 |access-date=2014-03-29}}</ref> Since then he has published at least 12 anthologies of poetry and short fiction. As the [[Sri Lankan Civil War]] escalated, he fled to [[Oslo]], [[Norway]] in 1988 and since then he has been living in Norway as a Norwegian citizen - travelling to the south Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]] to continue his art and literary work.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jdslanka.org/index.php/2012-01-30-09-30-42/human-rights/416-award-winning-tamil-poet-jayapalan-arrested-in-sri-lankas-north |title=Award-winning Tamil poet Jayapalan arrested in Sri Lanka's North |publisher=Jdslanka.org |date=2013-11-26 |access-date=2014-03-29}}</ref> In 1995, he was awarded the best immigrant writer by the Norwegian Writers’ Association, with poetry being translated into English, [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] as well as [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]. In 2009, some of his poems were translated into English and published as a book in Canada - named 'Wilting Laughter’ - along with selected poems of R. Cheran and Puthuvai Raththinathurai.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}<br />
<br />
Through his friendship with film maker [[Balu Mahendra]], he was introduced to [[Vetrimaaran]] who was keen on casting Jayapalan in his film ''[[Aadukalam]]'' (2011).<ref>{{cite news|author=Sreedhar Pillai|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/India-is-my-cultural-homeland-Jayabalan/articleshow/7533915.cms |title=India is my cultural homeland: Jayabalan|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=2011-02-21 |access-date=2014-03-29}}</ref> After accepting the offer, he worked alongside an ensemble cast including actor [[Dhanush]], with the film releasing to a positive response at the box office in January 2011. Critics lauded his performance as the local [[cock fighting]] team's patriarch, Pettaikaran, with Sify.com labelling him as a "revelation" and Behindwoods writing that with the "right kind of expressions and body language, he demonstrates a new type of villainy".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/aadukalam-movie-review.html |title=Aadukalam Movie Review - Tamil Movie Aadukalam Movie Review |website=Behindwoods.com |access-date=2014-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/aadukalam-review-review-tamil-14960493.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111093431/http://www.sify.com/movies/aadukalam-review-review-tamil-14960493.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-11-11 |title=Movie Review : Aadukalam-Review |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=2014-03-29}}</ref> He went on to win [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Feature Film)|a special jury award at the National Film Awards]] in 2011, as well as garnering nominations at the Filmfare and Vijay Awards.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year<br />
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film<br />
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Role<br />
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2011 || ''[[Aadukalam]]'' || Pettaikaran || [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Feature Film)|National Film Award – Special Jury Award]]<br>Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Tamil]]<br>Nominated, [[Vijay Award for Best Villain]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vellore Maavattam]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"| 2013 || ''[[Pandiya Naadu]]'' || Ravi's advisor ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Attahasa]]'' || Periyavar ||[[Kannada]] film<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"| 2014 || ''[[Jilla]]'' || Periyavar ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Naan Sigappu Manithan (2014 film)|Naan Sigappu Manithan]]'' || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]'' || Krishnappan ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"| 2015 || ''[[Touring Talkies (2015 film)|Touring Talkies]]'' || President || Anthology film; segment ''Selvi 5am Vaguppu''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Indru Netru Naalai]]'' || Marthandam || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[49-O (film)|49-O]]'' || MLA Boominathan || <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"| 2016 || ''[[Peigal Jaakkirathai]]'' || || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aranmanai 2]]'' || Namboothiri ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thirunaal]]'' || Durai ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2017 || ''[[Valla Desam]]'' || || <br />
|-<br />
| 2019 || ''[[Kuthoosi]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2020 || ''Dhowalath'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4"| 2022 || ''[[Veeramae Vaagai Soodum]]'' || Nedunchezhiyan's father||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Yaanai]]'' || Samuthiram||<ref>{{Citation |title=Yaanai - Official Trailer {{!}} Hari {{!}} Arun Vijay {{!}} Priya Bhavani Shankar {{!}} GV Prakash {{!}} Drumsticks | date=30 May 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kwBT-YLgmOU |language=en |access-date=2022-05-31}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Buffoon (film)|Buffoon]]'' || Chief Minister||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Adithattu]]'' || Dinkan || Malayalam film<br />
|-<br />
| 2023 || ''[[Meippada Sei]]'' || Gaja ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2024 || ''[[Sir (2024 film)|Sir]]'' || {{tableTBA}} ||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Cinema of India]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jayapalan, VIS}}<br />
[[Category:1944 births]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Jaffna]]<br />
[[Category:Sri Lankan emigrants to Norway]]<br />
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of Norway]]<br />
[[Category:Refugees in Norway]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Northern Province, Sri Lanka]]<br />
[[Category:Sri Lankan Tamil artists]]<br />
[[Category:Sri Lankan actors]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil actors]]<br />
[[Category:Sri Lankan Tamil poets]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Sri Lankan poets]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Sri Lankan male writers]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kither&diff=510134Kither2026-02-28T19:30:31Z<p>CharliVangundy: stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Village in Jammu and Kashmir}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Kither<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang =<br />
| other_name = <br />
| image_skyline = {{multiple image<br />
| border = infobox<br />
| total_width = 260<br />
| image_style =<br />
| perrow = 1/<br />
| image1 =<br />
| image2 =<br />
}}<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption =<br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|33.1073154|N|76.0245135|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kishtwar district|Kishtwar]]<br />
| established_title = <br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = <br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = <br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = <br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = <br />
| blank3_name_sec1 = Distance from Kishtwar town<br />
| blank3_info_sec1 = {{convert|70|km|mi}}<br />
| blank3_name_sec2 = Distance from Jammu<br />
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|230|km|mi}}<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_total = 861<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Urdu]], [[English language|English]]<br />
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken<br />
| demographics1_info2 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Gojri]],<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 182204<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kither''' is a village in [[tehsil]] [[Bunjwah]] district [[Kishtwar]] in Union Territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/4727-kither-jammu-and-kashmir.html | title=Kither Village Population - Kishtwar - Kishtwar, Jammu and Kashmir }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/jammu-kashmir/kishtwar/kishtwar/kither-population.html | title=Kither Village Population - Kishtwar, Kishtwar, Jammu & Kashmir }}</ref><ref>https://jkpanchayat.jk.gov.in/homeview.php?panchayat=Kither&block=Bonjwah{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://kishtwar.nic.in/village-panchayats/ | title=Village & Panchayats &#124; District Kishtwar, Government of Jammu & Kashmir &#124; India }}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Kalnai River]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Kishtwar district]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{JammuKashmir-geo-stub}}</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=HAL_Rudra&diff=451335HAL Rudra2026-02-28T06:56:28Z<p>CharliVangundy: Content refined for better accuracy</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Attack variant of the HAL Dhruv helicopter}}<br />
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox aircraft<br />
| name = Rudra<br />
| logo = <br />
| logo_size = <br />
| image = File:Advanced Light Helicopter ALH Rudra (cropped).jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = HAL Rudra of [[Indian Army]] in flight<br />
| long_caption = <br />
| other_names = <br />
| aircraft_type = [[Armed helicopter]]<br />
| aim = <br />
| outcome = <br />
| related = <br />
| national_origin = [[India]]<br />
| manufacturer = [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]<br />
| design_group = Rotary Wing Research and Design Centre<ref>{{cite news |title = Rotary Wing |url = https://hal-india.co.in/Rotary%20Wing/M__326 |access-date = 9 October 2021 |agency = Hindustan Aeronautics Limited}}</ref><br />
| designer = <br />
| builder = <br />
| issuer = <br />
| status = In service<br />
| owners = <br />
| primary_user = [[Indian Army]]<br />
| more_users = [[Indian Air Force]]<br />
| service = <br />
| major_applications = <br />
| proposals = <br />
| prototypes = <br />
| number_built = 91 (75 on order)<br />
| construction_number = <br />
| civil_registration = <br />
| military_serial = <br />
| radio_code = <br />
| requirement = <br />
| aircraft_carried = <br />
| flights = <br />
| total_hours = <br />
| total_distance = <br />
| construction_date = 2007–present<br />
| introduction = 2012<br />
| retired = <br />
| first_flight = 16 August 2007<br />
| initiated = <br />
| in_service = <br />
| last_flight = <br />
| expected = <br />
| developed_from = [[HAL Dhruv]]<br />
| variants = <br />
| developed_into = <br />
| preservation = <br />
| fate = <br />
| predecessors = <br />
| successors = <br />
| concluded = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''HAL Rudra''' ({{Lit|Roaring}})<ref>[https://sanskritdictionary.com/?q=rudra Rudra]</ref> also known as '''ALH-WSI''', is an armed version of the [[HAL Dhruv]] [[utility helicopter]] which is designed and produced by the Indian [[aerospace manufacturer]] [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL).<br />
<br />
The Rudra was developed in parallel to the [[HAL Prachand|HAL Light Combat Helicopter]] (LCH), a more extensive attack helicopter developed from the Dhruv. Extensive changes from the Dhruv were avoided to produce the Rudra with the express purpose of providing an indigenous armed helicopter faster than the LCH programme could do so. The Mark III variant features the sensors and mission equipment, but lacked weaponry; the Rudra Mark IV is provisioned with various armaments. The Rudra is equipped with [[forward looking infrared]] (FLIR), day-and-night optical cameras, and a Thermal Imaging Sights Interface; armed models feature a 20&nbsp;mm turret gun, 70&nbsp;mm rocket pods, [[anti-tank guided missile]]s and [[air-to-air missile]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.army-technology.com/projects/hal-rudra-attack-helicopter-india/ | title=HAL Rudra (ALH WSI) Attack Helicopter }}</ref><ref name=PiB>{{cite news |title = Year-End Review – 2010 DRDO |url = http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=68740 |access-date = 31 July 2012 |newspaper = Press Information Bureau}}</ref> Work on the programme started in December 1998, and the prototype Rudra conducted its [[maiden flight]] on 16 August 2007.<br />
<br />
Between 2011 and 2013, extensive flight testing of the Rudra took place, during which it was proved to have largely fulfilled or surpassed set requirements. Its primary customer is the [[Indian Army]], who took delivery of the first pair of Rudra helicopters in February 2013, the same month in which the type attained Initial Operational Clearance (IOC).<ref name = "firstdel 2013"/> In addition to the Indian Army, both the [[Indian Air Force]] and [[Indian Navy]] have taken interest in the type.<br />
<br />
==Design and development==<br />
Amid the development of the more comprehensive [[HAL Prachand|Light Combat Helicopter]], an attack-orientated derivative of the [[HAL Dhruv]] utility helicopter, [[Indian Army]] officials concluded that there was value in procuring an armed model of the Dhruv.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Indigenous-combat-copter-takes-to-skies/articleshow/5966664.cms |title= Indigenous combat copter takes to skies |date= 24 May 2010 |access-date= 22 August 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160411224457/http://hal-india.com/Product_Details.aspx?Mkey=54&lKey=&CKey=63 |archive-date= 11 April 2016 |work= [[The Times of India]] |url-status= live }}</ref> By intentionally avoiding any non-essential major modification to the original airframe, this armed Dhruv could be developed and delivered relatively quickly. The concept was initially referred to as the ''Dhruv-WSI'' (Weapons System Integrated).<ref>{{cite news |url= http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/army-to-soon-get-indigenous-weaponised-chopper-advanced-light-helicopter-rudra/articleshow/9857201.cms |title= Army to soon get indigenous weaponised chopper Advanced Light Helicopter 'Rudra' |work= The Times of India |date= 5 September 2011 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171009040717/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/army-to-soon-get-indigenous-weaponised-chopper-advanced-light-helicopter-rudra/articleshow/9857201.cms |archive-date= 9 October 2017}}</ref> Thereafter, the name ''Rudra'' was adopted.<ref name = "firstdel 2013">{{cite web |title = Certified and ready, Indian Army to receive 1st weaponised Dhruv |url = http://www.spslandforces.com/exclusive/?id=55&h=Certified-and-ready-Indian-Army-to-receive-1st-weaponised-Dhruv |publisher = SP's Land Forces |date = 28 January 2013 |access-date = 19 May 2014}}</ref> Development of the Rudra was officially sanctioned during December 1998.<ref name = "standing 45">Standing Committee of Defence 2007, p. 45.</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Rudra attack helicopter.jpg|thumb|Head-on view of a Rudra]]<br />
The Rudra features integrated sensors, weapons and an [[electronic warfare]] suite; it is also furnished with an upgraded version of the [[glass cockpit]] used in the HAL Dhruv Mk III. These sensors include stabilised day and night cameras, infrared imaging, as well as laser ranging and designation.<ref name=tsm8f>{{cite news |title = India developing Agni VI |url = http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=442704&catid=36 |access-date = 18 February 2013 |newspaper = The Statesman |date = 8 February 2013}}</ref> It has an Integrated Defensive Aids Suite (IDAS) from [[Saab AB]], with an electronic warfare self-protection system that is fully integrated into the glass cockpit. Onboard self-defence systems include radar and missile detectors, IR jammer, chaff and flare dispensers. The helicopter can be used in both unarmed and armed roles that include [[aerial reconnaissance]], [[Military transport aircraft|troop transport]], [[anti-tank warfare]] and [[close air support]].<ref name="HAL website">{{cite news |title = Armed Dhruv |url = http://www.hal-india.com/helicopter/armed%20role.pdf |access-date = 31 July 2012 |publisher = Hindustan Aeronautics Limited}}</ref><br />
[[File:HAL_Rudra_firing_rockets_during_Yudh_Abhyas_exercise.jpg|left|thumb|HAL Rudra firing [[FZ275 LGR]] rockets at Exercise Yudh Abhyas]]<br />
During July 2005, the project was rescoped to include integration of additional systems along with the integration of a higher powered model of the [[HAL/Turbomeca Shakti]] [[turboshaft]] engine. Post-revision, the cost of the Rudra programme was reported to be Rs 710.29 Cr in April 2007; at this point, the scheduled completion date was stated to be July 2008.<ref name="standing 45" /> On 16 August 2007, the prototype Rudra conducted its [[maiden flight]].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/17/stories/2007081762311700.htm |title = Weaponised version of Dhruv makes maiden flight |date = 17 August 2007 |location = Chennai, India |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121110125818/http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/17/stories/2007081762311700.htm |work = [[The Hindu]] |archive-date = 10 November 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
In September 2011, the Rudra underwent integration trials of its armaments and electro-optical systems, which included a final round of weapon firing trials, such as of its 20&nbsp;mm turret gun. Both 70&nbsp;mm rockets and [[MBDA Mistral]] air-to-air missiles were also test fired during November 2011.<ref name=DN>{{cite news |title = Indian Army to Induct Weaponized Advanced Light Helicopter "Rudra" Soon |url = http://www.defencenow.com/news/291/indian-army-to-induct-weaponized-advanced-light-helicopter-rudra-soon.html |access-date = 31 July 2012 |newspaper = Defence News |archive-date = 11 May 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120511031702/http://defencenow.com/news/291/indian-army-to-induct-weaponized-advanced-light-helicopter-rudra-soon.html |url-status = dead}}</ref> The helicopter reportedly exceeded both the payload and performance requirements while flying at an altitude of 6&nbsp;km.<ref name=tsm8f/> <br />
<br />
[[File:HAL Rudra Mark 4 WSI.jpg|thumb|Formation flight of three Indian Air Force Rudras]]<br />
During September 2012, ground tests were completed using the first production Rudra. It was armed with a [[Gun turret|turret gun]], [[rockets]], [[air-to-air missiles]] and could carry [[air-to-ground missiles]] like the anti-tank helicopter-launched [[Nag (missile)#Variants|Nag]]. Accordingly, HAL was awarded with a combined order for 76 ''Rudra''s, these were destined for the Indian Army, who were the type's primary customer, as well as the [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF).<br />
<br />
Between 2012 and 2013, the Rudra underwent a series of flight trials on behalf of the [[Indian Navy]]; it was found that the helicopter was suitable for conducting coastal surveillance operations. The service was reportedly impressed with the capability of the Rudra's sensors to track ships at up to 14&nbsp;km away. The image quality of the sensors was described as good enough to even read the name of ships at those ranges, and the Navy was keen to order at least 20 helicopters for its own purposes.<ref name="weaponised_Dhruv">{{cite news |author=S. Anandan |date=11 February 2013 |title=Navy keen on weaponised Dhruv |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/navy-keen-on-weaponised-dhruv/article4401783.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520063346/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/navy-keen-on-weaponised-dhruv/article4401783.ece |archive-date=20 May 2014 |access-date=6 February 2015 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Prior to this round of testing, the Rudra had been evaluated for the [[anti-submarine warfare]] (ASW) mission, weapons tests had included the firing of both torpedoes and [[depth charge]]s, which had reportedly been completed successfully.<ref name = "standing 46">Standing Committee of Defence 2007, p. 46.</ref><br />
<br />
==Operational history==<br />
[[File:Rudra Vayushakti 2024.jpg|thumb|Rudra attack helicopters during [[Exercise Vayushakti]] 2024.]]<br />
The Rudra was expected to attained Initial Operational Clearance (IOC) by late 2012, while deliveries of production helicopters were set to commence by 2013.<ref name=EW>{{cite news |title = Electronic Warfare self-protection suites ordered for 'Dhruv' |url = http://vijainder.sawfnews.com/news/55672.aspx |publisher = vijainder.sawfnews.com |access-date = 31 July 2012 |archive-date = 14 June 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220614101151/http://vijainder.sawfnews.com/news/55672.aspx |url-status = usurped }}</ref> On 4 February 2013, at the [[Aero India]] trade show, it was announced that the HAL Rudra Mk IV had achieved IOC,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.defense-aerospace.com/article-view/release/142334/india%E2%80%99s-armed-helicopter-wins-ioc.html |title = HAL Receives IOC for ALH Rudra |publisher = Defense-Aerospace.com |date = 4 February 2013 |access-date = 5 February 2013 |archive-date = 1 February 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200201124415/http://www.defense-aerospace.com/article-view/release/142334/india%25E2%2580%2599s-armed-helicopter-wins-ioc.html |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.flightglobal.com/aero-india-hal-rudra-makes-air-show-debut/108706.article |title = AERO INDIA: HAL Rudra makes air show debut |publisher = Flight International |date = 7 February 2013}}</ref> and that a pair of helicopters had been handed over to the Indian Army.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/growing-indigenous-presence-at-air-show-113020700275_1.html |title = Growing indigenous presence at air show |first = Ajai |last = Shukla |publisher = business-standard.com |date = 7 February 2013 |access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref><ref name = "firstdel 2013"/> The Indian Army continued to take deliveries of the type; by 2017, 22 armed Rudras had reportedly been delivered to the service.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories2087_Indian_Army_inducts_Rudras_Air_wing.htm |title = Indian Army inducts 'Rudras' into its Air Wing |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170304065203/http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories2087_Indian_Army_inducts_Rudras_Air_wing.htm |archive-date = 4 March 2017}}</ref><ref name = "enhanced 2017">{{Cite web |url = https://www.deccanherald.com/content/624373/india-enhance-military-flying-northeast.html |title = India to enhance military flying in Northeast |date = 24 July 2017 |website = Deccan Herald |language = en |access-date = 25 December 2019}}</ref><br />
[[File:HAL_Rudra_partake_in_Gagan_Strike_exercise_2022_12.jpg|left|thumb|HAL Rudra providing [[close air support]] during Exercise Gagan Strike]]<br />
The Indian Air Force has also received eight armed Rudras by 2017.<ref name="enhanced 2017" /> By 2021, while the more comprehensive LCH was now available, there was still reportedly demand to continue ordering additional Rudras on account of its comparatively cheaper unit cost.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://delhidefencereview.com/2021/10/27/rudra-or-lch-or-both/ |title = Rudra or LCH or Both? |publisher = delhidefencereview.com |first = Hitesh |last = Adhikari |date = 27 October 2021}}</ref> In April 2022, a planned $1.1 billion procurement of 48 Russian [[Mil Mi-17]]V-5 helicopters intended for the Indian Air Force (IAF), federal interior ministry, and various paramilitaries was scrapped amid an initiative to buy the locally-produced Dhruv and Rudra models instead.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/india-scraps-russian-helicopter-buy-and-looks-at-m/ |title = India scraps Russian helicopter buy and looks at more Rudras |publisher = shephardmedia.com |first = Rahul |last = Bedi |date = 28 April 2022}}</ref> In 2026,Captain Hansja Sharma of the 251 Army aviation squadron became the first women HAL Rudra pilot.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-15 |title=Meet Captain Hansja Sharma: India’s First Woman Rudra Helicopter Pilot, to Lead Army Aviation Squadron at Republic Day Parade |url=https://www.ssbcrack.com/2026/01/meet-captain-hansja-sharma-indias-first-woman-rudra-helicopter-pilot-to-lead-army-aviation-squadron-at-republic-day-parade.html |access-date=2026-01-16 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Variants==<br />
[[File:Helina_ATGM-Rudra_Helicopter.webm|thumb|A HAL Rudra of the Indian Army Aviation Corps firing a [[Nag (missile)#HELINA, Dhruvastra|Helina]] anti-tank missile.]]<br />
Rudra, or ALH-WSI (Weapon Systems Integrated) has two main versions. <br />
<br />
* '''Mark III''': This version has Electronic Warfare, countermeasures, sensors and targeting systems installed, but does not feature weapons.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories1200_ALH_touches_20000_feet.htm |title = ALH touches 20,000 feet and Cheetal 23,000 |publisher = Indiastrategic.in |access-date = 13 December 2012 |archive-date = 7 October 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111007051047/http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories1200_ALH_touches_20000_feet.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref> Utility roles of Defence Services suited for high altitude operations.<br />
* '''Mark IV''': This version has a French Nexter 20&nbsp;mm turret gun, Belgian 70&nbsp;mm rockets, and MBDA air-to-air missiles, and the [[Nag missile|Helina]] anti-tank missile.<ref>{{Cite web |title = HAL Dhruv product page |url = https://hal-india.co.in/Product_Details.aspx?Mkey=54&lKey=&CKey=24 |publisher = Hindustan Aeronautics Limited }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title = HAL Rudra product page |url = https://hal-india.co.in/Product_Details.aspx?Mkey=54&lKey=&CKey=93 |publisher = Hindustan Aeronautics Limited}}</ref> Armed variant for Attack, Close Air Support and High altitude operations. <br />
<br />
==Operators==<br />
<!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. Please do not add entries into this list without a citation from a reliable source. All entries without a citation will be removed. Thank you.--><br />
<br />
;{{IND}}<br />
* [[Indian Air Force]] – 16 helicopters are in service. 50 more on order.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://defenceaviationpost.com/about-50-rudra-attack-helicopters-to-be-acquired-by-the-indian-air-force/ |title = About 50 Rudra Attack Helicopters To Be Acquired By The Indian Air Force |date = 16 April 2022 |language = en |access-date = 16 April 2022 |archive-date = 29 May 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220529082245/https://defenceaviationpost.com/about-50-rudra-attack-helicopters-to-be-acquired-by-the-indian-air-force/ |url-status = usurped }}</ref><br />
* [[Army Aviation Corps (India)|Indian Army]] – 75 helicopters are in service as of June 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/despite-shortages-army-aviation-raises-tempo-in-operations-along-lac/article34988379.ece |title = Despite shortages, Army Aviation raises tempo in operations along LAC |publisher = thehindu.com |first = Dinakar |last = Peri |date = 26 June 2021}}</ref> 25 more on order.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-15 |title=Army Chief says LCH good for high altitude; Army to procure 95 of them |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-army-chief-says-lch-good-for-high-altitude-army-to-procure-95-of-them-2982095/ |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-25 |title=Indigenous LUH Set to Replace Aging Cheetah and Chetak Fleet |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-indigenous-luh-set-to-replace-aging-cheetah-and-chetak-fleet-3285693/ |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Specifications ==<br />
[[File:Turbomeca Ardiden P1220827.jpg|thumb|[[HAL/Turbomeca Shakti]] engine|alt=]]<br />
{{Aircraft specs<br />
|ref = ''Jane's All the World's Aircraft'',<ref name="jawa-1617">{{cite book |editor1-last = Jackson |editor1-first = Paul |editor2-last = Peacock |editor2-first = Lindsay |editor3-last = Bushell |editor3-first = Susan |editor4-last = Willis |editor4-first = David |editor5-last = Winchester |editor5-first = Jim |title = IHS Jane's All the World's Aircraft: Development & Production |date = 2016–2017 |location = Couldson |isbn = 978-0710631770 |page = 308 |chapter = India}}</ref> ''HAL''<ref>{{cite web |title = DHRUV |url = http://www.hal-india.com/Product_Details.aspx?Mkey=54&lKey=&CKey=24 |website = Hindustan Aeronautics Limited |access-date = 22 February 2019}}</ref><br />
|prime units? = met<br />
<!--<br />
General characteristics<br />
--><br />
|genhide=<br />
<br />
|crew = Two pilots<br />
|capacity = 12 passengers (14 passengers in high density seating)<br />
|length m = 15.87<br />
|length ft =<br />
|length in =<br />
|length note =<br />
|width m = 3.15<br />
|width ft =<br />
|width in =<br />
|width note =<br />
|height m = 4.98<br />
|height ft =<br />
|height in =<br />
|height note =<br />
|airfoil =<br />
|empty weight kg =<br />
|empty weight lb =<br />
|empty weight note =<br />
|gross weight kg = 4,445<br />
|gross weight lb =<br />
|gross weight note =<br />
|max takeoff weight kg = 5,800<br />
|max takeoff weight lb =<br />
|max takeoff weight note = <br />
|fuel capacity = {{cvt|1055|kg|lb}}<br />
|more general =<br />
<!--<br />
Powerplant<br />
--><br />
|eng1 number = 2<br />
|eng1 name = [[HAL/Turbomeca Shakti]]-1H<br />
|eng1 type = [[turboshaft]]<br />
|eng1 kw =<br />
|eng1 hp =<br />
|eng1 shp = 1,432<br />
|eng1 note =<br />
|power original =<br />
|thrust original =<br />
|more power =<br />
<br />
|rot number = 1<br />
|rot dia m = 13.2<br />
|rot dia ft = <!-- helicopters --><br />
|rot dia in = <!-- helicopters --><br />
|rot area sqm = 136.85<br />
|rot area sqft = <!-- helicopters --><br />
|rot area note =<br />
<!--<br />
Performance<br />
--><br />
|perfhide =<br />
<br />
|max speed kmh = 280<br />
|max speed mph = 175<br />
|max speed kts = 151<br />
|max speed note =<br />
|max speed mach = <!-- supersonic aircraft --><br />
|cruise speed kmh = 245<br />
|cruise speed mph = 153<br />
|cruise speed kts = 132<br />
|cruise speed note =<br />
|never exceed speed kmh = 292<br />
|never exceed speed mph = 182<br />
|never exceed speed kts = 157<br />
|never exceed speed note = <br />
|range km = 590<br />
|range miles = 368<br />
|range nmi = 318<br />
|range note = <br />
|combat range km =<br />
|combat range miles =<br />
|combat range nmi =<br />
|combat range note =<br />
|ferry range km = 630<br />
|ferry range miles = 394<br />
|ferry range nmi = 340<br />
|ferry range note =<br />
|endurance = 3.8 hours<br />
|ceiling m = 6,100<br />
|ceiling ft = 20,000<br />
|ceiling note=<ref>{{cite web |last1 = Luthra |first1 = Gulshan |last2 = Rai |first2 = Ranjit |url = http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories1200_ALH_touches_20000_feet.htm |title = IAF: ALH touches 20,000 feet and Cheetal 23,000 |website = India Strategic |date = September 2011 |access-date = 2012-07-31 |archive-date = 2011-10-07 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111007051047/http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories1200_ALH_touches_20000_feet.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
|climb rate ms = 10.33<br />
|climb rate ftmin =<br />
|climb rate note =<br />
|time to altitude =<br />
|lift to drag =<br />
|wing loading kg/m2 =<br />
|wing loading lb/sqft =<br />
|wing loading note =<br />
|disk loading kg/m2 = 40.19<br />
|disk loading lb/sqft =<br />
|disk loading note =<br />
|fuel consumption kg/km =<br />
|fuel consumption lb/mi =<br />
|power/mass =<br />
|thrust/weight =<br />
<br />
|more performance =<br />
<!--<br />
Armament<br />
--><br />
|armament =<br />
* 1 × 20 mm [[M621 cannon]] on [[Nexter]] THL-20 turret<ref>{{cite news |title=HAL orders 10 helicopter turrets from Nexter |url=https://www.edrmagazine.eu/hal-orders-10-helicopter-turrets-from-nexter |access-date=1 April 2025 |publisher=European Defence Review |date=21 June 2023}}</ref><br />
* 4 × [[Mistral (missile)|Mistral]]<ref>{{cite news |title = Proud moment for us, says MBDA which supplied anti-ship missiles for INS Khanderi |url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/proud-moment-for-us-says-mbda-which-supplied-anti-ship-missiles-for-ins-khanderi/articleshow/71352098.cms |access-date = 24 October 2021 |agency = PTI |work = The Times of India |date = 28 September 2019}}</ref><br />
* 48 × [[FZ275 LGR]]<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Bedi |first1 = Rahul |title = Aero India 2019: Thales to supply rocket launchers for HAL combat helos |url = https://www.janes.com/article/86756/aero-india-2019-thales-to-supply-rocket-launchers-for-hal-combat-helos |work = Jane's Defence Weekly |issue = 21 February 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190222124917/https://www.janes.com/article/86756/aero-india-2019-thales-to-supply-rocket-launchers-for-hal-combat-helos |archive-date = 22 February 2019 |url-status = live}}</ref><br />
* 8 × [[Nag (missile)#HELINA, Dhruvastra|Dhruvastra]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2022-23 |url=https://mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/DEFENCE%20AR%202022-23%20LOW.pdf |website=Ministry of Defence |publisher=Government of India |access-date=30 March 2024}}</ref> (User trials completed, induction soon.)<br />
<br />
|avionics =<br />
* [[Elbit Systems|Elbit]] CoMPASS optoelectronic suite for reconnaissance and target acquisition<br />
* RWS-300 radar warning system or LWS-310 laser warning system<br />
* MAW-300 missile approach warning system<br />
* [[Saab AB]] IDAS-3 self-protection suite<br />
* BOP-L ECM dispenser<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|Aviation}}<br />
{{aircontent<br />
|see also =<br />
|related =<br />
* [[HAL Dhruv]]<br />
* [[HAL Prachand]]<br />
|similar aircraft =<br />
* [[IAR 330 SOCAT]]<br />
* [[KAI LAH]]<br />
* [[PZL_W-3_Sokół#Military versions|W-3PL Głuszec]]<br />
|sequence =<br />
|lists =<br />
* [[List of rotorcraft]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
===Citations===<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
===Bibliography===<br />
* {{cite web |author = Standing Committee on Defence |url = http://164.100.24.208/ls/CommitteeR/Defence/17threport.pdf |title = In-Depth Study and Critical Review of Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) |publisher = Ministry of Defence |date = April 2007}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|HAL Rudra}}<br />
<br />
* [https://hal-india.co.in/Product_Details.aspx?Mkey=54&lKey=&CKey=93 Official Page]<br />
<br />
{{HAL aircraft}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hal Dhruv}}<br />
[[Category:HAL aircraft|Dhruv, HAL]]<br />
[[Category:2000s Indian helicopters]]<br />
[[Category:Military helicopters]]<br />
[[Category:2000s Indian military aircraft]]<br />
[[Category:Twin-turbine helicopters]]<br />
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 2007]]</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._Patanjali_Sastri&diff=458501M. Patanjali Sastri2026-02-23T14:31:34Z<p>CharliVangundy: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|2nd Chief Justice of India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Mandalokathur Patanjali Sastri<br />
| image = Justice M. Patanjali Sastri.jpg<br />
| imagesize = 200px<br />
| caption = <br />
| office = Member of [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council|Madras Legislative Council]]<br />
| termstart = July 1958<br />
| termend = April 1962<br />
| order1 = 2nd<br />
| office1 = Chief Justice of India<br />
| termstart1 = 7 November 1951<br />
| termend1 = 3 January 1954<br />
| appointer1 = [[Rajendra Prasad]]<br />
| predecessor1 = [[H. J. Kania]]<br />
| successor1 = [[Mehr Chand Mahajan]]<br />
| office2 = Judge of [[Supreme Court of India]]<br />
| termstart2 = 28 January 1950<br />
| termend2 = 6 November 1951<br />
| appointer2 = [[Rajendra Prasad]]<br />
| office3 = Judge of [[Federal Court of India]]<br />
| termstart3 = 6 December 1947<br />
| termend3 = 27 January 1950<br />
| appointer3 = [[C. Rajagopalachari]]<br />
| office4 = Judge of [[Madras High Court]]<br />
| termstart4 = 15 March 1939<br />
| termend4 = 5 December 1947<br />
| appointer4 = [[George VI]]<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1889|1|4|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = Mandakolathur, [[Madras Presidency]] (present-day [[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Sastri-was-first-Tamilian-Supreme-Court-Chief-Justice/2013/07/03/article1664712.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706194815/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Sastri-was-first-Tamilian-Supreme-Court-Chief-Justice/2013/07/03/article1664712.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 July 2013 |title=Sastri was first Tamilian Supreme Court Chief Justice |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=3 July 2013 |access-date=23 July 2013}}</ref><br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|1963|3|16|1889|1|4|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = [[Delhi]], India<br />
| relatives = [[Avanidhar Subrahmanyam]] (great grandson)<br />
| children = 7<br />
| alma_mater = [[Madras Law College]], [[Madras University]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Mandakolathur Patanjali Sastri''' (4 January 1889 – 16 March 1963) was the second [[Chief Justice of India]], serving in the post from 7 November 1951 to 3 January 1954.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
He was the son of Pandit Krishna Sastri, senior Sanskrit ''pandit'' of [[Pachaiyappa's College]], Madras. He graduated in B.A. from [[Madras University]] around 1910 before taking an LL.B in 1912 and becoming an advocate.{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Sastri began his career as an advocate in the [[Madras High Court]] in 1914 and practised for some time, gaining repute as having special expertise in tax law, particularly with Chettiar clients. In 1922, he was appointed standing counsel to the Commissioner of Income Tax in recognition of his abilities in this field; he held the position until his elevation to the Bench of [[Madras High Court]] on 15 March 1939. During this time, he, along with Sir [[Sidney Wadsworth]] notably tried complicated cases that followed after the passing of the Madras Agriculturists Debt Relief Act.<ref name="death">{{cite news|title=Homage to Patanjali Sastri|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19630317&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|access-date=6 February 2018|work=The Indian Express|date=17 March 1963|page=7}}</ref> He replaced his close friend Sir [[Srinivasa Varadachariar]], who had been appointed to the Federal Court of India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gardbois Jr. |first=George H. |title=Judges of the Supreme Court of India 1950-1989 |year=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-807061-0 |pages=20–30}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 6 December 1947, by then third in seniority at the Madras High Court, he was made a judge of the Federal Court, which subsequently became the Supreme Court. Following the sudden death of the Chief Justice, [[H. J. Kania|Harilal J. Kania]], on 6 November 1951, Sastri, as the senior-most associate justice, was appointed as Chief Justice. Sastri served in the position till he reached the retirement age on 3 January 1954.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/mpsastri.htm | title=M. Patanjali Sastri | publisher=supremecourtofindia.nic.in | access-date=23 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gardbois Jr. |first=George H. |title=Judges of the Supreme Court of India 1950-1989 |year=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-807061-0 |pages=20–30}}</ref><br />
<br />
Over the course of his tenure on the Supreme Court, Sastri authored 75 judgments and was a part of 171 benches.<ref>{{Cite web |title=M. Patanjali Sastri |url=https://www.scobserver.in/judges/mandakulathur-patanjali-sastri/ |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> He also took part in the appointment of four judges.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The First Eight |url=https://www.scobserver.in/75-years-of-sc/the-first-eight-judges-of-the-supreme-court/ |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Previously appointed pro-chancellor of [[Delhi University]] in 1953, he served in that capacity until 1956. In retirement, Sastri remained active with the Delhi branch of the International Law Association and headed the Airlines Compensation Commission which oversaw the nationalisation of India's airlines. He also served as a member of the board of directors of the [[Press Trust of India]] and served on the Madras Legislative Council from July 1958 to April 1962. An eminent Sanskrit scholar and active member of the executive council of [[Benares Hindu University]] at the time of his death on 16 March 1963, he had chaired the Central Sanskrit Board since 1959, as well as the Kendriya Sanskrit Vidya Pith at Tirupati.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gardbois Jr. |first=George H. |title=Judges of the Supreme Court of India 1950-1989 |year=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-807061-0 |pages=20–30}}</ref> He died at his son-in-law's residence in [[Delhi]] from a [[cardiac arrest]].<ref name="death"/> His great grandsons are [[Avanidhar Subrahmanyam]], a Distinguished Professor at the [[University of California, Los Angeles]], and Dr. Mandakulutur Subramanya Ganesh, Head of Oncology, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences, [[Bengaluru]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{S-legal}}<br />
{{succession box | title=[[Chief Justice of India]] | before=[[H. J. Kania]] | after=[[Mehr Chand Mahajan]] | years=16 November 1951&nbsp;– 3 January 1954}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
<br />
{{Chief Justices of India}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sastri, Patanjali}}<br />
[[Category:1889 births]]<br />
[[Category:1963 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Chief justices of India]]<br />
[[Category:People from Tiruvannamalai district]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-law-bio-stub}}</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gangotri_Glacier&diff=499872Gangotri Glacier2026-02-18T03:45:07Z<p>CharliVangundy: creating a post and citations</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Glacier in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox glacier<br />
| name = Gangotri<br />
| image = Gomukh the source of Ganga.jpg<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| caption = [[Gomukh]], [[Glacier terminus|terminus]] of the Gangotri glacier. The Bhagirathi peaks rise in the background.<br />
| map = India Uttarakhand#India<br />
| map_size = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| type = [[Valley glacier]]<br />
| location = [[India]]<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=it}}<br />
| area = <br />
| length = <br />
| thickness = <br />
| terminus = <br />
| status = <br />
| mapframe = yes<br />
