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William, Prince of Wales

2026-05-26T04:41:08Z

CharliKayser97: created a post - done

{{Short description|Heir apparent to the British throne (born 1982)}}
{{Redirect|Prince William|other uses}}
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{{Use British English|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = William
| title = [[Prince of Wales]]
| image = Prince of Wales at State Banquet 2025-09-17 (0.75 crop).jpg
| alt = see caption
| caption = William in 2025
| birth_name = Prince William of Wales
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Catherine Middleton]]|29 April 2011}}
| issue = {{plain list|
* [[Prince George of Wales]]
* [[Princess Charlotte of Wales (born 2015)|Princess Charlotte of Wales]]
* [[Prince Louis of Wales]]
}}
| full name = William Arthur Philip Louis{{efn|As a member of the royal family entitled to be called [[His Royal Highness]], William does not normally use a surname. When it is needed, the surname is [[Mountbatten-Windsor]].<ref name="royal_family_name">{{Cite web |title=The Royal Family name |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/ThecurrentRoyalFamily/TheRoyalFamilyname/Overview.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215182305/http://www.royal.gov.uk/ThecurrentRoyalFamily/TheRoyalFamilyname/Overview.aspx |archive-date=15 February 2009 |access-date=3 February 2009 |website=Official website of the British monarchy}}</ref> In his military career, he was known as Flight Lieutenant Wales.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/duke-of-cambridge-to-deploy-to-falklands |title=Duke of Cambridge to deploy to Falklands |work=Ministry of Defence |date=10 November 2011 |access-date=11 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928031951/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/duke-of-cambridge-to-deploy-to-falklands |archive-date=28 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> The middle name Louis is pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|uː|i}}.}}
| house = [[House of Windsor|Windsor]]
| father = [[Charles III]]
| mother = [[Diana Spencer]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1982|6|21|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[St Mary's Hospital, London]], England
| signature = Prince William of Wales autograph.svg
| module = {{infobox person
| embed=yes
| education = [[University of St Andrews]] ([[Master of Arts (Scotland)|MA]] [[Hons]])
}}
{{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance = United Kingdom
| branch = [[British Armed Forces]]{{efn|William has served in all three branches of the Armed Forces (the [[British Army]], [[Royal Navy]] and [[Royal Air Force]]).}}
| service_years = 2006–2013
| service_years_label = Active service
| rank = [[List of titles and honours of William, Prince of Wales#Ranks|See list]]
| service_number = 
| unit = {{ubl|[[Blues and Royals]]|[[HMS Iron Duke (F234)|HMS ''Iron Duke'']]|[[RAF Search and Rescue Force]]}}
| commands =
| battles_label =
| battles =
| awards =
}}
}}
{{British Royal Family}}

'''William, Prince of Wales''' (William Arthur Philip Louis; born 21 June 1982), is the [[heir apparent]] to the [[British throne]]. He is the elder son of [[King Charles III]] and [[Diana, Princess of Wales]].

William was born during the reign of his paternal grandmother, [[Queen Elizabeth II]]. He was educated at [[Wetherby School]], [[Ludgrove School]], and [[Eton College]]. He earned a [[Master of Arts (Scotland)|Master of Arts degree]] in [[geography]] at the [[University of St Andrews]], where he met his future wife, [[Catherine Middleton]]. They have three children: [[Prince George of Wales|George]], [[Princess Charlotte of Wales (born 2015)|Charlotte]], and [[Prince Louis of Wales|Louis]]. After university, William trained at the [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]] before serving with the [[Blues and Royals]]. In 2008, he graduated from the [[Royal Air Force College Cranwell]] and joined the [[RAF Search and Rescue Force]] in early 2009. From July 2015, he served for two years as a full‑time pilot with the [[East Anglian Air Ambulance]].

William performs official duties and engagements on behalf of the monarch. He is patron of multiple charitable and military organisations, including the [[Tusk Trust]], [[Centrepoint (charity)|Centrepoint]], [[The Passage (charity)|The Passage]], [[Wales Air Ambulance]], and [[London's Air Ambulance Charity]]. Through the [[Royal Foundation]], his work focuses on mental health, conservation, homelessness, and emergency workers. In 2020, he launched the [[Earthshot Prize]], an initiative to incentivise environmental solutions.

William was made [[Duke of Cambridge]] immediately before [[Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton|his wedding]] in April 2011. He became [[Duke of Cornwall]] and [[Duke of Rothesay]] upon [[Accession of Charles III|his father's accession]] to the throne on 8 September 2022. The following day, he was made [[Prince of Wales]].

==Early life==
William was born at 9:03{{nbsp}}pm on 21 June 1982 at [[St Mary's Hospital, London]], during the reign of his paternal grandmother, [[Queen Elizabeth II]]. He was the first child of Charles, Prince of Wales (later [[King Charles III]]), and his first wife, [[Diana, Princess of Wales]].<ref name=evnews81/><ref name=official>{{cite web|url=http://www.dukeandduchessofcambridge.org/the-duke-of-cambridge/biography|title=The Duke of Cambridge – Biography|work=Office of the Prince of Wales|access-date=6 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423064508/http://www.dukeandduchessofcambridge.org/the-duke-of-cambridge/biography|archive-date=23 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=49027|page=8215|date=21 June 1982}}</ref> He was the first direct heir to the British throne to be born in a hospital.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|title=Witness: Prince William's birth|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/witness/june/21/newsid_2984000/2984020.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703152727/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/witness/june/21/newsid_2984000/2984020.stm|date=21 June 1982|access-date=10 August 2025|archive-date=3 July 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Buckingham Palace]] announced his name{{snd}}William Arthur Philip Louis{{snd}}on 28 June.<ref name="evnews81">{{cite news|work=The Evening News|title=Prince William's his name|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=K4RGAAAAIBAJ&pg=1118,3639121&dq=diana+spencer&hl=en|access-date=23 July 2013|date=28 July 1982}}</ref> He was christened in the Music Room at [[Buckingham Palace]] by the then [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], [[Robert Runcie]], on 4 August, which also marked the 82nd birthday of his paternal great-grandmother, [[Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1982/08/05/the-royal-christening/b6187854-975e-40c1-99ba-5e46c09323fa/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108194212/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1982/08/05/the-royal-christening/b6187854-975e-40c1-99ba-5e46c09323fa/|title=The Royal Christening|newspaper=The Washington Post|first=Rita|last=Dallas|date=5 August 1982|access-date=2 November 2023|archive-date=8 November 2023|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Efn|name=christening|William had six godparents: former King [[Constantine II of Greece]] (his paternal second cousin once removed); [[Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Mrs Ogilvy]] (his paternal first cousin twice removed); the [[Natalia Grosvenor, Duchess of Westminster|Duchess of Westminster]]; [[Lady Susan Hussey]]; [[Norton Knatchbull, 3rd Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Romsey]] (his paternal second cousin once removed); and [[Sir Laurens van der Post]].<ref name="pbp5aug">{{cite news|title=William baptized|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9f8sAAAAIBAJ&pg=3834,2455732&dq=princess+diana&hl=en|access-date=31 May 2013|work=The Palm Beach Post|date=5 August 1982|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904080208/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9f8sAAAAIBAJ&sjid=es0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=3834,2455732&dq=princess+diana&hl=en|archive-date=4 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

William was the first child born to a [[Prince of Wales|Prince]] and [[Princess of Wales]] since [[Prince John of the United Kingdom|Prince John]] was born to Prince George and Princess Mary (later [[King George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]]) in July 1905.<ref>{{cite news|title=Princess Diana enters hospital in early labor|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MyBAAAAAIBAJ&pg=2686,2259663&dq=frances+ruth+roche&hl=en|access-date=21 July 2013|work=Youngstown Vindicator|date=21 June 1982|agency=AP|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904080208/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MyBAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=cFgMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2686,2259663&dq=frances+ruth+roche&hl=en|archive-date=4 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> When he was nine months old, William accompanied his parents on their 1983 tour of Australia and New Zealand, marking his first trip overseas.<ref>{{cite news |last=Carr |first=Flora |title=Prince Charles and Princess Diana's Australia tour – Everything you need to know about what really happened |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/news/on-demand/2020-11-15/the-crown-australia-tour-charles-diana-real-life-story/ |access-date=12 December 2020 |work=RadioTimes |date=15 November 2020 |archive-date=25 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125235842/https://www.radiotimes.com/news/on-demand/2020-11-15/the-crown-australia-tour-charles-diana-real-life-story/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It was also the first time that a royal baby had been taken on an overseas tour.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/babys-first-tour-prince-george-travels-down-under-with-william-and-kate/|title=Baby's first tour: Prince George travels Down Under with William and Kate|work=CBS News|first=Kelly|last=Cobiella|date=6 April 2014|access-date=27 December 2022|archive-date=27 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227153650/https://www.cbsnews.com/amp/news/babys-first-tour-prince-george-travels-down-under-with-william-and-kate/|url-status=live}}</ref> Family photographs of William and his parents on the grounds of [[Government House, Auckland|Government House]] in [[Auckland]] received significant global coverage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/prince-william-meets-buzzy-bee |title=Prince William meets 'buzzy bee' |website=[[Ministry for Culture and Heritage|Manatū Taonga — Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |date=23 April 2025 |access-date=22 May 2025}}</ref> They have been credited as a major reason for the [[Buzzy Bee]] toy, which William had been playing with, becoming a [[Kiwiana|New Zealand cultural icon]].<ref>{{Cite journal| issn = 1833-4989| volume = 26| pages = 38–64| last1 = Neill| first1 = Lindsay| last2 = Waring| first2 = Marilyn |author-link2=Marilyn Waring|title = Signifier of kiwi identity: Would the real Buzzy Bee please step forward| journal = Public History Review| date = 2019| doi = 10.5130/phrj.v26i0.6485}}</ref>
[[File:Prince Charles, Princess Diana and Prince William at Government House, 1983.jpg|thumb|left|With his parents in [[Auckland]] playing with a [[Buzzy Bee]] during the 1983 tour of New Zealand|alt=A young William, sitting with his parents on a mat, playing with a toy]]
His younger brother, [[Prince Harry]], was born in September 1984. The brothers were raised at [[Kensington Palace]] in London, and at [[Highgrove House]] in [[Gloucestershire]].<ref name="time 1988">{{Cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/daily/special/diana/readingroom/8191/4_25.html |title=Growing Up Royal |date=25 April 1988|magazine=Time |access-date=4 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050331004503/http://www.time.com/time/daily/special/diana/readingroom/8191/4_25.html |archive-date=31 March 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Toneli |first=Lucia |title=You could be Prince Charles and Camilla's neighbor for $10.1 Million |url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/leisure/real-estate/a37824654/elmestree-house-estate-prince-charles-highgrove-neighbor-for-sale/ |magazine=Town & Country |date=2 October 2021|access-date=28 October 2021|archive-date=28 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028181344/https://www.townandcountrymag.com/leisure/real-estate/a37824654/elmestree-house-estate-prince-charles-highgrove-neighbor-for-sale/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The young royals: Prince William |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/gloucestershire/royal/2003/06/prince_william.shtml |work=BBC News |access-date=28 October 2021 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028181334/https://www.bbc.co.uk/gloucestershire/royal/2003/06/prince_william.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