| mapframe-wikidata = yes<br />
}}<br />
'''Gangotri''' '''glacier''' ([[Sanskrit]] and {{langx|hi|गंगोत्री}}) is located in [[Uttarkashi District]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]] in a region bordering [[Tibet]]. This glacier, one of the primary sources of the [[Ganges]], has a volume of over 27 cubic kilometers.<ref name="gangotri">{{cite web|url=http://www.the-south-asian.com/Aug2004/Gangotri_glacier.htm|title=Ganges - A River of No Return?|author=Gyan Marwah|publisher=the-south-asian.com|access-date=2007-06-24|archive-date=16 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916155215/http://www.the-south-asian.com/aug2004/Gangotri_glacier.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The glacier is about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=off}} long and {{convert|2|to|4|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide. Around the glacier are the peaks of the [[Gangotri Group]], including several peaks notable for extremely challenging climbing routes, such as [[Shivling (Garhwal Himalaya)|Shivling]], [[Thalay Sagar]], Meru, and Bhagirathi III. It flows roughly northwest, originating in a [[cirque]] below [[Chaukhamba]], the highest peak of the group.<br />
<br />
The [[Glacier terminus|terminus]] of the Gangotri Glacier is said to resemble a cow's mouth, and the place is called '''[[Gomukh]]''' or '''Gaumukh''' (''gou'', cow + ''mukh'', face). Gomukh, which is about {{convert|19|km|mi|abbr=on|1}} from the town of [[Gangotri]], is the precise source of the [[Bhagirathi]] river, an important [[tributary]] of the [[Ganges River|Ganges]]. Gomukh is situated near the base of Shivling; in between lies the [[Tapovan]] meadow.<br />
<br />
The Gangotri glacier is a traditional [[Hindu]] [[pilgrimage]] site. Devout Hindus consider bathing in the icy waters near Gangotri town to be a holy ritual, and many made the trek to Gomukh, with a few continuing on to Tapovan. One needs to trek from Gangotri till Gaumukh, passing Devgadh, Chirbhasa, Bhojwasa en route. Currently accommodation is available only at Bhojwasa, although forest check posts are present at both Chirbhasa and Bhowasa. The [[2013 North Indian Floods]] destroyed much of this trail, and access is now a little difficult beyond Chirbhasa due to trail deterioration and a 2&nbsp;km wide rockfall site.<br />
<br />
[[File:Gaumukh (gangotri glaciar) may 28 2007.JPG|thumb|right|Gomukh]]<br />
<br />
==Geology==<br />
[[File:Gaumukh Gangotri glacier.jpg|right|thumb|A small shrine at [[Gaumukh]], Gangotri glacier.]]<br />
It is a valley-type glacier, situated in the [[Uttarkashi district]] of [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]] [[Himalaya]], [[Uttarakhand]] and it flows to the NW direction. This glacier is bound between 30°43'22"–30°55'49" (lat.) and 79°4'41"–79°16'34" (long.), extending in height from 4120 to 7000 m.a.s.l. This area is situated north of the Main Central Thrust (MCT) and is made up of bedrocks of granites, garnet mica schist, quartz biotite schist, kyanite schist, augen gneiss and banded augen gneiss.<ref>Metcalfe, R. P., Geol. Soc. London, 1993, 74, 495–509.</ref> The glacier is composed of a variety of depositional features such as talus cones, [[Avalanche|snow-avalanche]] fans, [[snow-bridge]]s, and dead ice mounds, and erosional features like pyramidal and conical peaks, serrated ridge crests, glacial troughs, smooth rock walls and tails, waterfalls, rock basins, gullies and glacial lakes. All along the Gangotri glacier, several longitudinal and transverse crevasses are formed along which ice blocks have broken down. The ablation zone of the Gangotri glacier is covered by a thick pile of supraglacial moraines and is characterized by several ice sections, melting into pools of [[supraglacial lake]]s. Because of subsidence and the fast degenerating nature of the glacier, its centre is full of supraglacial lakes. In this part of higher Himalaya, glacial melt-water dominates the fluvial system.<br />
<br />
The total ice cover is approximately 200&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> and has about 20&nbsp;km<sup>3</sup> of ice in volume.<ref>Vohra, C. P., in The Himalayas: Aspects of Change (eds Lall, J. S. and Moddie, A. D.), Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 1981, pp 138–151.</ref><br />
<br />
==Tributaries==<br />
This glacier has three main tributaries, namely Raktvarn (15.90&nbsp;km), Chaturangi (including Kalindi bamak) (22.45&nbsp;km) and Kirti (11.05&nbsp;km) and more than 18 smaller tributary glaciers. The Raktvarn system contains 7 tributary glaciers; among them Thelu, Swetvarn, Nilambar and Pilapani are important. Similarly the Seeta, Suralaya and Vasuki are the major tributaries which make up the Chaturangi system, while the Kirti system is made up of only three tributary glaciers. Besides these three major tributary systems, some other tributary glaciers of this area drain directly into the Gangotri glacier; among them Swachand, Miandi, Sumeru and Ghanohim are important. Four other glaciers, Maitri, Meru, Bhrigupanth and Manda drain into the river Bhagirathi. The total glacierized area of the catchment is 258.56&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>, out of which the Gangotri system comprises 109.03&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>, followed by Chaturangi (72.91&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>), Raktvarn (45.34&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>) and Kirti (31.28&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>). The remaining four glaciers contain 29.41&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> of glacierized area; among them maximum contribution is Bhirgupanth glacier (14.95&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>).<br />
<br />
==Retreat==<br />
[[File:Gangotri Glacier, retreat from 1780 to 2001.jpg|thumb|275px|right|Retreat of Gangotri Glacier]]<br />
[[NASA]], in conjunction with scientists from [[United States Geological Survey]] (USGS) and the [[National Snow and Ice Data Center]] (NSIDC), is developing a global inventory of all the world's glaciers to help researchers track each glacier's history. According to them, the Gangotri glacier, currently 30.2&nbsp;km long and between 0.5 and 2.5&nbsp;km wide, is one of the largest in the Himalayas. This glacier has been constantly receding since measurements began in 1780. Data for 61 years (1936–96) showed the total recession of Gangotri glacier as 1147 m, with an average rate of 19 m per year.<ref>Ajay K. Naithani, H. C. Nainwal, K. K. Sati and<br />
C. Prasad: Geomorphological evidences of retreat of the Gangotri glacier and its characteristics. Current Science, 2001, Vol. 80, No. 1, 87-94. http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/jan102001/87.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017124902/http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/jan102001/87.pdf |date=17 October 2020 }}</ref> However over the last 25 years into the 21st century it has retreated more than 850 meters (34 meters per year),<ref>Sharma, M. C. and Owen, L. A., J. Quat. Sci. Rev., 1996, 15, 335–365.</ref> and 76 meters between 1996 and 1999 (25 meters per year)<ref>[http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=4594 article at Earth Observatory driven by NASA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231145334/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=4594 |date=31 December 2009 }}, found below a sat image illustration dated 2001</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lal |first1=P. |last2=Vaka |first2=D. S. |last3=Rao |first3=Y. S. |title=Mapping Surface Flow Velocities of Siachen and Gangotri Glaciers Using Terrasar-X and Sentinel-1A Data by Intensity Tracking |journal=ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences |date=15 November 2018 |volume=IV-5 |pages=325–329 |doi=10.5194/isprs-annals-IV-5-325-2018|doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of glaciers]]<br />
* [[Gomukh]]<br />
* [[Bara Shigri]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
* Bali, R., Awasthi, D.D. and Tiwari, N.K.2003 Neotectonic control on the geomorphic evolution of the Gangotri Glacier Valley, Garhwal Himalaya, Gondwana Research, 2003, Vol, 6 (4) pp.&nbsp;829–838.<br />
*Awasthi, D.D., Bali, R. and Tiwari, N.K. 2004. Relative dating by lichenometric and Schmidt Hammer techniques in the Gangotri glacier valley, Uttarkashi District, Uttaranchal. Spl. Pub. Pal. Soc. Ind no. 2 pp.&nbsp;201– 206.<br />
*Awasthi, D.D., Bali, R. and Tiwari, N.K. 2004. Growth rate of Lichen Dimelaena Orina in the Gangotri Glacier valley, Uttarkashi District, Uttaranchal: Some Significant Observations Geol. Sur. Ind. Spl. Pub. No. 80.<br />
*Singh, Dhruv Sen 2004. Late Quaternary Morpho-Sedimentary Processes in the Gangotri Glacier Area, Garhwal Himalaya, India. Geol Surv India Spl. Pub. No.80, 2004: 97–103.<br />
* Singh, Dhruv Sen and Mishra. A. 2002. Gangotri Glacier System, Garhwal Himalaya: An analysis using GIS technique. Aspects of Geology and Environment of the Himalaya. Edited by Pant, C. C. and Sharma, A. Gyanodaya Prakashan, Nainital, India, pp 349–358.<br />
* Singh, Dhruv Sen and Mishra. A. 2002. Role of Tributary glaciers on landscape modification in the Gangotri Glacier area, Garhwal Himalaya, India. Current Science, 82 (5), 101–105. http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/mar102002/567.pdf<br />
* Singh, Dhruv Sen and Mishra, A. 2001. Gangotri Glacier characteristics, retreat and processes of sedimentation in the Bhagirathi valley. Geological Survey of India Spl. Pub.No.65 (III), 17–20.<br />
*Lal, P.; Vaka, D. S.; Rao, Y. S. (15 November 2018). "Mapping Surface Flow Velocities of Siachen and Gangotri Glaciers Using Terrasar-X and Sentinel-1A Data by Intensity Tracking". ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. IV-5: 325–329. doi:10.5194/isprs-annals-IV-5-325-2018.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040630102833/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=16584 Retreat of the Gangotri Glacier], an article from NASA's Earth Observatory<br />
* [http://migranov.ru/gangotri.php Gaumukh and Gangotri Art Photos]<br />
* [http://savegangotri.org Save Gangotri], highlights localized ecological damage and conservation efforts in the region<br />
* [http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/jan102001/87.pdf Geomorphological evidences of retreat of the Gangotri glacier and its characteristics], A Study by Department of Geology, HNB Garhwal University<br />
* [http://sss.vn.ua/india/uttarakhand/gangotri/gomukh_en.htm 283 photos 1280x960 of trekking from Gangotri to Gaumukh.] You can see the retreat of the Gangotri glacier on picture [http://sss.vn.ua/india/uttarakhand/gangotri/gomukh141.jpg gomukh141.jpg]<br />
<br />
{{Hydrography of Uttarakhand}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Glaciers of Uttarakhand]]<br />
[[Category:Glaciers of the Himalayas]]<br />
[[Category:Geography of Uttarkashi district]]</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ravi_Kant_(surgeon)&diff=529971Ravi Kant (surgeon)2026-02-10T02:58:23Z<p>CharliVangundy: adding some article nd citations - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian surgeon (born 1956)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox academic<br />
| honorific_prefix = [[Doctor (title)|Doctor]]<br />
| name = Ravi Kant<br />
| honorific_suffix = [[Padma Shri]]<br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1956|09|14}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Ayodhya]], Uttar Pradesh, India<br />
| residence = <br />
| alma_mater = [[King George's Medical University]]<ref name="linkedin1">{{cite web|url=https://in.linkedin.com/in/ravi-kant-276548a |title=LinkedIn|access-date=8 April 2020}}</ref><br />
| occupation = <br />
| years_active = <br />
| workplaces = [[Sharda University]]<br>[[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh]]<br/>[[King George's Medical University]]<br/>[[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal]]<br/>[[Maulana Azad Medical College]]<br/>[[Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences]]<br />
| known_for = <br />
| notable_works = <br />
| style =<br />
| home_town = <br />
| salary = <br />
| net_worth = <!-- Net worth should be supported with a citation from a reliable source --><br />
| height = <!-- {{height|m=}} --><br />
| weight = <!-- {{convert|weight in kg|kg|lb}} --><br />
| television = <br />
| title = Professor, doctor<br />
| term = <br />
| boards = <br />
| religion = <!-- Religion should be supported with a citation from a reliable source --><br />
| denomination = <!-- Denomination should be supported with a citation from a reliable source --><br />
| spouse = <br />
| partner = <br />
| children = <br />
| parents = <br />
| relatives = <br />
| awards = [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]] (2014)<ref name="medicaldialogues.in">{{cite web|url=https://medicaldialogues.in/president-of-india-presents-dr-bc-roy-awards-for-the-years-2014-2015-and-2016|title=President of India Presents Dr BC Roy Awards for the years 2014, 2015 and 2016 - Medical Dialogues|date=28 March 2017}}</ref><br/>[[Padma Shri]] (2016)<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/specials/in-depth/list-of-padma-awardees-2016/article8151985.ece|title=List of Padma awardees 2016|date=25 January 2016|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><br/>[[Yash Bharti Award]] (2016)<ref name="patrika.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.patrika.com/news/lucknow/yash-bharti-award-given-these-four-doctors-1248210/ |title=?? |website=Patrika.com |access-date=11 August 2016}}</ref><br />
| signature = <br />
| signature_alt = <br />
| signature_size = <br />
| website = http://ravibina.blogspot.in/<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Ravi Kant''' (born 14 September 1956{{citation needed|date=January 2026}}) is an Indian surgeon. He is a professor of surgery at [[Sharda University]], who was the director of the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh]] from 2017 to 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amarujala.com/uttarakhand/rishikesh/padmashri-dr-prof-ravi-kant-will-be-director-of-rishikesh-aiims|title=पद्मश्री डा. प्रो. रविकांत होंगे एम्स के निदेशक – Amarujala}}</ref> and the Vice Chancellor of [[King George's Medical University]] from 2014 to 2017. Earlier he was head of surgery at [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] in [[Bhopal]] and faculty at [[Maulana Azad Medical College]] in New Delhi. The Government of India awarded him the [[Padma Shri]] in 2016.<ref name="patrika.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indusem.org/padmashree-for-dr-ravi-kant/ |title=INDUSEM Patron KGMU Vice Chancellor Dr. Ravi Kant awarded the Padma Shri 2016 – INDUS Emergency & Trauma Collaborative |website=Indusem.org |access-date=11 August 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
* [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]] by the [[Medical Council of India]]<ref name="medicaldialogues.in"/><br />
* [[Yash Bharti Award]] by the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
* [[Padma Shri]] by the [[President of India]]<ref name="thehindu.com"/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{cite web|url=http://www.kgmu.org/vicechancellor.php |title=King George's Medical University, Chowk, Lucknow U.P. INDIA |website=Kgmu.org |access-date=11 August 2016}}<br />
*{{cite web|author=Professor Ravi Kant |url=http://ravibina.blogspot.in/ |title=Ravi Kant |website=Ravibina.blogspot.in |date=17 June 2009 |access-date=11 August 2016}}<br />
<br />
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kant, Ravi}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]<br />
[[Category:Heads of universities and colleges in India]]<br />
[[Category:1956 births]]<br />
[[Category:Academic staff of Delhi University]]<br />
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of England]]<br />
[[Category:King George's Medical University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh]]<br />
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland]]<br />
[[Category:People from Faizabad]]<br />
[[Category:Medical doctors from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Dr. B. C. Roy Award winners]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian surgeons]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian surgeons]]</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinaki_Majumdar&diff=466270Pinaki Majumdar2026-02-09T06:09:22Z<p>CharliVangundy: slightly fixed article for consistency also and updated info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian condensed matter physicist (Born: 1964)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox scientist<br />
| honorific_prefix = Prof.<br />
| name = Pinaki Majumdar<br />
| honorific_suffix =<br />
| image = Pinaki Majumdar.jpg<br />
| image_upright = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = <!-- if different from "name" --><br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1964|1|26}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], India<br />
| death_date = <!--{{death date and age |df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD |YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date)--><br />
| death_place = <br />
| death_cause = <br />
| resting_place = <br />
| resting_place_coordinates = <!--{{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}--><br />
| other_names = <br />
| pronounce = <br />
| citizenship = [[India]]<br />
| fields = {{ublist | [[Condensed matter physics]]}}<br />
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Harish-Chandra Research Institute]]}}<br />
| patrons = <br />
| education = <br />
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Jadavpur University]] | [[IIT Madras]] | [[Indian Institute of Science]] | [[Bell Laboratories]] }}<br />
| thesis_title = <!--(or | thesis1_title = and | thesis2_title = )--><br />
| thesis_url = <!--(or | thesis1_url = and | thesis2_url = )--><br />
| thesis_year = <!--(or | thesis1_year = and | thesis2_year = )--><br />
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist | [[H. R. Krishnamurthy]]}}<br />
| academic_advisors = {{ublist | [[Peter Littlewood]]}}<br />
| doctoral_students = Anamitra Mukherjee<br />
| notable_students = <br />
| known_for = Studies on metal-insulator transition, [[High-temperature superconductivity|High T<sub>c</sub> Superconductors]], [[Superfluidity]], [[Ultracold atom|Ultracold Quantum Gases]], [[optical lattice|Optical Lattices]] and [[Nanoscopic scale|nanoscale]] texture formation<br />
| influences = <br />
| influenced = <br />
| awards = {{ublist| 1990&nbsp;[[IIT Madras|IITM]] Merit Prize | 2007&nbsp;[[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 2008&nbsp;Global Indus Technovator Award | 2008&nbsp;[[Atomic Energy Regulatory Board#DAE Safety Review Committee .28DAE-SRC.29|DAE-SRC]] Outstanding Research Investigator Award}}<br />
| author_abbrev_bot = <br />
| author_abbrev_zoo = <br />
| spouse = Gargee Majumdar<br />
| partner = <!--(or | partners = )--><br />
| children = Parananda Majumdar<br />
| signature = <!--(filename only)--><br />
| signature_alt = <br />
| website = http://www.hri.res.in/~pinaki/<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Pinaki Majumdar''' (born 26 January 1964) is an Indian condensed matter physicist and the director of the [[Harish-Chandra Research Institute]]. Known for his research on correlated [[quantum systems]], Majumdar is a recipient of the Global Indus Technovator Award of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]. The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to physical sciences in 2007.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx |title=View Bhatnagar Awardees |date=2017-11-11 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=2017-11-11}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please select award year to see details}}<br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
[[File:IISc Admin Building.jpg|thumb|left|Indian Institute of Science]]<br />
Born on 26 January 1964 in [[West Bengal]], Pinaki Majumdar graduated in engineering from [[Jadavpur University]] in 1986 and continued his studies at the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Madras]] from where he earned a master's degree (MTech) in 1990.<ref name="Biographical Information">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hri.res.in/~pinaki/ |title=Biographical Information |date=2017-10-31 |website=Harish-Chandra Research Institute |access-date=2017-10-31}}</ref> His doctoral studies were at the [[Indian Institute of Science]] and after earning a PhD in 1996, he did his post-doctoral work at [[Bell Laboratories]], New Jersey for a couple of years. Returning to India, he joined [[Harish-Chandra Research Institute]] as a fellow in 1998. He has since held various positions at HRI such as those of a reader (2001–03) and an associate professor (2003–07) before becoming a full professor in 2007. He continues his association with the institute, holding the positions of the director and grade-1 professor.<ref name="Director and Professor I">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hri.res.in/people/Physics/pinaki |title=Director and Professor I |date=2017-10-31 |website=Harish-Chandra Research Institute |access-date=2017-10-31}}</ref><ref name="Prof Pinaki Majumdar has been Appointed as Director HRI Allahabad">{{Cite web |url=http://psukhabar.com/?p=3203 |title=Prof Pinaki Majumdar has been Appointed as Director HRI Allahabad |date=30 March 2017 |website=PSU Khabar |access-date=2017-10-31}}</ref> He also serves as a professor at [[Homi Bhabha National Institute]].<ref name="Pinaki Majumdar - faculty">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hbni.ac.in/faculty/HRI/hrial_phys_majumdar_pinaki.htm |title=Pinaki Majumdar - faculty |date=2017-10-31 |website=Homi Bhabha National Institute |access-date=2017-10-31 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107015958/http://www.hbni.ac.in/faculty/HRI/hrial_phys_majumdar_pinaki.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Legacy and honors ==<br />
Majumdar's research was mainly focused on ''disordered and strongly correlated [[quantum systems]]'' and his studies have assisted in a wider understanding of the metal-insulator transition.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=266 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2017-10-21 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=2017-10-21}}</ref> He is also reported to have contributed to the studies of ''[[Nanoscopic scale|nanoscale]] texture formation and colossal response driven by external fields''.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf |title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners |date=2017-10-17 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |access-date=2017-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> His studies have been documented by way of a number of articles<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Pinaki_Majumdar2 |title=On ResearchGate |date=2017-10-17 |access-date=2017-10-17}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} and [[Google Scholar]], an online article repository of scientific articles, has listed 93 of them.<ref name="On Google Scholar">{{Cite web |url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=MCQDGXkAAAAJ&hl=en |title=On Google Scholar |date=2017-10-31 |publisher=Google Scholar |access-date=2017-10-31}}</ref><br />
<br />
Majumdar won the Institute Merit Prize and Silver Medal of the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Madras]] in 1990 when he passed out of the institute.<ref name="Pinaki Majumdar - faculty" /> The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded Pinaki the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 2007.<ref name="CSIR list of Awardees">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/careeraward/prize-winner-indexdiscipline-wise |title=CSIR list of Awardees |date=2017 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research}}</ref> He received two awards in 2008; the Outstanding Research Investigator Award of the Safety Review Committee of the [[Department of Atomic Energy]] ([[Atomic Energy Regulatory Board#DAE Safety Review Committee .28DAE-SRC.29|DAE-SRC]] and the Global Indus Technovator Award of [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].<ref name="Materials and Energy Category">{{Cite web |url=http://web.mit.edu/technovators/gita/2008_winners_materials.html |title=Materials and Energy Category |date=2017-10-31 |website=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |access-date=2017-10-31 |archive-date=18 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518020826/http://web.mit.edu/technovators/gita/2008_winners_materials.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Web Archive for MIT website">{{Cite web |url=https://web.mit.edu/technovators/gita/2008_winners_materials.html |title=Materials and Energy Category |date=2017-10-31 |website=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208045227/https://web.mit.edu/technovators/gita/2008_winners_materials.html |access-date=2017-10-31|archive-date=8 February 2020 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Selected bibliography ==<br />
* {{Cite journal |last=Pinaki Majumdar, H. R. Krishnamurthy |title=Lattice Contraction Driven Insulator-Metal Transition in the d=∞ Local Approximation |journal= Phys. Rev. Lett. |date=1995 |volume=74 |issue=3303 |pages = 1525–1528|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.73.1525|pmid = 10056815|bibcode=1994PhRvL..73.1525M }}<br />
* {{Cite journal |last=Pinaki Majumdar, Peter B. Littlewood |title=Dependence of magnetoresistivity on charge-carrier density in metallic ferromagnets and doped magnetic semiconductors |journal=Nature |date=1998 |volume=395 |issue=6701 |pages=479–481 |doi=10.1038/26703|bibcode=1998Natur.395..479M |s2cid=204997491 }}<br />
* {{cite book|author1=Sumathi Rao (editor)|author2=Pinkai Majumdar (chapter author)|title=Field Theories in Condensed Matter Physics|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wuqmQJDeEa0C&pg=PA7|date=30 May 2002|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-7503-0876-2|pages=7–|chapter=Quantum Many Particle Physics}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Quantum systems]]<br />
{{portal|India|Physics}}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{reflist|group=note|2}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* {{Cite journal |last=Pinaki Majumdar, Peter Littlewood |title=Magnetoresistance in Mn pyrochlore: electrical transport in a low carrier density ferromagnet (full text) |journal=Physical Review Letters |arxiv=cond-mat/9708068 |date=2008 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.1314 |s2cid=118977974 }}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X58EWXvkO64 |title=Thermal fluctuations in Fermi superfluids |last=Pinaki Majumdar |date=4 June 2013 |publisher=International Centre for Theoretical Sciences |format=YouTube video |access-date=2017-10-31}}<br />
<br />
{{SSBPST recipients in Physical Science}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Majumdar, Pinaki}}<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Physical Science]]<br />
[[Category:Scientists from West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:1964 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Jadavpur University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:IIT Madras alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Bell Labs]]<br />
[[Category:Indian condensed matter physicists]]<br />
[[Category:Scientists from Prayagraj]]</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nyota_Inyoka&diff=522654Nyota Inyoka2026-02-09T04:59:23Z<p>CharliVangundy: adding the article nd citations</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|French-Indian dancer and choreographer (1896–1971)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Nyota Inyoka<br />
| image = NyotaInyoka1922.png<br />
| alt = Nyota Inyoka, from a 1922 publication.<br />
| caption = Nyota Inyoka, from a 1922 publication.<br />
| birth_name = <!-- only use if different from name --><br />
| birth_date = 1896<br />
| birth_place = Pondicherry<br />
| death_date = 1971<br />
| death_place = Paris<br />
| other_names = <br />
| occupation = <br />
| years_active = <br />
| known_for = <br />
| notable_works = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Nyota Inyoka''' (1896 – July 1971), sometimes billed as '''Princess Nyota Inyoka''', was a [[French people|French]]-[[Indian people|Indian]] dancer and choreographer.<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Nyota Inyoka was born in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]<ref name=":0">Tessa Jahn, [https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZxeCwAAQBAJ&dq=Nyota+Inyoka&pg=PA187 "Cutting into History: The 'Hindu Dancer' Nyota Inyoka's Photomontages"] in Christoph Wulf, ed., ''Exploring Alterity in a Globalized World'' (Routledge 2016): 187–195. {{ISBN|9781317331131}}</ref> and raised in Paris,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/30418250/nyota_inyoka_1924/|title=Dancing Princess Educated in Paris|date=April 27, 1924|work=Daily News|access-date=April 9, 2019|page=153|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> the daughter of a French mother and an Indian father, though she was sometimes billed as being "Egyptian", "Persian", or "Cambodian".<ref>{{Cite news|title=On the Concert Horizon|date=November 18, 1923|work=The New York Times|page=X7<!-- |via=ProQuest --><!-- Needs ProQuest URL -->}}</ref><ref>Victoria Rose Pass, "Strange Glamour: Fashion and Surrealism in the Years between the World Wars" (PhD diss., University of Rochester 2011): 203. <!-- via ProQuest --> <!-- Needs ProQuest url --></ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rb-GDAAAQBAJ&q=Princess+Nyota&pg=PA98|title=Performing Otherness: Java and Bali on International Stages, 1905–1952|last=Cohen|first=M.|year=2010|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780230309005|pages=98–99|language=en}}</ref> Both of her parents were teachers.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j1w9XT-vNRwC&q=Nyota+Inyoka&pg=PA93|title=Modern Dance in France (1920-1970): An Adventure|last=Robinson|first=Jacqueline|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134396788|pages=90–93|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
[[File:NyotaInyoka1922b.jpg|alt=Nyota Inyoka, from a 1922 publication.|thumb|Nyota Inyoka, from a 1922 publication.]]<br />
Nyota Inyoka's dances and costumes appealed to a wider Western fascinations with the exotic, ancient, and "[[Orientalism|oriental]]", in the 1920s and beyond.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Warren|first=Vincent|date=2006|title=Yearning for the Spiritual Ideal: The Influence of India on Western Dance 1626–2003|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/dance-research-journal/article/yearning-for-the-spiritual-ideal-the-influence-of-india-on-western-dance-16262003/24B17054E01CB5E9B448937D89D5F4F7|journal=Dance Research Journal|language=en|volume=38|issue=1–2|pages=97–114|doi=10.1017/S0149767700007403|s2cid=193774298 |issn=1940-509X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> She frequently researched her dances in the collections of the [[Guimet Museum|Musée Guimet]].<ref name=":0" /> She danced at the [[Folies Bergère]] in 1917,<ref name=":0" /> in New York in 1920, and again in Paris in 1921, wearing costumes by designer [[Paul Poiret]]. She performed in the United States from 1922 to 1924, where she appeared in [[vaudeville]] and gave recitals with Japanese dancer [[Michio Itō]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Archbald|first=Anne|date=November 1923|title=The Vanity Box|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwlEAQAAIAAJ&q=Nyota+Inyoka&pg=RA12-PA68|journal=Theatre Magazine|volume=38|page=68}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|date=December 1923|title=Winter Interludes Which are Instinct with Grace and Rhythm|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nXY7AQAAIAAJ&q=Nyota+Inyoka&pg=RA5-PA42|magazine=Vanity Fair|volume=21|pages=42}}</ref> "Little Mme. Nyota Inyoka conjured up historic pictures, with childlike native grace and baby smile, strangely consorted with rapt moods of the East," commented a reviewer in ''The New York Times,'' continuing in a similar vein to describe her "cherubic but elastic torso, whirlwind arms and gyrating legs".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Gives Eastern Dances; Princess Nyota Inyoka is Greeted by a Brilliant Audience|date=February 25, 1924|work=The New York Times|page=13<!-- |via=ProQuest -->}}</ref> While in New York, she danced in a program with [[Anna Pavlova]] at a costume party hosted by artist [[Malvina Hoffman]] in 1924.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Costume Party Given by Malvina Hoffman|date=May 6, 1924|work=The New York Times|page=21<!-- |via=ProQuest -->}}</ref> Sensational reports in the American press described her as haunted, cursed, mysterious; some even posited "death threats" that awaited her in India because of her revealing costumes, presumably to heighten interest in her performances.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/30418008/nyota_inyoka_1924/|title=Mystery of the Beautiful Indian Princess|date=May 25, 1924|work=The Ogden Standard-Examiner|access-date=April 8, 2019|page=27|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Inyoka taught dance in Paris for decades, and often performed in Paris and internationally.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The Dance: Busy Times|last=Martin|first=John|date=December 19, 1937|work=The New York Times|page=156<!-- |via=ProQuest --><!-- Needs ProQuest URL -->}}</ref> Sculptor [[Paul Landowski]] made a series of small bronze dancing figures based on Nyota Inyoka in 1947.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.paul-landowski.com/en/petit-statuaire/|title=Small statues – Paul Landowski|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-09}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Inyoka died from stomach cancer in 1971, aged 75.<ref name=":1" /> Her gravesite is at [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]] in Paris.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.appl-lachaise.net/appl/article.php3?id_article=6555|title=Inkoya Nyota (1896–1971)|website=www.appl-lachaise.net|access-date=2019-04-09}}</ref> Her papers are in the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]].<ref>[http://rasp.culture.fr/sdx/rasp/document.xsp?id=f00001673 Fonds Inyoka (Nyota)], Bibliothèque nationale de France, Département des arts du spectacle.</ref> There is a videocassette of Inyoka dancing in the Malvina Hoffman Papers at the Getty Institute.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf4580034j/dsc/|title=Hoffman (Malvina) Papers|website=oac.cdlib.org|access-date=2019-04-09}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* [https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/record/2024913/photography_ProvidedCHO_Parisienne_de_Photographie_58749_8.html A photograph of Nyota Inyoka] (circa 1930) by Boris Lipnitzki, at Europeana Collections.<br />
*[https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/exotic-dancer-princess-nyota-nyoka-arrives-in-new-york-news-photo/143121212 A photograph of Nyota Inyoka] (1922), from [[Getty Images]].<br />
*[https://www.gettyimages.fr/detail/photo-d'actualit%C3%A9/nyota-inyoka-dancer-india-1931-photo-rosie-ney-photo-dactualit%C3%A9/548202605 A photograph of Nyota Inyoka] (1931) by Rosie Ney, from Getty Images.<br />
* [http://www.artnet.com/artists/andr%C3%A9-steiner/nyota-inyoka-danseuse-cambodgienne-hWk9vxXD6boq--R20I4u2w2 A photograph of Nyota Inyoka] (1937) by André Steiner, at [[Artnet]].<br />
* [https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/Lot/lancelot-ney-1900-1965-portrait-5528356-details.aspx An oil portrait of Nyota Inyoka] (1931) by Lancelot Ney, at [[Christie's]].<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Inyoka, Nyota}}<br />
[[Category:1896 births]]<br />
[[Category:1971 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:French female dancers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian female dancers]]<br />
[[Category:French vaudeville performers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian vaudeville performers]]<br />
[[Category:People from Pondicherry]]<br />
[[Category:French choreographers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian choreographers]]<br />
[[Category:French women choreographers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women choreographers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century French women]]</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mei_Hoom_Moosa&diff=451833Mei Hoom Moosa2026-02-08T10:02:50Z<p>CharliVangundy: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|2022 film directed by Jibu Jacob}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Mei Hoom Moosa.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Jibu Jacob]]<br />
| producer = [[CJ Roy]]<br>Thomas Thiruvalla<br />
| writer = Rubesh Rain<br />
| starring = [[Suresh Gopi]]<br />
| music = Sreenath Sivasankaran<br />
| cinematography = [[Vishnu Narayanan]]<br />
| editing = Sooraj E. S.<br />
| studio = Confident Group<br>Thomas Thiruvalla Films<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|09|30}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Malayalam<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Mei Hoom Moosa''''' ({{Translation|I am Moosa}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[satire]] [[comedy film]] directed by [[Jibu Jacob]] and written by Rubesh Rain. Produced by Dr. Roy C. J. and Thomas Thiruvalla under the banners of Confident Group and Thomas Thiruvalla Films, the film stars [[Suresh Gopi]] in the lead role while [[Poonam Bajwa]] and [[Saiju Kurup]] play prominent supporting roles. Sreenath Sivasankaran composed the film's music, and the cinematography was handled by [[Vishnu Narayanan]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Vellimoonga director Jibu Jacob's big budget movie ropes in Suresh Gopi|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/04/13/vellimoonga-director-jibu-jacob-big-budget-movie-suresh-gopi.html|accessdate=19 August 2022|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=13 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Suresh Gopi to play lead role in Mei Hoom Moosa, watch motion poster|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/suresh-gopi-to-play-lead-role-in-mei-hoom-moosa-watch-motion-poster-7880411|accessdate=19 August 2022|work=[[Indian Express]]|date=22 April 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
Principal photography commenced in April 2022. ''Mei Hoom Moosa'' was released in cinemas on 30 September 2022.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mei Hoom Moosa first look: Suresh Gopi sports a handlebar moustache, plays his age in this entertainer|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/mei-hoom-moosa-first-look-suresh-gopi-sports-a-handlebar-moustache-plays-his-age-in-this-entertainer/c648a0ced2692|accessdate=19 August 2022|work=OTTplay|date=1 August 2022}}</ref> The film received positive reviews upon its release and also a theatrical success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-30 |title=Mei Hoom Moosa review: Suresh Gopi amuses in this decent entertainer |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2022/09/30/mei-hoom-moosa-suresh-gopi-jibu-jacob-poonam-bajwa-saiju-kurup-comedy-thriller-movie-review.html |access-date=2022-09-30 |website=Onmanorama |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Mei Hoom Moosa' Twitter review: Check out what netizens are saying about the Suresh Gopi starrer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mei-hoom-moosa-twitter-review-check-out-what-netizens-are-saying-about-the-suresh-gopi-starrer/articleshow/94555888.cms?from=mdr |access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
{{More plot|date=December 2023}}<br />
[[Lance naik]] Muhammad Moosa, an Indian army soldier returns to his hometown in Kerala, after spending nineteen years in a Pakistani jail. On his homecoming, he finds that the entire world has presumed him to be dead during the [[Kargil War]]. How Moosa sets about to prove his identity while also trying to come to terms with everything that has happened around him during his time behind bars, forms the plot of the story.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[Suresh Gopi]] as [[Lance Naik]] Muhammad Moosa, later Honorary [[Captain]]<br />
** Mohammed Shariq as Young Moosa<br />
* [[Hareesh Kanaran]] as Thaami<br />
* [[Ashwini Reddy]] as Lexi<br />
* [[Poonam Bajwa]] as Kunjipaathu<br />
* [[Saiju Kurup]] as Meeran<br />
* [[Srinda]] as Suhara<br />
* [[Salim Kumar]] as [[Advocate|Adv.]] Manoharan<br />
* [[Mithun Ramesh]] as Basheer<br />
* [[Major Ravi]] as [[Defence Security Corps|DSC]] Officer Raveendran<br />
* [[Sudheer Karamana]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Anto Sunny<br />
* Jubil Rajan P. Dev as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Ullas Kumar<br />
* Veena Nair as P. P. Pankajam<br />
* Arunsol as Ambrose<br />
* Saran S Raj as Ikru<br />
* Jijina as Amina<br />
* Pramod Kozhikode as Captain Raju<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
[[Principal photography]] of the film commenced on 21 April 2022 at [[Kodungallur|Kodungallur, Kerala]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Suresh Gopi to be a Malappuram native in his next movie titled 'Mei Hoom Moosa'|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/suresh-gopi-to-be-a-malappuram-native-in-his-next-movie-titled-mei-hoom-moosa-1.7451666|accessdate=14 August 2022|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=21 April 2022}}</ref> It was reported that an initial filming had also been completed in North India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jibu Jacob's next with Suresh Gopi titled 'Mei Hoom Moosa'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/apr/22/jibu-jacobs-next-with-suresh-gopi-titled-mei-hoom-moosa-2444860.html|accessdate=14 August 2022|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=22 April 2022}}</ref> Filming had taken place across [[Kargil district|Kargil]], [[Poonch district, India|Poonch]], [[Delhi]], [[Jaipur]], [[Ponnani]], [[Malappuram]] and the [[Wagah|Wagah border in Punjab]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Suresh Gopi's Mei Hoom Moosa is a big-scale film; first-look out|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/aug/01/suresh-gopis-mei-hoom-moosa-is-a-big-scale-film-first-look-out-33305.html|accessdate=14 August 2022|work=[[Cinema Express]]|date=1 August 2022}}</ref> The entire filming was completed by July 2022.<ref>{{cite news|title=It's a Wrap For Suresh Gopi-Starrer Mei Hoom Moosa|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/its-a-wrap-for-suresh-gopi-starrer-mei-hoom-moosa-5541913.html|accessdate=14 August 2022|work=[[News 18]]|date=12 July 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Release==<br />
<br />
=== Theatrical ===<br />
The film has its theatrical release on 30 September 2022. It was subsequently acquired by [[ZEE5]] for a digital release on November 11, 2022.<ref>{{cite web|title=Suresh Gopi's Mei Hoom Moosa gets OTT release date|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/suresh-gopis-mei-hoom-moosa-gets-ott-release-date-8259309/|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=9 November 2022 |access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
<br />
=== Critical reception ===<br />
S.R. Praveen, critic of ''[[The Hindu]],'' stated that, " Suresh Gopi caught in lacklustre treatment of a decent subject."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2022-09-30 |title='Mei Hoom Moosa' movie review: Suresh Gopi caught in lacklustre treatment of a decent subject |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mei-hoom-moosa-movie-review-suresh-gopi-caught-in-lacklustre-treatment-of-a-decent-subject/article65954725.ece |access-date=2023-04-13 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Princy Alexander, critic from ''[[Onmanorama]],'' wrote that, "Saiju Kurup as Moosa's younger brother and Major Ravi as an Army official put up a good performance."<ref>{{Cite web |title='Mei Hoom Moosa' review: Suresh Gopi amuses in this decent entertainer |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2022/09/30/mei-hoom-moosa-suresh-gopi-jibu-jacob-poonam-bajwa-saiju-kurup-comedy-thriller-movie-review.html |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=OnManorama}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=21430316}}<br />
*[https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/mei-hoom-moosa/0-0-1z5250010 ''Mei Hoom Moosa''] on [[ZEE5]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:2022 films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian satirical films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Kozhikode]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Jaipur]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Ladakh]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Army in films]]</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sthanu_Ravi_Varma&diff=456832Sthanu Ravi Varma2026-02-02T05:05:30Z<p>CharliVangundy: minor edit</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox royalty<br />
| name = Sthanu Ravi<br />
| title = Kulasekhara<br />
| image = Koodiyattam, Kalamandalam Sindhu (cropped).jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = The art-form known as [[Kudiyattam]] is associated with Kulasekhara.<br />
| succession = Chera Perumal<br />
| reign = 844/45 – 870/71 AD<br />
| full name = <br />
| predecessor = N/A<br />
| successor = [[Rama Rajasekhara]]<br />
| spouse = <br />
| issue = [[Ko Kizhan Adikal Ravi Neeli|Kizhan Atikal Ravi Neeli]]<ref>As per MGS, 1972</ref><br />
| house = [[Chera Perumals of Makotai|Cheras (medieval Kerala)]]<ref>As per MGS, 1972</ref><br />
| religion = [[Hinduism]]<br />
| regnal name = Kulasekhara<ref>As per MGS, 1972</ref>|<br />
}}<br />
'''Sthanu Ravi Varma''' ([[Malayalam|early Malayalam]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]]: '''Ko''' '''Tanu Iravi'''), known as the '''Kulasekhara,''' was the [[Chera Perumals of Makotai|Chera Perumal]] ruler of Kerala in southern India from 844/45 to c. 870/71 AD.<ref name=":2">Noburu Karashima (ed.), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=fpdVoAEACAAJ&q=A+Concise+History+of+South+India:+Issues+and+Interpretations. A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations].'' New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 146-47.</ref><ref>Narayanan, M. G. S. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=perumals+of+kerala Perumāḷs of Kerala].'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013 [1972]. 65-66.</ref><ref name=":32">'Changes in Land Relations during the Decline of the Cera State,' In Kesavan Veluthat and Donald R. Davis Jr. (eds), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=6Uz0oQEACAAJ&q=Irreverent+History:-+Essays+for+M.G.S.+Narayanan Irreverent History:- Essays for M.G.S. Narayanan],'' Primus Books, New Delhi, 2014. 74-75.</ref> He is the earliest medieval [[Chera Perumals of Makotai|Chera]] ruler of Kerala known to scholars.<ref name=":32" /> Sthanu Ravi notably assisted the [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] ruler [[Aditya I]] (c. 871–907 AD) in conquering the Kongu country from the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]] around 885 AD.<ref name=":9">Ali, Daud. “The Death of a Friend: Companionship, Loyalty and Affiliation in Chola South India.” ''Studies in History'', vol. 33, no. 1, Feb. 2017, pp. 36–60.</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India |date=2023 |publisher=Pearson |isbn=978-93-570-5618-2 |edition=2nd |pages=1481 |orig-year=2008}}</ref><br />
<br />
The famous [[Tharisapalli plates|Quilon Syrian Christian copper plates]] are dated to the fifth regnal year of king Sthanu Ravi. Two more inscriptions dated in the regnal years of Sthanu Ravi are found at the [[Irinjalakuda]] [[Koodalmanikyam Temple|Kudalmanikyam Temple]] and at Thiruvatruvay, [[Thiruvalla]].<ref name=":33">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013 [1972]. 436.</ref> The Koyil Adhikarikal ("Royal Prince") during his time was his son-in-law (husband of his daughter), Vijayaraga.<ref name=":5">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013 [1972]. 64-66 and 78-79.</ref> Sthanu Ravi had a son born around 870 AD.<ref name=":7">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013 [1972]. 79-80.</ref> He was succeeded by [[Rama Rajasekhara]] (c. 870/71–c. 883/84).<ref name=":32" /> <br />
<br />
Toward the end of his reign, Sthanu Ravi probably abdicated the throne and became a [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] [[Alwars|alvar]] saint known as [[Kulashekhara Alwar|Kulasekhara Alvar]] (the seventh of the twelve mystic [[Alwars|alvars]]).<ref name=":34">'Changes in Land Relations during the Decline of the Cera State,' In Kesavan Veluthat and Donald R. Davis Jr. (eds), ''Irreverent History:- Essays for M.G.S. Narayanan,'' Primus Books, New Delhi, 2014. 74-75 and 78.</ref> He is also identified with the playwright Chera king "Kulasekhara Varma".<ref>Noburu Karashima (ed.), ''A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations.'' New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 146-47.</ref><ref>Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013 [1972]. 46-48 .</ref><ref>Veluthat, Kesavan. 2004. 'Mahodayapuram-Kodungallur', in ''South-Indian Horizons'', eds Jean-Luc Chevillard, Eva Wilden, and A. Murugaiyan, pp. 471–85. École Française D'Extrême-Orient.</ref><br />
== Background ==<br />
Sthanu Ravi Kulasekhara is regarded as the earliest known Chera ruler (the Perumal) of Kerala.<ref name=":32" /> It is speculated that present-day central Kerala likely separated from the larger [[Kongu Chera dynasty|Chera or Kerala kingdom]] around the 8th–9th century AD to form the Chera kingdom of Mahodayapuram-Kodungallur.<ref name=":122">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013 [1972]. 89-90 and 92-93.</ref> Central Kerala was probably under some form of viceregal rule before this period.<ref name=":12">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013 [1972]. 80-93.</ref>[[File:Thillaisthanam_inscription_(9th_century_AD,_Aditya_Chola).png|thumb|378x378px|Remains of the Thillaisthanam inscription (9th century AD, [[Aditya I|Aditya Chola]])]]<br />
[[File:Cola-Cera_Perumal_relations_(c._9th-10th_centuries_AD).png|thumb|378x378px|Chola-Chera Perumal relations (c. 9th-10th centuries AD)]]<br />
The direct sovereign authority of the Chera Perumal king was likely restricted to the country around the capital, [[Kodungallur|Makotai (Mahodayapuram, present-day Kodungallur)]], in central Kerala.<ref name=":43">Noburu Karashima (ed.), ''A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations.'' New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 146-47.</ref> His pan-Kerala kingship was likely ritualistic, remaining nominal compared to the political and military power wielded by local chieftains (the udaiyavar). [[Nambudiri|Nambudiri Brahmins]] also exercised significant authority in religious and social matters, a system often described as "ritual sovereignty combined with Brahmin oligarchy".<ref name=":43" /><ref>Narayanan, M. G. S. 2002. ‘The State in the Era of the Ceraman Perumals of Kerala’, in ''State and Society in Premodern South India'', eds R. Champakalakshmi, Kesavan Veluthat, and T. R. Venugopalan, pp.111–19. Thrissur, CosmoBooks.</ref><br />
<br />
== Campaigns in the Kongu country ==<br />
Sthanu Ravi appears to have acted as a junior ally in a military campaign led by the [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] ruler bearing the title "Rajakesari Varma" in the Kongu country (central [[Tamil Nadu]]).<ref name=":0">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013 [1972]. 435-437.</ref> Epigraphic evidence indicates that the two rulers jointly conferred military honours upon a [[Thanjavur|Tanjore]] chief named Vikki Annan, who was married to a woman identified as "Kadamba Mahadevi". Vikki Annan was likely a Ganga prince, being the son of Prithvipati, and is mentioned in a Ganga inscription dated to the mid-9th century AD.<ref>''Tillaisthanam Inscription (844-5 CE, Tanjore) of "Tondainadu Pavina Cholan Palyanai", Ko Kandan, Rajakesarivarman. South Indian Inscriptions 23 (1979), no. 129.''</ref><ref>Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013 [1972]. 95-96.</ref> The designation "Kadamba" in the princess's name suggests a probable affiliation with the [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadamba]] lineage.<ref name="google1">Menon, A. Sreedhara (1967). ''A Survey of Kerala History.'' Kottayam (Kerala): DC Books, 2007. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ESpUMAEACAAJ&q=editions:UOM39015059676398] </ref><ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
The identity of the Chola ruler titled "Rajakesari Varma" remains a subject of scholarly debate.<ref name=":8">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013 [1972]. 436-37.</ref><ref name=":52" /> One interpretation, advanced by historian Elamkulam P. N. Kunjan Pillai, identifies "Rajakesari Varma" with [[Aditya I|Aditya Chola]] (c. 871–907 AD<ref name=":9" />). This hypothesis assumes that Sthanu Ravi ruled Kerala until around 885 AD, enabling his participation as a junior partner in Aditya Chola’s Kongu campaigns, particularly the conquest of the region from the Pandyas (c. 885 AD).<ref name=":7" /> Recent scholarship generally supports this view.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":282">{{Cite book |last=Devadevan |first=Manu V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exzhDwAAQBAJ&q=The+%E2%80%98Early+Medieval%27+Origins+of+India |title=The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9781108494571 |location= |pages=150 |chapter=Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cēra State}}</ref> An alternative interpretation, accepted by M. G. S. Narayanan (1972/1996) following T. V. Mahalingam ("An Interregnum in Pallava History", JIH, XLI, I), identifies "Rajakesari Varma" with [[Srikantha Chola]] (817–845 AD), thereby placing the joint military action in Kongu around 844/45 AD.<ref name=":7" /> <br />
== Astronomy ==<br />
The astronomer and mathematician [[Śaṅkaranārāyaṇa|Sankaranarayana]] (c. 840–900 AD) served as a distinguished member of the royal court of Kulasekhara at the capital, Mahodayapuram (present-day [[Kodungallur]]). He is best known for authoring the Laghubhaskariyavyakha, an extensive commentary on the works of the eminent mathematician [[Bhāskara I|Bhaskara I]] (7th century AD).<ref name=":6">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013 [1972]. 78-79.</ref> Evidence suggests that an "astronomical observatory" operated at Mahodayapuram under Sankaranarayana's supervision.<ref name="Joseph">{{cite book |last=George Gheverghese Joseph |url=https://archive.org/details/passagetoinfinit00jose |title=A Passage to Infinity |publisher=SAGE Publications |year=2009 |isbn=978-81-321-0168-0 |location=New Delhi |page=[https://archive.org/details/passagetoinfinit00jose/page/n25 13] |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name=":4">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013 [1972]. 390-391 and 408-409.</ref> <br />
<br />
The vyakhya contains references to an instrument termed the "Rashichakra", marked by a "Yanthravalaya". This "device" is possibly identical to the Golayanthra or Chakrayanthra described by the renowned polymath [[Aryabhata]]. The Chakrayanthra was subsequently refined and came to be known as the Phalakayanthra by Bhaskara I.<ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
== Inscriptions ==<br />
=== As Sthanu Ravi ===<br />
Ayyan Adikal, the chieftain of the port of Quilon (present-day [[Kollam]]) under Sthanu Ravi, issued the renowned [[Tharisapalli plates|Quilon Syrian Christian copper plates]] around 849 AD. The inscription records that Ayyan Adikal granted land and serfs to a Christian church at Quilon, established by Mar Sapir Iso, and entrusted its maintenance to the trade guilds [[anjuvannam]] and [[manigramam]].<ref name=":0" /> The grant was made in the presence of the Chera Perumal prince [[Vijayaraga]].<ref name=":22">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013 [1972]. 435 and 37.</ref> An inscription from [[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]] indicates that Vijayaraga was married to a daughter of Kulasekhara, titled [[Kizhan Adikal Ravi Neeli]], and was likely the son of Kulasekhara's sister.<ref>Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013 [1972]. 65-67 and 437-438.</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Inscription<br />
!Nature (language)<br />
!Royal Name<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
|849 AD<br />
|[[Tharisapalli plates|Quilon Syrian Christian copper plates]]<br />
|Royal charter (Malayalam)<br />
|<br />
* "Tanu Ravi" <br />
* "Koyil Adhikarikal Vijayaraga Deva"<br />
|<br />
* The oldest Chera Perumal inscription from Kerala.<ref name=":28">{{Cite book|last=Devadevan|first=Manu V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exzhDwAAQBAJ&q=The+%E2%80%98Early+Medieval%27+Origins+of+India|title=The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2020|isbn=9781108494571|location=|pages=150|chapter=Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cēra State}}</ref><br />
*Dated in the 5th regnal year (849/50) of king Tanu Ravi.<ref name=":02">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013 [1972]. 435-437.</ref><br />
* Ayyan Adigal, the chieftain of Venad, grant land and serfs to the Christian church of Tarsa, Quilon.<ref name=":02" /><br />
* Koyil Adhikarikal (the Royal Prince) Vijayaraga is present when Ayyan Adigal gives privileges to Christian merchant Mar Sapir Iso.<ref name=":23">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala''. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013 [1972]. 437-38.</ref><br />
|-<br />
|855 AD<br />
|Irinjalakkuda inscription ([[Koodalmanikyam Temple|Kudalmanikyam Temple]]) - a single granite slab currently fixed on the bottom portion of the inside wall of the first prakara of the temple.<ref name=":3">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013 [1972]. 436.</ref><br />
|Temple committee resolution (Malayalam)<br />
|"Tanu Ravi, Ko"<br />
|<br />
* Dated in the 11th regnal year (855/56) of king Tanu Ravi.<ref name=":3" /><br />
* A council of the "Irungadikkudal" Parathaiyar (the Temple Committee) and Ilayavar.<ref name=":3" /><br />
* The council unanimously decide to lease out land for some purpose.<ref name=":3" /><br />
|-<br />
|861 AD<br />
|Thiruvatruvay copper plate - owned by Muvidathu Mecheri Illam ([[Thiruvalla]])<br />
|Temple committee resolution (Malayalam)<br />
|"Tanu Ravi, Ko"<br />
|<br />
* Dated in the 17th regnal year (861/62) of king Tanu Ravi.<ref name=":3" /><br />
* Earliest reference to [[Onam|Onam Festival]] in Kerala.<ref name=":3" /><br />
* A council of the Thiruvatruvay Sabha (the Temple Assembly) and Adikalmar (the Respected People).<ref name=":3" /><br />
* The council unanimously wrap up [[Onam|Avani Onam]] feast arrangements with the land donated by certain Punchappatakarathu Chenthan Sankaran.<ref name=":3" /><br />
|-<br />
| colspan="5" |'''Inscription of Aditya Chola'''<br />
|-<br />
|c. 885 AD<br />
|Thillaisthanam inscription (Tanjore) - a single granite slab<ref name=":0" /> on the south wall of the central shrine in the Ghrithasthaneshwara Temple, Thillaisthanam.<br />
|Temple inscription (Tamil)<br />
|"Cheraman Tanu Ravi, Ko"<br />
|<small>{{cquote|Hail Prosperity!<br />
<br />
The wife of Vikki Annan, who was honoured by the king Kandan Rajakesari Varma who was the possessor of several elephants ["tondai-nadu-pavina-cholan-pal-yanai-ko-kandan"] and by the Cheraman Ko Tanu Iravi, with [the privilege of using] the seat [of honour], the chauris, the palanquin, the drum, a palace, [royal] dinner, [participation in it perhaps] and the bugle and [who was presented] with a battalion of elephants and the hereditary title of Sembiyan Tamilavel - Kadamba Mahadevi gave to the god Mahadeva at Tiruneyyttanam a perpetual lamp, for which the number of sheep given by her is a hundred. <br />
<br />
My these [charities] be under the protection of the several mahesvaras.<br />
| source = ''Travancore Archaeological Series'' (Volume II)<br />
}}</small><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== As Kulasekhara ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
|9th century AD<br />
|[[Thirunanthikarai]] inscription - a single slab of granite in the courtyard of the structural temple<br />
|Temple committee resolution (Tamil)<br />
|<br />
* "Kulasekhara Deva" <br />
* "Vijayaraga Deva"<br />
|<br />
* A donation by Chera/Perumal princess [[Ko Kizhan Adikal Ravi Neeli|Ravi Neeli Kizhan Adigal]] to Thirunanthikkarai Temple.<ref name=":42">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013 [1972]. 437-438.</ref><br />
* Thirunathikkarai Perumakkal (the Village Elders), the Thaliyalvan, and the Kanakar (members of the temple trust) meeting to receive 10 kalanju of gold from (princess) Ravi Neeli Kizhan Adigal for the Permanent Lamp (the nanda-vilakku) in the Thirunathikkarai temple.<ref name=":42" /><br />
* Princess Ravi Neeli Kizhan Adigal is described as the daughter of king Kulasekhara Deva and wife of Vijayaraga Deva.<ref name=":42" /><br />
|}<br />
== Literary references ==<br />
<br />
=== Contradicting testimonials ===<br />
[[File:Quilon_Syrian_Plates.jpg|thumb|302x302px|Quilon Syrian Plates]]<br />
<br />
* An anonymous work titled "Padmapadacharyacharita" states that the protagonist — who was a disciple of philosopher-theologian [[Shankaracharya|Shankara]] — flourished during the time of a Kerala king named "Kulasekhara". However, "Shivanandalahari", attributed to Shankara, indirectly refers to the Kerala ruler as Rajasekhara. Similarly, "Shankaravijaya" by Vidyaranya also mentions a Kerala king named Rajasekhara as a contemporary of Shankara.<ref name=":1">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013 [1972]. 65-66, 95-96, 383-5, 436.</ref> <br />
* Vasubhatta, a renowned Yamaka poet of medieval Kerala and the author of "Tripuradahana" and "Saurikathodaya", identifies his patron king as "Rama". "Vijayadarsika", a later commentary by Acyuta on Vasubhatta's "Yudhisthiravijaya", states that "Kulasekhara" was the coronation title of king Rama, whose given name, according to the commentator, was "Rama" ("Kulasekhara ityabhisekakrtam nama; pitradikrtam theramavarmeti"). "Ratnapradipika" by Sivadasa — another commentary subsequent to "Vijayadarsika" — echoes the same claim: "Kulasekharasya Kulasekhara iti namavatah, etadabhisekakrtam nama. Pitradikriam tu ramavarmeti".<ref name=":82">{{Cite journal|last=Veluthat|first=Kesavan|date=1982|title=The Status of the Monarch|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141225|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=43|pages=147–157|jstor=44141225|issn=2249-1937|via=}}</ref> Modern scholars, however, generally regard these assertions as the result of confusion on the part of the commentators Acyuta and Sivadasa, who were chronologically distant from Vasubhatta, leading them to conflate Sthanu Ravi Kulasekhara with [[Rama Rajasekhara]].<ref name=":822">{{Cite journal |last=Veluthat |first=Kesavan |date=1982 |title=The Status of the Monarch |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141225 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=43 |pages=147–157 |issn=2249-1937 |jstor=44141225 |via=}}</ref><br />
<br />
* Some scholars also identify king [[Rama Kulasekhara]] as the patron of the poet Vasubhatta, thereby placing Vasubhatta in the 11th–12th centuries AD.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vielle|first=Christophe|date=2012|title=Real and Ideal Kings in Matrilineal Kerala|url=https://journal.equinoxpub.com/ROSA/article/view/11188|journal=Religions of South Asia|volume=5|issue=1|pages=365–387|doi=10.1558/rosa.v5i1/2.365|via=|url-access=subscription|hdl=2078.1/129594|hdl-access=free}}</ref> However, this view is generally considered unacceptable for several reasons.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|last=Devadevan|first=Manu V.|url=https://www.cambridge.org/in/academic/subjects/history/south-asian-history/early-medieval-origins-india?format=PB&isbn=9781108748513|title=The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2020|isbn=|location=|pages=229–30|chapter=The Semantic Universe of the Kudiyattam Theatre}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Laghubhaskariyavyakha ==<br />
<br />
=== Identification of Sthanu Ravi with Kulasekhara ===<br />
[[File:Tiruvarruvay_inscription,_Tiruvalla_(Sthanu_Ravi,_medieval_Cera_dynasty,_Kerala).jpg|thumb|378x378px|Tiruvarruvay inscription, Tiruvalla]]<br />
{{Quote box<br />
| quote = ''"Sa sthanurjayati trirupasahito lingepi lokarcitah."''<br />
| author = Chapter I, ''Laghubhaskariyavyakha''<br />
| source = <br />
| width = 50%<br />
| align = center<br />
| border = none<br />
| fontsize = 100%<br />
}}In his commentary Laghubhaskariyavyakha, Sankaranarayana notes that he was patronized by a king of Mahodayapuram named "Ravi", who bore the title "Kulasekhara", thereby supporting the identification of Sthanu Ravi with Kulasekhara.<ref name=":62">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=78-79 |orig-date=1972}}</ref><ref name=":6s2">{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://archive.org/details/laghubhaskariyabhaskaracharyavivarnashankarnaraynaed.narayanapillaip.k.universit_123_/page/n1/mode/1up |title=Laghubhaskariya Vivarana |date= |publisher=University of Kerala |year=1974 |isbn= |editor-last=Pillai |editor-first=P. K. Narayana |location=Trivandrum (Kerala) |pages=XX and XXI-XII |orig-date= |orig-year=1949}}</ref> The opening verse of the commentary also contains an indirect invocation to a lord referred to as "Sthanu", deliberately composed so as to be applicable both to the deity [[Shiva]] and to the reigning monarch.<ref name=":6" /><br />
<br />
=== Coronation year of Sthanu Ravi ===<br />
Laghubhaskariyavyakha also provides two distinct dates, one in the [[Kali Era]] (866 AD, the date of an eclipse) and the other in the [[Shaka era|Saka Era]] (870 AD).<br />
<br />
{{Quote box<br />
| quote = ''"Angartvambara nanda devamanubhir yate dinanam gane<br>Graste tigma mayukhamalinitamobhute parahne divi<br>Prsta praggrahanad dvitiyaghatika grasa pramanam raver<br>Bharta sri Kulasekharena vilasad velavrtaya bhuva."''<br />
| author = Chapter IV, ''Laghubhaskariyavyakha''<br />
| source = <br />
| width = 50%<br />
| align = center<br />
| border = none<br />
| fontsize = 100%<br />
}}<br />
* "Angartvambara nanda devamanubhir yate dinanam gane"<br />
* Decipherment<br />
** Anga = 6, Rtu = 6, Ambara = 0, Nanda = 9, Veda = 4, and Manu = 14<br />
** Order - 6609414<br />
** Read in Reverse Order - 1449066<br />
* Equivalent Kali Date - 3967 years and 86 days [= 25 Mithuna, [[Malayalam calendar|Kollam Era]] 41] = 866 AD<ref name=":6" /><br />
{{Quote box<br />
| quote = ''"Evam Sakabdah punariha candra randhramuni sankhyaya asambhiravagatah."''<br />
| author = Chapter I, ''Laghubhaskariyavyakha''<br />
| source = <br />
| width = 50%<br />
| border = none<br />
| fontsize = 100%<br />
| align = center<br />
}}<br />
* Another reference to the date - "Sakabdah punariha candra randhramuni sankhyaya"<br />
** Candra = 1, Randhra = 9, and Muni = 7<br />
** Order - 197<br />
** Read in Reverse Order - 791 ([[Shaka era|Saka Year]]) = 870 AD<ref name=":6" /><br />
According to its own testimony, the Laghubhaskariyavivarana was composed in the 25th regnal year of Ravi Kulasekhara (869/70 AD), placing his coronation around 844/45 AD.<ref name=":6" /><br />
<br />
{{Quote box<br />
| quote = ''"Capapravista guru sauri samatva kalam<br>Yamyottaram gamanamantaratah pramanam<br>Acaksvya sarvamavagamya bhatoktamargad<br>Ityuktavan ravirasena nrpabhivandya."<br><br>"Tada pancavimsati Varsanyatitani devasya."''<br />
| author = Chapter VII, ''Laghubhaskariyavyakha''<br />
| source = <br />
| width = 50%<br />
| align = center<br />
| border = none<br />
| fontsize = 100%<br />
}}Further, Sankaranarayana mentions the conjunction of Guru (Jupiter) and Sauri (Saturn) in Capa (Dhanu), stating that it occurred when the king had completed 25 regnal years (Chapter VII). It is known that, in the 9th century AD, Jupiter and Saturn simultaneously entered Dhanu Rasi only in 869 AD.<ref name=":62" /><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Rajendra Chola I|Rajendra Chola]]<br />
* [[Raja Raja Chola I|Raja Raja Chola]]<br />
* [[Kulasekhara Alvar]]<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
[[Category:People from the Kodungallur Chera kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:9th-century Indian monarchs]]<br />
[[Category:Kodungallur Chera kings]]</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=1989_Indian_general_election_in_Kerala&diff=4631461989 Indian general election in Kerala2026-01-31T09:51:24Z<p>CharliVangundy: slightly correct lead for consistency further and fixed typos</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian general election held to elect 20 members}}<br />
{{Infobox election<br />
| election_name = 1989 Indian general election<br />
| country = India<br />
| type = parliamentary<br />
| ongoing = no<br />
| previous_election = 1984 Indian general election in Kerala<br />
| previous_year = 1984<br />
| next_election = 1991 Indian general election in Kerala<br />
| next_year = 1991<br />
| election_date = November 1989<br />
| seats_for_election = 20 seats<br />
<br />
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=K. Karunakaran, Indian politician.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=14}}<br />
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=E.K.Nayanar 1.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=08}}<br />
| leader1 = [[K. Karunakaran]]<br />
| alliance1 = [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]<br />
| leaders_seat1 = -<br />
<br />
<br />
| leader2 = [[E. K. Nayanar]]<br />
| alliance2 = [[Left Democratic Front|LDF]]<br />
| leaders_seat2 = -<br />
<br />
| seats1 = 17<br />
| seats2 = 3<br />
| last_election1 = 18<br />
| last_election2 = 2<br />
<br />
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}} 1<br />
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 1<br />
| party1 = Indian National Congress<br />
| party2 = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]<br />
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election<br />
| before_election = [[Rajiv Gandhi]]<br />
| before_party = Indian National Congress<br />
| after_election = [[Vishwanath Pratap Singh]]<br />
| after_party = Janata Dal<br />
| percentage1 = 49.29%<br />
| percentage2 = 42.93%<br />
}}<br />
The '''[[1989 Indian general election]]''' were held to elect 20 members to the [[9th Lok Sabha|ninth Lok Sabha]] from [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=General Election, 1989|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4120-general-election-1989-vol-i-ii/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515060548/https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4120-general-election-1989-vol-i-ii/ |archive-date=2019-05-15 |access-date=|website=}}</ref> [[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (INC)]]-led [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front (UDF)]] won 17 seats while [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|Left Democratic Front (LDF)]], led by [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M))]] won the remaining 3 seats.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=PC: Kerala 1989|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/info?state=28&eid=09}}{{Dead link|date=May 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Turnout for the election was at 79.30%<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1989 TO THE 9th LOK SABHA|url=https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/Links/Books/89_Vol_I.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413154801/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in:80/Links/Books/89_Vol_I.pdf |archive-date=2018-04-13 |access-date=|website=}}</ref> In the Lok Sabha, INC won plurality of seats, however [[Janata Dal|Janata Dal (JD)]], led by [[Vishwanath Pratap Singh|V. P. Singh]] formed the government, albeit a short-lived one, with support from BJP and CPI(M).<br />
<br />
== Alliances and parties ==<br />
<br />
UDF is a Kerala legislative alliance formed by INC veteran [[K. Karunakaran]]. LDF comprises primarily of CPI(M) and the [[Communist Party of India|CPI]], forming the [[Third Front (India)|Left Front]] in the national level. [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]] contested in 19 seats.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=PC: Alliances Kerala 1989|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/alliance/partyWise/09/28}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== United Democratic Front ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! scope="col" style="width:4px;" |No.<br />
! scope="col" style="width:200px;" |Party<br />
! scope="col" style="width:80px;" |Election Symbol<br />
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" |Seats contested<br />
|- style="height: 45px;"<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};color:white" |'''1.'''<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |17<br />
|- style="height: 45px;"<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}};color:white" |'''2.'''<br />
|[[Indian Union Muslim League]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Indian Election Symbol Lader.svg|47x47px]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |2<br />
|- style="height: 45px;"<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Kerala Congress (Mani)}};color:white" |'''3.'''<br />
|[[Kerala Congress (M)]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Indian Election Symbol Two Leaves.svg|45x45px]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |1<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Left Democratic Front ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! scope="col" style="width:4px;" |No.<br />
! scope="col" style="width:200px;" |Party<br />
! scope="col" style="width:80px;" |Election Symbol<br />
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" |Seats contested<br />
|- style="height: 45px;"<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};color:white" |'''1.'''<br />
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br />
|[[File:CPI(M) election symbol - Hammer Sickle and Star.svg|center|45x45px|Key]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |10<br />
|- style="height: 4px;"<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Communist Party of India}};color:white" |'''2.'''<br />
|[[Communist Party of India]]<br />
|[[File:CPI symbol.svg|center|45x45px|Star]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |3<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}};color:black" |'''3.'''<br />
|[[Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha|Indian Congress (Socialist) - Sarat Chandra Singha]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --><br />
| style="text-align:center;" |1<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};color:black" |'''4.'''<br />
|[[Independent (politician)| <br />
Independents]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]<!-- Do not use placeholder images per WP:IPH --><br />
| style="text-align:center;" |3<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Janata Dal}};color:white" |'''5.'''<br />
|[[Janata Dal]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Janata Dal symbol.svg|50px]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |1<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}};color:white" |'''6.'''<br />
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]<br />
|style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Indian Election Symbol Spade and Stoker.png|50px]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |1<br />
|- style="height: 4px;"<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Kerala Congress}};color:black" |'''7.'''<br />
|[[Kerala Congress]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png|50px]] <br />
| style="text-align:center;" |1<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Bharatiya Janata Party ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! scope="col" style="width:4px;" |No.<br />
! scope="col" style="width:200px;" |Party<br />
! scope="col" style="width:80px;" |Election Symbol<br />
! scope="col" style="width:60px;" |Seats contested<br />
|- style="height: 45px;"<br />
| style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |'''1.'''<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Lotos flower symbol.svg|40x40px]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" |19<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==List of Candidates==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;"<br />
! colspan="2" | Constituency<br />
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|<span style="color:white;">UDF</span>]]<br />
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |[[Left Democratic Front|<span style="color:white;">LDF</span>]]<br />
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|<span style="color:white;">BJP</span>]]<br />
|-<br />
! No.<br />
! Name<br />
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate<br />
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate<br />
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate<br />
|-<br />
! 1<br />
| [[Kasaragod Lok Sabha constituency|Kasaragod]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| [[I. Rama Rai]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br />
| [[Ramanna Rai]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| C. K. Padmanabhan<br />
|-<br />
! 2<br />
|[[Kannur Lok Sabha constituency|Cannanore]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| [[Mullappally Ramachandran]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br />
| P. Sasi<br />
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| Palliyara Raman<br />
|-<br />
! 3<br />
|[[Vatakara Lok Sabha constituency|Badagara]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| [[A. Sujanapal]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha}}<br />
| [[K. P. Unnikrishnan]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| P. K. Krishnadas<br />
|-<br />
! 4<br />
|[[Kozhikode Lok Sabha constituency|Calicut]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| [[K. Muraleedharan]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br />
| E. K. Imbichibava<br />
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| [[P. S. Sreedharan Pillai]]<br />
|-<br />
! 5<br />
|[[Malappuram Lok Sabha constituency|Manjeri]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}<br />
| [[Ebrahim Sulaiman Sait]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=Ind.}}<br />
| K. V. Salahuddin<br />
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| Ahalya Sankar<br />
|-<br />
! 6<br />
| [[Ponnani Lok Sabha constituency|Ponnani]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}<br />
| [[G. M. Banatwala]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
| M. Rahmathulia<br />
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| Janachandran Master<br />
|-<br />
! 7<br />
|[[Palakkad Lok Sabha constituency|Palghat]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| V. S. Vijayaraghavan<br />
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br />
| [[A. Vijayaraghavan]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| T. Chandrasekharan<br />
|-<br />
! 8<br />
| [[Ottapalam Lok Sabha constituency|Ottapalam (SC)]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| [[K. R. Narayanan]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br />
| [[Lenin Rajendran]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| Lakshmanan<br />
|-<br />
! 9<br />
| [[Trichur Lok Sabha constituency|Trichur]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| [[P. A. Antony]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
| [[Meenakshi Thampan]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| K. V. Sreedharan Master<br />
|-<br />
! 10<br />
| [[Mukundapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Mukundapuram]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| [[Savithri Lakshmanan]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br />
| C. O. Poulose Master<br />
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| K. K. Gangadharan Master<br />
|-<br />
! 11<br />
| [[Ernakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Ernakulam]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| [[K. V. Thomas]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=Ind.}}<br />
| [[Padmanabhan Subramanian Poti]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| A. N. Radhakrishnan<br />
|-<br />
! 12<br />
| [[Muvattupuzha Lok Sabha constituency|Muvattupuzha]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Kerala Congress (M)}}<br />
| [[P. C. Thomas]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Kerala Congress}}<br />
| [[P. J. Joseph]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| P. J. Thomas<br />
|-<br />
! 13<br />
| [[Kottayam Lok Sabha constituency|Kottayam]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| [[Ramesh Chennithala]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br />
| [[K. Suresh Kurup]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| Ettumanoor Radhakrishnan<br />
|-<br />
! 14<br />
| [[Idukki Lok Sabha constituency|Idukki]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| Palai K. M. Mathew<br />
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br />
| [[M. C. Josephine]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| M. N. Jayachandran<br />
|-<br />
! 15<br />
| [[Alleppey Lok Sabha constituency|Alleppey]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| [[Vakkom Purushothaman]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br />
| K. V. Devadas<br />
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| K. D. Ramakrishnan<br />
|-<br />
! 16<br />
| [[Mavelikara Lok Sabha constituency|Mavelikara]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| [[P. J. Kurien]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
| [[Thampan Thomas]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| Prathapachandra Verma<br />
|-<br />
! 17<br />
| [[Adoor Lok Sabha constituency|Adoor (SC)]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| [[Kodikunnil Suresh]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
| [[N. Rajan]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| E. K. Sasidharan<br />
|-<br />
! 18<br />
|[[Kollam Lok Sabha constituency|Quilon]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| [[S. Krishna Kumar]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}<br />
| [[Babu Divakaran]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| P. K. S. Rajeev<br />
|-<br />
! 19<br />
| [[Chirayinkil Lok Sabha constituency|Chirayinkil]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| [[Thalekunnil Basheer]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br />
| [[Susheela Gopalan]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| V. N. Gopalakrishnan Nair<br />
|-<br />
! 20<br />
| [[Trivandrum Lok Sabha constituency|Trivandrum]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| [[A. Charles]]<br />
| {{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=Ind.}}<br />
| O. N. V. Kurup<br />
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| P. Asok Kumar<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== List of elected MPs ==<br />
<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roy Mathew|date=|title=Indian Parliament Elections 1989: Kerala Winners|url=http://keralaassembly.org/lok/winners.php4?year=1989|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040430125531/http://www.keralaassembly.org:80/lok/winners.php4?year=1989 |archive-date=2004-04-30 |access-date=2020-09-15|website=keralaassembly.org}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"<br />
!No.<br />
!Constituency<br />
!Name of Elected M.P.<br />
!Party affiliation<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|[[Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kasaragod]]<br />
|[[Ramanna Rai]]<br />
|CPI(M)<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|[[Kannur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kannur]]<br />
|[[Mullappally Ramachandran]]<br />
|INC<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|[[Vatakara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vatakara]]<br />
|[[K.P. Unnikrishnan|K. P. Unnikrishnan]]<br />
|ICS(SCS)<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|[[Kozhikode (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kozhikode]]<br />
|[[K. Muraleedharan]]<br />
|INC<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|[[Manjeri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Manjeri]]<br />
|[[G.M. Banatwalia]]<br />
|IUML<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|[[Ponnani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ponnani]]<br />
|[[Ebrahim Sulaiman Sait]]<br />
|IUML<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|[[Palakkad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palakkad]]<br />
|[[A. Vijayaraghavan]]<br />
|CPI(M)<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|[[Ottapalam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ottapalam]]<br />
|[[K. R. Narayanan]]<br />
|INC<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|[[Thrissur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thrissur]]<br />
|[[P. A. Antony]]<br />
|INC<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|[[Mukundapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mukundapuram]]<br />
|[[Savithri Lakshmanan|Savitri Lakshmanan]]<br />
|INC<br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|[[Ernakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ernakulam]]<br />
|[[K. V. Thomas]]<br />
|INC<br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
|[[Muvattupuzha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Muvattupuzha]]<br />
|[[P. C. Thomas]]<br />
|KC(M)<br />
|-<br />
|13<br />
|[[Kottayam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kottayam]]<br />
|[[Ramesh Chennithala]]<br />
|INC<br />
|-<br />
|14<br />
|[[Idukki (Lok Sabha constituency)|Idukki]]<br />
|K. M. Mathew<br />