Known informally as "Wills" within his family,<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.vogue.com.au/culture/lifestyle/cath-wombat-and-cabbage-the-nicknames-of-the-british-royal-family/image-gallery/5d8b0514c508aa8d555d0033e277b5ac|title=Cath, wombat, and cabbage: the nicknames of the British royal family|magazine=Vogue|first=Elsie|last=Taylor|date=30 October 2019|access-date=24 November 2020|archive-date=23 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823040807/https://www.vogue.com.au/culture/lifestyle/cath-wombat-and-cabbage-the-nicknames-of-the-british-royal-family/image-gallery/5d8b0514c508aa8d555d0033e277b5ac|url-status=live}}</ref> William was nicknamed "Willy" by his brother and "Wombat" by his mother.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/royal-family/prince-harry-new-book-william-nicknames-spare-b2256519.html|title=Prince Harry's new book reveals brothers' childhood nicknames|work=The Independent|first=Joe|last=Sommerlad|date=5 January 2023|access-date=5 January 2023|archive-date=5 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105125805/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/royal-family/prince-harry-new-book-william-nicknames-spare-b2256519.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna19190534|title=In honor of Diana|work=NBC News|first=Matt|last=Lauer|date=12 June 2007|access-date=24 November 2020|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029195758/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna19190534|url-status=live}}</ref> Diana sought to give her sons broader and more typical life experiences beyond a royal upbringing, taking them to [[Walt Disney World]], [[McDonald's]], [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]] clinics, and shelters for the homeless.<ref name="people1">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.people.com/people/prince_william/biography|title=Prince William biography|magazine=People|access-date=15 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821052607/http://www.people.com/people/prince_william/biography/|archive-date=21 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the biographer, [[Robert Lacey]], William{{Spaced en dash}} described as a "rambunctious" and "bratty" child{{Spaced en dash}}became "more reflective", with a "noticeably quiet character", after he began boarding school.<ref name="laceypeople">{{cite magazine|last=Perry|first=Simon|title=Inside the moment Prince William and Prince Harry's personalities flipped as kids |url=https://people.com/royals/prince-william-prince-harry-personalities-flipped/|magazine=People|access-date=30 January 2023|archive-date=31 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131001526/https://people.com/royals/prince-william-prince-harry-personalities-flipped/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Diana was reported to have described him as "my little wise old man", and by his early teens she had begun to rely on him as a confidant.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2022/04/how-dianas-dance-with-the-media-impacted-william-and-harry|title=How Princess Diana's dance with the media impacted William and Harry|magazine=Vanity Fair|first=Tina|last=Brown|date=5 April 2022|access-date=6 April 2022|archive-date=8 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608162857/https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2022/04/how-dianas-dance-with-the-media-impacted-william-and-harry|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:First Lady Barbara Bush greets Prince William at the Winfield House in 1991.jpg|thumb|Shaking hands with [[Barbara Bush]], 1991. His mother, Diana, and brother, Harry, look on.|alt=see caption]]
William carried out his first public engagement while accompanying his parents on a visit to [[Llandaff]] on [[Saint David's Day]] in 1991.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/diana/churches.html|title=Special church services to remember Diana|work=BBC News|access-date=1 March 2023|archive-date=1 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301185009/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/diana/churches.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He and Harry travelled to Canada on an official visit with their parents in 1991, and again with Charles in 1998.<ref>{{cite news |title=When princes Harry and William visited Canada with their parents |url=https://www.cbc.ca/archives/charles-diana-william-harry-visit-canada-ontario-1991-1.5316289 |access-date=16 December 2020 |work=CBC News |archive-date=21 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221163741/https://www.cbc.ca/archives/charles-diana-william-harry-visit-canada-ontario-1991-1.5316289 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='What about Harry?' When 2 teenage princes and their dad visited Canada |url=https://www.cbc.ca/archives/what-about-harry-when-2-teenage-princes-and-their-dad-visited-canada-1.5424932 |access-date=16 December 2020 |work=CBC News|archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308175320/https://www.cbc.ca/archives/what-about-harry-when-2-teenage-princes-and-their-dad-visited-canada-1.5424932 |url-status=live }}</ref> William's parents divorced in 1996. Diana [[Death of Diana, Princess of Wales|died in a car accident]] in the early hours of 31 August 1997. William, then aged 15, was staying at [[Balmoral Castle]] with his 12-year-old brother, his father, and his grandparents at the time. The following morning, Charles informed William and Harry of their mother's death.<ref>{{cite news|title=Timeline: How Diana died|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/conspiracy_files/6217366.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080123235535/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/conspiracy_files/6217366.stm |date=14 December 2006 |access-date=15 October 2008|archive-date=23 January 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>

William was reportedly uncertain about whether he should walk behind his mother's coffin during the [[Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales|funeral procession]]. His grandfather, [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]], told him: "If you don't walk, I think you'll regret it later. If I walk, will you walk with me?".<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Gyles Brandreth |last=Brandreth |first=Gyles |year=2004 |title=Philip and Elizabeth: Portrait of a Marriage|publisher=Century |isbn=978-0-71-266103-4 |page=359}}</ref> At the funeral, William and Harry walked alongside their father, grandfather, and maternal uncle, [[Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer]], behind the funeral cortège from Kensington Palace to [[Westminster Abbey]].<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|title=BBC on this day – 6–1997: Diana's funeral watched by millions|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/6/newsid_2502000/2502307.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801021548/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/6/newsid_2502000/2502307.stm |date=6 September 1997|access-date=26 March 2009|archive-date=1 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

After his mother's death, William stated that he had been "in a state of shock for many years".<ref name="gq" /> He and Harry inherited the majority of the £12.9 million left by their mother on their respective 30th birthdays, a figure that had grown to £10 million each by 2014.<ref name="BBCJan2020">{{cite news|work=BBC News|title=Prince Harry and Meghan: Where do they get their money?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c8x5xrw4g70o|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406150210/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/explainers-51047186|date=20 January 2020|access-date=5 April 2020|archive-date=6 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Teleg14">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/diana/11069069/What-will-Prince-Harry-and-Prince-William-inherit-from-Princess-Diana.html|title=What will Prince Harry and Prince William inherit from Princess Diana?|date=1 September 2014|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=5 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519155953/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/diana/11069069/What-will-Prince-Harry-and-Prince-William-inherit-from-Princess-Diana.html|archive-date=19 May 2020|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, the brothers inherited [[Wedding dress of Lady Diana Spencer|their mother's wedding dress]], along with many of her personal possessions, including dresses, diamond tiaras, jewels, letters, and paintings. They also received the original lyrics and score of "[[Candle in the Wind 1997|Candle in the Wind]]" by [[Bernie Taupin]] and [[Elton John]], as performed by the latter at Diana's funeral.<ref name="Teleg14" /> In 2002, ''[[The Times]]'' reported that William and Harry would also share £4.9 million from trust funds established by their great-grandmother, the Queen Mother on their respective 21st birthdays, as well as £8 million upon their respective 40th birthdays.<ref name="TimesApr2002">{{cite news|title=Princes inherit as royal big spender leaves £60m|url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/IF0501489625/TTDA?u=wes_ttda&sid=TTDA&xid=8437b01c|access-date=5 April 2020|author=Richard Ford|newspaper=[[The Times]]|date=2 April 2002|page=8|archive-date=7 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207072347/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=TTDA&u=wes_ttda&id=GALE%7CIF0501489625&v=2.1&it=r&sid=TTDA&asid=8437b01c|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Education==
William was educated at [[Private schools in the United Kingdom|private schools]]. He started at Jane Mynors' nursery school and the pre-preparatory [[Wetherby School]], both in London, before continuing at [[Ludgrove School]] near [[Wokingham]], Berkshire.<ref>{{cite news|work=The Daily Telegraph|title=Teacher at Prince Harry's prep school wins tribunal payout|first=Craig|last=Simpson |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/09/12/teacher-prince-harrys-prep-school-wins-tribunal-payout/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113220927/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/09/12/teacher-prince-harrys-prep-school-wins-tribunal-payout/|date=12 September 2024|access-date=9 July 2025|archive-date=13 November 2024|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/oct/26/rory-stewart-penrith-tory-seat|newspaper=The Guardian|first=Allegra| last=Stratton|title=Former royal tutor Rory Stewart selected for safe Tory seat|date=26 October 2009|access-date=16 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529210048/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/oct/26/rory-stewart-penrith-tory-seat|archive-date=29 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> At Ludgrove, he was active in sport before being admitted to [[Eton College]], where he studied geography, biology, and history of art at [[A-Level]], and took part in several sports.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|title=What is it like at Eton College?|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/4634031.stm|date=4 July 2005|access-date=9 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426124436/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/4634031.stm|archive-date=26 April 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Guardian|title=William makes the grade|first=Stephen|last=Bates|date=18 August 2000|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/aug/18/alevels2000.alevels4|access-date=9 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201205811/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/aug/18/alevels2000.alevels4|archive-date=1 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

The decision to send William to Eton broke with royal tradition, as his father and grandfather had both attended [[Gordonstoun]].<ref>{{cite news|work=The Daily Telegraph|title=A very different sort of Royal upbringing|first=Andrew|last=Roberts|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1342173/A-very-different-sort-of-Royal-upbringing.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000612000000/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1342173/A-very-different-sort-of-Royal-upbringing.html|date=11 June 2000|access-date=9 July 2025|archive-date=12 June 2000|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref> The royal family and the press agreed that William would be allowed to study free from media intrusion in exchange for periodic official updates.<ref>{{cite news|work=The Guardian|title=Lord Wakeham's full speech|first=Lord|last=Wakeham|date=28 June 2000|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2000/jun/28/privacy.themonarchy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000701000000/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2000/jun/28/privacy.themonarchy|archive-date=1 July 2000|access-date=9 July 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 1991, he was admitted to the [[Royal Berkshire Hospital]] after being accidentally hit on the forehead by a fellow pupil wielding a golf club. He suffered a depressed fracture of the skull and underwent surgery at [[Great Ormond Street Hospital]], leaving a permanent scar.<ref name="university">{{cite web|url =http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/newsandgallery/news/prince_william_marks_the_end_of_the_first_term_of_his_third__1470010393.html|title =Prince William marks the end of the first term of his third university year with an interview|access-date =31 May 2008|date=14 December 2003|website=The Prince of Wales|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20081025092622/http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/newsandgallery/news/prince_william_marks_the_end_of_the_first_term_of_his_third__1470010393.html|archive-date =25 October 2008}}</ref> The incident received widespread media attention.<ref name="rbarber">{{cite book|last=Barber|first=Richard|title=The Story of Ludgrove|date=2004|publisher=Guidon Publishing|isbn=978-0-95-436172-3|pages=244–245}}</ref>

After leaving Eton, William took a gap year. He joined [[British Army]] training exercises in Belize,<ref name="BBCBelize">{{cite news |title=Rugged prince scores PR triumph |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/1064991.stm |work=BBC News |date=11 December 2000 |access-date=9 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804121741/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1064991.stm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> worked on English dairy farms, and visited Africa. He also spent 10 weeks in southern Chile with [[Raleigh International]], taking part in community projects and teaching English.<ref name="GuardianChile">{{cite news |work=The Guardian |first=Robert |last=Hardman |title=Prince William wins award for voluntary work in Chile |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2001/feb/07/2 |date=7 February 2001 |access-date=9 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207234500/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2001/feb/07/2 |archive-date=7 February 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2001, William enrolled at the [[University of St Andrews]] in Scotland.<ref>{{cite news|last=Summerskill |first=Ben|author-link=Ben Summerskill|date=23 September 2001|title=Welcome to Will's new world|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/sep/23/education.students |work=The Observer |access-date=15 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011657/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/sep/23/education.students |archive-date=4 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Howie|first=Michael|date=24 June 2005|title=William Wales M.A. collects his degree |url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/uk/william-wales-m-a-collects-his-degree-1-717426 |newspaper=The Scotsman |access-date=15 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614073511/http://www.scotsman.com/news/uk/william-wales-m-a-collects-his-degree-1-717426 |archive-date=14 June 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> As at Eton, the media agreed not to invade his privacy, and students were warned not to leak stories to the press.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-wedding-university/witness-studying-at-st-andrews-with-the-royal-couple-idUSTRE73C22D20110414|title=Witness - Studying at St Andrews with the royal couple|work=Reuters|first=Marie-Louise|last=Gumuchian|date=14 April 2011|access-date=26 April 2022|archive-date=7 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107184817/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-wedding-university/witness-studying-at-st-andrews-with-the-royal-couple-idUSTRE73C22D20110414|url-status=live}}</ref> He initially embarked on a degree course in [[art history]] but later changed his main subject to [[geography]]. He focused his [[dissertation]] on the [[Rodrigues]] coral reefs in the Indian Ocean and graduated with an [[undergraduate Master of Arts]] (MA Hons) degree with [[British undergraduate degree classification|upper second-class honours]] in 2005.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prince William awaits finals |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2005/jun/10/highereducation.students|newspaper=The Guardian|date=10 June 2005|access-date=30 April 2021 |archive-date=13 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913104723/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2005/jun/10/highereducation.students |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-jun-24-fg-prince24-story.html|title=Prince William gets his degree|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|first=Sarah|last=Price Brown|date=24 June 2005|access-date=27 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628063151/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-jun-24-fg-prince24-story.html|archive-date=28 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> While at university, he represented the Scottish national universities water polo team at the Celtic Nations tournament in 2004.<ref>{{cite news|work=The Daily Telegraph|title=Prince named in Scottish team|first=Auslan|last=Cramb|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1457332/Prince-named-in-Scottish-team.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040323000000/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1457332/Prince-named-in-Scottish-team.html|date=20 March 2004|access-date=9 July 2025|archive-date=23 March 2004|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref> He was reportedly known as "Steve" by other students to prevent journalists from identifying him.<ref>{{cite news|work=The Guardian|title=From Archie to Steve, one is not amused by royal nicknames|first=Bidisha|last=Bidisha|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jan/29/from-archie-to-steve-one-is-not-amused-by-royal-nicknames|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105122204/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jan/29/from-archie-to-steve-one-is-not-amused-by-royal-nicknames|date=29 January 2019|access-date=9 July 2025|archive-date=5 January 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early appointments and duties==
At the age of 21, William became a [[Counsellor of State]].<ref>{{cite web |website=House of Commons Library|title=Creating more Counsellors of State|first=David|last=Torrance|url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/creating-more-counsellors-of-state/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251010203312/https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/creating-more-counsellors-of-state/|date=15 June 2008|access-date=16 October 2025|archive-date=10 October 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2005, he undertook his first solo public engagements on an overseas tour of New Zealand, where he took part in [[World War II]] commemorations.<ref>{{cite news|title=Prince William graduates from university|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1492660/Prince-William-graduates-from-university.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627195842/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1492660/Prince-William-graduates-from-university.html|archive-date=27 June 2019|access-date=11 February 2023|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2009, the Queen established a [[Private office (official)|private office]] for William and Harry, with [[David Manning]] as their adviser.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/theroyalfamily/8305721/Mentor-helps-Kate-Middleton-prepare-for-Royal-life.html|title=Mentor helps Kate Middleton prepare for Royal life|last=Nikkhah|first=Roya|date=10 February 2011|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=23 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128093746/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/theroyalfamily/8305721/Mentor-helps-Kate-Middleton-prepare-for-Royal-life.html|archive-date=28 November 2012|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Manning accompanied William on his first official tour in January 2010, during which he visited [[Auckland]] and [[Wellington]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10620877|title=Prince William's royal magic captures the crowds|date=18 January 2010|work=The New Zealand Herald|access-date=19 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122144834/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10620877 |archive-date=22 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Bates|first=Stephen|title=Prince William arrives in Auckland for official visit to New Zealand|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/jan/17/prince-william-new-zealand-visit|work=The Guardian|date=17 January 2010|access-date=12 February 2023|archive-date=12 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212065118/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/jan/17/prince-william-new-zealand-visit|url-status=live}}</ref> The visit drew crowds of "many thousands", and the public reception was noted as being similarly positive to that of his mother's 1983 tour.<ref name="tgreception">{{cite news|last=Bates|first=Stephen|title=How Prince William won over Australia and New Zealand|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/jan/22/prince-william-new-zealand-australia|work=The Guardian|date=22 January 2010|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610230458/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/jan/22/prince-william-new-zealand-australia|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2011, William visited [[Christchurch]] shortly after the [[2011 Christchurch earthquake|earthquake]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/mar/17/prince-william-christchurch-earthquake-damage|title=Prince William tours Christchurch earthquake damage|last=Manhire|first=Toby|date=17 March 2011|work=The Guardian|access-date=23 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921233608/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/mar/17/prince-william-christchurch-earthquake-damage|archive-date=21 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> speaking at the memorial service in [[Hagley Park, Christchurch|Hagley Park]] on behalf of his grandmother.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10713379|title=Service inspires weary Cantabrians|last=Booker|first=Jarrod|date=18 March 2011|work=The New Zealand Herald|access-date=29 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102180304/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10713379|archive-date=2 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> He also travelled to Australia to visit areas affected by flooding in [[Queensland]] and [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Mclean, Tamara|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/world/australia/4787916/Prince-William-heads-to-Queensland|title=Prince William heads to Queensland|work=Stuff.co.nz|date=19 March 2011|access-date=29 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322023642/http://www.stuff.co.nz/world/australia/4787916/Prince-William-heads-to-Queensland|archive-date=22 March 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/christchurch-quake-memorial-service-happened-4071417/video?vid=4071991|work=TVNZ One News|title=Christchurch quake memorial service: As it happened| date=18 March 2011|access-date=25 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121034810/http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/christchurch-quake-memorial-service-happened-4071417/video?vid=4071991| archive-date=21 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

Before attending Sandhurst, William did a three-week internship at several institutions, including the [[Bank of England]], the [[London Stock Exchange]], and [[Lloyd's of London]].<ref name="theguardian19"/> To prepare for his eventual management of the [[Duchy of Cornwall]], he entered [[St John's College, Cambridge]], in 2014 to undertake an executive agriculture management programme run by the [[Cambridge Programme for Sustainability Leadership]] (CPSL), of which his father is patron.<ref name="arbiter">{{cite news|title=Opinion: Why Prince William is right to go back to school|author=Victoria Arbiter|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/01/08/opinion/prince-william-school/|access-date=14 April 2016|work=CNN|date=8 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424050915/http://www.cnn.com/2014/01/08/opinion/prince-william-school|archive-date=24 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-25639442|title=Prince William begins agriculture course at Cambridge|work=BBC News|date=7 January 2014|access-date=21 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018080651/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-25639442|archive-date=18 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2019, Kensington Palace announced that William had completed a three-week internship at [[MI5]], [[MI6]], and [[GCHQ]],<ref name="theguardian19">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/apr/07/prince-william-interns-mi5-mi6-gchq-on-her-majestys-secret-service|title=On his granny's secret service: Prince William interns at MI5, MI6 and GCHQ|work=The Guardian|first=Jamie|last=Doward|date=7 April 2019|access-date=16 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616102138/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/apr/07/prince-william-interns-mi5-mi6-gchq-on-her-majestys-secret-service|archive-date=16 June 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> during which he monitored extreme Islamist terror cells, identified potential threats abroad, and observed code‑breaking technology.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tatler.com/article/kensington-palace-james-bond-as-prince-william-visits-mi6|title=On His Majesty's secret service: Prince William makes a private trip to MI6 headquarters|work=[[Tatler]]|date=14 June 2024|access-date=16 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616102801/https://www.tatler.com/article/kensington-palace-james-bond-as-prince-william-visits-mi6|archive-date=16 June 2024|url-status=live|first=Ben|last=Jureidini}}</ref>