|INC<br />
|-<br />
|15<br />
|[[Alappuzha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alappuzha]]<br />
|[[Vakkom Purushothaman]]<br />
|INC<br />
|-<br />
|16<br />
|[[Mavelikkara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mavelikkara]]<br />
|[[P. J. Kurien]]<br />
|INC<br />
|-<br />
|17<br />
|[[Adoor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Adoor]]<br />
|[[Kodikunnil Suresh]]<br />
|INC<br />
|-<br />
|18<br />
|[[Kollam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kollam]]<br />
|[[S. Krishna Kumar]]<br />
|INC<br />
|-<br />
|19<br />
|[[Chirayinkil (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chirayankil]]<br />
|[[Thalekunnil Basheer]]<br />
|INC<br />
|-<br />
|20<br />
|[[Thiruvananthapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br />
|[[A. Charles]]<br />
|INC<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Results ==<br />
<br />
=== Performance of political parties ===<br />
<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=PC: Party-wise performance for 1989 Kerala|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/party_list/28/09}}</ref>{{Pie chart|caption='''Vote Share by alliance'''|other=yes|value1=49.29|label1=[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]|color1={{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|value2=42.93|label2=[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]|color2={{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|value3=4.51|label3=[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]|color3={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
!No.<br />
!Party<br />
!Political Front<br />
!Seats<br />
!Votes<br />
!%Votes<br />
!±pp<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|Indian National Congress<br />
|UDF<br />
|14<br />
|62,18,850<br />
|41.70%<br />
|{{increase}}8.43<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
|LDF<br />
|2<br />
|34,11,227<br />
|22.87%<br />
|{{increase}}0.60<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|Communist Party of India<br />
|LDF<br />
|0<br />
|9,24,994<br />
|6.20%<br />
|{{decrease}}1.17<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|Indian Union Muslim League<br />
|UDF<br />
|2<br />
|7,80,322<br />
|5.23%<br />
|{{decrease}}0.06<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|<br />
|0<br />
|6,72,613<br />
|4.51%<br />
|{{increase}}2.76<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|Indian Congress (Socialist) - Sarat Chandra Singha<br />
|LDF<br />
|1<br />
|3,70,434<br />
|2.48%<br />
|{{decrease}}1.90<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|Revolutionary Socialist Party<br />
|LDF<br />
|0<br />
|3,59,393<br />
|2.41%<br />
|''new''<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|Kerala Congress (M)<br />
|UDF<br />
|1<br />
|3,52,191<br />
|2.36%<br />
|''new''<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|Janata Dal<br />
|LDF<br />
|0<br />
|2,77,682<br />
|1.86%<br />
|''new''<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|Kerala Congress<br />
|LDF<br />
|0<br />
|68,811<br />
|0.46%<br />
|{{decrease}}1.91<br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|[[Janata Party]]<br />
|''none''<br />
|0<br />
|38,492<br />
|0.26%<br />
|{{increase}}1.87<br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]<br />
|''none''<br />
|0<br />
|17,762<br />
|0.12%<br />
|''new''<br />
|-<br />
|13<br />
|Deseeya Karshaka Party<br />
|''none''<br />
|0<br />
|3,059<br />
|0.02%<br />
|''new''<br />
|-<br />
|14<br />
|[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|Socialist Unity Centre of India]]<br />
|''none''<br />
|0<br />
|2,151<br />
|0.01%<br />
|''new''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |''Independents''<br />
|0<br />
|14,14,560<br />
|9.49%<br />
|{{increase}}2.40<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== By constituency ===<br />
<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=PC: Kerala 1989|url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/info?state=28&eid=09}}{{Dead link|date=May 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
!No.<br />
!Constituency<br />
!UDF candidate<br />
!Votes<br />
!%<br />
!Party<br />
!LDF candidate<br />
!Votes<br />
!%<br />
!Party<br />
!BJP / Other candidate<br />
!Votes<br />
!%<br />
!Party<br />
!Winning alliance<br />
!Margin<br />
|-<br />
|'''1'''<br />
|'''Kasaragod'''<br />
|[[I. Rama Rai]]<br />
|3,57,177<br />
|44.5%<br />
|INC<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |M. Rammana Rai<br />
|3,58,723<br />
|44.7%<br />
|CPI(M)<br />
|C. K. Padmanabhan<br />
|69,419<br />
|8.6%<br />
|BJP<br />
! style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |LDF<br />
|''1,546''<br />
|-<br />
|'''2'''<br />
|'''Kannur'''<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Mullappally Ramachandran<br />
|3,91,042<br />
|50.1%<br />
|INC<br />
|P. Sasi<br />
|3,48,638<br />
|44.6%<br />
|CPI(M)<br />
|Palliyara Raman<br />
|31,266<br />
|4.0%<br />
|BJP<br />
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |UDF<br />
|''42,404''<br />
|-<br />
|'''3'''<br />
|'''Vatakara'''<br />
|A. Sujanapal<br />
|3,62,225<br />
|45.5%<br />
|INC<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |K. P. Unnikrishnan<br />
|3,70,434<br />
|46.5%<br />
|ICS(SCS)<br />
|P. K. Krishnadas<br />
|45,558<br />
|5.7%<br />
|BJP<br />
! style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |LDF<br />
|''8,209''<br />
|-<br />
|'''4'''<br />
|'''Kozhikode'''<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |K. Muraleedharan<br />
|3,77,858<br />
|47.9%<br />
|INC<br />
|E. K. Imbichibava<br />
|3,48,901<br />
|44.3%<br />
|CPI(M)<br />
|[[P. S. Sreedharan Pillai]]<br />
|49,696<br />
|6.3%<br />
|BJP<br />
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |UDF<br />
|''28,957''<br />
|-<br />
|'''5'''<br />
|'''Manjeri'''<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Ebrahim Sulaiman Sait<br />
|4,01,975<br />
|49.6%<br />
|IUML<br />
|K. V. Salahuddin<br />
|3,31,693<br />
|40.9%<br />
|IND<br />
|Ahalya Sankar<br />
|51,634<br />
|7.0%<br />
|BJP<br />
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |UDF<br />
|''70,282''<br />
|-<br />
|'''6'''<br />
|'''Ponnani'''<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |G. M. Banatwalia<br />
|3,78,347<br />
|53.2%<br />
|IUML<br />
|M. Rahmathulia<br />
|2,70,828<br />
|38.1%<br />
|CPI<br />
|K. Janachandran<br />
|48,892<br />
|6.9%<br />
|BJP<br />
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |UDF<br />
|''1,07,519''<br />
|-<br />
|'''7'''<br />
|'''Palakkad'''<br />
|V. S. Vijayaraghavan<br />
|3,47,115<br />
|46.8%<br />
|INC<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |A. Vijayaraghavan<br />
|3,48,401<br />
|47.0%<br />
|CPI(M)<br />
|T. Chandrasekharan<br />
|27,220<br />
|3.7%<br />
|BJP<br />
! style="background:{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |LDF<br />
|''1,286''<br />
|-<br />
|'''8'''<br />
|'''Ottapalam'''<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |K. R. Narayanan<br />
|3,50,683<br />
|48.5%<br />
|INC<br />
|[[Lenin Rajendran]]<br />
|3,24,496<br />
|44.9%<br />
|CPI(M)<br />
|Lakshmanan<br />
|32,892<br />
|4.5%<br />
|BJP<br />
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |UDF<br />
|''26,187''<br />
|-<br />
|'''9'''<br />
|'''Thrissur'''<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |P. A. Antony<br />
|3,38,271<br />
|47.0%<br />
|INC<br />
|[[Meenakshi Thampan]]<br />
|3,32,036<br />
|46.2%<br />
|CPI<br />
|K. V. Sreedharan<br />
|38,205<br />
|5.3%<br />
|BJP<br />
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |UDF<br />
|''6,235''<br />
|-<br />
|'''10'''<br />
|'''Mukundapuram'''<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Savithri Lakshmanan<br />
|3,67,931<br />
|48.5%<br />
|INC<br />
|C. O. Poulose<br />
|3,49,177<br />
|46.0%<br />
|CPI(M)<br />
|K. K. Gangadharan<br />
|28,781<br />
|3.8%<br />
|BJP<br />
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |UDF<br />
|''18,754''<br />
|-<br />
|'''11'''<br />
|'''Ernakulam'''<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |K. V. Thomas<br />
|3,85,176<br />
|49.6%<br />
|INC<br />
|P. Subramnoian Poti<br />
|3,48,711<br />
|44.9%<br />
|IND<br />
|A. N. Radhakrishnan<br />
|29,162<br />
|3.8%<br />
|BJP<br />
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |UDF<br />
|''36,465''<br />
|-<br />
|'''12'''<br />
|'''Muvattupuzha'''<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |P. C. Thomas<br />
|3,52,191<br />
|48.1%<br />
|KC(M)<br />
|[[P. J. Joseph]]<br />
|68,811<br />
|9.4%<br />
|KEC<br />
|C. Poulose<br />
|2,83,380<br />
|38.7%<br />
|IND<br />
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |UDF<br />
|''68,811''<br />
|-<br />
|'''13'''<br />
|'''Kottayam'''<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Ramesh Chennithala<br />
|3,84,809<br />
|51.1%<br />
|INC<br />
|[[K. Suresh Kurup]]<br />
|3,31,276<br />
|44.0%<br />
|CPI(M)<br />
|Ettumanoor Radhakrishnan<br />
|18,449<br />
|2.5%<br />
|BJP<br />
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |UDF<br />
|''53,533''<br />
|-<br />
|'''14'''<br />
|'''Idukki'''<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |K. M. Mathew<br />
|3,98,516<br />
|53.4%<br />
|INC<br />
|[[M. C. Josephine]]<br />
|3,07,037<br />
|41.1%<br />
|CPI(M)<br />
|M. N. Jayachandran<br />
|25,354<br />
|3.4%<br />
|BJP<br />
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |UDF<br />
|''91,479''<br />
|-<br />
|'''15'''<br />
|'''Alappuzha'''<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Vakkom Purushotham<br />
|3,75,763<br />
|50.0%<br />
|INC<br />
|K. V. Devadas<br />
|3,50,640<br />
|46.7%<br />
|CPI(M)<br />
|K. D. Ramakrishnan<br />
|15,127<br />
|2.0%<br />
|BJP<br />
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |UDF<br />
|''25,123''<br />
|-<br />
|'''16'''<br />
|'''Mavelikkara'''<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |P. J. Kurian<br />
|3,34,864<br />
|50.9%<br />
|INC<br />
|[[Thampan Thomas]]<br />
|2,77,682<br />
|42.2%<br />
|JD<br />
|Prathapachandra Verma<br />
|30,229<br />
|4.6%<br />
|BJP<br />
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |UDF<br />
|''57,182''<br />
|-<br />
|'''17'''<br />
|'''Adoor'''<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Kodikunnil Suresh<br />
|3,43,672<br />
|49.6%<br />
|INC<br />
|N. Rajan<br />
|3,22,130<br />
|46.5%<br />
|CPI<br />
|E. K. Sasidharan<br />
|17,123<br />
|2.5%<br />
|BJP<br />
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |UDF<br />
|''21,542''<br />
|-<br />
|'''18'''<br />
|'''Kollam'''<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |S. Krishnakumar<br />
|3,86,855<br />
|49.9%<br />
|INC<br />
|[[Babu Divakaran]]<br />
|3,59,393<br />
|46.4%<br />
|RSP<br />
|P. K. S. Rajeev<br />
|16,202<br />
|2.1%<br />
|IND<br />
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |UDF<br />
|''27,462''<br />
|-<br />
|'''19'''<br />
|'''Chirayinkil'''<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |Thalekunnil Basheer<br />
|3,49,068<br />
|47.8%<br />
|INC<br />
|[[Susheela Gopalan]]<br />
|3,43,938<br />
|47.1%<br />
|CPI(M)<br />
|V. N. Gopalakrishnan Nair<br />
|23,049<br />
|3.2%<br />
|BJP<br />
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |UDF<br />
|''5,130''<br />
|-<br />
|'''20'''<br />
|'''Trivandrum'''<br />
| style="background:lightgreen;" |A. Charles<br />
|3,67,825<br />
|48.6%<br />
|INC<br />
|O. N. V. Kurup<br />
|3,16,912<br />
|41.9%<br />
|IND<br />
|P. Asok Kumar<br />
|56,046<br />
|7.4%<br />
|BJP<br />
! style="background:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |UDF<br />
|''50,913''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Elections in Kerala]]<br />
* [[Politics of Kerala]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}{{Kerala elections}}<br />
[[Category:1989 Indian general election by state or union territory]]<br />
[[Category:1989 Indian general election|K]]<br />
[[Category:Indian general elections in Kerala]]</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sepedu&diff=534071Sepedu2026-01-23T06:00:58Z<p>CharliVangundy: put up basic details added tags</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Sepedu<br />
| native_name =<br />
| native_name_lang =<br />
| settlement_type = village<br />
| image_skyline =<br />
| image_alt =<br />
| image_caption =<br />
| etymology =<br />
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|13.3438356|N|80.0339312|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| coordinates_footnotes =<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = [[India]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluk]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gummidipoondi taluk|Gummidipoondi]]<br />
| established_title =<br />
| established_date =<br />
| founder =<br />
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]<br />
| seat =<br />
| leader_party =<br />
| leader_title =<br />
| leader_name =<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_total_km2 =<br />
| elevation_m = 27<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_total = 231<br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym =<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code =<br />
| area_code_type = <!-- [[Telephone numbers in India|STD Code]] --><br />
| area_code =<br />
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code<br />
| blank_info_sec1 = 628614<br />
| footnotes =<br />
}}<br />
'''Sepedu''' is a village in the [[Tiruvallur district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Gummidipoondi taluk]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Tamil%20Nadu.pdf |title=Tamil Nadu village directory |publisher=Government of India |accessdate=2015-10-11 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095332/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Tamil%20Nadu.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
<br />
According to the [[2011 census of India]], Sepedu has 61 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 48.56%.<ref name="census_2011"/><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-3301-F-Census.xlsx |title=Thiruvallur population |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Tamil Nadu |accessdate=2015-10-11 }}</ref><br />
! !! Total !! Male !! Female<br />
|-<br />
| Population || 231 || 113 || 118<br />
|-<br />
| Children aged below 6 years || 23 || 8 || 15<br />
|-<br />
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 205 || 101 || 104<br />
|-<br />
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 0 || 0 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Literates || 101 || 52 || 49<br />
|-<br />
| Workers (all) || 76 || 71 || 5<br />
|-<br />
| Main workers (total) || 76 || 71 || 5<br />
|-<br />
| Main workers: Cultivators || 3 || 3 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 60 || 55 || 5<br />
|-<br />
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Main workers: Other || 13 || 13 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Marginal workers (total) || 0 || 0 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 0 || 0 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 0 || 0 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Marginal workers: Others || 0 || 0 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Non-workers || 155 || 42 || 113<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Gummidipoondi taluk}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Gummidipoondi taluk]]</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aap_Se_Mausiiquii&diff=484039Aap Se Mausiiquii2025-12-14T05:52:53Z<p>CharliVangundy: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Studio album by Himesh Reshammiya}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Aap Se Mausiiquii<br />
| type = studio<br />
| artist = [[Himesh Reshammiya]]<br />
| cover = Aap Se Mausiiquii.jpg<br />
| border = yes<br />
| alt =<br />
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2016|12|5}}<br />
| recorded = 2016<br />
| venue = <br />
| studio = {{hlist|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]}} and [[HR Musik Limited]]<br />
| genre = {{hlist|[[Indipop]]|[[Dance-pop]]|[[Electronic dance|EDM]]|[[Rock music|Rock]]|[[Hard Rock]]}}<br />
| length = {{duration|m=51|s=53}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1kJJlBc10y8 |title=AAP SE MAUSIIQUII Full Audio Album &#124;&#124; Himesh Reshammiya &#124;&#124; Latest Song 2016 &#124;Jukebox 1 &#124; T-Series |publisher=[[YouTube]] |date=2016-12-05 |accessdate=2016-12-09}}</ref><br />
| label = {{hlist|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]}} and [[HR Musik Limited]]<br />
| producer = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br />
| prev_title = ''[[Aap Kaa Surroor (album)|Aap Kaa Surroor]]''<br />
| prev_year = 2006<br />
| next_title = [[Surroor 2021]]<br />
| next_year = 2021<br />
| misc = {{Singles<br />
| name = Aap Se Mausiiquii<br />
| type = studio<br />
| single1 = Aap Se Mausiiquii<br />
| single1date = 3 November 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MElWeapbVA4 |title=AAP SE MAUSIIQUII Title Song (Full Video) Himesh Reshammiya Latest Song 2016 &#124; T-Series |publisher=[[YouTube]] |date=2016-11-03 |accessdate=2016-12-09}}</ref><br />
| single2 = Menu Kehn De<ref>{{cite web|url=http://northbridgetimes.com/menu-kehn-de-song-himesh-reshammiya-is-now-going-viral-from-aap-se-mausiiquii-album/13091|title=Watch: Menu Kehn De Song by Himesh Reshammiya Going Viral from Aap Se Mausiiquii Album|publisher=}}</ref><br />
| single2date = 29 November 2016<br />
}}}}<br />
<br />
'''''Aap Se Mausiiquii''''' ({{Translation|Your Music}}) is the second album by [[Himesh Reshammiya]],<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://bollyspice.com/himesh-reshammiya-talks-brand-new-album-aap-se-mausiiquii/ |title=Himesh Reshammiya talks about his brand new album Aap Se Mausiiquii |website=Bollyspice.com |date= |accessdate=2016-12-09}}</ref> with lyrics by [[Manoj Muntashir]].<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://bollyspice.com/amitabh-bachchan-launches-himesh-reshammiyas-aap-se-mausiiquii-album/ |title=Amitabh Bachchan launches Himesh Reshammiya's Aap Se Mausiiquii album! |website=Bollyspice.com |date= |accessdate=2016-12-09}}</ref> While the title track and "Menu Kehn De" were released in November and the whole album was released on 5 December 2016, by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]] and [[HR Musik Limited]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/081116/aap-se-mausiiquii-title-song-himeshs-take-on-unreciprocated-love-is-unmissable.html|title='Aap Se Mausiiquii' title song: Himesh's take on unreciprocated love is unmissable!|date=8 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Track listing==<br />
All songs were composed by Himesh Reshammiya with lyrics written by [[Manoj Muntashir]].{{fact|date=June 2025}}<br />
<br />
===Original===<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 51:55<br />
| title1 = Aap Se Mausiquii<br />
| extra1 = Himesh Reshammiya<br />
| length1 = 5:01<br />
| title2 = Menu Kehn de<br />
| extra2 = Himesh Reshammiya<br />
| length2 = 4:17<br />
| title3 = Tonight<br />
| extra3 = Himesh Reshammiya<br />
| length3 = 5:06<br />
| title4 = So Much in Love<br />
| extra4 = Himesh Reshammiya<br />
| length4 = 4:45<br />
| title5 = Every Night and Day<br />
| extra5 = Himesh Reshammiya, Iulia Vantur<br />
| length5 = 5:10<br />
| title6 = Couple Photo<br />
| extra6 = Himesh Reshammiya, [[Neha Kakkar]]<br />
| length6 = 4:33<br />
| title7 = Trippy<br />
| extra7 = Himesh Reshammiya, Neha Kakkar, Kiran Kamath<br />
| length7 = 4:30<br />
| title8 = Soni<br />
| extra8 = Himesh Reshammiya<br />
| length8 = 5:58<br />
| title9 = Thuglife<br />
| extra9 = Himesh Reshammiya, Neha Kakkar, [[Akbar Sami|DJ Akbar Sami]]<br />
| length9 = 4:45<br />
| title10 = Teri Arziyaan<br />
| extra10 = Himesh Reshammiya<br />
| length10 = 6:08<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Remixes===<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 48:16<br />
| title1 = Aap Se Mausiquii<br />
| note1 = Reprise<br />
| extra1 = Himesh Reshammiya, Kiran Kamath<br />
| length1 = 3:19<br />
| title2 = Aap Se Mausiquii<br />
| note2 = International mix<br />
| extra2 = Himesh Reshammiya, DJ Chetas<br />
| length2 = 4:58<br />
| title3 = Aap Se Mausiquii<br />
| note3 = Remix<br />
| extra3 = Himesh Reshammiya, DJ Akbar Sami<br />
| length3 = 3:39<br />
| title4 = Aap Se Mausiquii<br />
| note4 = Tropical mix<br />
| extra4 = Himesh Reshammiya, [[DJ Aqeel]]<br />
| length4 = 6:08 <br />
| title5 = Menu Kehn De<br />
| note5 = Unplugged<br />
| extra5 = Himesh Reshammiya<br />
| length5 = 5:05<br />
| title6 = Menu Kehn De<br />
| note6 = Remix<br />
| extra6 = Himesh Reshammiya, Kiran Kamath<br />
| length6 = 4:54<br />
| title7 = Tonight<br />
| note7 = Remix<br />
| extra7 = Himesh Reshammiya, Kiran Kamath<br />
| length7 = 4:22<br />
| title8 = So Much in Love<br />
| note8 = Remix<br />
| extra8 = Himesh Reshammiya, Kiran Kamath<br />
| length8 = 3:34<br />
| title9 = Every Night and Day<br />
| note9 = Remix<br />
| extra9 = Himesh Reshammiya, Iulia Vantur, Kiran Kamath<br />
| length9 = 4:42<br />
| title10 = Soni<br />
| notes10 = Lounge Mix<br />
| extra10 = Himesh Reshammiya, Kiran Kamath<br />
| length10 = 5:20<br />
| title11 = Teri Arziyaan<br />
| note11 = Lounge Mix<br />
| extra11 = Himesh Reshammiya, Kiran Kamath<br />
| length11 = 5:06<br />
| title12 = Couple Photo<br />
| note12 = Remix<br />
| extra12 = Himesh Reshammiya, Kiran Kamath<br />
| length12 = 2:55<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Music videos ==<br />
* "Aap Se Mausiquii" - The first video song of this album was the title track. There is also a trailer of this track. The music video features Reshammiya himself and [[Puja Bose]] as a blind pianist girl who is the love interest of Reshammiya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hungama.com/video/aap-se-mausiiquii/22286124/|title=Aap Se Mausiquii full video|work=Bollywood Hungama|accessdate=6 December 2018}}</ref><br />
* "Menu Kehn De" - The video depicts the ups and downs of a love relationship. The video features Reshammiya and model [[Alankrita Sahai]]. The song is most viewed song of this album.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hungama.com/video/menu-kehn-de/22367871/|title=Menu Kehn De video|work=Bollywood Hungama|accessdate=6 December 2018}}</ref><br />
* "Every Night and Day" - The song marked the debut of Romanian singer and actor Iulia Vantur.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hungama.com/video/every-night-and-day/26973650/|title=Every Night and Day video song|work=Bollywood Hungama|accessdate=6 December 2018}}</ref> There was a making video also released.<br />
* "Tonight" - This video song features Reshammiya, [[Alankrita Sahai]] and model Don Pablo. The song has 3.1 million views.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hungama.com/video/tonight/22596567/|title=Tonight video song|work=Bollywood Hungama|accessdate=6 December 2018}}</ref><br />
* "So Much in Love" - The rock song depicts Reshammiya and Alankrita Sahai as his girlfriend.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hungama.com/video/so-much-in-love/22952390/|title=So Much In Love video song|work=Bollywood Hungama|accessdate=6 December 2018}}</ref><br />
* "Trippy" - The song features [[Fan (2016 film)|''Fan'' (film)]] actress [[Waluscha De Sousa]] and Reshammiya and [[Neha Kakkar]] also featured as singer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hungama.com/video/trippy/23714902/|title=Trippy video song|work=Bollywood Hungama|accessdate=6 December 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Critical reception==<br />
[[Joginder Tuteja]] of MovieTalkies.com gave the album 4.5 out of 5.<ref name="review01">{{cite web|url=http://www.movietalkies.com/music-reviews/aap-se-mausiiquii/|title=Aap Se Mausiquii Music review|author=Joginder Tuteja|work=MovieTalkies.com|accessdate=6 December 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Music ratings<br />
| rev1 = [[Joginder Tuteja]]<ref name="review01"/><br />
| rev1Score = {{rating|4.5|5}}<br />
| rev4 = Santa Banta<br />
| rev4Score = {{rating|4.5|5}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{Himesh Reshammiya}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2016 albums]]<br />
[[Category:Himesh Reshammiya albums]]</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yadgir_district&diff=452820Yadgir district2025-12-03T13:00:36Z<p>CharliVangundy: updated page</p>
<hr />
<div>{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Yadgir}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Yadgir district<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = kannada<br />
| other_name = <br />
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Karnataka|District]] of [[Karnataka]]<br />
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage<br />
|size = 250<br />
|photo1a = Taylor-Manzil-Yadgir.jpg<br />
|photo1b = Sri Chaya Bhagavathi Temple.jpg<br />
|photo2a = Basava Sagar Reservoir.jpg<br />
|photo2b = Yadgir town view from fort.jpg<br />
|photo3a = Budha sleeping.jpg<br />
}}<br />
| image_caption = Clockwise from top-left: Taylor Manzil, Chaya Bhagavathi Temple, [[Basava Sagara]], [[Yadgir|Yadgir town view]], [[Sleeping Buddha Hill]]<br />
| nicknames = Girinagara, Daal Bowl of state<br />
| image_map = Yadgir in Karnataka (India).svg<br />
| image_map1 = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_caption = Location in Karnataka<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|16.75|N|77.13|E|type:adm2nd_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]<br />
| established_title = Formation<br />
| established_date = 10 April 2010<br />
| founder = Government of Karnataka<br />
| named_for = <br />
| seat_type = Headquarters<br />
| seat = [[Yadgir]]<br />
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s<br />
| parts = [[Shahpur, Karnataka|Shahpur]], [[Shorapur|Surpur]], [[Yadgir]], [[Gurmitkal]], [[Hunsgi]], [[Wadgera Taluka|Wadgera]]<br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| leader_title = Deputy Commissioner & District Magistrate<br />
| leader_name = Shree Harshal Bhoyar<br/>{{small|([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])}}<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 5234<br />
| area_rank = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 1,174,271<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = <br />
| area_code = <br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| registration_plate = KA 33<br />
| website = {{URL|yadgir.nic.in}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]<br />
| official_name = <br />
}}<br />
'''Yadgir district''' is one of the [[List of districts of Karnataka|31 districts]] of [[Karnataka]] state in southern India.This district was carved out of [[Kalaburagi district]] as the 30th district of Karnataka on 10 April 2010.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Yadgir becomes State's 30th district |date=30 December 2009|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2010/04/11/stories/2010041163610500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107114917/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2010/04/11/stories/2010041163610500.htm |archive-date=7 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Yadgir]] town is the administrative headquarters of the district.<ref name="hindu2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/30/stories/2009123051050300.htm|title=Yadgir district to become reality today |last=Sivanandan |first=T. V.|date=30 December 2009|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823053218/http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/30/stories/2009123051050300.htm |archive-date=23 August 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The district occupies an area of {{cvt|5,160.88|km2}}.<br />
<br />
Yadgir district is very rich in cultural traditions. The vast stretch of fertile black soil of the district is known for bumper red gram and [[Sorghum bicolor|jowar]] crops. The district is the ''Daal bowl'' of the state. The district is also known for cluster of cement industries and a distinct stone popularly known as "Malakheda Stone".<br />
<br />
Two main rivers, Krishna and Bhima, and a few tributaries flow in this region. The upper Krishna project and Shahapur Taluka in Bendebembali "Core Green Sugar Factory yet to be started. Yadgir which is known the cement, textile, leather, and chemical production in the industrial sectors. The Agriculture College located in Bheemarayana Gudi (B.Gudi).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Yadgir History |work=Official Website of Yadgir District|publisher=Government of Karnataka|url=https://yadgir.nic.in/en/history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716123859/http://yadgir.nic.in/history.asp |archive-date=16 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Divisions==<br />
[[File:Yadagiri district.png|thumb|left|285x285px|Yadgir district Map]]<br />
[[File:Yadgir district Vidhana Sabha constituencies.jpg|thumb|left|285x285px|Yadgir district Vidhana Sabha constituencies Map]]<br />
The district comprises six [[Tehsil|taluks]]: [[Shahpur, Karnataka|Shahapur]], [[Wadgera Taluka|Wadgera]], Hunasagi, [[Surapura]], [[Yadagiri|Yadgir]] and [[Gurmatkal]].<ref name="hindu2" /> The district has 16 [[hobli]]es, 117 Gram Panchayats, 519 villages (inhabited & uninhabited) and four municipalities.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
[[File:Yadgir Fort.png|thumb|285x285px|left|[[Yadgir Fort]] in 2019]]<br />
Yadgir, popularly called as "Yadavagiri" by the local people, has deep roots in history. The famous dynasties of the south, the [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahanas]], the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas of Badami]], the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rastrakutas]] all ruled over this area. From 1347 to 1425 it was the capital of the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava]] dynasty. [[Shaista Khan|Shahis]], the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Adil shahis]], the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Nizam Shahis]] have ruled over the district.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
In 1504 Yadgiri (Gulbarga) was permanently annexed to Adil Shahi kingdom of Bijapur. In 1657 with the invasion of [[Mir Jumla II|Mir Jumla]] it passed into the hands of [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]]. Later with the establishment of [[Asaf Jahi dynasty|Asaf Jahi Dynasty]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] (1724–1948) Yadgir and Gulbarga were under it. In 1863 when Nizam Government formed Jillabandi, Surpur (Shorapur) became district headquarters, with nine Talukas of which Gulbarga was one of them. In 1873 Gulbarga was formed into Separate district with seven taluks. With reorganization of states in 1956 Gulbarga became Part of Karnataka State and Divisional headquarters. Yadgiri came under Gulbarga district.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
The cabinet meeting held at Gulbarga on 26 September 2008 resolved that Yadgir would be formed as new district. Accordingly, the Chief Minister declared Yadgir as new district. The Government appointed an IAS officer as Special Officer for Yadgir district until the final notification of district was published in the Karnataka Gazette. Although the Government issued ''Gazette Notification'' declared Yadgir a district of Karnataka State on 26 December 2009, it did not take effect until 30 December 2009.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Subdivisions==<br />
Yadgir district presently comprises the following 6 talukas<br />
<br />
# [[Yadgir]]<br />
# [[Wadgera Taluka|Wadgera]]<br />
# [[Shahapur, Karnataka]]<br />
# [[Gurmitkal]]<br />
# [[Hunsgi]]<br />
# [[Shorapur|Surpur]]<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=2,96,302|13=1911|14=3,23,617|15=1921|16=2,97,917|17=1931|18=3,32,354|19=1941|20=3,55,577|21=1951|22=4,07,214|23=1961|24=4,35,838|25=1971|26=5,31,213|27=1981|28=6,38,385|29=1991|30=7,96,031|31=2001|32=9,56,180|33=2011|34=11,74,271|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}<br />
<br />
{{bar box<br />
|title=Religions in Yadgir district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Karnataka |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11378/download/14491/DDW29C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
|titlebar=#Fcd116<br />
|left1=Religion<br />
|right1=Percent<br />
|float=left<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Karnataka|Hinduism]]|darkorange|84.99}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|13.23}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Karnataka|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.74}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|mediumblue|0.68}}<br />
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.36}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
According to the [https://yadgir.nic.in/en/demography/ 2011 census] Yadgir district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,174,271,<ref name="districtcensus">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Yadgir |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/582/download/1976/DH_2011_2902_PART_A_DCHB_BAGALKOT.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Timor-Leste]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 1 October 2011 | quote = Timor-Leste, 1,177,834, July 2011 est.}}</ref> or the US state of [[Rhode Island]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php|title=2010 Resident Population Data|publisher=United States Census Bureau | quote =Rhode Island: 1,052,567 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101090833/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |archive-date=1 January 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 404th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]). The district has a population density of {{convert|224|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}. Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 22.67%. Yadgir has a [[sex ratio]] of 987 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males, and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 51.83%. 18.79% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 23.28% and 12.51% of the population respectively.<ref name="districtcensus"/><br />
<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
|caption = Languages of Yadgir district (2011)<ref name="languages"/><br />
|label1 = [[Kannada]] |value1 = 74.06 |color1 = darkslateblue<br />
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 11.97 |color2 = green<br />
|label3 = [[Lambadi]] |value3 = 6.39 |color3 = khaki<br />
|label4 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value4 = 5.20 |color4 = steelblue<br />
|label5 = [[Hindi]] |value5 = 1.11 |color5 = orange<br />
|label6 = Others |value6 = 1.27 |color6 = grey<br />
}}<br />
<br />
At the time of the 2011 census, 74.06% of the population spoke [[Kannada]], 11.97% [[Urdu]], 6.39% [[Lambadi]], 5.20% [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and 1.11% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Karnataka |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10208/download/13320/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
It has 1,024 primary schools, 149 high schools, 40 pre-university colleges, six degree colleges, and 1 polytechnic institute.<br />
<br />
Yadgir district has 933 primary schools, out of which 464 are lower primary schools, 469 are higher primary schools and 121 high school having classes VIII to X, which are run by education department. There are 1223 Anganwadi centers run by the Department of Women & Child Development. 605 schools provide lower primary education. Out of 605 schools, 464 schools are run by education department, 1 school by social welfare department, 3 are aided schools and 137 are unaided schools. 587 Schools are providing higher primary education. Out of 587 schools 469 schools are run by education department, 15 schools are run by social welfare department, 26 schools are aided schools, and 77 are unaided schools. 200 Schools are providing High school education. Out of 200 schools, 119 schools are run by education department, 16 schools are run by social welfare department, 15 schools are aided schools and 50 are unaided schools.<br />
<br />
A project to support high schools to integrate [[Information and communications technology]]{{clarify|date=November 2014}} with teaching-learning has been launched with the education department, this includes use of free and open source applications like [[GeoGebra|Geogebra]], [[PhET Interactive Simulations|Phet]], and [[FreeMind|Freemind]]. Participating schools include GHS Honagera. The project Kalike Samrudhi Upakrama involves an umbrella of NGOs including [[Kalike]], and [[IT for Change]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} IT for Change |url=https://itforchange.net |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=itforchange.net}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Medical facilities==<br />
The district has three hospitals, three ayurvedic hospitals, 37 public health centres, six community health centers, 20 dispensaries and 120 family welfare sub-centers.<br />
<br />
== Places to visit ==<br />
* Yadgir Fort<br />
*Lumbini Park, Yadgir<br />
*The Dhab Dabi waterfall is about 5&nbsp;km from Gurmitkal and about 30&nbsp;km from [[Yadagiri|Yadgir]].<br />
* Chintanalli is famous for the temple of Lord ''Gavi Siddeshwara'' where the lord resides in a cave with natural water flowing over the temple and falling at the entrance; those entering the temple must walk through this waterfall. There is also a bridge constructed across the Bheema river, which is some 4&nbsp;km from the city well connected by road.<br />
* Sleeping Buddha in Shahapur taluk consists of four hills.<br />
* The tomb of Sufi saint Syed Khundmir Bukhari in Sagar is also known as "Ankus Khan Wali".<br />
* Kanaganahalli - The ancient Buddhist archeological site where the only ever found sculpture depicting King Ashoka with his family was found <br />
<br />
* Sannati - One of the 54 Shakti Peethas, with more than 2500 year old history and the presiding goddess is mother Chandrala Parameshwari <br />
<br />
* Abbetumkur - The divine place of samadhi of Shri Vishwaradhya, A yogi of highest order belonging to Dashamahavidya Sadhana to be specific Maa Bagulamukhi <br />
<br />
* Vibhutihalli - village next to Shahapur city with [[Paleolithic]] stone structures which were used for calculating time and celestial positions <br />
<br />
* Kollur Bridge - A small village next to Krishna river where the great Kohinoor diamond was found <br />
<br />
* Gogi Chanda Saheb Darga - The Muslim holy site where the bodies of founder of Bijapur Adil Shahi Sultanates & his next 3 generations have been buried <br />
<br />
* Shorapur Palace - Also known as surpur ,the kings of Shorapur were the first kings to defeat sultan Aurangzeb & Aurangzeb himself gave letter of appreciation to the kings which is still on display in the palace <br />
* [[Bonal Bird Sanctuary]] - A bird sanctuary and wetland near Bonal village in the Shorapur taluk of Yadgir district. <br />
<br />
* Hunasigi - The stone age archeological site where more than 15000 multipurpose stone tools, made up of brown chert were found here and is recognized as older stone age site than Pallavaram of Tamilnadu<br />
<br />
*[[Raichur (Lok Sabha constituency)]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Yadgir district}}<br />
* [https://yadgir.nic.in/ Official website]<br />
<br />
{{Yadgir district}}<br />
{{Karnataka topics}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Yadgir district| ]]<br />
[[Category:Districts of Karnataka]]</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mumbai%E2%80%93Pune_Mail&diff=519029Mumbai–Pune Mail2025-12-02T18:33:01Z<p>CharliVangundy: adding new info initial version</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Luxurious train in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox rail service<br />
| name = Mumbai–Pune Mail<br />
| image = Bombay-Poona Mail.jpg<br />
| caption = Poona Mail (ca. 1907)<br />
| type = Mail Train<br />
| locale = till 1950: [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]/[[India]];<br />from 1950 - 30 April 1960: [[Bombay State]], [[India]];<br />from 1 May 1960: [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]<br />
| first = 21 April 1863 <ref name="indiarailinfo.com">{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/blog/post/5018471|title=5018471-0: Mahalaxmi Exp: Earstwhile Poona Mail (30 17411/Mahalaxmi Express - Railway Enquiry}}</ref><br />
| last =<br />
| operator = [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]] (21 April 1963 - 5 November 1951);<br />[[Central Railway (India)|Central Railway]] (5 November 1951 - 1971 (Extended till Miraj))<br />
| ridership =<br />
| start = [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]], [[Mumbai]]<br />
| stops = <br />
| end = [[Pune Junction railway station]]<br />
| distance = {{convert|192.2|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=":0" /><br />
| journeytime = 4 hours, 15 minutes<br />
| frequency = Daily<br />
| class = First Class, Second Class and Intermediate Class<br />
| seating = Yes<br />
| sleeping = No<br />
| autorack =<br />
| catering = <br />
| observation =<br />
| entertainment =<br />
| baggage =<br />
| otherfacilities=<br />
| stock = <br />
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}<br />
| el =<br />
| trainnumber = 303<br />
| speed = {{convert|45.81|km/h|0|abbr=on}} with stops<br />
| map = [[File:(Mumbai - Pune) Express trains route map.png|300px|(Mumbai–Pune) Express trains route map]]<br />
| map_state = Maharashtra<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Mumbai–Pune Mail''' (started as '''Bombay–Poona Mail''') or '''Poona Mail''' was a luxurious train on Mumbai–Pune section by the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]]. It was the first intercity train started between Mumbai and Pune. This train and the famous [[Deccan Queen|Deccan Queen Express]] used to serve Mumbai Pune commuters for many years. Started as Mail in 1863, it was 303 Poona Mail in 1964. Got extension to Miraj past GC as 303 Bombay Mail in 1971 & become 303 [[Mahalaxmi Express]]<ref name="indiarailinfo.com">{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/blog/post/5018471|title=5018471-0: Mahalaxmi Exp: Earstwhile Poona Mail (30 17411/Mahalaxmi Express - Railway Enquiry}}</ref> during 1974 with final extension to [[Kolhapur]].<br />
During Poona–Bangalore MG era, this connects 902 MG Poona Mail (Poona–Bangalore till 1971), 304 MG Bombay Mail (Miraj–Bangalore 1971–1974) & 304 MG Mahalaxmi Express (Miraj–Bangalore 1974 onwards till Miraj–Bangalore GC) by Section Carriage Interchanged at Poona & later at Miraj.<br />
<br />
== Timetable ==<br />