===Military and air ambulance service===
[[File:Prince William of Wales RAF.jpg|thumb|200px|right|In [[Royal Air Force]] uniform at the 2010 [[Trooping the Colour]]|alt=see caption]]
Having decided on a military career, William was admitted to the [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]] in January 2006. His admission required the successful completion of a 44‑week course as an Officer Cadet, which led to his commission as a British Army officer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1501217/Prince-William-to-join-his-brother-at-Sandhurst.html|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|title=Prince William to join his brother at Sandhurst| first=Caroline|last=Davies| date=22 October 2005|access-date=22 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203071554/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1501217/Prince-William-to-join-his-brother-at-Sandhurst.html|archive-date=3 February 2012|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=The Standard|title=Prince William's career: from Sandhurst to the RAF|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/prince-williams-career-from-sandhurst-to-the-raf-8811843.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922080207/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/prince-williams-career-from-sandhurst-to-the-raf-8811843.html|first=Maxine|last=Frith|date=12 September 2013|archive-date=22 September 2013|access-date=2 April 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> As "Lieutenant Wales"{{snd}}a name derived from his father's then title, Prince of Wales{{snd}}he followed his brother<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/5367862.stm|title=William joining Harry's regiment|work=BBC News|date=21 September 2006|access-date=17 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107090045/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/5367862.stm|archive-date=7 January 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> into the [[Blues and Royals]] in December that year as a second lieutenant, after which he spent five months training for the post at [[Bovington Camp]] in Dorset.<ref>{{cite news|title=William begins new life in Army|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6239599.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627201151/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6239599.stm|date=8 January 2007|access-date=27 June 2019|archive-date=27 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|title=Watch: Prince of Wales fires sniper rifle and machine gun|first=Hannah|last=Furness |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2024/11/26/prince-william-fires-sniper-rifle-machine-gun-welsh-guards/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126153022/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2024/11/26/prince-william-fires-sniper-rifle-machine-gun-welsh-guards/|date=26 November 2024 |archive-date=26 November 2024 |access-date=26 November 2024|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref>

Although the Queen approved William serving on the frontline, his position as second‑in‑line to the throne at the time raised doubts about whether he could be deployed to combat.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.sky.com/story/they-must-do-their-duty-the-queen-wanted-both-prince-william-and-prince-harry-to-serve-on-frontline-royal-documentary-reveals-12855172|title='They must do their duty': The Queen wanted both Prince William and Prince Harry to serve on frontline, royal documentary reveals|work=Sky News|first=Reemul|last=Balla|date=11 April 2023|access-date=11 April 2023|archive-date=11 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411202612/https://news.sky.com/story/they-must-do-their-duty-the-queen-wanted-both-prince-william-and-prince-harry-to-serve-on-frontline-royal-documentary-reveals-12855172|url-status=live}}</ref> Plans by the [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] to send him to Southern Iraq were leaked, and the government ultimately decided against the move, concluding that he would endanger both himself and those around him if targeted.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://journalistsresource.org/media/prince-harry-afghanistan-miguel-head-media-blackout/|title=Prince Harry in Afghanistan: Miguel Head shares the story of a historic media blackout|work=The Journalist's Resource|first=Carmen|last=Nobel|date=18 April 2019|access-date=31 August 2023|archive-date=31 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831142606/https://journalistsresource.org/media/prince-harry-afghanistan-miguel-head-media-blackout/|url-status=live}}</ref> William instead trained with the [[Royal Navy]] and the [[Royal Air Force]], obtaining his commission as a [[sub-lieutenant]] in the former and a [[flying officer]] in the latter, both broadly equivalent to the army rank of lieutenant. After completing his training, he undertook an attachment with the Royal Air Force at [[RAF Cranwell]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.meeja.com.au/index.php?display_article_id=217 |title=Prince William ready for Search and Rescue role |website=meeja.com.au |date=16 September 2008 |access-date=16 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019214531/http://www.meeja.com.au/index.php?display_article_id=217 |archive-date=19 October 2008 }}</ref><ref name="Pierce">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/theroyalfamily/4218703/Prince-William-starts-as-a-search-and-rescue-helicopter-pilot.html|title=Prince William starts as a search and rescue helicopter pilot|access-date=18 January 2009|last=Pierce|first=Andrew |date=13 January 2009|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412192233/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/theroyalfamily/4218703/Prince-William-starts-as-a-search-and-rescue-helicopter-pilot.html|archive-date=12 April 2010|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Upon completing the course, he was presented with his [[Aircrew brevet|RAF wings]] by his father,<ref name="smh1">{{Cite news |author = Staff |url = http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/kate-watches-william-get-his-wings/2008/04/12/1207856847954.html|title =Kate watches William get his wings|work =Deutsche Presse-Agentur|date =12 April 2008|access-date =26 July 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054749/http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/kate-watches-william-get-his-wings/2008/04/12/1207856847954.html|archive-date =21 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> who had received his own wings after training at Cranwell.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7340692.stm|title=Prince William awarded RAF wings|work=BBC News |date=11 April 2008 |access-date=2 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726202857/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7340692.stm|archive-date=26 July 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> During this [[secondment]], William flew to Afghanistan in a [[C-17 Globemaster]] that repatriated the body of Trooper Robert Pearson.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7374589.stm|title=William visits Afghanistan troops|work=BBC News|date=30 April 2008|access-date=30 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521024416/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7374589.stm |archive-date=21 May 2008|url-status=live }}</ref> He was then seconded to train with the Royal Navy,<ref name="bbc_7429261">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7429261.stm|title=William's Navy posting revealed|work=BBC News|date=31 May 2008|access-date=31 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111230022/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7429261.stm|archive-date=11 January 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> completing an accelerated Naval Officer training course at the [[Britannia Royal Naval College]].<ref name="bbc_7429261"/> Whilst serving on [[HMS Iron Duke (F234)|HMS ''Iron Duke'']] in July 2008, William participated in a £40m drug seizure in the Atlantic, north-east of Barbados.<ref>{{cite news |last=Norton-Taylor |first=Richard |title=Prince William's ship in £40m drugs rai |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/jul/03/monarchy.military |access-date=11 November 2020|work=The Guardian|date=2 July 2008|archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111002032/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/jul/03/monarchy.military|url-status=live}}</ref> He was part of the crew on the Lynx helicopter that helped seize 900 kg of cocaine from a speedboat.<ref>{{cite news|title=Prince William recalls the time he took part in an R825 million drugs bust |url=https://www.news24.com/channel/gossip/royal-news/prince-william-recalls-the-time-he-took-part-in-an-r825-million-drugs-bust-20201111-2|access-date=11 November 2020|work=Channel24|date=11 November 2020|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111081516/https://www.news24.com/channel/gossip/royal-news/prince-william-recalls-the-time-he-took-part-in-an-r825-million-drugs-bust-20201111-2|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:HRH Prince William Pilots Seaking Helicopter During Search and Rescue Exercise MOD 45151868.jpg|thumb|left|Piloting a [[Westland Sea King|Sea King]] helicopter in 2010|alt=see caption]]

As part of his training across all branches of the military in 2008 and 2009, William spent up to six weeks with the [[Special Air Service]], the [[Special Boat Service]], and the [[Special Reconnaissance Regiment]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7534769.stm|title=William to visit special forces|work=BBC News|date=31 July 2008|access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2024/04/19/prince-william-memorial-last-sas-originals-mike-sadler/|title=Prince William attends memorial for last of the SAS 'Originals'|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|first=Victoria|last=Ward|date=19 April 2024|access-date=20 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419191933/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2024/04/19/prince-william-memorial-last-sas-originals-mike-sadler/|archive-date=19 April 2024|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2009, he transferred his commission to the RAF and was promoted to [[Flight Lieutenant]]. He trained to become a helicopter pilot with the RAF's [[Search and Rescue Force]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/mobile/uk_news/wales/7821017.stm|title=Prince begins RAF rescue training|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420060630/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/mobile/uk_news/wales/7821017.stm|work=BBC News|date=12 January 2009|archive-date=20 April 2024|access-date=20 April 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2010, he graduated from the [[Defence Helicopter Flying School]] at [[RAF Shawbury]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/shropshire/8460988.stm|title=Prince William finishes RAF Shawbury helicopter course|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230174328/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/shropshire/8460988.stm|work=BBC News|date=15 January 2010|archive-date=30 December 2022|access-date=20 April 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> Later that month, he transferred to the Search and Rescue Training Unit at [[RAF Valley]], [[Anglesey]], to train on the [[Westland Sea King|Sea King]] search-and-rescue helicopter, graduating in September 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/8480634.stm |title=Prince William starts RAF rescue training on Anglesey|work=BBC News|date=26 January 2010|access-date=26 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816070705/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/8480634.stm |archive-date=16 August 2017|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/nov/20/prince-william-photos-raf-working-life|title=Prince William photos offer insight into RAF working life|work=The Guardian|first=Caroline|last=Davies|date=20 November 2012|access-date=5 November 2023|archive-date=5 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105200845/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/nov/20/prince-william-photos-raf-working-life|url-status=live}}</ref> This made him the first member of the [[British royal family]] since [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]] to live in Wales.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=The Tatler List – Duke of Cambridge|url=http://www.tatler.com/the-tatler-list/p/duke-of-cambridge|magazine=Tatler|access-date=11 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105091349/http://www.tatler.com/the-tatler-list/p/duke-of-cambridge|archive-date=5 January 2015}}</ref>

William's first rescue mission as co-pilot of an RAF Sea King came in October 2010, responding to an emergency call from Liverpool Coastguard.<ref>{{cite news |author= |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-north-west-wales-11476357 |title=Co-pilot Prince William rescues man from oil rig |work=BBC News |date=5 October 2010 |access-date=17 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016121131/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-north-west-wales-11476357 |archive-date=16 October 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2011, he took part in a search‑and‑rescue operation involving a sinking cargo ship in the Irish Sea, helping to rescue two sailors.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bingham |first1=John |last2=Bunyan |first2=Nigel |date=27 November 2011 |title=Prince William spearheads rescue for stricken Russian sailors |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/prince-william/8918754/Prince-William-spearheads-rescue-for-stricken-Russian-sailors.html |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=11 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112085737/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/prince-william/8918754/Prince-William-spearheads-rescue-for-stricken-Russian-sailors.html |archive-date=12 November 2014 |url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref> From February to March 2012, he was deployed to the [[Falkland Islands]] for a six-week tour with [[No. 1564 Flight RAF|No. 1564 Flight]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/prince-william-to-deploy-to-falkland-islands-1.724090 |work=CTV News |title=Prince William to deploy to Falkland Islands |date=11 November 2011 |access-date=11 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711191221/http://www.ctvnews.ca/prince-william-to-deploy-to-falkland-islands-1.724090 |archive-date=11 July 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/feb/02/prince-william-falklands-falkland-islands |title=Prince William arrives in the Falkland Islands |work=The Guardian |date=3 February 2012 |access-date=11 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031010303/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/feb/02/prince-william-falklands-falkland-islands |archive-date=31 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Argentine government condemned the deployment, close to the 30th anniversary of the start of the [[Falklands War]], as a "provocative act".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-15703340 |title=Argentina condemns Prince William Falklands posting |work=BBC News |date=11 November 2011 |access-date=5 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105051818/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-15703340 |archive-date=5 January 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Goñi |first=Uki|date=1 February 2012 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/feb/01/argentina-prince-william-falklands |title=Argentina criticises Prince William's tour of duty of Falkland Islands |work=The Guardian |access-date=11 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731213311/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/feb/01/argentina-prince-william-falklands |archive-date=31 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2012, he qualified to serve as captain, or [[pilot in command]] of a Sea King rather than as a co-pilot.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prince William to command search and rescue missions |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-18354699 |work=BBC News |date=7 June 2012 |access-date=11 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925204214/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-18354699 |archive-date=25 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> His active service as an RAF search-and-rescue pilot ended in September 2013.<ref name="Withnall">{{cite news |last=Withnall |first=Adam |date=12 September 2013 |title=Prince William completes last shift as RAF pilot to take up full-time job of being royal |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/prince-william-completes-last-shift-as-raf-pilot-to-take-up-fulltime-job-of-being-royal-8811642.html |newspaper=The Independent |access-date=11 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111194639/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/prince-william-completes-last-shift-as-raf-pilot-to-take-up-fulltime-job-of-being-royal-8811642.html |archive-date=11 January 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BBC Swap">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24065166 |title=Prince William to swap armed forces for royal and charity duties |work=BBC News |date=12 September 2013 |access-date=12 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912121307/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24065166 |archive-date=12 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Over the course of his service, he conducted 156 search-and-rescue operations, resulting in 149 people being rescued.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/sep/12/prince-william-leaves-raf-charity-work|title=Prince William leaves RAF to pursue charity work|work=The Guardian|first=Shiv|last=Malik|date=12 September 2013|access-date=1 March 2023|archive-date=1 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301190808/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/sep/12/prince-william-leaves-raf-charity-work|url-status=live}}</ref> He later became patron of the [[Battle of Britain Memorial Flight]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-lincolnshire-40568888|title=Prince William joins Battle of Britain Memorial Flight commemorations|work=BBC News|date=11 July 2017|access-date=15 September 2021|archive-date=16 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316130512/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-lincolnshire-40568888|url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 2015, William began working full-time as a pilot with the [[East Anglian Air Ambulance]] (EAAA), based at [[Cambridge Airport]], which he described as a natural progression from his previous search‑and‑rescue role.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/video/2015/jul/13/prince-william-air-ambulance-pilot-video|title=Prince William starts new job as air ambulance pilot|work=The Guardian|date=13 July 2015|access-date=16 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202092828/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/video/2015/jul/13/prince-william-air-ambulance-pilot-video|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="eaaaref">{{cite news |author= |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-28685666 |title=Prince William to join East Anglian Air Ambulance |work=BBC News |date=7 August 2014 |access-date=7 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808030040/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-28685666|archive-date=8 August 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> He donated his full salary to the EAAA charity.<ref name="eaaaref"/> He required a civil pilot's licence and further training before beginning the role,<ref name="eaaaref"/> completing part of his training at [[Norwich Airport]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/prince_william_starts_training_for_east_anglian_air_ambulance_job_at_norwich_airport_1_4015527 |title=Prince William starts training for East Anglian Air Ambulance job at Norwich airport |first=Rosa|last=McMahon |work=Eastern Daily Press |access-date=31 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401002322/http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/prince_william_starts_training_for_east_anglian_air_ambulance_job_at_norwich_airport_1_4015527 |archive-date=1 April 2015 }}</ref> William spoke about working irregular shifts and dealing largely with [[Intensive care medicine|critical-care]] cases,<ref>{{cite news |title=Inside the trauma team where Prince William is a pilot |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/gallery/20160914-inside-the-trauma-team-where-prince-william-is-a-pilot |access-date=13 December 2020 |work=BBC News |date=20 September 2016 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108130559/https://www.bbc.com/future/gallery/20160914-inside-the-trauma-team-where-prince-william-is-a-pilot |url-status=live }}</ref> and later discussed the impact of witnessing trauma and bereavement on his mental health and personal life.<ref>{{cite news |last=Murray |first=Tom |title=Prince William says witnessing 'so much death' as an air ambulance pilot made him see the world as a 'darker place' |url=https://www.insider.com/prince-william-talks-impact-seeing-death-as-air-ambulance-pilot-2021-1 |website=Insider |access-date=19 February 2021 |archive-date=7 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207072321/https://www.businessinsider.com/prince-william-talks-impact-seeing-death-as-air-ambulance-pilot-2021-1 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[BBC]] wrote that he had been "exposed to the [[National Health Service]] in a way that no other senior royal has been or possibly ever will be."<ref name="eaaretire"/>

William left his position with EAAA in July 2017 to assume full-time royal duties.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-40728530 |title=Prince William pilots last East Anglian Air Ambulance shift|date=27 July 2017 |work=BBC News|access-date=2 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301142427/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-40728530 |archive-date=1 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="eaaretire">{{cite news |last1=Hunt |first1=Peter |title=Prince William ready to be full-time royal |work=BBC News |date=27 July 2017 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-40744618 |access-date=3 May 2021 |archive-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503233511/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-40744618 |url-status=live }}</ref> After supporting an anniversary campaign for [[London's Air Ambulance Charity]] in 2019, he became the charity's official patron in March 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.londonsairambulance.org.uk/news-and-stories/charity-news/duke-cambridge-becomes-patron-our-charity|title=The Duke of Cambridge becomes patron of our charity|work=London's Air Ambulance Charity|date=11 March 2020|access-date=12 March 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806120656/https://www.londonsairambulance.org.uk/news-and-stories/charity-news/duke-cambridge-becomes-patron-our-charity|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2020, he granted permission for the charity to use Kensington Palace's private lawn as a refuelling point during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Prince William gives up a patch of Kensington Palace lawn for Air Ambulance use |url=https://www.tatler.com/article/prince-william-allows-london-air-ambulance-use-of-private-lawn-kensington-palace |magazine=Tatler |date=4 May 2020 |access-date=13 December 2020 |archive-date=25 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025015806/https://www.tatler.com/article/prince-william-allows-london-air-ambulance-use-of-private-lawn-kensington-palace |url-status=live }}</ref> In February 2023, he became patron of the [[Wales Air Ambulance]] charity.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://people.com/royals/kate-middleton-prince-william-visit-wales-st-davids-day-second-community-impact-day/|title=Kate Middleton and Prince William visit Wales ahead of a special feast day for the country|magazine=People|first1=Simon|last1=Perry|first2=Stephanie|last2=Petit|date=28 February 2023|access-date=28 February 2023|archive-date=28 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228172536/https://people.com/royals/kate-middleton-prince-william-visit-wales-st-davids-day-second-community-impact-day/|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2025, he became patron of the [[Special Air Service]] Regimental Association.<ref>{{cite news|title=Prince of Wales agrees to be Special Air Service patron|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2025/12/20/prince-of-wales-agrees-to-be-special-air-service-patron/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221172055/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2025/12/20/prince-of-wales-agrees-to-be-special-air-service-patron/|date=21 December 2025|access-date=21 December 2025|archive-date=21 December 2025|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life==
===Relationship with Catherine Middleton===