It used to leave Pune at 7 am and Lonavala at 8:15 am and reach Mumbai by 11:10 am. The return train used to leave Mumbai at 2:45 pm and Lonavala at 5:55 pm and reach Pune by 7 pm.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org/gallery/Heritage/timetables/GIPR_Timetable_1918/GIP-Timetable-Inside-Pg-3-2.jpg.html|title=1918 GIPR Timetable|website=IRFCA|access-date=2016-05-01}}</ref> Later the departure time was changed to 5:55 pm from Mumbai.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://irfca.org/~shankie/famoustrains/famtraindqn.htm|title=Classic Trains of India|website=IRFCA|access-date=2016-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061128135523/http://irfca.org/~shankie/famoustrains/famtraindqn.htm|archive-date=28 November 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" width="45%" style="text-align: center;"<br />
! colspan="5" align="center" style="background:#ADD8E6;" |<span style="color:BLACK;">''Poona Mail (Time Table 1944)''</span><br />
|-<br />
! 4 UP<br />
! rowspan="2" |Stations<br />
! 3 DN<br />
|-<br />
|'''Departure'''<br />
|'''Departure'''<br />
|-<br />
|10:45 (Arrival)<br />
|'''Bombay Victoria Terminus'''<br />
|17:20<br />
|-<br />
|10:30<br />
|'''Byculla'''<br />
|17:26<br />
|-<br />
|10:19<br />
|'''Dadar'''<br />
|17:34<br />
|-<br />
|09:48<br />
|'''Kalyan'''<br />
|18:13<br />
|-<br />
|09:14<br />
|'''Neral'''<br />
|Skip<br />
|-<br />
|Skip<br />
|'''Karjat'''<br />
|18:58<br />
|-<br />
|08:26<br />
|'''Khandala'''<br />
|19:32<br />
|-<br />
|08:16<br />
|'''Lonavala'''<br />
|19:46<br />
|-<br />
|07:23<br />
|'''Kirkee'''<br />
|20:35<br />
|-<br />
|Skip<br />
|'''Shivajinagar'''<br />
|20:44<br />
|-<br />
|07:15<br />
|'''Poona Junction'''<br />
|20:55 (Arrival)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* '''Note: Skip = train does not stop'''<br />
<br />
== Coaches and operation, 1907 ==<br />
<br />
=== Coaches ===<br />
In the year 1907 the train was operated with seven coaches with a total weight of 240 t. Seats for 50 first, 95 second and 320 third class passengers were provided. The restaurant car had another 32 seats. The train crew of 8 man included [[Conductor (rail)|guard]], conductor, car attendant, refreshment manager and [[Waiting staff|waiters]]. The livery of the train was dark red-brown on the lower part and cream for the upper part.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/railwaylocomotiv20newy#page/480/mode/2up|title=Bombay–Poona Mail|work=Railway and locomotive engineering : a practical journal of railway motive power and rolling stock|publisher=A. Sinclair Co.|year=1907|volume=20|location=New York|pages=481–482}}</ref><br />
<br />
Each car was {{convert|62|ft|0|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|10|ft|0|abbr=on}} wide. The chairs could be turned around in order that the passengers were always looking in the travel direction. The cars had electric lighting powered by axle driven generators. 3rd class passengers did not have reserved seats. [[Punkah]] fans were provided only in 1st and 2nd class. The cars were fitted with [[vacuum brake]] and passenger alarm signal.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
=== Train composition ===<br />
The train was composed in the following way:<br />
* Locomotive<br />
* [[combine car|Combination car]] with baggage compartment, guard compartment, 3rd class seating with compartments for Indian women and 3rd class refreshment bar <br />
* 3rd class chair car<br />
* 2nd class car with chair seating as well as two compartments and a cloakroom<br />
* Composite car containing 1st and 2nd chair class and 1st class compartments<br />
* [[Dining car]]<br />
* 1st class [[parlor car]] with smoking room and ladies's [[boudoir]]<br />
* Combination car with baggage, post office and guard facilities and 3rd class chair compartment for Europeans.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
=== Traction ===<br />
The train was pulled by a 4-6-0 steam engine from Mumbai to the beginning of the 1:37-inclined [[Bhor Ghat]] mountain pass. At [[Karjat]], the power was changed to two 0-4-0T engines, which brought the train up the Ghat. At [[Lonavala]], the power was changed again to one single 4-coupled engine for the rest of the {{convert|40|mi|0|abbr=on}} long journey to Pune.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
<br />
* Sister trains Mumbai–Pune:<br />
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|<br />
* Via Kalyan<br />
# [[Deccan Express]]<br />
# [[Deccan Queen]]<br />
# [[Indrayani Express]]<br />
# [[Mumbai–Pune Intercity Express]]<br />
# [[Sinhagad Express]]<br />
* Via Panvel<br />
# [[Pragati Express]]<br />
* Defunct<br />
# [[Mumbai–Pune Shatabdi Express]]<br />
# [[Mumbai–Pune Passenger]]<br />
# [[Pune-Mumbai Passenger]]<br />
# [[Bombay-Poona Express]]<br />
# [[Mumbai-Pune Janta Express]]<br />
}}<br />
* [[Mahalaxmi Express]] (successor train)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Mumbai–Pune Trains}}<br />
{{Historical trains in India}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mumbai CSMT - Pune Mail}}<br />
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Pune]]<br />
[[Category:Express trains in India]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Mumbai–Pune trains]]<br />
[[Category:Defunct trains in India]]</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reshnagri&diff=530369Reshnagri2025-11-30T16:51:30Z<p>CharliVangundy: adding basic data initial version</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Reshnagri<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Village <br />
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|33.6|N|74.8|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Jammu and Kashmir}}<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Shopian district|Shopian]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_rank = 12th in Shopian<br />
| area_total_km2 = 5<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = <br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = <br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = 54.28%<br />
| blank3_name_sec1 = Distance from Shopian<br />
| blank3_info_sec1 = {{convert|9|km|mi}}<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_total = 558 Housesholders<br />
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite news |title=Reshnagri Population - Shupiyan, Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/3498-reshnagri-jammu-and-kashmir.html |publisher=[[2011 Census of India]]}}</ref><br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=30 May 2021 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = PIN Code<br />
| postal_code = 192303<br />
| website =<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Reshnagri''' is a village located in [[Shopian district]] of Indian union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kashmirreader.com/2017/09/18/ahgam-gun-battle-scene-conflicts-deadliest-encounter-devastated-ahgam-village-still-waits-aid/ |website=kashmirreader.com |title=AHGAM GUN-BATTLE: Scene of conflict’s deadliest encounter devastated Ahgam village still waits for aid |publisher=[[Kashmir Reader]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://mnregaweb2.nic.in/netnrega/FTO/fto_trasction_dtl.aspx?page=b&state_code=14&state_name=JAMMU%20AND%20KASHMIR&district_code=1422&district_name=SHOPIAN&block_code=1422004&block_name=RAMNAGRI&flg=W&fin_year=2017-2018&fto_no=JK1422004_200118FTO_46716&source=&Digest=yJVVuZHw/ncdChAVuU2kmQ |website=mnregaweb2.nic.in |title=FTO Transaction Details |publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/kashmir-unrest-terrorist-attack-kashmiri-hindu-families-diwali-jammu-3729311/ |website=indianexpress.com |title=Diwali, in Kashmir |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |author=Bashaarat Masood |date= 30 October 2016}}</ref> Reshnagri is the combination of two [[Sanskrit]] words "Resh" (priest) and "nagri" (land) which means the land of priests. Its headquarters are located in Shopian which is 10&nbsp;km away from the village. Reshnagri is situated on the banks of [[Veshaw River]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.risingkashmir.com/news/750-kms-of-road-length-to-be-macadamised-this-year |website=risingkashmir.com |title=750 kms of road length to be macadamised this year |publisher=[[Rising Kashmir]]}}</ref> which comes under south-western part of [[Kashmir Valley]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thekashmirwalla.com/2018/08/families-of-two-militants-allege-forces-set-houses-on-fire/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830125342/https://thekashmirwalla.com/2018/08/families-of-two-militants-allege-forces-set-houses-on-fire/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=30 August 2018 |website=thekashmirwalla.com |title=750 kms of road length to be macadamised this year |publisher=The Kashmir Walla}}</ref> The village is divided into five parts: Darul Rehmat, Darul Barkaat, Darul Salaam, Darul Anwaar, Darul Fazl.<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
As per the census of India 2011, the Reshnagri is the home of 558 householders which further extends to 3036 individuals, of which 1554 are males while 1482 are females. About 99% of the population belong to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. The total geographical area of Reshnagri is 515.6 hectares and it is the 5th biggest village by area in Shopian district.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0113_PART_A_DCHB_SHUPIYAN.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |title=cd block shupiyan |publisher=[[2011 Census of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<!-- Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. --><br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Shopian district]]</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karthikeyan_Pandian&diff=508711Karthikeyan Pandian2025-11-16T22:33:39Z<p>CharliVangundy: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian chess grandmaster (born 1990)}}<br />
{{Distinguish|Karthikeyan Murali}}<br />
{{Indian patronymic|Karthikeyan|Pandian}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox chess player<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1990|6|14}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India<br />
| title = [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (2019)<ref name="FIDEGM">{{cite web|url=https://ratings.fide.com/crt/main227461.pdf|title=FIDE Title Application (GM)}}</ref><br />
| peakrating = 2507 (March 2017)<br />
| FideID = 5018226<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Karthikeyan Pandian''' (born 14 June 1990) is an Indian [[chess]] grandmaster.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
In June 2018, Karthikeyan won the [[Commonwealth Chess Championship]], finishing with an undefeated score of 7.5/9.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/p-karthikeyan-and-tania-sachdev-win-commonwealth-titles-6506|title=P. Karthikeyan, Tania Sachdev Win Commonwealth Titles|date=9 July 2018|publisher=chess.com|accessdate=3 August 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
In November 2018, he achieved his final GM norm at Third Saturday tournament in [[Novi Sad, Serbia]], becoming the 57th grandmaster of India.<ref name="bio">{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Karthikeyan-Pandian-Indai-s-57th-GM|title=P. Karthikeyan becomes India's 57th GM|first=Sagar|last=Shah|date=17 November 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
In August 2023, he was defeated by Balkishan Anand in the biggest upset of the first round of the Indian National Chess Championship.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/60th-National-Chess-Championship-2023-Round-1-2-report|title=60th National Championship 2023 R1-2: Balkishan upsets P Karthikeyan|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed|date=18 August 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
He is also a chess coach, and has coached Indian super-grandmaster [[Gukesh D]].<ref name="bio"/><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Karthikeyan is married to fellow chess player Harini Sankaran.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Interview-with-P-Karthikeyan|title=Straight from the heart - P. Karthikeyan shares his story of becoming a GM|date=6 December 2018|first=Sagar|last=Shah}}</ref> They have a son born in 2015.<ref name="bio"/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{FIDE|5018226}}<br />
{{Indian grandmasters}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandian, Karthikeyan}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1990 births]]<br />
[[Category:Chess Grandmasters]]<br />
[[Category:Sportspeople from Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:Chess coaches]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Chemical_Technology&diff=445999Institute of Chemical Technology2025-11-10T11:46:47Z<p>CharliVangundy: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Public deemed university in Mumbai, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox university<br />
| name = Institute of Chemical Technology<br />
| image = Institute of Chemical Technology logo.png<br />
| image_size = 170px<br />
| native_name = Rasāyan tantrajñāna sansthā<br />
| native_name_lang = mr<br />
| former_names = University Department of Chemical Technology (UDCT)<br />University Institute of Chemical Technology (UICT)<br />
| motto = [https://www.bhagavad-gita.org/Gita/verse-02-46.html {{lang|sa-latn|Karmanyewadhikaraste}}]<br />
| mottoeng = <br />
| type = Government aided university <br />
| established = {{start date and age|df=y|1933|10|1}}<br />
| chancellor = [[Jyeshtharaj Joshi]] <!-- per https://www.ictmumbai.edu.in/DisplayPage.aspx?page=es&ItemID=2 --><br />
| vice_chancellor = [[Aniruddha B. Pandit]]<!-- per https://www.ictmumbai.edu.in/DisplayPage.aspx?page=eq&ItemID=cak --><br />
| academic_staff = 108 {{small|(2020)}}<ref name="2020_annual_report"/><br />
| administrative_staff = 240 {{small|(2020)}}<ref name="2020_annual_report"/><br />
| undergrad = 1100 {{small|(2020)}}<ref name="2020_annual_report"/><br />
| postgrad = 556 {{small|(2020)}}<ref name="2020_annual_report"/><br />
| doctoral = 640 {{small|(2020)}}<ref name="2020_annual_report"/><br />
| address = Nathalal Parekh Marg<br />
| city = [[Matunga]], [[Mumbai, Maharashtra|Mumbai]]<br />
| state = [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| postcode = 400019<br />
| coor = {{coord|19.02401|N|72.85852|E|display=inline}}<br />
| campus = [[urban area|Urban]], (16 acres)<br />
| website = {{URL|https://www.ictmumbai.edu.in}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Institute of Chemical Technology''' ('''ICT''') is a [[Public university|public]] [[deemed university]] in [[Mumbai]], [[India]]. It is focused on training and research in the fields of [[chemical engineering]], chemical technology, and [[pharmaceutical sciences]]. <br />
<br />
Established in 1933, the institute was granted [[deemed university]] status in 2008, making it the only state-funded deemed university in India. In 2018, ICT was named an institute with a special status per the Empowered Expert Committee and was given the status of Category 1 institute with graded autonomy by the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]] and the [[University Grants Commission (India)]]. <br />
<br />
The institute also has regional campuses at [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]] and [[Jalna, Maharashtra]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Founding===<br />
In 1921, the Sir [[M. Visvesvaraya]] Committee recommended an institution of the Faculty of Technology at [[University of Mumbai]] and a college of technology in Bombay.<ref name="History of the Journal"/> In 1930, [[Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi]]'s motion in the Academic Council for the institution of a Department of Chemical Technology was accepted. In 1932, Schemes for two-year post-[[B.Sc.]] courses in Textile Chemistry and in Chemical Engineering leading to a B.Sc. (Tech) degree and the subsequent M.Sc. (Tech) and Ph.D. (Tech) degrees by research were approved.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
The ICT was founded on 1 October 1933, as University Department of Chemical and Technology (UDCT) of the University of Mumbai by then vice chancellor Sir Vitthal N. Chandavarkar.<ref name="founding_VNC" /> Since he was also the Chairman of Mill Owners' Association, Chandavarkar was keen on catering to the needs of Mumbai's bustling textile industry. The institute offered admissions to 15 students in 2 two-year post-B.Sc. degree courses, B.Sc. (Tech) in Textile Chemistry and B.Sc. (Tech) in Chemical Engineering.<ref name="2014_annual_report" /><ref name=":2" /> These courses were started in the then Royal Institute of Science, Fort, Mumbai (now renamed as [[The Institute of Science, Mumbai]]), since the department's own building had not begun construction.<ref name=":2" /> Robert B. Forster of the [[University of Leeds]] became a Professor of Chemical Technology and the first Head of the Department on 26 October 1933.<ref name="ugc_report" /><ref name="forster_BT" /> [[Krishnasami Venkataraman]] became the first Indian director of the institute on 8 November 1938.<ref name="History of the Journal" /> The first Ph.D. (Tech) and Ph.D. (Sci) degrees were awarded by the department in 1940 and 1941, respectively.<ref name=":2" /> The foundation stone for the department's own building was laid in [[Matunga]], Mumbai on 17 March 1941.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
===Expansion===<br />
The current campus in Matunga was occupied in June 1943.<ref name="History of the Journal"/><ref name=":2" /><ref name="ugc_report"/> In 1944, other specializations: Pharmaceuticals and Fine Chemicals; Chemistry of Food and Drugs; Technology of Intermediates and Dyes; Technology of Oils, Fats and Waxes; and Technology of Plastics, Paints and Varnishes were added to the B. Sc. (Tech) course.<ref name="forster_BT"/><ref name=":2" /> In 1948, B.Sc. (Tech) (Technology of Plastics) and B.Sc. (Tech.) (Technology of Paints, Pigments, and Varnishes) replaced the B.Sc. (Tech) (Technology of Plastics, Paints and Varnishes).<ref name=":2" /> In 1949, the B.Sc. (Tech) course in the Chemistry of Foods and Drugs re-designated as Technology of Foods. In 1951, the four-year Post-lnterscience course, B.Chem.Engg. course replaced the earlier B.Sc. (Tech) course in Chemical Engineering and the intake was increased from 15 to 20. In 1958, the number of seats for the B.Chem.Enng course were further increased to 60.<ref name=":2" /> The Departments of Chemistry and General Engineering were started in 1952. The first female student was awarded a Ph.D. (Tech) in 1957. A three-year Bachelors of Pharmacy (B.Pharm) course was launched in 1958, becoming the first course of its kind in the state of Maharashtra.<ref name="dept_timeline"/><ref name=":2" /> In 1960, ICT celebrated its Silver Jubilee, and the occasion was graced by then [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref name=":2" /> In 1984, a four-year B.Pharm course replaced the earlier three-year course. In 2001, four year B.Tech courses replaced all B.Sc. (Tech) courses.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
===Autonomy===<br />
The university received partial autonomy from University of Mumbai in 1985<ref name="ugc_report"/> and was conferred the autonomous status on the UDCT in 1994, with concurrence from the [[Maharashtra]] State Government and the [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]].<ref name="about"/> UDCT was renamed as the Mumbai University Institute of Chemical Technology (Autonomous) (MUICT) on 26 January 2002.<ref name="autonomy_fpj"/> In June 2004, in accordance with the Technical Education Quality Improvement Program (TEQIP) of the Government of India, under which the institute was selected as a Lead Institution, the Government of Maharashtra granted complete autonomy to the institute. On 12 September 2008, it was granted the [[deemed university]] status and renamed as the Institute of Chemical Technology.<ref name="ugc_report"/> In 2008, the [[Department of Biotechnology|DBT]]-ICT Centre for Energy Biosciences was also inaugurated with support from the [[Department of Biotechnology]] of the Government of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICT - MUMBAI |url=https://www.ictmumbai.edu.in/DisplayPage.aspx?page=g&ItemID=12 |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=www.ictmumbai.edu.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
Institute of Chemical Technology was the first institute to be granted the elite badge by the government of the state of Maharashtra.<ref name="elite_BT"/> This along with the centre of excellence status put the institute on a par with other reputable schools such as the [[Indian Institutes of Technology]], [[Indian Institute of Science]] and the [[Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research]]. It also makes the institute, eligible for various special grants from the union and the state governments.<ref name="campus_expansion_DNA"/><ref name="elite_TOI"/> In November 2019, [[Aniruddha B. Pandit]], a senior professor and a dean at the institute took charge of the post of Vice Chancellor, succeeding long time director [[G. D. Yadav|Ganpati D. Yadav]].<ref name="abPandit"/> In July 2024, [[Jyeshtharaj Joshi|Jyeshtharaj Bhalchandra Joshi]] was appointed as the Chancellor of the institute, succeeding [[Raghunath Anant Mashelkar]], who held the position for two decades.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Newsband |title=Padma Bhushan Professor J.B. Joshi appointed Chancellor of ICT |url=https://www.newsband.in/article_detail/padma-bhushan-professor-jb-joshi-appointed-chancellor-of-ict |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=www.newsband.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
ICT was granted [[deemed university]] status in 2008, making it the only state-funded deemed university in India. On 12 February 2018 it was given the status of Category 1 institute with graded autonomy by the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]] and the [[University Grants Commission (India)]]. It is also an institute with a special status per <!--as mentioned in SECTION IV of the Report of --> the Empowered Expert Committee in 2018.<ref name="ugc_section_4"/><br />
<br />
In 2025, alumnus [[Mukesh Ambani]] announced an unrestricted gift of [[Indian rupee|₹]]151 [[crore]] (equivalent to [[USD|US$]]16.7 million) to the institute.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chhapia |first1=Hemali |title=Mukesh Ambani announces historic donation to institute of chemical technology |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mukesh-ambani-announces-151cr-endowment-to-his-alma-mater-ict/articleshow/121683104.cms |access-date=10 June 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 June 2025}}</ref> This gift was announced during the release of biography of [[Man Mohan Sharma]], the influential former director of ICT.<ref>{{cite news |title=Guru Dakshina: Mukesh Ambani pledges Rs. 151 crore to ICT Mumbai |url=https://www.indianchemicalnews.com/chemical/guru-dakshina-mukesh-ambani-pledges-rs-151-crore-to-ict-mumbai-26432 |access-date=10 June 2025 |work=Indian Chemical News |date=9 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Biography of Prof. M M Sharma Divine Scientist Released {{!}} |url=https://chemindigest.com/biography-of-prof-m-m-sharma-divine-scientist-released/ |access-date=10 June 2025 |work=[[Chemical Industry Digest]] |date=9 June 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Campus==<br />
[[File:UDCT Wadala.jpg|thumb|The facade of the main building of the Institute|221x221px]]<br />
ICT is located on a {{convert|16|acre|m2}} campus at {{Coord|19.024|N|72.859|E|display=inline,title}}. The academic building faces Nathalal Parekh Marg.<ref name="campus"/> Other buildings including two boy's hostels, two girl's hostels, faculty and staff apartments are located behind the academic building. The rear boundary of the institute runs along the Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Road. The institute is located opposite to [[Veermata Jijabai Technical Institute]] (VJTI).<br />
<br />
===Satellite campuses===<br />
Additional campuses are operational in [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]] in collaboration with [[Indian Oil Corporation|Indian Oil Corporation (IOC)]] and [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]] (IIT KGP)<ref name="odisha_Telegraph" /><ref name="odisha_Kovind" /> and another at [[Jalna, Maharashtra]] (Marathwada campus).<ref name="jalna_TOI"/><ref name="jalna_BS"/> The Bhubaneswar campus of ICT started its academic session on 3 September 2018 at the IIT Kharagpur extension centre. The Bhubaneswar campus was inaugurated initially by the [[President of India|Indian President]] [[Ram Nath Kovind]] on 18 March 2018 and the academic session was inaugurated by [[Dharmendra Pradhan]], Union Minister for Petroleum and Natural Gas and Sanjiv Singh, Chairman of [[Indian Oil Corporation]].<ref name="odisha_pradhan1" /><ref name="odisha_pradhan2" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=President Kovind inaugurated the ICT-IOC Bhubaneswar campus, addressed IIT students|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/photo-gallery/president-ram-nath-kovind-official-tour-bhubaneswar-ict-ioc-campus-skill-development-institute-of-oil-psus-jagannath-temple-puri-pictures/209040|access-date=2020-11-30|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en}}</ref> A 203 acres Marathwada campus was established with a grant of {{INR}}397 Crore by the state cabinet of Maharashtra.<ref name="Jalna_funds"/><ref name="jalna_PR"/> The foundation stone of the campus was laid on 4 May 2018 by then Chief Minister of Govt. of Maharashtra, [[Devendra Fadnavis]] along with others.<ref name="jalna_PR"/> Shashank T. Mhaske is the current Director of the ICT-Marathwada Campus, Jalna,<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICT - Marathwada Jalna |url=https://marj.ictmumbai.edu.in/DisplayPage.aspx?page=k&ItemID=e |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206022019/https://marj.ictmumbai.edu.in/DisplayPage.aspx?page=k&ItemID=e |archive-date=2024-12-06 |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=marj.ictmumbai.edu.in |language=en}}</ref> and Ravindra V. Adivarekar is the current Director of the ICT-IOC Campus, Odisha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICT - Bhubaneswar |url=https://iocb.ictmumbai.edu.in/Default.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117053132/https://iocb.ictmumbai.edu.in/default.aspx |archive-date=2025-01-17 |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=iocb.ictmumbai.edu.in |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Library===<br />
Established in 1934, the library was renamed ''Prof. M M Sharma Library'' on January 8, 1999.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="udaan_2020_may"/><ref name="History of the Journal"/>{{rp|11}} It functions as the central library of the institute and is one of the special collection libraries in the country.<ref name="library"/> The library can boast of rich heritage collection of old classic books and bound volumes dating back to the 1930s. It has 38,200 books, 25,290 journals and 10,000 standards and subscribes to 120 international and 25 national journals. Along with the traditional collection, it also has a significant digital collection with access to more than 500 electronic journals as well as databases such as [[Reaxys]], [[Chemical Abstracts Service|Sci-Finder]], [[Scopus]], and [[Web of Science|Web of science]]. It performs a dual role of an Academic Library as well as a Research Library, catering to both the in-house students and faculty, and outside technologists and industrialists. It is housed in a separate Ground Plus two-storied building. It is a unique library in India to have its own endowment fund.<ref name=":2" /> The library is also a member of [[E-ShodhSindhu]] Consortium. It has MOU with BONET for participating in exchange program devised by MISSAT, DST, New Delhi.<br />
<br />
== Academics ==<br />
ICT offers three degrees at undergraduate level: B.Tech. (Bachelor of Technology), B.Chem.Eng. (Bachelor of Chemical Engineering), B.Pharm. (Bachelor of Pharmacy).<ref name="2017_annual_report"/> The institute offers several courses at the masters level which specialize in Chemical Technology, Chemical Engineering, Pharmacy and general science courses. ICT is accredited by [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]], [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]],<ref name="2016_NAAC_report"/> [[National Board of Accreditation|NBA]],<ref name="NBA_accredit"/> [[National Institutional Ranking Framework|NIRF]].<ref name="NIRF_accredit"/> The off campuses of ICT at Bhubaneswar and Jalna also provide a 5-year Integrated M.Tech. in Chemical Engineering course as Majors and some additional branches as Minors, which is one of a kind in India as it consists of a trimester based system with alternate academic and industry trimesters. The Bhubaneswar Campus has also started an Executive M.Tech. programme which is a joint degree programme of ICT Mumbai and [[IIT Kharagpur]] making it the first state public university to provide a joint degree with an IIT in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ICT-IOC and IIT-KGP Launch Executive M.Tech in Process Engineering: Chemical Industry Digest|url=http://chemindigest.com/ict-ioc-and-iit-kgp-launch-executive-m-tech-in-process-engineering/|access-date=2020-11-30|website=chemindigest.com}}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Faculty and Student Support ===<br />
[[File:K. Venkataraman Auditorium at Institute of Chemical Technology.jpg|thumb|right|K. Venkataraman Auditorium at ICT|250x250px]]<br />
The ICT has sanctioned positions of 108 faculty (29 Professors, 38 Associate Professors and 41 Assistant Professors) and a support staff of 240. There are 114 visiting faculties (who typically are industry researchers), 7 emeritus faculties, and 4 adjuncts.<ref name="2016_NAAC_report"/> The ICT has a tradition of establishment of endowments with an objective of supporting faculty positions, foreign travel assistance, merit-cum-means scholarships, staff welfare, library, campus development, research fellowships and seed money for research by young faculty. There are 90 faculty endowments in the institute. All these endowments have been established through generous donations by alumni, industries, philanthropists and well wishers. Only part of the interest (up to 50-70%) is used towards the purpose of the endowment and the remaining is invested back into the corpus.<ref name="2017_annual_report"/> There are 22 endowment chairs, as well as 49 visiting fellowships which helps attract the best professionals to the institute from all over the world who interact with UG and PG students, faculty and alumni. The honoraria range from ₹ 5000 to 1.25 lakhs for a period of one day to 15 days. Some eminent faculty from institutes such as [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], [[Purdue University|Purdue]], [[Cambridge]], [[Monash University|Monash]], [[University of California, Berkeley|UC Berkeley]], [[University of California, Santa Barbara|UCSB]], [[Université de Montréal|Montreal]] have taught UG and PG courses in ICT under these endowments. These lectures will form part of audit courses for research students. Besides, public lectures are organized under each endowment.<ref name="2017_annual_report"/> Each academic year, 251 students are supported through under merit-cum-means scholarships. The range is ₹3000-75,000 per year per person through several endowments, private trust and annual commitments by alumni. All economically deprived students are given assistance in the form of tuition fees, hostel fees, mess bills and travel assistance to present papers in national conferences.<ref name="2017_annual_report"/><br />
<br />
=== Fellows of Royal Society ===<br />
Till date ICT has produced three [[Fellow of the Royal Society|Fellows of Royal Society]]- [[Man Mohan Sharma]], [[Raghunath Anant Mashelkar]]. [[G. D. Yadav]], former Vice Chancellor of ICT, Bhalchandra Bhanage, Head of Department of Chemistry and Anant Kapdi, Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry, were bestowed with Fellowship of [[Royal Society of Chemistry]].<ref name="royal_soc_GDY"/><ref name="royal_soc_Bhanage"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-21|title=The Royal Society of Chemistry Appoints Anant Kapdi as Fellow for Outstanding Work|url=https://chemindigest.com/the-royal-society-of-chemistry-appoints-anant-kapdi-as-fellow-for-outstanding-work/|access-date=2021-09-23|website=Chemical Industry Digest|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Rankings ===<br />
{{Infobox India university ranking<br />
<!--International--><br />
| QS_A_2024 = 251–260<br />
| THE_W_2024 = 801–1000<br />
| THES_A_2024 = 188<br />
| THES_E_2022 = 153<br />
<!--India--><br />
|NIRF_O_2024=56|NIRF_P_2024=5|NIRF_U_2024=35|NIRF_E_2024=41|NIRF_R_2024=40}}<br />
Internationally, Institute of Chemical Technology was ranked 251–260 in Asia on the ''[[QS World University Rankings]]'' of 2024<ref name="Rankings_QS_A_2024" /> and has been ranked 5th according to the NIRF rankings in Pharmacy Category in the year 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF Ranking 2024 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref> It was ranked 801–1000 in the world by the ''[[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]]'' of 2024,<ref name=Rankings_THE_W_2024/> 188 in Asia in 2023<ref name=Rankings_THES_A_2024/> and 153 among emerging economies.<ref name=Rankings_THES_E_2022/><br />
<br />
It was ranked first among the public universities in the [[Ministry of Education (India)#Major initiatives of MIC|Atal Ranking of Institutions on Innovation Achievements]] (ARIIA) rankings in 2020.<ref>{{cite report|title=e-Release of Atal Ranking of Institutions on Innovation Achievements (ARIIA) 2020|url=https://www.ariia.gov.in/pdf/ARIIA%20Rankings%202020%20Report.pdf|page=7|publisher=MHRD's Innovation Cell (MIC), Ministry of Education, Govt. of India|location=New Delhi|access-date=6 October 2020|archive-date=29 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229054229/https://www.ariia.gov.in/pdf/ARIIA%20Rankings%202020%20Report.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New method developed to convert poultry feather, wool waste to animal feed, fertiliser: Govt|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/new-method-developed-to-convert-poultry-feather-wool-waste-to-animal-feed-fertiliser-govt20210916173611/|access-date=2021-10-06|website=ANI News|language=en}}</ref> In 2021, the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC) ranked ICT among the top 3 institutes in [[Maharashtra]] alongside [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences|Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS)]] and [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research|Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR)]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Yogita Rao|date=Sep 23, 2021|title=Just 25% colleges, 50% universities in Maharashtra are NAAC accredited {{!}} Mumbai News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-just-25-colleges-50-univs-in-state-are-naac-accredited/articleshow/86439455.cms|access-date=2021-10-06|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=TISS, ICT and TIFR top three varsities in Maharashtra: NAAC report|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/tiss-ict-and-tifr-top-three-varsities-in-maharashtra-naac-report|access-date=2021-10-06|website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Research==<br />
The ICT has a strong research culture.<ref name="research_TOI"/><ref name="research_CS"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-20|title=Indian Higher Education|url=https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/indian-higher-education/book233991|access-date=2021-09-29|website=SAGE Publications Ltd|language=en}}</ref> In 2008-09 UGC report notices that the institute generated around {{INR}}50 crores from external sources, which was 8 times the government support.<ref name="ugc_report"/> Currently, ICT graduates 100 PhDs annually, which is about 10% of India's chemistry and engineering PhDs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-26 |title=Institute of Chemical Technology |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/institute-chemical-technology |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
ICT has strong relationships with the industries and many government as well as industry-sponsored projects take shape in ICT. In 2011, the [[Ministry of Textiles (India)|Ministry of Textiles]] sanctioned ICT as National Center of Excellence in Sportswear with a grant of {{INR}}24.5 crore for researching sports-related apparel and goods. With this, ICT has become the first institute in India to conduct research on sports fabrics.<ref name="textile_grant" /> ICT hosts several research centers within the campus. These include DBT-ICT ([[Department of Biotechnology]]) Center for Energy Biosciences, ICT-DAE ([[Department of Atomic Energy]]) Center for Chemical Engineering Education and Research, UGC Networking Resource Centre in Chemical Engineering, and Center for Green Technology.<ref name="2016_NAAC_report" /><br />
<br />
ICT, Mumbai was recently awarded 60 crores from the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] for establishing the Mumbai Biocluster which involves setting up a [[Good manufacturing practice|Good Manufacturing Practice]] (GMP) facility, enabling [[Biopharmaceutical|biologics]] development at an affordable cost. The biocluster will serve as an accelerator for startups, academia, MSMEs, and industries, providing state-of-the-art infrastructure and expertise for faster development of [[Biopharmaceutical|biopharmaceutical products]]. With a focus on [[Monoclonal antibody|monoclonal antibodies]], [[Vaccine|vaccines]], [[Messenger RNA|mRNA]] technology, and [[Cell therapy|cell]] & [[gene therapy]], the facility will address key challenges faced during technology scale-up and validation in the drug development phase.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Advanced Centre for Treatment Research & Education in Cancer {{!}} ICT Mumbai's SATHI FOUNDATION (Mumbai Biocluster) Awarded Rs. 60 Crore for Accelerating Biopharmaceutical Innovation |url= https://www.expresspharma.in/ict-mumbais-sathi-foundation-mumbai-biocluster-gets-60-cr-to-accelerate-biopharma-innovation/ <!-- https://actrec.gov.in/node/7673 --> |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Express Pharma |language=en-US }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-05 |title=DST awards Rs 60 crore to Mumbai Biocluster for innovation in biopharmaceuticals |url=https://news.careers360.com/dst-awards-rs-60-crore-mumbai-biocluster-for-innovation-in-biopharmaceuticals |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Careers360 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Department of Chemical Engineering ===<br />
The Department of [[Chemical engineering|Chemical Engineering]] has developed groundbreaking technologies which have been translated and used in the real world. The research group of [[Aniruddha B. Pandit]], the current [[Vice-chancellor|Vice Chancellor]] developed a method for cleaning and disinfecting stagnant [[water bodies]] and [[industrial effluent]]s from various industries using hydrodynamic cavitation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Badve|first1=Mandar|last2=Gogate|first2=Parag|last3=Pandit|first3=Aniruddha|last4=Csoka|first4=Levente|date=2013-03-14|title=Hydrodynamic cavitation as a novel approach for wastewater treatment in wood finishing industry|journal=Separation and Purification Technology|language=en|volume=106|pages=15–21|doi=10.1016/j.seppur.2012.12.029|issn=1383-5866|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sangave|first1=Preeti C.|last2=Gogate|first2=Parag R.|last3=Pandit|first3=Aniruddha B.|date=2007-05-01|title=Ultrasound and ozone assisted biological degradation of thermally pretreated and anaerobically pretreated distillery wastewater|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565350601798X|journal=Chemosphere|language=en|volume=68|issue=1|pages=42–50|doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.12.052|pmid=17276488|bibcode=2007Chmsp..68...42S|issn=0045-6535|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sivakumar|first1=Manickam|last2=Pandit|first2=Aniruddha B|date=2002-07-01|title=Wastewater treatment: a novel energy efficient hydrodynamic cavitational technique|journal=Ultrasonics Sonochemistry|language=en|volume=9|issue=3|pages=123–131|doi=10.1016/S1350-4177(01)00122-5|pmid=12154685|issn=1350-4177|doi-access=|bibcode=2002UltS....9..123S }}</ref><br />
<br />
Bhaskar N. Thorat, a Professor of Chemical Engineering is the winner of NOCIL Award for Excellence in Design and Development of Process Plant and Equipment.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IIChE Awards {{!}} Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers {{!}} Kolkata|url=https://www.iiche.org.in/nationalawards.php|access-date=2021-10-16|website=www.iiche.org.in}}</ref> His guidance to the Mumbai police helped in diffusing a major gas leakage and saved many lives.<ref>{{Cite web|date=Jul 16, 2010|title=A prof pulled out of bed, a YouTube video as guide|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/a-prof-pulled-out-of-bed-a-youtube-video-as-guide/articleshow/16035099.cms|access-date=2021-10-16|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology ===<br />
The department is working on developing newer [[therapeutics]] and novel systems to [[Drug delivery|deliver drugs]] into the body and has successfully translated several technologies to the industry. The research group of Prajakta Dandekar is one of the very few labs in India working on developing the [[organ-on-a-chip]] technology that essentially mimics the functioning of various organs on a small chip, decreasing the reliance on animal testing.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=A Pharmaceutical Biotechnologist and Her Lab on a Chip|url=https://thewire.in/health/organ-on-chip-personalised-medicine|access-date=2021-09-29|website=The Wire}}</ref> The group is also developing novel polymers for the delivery of [[Small interfering RNA|siRNA]] into the body for [[gene therapy]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dandekar|first1=P.|last2=Jain|first2=R.|last3=Keil|first3=M.|last4=Loretz|first4=B.|last5=Koch|first5=M.|last6=Wenz|first6=G.|last7=Lehr|first7=C.-M.|date=2015-03-18|title=Enhanced uptake and siRNA-mediated knockdown of a biologically relevant gene using cyclodextrin polyrotaxane|url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2015/tb/c4tb01821d|journal=Journal of Materials Chemistry B|language=en|volume=3|issue=13|pages=2590–2598|doi=10.1039/C4TB01821D|pmid=32262906|issn=2050-7518|hdl=10033/600302|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Srivastav|first1=Ashu|last2=Gupta|first2=Kritika|last3=Chakraborty|first3=Debojyoti|last4=Dandekar|first4=Prajakta|last5=Jain|first5=Ratnesh|date=2020-10-13|title=Efficiency of Chitosan-Coated PLGA Nanocarriers for Cellular Delivery of siRNA and CRISPR/Cas9 Complex|journal=Journal of Pharmaceutical Innovation|volume=17 |pages=180–193 |language=en|doi=10.1007/s12247-020-09496-4|s2cid=228953962|issn=1939-8042}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ghodke|first1=Sharwari B.|last2=Parkar|first2=Junaid N.|last3=Deshpande|first3=Aparna R.|last4=Dandekar|first4=Prajakta P.|last5=Jain|first5=Ratnesh D.|date=2020-11-16|title=Structure–Activity Relationship of Polyester-Based Cationic Polyrotaxane Vector-Mediated In Vitro siRNA Delivery: Effect on Gene Silencing Efficiency|journal=ACS Applied Bio Materials|volume=3|issue=11|pages=7500–7514|doi=10.1021/acsabm.0c00717|pmid=35019492 |s2cid=226351056}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jain|first1=Ratnesh|last2=Dandekar|first2=Prajakta|last3=Loretz|first3=Brigitta|last4=Koch|first4=Marcus|last5=Lehr|first5=Claus-Michael|date=2015-04-10|title=Dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate copolymer-siRNA nanoparticles for silencing a therapeutically relevant gene in macrophages|url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2015/md/c4md00490f|journal=MedChemComm|language=en|volume=6|issue=4|pages=691–701|doi=10.1039/C4MD00490F|issn=2040-2511|hdl=10033/556368|hdl-access=free}}</ref> The group has collaborated with an Indian [[3D bioprinting|3D Bioprinting]] startup Avay Biosciences to 3D print skin tissue which can be used for the treatment of severe burns, and can also be used for [[Toxicology|toxicological]] screening of drugs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian start-up launches indigenous 3D printer that prints human tissues |url=https://www.wionews.com/technology/indian-start-up-launches-indigenous-3d-printer-that-prints-human-tissues-536367 |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=WION |date=22 November 2022 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Avay Biosciences launches indigenous 3D bio printer Mito Plus |url=https://www.biospectrumindia.com/news/20/22261/avay-biosciences-launches-indigenous-3d-bio-printer-mito-plus.html |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=www.biospectrumindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-11-22 |title=Avay Biosciences launches indigenous bio 3D printer for human tissues |url=https://www.expresshealthcare.in/news/avay-biosciences-launches-indigenous-bio-3d-printer-for-human-tissues/437063/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Express Healthcare |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Menon |first=Lakshmi |last2=Sanjanwala |first2=Dhruv |last3=Sharma |first3=Shivansh |last4=Parul |last5=Jain |first5=Ratnesh |last6=Dandekar |first6=Prajakta |date=2025-02-21 |title=Sterilizing bioinks: Understanding the impact of techniques on 3D bioprinting materials |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2405886625000156 |journal=Bioprinting |article-number=e00399 |doi=10.1016/j.bprint.2025.e00399 |issn=2405-8866|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Her group is also currently working on developing various 3D-printed pharmaceutical dosage forms such as [[Gummy candy|gummies]] and controlled-release tablets.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ganatra |first=Pankti |last2=Ashapogu |first2=Alice |last3=Epili |first3=Rashmita |last4=Dugam |first4=Shailesh |last5=Desai |first5=Jishnu |last6=Jain |first6=Ratnesh |last7=Dandekar |first7=Prajakta |date=2025-03-15 |title=Biomimetic replenishment therapy of cortisol using semi-solid extrusion – 3D printed tablets for adrenal insufficiencies |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378517325001784 |journal=International Journal of Pharmaceutics |volume=672 |article-number=125342 |doi=10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125342 |issn=0378-5173|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ganatra |first=Pankti |last2=Jyothish |first2=Lakshmi |last3=Mahankal |first3=Vaishnavi |last4=Sawant |first4=Tanvi |last5=Dandekar |first5=Prajakta |last6=Jain |first6=Ratnesh |date=2024-02-15 |title=Drug-loaded vegan gummies for personalized dosing of simethicone: A feasibility study of semi-solid extrusion-based 3D printing of pectin-based low-calorie drug gummies |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378517324000115 |journal=International Journal of Pharmaceutics |volume=651 |article-number=123777 |doi=10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123777 |issn=0378-5173|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2013, Vandana Patravale from the department was awarded $100,000 from the [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation|Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation]] for the development of an eco-friendly [[Nanovaccinology|nanovaccine]] for nasal immunization against [[brucellosis]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-11-25|title=Mumbai college gets $100,000 grant from Gates foundation|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/mumbai-college-gets-100-000-grant-from-gates-foundation/story-GUk3FUgreLGh7tOllgUwoL.html|access-date=2021-09-29|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Institute of Chemical Technology gets grant to develop nanovaccine for nasal immunization against brucellosis|url=http://pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=78997&sid=2|access-date=2021-09-29|website=pharmabiz.com}}</ref> The vaccine was successfully developed and an article on the same was published in 2020.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vyas|first1=Swati|last2=Dhoble|first2=Sagar|last3=Ghodake|first3=Vinod|last4=Patravale|first4=V.|date=2020-12-01|title=Xyloglucan based mucosal nanovaccine for immunological protection against brucellosis developed by supercritical fluid technology|journal=International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X|language=en|volume=2|article-number=100053|doi=10.1016/j.ijpx.2020.100053|issn=2590-1567|pmc=7397708|pmid=32776000}}</ref> The Patravale lab is also involved in the fabrication of [[drug-eluting stent]]s in collaboration with Sahajanand Medical Technologies Private Limited.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Agrawal |first1=Ankit A. |last2=Raval |first2=Ankur J. |last3=Velhal |first3=Shilpa M. |last4=Patel |first4=Vainav V. |last5=Patravale |first5=Vandana B. |date=March 2022 |title=Nanoparticle-eluting stents for coronary intervention: formulation, characterization, and in vitro evaluation |url=https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/cjpp-2021-0245 |journal=Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology |language=en |volume=100 |issue=3 |pages=220–233 |doi=10.1139/cjpp-2021-0245 |pmid=34570985 |issn=0008-4212|hdl=1807/109384 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sane |first1=Mangesh |last2=Dighe |first2=Vikas |last3=Patil |first3=Rucha |last4=Hassan |first4=Puthusserickal A. |last5=Gawali |first5=Santosh |last6=Patravale |first6=Vandana |date=2021-05-01 |title=Bivalirudin and sirolimus co-eluting coronary stent: Potential strategy for the prevention of stent thrombosis and restenosis |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378517321002076 |journal=International Journal of Pharmaceutics |volume=600 |article-number=120403 |doi=10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120403 |pmid=33711467 |issn=0378-5173|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sanjanwala |first1=Dhruv |last2=Londhe |first2=Vaishali |last3=Trivedi |first3=Rashmi |last4=Bonde |first4=Smita |last5=Sawarkar |first5=Sujata |last6=Kale |first6=Vinita |last7=Patravale |first7=Vandana |date=2024-01-01 |title=Polysaccharide-based hydrogels for medical devices, implants and tissue engineering: A review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141813023053874 |journal=International Journal of Biological Macromolecules |volume=256 |article-number=128488 |doi=10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128488 |issn=0141-8130|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The technology developed by Patravale helped cut the cost of stents by 80%, and these stents are being marketed in over 60 countries worldwide.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Patravale |first1=Vandana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAWrzwEACAAJ |title=Polymers for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications: Fundamentals, Selection, and Preparation |last2=Disouza |first2=John I. |last3=Shahiwala |first3=Aliasgar |date=2024-01-19 |publisher=Elsevier Science |isbn=978-0-323-95496-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-06 |title=ICT's patented technology has cut coronary stents cost by 80% - Dr Vandana Patravale - The Live Nagpur |url=https://thelivenagpur.com/2023/01/06/icts-patented-technology-has-cut-coronary-stents-cost-by-80-dr-vandana-patravale/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
The department was also successful in synthesizing the [[Antiviral drug|anti-viral drug]] [[Favipiravir]] for use against the [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|SARS-CoV-2]] in partnership with the company Lasa Supergenerics Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-17|title=ICT, Lasa succeed in Favipiravir drug synthesis, to commence production|url=https://www.expresspharma.in/ict-lasa-succeed-in-favipiravir-drug-synthesis-to-commence-production/|access-date=2021-09-29|website=Express Pharma|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Datta|first=PT Jyothi|title=Favipiravir makers on overdrive|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/favipiravir-makers-on-overdrive/article31954805.ece|access-date=2021-09-29|website=@businessline|date=30 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Student life==<br />
===Technological Association===<br />
Technological Association (TA), established in 1951, is an organization that conducts co-curricular and extra-curricular activities in ICT.<ref name="TA_BT"/><ref name="Technological_Association"/> TA is headed by institute's vice-chancellor, (as the President) with a senior professor as the Vice President.<ref name="BT_head"/> TA, a 30-member student body, organizes various activities including the intra- and inter-collegiate festivals and runs various clubs for the students. TA also looks after the student grievances and makes sure that the students at the institute are satisfied.<br />
<br />
===Entrepreneurship cell===<br />
ICT inaugurated its entrepreneurship cell in April 2013 with an inauguration lecture from [[Ashwin Dani]] (Founder of [[Asian Paints Ltd|Asian Paints]]) and Yogesh Kothari (Founder of Alkyl Amines). A fellowship for visit to Korea was offered at the time of inauguration. The primary purpose behind the entrepreneurship cell was to accelerate the entrepreneurial culture at ICT.<ref>{{Cite web|title=E-Cell ICT Mumbai – A Next Generation Entrepreneurship Initiative|url=http://ecellict.com/|access-date=2022-04-09|website=ecellict.com}}</ref> ICT also has international dignitaries visiting regularly for contributing to the research as well as guide students. Some of the international dignitaries include [[Ahmet Üzümcü|Ahmet Uzumcu]], Director General of Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons.<ref name="Uzumcu"/> There are more than 500 first-generation entrepreneurs which have come up from alumni and from the portals of ICT.<ref name="2016_NAAC_report"/><br />
<br />
===Campus publications===<br />
====The Bombay Technologist====<br />
''The Bombay Technologist'' is the annual peer-reviewed journal of the institute, started in 1951.<ref name="History of the Journal"/><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Samant |first=S. D. |date=2001 |title=History of the Journal |url=https://bombaytechnologist.in/index.php/bombaytechnologist/article/view/128788 |journal=The Bombay Technologist |language=en |pages=1–32 |issn=0067-9925}}</ref> The journal publishes technical articles in the thrust areas of science and technology, written by undergraduate and graduate students of the institute. It is published by the Technological Association.<ref name="BT_head"/> ''The Bombay Technologist'' also supports partial travel and registration expenses of students presenting technical papers in India. With the Bombay Technologist Undergraduate Research Program (BTUGRP), ICT has developed the framework for an organized, official and widespread UG research ethic.<ref name="btugrp"/><ref name="btugrp_BT"/><br />
<br />
====The Spirit====<br />
''The Spirit'' is the official bimonthly cultural magazine-cum-newsletter of ICT. There are typically 5-6 issues a year. The newsletter highlights the achievements of students and alumni, has news and information about the institute, and is a platform for students to showcase their art and literary skills. The first issue was released in October 2006.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for the whole sentence|date=May 2019}}<br />
<br />
===Hostels===<br />
Within the campus walls, four hostel buildings (2 girls' and 2 boys') cater to accommodation needs of 900 students. Hostel No. 1 (built 1951) and No. 5 (a 7-story building occupied in 2005) accommodate approximately 600 male students, while hostel No. 2 (built 1966) and No. 3 (built 1987) accommodate female students. The hostels area has faculty flats, dining halls, a canteen, a health clinic, gym, and play grounds. Appointed faculty wardens are responsible for managing hostel and are assisted by office staff and student staff.<ref name="2020_annual_report"/>{{rp|223}}<br />
<br />
===Student festivals===<br />
'''Manzar''' is the cultural festival of the Institute of Chemical Technology organized by the Technological Association. It has completed 10 years since it first began in 2007, and 2019 saw the 13th edition of this festival. Every year, Manzar proudly hosts a variety of events in music, dance, literary arts and fine arts. The Dance and Fashion Show events are the most popular, with active participation of students from all over the city. Manzar has a social initiative called Awaaz, through which students are able to do their bit for all-round societal development and improvement of underprivileged lives. Apart from all this, Manzar also has the Cultural Night and the Popular Night. Many famous artists have performed on the Manzar stage, including [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Arijit Singh]], [[Farhan Akhtar]]<ref name="Technological_Association"/> [[Kailash Kher]], [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]], [[Fire On Dawson|Fire on Dawson]], [[Raghu Dixit]], [[Shalmali Kholgade]], [[Sachin–Jigar]], [[Niladri Kumar]], [[Lucky Ali]], and [[Armaan Malik]]. Apart from that, comedians such as [[Kenny Sebastian]], and [[Biswa Kalyan Rath]] have also entertained the crowd during Manzar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eventshigh.com/detail/mumbai/113105050deceaea208a992fcecfde0f-comedy-night-starring-biswa-sahil|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221144403/https://www.eventshigh.com/detail/mumbai/113105050deceaea208a992fcecfde0f-comedy-night-starring-biswa-sahil|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 December 2019|title=Comedy NIGHT starring Biswa, Sahil Shah & Sumaira - Manzar 12.0 at Matunga, Mumbai|website=Events High|language=en|access-date=2019-12-21}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''Sportsaga''' is the annual sports festival of the Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai organized by the Technological Association. It was established in 2005.<ref name="Technological_Association"/><br />
[[File:Pidilite Pavilion.jpg|thumb|A game in progress at Pidilite Pavilion]]<br />
<br />
In 2013, the Technological Association (Student Council) of ICT decided that ''Exergy'' would be merged with the other technical festivals of the institute, ''YICC (Young Innovators Choice Competition)'' and ''YRC (Young Researchers Competition)''. This led to the creation of '''Vortex – The Chemfest'''.<ref name="Technological_Association"/><ref name="BT_head"/><ref name="vortex"/><br />
<br />
'''Rangotsav''' is a Conference on Advances in Polymer and Coating, Technical Festival of Polymer and Surface Coating Technology Department.<ref name="Rangotsav"/><br />
<br />
The division of Fibres and Textiles Processing annually holds '''Texpression''', a cultural festival. Texpression also brings the alumni of the division together to foster camaraderie and network among them.<ref name="TEXPRESSION"/><br />
<br />
'''Rasayanam''' is the student-led chemistry festival organised by the department of chemistry.<ref name="Rasayanam"/><br />
<br />
==Notable alumni==<br />
The institute has produced many first-generation entrepreneurs and academics. Civilian honors awarded to alumni include 3 [[Padma Vibhushan]], 8 [[Padma Bhushan]] and 10 [[Padma Shri]] awardees. Only two Indian engineers – [[Raghunath Mashelkar]] and [[Man Mohan Sharma]] - have been elected as [[Fellow of the Royal Society|Fellows of the Royal Society]] (FRS), both of whom are alumni of ICT.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Raghunath Mashelkar {{!}} Royal Society|url=https://royalsociety.org/people/raghunath-mashelkar-11906/|access-date=2021-09-29|website=royalsociety.org|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Jan 13, 2017|title=Manmohan Sharma: Manmohan Sharma to address students at Laxminaraan Institute of Technology {{!}} Nagpur News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/manmohan-sharma-to-address-students-at-city-college/articleshow/56507203.cms|access-date=2021-09-29|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Among the notable people who have attended or graduated from ICT are:<br />
*[[Mukesh Ambani]], Chairman of the [[Reliance Industries]]<ref name="Ambani_BT" /><ref name=":1" /><br />
*Pravin Kumar Arora, Associate Vice President at [[Sun Pharma]]<br />
*[[Ashwin Dani]], non-executive Vice Chairman of [[Asian Paints Ltd]].<br />
*[[Kinshuk Dasgupta]], research scientist at [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|BARC]], [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology|Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar prize]] winner<br />
*[[Haren S. Gandhi]], American inventor and engineer, recipient of the U.S. [[National Medal of Technology and Innovation]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 30, 2018|first=Sujit|last=John|title=Two Indian-Americans inducted into US National Inventors Hall of Fame|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/us-canada-news/two-indian-americans-inducted-into-us-national-inventors-hall-of-fame/articleshow/62694244.cms|access-date=2021-09-30|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
*[[Keki Hormusji Gharda]], founder of Gharda Chemicals<ref name=":1" /><br />
*[[Nilesh Gupta]], Managing Director of [[Lupin Limited]]<ref name="Nilesh_Gupta"/><br />
*[[Lalita Iyer]], journalist, writer and blogger<br />
*[[Jyeshtharaj Joshi]], [[nuclear scientist]] and [[chemical engineer]], [[Padma Bhushan]] awardee, [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] prize-winner, former Director of ICT, Mumbai, current [[Chancellor (education)|chancellor]] of ICT, Mumbai<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><br />
*[[John Kapoor]], founder and former CEO of [[Insys Therapeutics]], convicted [[Felony|felon]]<ref name=":1" /><br />
*[[Amol Arvindrao Kulkarni]], scientist at [[National Chemical Laboratory]], Pune [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology|Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar award]] winner.<br />
*Ravindra Dattatray Kulkarni, vice chancellor of the [[University of Mumbai]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Ravindra Kulkarni appointed new VC of Mumbai Univ |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/ravindra-kulkarni-appointed-new-vc-of-mumbai-univ-101686078886790.html |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=Ravindra Dattatray Kulkarni appointed vice-chancellor of Mumbai University |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/ravindra-dattatray-kulkarni-appointed-vice-chancellor-mumbai-university-8649267/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Mumbai University gets a New Vice Chancellor, All About Professor Ravindra Kulkarni |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/education/mumbai-university-gets-a-new-vice-chancellor-all-about-professor-ravindra-kulkarni-article-100809264 |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><br />
*[[Ashish Kishore Lele]], chemical engineer and [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] prize-winner, director of [[National Chemical Laboratory|CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory at Pune]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-01|title=Dr Asish Lele takes charge as director of CSIR – National Chemical Laboratory|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/dr-asish-lele-takes-charge-as-director-of-csir-national-chemical-laboratory-7254506/|access-date=2021-09-30|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-01|title=Ashish Lele is new director at NCL Pune|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/ashish-lele-is-new-director-at-ncl-pune-101617289438365.html|access-date=2021-09-30|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><br />
*[[Raghunath Anant Mashelkar]], [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]], [[Padma Vibhushan]], [[Padma Bhushan]] and [[Padma Shri]] awardee, former Director General of the [[CSIR India|Council of Scientific & Industrial Research]], former [[Chancellor (education)|chancellor]] of the ICT Mumbai, current chancellor of [[Jio Institute]]<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><br />
*[[Samir Mitragotri]], inventor, entrepreneur and researcher, professor at [[Harvard University]]<ref name="Samir_Mitragotri"/><br />
*[[Indravadan Modi]], founder of [[Cadila Pharmaceuticals]]<ref>{{cite news|title="Bicycle to a Rolls Royes": The Iron Man of India, I A MODI|work=Pharmaleaders|url=https://pharmaleaders.tv/bicycle-to-a-rolls-royes-the-iron-man-of-india-i-a-modi/|access-date=7 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The 'Medicine Man of India', Shri Indravadan Modi – A visionary who shaped the pharma industry|url=https://www.cadilapharma.com/blog/employees/indravadan-modi_medicine-man-india_pharma/|access-date=2021-09-30|website=Cadila Pharmaceuticals|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><br />
*[[Ujwal Nirgudkar]], technical advisor for Film Preservation, member of [[Oscars]] jury<ref name="Oscars"/><br />
*[[Anant Pai]], comic artist, creator of [[Amar Chitra Katha]] and [[Tinkle]] comics<ref>{{Cite web|title=How Uncle Pai started Amar Chitra Katha|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/how-uncle-pai-started-amar-chitra-katha-448545|access-date=2021-09-30|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Anant Pai, The Creator Of Amar Chitra Katha Is No More|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2011/02/anant-pai-the-creator-of-amar-chitra-katha-is-no-more/|access-date=2021-09-30|website=www.bestmediaifo.com}}</ref><br />
*[[Aniruddha B. Pandit|Anniruddha Bhalchandra Pandit]], current Vice Chancellor, ICT Mumbai<br />
*[[Madhukar Parekh]], co-founder of [[Pidilite Industries]]<br />
*[[A. V. Rama Rao|Alla Venkata Rama Rao]], [[Padma Bhushan]] and [[Padma Shri]] awardee, former Director of [[Indian Institute of Chemical Technology|CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT) at Hyderabad]], Managing Director of Avra Laboratories<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-28|title=AVRA Laboratories establishes CSIR – A V Rama Rao Chairs for Translational Research|url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/avra-laboratories-establishes-csir-a-v-rama-rao-chairs-for-translational-research/|access-date=2021-09-30|website=India Education {{!}} Latest Education News {{!}} Global Educational News {{!}} Recent Educational News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-01|title=Inspiring Journey of 'no non-sense' Rama Rao—from technology to excellent entrepreneurship|url=https://www.siasat.com/inspiring-journey-of-no-non-sense-rama-rao-from-technology-to-excellent-entrepreneurship-2118823/|access-date=2021-09-30|website=The Siasat Daily|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=UDCT Diamonds|url=https://www.ictmumbai.edu.in/uploaded_files/UDCT_Diamonds.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927223010/https://www.ictmumbai.edu.in/uploaded_files/UDCT_Diamonds.pdf|archive-date=27 September 2021|access-date=5 August 2021|website=Institute of Chemical Technology}}</ref><br />
*[[Doraiswami Ramkrishna]], professor at [[Purdue University]]<ref name="Doraiswami_Ramkrishna" /><ref name=":1" /><br />
*[[Vivek Ranade]], [[chemical engineer]], [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] awardee<br />
*[[Kallam Anji Reddy]], [[Padma Bhushan]] and [[Padma Shri]] awardee, founder of [[Dr. Reddy's Laboratories]]<ref name=":1" /><br />
*Shirish Sankhe, senior partner, [[McKinsey & Company]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shirish Sankhe |url=https://www.weforum.org/people/shirish-sankhe/ |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref><br />
*[[Homi Sethna]], [[Nuclear chemistry|nuclear scientist]], Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri awardee, former chairman of the [[Atomic Energy Commission of India]]<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Menon|first1=Meena|last2=Subramanian|first2=T. S.|date=2010-09-07|title=Sethna - the man who dared to dream|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Sethna-the-man-who-dared-to-dream/article15905378.ece|access-date=2021-09-30|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|agency=PTI|date=Sep 6, 2010|title=Former Atomic Energy Commission chairman Homi N Sethna passes away {{!}} India News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/former-atomic-energy-commission-chairman-homi-n-sethna-passes-away/articleshow/6506075.cms|access-date=2021-09-30|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><br />
*[[Manubhai Shah]], former Cabinet Minister of Commerce, [[Government of India]]<ref name="Manubhai_Shah" /><ref name=":1" /><br />
*[[Man Mohan Sharma]], [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]], renowned [[chemical engineer]], [[Padma Vibhushan]] and [[Padma Bhushan]] awardee, [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] prize awardee, former Director of ICT Mumbai<ref name=":1" /><br />
*[[Narotam Sekhsaria]], philanthropist, chairman of [[ACC (company)|ACC Cement]] and [[Ambuja Cements|Ambuja Cement Group]]<br />
* [[Chandreshekhar Sonwane]], Indian-American rocket scientist<br />
*[[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], [[playback singer]]<br />
*Shreehas Tambe, CEO and Managing Director of [[Biocon|Biocon Biologics]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shreehas Tambe takes charge as Deputy CEO of Biocon Biologics |url=https://www.biospectrumindia.com/news/66/18189/shreehas-tambe-takes-charge-as-deputy-ceo-of-biocon-biologics.html |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=www.biospectrumindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-08-08 |title=Shreehas Tambe, COO, Biocon Biologics receives UAA-ICT Distinguished Alumnus Award (Professional) 2020 |url=https://www.expresspharma.in/shreehas-tambe-coo-biocon-biologics-receives-uaa-ict-distinguished-alumnus-award-professional-2020/ |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=Express Pharma |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-05 |title=Shreehas Tambe appointed as MD & CEO of Biocon Biologics |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/shreehas-tambe-appointed-as-md-ceo-of-biocon-biologics-355265-2022-12-05 |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
*[[Bal Dattatreya Tilak]], [[Padma Bhushan]] awardee, and director of [[National Chemical Laboratory]], Pune<ref name=":1" /><br />
*[[Pramod P. Wangikar]], Professor at Department of Chemical Engineering [[IIT Bombay]], N-Bios winner<br />
*[[G. D. Yadav|Ganpati Dadasaheb Yadav]], [[Padma Shri]] awardee, former Vice Chancellor, ICT Mumbai<ref>{{Cite web|title=Online faculty induction programme ends at GNDU, Amritsar|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/protest-held-in-tarn-taran-too-304781|access-date=2021-09-30|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|30em|refs=<br />
<br />
<ref name="2014_annual_report">{{cite press release |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Annual Report 2014-15 |url=http://ictmumbai.org/uploaded_files/ICT_ANNUAL_REPORT_2014-15(VOL-%201).pdf |location=Mumbai |publisher=Institute of Chemical Technology |access-date=12 June 2020 |page=186 |date=2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612225455/http://ictmumbai.org/uploaded_files/ICT_ANNUAL_REPORT_2014-15(VOL-%201).pdf |archive-date=12 June 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="2017_annual_report">{{cite press release |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Annual Report 2017-18 |url=https://www.ictmumbai.edu.in/uploaded_files/Handbook%202017-18.pdf |location=Mumbai |publisher=Institute of Chemical Technology |access-date=12 June 2020 |date=2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606063437/http://ictmumbai.edu.in/uploaded_files/Handbook%202017-18.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="2016_NAAC_report">{{cite report |url=http://www.ictmumbai.edu.in/uploaded_files/NAAC-Self_Study_Report_2016.pdf |title=NAAC-Self Study Report (2016) |publisher= NAAC |year=2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="2020_annual_report">{{cite press release|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Annual Report 2020-21|url=https://www.ictmumbai.edu.in/uploaded_files/ICT_Handbook_2020-21.pdf|location=Mumbai|publisher=Institute of Chemical Technology|access-date=23 July 2020|page=18,234|date=2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724022949/https://www.ictmumbai.edu.in/uploaded_files/ICT_Handbook_2020-21.pdf|archive-date=24 July 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="abPandit">{{cite news |title=Prof. A. B. Pandit Takes Charge as Vice Chancellor of ICT |url=http://chemindigest.com/prof-a-b-pandit-takes-charge-as-vice-chancellor-of-ict/ |access-date=14 May 2020 |work=Chemical Industry Digest |date=November 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219175443/http://chemindigest.com/prof-a-b-pandit-takes-charge-as-vice-chancellor-of-ict/ |archive-date=19 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="about">{{cite web|url=http://www.ictmumbai.edu.in/DisplayPage.aspx?page=c&ItemID=2|title=ICT Mumbai: About Us|website=www.ictmumbai.edu.in|access-date=30 April 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="Ambani_BT">{{cite journal |last1=Ambani |first1=Mukesh |title=Re-Orienting Education at UDCT |journal=The Bombay Technologist |date=2001 |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=33–35 |url=http://www.bombaytechnologist.org/index.php/bombaytechnologist/article/view/128789 |access-date=12 June 2020 |language=en |issn=0067-9925 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612215122/http://www.bombaytechnologist.org/index.php/bombaytechnologist/article/view/128789 |archive-date=12 June 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="autonomy_fpj">{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/3-mumbai-colleges-get-ugc-academic-autonomy|title=3 Mumbai colleges get UGC academic autonomy|website=Latest Indian news, Top Breaking headlines, Today Headlines, Top Stories at Free Press Journal|language=en|access-date=2019-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204204518/https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/3-mumbai-colleges-get-ugc-academic-autonomy|archive-date=4 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="BT_head">{{cite journal |last1=Yadav |first1=G. D. |title=Message |journal=The Bombay Technologist |date=2013 |volume=62 |issue=1 |page=1 |url=http://www.bombaytechnologist.org/index.php/bombaytechnologist/article/view/110861 |access-date=15 June 2020 |language=en |issn=0067-9925 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615191640/http://www.bombaytechnologist.org/index.php/bombaytechnologist/article/view/110861 |archive-date=15 June 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="btugrp">{{cite web|url=http://bombaytechnologist.org/index.php/bt/pages/view/btugrp2|title=BTUGRP|website=bombaytechnologist.org|access-date=30 April 2017|archive-date=11 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111112859/http://bombaytechnologist.org/index.php/bt/pages/view/btugrp2|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="btugrp_BT">{{cite journal |title=Creative Section |journal=The Bombay Technologist |date=31 December 2019 |volume=66 |issue=1 |page=49 |url=http://www.bombaytechnologist.org/index.php/bombaytechnologist/article/view/149381/104388 |access-date=15 June 2020 |language=en |issn=0067-9925 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615191636/http://www.bombaytechnologist.org/index.php/bombaytechnologist/article/view/149381/104388 |archive-date=15 June 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="campus">{{cite journal |title=Reflections |journal=The Bombay Technologist |date=1 January 2018 |volume=1 |pages=12–14 |url=http://www.bombaytechnologist.org/index.php/bombaytechnologist/article/view/122928 |access-date=12 June 2020 |language=en |issn=0067-9925 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612230957/http://www.bombaytechnologist.org/index.php/bombaytechnologist/article/view/122928 |archive-date=12 June 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="campus_expansion_DNA">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_matunga-college-plans-expansion_1504181 |title=Matunga college plans expansion - Mumbai - DNA |date=7 February 2011 |publisher=Dnaindia.com |access-date=6 July 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="dept_timeline">{{cite journal |title=Science News and Notes |journal=The Bombay Technologist |date=1 January 2018 |volume=1 |pages=5–6 |url=http://www.bombaytechnologist.org/index.php/bombaytechnologist/article/view/122924 |access-date=12 June 2020 |language=en |issn=0067-9925 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612230956/http://www.bombaytechnologist.org/index.php/bombaytechnologist/article/view/122924 |archive-date=12 June 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="Doraiswami_Ramkrishna">{{cite web|url=https://engineering.purdue.edu/ChE/people/ptProfile?id=11806|title=Doraiswami Ramkrishna - Davidson School of Chemical Engineering|website=Davidson School of Chemical Engineering - Purdue University|language=en|access-date=30 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411055807/https://engineering.purdue.edu/ChE/people/ptProfile?id=11806|archive-date=11 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="elite_BT">{{cite journal |last1=Yadav |first1=G. D. |title=Message |journal=The Bombay Technologist |date=2011 |volume=61 |issue=1 |page=1 |url=http://www.bombaytechnologist.org/index.php/bombaytechnologist/article/view/110886 |access-date=15 June 2020 |language=en |issn=0067-9925 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615190131/http://www.bombaytechnologist.org/index.php/bombaytechnologist/article/view/110886 |archive-date=15 June 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="elite_TOI">{{cite web|author=TNN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Institute-of-Chemical-Technology-becomes-1st-institute-to-get-states-elite-badge/articleshow/12775670.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103085052/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-21/news/31378492_1_ict-phds-indian-institutes |url-status=live |archive-date=3 January 2013 |title=Institute of Chemical Technology becomes 1st institute to get state's elite badge |date=21 April 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=6 July 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="forster_BT">{{cite journal |last1=Forster |first1=Robert |title=Editorial (1950) |journal=The Bombay Technologist |date=1 January 2018 |volume=1 |page=4 |url=http://www.bombaytechnologist.org/index.php/bombaytechnologist/article/view/122923 |access-date=12 June 2020 |language=en |issn=0067-9925 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612230959/http://www.bombaytechnologist.org/index.php/bombaytechnologist/article/view/122923 |archive-date=12 June 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="founding_VNC">{{cite book |last1=Ṭikekara |first1=Aruṇa |title=The Cloister's Pale: A Biography of the University of Mumbai |date=2006 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7991-293-5 |page=198 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dz9wl5vvKCAC |access-date=12 June 2020 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625152902/https://books.google.com/books?id=dz9wl5vvKCAC |archive-date=25 June 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="History of the Journal">{{cite journal |last1=Samant |first1=S. D. |title=History of the Journal |journal=The Bombay Technologist |date=2001 |volume=50 |pages=1–32 |url=http://bombaytechnologist.org/index.php/bombaytechnologist/article/view/128788 |access-date=12 June 2020 |location=Mumbai |language=en |issn=0067-9925 |oclc=488100710 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612225454/http://bombaytechnologist.org/index.php/bombaytechnologist/article/view/128788 |archive-date=12 June 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="Jalna_funds">{{cite news |last1=Paranjpe |first1=Shailendra |title=Devendra Fadnavis announces plethora of schemes for Marathwada |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-devendra-fadnavis-announces-plethora-of-schemes-for-marathwada-2261358 |access-date=24 July 2020 |work=DNA India |date=5 October 2016 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724183521/https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-devendra-fadnavis-announces-plethora-of-schemes-for-marathwada-2261358 |archive-date=24 July 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="jalna_BS">{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/institute-of-chemical-technology-s-marathwada-centre-to-come-118050400890_1.html|title=Institute of Chemical Technology's Marathwada centre to come|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2018-05-04|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529203021/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/institute-of-chemical-technology-s-marathwada-centre-to-come-118050400890_1.html|archive-date=29 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="jalna_PR">{{cite press release |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=ICT Jalna Campus Booklet |url=https://www.ictmumbai.edu.in/uploaded_files/ICT-Jalna-Campus-Booklet.pdf |location=Mumbai |publisher=Institute of Chemical Technology |access-date=23 July 2020 |date=2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104225737/http://ictmumbai.edu.in/uploaded_files/ICT-Jalna-Campus-Booklet.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="jalna_TOI">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/ICT-to-come-up-on-200-acres-in-Jalna/articleshow/54687271.cms|title=ICT to come up on 200 acres in Jalna - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613210744/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/ICT-to-come-up-on-200-acres-in-Jalna/articleshow/54687271.cms|archive-date=13 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="library">{{cite web|url=http://www.ictmumbai.edu.in/DisplayPage.aspx?page=q&ItemID=35|title=ICT Mumbai|website=www.ictmumbai.edu.in|access-date=26 May 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="Manubhai_Shah">{{cite journal |title=Editorial |journal=The Bombay Technologist |date=1 March 1956 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=1–2 |url=http://www.bombaytechnologist.org/index.php/bombaytechnologist/article/view/129223 |access-date=12 June 2020 |language=en |issn=0067-9925 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612223252/http://www.bombaytechnologist.org/index.php/bombaytechnologist/article/view/129223 |archive-date=12 June 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="NBA_accredit">{{cite web|url=http://www.ictmumbai.edu.in/uploaded_files/NBA_Accreditation_from_2008_to_2016.pdf|title=NBA Accreditation|date=2008}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="NIRF_accredit">{{cite web|url=http://www.ictmumbai.edu.in/NewsFiles.aspx?id=41&type=STL|title=ICT Mumbai|website=www.ictmumbai.edu.in|access-date=26 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527192357/http://ictmumbai.edu.in/NewsFiles.aspx?id=41&type=STL|archive-date=27 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]].<br />
<br />
<ref name="Nilesh_Gupta">{{cite web|url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/leadership-awards-2016/vinita-nilesh-gupta-the-yin-and-yang-of-lupin/44917/1|title=Vinita & Nilesh Gupta: The Yin and Yang of Lupin|date=25 November 2016|work=Forbes India|access-date=26 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629070047/http://www.forbesindia.com/article/leadership-awards-2016/vinita-nilesh-gupta-the-yin-and-yang-of-lupin/44917/1|archive-date=29 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="odisha_Kovind">{{Cite news|url=https://www.governancenow.com/news/psu/president-kovind-unveils-institute-of-chemical-technology-in-bhubaneswar|title=President Kovind unveils Institute of Chemical Technology in Bhubaneswar|date=2018-03-22|work=Governance Now|access-date=2018-05-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529203118/https://www.governancenow.com/news/psu/president-kovind-unveils-institute-of-chemical-technology-in-bhubaneswar|archive-date=29 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="odisha_pradhan1">{{Cite web|url=https://orissadiary.com/union-petroleum-minister-dharmendra-pradhan-inaugurates-academic-session-first-batch-m-tech-ict-mumbai-ioc-bhubaneswar-campus/|title=Union Petroleum Minister Dharmendra Pradhan inaugurates academic session of first batch of M.Tech at ICT Mumbai-IOC Bhubaneswar campus|date=2018-09-07|website=OdishaDiary|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-18}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="odisha_pradhan2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/mar/19/ict-campus-for-states-growth-union-minister-dharmendra-pradhan-1789217.html|title=ICT campus for State's growth: Union minister Dharmendra Pradhan|website=The New Indian Express|date=19 March 2018 |access-date=2019-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718235026/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/mar/19/ict-campus-for-states-growth-union-minister-dharmendra-pradhan-1789217.html|archive-date=18 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="odisha_Telegraph">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/odisha/odisha-inks-deal-for-tech-varsity-campus-186551|title=Odisha inks deal for tech varsity campus|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2018-05-28|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529203221/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/odisha/odisha-inks-deal-for-tech-varsity-campus-186551|archive-date=29 May 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="Oscars">{{cite news |last1=Merani |first1=Kumud |last2=Acharya |first2=Mosiqi |title=How this Indian chemical engineer made it to Oscar jury |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/english/audio/how-this-indian-chemical-engineer-made-it-to-oscar-jury |access-date=24 July 2020 |work=SBS Your Language |date=11 February 2020 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725005239/https://www.sbs.com.au/language/english/audio/how-this-indian-chemical-engineer-made-it-to-oscar-jury |archive-date=25 July 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="Rangotsav">{{cite web |title=APC Rangotsav 2017 - Newsroom |url=https://www.udctalumni.org.in/newsroom/news/APC-Rangotsav-2017.dz |publisher=UDCT Alumni Association (UAA) |access-date=15 June 2020 |language=en |date=February 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615190141/https://www.udctalumni.org.in/newsroom/news/APC-Rangotsav-2017.dz |archive-date=15 June 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="Rasayanam">{{cite web |title=Rasaynam |url=https://www.ictmumbai.edu.in/Chemistry/Rasayanam.pdf |publisher=ICT Mumbai |access-date=15 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101103251/http://www.ictmumbai.edu.in/Chemistry/Rasayanam.pdf |archive-date=1 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="research_CS">{{cite journal|year=2013|title=India's higher engineering education: opportunities and tough choices|url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/104/01/0055.pdf|journal=[[Current Science]]|volume=104|issue=1|pages=55–66<br />