[[File:William Catherine balcony wave.jpg|alt=William in his military uniform with Catherine in a bridal gown|thumb|With Catherine on the Buckingham Palace balcony on their wedding day]]
In 2001, William met [[Catherine Middleton]], while they were students in residence at [[St Salvator's Hall]] at the University of St Andrews, and they became close friends.<ref>{{cite news|title=Prince William and Kate Middleton return to St Andrews University for anniversary celebrations|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|first=Auslan|last=Cramb| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/theroyalfamily/8347946/Prince-William-and-Kate-Middleton-return-to-St-Andrews-University-for-anniversary-celebrations.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150718044552/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/theroyalfamily/8347946/Prince-William-and-Kate-Middleton-return-to-St-Andrews-University-for-anniversary-celebrations.html|date=25 February 2011|access-date=9 August 2015|archive-date=18 July 2015|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Ward|first=Vicky|title=Will's Cup of Tea |url=https://archive.vanityfair.com/article/2008/11/wills-cup-of-tea |magazine=Vanity Fair|access-date=1 September 2023|archive-date=1 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901225700/https://archive.vanityfair.com/article/2008/11/wills-cup-of-tea|url-status=live}}</ref> She reportedly caught William's attention at a charity fashion show at the university in 2002.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kate Middleton's transparent dress sparks global interest at auction|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/kate-middleton/8377828/Kate-Middletons-transparent-dress-sparks-global-interest-at-auction.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621102059/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/kate-middleton/8377828/Kate-Middletons-transparent-dress-sparks-global-interest-at-auction.html|date=12 March 2011|access-date=20 June 2018|archive-date=21 June 2018|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref> During their second year, William shared a flat with Middleton and two other friends.<ref name="Tel-Rel">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/royal-wedding/8139020/Royal-wedding-schoolgirl-dream-comes-true-for-Kate-Middleton-the-princess-in-waiting.html|title=Royal wedding: schoolgirl dream comes true for Kate Middleton, the 'princess in waiting'|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|first=Gordon|last=Rayner|date=17 November 2010|access-date=20 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621142508/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/royal-wedding/8139020/Royal-wedding-schoolgirl-dream-comes-true-for-Kate-Middleton-the-princess-in-waiting.html|archive-date=21 June 2018|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The couple began dating in 2003.<ref>{{cite news|last=Peskoe|first=Ashley|title=The start of Prince William and Kate Middleton's love story|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/Royal_Wedding/kate-middleton-prince-williams-romance-st-andrews/story?id=13356247|access-date=28 October 2015|work=ABC News|date=12 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817212554/http://abcnews.go.com/International/Royal_Wedding/kate-middleton-prince-williams-romance-st-andrews/story?id=13356247|archive-date=17 August 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2003 to 2005, they both lived at Balgove House on the [[Strathtyrum]] estate with two roommates.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Wills and the Real Girl |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2010/12/william-and-kate-201012 |magazine=Vanity Fair |date=4 November 2010 |access-date=30 December 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209053629/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2010/12/william-and-kate-201012 |url-status=live }}</ref> They also began staying at a cottage on the Balmoral estate known as [[Tam-Na-Ghar]], which had been given to William by the Queen Mother shortly before [[Death and funeral of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother|her death]]. The property has remained a private retreat for the couple in subsequent years.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.tatler.com/article/tam-na-ghar-prince-and-princess-of-wales-private-cottage-balmoral|title=The Prince and Princess of Wales' private cottage on the Balmoral estate, Tam-Na-Ghar, provides the perfect spot for rest and relaxation|magazine=Tatler|first=Clara|last=Strunck|date=14 August 2025|access-date=18 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505070203/https://www.tatler.com/article/tam-na-ghar-prince-and-princess-of-wales-private-cottage-balmoral|archive-date=5 May 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2004, the couple briefly separated but reconciled soon afterwards.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Esquire|url=https://www.esquire.com/uk/culture/a46051225/how-did-prince-william-and-kate-middleton-meet/|title=How did Prince William and Kate Middleton meet (and why did they break up, twice?)|first=Laura|last=Martin|date=14 December 2023|access-date=4 May 2024|archive-date=29 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429181250/https://www.esquire.com/uk/culture/a46051225/how-did-prince-william-and-kate-middleton-meet/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The relationship was followed closely by the tabloid press.<ref name="split"/><ref name="CTV Split">{{cite news |author= |url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/prince-william-girlfriend-end-their-relationship-1.237322 |title=Prince William, girlfriend end their relationship |work=CTV News|date=14 April 2007 |access-date=16 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227114526/http://www.ctvnews.ca/prince-william-girlfriend-end-their-relationship-1.237322 |archive-date=27 December 2013 }}</ref> Media attention became so intense that William asked the press to keep their distance from Middleton.<ref name="CTV Split" /> In December 2006, Middleton and her family attended William's [[passing-out parade]] at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst.<ref>{{cite news|title=William graduates from Sandhurst|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6181761.stm|access-date=28 October 2015|work=BBC News|date=15 December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110194133/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk/6181761.stm|archive-date=10 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Royal wedding: The Kate Middleton story|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-11767308|access-date=28 October 2015|work=BBC News|date=16 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110194133/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-11767308|archive-date=10 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2007, William and Middleton were reported to have separated.<ref name="split">{{cite news | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6554841.stm | title=Prince William splits from Kate | work=BBC News | date=14 April 2007 | access-date=7 May 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113081840/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6554841.stm | archive-date=13 November 2010 | url-status=live }}</ref> Middleton and her family attended the [[Concert for Diana]] three months later;<ref name="Tel-Rel"/> the couple were subsequently reported to have "rekindled their relationship".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7030599.stm | title='Paparazzi chase' concerns prince | work=BBC News | date=5 October 2007 | access-date=7 May 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212113611/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7030599.stm | archive-date=12 December 2009 | url-status=live }}</ref> She also attended the [[Order of the Garter]] procession at Windsor Castle in June 2008, where William was made a [[Order of the Garter#Supernumerary members|Royal Knight of the Garter]].<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |last=Alleyne |first=Richard |title=Prince William Appointed Knight of the Garter|date=16 June 2008|access-date=12 September 2024|archive-date=1 May 2011|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/theroyalfamily/2140207/Prince-William-appointed-Knight-of-the-Garter.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501150558/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/theroyalfamily/2140207/Prince-William-appointed-Knight-of-the-Garter.html|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2010, the couple moved into a cottage on the [[Bodorgan Hall|Bodorgan Estate]] in Anglesey, Wales, where they lived until 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prince William and Catherine Middleton: The royal wedding of 2011 |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/British-Royal-Wedding-of-2011 |website=Britannica |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=21 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221030431/https://www.britannica.com/event/British-Royal-Wedding-of-2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Prince William and Kate revisit former home of Anglesey |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-48200225 |work=BBC News |date=8 May 2019 |access-date=23 November 2020 |archive-date=12 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812202254/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-48200225 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=First look inside the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge's Anglesey home |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/prince-william/10328491/First-look-inside-the-Duke-and-Duchess-of-Cambridges-Anglesey-home.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/prince-william/10328491/First-look-inside-the-Duke-and-Duchess-of-Cambridges-Anglesey-home.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=23 September 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

===Marriage and children===
{{further|Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton}}
[[File:The Cambridges on the balcony.png|thumb|left|With Catherine and their children at [[Elizabeth II's Platinum Jubilee]] in 2022|alt=see caption]]

The couple became engaged in October 2010 at a remote alpine cabin on [[Mount Kenya]] during a 10-day trip to the [[Lewa Wildlife Conservancy]] to celebrate William's completion of the RAF helicopter search-and-rescue course.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/04/28/kenya.royal.engagement/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106045718/http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/04/28/kenya.royal.engagement/index.html|title=Prince William chose rustic Kenyan cabin for engagement|work=CNN|first1=Faith|last1=Karimi|first2=David|last2=McKenzie|date=30 April 2011|archive-date=6 November 2023|access-date=18 April 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Clarence House]] announced their engagement on 16 November.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://people.com/celebrity/prince-william-engaged-to-kate-middleton/|title=Prince William and Kate Middleton are engaged!|magazine=People|first=Simon|last=Perry|date=16 November 2010|access-date=18 March 2023|archive-date=18 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318152020/https://people.com/celebrity/prince-william-engaged-to-kate-middleton/|url-status=live}}</ref> William gave his fiancée his mother's [[Diana, Princess of Wales's jewels#Engagement ring|engagement ring]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://people.com/royals/kate-middleton-princess-diana-engagement-ring-same-size/|title=Kate Middleton reveals she and Princess Diana share the same ring size while talking about engagement ring|magazine=People|first=Stephanie|last=Petit|date=28 April 2023|access-date=2 November 2023|archive-date=21 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621190634/https://people.com/royals/kate-middleton-princess-diana-engagement-ring-same-size/|url-status=live}}</ref> The wedding took place at Westminster Abbey on 29 April 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13229961 |title=Crowds cheer newly-wed couple |work=BBC News |date=29 April 2011 |access-date=29 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429033732/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13229961 |archive-date=29 April 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> The global audience for the ceremony was estimated at around 300 million, while 26 million watched the event live in Britain alone.<ref>{{cite news|title=2 billion tune into Royal Wedding |url=http://www.news.com.au/business/billion-tune-in-to-royal-wedding/story-fn7mjon9-1226047685517 |newspaper=News.com.au |date=1 May 2011 |access-date=1 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110502215819/http://www.news.com.au/business/billion-tune-in-to-royal-wedding/story-fn7mjon9-1226047685517 |archive-date=2 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The TV Column:Counting royal wedding watchers .?.?. before the wedding?|first=Lisa|last=de Moraes |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/tv-column/2011/04/28/AFbhUR8E_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928012048/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2011-04-28/lifestyle/35230363_1_memorial-service-nielsen-eternal-flame |date=28 April 2011 |access-date=2 September 2013|archive-date=28 September 2013|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref>

William and Catherine have three children: [[Prince George of Wales|Prince George]], born in July 2013;<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-23413653 |title=Royal baby: Kate gives birth to boy |work=BBC News |date=22 July 2013 |access-date=22 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723014429/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-23413653 |archive-date=23 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Princess Charlotte of Wales (born 2015)|Princess Charlotte]], born in May 2015;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-32562117|title=Royal baby: Duchess of Cambridge gives birth to daughter|work=BBC News|date=2 May 2015|access-date=2 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502072400/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-32562117|archive-date=2 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Prince Louis of Wales|Prince Louis]], born in April 2018;<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-43864933| title=Royal baby: Duchess of Cambridge gives birth to boy|work=BBC News| date=23 April 2018| access-date=21 July 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620110438/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-43864933| archive-date=20 June 2018| url-status=live}}</ref> all three were born at St Mary's Hospital in London. They owned an [[English Cocker Spaniel]], [[Lupo (dog)|Lupo]], who died in 2020,<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://people.com/royals/prince-william-kate-middleton-dog-lupo-dies/|title=Prince William and Kate Middleton mourn the death of family dog Lupo: 'We will miss him so much'|magazine=People|first=Maria|last=Pasquini|date=22 November 2020|access-date=22 November 2020|archive-date=22 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122175639/https://people.com/royals/prince-william-kate-middleton-dog-lupo-dies/|url-status=live}}</ref> and now have [[Orla (dog)|Orla]] and one of her puppies, Otto, both of the same breed.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://people.com/royals/kate-middleton-prince-william-bring-dog-orla-charity-polo-match/|title=Kate Middleton and Prince William bring their dog Orla to charity polo match!|magazine=People|first1=Stephanie|last1=Petit|first2=Erin|last2=Hill|date=6 July 2022|access-date=6 July 2022|archive-date=6 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706203657/https://people.com/royals/kate-middleton-prince-william-bring-dog-orla-charity-polo-match/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=The Independent|last=Wylie|first=Catherine|title=Kate and William share name of new family dog in sweet post marking the spaniel's first birthday |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/william-kate-puppy-dog-otto-b2968843.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260501144612/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/william-kate-puppy-dog-otto-b2968843.html|date=1 May 2026|access-date=1 May 2026|archive-date=1 May 2026|url-status=live}}</ref>