|last=Subbarao|first=E. C.|access-date=12 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316100324/http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/104/01/0055.pdf |issn=0011-3891 |jstor=24110663|archive-date=16 March 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="research_TOI">{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Institute-of-Chemical-Technology-in-Matunga-in-race-to-become-world-class/articleshow/51900928.cms|title=Institute of Chemical Technology in Matunga in race to become world-class? - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=30 April 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="royal_soc_Bhanage">{{cite web|url=http://www.udctalumni.org.in/newsroom/news/prof-bhalchandra-m-bhanage-is-now-the-fellow-of-the-royal-society-of-chemistry-uk.dz|title=Prof. Bhalchandra M. Bhanage is now the Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry, UK |website=udctalumni.org.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="royal_soc_GDY">{{cite web|url=http://www.udctalumni.org.in/newsroom/news/Royal-Society-of-Chemistry-fellowship-to-Professor-GDYadav.dz|title=Royal Society of Chemistry fellowship to Professor G.D.Yadav|website=udctalumni.org.in}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="Samir_Mitragotri">{{cite web|url=https://www.seas.harvard.edu/news/2017/01/renowned-bioengineer-to-join-harvard-faculty|title=Renowned bioengineer to join Harvard faculty|date=23 January 2017|website=www.seas.harvard.edu|language=en|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523214521/http://www.seas.harvard.edu/news/2017/01/renowned-bioengineer-to-join-harvard-faculty|archive-date=23 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="TA_BT">{{cite journal |last1=Samant |first1=S. D. |title=Editorial |journal=The Bombay Technologist |date=December 20, 2000 |volume=49 |issue=1 |page=1 |url=http://www.bombaytechnologist.org/index.php/bombaytechnologist/article/view/129125 |access-date=15 June 2020 |language=en |issn=0067-9925 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615191638/http://www.bombaytechnologist.org/index.php/bombaytechnologist/article/view/129125 |archive-date=15 June 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="Technological_Association">{{cite web |title=Technological Association: Student Activities |url=https://www.ictmumbai.edu.in/uploaded_files/Draft%20Technological%20association.pdf |website=ictmumbai.edu.in |publisher=ICT Mumbai |access-date=15 June 2020 |date=2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615190130/https://www.ictmumbai.edu.in/uploaded_files/Draft%20Technological%20association.pdf |archive-date=15 June 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="TEXPRESSION">{{Cite web|url=https://www.udctalumni.org.in/events/event/16487.dz|title=Texquest and Texpression 2016|website=UDCT Alumni Association|language=en|access-date=2019-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221144404/https://www.udctalumni.org.in/events/event/16487.dz|archive-date=21 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="textile_grant">{{cite web | url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/MAH-MUM-ict-gets-rs-24-cr-to-study-sports-fabric-2439784.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914052403/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/MAH-MUM-ict-gets-rs-24-cr-to-study-sports-fabric-2439784.html | archive-date=14 September 2016 | title=ICT gets R 24 cr to study sports fabric | publisher=18 September 2011 | access-date=1 September 2016 | author=Santosh Andhale |work=daily.bhaskar.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="udaan_2020_may">{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=UDAAN May 2020 - Newsroom - UDCT Alumni Network |magazine=UDAAN |url=https://vaave.s3.amazonaws.com/attachments/1589953023_42a824d9dfbf43905e647825f290fb76.pdf |page=4 |publisher=UDCT Alumni Association (UAA) |location=Mumbai |date=May 20, 2020 |access-date=15 June 2020 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615204839/https://vaave.s3.amazonaws.com/attachments/1589953023_42a824d9dfbf43905e647825f290fb76.pdf |archive-date=15 June 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="ugc_report">{{cite report|title= Report of the Visiting Committee to Review the Implementation of X Plan & Assess the Requirement of XI Plan for Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai (Deemed University under Section 3 of UGC Act.)|url= https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/DUfundedUGC/InstituteChemical.pdf|page= 1|number= 181|institution= [[University Grants Commission (India)]]|date= October 15, 2009|access-date= 12 June 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200612225455/https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/DUfundedUGC/InstituteChemical.pdf|archive-date= 12 June 2020|url-status= live}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="ugc_section_4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/ugc_notices.aspx?id=2047|title=Institutions of Eminence – Report of the Empowered Expert Committee and Resolution of the Commission (UGC)|website=www.ugc.ac.in|access-date=2019-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528182800/https://www.ugc.ac.in/ugc_notices.aspx?id=2047|archive-date=28 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="Uzumcu">{{cite web | url=http://bioprepwatch.com/stories/510637452-opcw-director-general-meets-with-india-officials | title=OPCW director general meets with India officials | work=BioPrepWatch | date=10 September 2015 | access-date=1 September 2016 | author=BioPrepWatch Reports | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914135606/http://bioprepwatch.com/stories/510637452-opcw-director-general-meets-with-india-officials | archive-date=14 September 2016 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="vortex">{{cite web|url=http://www.vortexict.org/|title=Vortex 2015 - ICT, Mumbai|access-date=1 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202145553/http://www.vortexict.org/|archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{official website|http://www.ictmumbai.edu.in/}} <br />
*{{commons inline}}<br />
* [http://www.udctalumni.org.in/ UDCT Alumni Association]<br />
{{Universities in Maharashtra}}<br />
{{Institute of Chemical Technology vice-chancellors|state=collapsed}}<br />
{{Mumbai topics|state=collapsed}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Institute Of Chemical Technology}}<br />
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]<br />
[[Category:Deemed universities in India]]<br />
[[Category:Chemical research institutes]]<br />
[[Category:Chemical industry in India]]<br />
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1933]]<br />
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Universities in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:1933 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Education in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Affiliates of the University of Mumbai]]</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hot_Springs,_Chang_Chenmo_Valley&diff=503127Hot Springs, Chang Chenmo Valley2025-09-26T23:58:38Z<p>CharliVangundy: done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian border outpost in Ladakh, India}}<br />
{{About|the Indian border outpost|the Chinese border outpost|Wenquan, Changlung Valley}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Hot Springs <br />
| other_name = <br />
| native_name = Kyam<br />
| native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --><br />
| settlement_type = Border checkpost<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| etymology = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Ladakh#India<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|34.2994|78.9501<br />
|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br />
| elevation_ft = 15400<br />
| elevation_footnotes ={{sfnp|Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak|1890|p=496}}<br />
| population_total = <br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = Union territory<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Ladakh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Leh district|Leh]]<br />
| website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --><br />
}} __NOTOC__<br />
<br />
'''Hot Springs''' (traditional name: '''Kyam'''<ref name="India1883"/>) is a campsite and the location of an Indian [[border outpost]] in the [[Chang Chenmo River]] valley in [[Ladakh]] near the disputed border with [[China]]. It is so named because there is a [[hot spring]] at this location.<ref name="India1883">{{cite book |author=Geological Survey of India |title=Lydekker: The Geology of Kashmir and Chamba Territories and the British District of Khagan |series=Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India |volume=XXII |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V0D9UyEecu8C&pg=PA44 |year=1883 |publisher=Government of India |page=44 |quote=Gogra and Kyam"" In the Changchenmo valley near the halting place Gogra (Gokra) and Kyam (Kium) hot springs are numerous. ... The spring at Kyam has a temperature of 147°F.}}</ref> The [[Line of Actual Control]] near [[Kongka Pass]] is only {{convert|3|km|mi|0}} to the east.<ref name="jindal">{{Cite magazine<br />
| title = The Story of Hot Springs<br />
| first = Akash<br />
| last = Jindal<br />
| issue = Special Issue on Police Martyrdom<br />
| magazine = Indian Police Journal<br />
| issn = 0537-2429<br />
| date = Nov–Dec 2018<br />
| access-date = 4 January 2020<br />
| pages = 20–33<br />
| url = https://bprd.nic.in/WriteReadData/CMS/Spl.%20issue%20of%20IPJ.pdf<br />
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231213130539/https://bprd.nic.in/WriteReadData/CMS/Spl.%20issue%20of%20IPJ.pdf<br />
| archive-date = 13 December 2023<br />
| quote = (p. 22) Karam Singh of ITBF was assigned the task of establishing outposts near the Chinese Occupation Line ... "Hot Springs" was barely three Km far from the site where Chinese Army had intruded.<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Name ==<br />
Historically, the name for the hot spring was ''Kyam''<ref name="India1883"/> (''Kiam'', ''Kayam''<ref name="white_paper"/>). The Chinese still refer to it by this name.<ref>{{Cite web<br />
| title = 中华人民共和国外交部给印度驻华大使馆的照会（1965年9月16日）<br />
| trans-title = Note by the Chinese Foreign Ministry to the Indian Embassy in China (16 September 1965)<br />
| publisher = RedChinaCn.net<br />
| date = 2017-08-16<br />
| access-date = 4 January 2020<br />
| url = http://redchinacn.net/portal.php?mod=view&aid=33050&page=3<br />
| language = zh<br />
| quote = 基阿姆温泉建立哨所<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
[[File:Changchenmo-Valley-map-Survey-of-India-1916.jpg|thumb|left|270px|Changchenmo Valley in a Survey of India map of 1916]]<br />
Geologist [[Frederic Drew]] states that the Chang Chenmo river flows on a barren gravel bed, with occasional [[alluvium|alluvial]] patches where vegetation is found. Hot Springs is one such location. In the vicinity are also other such patches, named '''Pamzal''', [[Tsogtsalu]] (or ''Tsolu'') and [[Gogra, Ladakh|Gogra]]. They were historical halting places for travellers and trading caravans, with a supply of water, fuel and fodder. Nomadic Ladakhi graziers also used them for grazing cattle.<ref name=Drew>{{cite book |last=Drew |first=Frederic |title=The Jummoo and Kashmir Territories: A Geographical Account |url=https://archive.org/details/jummooandkashmi00drewgoog/page/n5 |year=1875 |publisher=E. Stanford |via=archive.org |pages=329–330}}</ref><br />
<br />
A large tributary called [[Kugrang River|Kugrang]] joins the Chang Chenmo River near Hot Springs. Gogra is in the valley of the Kugrang River, northwest of Hot Springs. The [[Changlung River]] flows in from the northeast to join Kugrang at this location.<ref name=Drew/><ref name="Ward1896"><br />
{{cite book |last=Ward |first=A.E. |title=The Tourist's And--sportsman's Guide to Kashmir and Ladak, &c |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3opNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA106 |year=1896 |publisher=Thacker, Spink |page=106 |quote=The Changlung stream joins the Kugrang near Gogra}}<br />
</ref><ref name="Hayward1870"><br />
{{cite journal |last1=Hayward |first1=G. W. |title=Journey from Leh to Yarkand and Kashgar, and Exploration of the Sources of the Yarkand River |journal=Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London |volume=40 |year=1870 |pages=33–37 |issn=0266-6235 |doi=10.2307/1798640 |jstor=1798640 |quote=(p. 33) 'Kiam' and 'Gogra' located near bottom of last map insert ... (p. 37) Chang Chenmo is now well known, being visited every year by at least half-a-dozen officers on long leave to Kashmir. The game to be found...}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
According to the ''Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak'', there are "celebrated" hot springs at Kyam, which were visited by the Ladakhis of the [[Pangong Tso|Pangong]] district and the Tibetans of the [[Rudok]] district. The water had a temperature of {{cvt|179|F|C}} in August and was suffused with soda and sulphur. The local people believed that it was beneficial for ailments like rheumatism.{{sfnp|Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak|1890|pp=496–497}} The springs are believed to arise from the geological fault represented by the Changchenmo Valley, which separates the Paleozoic, Triassic and Jurassic rocks of the Karakoram range to the north from the older Paleozoic rocks to the south.<ref>{{citation |first=Emil |last=Trinkler |title=Notes on the Westernmost Plateaux of Tibet |journal=The Himalayan Journal |volume=3 |year=1931 |url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/03/5/notes-on-the-westernmost-plateaux-of-tibet/}}</ref>{{efn|The Changchenmo depression is now recognized as a geological fault called the ''Longmu Co fault'', part of the larger Longmu–Gozha Co fault system.<ref><br />
{{cite journal |last1=Chevalier |first1=Marie-Luce |last2=Pan |first2=Jiawei |last3=Li |first3=Haibing |last4=Sun |first4=Zhiming |last5=Liu |first5=Dongliang |last6=Pei |first6=Junling |last7=Xu |first7=Wei |last8=Wu |first8=Chan |title=First tectonic-geomorphology study along the Longmu–Gozha Co fault system, Western Tibet |journal=Gondwana Research |volume=41 |year=2017 |pages=411–424 |issn=1342-937X |doi=10.1016/j.gr.2015.03.008|bibcode=2017GondR..41..411C }}<br />
</ref>}}<br />
<br />
==Transport==<br />
<br />
Within India, it is reachable via [[Tsogtsalu]], which is further connected to mainland India via two motorable roads, the "[[Chang Chenmo River#PMTHR|Phobrang-Marsimik La-Tsogtsalu-Hot Springs Road]]" (PMTHR) or "Marsimik La Road" via [[Phobrang]]-[[Marsimik La]]-Tsogstsalu to Hot Springs,<ref name=etau2>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/jul/22/india-boosts-road-links-to-lac-standoff-points-2479299.html India boosts road links to LAC standoff points], Indian Express, 2 July 2023.</ref><ref name=etau4>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/forbidden-zones-in-ladakh-to-soon-welcome-tourists/articleshow/100512677.cms | title=Forbidden zones in Ladakh to soon welcome tourists | newspaper=Times of India | date=26 May 2023}}</ref><ref name=IE>{{cite news |title=Amid Doklam standoff, MHA asks BRO to build stand-alone road for access to vantage points |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=23 August 2017 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/mha-asks-bro-to-build-stand-alone-road-for-access-to-vantage-points-4809356/}}</ref> and via the other alternate route the 55 km long "[[Chang Chenmo River#CTR|Changchenmo-Tsogtsalu Road]]" (CTR) from confluence of [[Chang Chenmo River|Changchenmo]] & [[Shyok River]] to Tsogtsalu.<ref name="etau1">{{Cite news |last=Vishnoi |first=Anubhuti |date=2023-08-03 |title=Over 20 Strategic Roads Close to LAC have Year-end Deadline |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/epaper/delhicapital/2023/aug/03/et-poli/over-20-strategic-roads-close-to-lac-have-year-end-deadline/articleshow/102366166.cms |access-date=2024-10-30 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
In the late 1800s, the Maharaja [[Ranbir Singh (Maharaja)|Ranbir Singh]] at the request of the British made improvements to the trails and facilities of the Gogra campsite in order to improve trade with Yarkand.<ref>{{cite book |title=Accounts and Papers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IStcAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA5-PA25 |series=East India |volume=XLIX |date=1874 |publisher=House of Commons, British Parliament |pages=23–33 |quote=(p. 23) From Gogra there are two routes to Shadula in Yarkand (p. 33) Every endeavour has been made to improve the Changchenmo route--serais having been built at some places, and depots of grain established as far as Gogra}}</ref> The valley was also a popular hunting spot for British officers on leave.<ref name="Hayward1870"/><ref>{{cite magazine |author=H.I.N. |title=Sport in the Changchenmo Valley, Ladakh. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TX9IAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PR4 |volume=15 |year=1902 |publisher=Hudson & Kearns |page=iv |magazine=[[The Navy and Army Illustrated]] |location=London}}</ref><br />
<br />
In Autumn 1959, the [[Kongka Pass incident]] occurred near here. At the time, the [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF) personnel{{efn |The units manning the post were called "Indo-Tibetan Border Force" but they were regular members of the CRPF.<ref>[https://www.police.gov.in/content/martyr-detail/index.php?id=7901 Martyrs of CRPF]{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, police.gov.in (Indian Police web site), Retrieved 29 January 2020.</ref> The present [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]] was raised later in 1962.}} were given the mandate of constructing this camp.<ref name="jindal"/> During the construction, the scouting team was captured by the [[People's Liberation Army|PLA]] who had advanced to Kongka Pass since the previous years. On 21 October, the search team tasked to find the missing scouts encountered the Chinese and were caught in a firefight. That led to the death of 9 members during the firefight and 1 member later due to his injuries.{{Efn|[[B. N. Mullik]] dedicated his book "The Chinese Betrayal" to the nine policemen who lost their lives on 21 October 1959 near Hot Springs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mullik |first=BN |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3408 |title=My Years with Nehru--The Chinese Betrayal |publisher=Allied |year=1971 |pages=Dedication page |quote=To the memory of THE NINE POLICEMEN (capitalization in text) who were killed by the Chinese near Hotsprings in Ladakh on October 21, 1959, and who, by their supreme sacrifice, made the country aware of the true nature of Communist China. |via=archive.org and PAHAR}}</ref>|name=|group=}}<ref name="white_paper">{{Cite web<br />
| title = Notes, Memoranda and letters Exchanged and Agreements signed between The Governments of India and China <br />
| work = White Paper III<br />
| publisher = Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India<br />
| via = [[Claude Arpi]]<br />
| date = November 1959 – March 1960<br />
| access-date = 4 January 2020<br />
| url = http://www.claudearpi.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/WhitePaper3NEW.pdf<br />
| quote = [Chinese interrogation of Karam Singh] We established a checkpost at Kayam and we had to establish one at Shamul Lungpa. On 20th October, 1959, our two men missed. On the morning of 21st October 1959 Tyagi took 60 men and reached the hill (battle field). ... [Indian debriefing of Karam Singh] we had inadequate cover and the Chinese were in a favourable position ... five of us were made to carry the dead body of a Chinese soldier who had been killed.}}</ref><ref name="bhatnagar">{{Cite magazine |title=Hot Springs: Saga of Heroism |first=R.R. |last=Bhatnagar |issue=Special Issue on Police Martyrdom |magazine=Indian Police Journal |issn=0537-2429 |date=Nov–Dec 2018 |access-date=4 January 2020 |pages=16 |url=http://bprd.nic.in/WriteReadData/CMS/Spl.%20issue%20of%20IPJ.pdf |quote=Fighting gallantly nine men laid down their lives and ten were wounded. Later on, one of the injured also succumbed to his injuries. ... Seven men were taken Prisoners of War by PLA }} </ref> They have been since honored as martyrs by the [[law enforcement in India]] annually on this day. In the 1960s, a Police Memorial was erected here at Hot Springs.<ref name="bhatnagar1"> {{Cite magazine |title=Hot Springs: Saga of Heroism |first=R.R. |last=Bhatnagar |issue=Special Issue on Police Martyrdom |magazine=Indian Police Journal |issn=0537-2429 |date=Nov–Dec 2018 |access-date=4 January 2020 |pages=14–19 |url=http://bprd.nic.in/WriteReadData/CMS/Spl.%20issue%20of%20IPJ.pdf |quote=(p. 17) Ceremonial Homage being paid at Hot Springs Memorial in 1960's (p. 18) The day 21st Oct is befittingly observed as "Police Commemoration Day" and every year, members of police forces from different parts of the country trek to Hot Springs which is currently manned by ITBP to pay homage to the brave hearts who made the supreme sacrifice on 21st October 1959. }}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{chinese<br />
|s=（基阿姆）温泉<br />
|t=（基阿姆）溫泉<br />
|p=(Jī ā mǔ) wēnquán<br />
}}<br />
* [[Hot Springs, Changlung Valley]]<br />
* [[Jianan Pass]] – a border pass in the Kugrang Valley, sometimes called "Hot Springs".<ref>Snehesh Alex Philip, [https://theprint.in/defence/14th-round-of-military-talks-fails-to-break-hot-springs-logjam-breakthrough-likely-next-time/802551/ 14th round of military talks fails to break Hot Springs logjam, breakthrough 'likely next time'], The Print, 13 January 2022.</ref><br />
* [[Tourism in Ladakh#Hot|List of hot springs in Ladakh]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
* {{citation |title=Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43256/page/n7 |publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing |location=Calcutta |year=1890 |ref={{sfnref|Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak|1890}}}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
* [https://twitter.com/itbp_official/status/921656686263201792 Remembering supreme sacrifice of martyrs of CRPF on this day at Hot springs, Ladakh in 1959] - ITBP Twitter<br />
[[Category:Chang Chenmo Valley]]</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammed_Hamid_(preacher)&diff=518157Mohammed Hamid (preacher)2025-09-16T14:07:18Z<p>CharliVangundy: adding a data v1.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|British-Tanzanian man convicted for a 2005 London bombing attempt}}<br />
<!-- Indefinite article since there was more than one such incident in 2005, and this was not the most famous one --><br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{BLP sources|date=May 2017}}<br />
{{tone|date=November 2023}}}}<br />
{{Infobox criminal<br />
| name = Mohammed Hamid<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1957}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Tanzania]]<br />
| death_date = <!-- {{death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) --><br />
| death_place = <br />
| other_names = <!-- Osama bin London is just a silly tabloid nickname, not a real alternative name --><br />
| education = <br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| occupation = <br />
| years_active = <br />
| organization = <br />
| known_for = Training the perpetrators of the [[21 July 2005 London bombings|attempted bombings in London on 21 July 2005]]<br />
| notable_works = <br />
| movement = <br />
| opponents = <br />
| criminal_charge = Three counts of training terrorists, three counts of soliciting murder, two counts of drug abuse<br />
| conviction_penalty = Prison indefinitely (11.5 years minimum)<br />
| conviction_status = <br />
| spouse = <!-- Do not include unless notable or relevant to the crime involved --><br />
| children = <!-- (as above) --><br />
| parents = <!-- (as above) --><br />
| relatives = <br />
| awards = <br />
| website = <br />
| allegiance = <!-- [[Lucchese crime family]] (only?) --><br />
| motive = <br />
| conviction = <br />
| trial = <!-- Only use this if the trial is bluelinked, e.g. Mafia Commission Trial --><br />
| trial_start = <br />
| trial_end = <br />
| reward_amount = <br />
| capture_status = <br />
| wanted_by = <br />
| partners = <br />
| wanted_since = <br />
| time_at_large = <br />
| escaped = <br />
| escape_end = <br />
| comments = <br />
| victims = <br />
| date = <br />
| time = <br />
| beginyear = <br />
| endyear = <br />
| country = <br />
| states = <br />
| locations = <br />
| targets = <br />
| fatalities = <br />
| injuries = <br />
| weapons = <br />
| apprehended = <br />
| imprisoned = <br />
}}<br />
'''Mohammed Hamid''' (born 1957 in [[Tanzania]]) is a British citizen and [[Islamist extremist]] convicted of training the perpetrators of the [[21 July 2005 London bombings|attempted bombings in London on 21 July 2005]].<ref name=":4" /><!-- Not a high-quality source per [[WP:DAILYMIRROR]]. --> He became radicalised<!-- when? --> and was a follower of the Jamaican extremist cleric [[Abdullah el-Faisal]]. He called himself "Osama Bin London" to an officer who was arresting him, and the nickname became popular in the press during his trial.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
There has been some questioning of the validity of his conviction. His training of those involved in the attacks was reported to consist of taking young men on camping trips and to paintball games at recreation centres and conducting late-night conversations with them in the living room of his home.<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Born in 1957 to an Indian Muslim family then residing in Tanzania, Hamid – known as "Babou" to his family of four brothers and seven sisters – immigrated to the United Kingdom at age&nbsp;5.<ref name=Members787469>{{cite web |title=Profiles: The terror gang members |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/profiles-the-terror-gang-members-787469.html |date=26 February 2008 |work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> His parents and relatives were engaged in the clothing trade in [[Batley]], West Yorkshire. In 1960, Hamid was sent to live with his elder brother in [[Hackney, London|Hackney]], London.<ref name=":2" /> Hamid gained a reputation for petty criminality, serving multiple sentences in juvenile detention (borstal);<ref name=Members787469/> he dropped out of school to work at a garage, but his criminal career continued, and he entered the adult prison system for robbery.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /> <br />
<br />
His first marriage, apparently unregistered, was to an Afro-Caribbean woman named Linda with whom he had a son and a daughter.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
After separating from his common-law wife around 1990 and becoming the caretaker of his two children, Hamid became addicted to [[crack cocaine]], which he blamed for his criminal behaviour; when asked about his addiction history at trial, he told the court that his addiction compelled him to abandon his children and sell everything to sustain his habit.<ref name=":2" /> <br />
<br />
He later said that at some point during this period,<!-- when? --> he was saved from continuing his life as a drug user and ordinary criminal when he happened visit a mosque with his brother.<ref name=":2" /> To fix his addiction, he moved to India where he met and married his second wife, a committed Muslim.<ref name=Members787469/><ref name=":2" /> The couple settled in Hamid's [[council flat]] in [[Clapton, London|Clapton]], London. As the couple had four children, Hamid began coaching youth sports. Hamid became ever more radical in his religious beliefs, adopting Muslim garb, preaching at [[Speakers' Corner]] in [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]], and – in 1996 – opening an Islamist bookshop which became the foundation of his radicalised activities.<br />
<br />
== Life after radicalisation ==<br />
The death of Muhammad Hamid's father<!-- when was that? --> and his new life with his second wife was a big factor in his new dedication to the Islam religion. He also was known to sometimes take drugs during this time.<!-- when? --> He opened an Islamic bookshop called al-Koran in the Clapton area of east London, and started attending rallies at Speakers' Corner after the [[9/11 attacks]] in 2001. He devoted his life to living by his religion of Islam and wore traditional gowns. It was during this time when he began to become increasingly radical and vocal. After attending many rallies and reaching out to Muslim individuals, Hamid became a disciple of the radical preacher [[Abdullah el-Faisal]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/mohamed-hamid-from-petty-criminal-to-tutor-of-terrorists-8638594.html|title=Mohamed Hamid: From petty criminal to tutor of terrorists|date=30 May 2013|work=The Independent|access-date=2017-04-06|language=en-GB}}</ref> He eventually started to rise the ranks and assemble his own terrorist cell.<br />
<br />
== 21 July 2005 London bombing attempt ==<br />
{{main|21 July 2005 London attempted bombings}}<br />
On Thursday 21 July 2005, four men attempted to bomb parts of London's transportation system, but were unsuccessful. The attempted bombings occurred around midday at the [[Shepherd's Bush tube station|Shepherd's Bush]], [[Warren Street tube station|Warren Street]] and [[Oval tube station|Oval]] stations in the [[London Underground]] rapid transit system. There was also an attempt to explode a bomb on a bus in [[Bethnal Green]]. The bombs failed to explode, and no one was injured (other than one person having an [[asthma attack]]). The attempted bombers fled the scenes after their devices failed to explode, and the police operated a manhunt to find them, and shot and killed one innocent man after misidentifying him as a suspected bomber. The four attackers, [[Muktar Ibrahim]], 27,<!-- born 24 January 1978, arrested with Ramzi Mohammed on 29 July 2005 --> [[Yassin Omar]], 22,<!-- born 1 January 1983, arrested 27 July 2005 in Birmingham --> [[Ramzi Mohammed]], 24,<!-- born 18 August 1981, arrested with Muktar Ibrahim 29 July 2005 --> and [[Hussain Osman]], 26,<!-- born 27 July 1978, arrested 29 July 2005 at his brother-in-law's apartment in Rome, Italy, so 26 at time of bombing attempt and 27 when arrested 8 days later --> were arrested about a week<!-- 6 days for three of them, 8 days for Osman --> after the bombing attempt and were found guilty of conspiracy to murder.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Bowcott |first=Owen |date=2008-02-26 |title=Profiles: Mohammed Hamid and his followers |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/feb/26/uksecurity.july7 |access-date=2017-04-06 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> They were each sentenced to life imprisonment, with a minimum of 40 years' imprisonment.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
Mohammed Hamid and another man named Mousa Brown were arrested for their relationship with the attempted bombers. Mousa Brown was later found not guilty of all charges. However, police said that Mohammed Hamid played a crucial role in training/preparing the young men who were involved in the bombing attempt.<ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
Hamid was found not guilty of providing weapons training at camps.<ref name=":0"/> No evidence was presented of him possessing or handling weapons or providing any weapon-specific training or operation-specific training. As described by the [[BBC]], his "training" of those involved in the attacks was reported to consist of taking young men on camping trips around the UK and conducting late-night conversations with them in the living room of his home.<ref name=":0"/><br />
<br />
== Sentencing ==<br />
After a five-month trial at the Wollwich crown court, Mohammad Hamid was found guilty of training terrorists in secret camps, abusing drugs, and conspiring.<ref name=":3" /> This case trial was the first to deal with a new offence under the Terrorism Act of 2006: attending a place for terrorist training. He was arrested, along with fourteen other men after the 2005 London bombings and for providing terrorist training. Hamid was recorded telling his terrorist recruits that he had wanted to see many atrocities before the 2012 Olympics and hailed the September 11 hijackers.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Mirror.co.uk |date=2008-02-26 |title=Islamist preacher Mohammed Hamid found guilty of organising terrorist training camps |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/islamist-preacher-mohammed-hamid-found-295331 |access-date=6 April 2017 |work=[[Daily Mirror]]}}</ref> The court ruled that there was evidence that Mohammed Hamid had a relationship with the four attempted bombers and did in fact train them. On 26 February 2008 Hamid was found guilty on three counts of providing terrorist training and three counts of soliciting murder.<ref name=":0" /> The court also ruled that he was guilty of providing terrorist training to the individuals responsible for the London bombing attempt at a remote location in the New Forest in April 2006 and at a Berkshire paint balling centre in June 2006. However, the jury at [[Woolwich Crown Court]] found him not guilty of providing weapons training. Hamid was said to have been training the attempted bombers through camping trips around the UK and paintball games at recreation centres and to have been encouraging others to murder non-believers.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/feb/26/uksecurity|title=Preacher guilty of organising terror training camps|last=Bowcott|first=Owen|date=2008-02-26|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-04-06|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Mohammed Hamid was sentenced indefinitely with a minimum of seven and a half years for the protection of the public.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1579915/Mohammed-Hamid-is-evil-personified.html |title=Mohammed Hamid 'is evil personified' |last=Gardham|first=Duncan|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=6 April 2017 |language=en |url-access=subscription}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Controversy ==<br />
There has been controversy over the imprisonment of Mohammed Hamid. Some claim that Mohammed Hamid is one of the many victims of Britain's war on terror who has been sent to prison mainly for their Islamic religion. There has been debate that there has not been sufficient evidence to prove that camping and practicing paintball was enough to convict Hamid of training terrorists. Furthermore, the counts of drug abuse had little to no evidence. When asked about his act of reaching out to many young Muslims, Hamid claimed that he was trying to offer support to Muslims because they were vulnerable after the 9/11 attack.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7256859.stm|title=Top terror recruiter found guilty|website=BBC News|date=26 February 2008 |access-date=2017-04-06}}</ref> Along with other supporters, Mohammed's daughter Yasmin has launched a campaign to demand freedom for her father. She and the supporters claim that Mohammed Hamid had no relations with the London 21/7 attack and claimed Mohammed had been wrongly imprisoned. Mousa Brown had been accused and charged under the 2006 terrorism act for providing terrorist training and receiving terrorist training. The reason for these charges was for his involvement in the sport of paint balling at the locations where Mohammed trained. Later his charges were dropped but there have been claims that Mohammed Hamid was wrongly accused and imprisoned for his Muslim background and has become a victim of prejudice against Muslims.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://news.bbc.co.uk/player/nol/newsid_7210000/newsid_7213500/7213525.stm?bw=bb&mp=wm&asb=1&news=1&bbcws=1 Don't Panic, I'm Islamic] – Mohammed Hamid paintballing on the BBC<br />
* [http://freehamid.blogspot.com Free Mohammed Hassan Hamid Campaign] website<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hamid, Mohammed}}<br />
[[Category:1957 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Tanzanian emigrants to the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:British people convicted of robbery]]<br />
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of England and Wales]]<br />
[[Category:Tanzanian people of Indian descent]]<br />
[[Category:British people of Indian descent]]<br />
[[Category:Perpetrators of the July 2005 London bombings]]<br />
[[Category:British prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment]]<br />
[[Category:British Islamists]]<br />
[[Category:People convicted on terrorism charges]]<br />
[[Category:People convicted of attempted murder]]<br />
[[Category:British people convicted of drug offences]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Islamists]]</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amir_Hussain_Lone&diff=485984Amir Hussain Lone2025-07-27T09:17:53Z<p>CharliVangundy: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Kashmiri cricketer (born 1990)}}<br />
{{Undisclosed paid|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox cricketer<br />
| name = Amir Hussaim<br />
| image = Amir Hussain Armless Cricketer.jpg<br />
| caption = Amir Hussaim Lone, an armless cricketer from Kashmir<br />
| fullname = Amir Hussain Lone <br />
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1990}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Bijbehara]], [[Anantnag district]], Jammu & Kashmir, India<br />
<br />
| club1 = Jammu and Kashmir para-cricket team<br />
| year1 = 2013-present<br />
| source = {{cn|date=February 2023}}<br />
| date = 16 January <br />
| year = 2023<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Amir Hussaimi Lone''' (born 1990) is an Indian cricketer from Bijbehara village in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=With no arms, Bijbehara youth bowls, bats, washes, writes, eats, inspires to dream|url=http://risingkashmir.com/with-no-arms-bijbehara-youth-bowls-bats-washes-writes-eats-inspires-to-dream-|date=6 April 2021|work=[[Rising Kashmir]]|access-date=10 January 2023}}</ref> He is known for being an armless cricketer<ref>{{Cite news|title=Amir Hussain Lone, a Cricketer Without Hands But Not Courage|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/amir-hussain-lone-a-cricketer-without-hands-but-not-courage-1486489|date=4 March 2016|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=10 January 2023}}</ref> and the captain of the Jammu and Kashmir para-cricket team.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Despite losing both his arms at 8, Amir Hussain Lone has mastered cricket|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/disability-35820086|date=16 March 2016|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=10 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Raj |first1=Rohan |title=Between Bullets & Death: The Story Of These J&K Cricketers Is An Inspiration For All Youth |url=https://www.mensxp.com/sports/cricket/39589-between-bullets-death-the-story-of-these-j-k-cricketers-is-an-inspiration-for-all-youth.html |access-date=16 January 2023 |work=MensXP |date=14 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524100030/https://www.mensxp.com/sports/cricket/39589-between-bullets-death-the-story-of-these-j-k-cricketers-is-an-inspiration-for-all-youth.html |archive-date=24 May 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Lone lost his hand at the age of 8 in 1997, due to his family's sawmill.<ref>{{Cite news|title=In pictures: The remarkable tale of Aamir Hussain Lone, the armless Indian cricketer|url=https://sport360.com/gallery/international-cricket/178800/in-pictures-the-remarkable-tale-of-aamir-hussain-lone-the-armless-indian-cricketer|date=18 May 2016|work=Sports360|access-date=10 January 2023}}</ref> Despite this setback, he still began playing cricket with his legs and quickly became known for his unique and innovative style of play.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Playing cricket with no arms|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35884363.amp|date=27 March 2016|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=10 January 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2013, Lone's team played in [[Delhi]] against the Kerala cricket team. He made headlines for his performance, as he was able to bat by putting his bat between his neck and chin and bowl with his legs.<br />
<br />
<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kashmir Man Who Was Told He Was 'As Good As Dead' After Losing Both Arms Is Now a Cricket Star|url=https://people.com/sports/amir-hussain-lone-kashmir-man-with-no-arms-becomes-cricket-star/|date=1 April 2016|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|access-date=10 January 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lone, Amir Hussain}}<br />
[[Category:Cricketers from Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:1990 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Bijbehara]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-cricket-bio-1990-stub}}</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=K._P._Rao&diff=506969K. P. Rao2025-07-19T02:31:51Z<p>CharliVangundy: done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian academic/software developer (born 1940)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = K. P. Rao<br />
| image = Kprao.png<br />
| alt = K P Rao<br />
| caption = Rao in 2023<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1940|02|29}}<br />
| birth_place = Kinnikambala, India<br />
| death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) --><br />
| death_place = <br />
| other_names = <br />
| occupation = Retired professor<br />
| employer = Manipal Institute of Technology<br />
| years_active = <br />
| known_for = Kannada computing<br />
| notable_works = Sediyapu, later became popular as KGP Nudi<ref>{{cite web|title=Kannada Rajyotsava|url=http://www.cmrit.ac.in/event/kannada-rajyotsava|publisher=[[CMR Institute of Technology]]|access-date=26 June 2016|archive-date=11 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811193221/http://www.cmrit.ac.in/event/kannada-rajyotsava|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
| awards = {{ubl|Nudisiri award - 2009<br />