William and Catherine used [[Nottingham Cottage]] as their London residence until 2013, when £4.5 million renovations completed at Apartment 1A at Kensington Palace, which remains their official residence in the capital.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Prince of Wales |url=https://www.royal.uk/the-prince-of-wales |publisher=The Royal Family |access-date=10 February 2023 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908160233/https://www.royal.uk/the-prince-of-wales |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CNN">{{Cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/06/25/world/europe/uk-royals-palace-upgrade/index.html?hpt=hp_t4 |title=Royal palace upgrade for William, Catherine and George costs $7.6 million |last=Foster |first=Max |date=26 June 2014 |work=CNN |access-date=26 June 2014 |archive-date=12 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412190830/https://www.cnn.com/2014/06/25/world/europe/uk-royals-palace-upgrade/index.html?hpt=hp_t4 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |title=New family-size house for Duke and Duchess of Cambridge in his childhood home |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/prince-william/8872150/New-family-size-house-for-William-and-Kate-in-his-childhood-home.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/prince-william/8872150/New-family-size-house-for-William-and-Kate-in-his-childhood-home.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The couple were given the country house [[Anmer Hall]], on the [[Sandringham House|Sandringham]] estate, as a wedding gift from the Queen, and lived there from 2015 to 2017.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Nicholl |first=Katie |title=William and Kate will move into Anmer Hall before the new baby arrives |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2015/04/kate-middleton-prince-william-moving-to-amner-hall |magazine=Vanity Fair |date=April 2015 |access-date=31 May 2021 |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420082418/https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2015/04/kate-middleton-prince-william-moving-to-amner-hall |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kate and William make media plea for privacy during stay in Norfolk |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/may/07/kate-william-media-plea-privacy-norfolk-baby-charlotte |access-date=21 November 2020 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=7 May 2015 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128082015/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/may/07/kate-william-media-plea-privacy-norfolk-baby-charlotte |url-status=live }}</ref> Kensington Palace was their primary residence until 2022, and [[Adelaide Cottage]] in [[Windsor, Berkshire|Windsor]] until October 2025.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|title=Adelaide Cottage: William and Kate to move to cottage on Windsor estate|first=Nicholas |last=Witchell |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62632439|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822112831/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62632439|date=22 August 2022|access-date=22 August 2022|archive-date=22 August 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Kate Middleton and Prince William are officially moving to London this fall |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2017/01/prince-william-kate-middleton-george-charlotte-moving-london |magazine=Vanity Fair |date=20 January 2017 |access-date=1 June 2021 |archive-date=24 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924172925/https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2017/01/prince-william-kate-middleton-george-charlotte-moving-london|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Forest Lodge, Windsor|Forest Lodge]] is their current residence.<ref name="October25">{{cite news|title=Prince and Princess of Wales become closer neighbours with Andrew|work=The Daily Telegraph|first1=Victoria|first2=Hannah|last1=Ward|last2=Furness|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2025/11/01/prince-princess-of-wales-become-closer-neighbours-andrew-uk/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251102031910/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2025/11/01/prince-princess-of-wales-become-closer-neighbours-andrew-uk/|date=1 November 2025|access-date=1 November 2025|archive-date=2 November 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>

Among William's godchildren are [[Prince Constantine-Alexios of Greece and Denmark]] and Lady Cosima Grosvenor, daughter of the [[Hugh Grosvenor, 7th Duke of Westminster|7th Duke of Westminster]].<ref>{{cite news|title=UK: Prince William becomes a godfather|work=The Associated Press|url=https://newsroom.ap.org/editorial-photos-videos/detail?itemid=f3ff9303e354ad686b2593d558c9a231&mediatype=video|date=15 April 1999|access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The inner circle William keeps out of the spotlight|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Lauren|last=Shirreff|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2026/05/21/inside-prince-williams-inner-circle/|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/HDsVH|date=21 May 2026|access-date=25 May 2026|archive-date=25 May 2026|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Duke of Cambridge==
[[File:Canada Ottawa William Kate 2011 (2).jpg|thumb|With Catherine at the [[Canada Day]] celebration in 2011 during their first tour outside the United Kingdom|alt=see caption]]
William was created [[Duke of Cambridge]], [[Earl of Strathearn]], and [[Baron Carrickfergus]] on the day of his wedding in April 2011.<ref name=BBC-titles>{{cite news|title=Kate and William become Duke and Duchess of Cambridge|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13236409|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430032540/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13236409|date=29 April 2011|access-date=29 April 2011|archive-date=30 April 2011|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|last=Beckford |first=Martin|title=Prince William and Kate Middleton's new titles revealed |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/royal-wedding/8482573/Prince-William-and-Kate-Middletons-new-titles-revealed.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110502030122/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/royal-wedding/8482573/Prince-William-and-Kate-Middletons-new-titles-revealed.html|date=29 April 2011 |archive-date=2 May 2011|access-date=3 June 2011|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref> He and Catherine [[2011 royal tour of Canada|toured Canada]] that summer.<ref>{{cite news|title=Canada welcomes William and Kate as they begin first official overseas trip|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/jun/30/canada-william-kate-first-overseas-trip|first1=Stephen|last1=Bates|first2=David|last2=Batty|work=The Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207020454/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/jun/30/canada-william-kate-first-overseas-trip|date=30 June 2011|access-date=4 May 2024|archive-date=7 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Nicholas Witchell]], writing for [[BBC News]], described the tour as an "unqualified success", noting that the couple's relaxed approach{{Spaced en dash}}from tree planting to street hockey{{Spaced en dash}}charmed the public and bolstered support for the monarchy.<ref>{{cite news|first=Nicholas|last=Witchell |work=BBC News|title='Unstuffy royal couple' a hit on Canada tour|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-14090248|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603031827/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-14090248|date=9 July 2011|access-date=25 June 2024|archive-date=3 June 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> The couple served as ambassadors for the [[2012 Summer Olympics]] in London, attending multiple sporting events throughout the games.<ref>{{cite news|work=The Guardian|title=Royals made ambassadors of London 2012 Olympic Games|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2011/dec/01/royals-london-2012-olympic-games |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930145312/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2011/dec/01/royals-london-2012-olympic-games|date=1 December 2011|access-date=13 December 2012|archive-date=30 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