|Nadoja (Teacher of State) - 2013<br />
|Karnataka Rajyotsava Award - 2013<br />
|Eminent Aloysian - 2016<br />
|Presidential Print Award by All India Federation of Master Printers - 2021}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kinnikambala Padmanabha Rao''' (born 29 February 1940) is a retired [[professor]] at [[Manipal Institute of Technology]]. Commonly known as '''K. P. Rao''', he is credited with the development of the Kannada keyboard<ref>[[:commons:File:Kannada_Keyboard_Layout_KPRao_(Nudi-KGP).png, 2012-02-11]]{{Circular reference|date=May 2022}}</ref> and software to use [[Kannada]] language on computers, thereby effectively paving the way for the expansion of the use of other Indian languages in software.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/31/stories/2002103100190300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030324215358/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/31/stories/2002103100190300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2003-03-24|title=Program's progress|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=2002-10-31|access-date=2018-11-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vishvakannada.com/uncategorized/from-font-to-data/|title=From font to data|website=vishvakannada.com|access-date=2020-02-13}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
<br />
Rao was born in a remote village near [[Mangalore]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Panini of Modern times: Prof. K P Rao |work=KnowYourStar |date=20 April 2013 |access-date=8 June 2021 |url=http://knowyourstar.com/2013/04/20/k-p-rao-interview/ }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> From a young age, he was influenced by the diversity of language and culture that was around him, specifically [[Sufi music]], [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] church services, and the temple [[bhajan]]s.<br />
<br />
Kinnikambla is a multilingual and multi-ethnic village where people coexist despite their religious and cultural differences. The village is inhabited by [[Hindus]], [[Muslims]], and [[Christians]] with all their [[Caste system in India|castes]] and sub-castes. The languages spoken are Hyderabdi-Dakahani [[Urdu]], Bambaiya [[Hindi]], three or four varieties of [[Konkani language|Konkani]], four varieties of [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Kannada]], and English. Rao believes that this diversity has enhanced the process of receiving knowledge from any linguistic source rather easy.<br />
<br />
In school, he was surrounded by the finest teachers who encouraged learning by doing. Rao had to attend high school and college 20&nbsp;km away from home and would travel using the public bus service. While at college, he spent a lot of time at the college library and also attended most of the public meetings including [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru's]] [[Political campaign|election campaign]] speeches and Swami Chinmayananda's Geeta Jnana Yajnas. He also worked part-time as an accounts keeper in motor garages and as a proof reader in printing presses. These experiences have influenced in shaping Rao's career.<br />
<br />
Rao completed his [[Bachelor of Science]] in [[chemistry]] from [[St. Aloysius College, Mangaluru|St. Aloysius College, Mangalore]].<br />
<br />
==Career and mentorship==<br />
===Bhabha Atomic Research Centre ===<br />
Immediately after graduation, Rao proceeded to [[Mumbai|Bombay]] and took up small jobs for a few months. He joined the third batch of the Training School of Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay of the [[Department of Atomic Energy]] in August 1959. The Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay was renamed [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC) after the demise of Dr. [[Homi J. Bhabha|Homi Bhabha]]. While he was trained as a chemist, he enjoyed [[mathematics]], [[quantum chemistry]], [[electronics]], and [[semiconductor]]s.<br />
<br />
It is here that Rao learnt and practiced new methods of learning, using the libraries of [[TIFR]] (Institute of Science, Bombay) and AEET's Chemistry Division extensively. During this time, he also came in close association with [[Shrinivasa Shridhar Dharmatti|S. S. Dharmatti]], [[Asok Kumar Ganguly|A. K. Ganguly]], [[Raja Ramanna]], PR Dastidar and others.<br />
<br />
After completion training, Rao took up a job assignment in the electronics division of the BARC. While at BARC, he had the distinction of working alongside scientists like [[Homi J. Bhabha|Homi Bhabha]] and [[D D Kosambi]]. Rao was enchanted with Kosambi's ideas of continuous learning. To his day, Rao ensures he completes a course online every two months.<br />
<br />
His main work was on semiconductor materials and crystal growing and processing. That was a time when most of the equipment had to be built in-house. Crystal growing systems, zone refining systems, furnaces, compound semiconductors, junction laser devices, thermo-electric systems were all home- made.<br />
<br />
During this time, he also worked on rocket and weaponry systems.<br />
<br />
===ECIL and Dharwar===<br />
In 1968 and as a part of the small team to do so, he moved to [[Hyderabad]] from BARC to set up the [[Electronics Corporation of India Limited|Electronics Corporation of India]]. After a short stint, he found the place difficult and went to start a semiconductor activity of his own in Dharwar manufacturing [[silicon controlled rectifier]]s. The effort did not succeed and he found limitations in both the fields, technical and commercial. Dharwar exposed Rao to diverse fields of knowledge and enabled him to form a friendship with literature enthusiasts and writers. This was where he met Dr. [[Shankar Mokashi Punekar]] and his assistance in writing the book on Indus Valley Seals is mentioned in the Preface of the book<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mokashi-Punekar|first=Shankar|title=Mohenjodaro seals, read and identified|date=1984|publisher=Caxton Publications|location=Delhi|language=English|oclc=12552871}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Tata Press===<br />
Rao found refuge in the Tata Press limited, Bombay as a service engineer of electronics equipment and innovative use of [[Digital printing|electronic printing]] equipment.{{When|date=September 2021}} Here, he modified the English photo [[typesetting]] equipment to photo compose Indian scripts. The first electronically composed book in the [[Indus script]] was produced at Tata Press. Tata Press purchased a [[Computer font|digital font]] based typesetting machine from Alpha Type, a Chicago-based electronics company. Rao was deputed to Chicago to learn about the maintenance of this machine. While in Chicago, he travelled to [[Stanford University|Stanford]] to commission a machine for Prof. [[Donald Knuth]]. He continued to innovate and made possible early scanners for printing, digital types for Indian scripts, [[pagination]] programs, photo chemical procedures in printing and many more. One of the first tasks assigned in Tata Press was a solution to the problem of creating a font of Indus Valley Seal Symbols for a typesetting machine.<ref>{{Cite web|title=I Mahadevan — a catalyst in Titan's founding|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/books/i-mahadevan-a-catalyst-in-titans-founding/article25648810.ece|access-date=2021-09-27|website=@businessline|date=2 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Monotype===<br />
Rao joined Monotype, a British firm known in the field of printing as the pioneer of mechanized type and automated composition.{{When|date=June 2021}} They also made and sold the first ever laser based typesetter, Laser Comp. Monotype. India had plans to make a table top type setting machine in collaboration with Alpha Type, Chicago. Rao shifted to Bangalore where Monotype India had its manufacturing facility. He visited Chicago, Monotype headquarters at Sussex and Monotype Advanced Development group at Cambridge Industrial park. Discussions with Dr. David Hedgeland followed. Alphatype were not amenable to parting with their digital machines and he hence reluctantly agreed for an 8080-based mechanical setter. The laser comp was adapted to set Indian scripts and the phonetic input system was developed. The first machines to use such an input system were in Telugu in the year 1982.<br />
<br />
===Manipal University===<br />
After retiring from Monotype at the age of 55, Rao took up teaching. He joined the department of printing technology and taught virtually everything related to printing. All the knowledge acquired in color separation, typesetting, type-design, page and publication design, printing machines design, plant layout. etc. – and all that he had taught himself. He effectively managed migration from print to e-print, with the strength of mathematical tools.<br />
<br />
He retired again at age 58 and 60 to go to Delhi and take up an assignment with Quark-Xpress at Chandigarh. He returned to Manipal to teach the post graduate classes in printing.<br />
<br />
===IIT Guwahati===<br />
Rao was also assigned to [[IIT Guwahati]] for a teaching assignment for M.Des. in the Department of Design. He returned to Manipal to teach and retire at the age of 70.<br />
<br />
==Printing and typography==<br />
In the 1980s, K.P Rao provided a keyboard layout to Dr.Srinivasan, Canada, who had developed an editor for DOS to type Kannada. The text was input with the standard English keyboard. The typed text was saved in ASCII.<br />
<br />
A small program for converting the text into available Indian script printer specific fonts was written. The editor was dedicated to his grammar teacher, Sediyapu. The Kannada version was popularly known as the Sediyapu Editor and the keyboard layout was known as the KPRao layout which later was accepted by Karnataka Govt. as the official keyboard. The editor was offered free of cost to the public.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vishvakannada.com/uncategorized/from-font-to-data/|title=From font to data {{!}} Vishva Kannada|website=vishvakannada.com|access-date=2018-11-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/406081/k-p-rao-grapples-another.html|title=K P Rao grapples with another font to read Devanagari in Kannada|date=2014-05-11|work=Deccan Herald|access-date=2018-11-07|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The editor was also available for all ''[[Sanskrit|Paninian]]'' Indian scripts.<br />
<br />
The ambitious Tulu [[lexicon]] project of the Govinda Pai regional resources center at Udupi was to bring out the text in many volumes of print.<br />
<br />
Rao authored a Tulu editor to incorporate the additional vowels of Tulu language and created the Kannada fonts for printing as well. The project was successfully completed. Fonts for Baduga, Tulu, [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]], [[Kharosthi|Kharoshti]], [[Kadamba script|Kadamba]] etc. were also created'''.'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/K.P.-Rao-felicitated-for-developing-Unicode-font-for-Baduga-dialect/article14387153.ece|title=K.P. Rao felicitated for developing Unicode font for Baduga dialect|date=2016-06-06|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-11-07|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/tulu-script-brought-out-in-unicode/article6414197.ece|title=Tulu script brought out in Unicode|date=2014-09-16|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-11-07|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://megamedianews.com/index.php/133714/karnataka-tulu-sahitya-academy-releases-unicode-version-of-tulu-script/|title=Karnataka Tulu Sahitya Academy releases Unicode version of Tulu script {{!}} Mega Media News English|website=megamedianews.com|date=16 September 2014|access-date=2018-11-07}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
<br />
Apara, a new font with standard English characters and a few modified English characters, was created to help transliterate Indian language words in English-like script.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/software-expert-kp-rao-launches-new-allinone-font-apara/article6661314.ece|title=Software expert K.P. Rao launches new all-in-one font 'Apara'|last=Prabhu|first=Ganesh|date=2014-12-04|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-11-07|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Publications==<br />
Some of Rao's publications include:<br />
<br />
* Properties of Elemental Materials, 1968. Tata McGraw Hill.<br />
* Paper Technology and Paper Selection<br />
* Color Theory and Color separation for printers<br />
* A book written in Kannada by T.G. Srinidhi, named "''Computarige Kannada Kalisida, KP Rao''" <br />
* Serialized Biographical notes being published monthly in Tushara Magazine in Kannada<br />
*A novel written by KP Rao called Varnaka released on 26 September 2021<ref>{{Cite web|title=ವರ್ಣಕ / Varnaka|url=https://ankitapustaka.com/home/857--yayaati.html|access-date=2021-09-27|website=Ankita Pustaka|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Recognition==<br />
Some of the awards and recognition that K P Rao has received include:<br />
<br />
* 2013: The [[Rajyotsava Prashasti|Karnataka Rajyotsava Award]] for Science and Technology<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/rajyotsava-award-winners-announced/article5298838.ece|title=Rajyotsava award winners announced|date=2013-10-31|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-11-07|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bellevision.com/index.php?action=topnews&type=7615|title=Welcome Bellevision.com|website=bellevision.com|access-date=2018-11-07}}</ref><br />
* 2013: Nadoja (Teacher of the State) award<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/nadoja-conferred-on-kp-rao-seven-others/article4429842.ece|title='Nadoja' conferred on K.P. Rao, seven others|date=2013-02-19|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-11-07|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
* 2009: Alva's Nudisiri award<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mangaloretoday.com/newsbriefs/Alvas-Nudisiri-Award-Winners-Announced.html|title=Alvas Nudisiri Award Winners Announced|website=mangaloretoday.com|access-date=2018-11-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/34902/kannadigas-negligence-towards-language-criticised.html|title=Kannadigas' negligence towards language criticised|date=2009-11-08|work=Deccan Herald|access-date=2018-11-07|language=en}}</ref> <br />
*2016: Eminent Aloysian<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/535405/programme-confer-eminent-aloysian-alumni.html|title=Programme to confer 'Eminent Aloysian Alumni Award 2016' today|date=2016-03-19|work=Deccan Herald|access-date=2018-11-07|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newskarnataka.com/events/st-aloysius-college-to-hold-eminent-aloysian-alumni-awards-2016|title=St Aloysius College to hold 'Eminent Aloysian Alumni Awards 2016'|website=NewsKarnataka|language=en|access-date=2018-11-07|date=2016-03-16}}</ref><br />
*2021: Presidential Print Award by All India Federation of Master Printers, New Delhi<ref>{{Cite web|title=AIFMP honours 12 print teachers|url=https://www.printweek.in/News/aifmp-honours-12-print-teachers-55135|access-date=2021-09-25|website=printweek.in|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
*2021: Balavana Award<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-10-10 |title=K.P. Rao from Udupi given Balavana Award |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/kp-rao-from-udupi-given-balavana-award/article36936344.ece |access-date=2023-07-26 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* A biography published on K. P. Rao by the KnowYourStar NGO.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://stories.knowyourstar.com/k-p-rao-biography/|title=Prof. K P Rao {{!}} Stories from KnowYourStar {{!}} STORIES|last=KnowYourStar.com|first=Team|date=2013-04-20|work=Stories from KnowYourStar {{!}} STORIES|access-date=2018-11-07|language=en-US|archive-date=7 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107145414/http://stories.knowyourstar.com/k-p-rao-biography/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
* An article written on K. P. Rao by the KnowYourStar NGO.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://stories.knowyourstar.com/k-p-rao-interview/|title=Panini of Modern times: Prof. K. P. Rao {{!}} Stories from KnowYourStar {{!}} STORIES|last=KnowYourStar.com|first=Team|date=2013-04-20|work=Stories from KnowYourStar {{!}} STORIES|access-date=2018-11-07|language=en-US|archive-date=7 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107150730/http://stories.knowyourstar.com/k-p-rao-interview/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
* A personal account published by a student of K. P. Rao.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://acrazymindseye.wordpress.com/2013/02/13/student-of-life-k-p-rao/|title=Student Of Life- K.P. Rao|date=2013-02-13|work=Crazy Mind's Eye|access-date=2018-11-07|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, K. P.}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian software engineers]]<br />
[[Category:1940 births]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2013]]</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sher-E-Hindustan_(2019_film)&diff=452333Sher-E-Hindustan (2019 film)2025-05-26T16:39:26Z<p>CharliVangundy: Improved wording and formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Bhojpuri film}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Sher-E-Hindustan<br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| director = Manoj Narayan<br />
| producer = Ratnakar Kumar<br />
| writer = Manoj Narayan<br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = Manoj Narayan<br />
| starring = {{ubl|[[Dinesh Lal Yadav]]|[[Neeta Dhungana]]|[[Sunil Thapa]]|Santosh Pahalwan}}<br />
| music = Madhukar Anand<br />
| cinematography = Ramsaran<br />
| editing = Bipin Malla<br />
| studio = {{ubl|Worldwide Channel |Jitendra Gulati Present}}<br />
| distributor = Worldwide Records Bhojpuri<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2019|3|21|[[India]]}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| language = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br />
| budget = <!--Must be attributed to a reliable source--><br />
| gross = <!--Must be attributed to a reliable source--><br />
}}<br />
'''''Sher-E-Hindustan''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri]] language [[Action film|action]] drama film written and directed by Manoj Narayan and produced by Ratnakar Kumar, under his own production house "Worldwide Channel". It stars [[Dinesh Lal Yadav]] and [[Cinema of Nepal|Nepali]] actress [[Neeta Dhungana]] ([[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri]] film debut) in lead roles. Aayush Rijal, [[Sunil Thapa]], Gopal Rai, Santosh Pahalwan and Amrit Kumar play supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/nirahua-reveals-about-his-next-film-titled-sher-e-hindustan/articleshow/64697055.cms|title=Nirahua reveals about his next film titled, 'Sher-E-Hindustan'|date=22 June 2018|work=Times Of India|access-date=1 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/video-nirahua-rides-a-horse-on-the-nepal-sets-of-sher-e-hindustan/articleshow/66458343.cms|title=Nirahua rides a horse on the Nepal sets of 'Sher E Hindustan'|date=1 November 2018|work=Times of India|access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
It is the story of a commando officer who goes on a special mission to [[Nepal]]. The mission is that the Indian intelligence agency RAW has received input that there may be an attack during the visit of the Indian Foreign Minister in Nepal and the Foreign Minister's life is in danger. They find out that an attacker is ambushed in an area 3.5&nbsp;km from the site of the tour. [[Dinesh Lal Yadav|Dinesh Lal Yadav Nirhua]]'s character kills the attacker. While returning the convoy, they are attacked by goons riding bikes and Nirhua protects the Indian foreign minister from those [[terrorists]].<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
*[[Dinesh Lal Yadav]] as Commando Arjun Pandey<br />
*[[Neeta Dhungana]] as Sweaty<br />
*[[Sunil Thapa]] as RDX<br />
*Gopal Rai as Dinanath Pandey (Arjun's father)<br />
*Santosh Pahalwan as Scientist<br />
*Aayush Rijal as Krishna (Sweaty's brother)<br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2019}}<br />
The [[music]] of the film is composed by Madhukar Anand, lyrics are penned by Santosh Puri, Sandeep Saajan, Jhulan Jheel and Arvind Tiwari. It was produced under '''Worldwide Records Bhojpuri''' label, who owned by Ratnakar Kumar producer of this film.<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
Principal [[photography]] for the film began in [[Nepal]] in July 2018<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.patrika.com/tollywood-news/nirahua-upcoming-movie-3066279/|title= 'शेर-ए-हिंदुस्तान' के लिए निरहुआ बहा रहे पसीना, शूटिंग के दौरान किया आम्रपाली को मिस|date=7 July 2018|work=Patrika|access-date=1 March 2019}}</ref> and was completed in [[Jharkhand]] in November 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/jharkhand/ramgarh/news/nirahua-shoots-bhojpuri-film-sher-e-hindusth-in-kuju-032246-3220104.html|title= कुजू में निरहुआ ने की भोजपुरी फिल्म शेर-ए-हिंदुस्तान की शूटिंग|date=19 November 2018|work=Bhaskar|access-date=1 March 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Marketing==<br />
First-look poster of "Sher-E-Hindustan" was released in August 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/bhojpuri-superstar-dinesh-lal-yadav-aka-nirahua-starrer-sher-e-hindustan-poster-unveiled-check-out-2133926.html|title=Bhojpuri superstar Dinesh Lal Yadav aka Nirahua starrer Sher-E-Hindustan poster unveiled|date=18 August 2018|work= Zee News|access-date=1 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhojpurixp.com/sher-e-hindustan-bhojpuri-movie-first-look/|title=Sher E Hindustan Bhojpuri Movie First Look|website=Bhojpuri Xp|access-date=1 March 2019}}</ref> Teaser of this film was released on 25 January 2019 at official [[YouTube]] sub-handle of '''Worldwide Records Bhojpuri''', who owned his satellite rights.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/movie-masti/bhojpuri-cinema/watch-teaser-of-nirahua-upcoming-bhojpuri-movie-sher-e-hindustan/articleshow/67790017.cms|title=देखें, Nirahua की भोजपुरी फिल्म 'शेर-ए-हिंदुस्तान' का टीजर|date=1 February 2019|work=Navbharat Times|access-date=1 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/bhojpuri-cinema/dinesh-lal-yadav-nirahua-bhojpuri-sher-e-hindustan-teaser-video-viral-1986869|title= निरहुआ ने 'शेर-ए-हिंदुस्तान' से बरपा दिया कहर, Video हुआ वायरल|date=2 February 2019|work=NDTV Khabar|access-date=1 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jansatta.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/video-actor-dinesh-lal-yadav-movie-sher-e-hindustani-teaser-viral/899931/|title= वायरल हो रहा भोजपुरी एक्टर निरहुआ की फिल्म 'शेर ए हिन्दुस्तान' का टीजर, दिखा एक्शन और रोमांस का तड़का|date=2 February 2019|work=Jansatta|access-date=1 March 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
Trailer of this film was released on 1 March 2019 at same sub-handle of teaser released.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/dinesh-lal-yadav-announces-new-film-sher-e-hindustan-see-poster-2184608.html|title=Dinesh Lal Yadav announces new film 'Sher-e-Hindustan'|date=1 March 2019|work=Zee News|access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newstracklive.com/news/sher-e-hindustan-sher-e-hindustan-bhojpuri-movie-release-date-sher-e-hindustan-songs-latest-poster-new-poster-nirahua-nita-dhungana-sc89-nu-1275966-1.html|title=होली पर रंग जमाएंगे निरहुआ, नए पोस्टर के साथ 'शेर-ए-हिंदुस्तान' की रिलीज डेट तय|date=24 February 2019|work=News Track Live|access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2010s Bhojpuri-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Nepal]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{bhojpuri-film-stub}}</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rishi_Agrawal&diff=530551Rishi Agrawal2025-02-17T11:51:52Z<p>CharliVangundy: adding some info v1 - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}<br />
'''Rishi Agrawal''' (born 1981) is an Indian politician from [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. He is an MLA of [[Indian National Congress]] from [[Bamori Assembly constituency]] of [[Guna district]]. He won the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2023 |title=Bamori Election Result 2023 Live: Inc के Rishi Agrawal की हुई जीत, Ind के Amit Shrivastava Guna Wale रहें दूसरे नंबर पर |url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/bamori-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-bsp-aap-mp-assembly-election-results-news-2550844 |website=ABP Live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2024 |title=Bamori, Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Bamori सीट पर INC ने हासिल की जीत |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/bamori-madhya-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830165-2023-12-03 |website=Aaj Tak}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rishi Agrawal(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- BAMORI(GUNA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/MadhyaPradesh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=1460 |website=My Neta}}</ref> He received a total of 93,708 votes and won with the margin of 14,796 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2024 |title=Bamori Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: INC retains Bamori seat, Rishi Agrawal wins with 93708 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/bamori-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470395-2023-12-03 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2023 |title=Bamori Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Rishi Agrawal Of INC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/bamori-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8686884.html |website=News18}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Agrawal, Rishi}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1981 births]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Madhya Pradesh-stub}}</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tikri_Assembly_constituency&diff=541302Tikri Assembly constituency2025-01-24T15:32:47Z<p>CharliVangundy: put up a article w/ refs</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Tikri<br />
| type= SLA<br />
| state = Jammu and Kashmir<br />
| established = 1962<br />
| abolished = 1972<br />
| electors = 32,205<br />
| mla = Nirmal Devi<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| constituency_no =<br />
| latest_election_year = [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br />
| district =<br />
| loksabha_cons =<br />
| reservation =<br />
}}<br />
'''Tikri Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=4|Landar Tikri<br />
|- <br />
| [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Shiv Charan || {{Full party name with color|Jammu Praja Parishad}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=4|Tikri<br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || Shiv Charan || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Nirmal Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
===Assembly Election 1972 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Tikri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nirmal Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,929 |percentage=63.37% |change={{increase}}20.26 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Charan |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=5,488 |percentage=29.16% |change={{decrease}}20.23 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rangil Singh |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=615 |percentage=3.27% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jarnail Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=336 |percentage=1.79% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Prakash |party=Independent politician |votes=272 |percentage=1.45% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Krishan |party=Independent politician |votes=183 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,441 |percentage=34.22% |change= {{increase}}27.95 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,823 |percentage=60.00% |change= {{decrease}}1.43 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,205 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.70 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |swing= {{increase}}13.99 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 1967 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Tikri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006052138/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Charan |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=8,926 |percentage=49.39% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,793 |percentage=43.12% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Chand |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=568 |percentage=3.14% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=344 |percentage=1.90% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=224 |percentage=1.24% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=219 |percentage=1.21% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,133 |percentage=6.27% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,074 |percentage=62.13% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,184 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 1962 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Landar Tikri<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006183842/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Charan |party=Jammu Praja Parishad |votes=7,595 |percentage=47.53% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Faqir Chand |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=6,929 |percentage=43.36% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moti Ram |party=Democratic National Conference |votes=778 |percentage=4.87% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Durga Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=573 |percentage=3.59% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jia Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=105 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=666 |percentage=4.17% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,980 |percentage=60.10% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,716 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu Praja Parishad |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Jammu and Kashmir}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{JammuandKashmir-geo-stub}}</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Along_South_Assembly_constituency&diff=485703Along South Assembly constituency2025-01-01T18:21:45Z<p>CharliVangundy: Made The Details With Sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Along South<br />
| type= SLA<br />
| state = Arunachal Pradesh<br />
| established = 1978<br />
| abolished = 1984<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|access-date=19 February 2024|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219182705/https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|format=pdf|title=THE REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT, 1950}}</ref><br />
| electors = 11,390<br />
| mla = Doi Ado<br />
| party = {{Party index link|People's Party of Arunachal}}<br />
| constituency_no =<br />
| latest_election_year = [[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1984]]<br />
| district =<br />
| loksabha_cons =<br />
| reservation =<br />
}}<br />
<b>Along South Assembly constituency </b>was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1978 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Boken Ette || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1980 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Tumpakete || {{Full party name with color|People's Party of Arunachal|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1984]] || Doi Ado<br />
|}<br />
== Election results ==<br />
===Assembly Election 1984 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Along South<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1984 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2084.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820040016/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2084.pdf|archive-date=20 August 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Doi Ado |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=4,523 |percentage=52.51% |change={{increase}}0.93 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Boken Ette |party=Independent politician |votes=3,270 |percentage=37.96% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kardu Taipodia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=821 |percentage=9.53% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,253 |percentage=14.55% |change= {{decrease}}7.29 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,614 |percentage=78.09% |change= {{increase}}2.02 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,390 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.05 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=People's Party of Arunachal |loser=People's Party of Arunachal |swing= {{increase}}0.93 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1980 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Along South<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportArunachal%20Pradesh%201980.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106193245/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportArunachal%20Pradesh%201980.pdf|archive-date=6 January 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tumpakete |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=3,602 |percentage=51.58% |change={{increase}}36.80 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Boken Ette |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=2,077 |percentage=29.74% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Togum Lollen |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=1,305 |percentage=18.69% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,525 |percentage=21.84% |change= {{increase}}15.22 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,984 |percentage=75.80% |change= {{decrease}}7.34 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,488 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.58 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=People's Party of Arunachal |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}23.69 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1978 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Along South<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2078.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613112141/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2078.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Boken Ette |party=Independent politician |votes=1,972 |percentage=27.88% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tumpakete |party=Janata Party |votes=1,504 |percentage=21.26% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Taken Riba |party=Independent politician |votes=1,308 |percentage=18.49% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Togum Lollen |party=Independent politician |votes=1,244 |percentage=17.59% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dagmo Jini |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=1,045 |percentage=14.77% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=468 |percentage=6.62% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,073 |percentage=82.82% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,738 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Arunachal Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]<br />
{{ArunachalPradesh-geo-stub}}</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manikpur,_West_Bengal&diff=458478Manikpur, West Bengal2024-11-21T19:26:58Z<p>CharliVangundy: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{About|the municipality in [[Howrah district]]|other uses|Manikpur (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Manikpur<br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Census Town<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|22.47|N|88.03|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Howrah district|Howrah]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 19,804<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = WB <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Howrah]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Sankrail (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sankrail]]<br />
| website = {{URL|howrah.gov.in/}}<br />
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Manikpur''' is a [[census town]] in [[Sankrail (community development block)|Sankrail]] CD Block of [[Howrah Sadar subdivision]] in [[Howrah district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm |title=District-wise list of stautory towns |publisher=Census Commission of India |accessdate=2009-01-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425193215/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm |archivedate=2009-04-25 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
Manikpur is located at {{Coord|22.47|N|88.03|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url = http://maps.yahoo.com/#mvt=m&lat=22.46856&lon=88.02631&zoom=15&q1=Manikpur%252C%2520Haora%252C%2520West%2520Bengal%252C%2520India<br />
|title = Yahoo maps of Manikpur<br />
|publisher = Yahoo maps<br />
|accessdate = 2008-11-29<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
As per [[2011 Census of India]] Manikpur had a total population of 19,804 of which 10,392 (52%) were males and 9,412 (48%) were females. Population below 6 years was 2,253. The total number of literates in Manikpur was 13,378 (76.22% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 11 May 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
Manikpur was part of Kolkata Urban Agglomeration in 2011 census.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf | title= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 | work= Constituents of Urban Agglomeration Having Population Above 1 Lakh |publisher= Census of India 2011 | accessdate = 11 May 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Manikpur had a population of 19,125. Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. Manikpur has an average literacy rate of 61%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 67% and female literacy is 54%. In Manikpur, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.<br />
<br />
==Transport==<br />
===Bus===<br />
* [[Sarenga]] (Kolatala More) - [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]] Unitech<br />
<br />
===Train===<br />
[[Sankrail railway station]] and [[Abada railway station]] on [[Howrah-Kharagpur line]] are the nearest railway stations.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Howrah District}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Howrah district]]<br />
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_home_affairs&diff=460119Ministry of home affairs2024-09-23T23:59:31Z<p>CharliVangundy: fixed structure and fixed typos</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Interior ministry]]<br />
<br />
{{Redirect category shell|<br />
{{R from alternative name}}<br />
{{R from move}}<br />
}}</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malas_(Ayurveda)&diff=474681Malas (Ayurveda)2024-03-14T13:32:44Z<p>CharliVangundy: </p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Malas (ayurveda)]]<br />
<br />
{{Redirect category shell|<br />
{{R from move}}<br />
{{R from miscapitalization}}<br />
}}</div>CharliVangundyhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erra_(Kakatiya_dynasty)&diff=498639Erra (Kakatiya dynasty)2024-02-28T17:24:22Z<p>CharliVangundy: creating basic data w/ infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox royalty<br />
| name = Erra<br />
| succession = [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya]] ruler<br />
| reign = early 10th century CE<br />
| predecessor = [[Gunda III]]<br />
| successor = [[Gunda IV]] (grandson)<br />
| dynasty = [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya]]<br />
| father = [[Gunda III]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Erra''' or '''Eriya''' (fl. early 10th century) was a member of the [[Kakatiya]] dynasty of southern India. As a [[Rashtrakuta]] vassal, he appears to have ruled the Kurravadi (possibly present-day [[Kuravi]]) region, which was captured by the Rashtrakutas from the [[Chalukyas of Vengi]].{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=39}}<br />
<br />
== Life ==<br />
<br />
Erra was a son of the Rashtrakuta commander [[Gunda III]] (died c. 895 CE). He is also called "Eriya Rashtrakuta" in Kakatiya inscriptions; "Eriya" probably refers to the chief's personal name, and "Rashtrakuta" refers to his office.{{sfn|R.S. Sharma|1957|p=197}}<br />
<br />
Erra's father participated in a Rashtrakuta invasion of Vengi, and was killed by Irimartiganda, the son of the Chalukya king Bhima I.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|pp=37-39}} According to the [[Bayyaram]] inscription, Erra ruled Kurravadi and surrounding region. The identity of this place is not certain, but it was probably present-day [[Kuravi]] in [[Telangana]]. The Kuravi (or Koravi) inscription suggests that the place was captured by Krishna II ("Kannara Ballaha") during the reign of the Chalukya king Bhima I, and later, the Mudugonda Chalukya chief Gonaga recaptured it with Bhima's help. Thus, it appears that the Rashtrakuta king captured the Kurravadi region and appointed Erra as his governor there.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=39}}<br />
<br />
According to the c. 956 CE Mangallu inscription Erra's son was Betiya. It appears that Betiya died prematurely or did not play a significant role in the family history for some other reason. Because of this, his name is omitted in the Bayyaram inscription.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|pp=18, 39}} Erra seems to have been succeeded by his grandson [[Gunda IV]].{{sfn|R.S. Sharma|1957|p=198}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
=== Bibliography ===<br />
{{ref begin}}<br />
* {{cite book |author=P.V.P. Sastry|author-link=P. V. Parabrahma Sastry |editor=N. Ramesan |title=The Kākatiyas of Warangal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FiRuAAAAMAAJ |year=1978 |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |location=Hyderabad |oclc=252341228 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author1=N. Venkataramanayya |author2=P.V.P. Sastry |chapter=The Kākatīyas |editor=R.S. Sharma |title=A Comprehensive history of India: A.D. 985-1206 |volume=4 (Part 1) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahFuAAAAMAAJ |year=1957 |edition=1987 reprint |publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House | isbn=978-81-7007-121-1 |ref={{harvid|R.S. Sharma|1957}} }}<br />
{{ref end}}<br />
<br />
{{Kakatiya dynasty}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:10th-century Indian people]]<br />
[[Category:Kakatiya dynasty]]</div>CharliVangundy