In September 2013, William and Catherine visited Singapore, Malaysia, Tuvalu, and the Solomon Islands as part of the [[Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Queen's Diamond Jubilee celebrations]].<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|last=Singh|first=Anita |title=Jubilee: royal trip to paradise for Duke and Duchess|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/theroyalfamily/8957142/Jubilee-royal-trip-to-paradise-for-Duke-and-Duchess.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110194136/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/theroyalfamily/8957142/Jubilee-royal-trip-to-paradise-for-Duke-and-Duchess.html|date=15 December 2011|access-date=28 October 2015|archive-date=10 January 2016|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref> William hosted his first [[investiture]] ceremony at Buckingham Palace in October that year.<ref>{{cite news |work=BBC News|title=Prince William hosts his first investiture |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24560627|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318031550/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24560627|date=17 October 2013|access-date=12 December 2020|archive-date=18 March 2021|url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2014, he and Catherine undertook a royal tour of New Zealand and Australia, accompanied by their son George.<ref>{{cite news|work=ABC News|title=Royal visit: Prince William and Kate arrive in Sydney with Prince George for 10-day Australian tour |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-04-16/royal-visit-will-kate-prince-george-visit-australia/5394446|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125202804/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-04-16/royal-visit-will-kate-prince-george-visit-australia/5394446|date=15 April 2014|access-date=21 November 2020|archive-date=25 November 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> In August that year, the couple, along with Harry, represented the royal family at [[World War I]] commemorations in Belgium.<ref>{{cite news|first=Robert|last=Jobson |work=Evening Standard|title=Prince William and Kate visit poppy moat Tower of London WWI display |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/duke-and-duchess-of-cambridge-and-prince-harry-plant-poppies-at-tower-of-london-wwi-display-9648995.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228014559/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/duke-and-duchess-of-cambridge-and-prince-harry-plant-poppies-at-tower-of-london-wwi-display-9648995.html |date=5 August 2014|access-date=28 February 2023|archive-date=28 February 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> In December, the couple visited New York and Washington DC, where William delivered a speech at the [[World Bank]] condemning the illegal wildlife trade.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News |title=Prince William holds first talks with President Obama|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-30382449|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823062119/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-30382449|date=9 December 2014|access-date=21 July 2018|archive-date=23 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=The Guardian|last=Gambino |first=Lauren|title=Prince William and Kate arrive in New York for three-day US visit |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2014/dec/07/prince-william-kate-new-york-us-visit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924142939/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2014/dec/07/prince-william-kate-new-york-us-visit |date=8 December 2014|access-date=28 February 2023|archive-date=24 September 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2015 and 2016, William embarked on visits to several Asian countries, including Japan, China, Bhutan, and India;<ref>{{cite news |work=BBC News|title=Prince William arrives in Japan for four-day visit |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-31638537|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226125943/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-31638537|date=26 February 2015|access-date=16 December 2020 |archive-date=26 February 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=The Guardian |title=Prince William and Kate visit India – in pictures |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/gallery/2016/apr/11/prince-william-and-kate-visit-india-in-pictures|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421005958/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/gallery/2016/apr/11/prince-william-and-kate-visit-india-in-pictures|date=10 April 2016 |access-date=11 December 2020 |archive-date=21 April 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=CNN|last=Hume|first=Tim |title=Duke and Duchess of Cambridge meet 'William and Kate of the Himalayas' |url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/04/14/asia/royal-visit-william-kate-bhutan/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127203524/https://www.cnn.com/2016/04/14/asia/royal-visit-william-kate-bhutan/index.html |date=14 April 2016|access-date=21 November 2020|archive-date=27 November 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> he was the first royal to visit mainland China in almost three decades, with the press describing his diplomacy as "deft" and "polished".<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|agency=Reuters |title=Prince William arrives in China and invites President Xi for state visit |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/prince-william/11443884/Prince-William-arrives-in-China-and-invites-President-Xi-for-state-visit.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225203909/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/prince-william/11443884/Prince-William-arrives-in-China-and-invites-President-Xi-for-state-visit.html |date=2 March 2015|access-date=25 December 2015|archive-date=25 December 2015|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Britain's Prince William handles his China visit with Polish |url=https://time.com/3729626/prince-william-china-visit/ |magazine=Time |access-date=28 February 2023 |archive-date=28 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228014559/https://time.com/3729626/prince-william-china-visit/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Prince William in Beijing Proves Defter Diplomat Than Dad on China |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/china/prince-william-beijing-proves-defter-diplomat-dad-n315441 |website=NBC |date=2 March 2015 |access-date=28 February 2023 |archive-date=28 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228014559/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/china/prince-william-beijing-proves-defter-diplomat-dad-n315441 |url-status=live }}</ref> Responding to media allegations that he was "work-shy", he emphasised his commitment to his duties, highlighting his dedication to fatherhood and his air‑ambulance work.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prince William rejects tag of work-shy royal: 'I take duty seriously' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/apr/20/prince-william-rejects-do-nothing-royal-tag-i-take-duty-seriously |website=The Guardian |date=20 April 2016 |access-date=28 February 2023 |last=Davies |first=Caroline |archive-date=28 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228014602/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/apr/20/prince-william-rejects-do-nothing-royal-tag-i-take-duty-seriously |url-status=live }}</ref> Countries visited by William and Catherine in 2017 included France, Poland, Germany, and Belgium.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ceciliarodriguez/2017/03/18/kate-middleton-and-prince-william-charm-paris-best-photos-of-a-glamorous-diplomatic-trip/#3b5242e20a9d|title=Kate Middleton and Prince William charm Paris: Best photos of a glamorous diplomatic trip|magazine=Forbes|first=Cecilia|last=Rodriguez|date=18 March 2017|access-date=1 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301230635/https://www.forbes.com/sites/ceciliarodriguez/2017/03/18/kate-middleton-and-prince-william-charm-paris-best-photos-of-a-glamorous-diplomatic-trip/#3b5242e20a9d|archive-date=1 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/07/17/prince-george-princess-charlotte-join-brexit-diplomacy-tour/|title=Prince George takes some gentle coaxing from his father as royals arrive in Poland for 'Brexit diplomacy' tour|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|first=Hannah |last=Furness|date=17 July 2017|access-date=1 March 2018|archive-date=1 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301225748/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/07/17/prince-george-princess-charlotte-join-brexit-diplomacy-tour/|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ceciliarodriguez/2017/07/21/kate-middleton-prince-william-and-kids-in-germany-best-pics-of-their-charm-and-fashion-diplomacy/#56fb367adbaa|title=Kate Middleton, Prince William and kids in Germany: The best photos from their charm and fashion diplomacy|magazine=Forbes|first=Cecilia|last=Rodriguez|date=21 July 2017|access-date=1 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301231327/https://www.forbes.com/sites/ceciliarodriguez/2017/07/21/kate-middleton-prince-william-and-kids-in-germany-best-pics-of-their-charm-and-fashion-diplomacy/#56fb367adbaa|archive-date=1 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2017/07/kate-middleton-belgium-battle-passchendaele-ceremony|title=Kate Middleton repeats an iconic look in Belgium|magazine=Vanity Fair|first=Josh|last=Duboff|date=31 July 2017|access-date=1 March 2018|archive-date=1 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801003020/https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2017/07/kate-middleton-belgium-battle-passchendaele-ceremony|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2018, the couple visited Sweden and Norway.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/5124733/will-kate-swedish-royal-family/|title=See Prince William and Kate Middleton with the Swedish royal family|magazine=Time|first=Mahita|last=Gajanan|date=30 January 2018|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130162520/http://time.com/5124733/will-kate-swedish-royal-family/|archive-date=30 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> These visits, like others, were undertaken at the request of the [[Foreign Office]] and were interpreted as supporting [[United Kingdom–European Union relations|UK-European relations]] in the post-[[Brexit]] context.<ref>{{cite news |title=Royals to fly the flag amid Brexit talks |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-39156401 |access-date=13 December 2020 |work=BBC News |archive-date=30 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930145518/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-39156401|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=William and Kate to visit Paris as part of Brexit charm offensive |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/mar/16/cambridges-visit-paris-soft-power-brexit-william-kate-charles-camilla-article-50 |access-date=13 December 2020 |work=The Guardian |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111192413/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/mar/16/cambridges-visit-paris-soft-power-brexit-william-kate-charles-camilla-article-50 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Duke and Duchess of Cambridge to visit Germany and Poland |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-39156396 |access-date=13 December 2020 |work=BBC News |date=3 March 2017 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309170658/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-39156396 |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2018, William toured Jordan, Israel, and Palestine.<ref name="middle east visit">{{cite news |title=Prince William lands in Jordan for 'historic' Middle East trip |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/24/world/middleeast/uk-prince-william-middle-east.html?auth=login-google |access-date=19 December 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=24 June 2018 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=23 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723175047/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/24/world/middleeast/uk-prince-william-middle-east.html?auth=login-google |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-royals-israel-palestinians/uks-prince-william-visits-jerusalem-holy-sites-great-grandmothers-tomb-idUSKBN1JO0M3|title=UK's Prince William visits Jerusalem holy sites, great-grandmother's tomb|work=Reuters|first=Jeffrey|last=Heller|date=28 June 2018|access-date=29 June 2018|archive-date=29 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629013954/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-royals-israel-palestinians/uks-prince-william-visits-jerusalem-holy-sites-great-grandmothers-tomb-idUSKBN1JO0M3|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Prince William and Duchess Kate of Cambridge visits Sweden 19.jpg|thumb|left|With Catherine greeting members of the public on their visit to Sweden in 2018|alt=see caption]]
William and Catherine toured Pakistan in October 2019, marking the royal family's first visit to the country in 13 years.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2019/06/29/duke-duchess-cambridge-defy-security-fears-plan-retrace-dianas/|title=Duke and Duchess of Cambridge defy security fears with plan to retrace Diana's footsteps during royal tour of Pakistan|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|first=Hannah|last=Furness|date=29 June 2019|access-date=29 June 2019|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629234744/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2019/06/29/duke-duchess-cambridge-defy-security-fears-plan-retrace-dianas/|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref> The tour was widely regarded as a success, strengthening diplomatic relations while reflecting the couple's personal interests in climate change and the importance of quality education.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Vanity Fair|first=Katie|last=Nicholl|title=How Kate Middleton and Prince William aced their "relatable" tour of Pakistan|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2019/10/kate-middleton-and-prince-william-last-day-pakistan-tour|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128222606/https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2019/10/kate-middleton-and-prince-william-last-day-pakistan-tour|date=18 October 2019|archive-date=28 January 2023|access-date=25 June 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2020, it was reported that William had tested positive for COVID‑19 in April but had chosen not to alert the media to "avoid alarming the nation".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-54774942|title=Covid-19: Prince William 'tested positive in April'|work=BBC News|date=1 November 2020|access-date=2 November 2020|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101234857/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-54774942|url-status=live}}</ref> ''The Daily Telegraph'' reported that he had been "very ill" and had isolated away from his family,<ref name=telegraph-20201102>{{cite news |last=Ward |first=Victoria |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |title=Prince William was 'very ill' with Covid, sources suggest, amid questions about decision not to go public|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2020/11/02/prince-william-covid-sources-suggest-amid-questions-decision/|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2020/11/02/prince-william-covid-sources-suggest-amid-questions-decision/ |date=2 November 2020|archive-date=10 January 2022|access-date=3 November 2020|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref> while other sources said he had not been seriously ill, had not been bedridden, and had continued working for most of the time.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Prince William's Coronavirus Diagnosis Was 'No Secret' Among the Royal Family |last1=Nicholl |first1=Katie |last2=Vanderhoof |first2=Erin |magazine=Vanity Fair |date=2 November 2020 |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2020/11/prince-william-coronavirus-diagnosis-was-no-secret-royal-family |access-date=14 October 2021 |archive-date=18 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018151026/https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2020/11/prince-william-coronavirus-diagnosis-was-no-secret-royal-family |url-status=live }}</ref> In December that year, the couple embarked on a tour of England, Scotland, and Wales via the [[British Royal Train]] "to pay tribute to the inspiring work" of communities and charities in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Covid: William and Kate plan train tour to thank key workers |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-55198752 |access-date=8 December 2020 |work=BBC News |date=6 December 2020 |archive-date=6 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206134607/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-55198752 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Perry |first=Simon |title=Kate Middleton and Prince William kick off final day of royal train tour with trip to a castle! |url=https://people.com/royals/kate-middleton-and-prince-williams-royal-train-moves-on-to-wales-and-a-trip-to-a-castle/ |magazine=People |access-date=8 December 2020 |archive-date=8 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208122045/https://people.com/royals/kate-middleton-and-prince-williams-royal-train-moves-on-to-wales-and-a-trip-to-a-castle/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Boris Johnson]] expressed his support, while Scottish first minister [[Nicola Sturgeon]] criticised the tour, citing travel restrictions; local governments were consulted during planning.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/dec/08/lukewarm-welcome-for-william-and-kate-in-royal-tour-of-scotland-and-wales|title=Lukewarm welcome for William and Kate in royal tour of Scotland and Wales|work=The Guardian|first1=Caroline|last1=Davies|first2=Jessica|last2=Elgot |date=8 December 2020|access-date=9 December 2020|archive-date=8 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208110515/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/dec/08/lukewarm-welcome-for-william-and-kate-in-royal-tour-of-scotland-and-wales|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Neilan |first=Catherine |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |title=UK drops law-breaking clauses from Internal Market Bill after reaching new Brexit agreement with EU |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2020/12/08/brexit-news-latest-no-deal-eu-trade-talks-update/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2020/12/08/brexit-news-latest-no-deal-eu-trade-talks-update/|date=8 December 2020 |access-date=9 December 2020|archive-date=10 January 2022|url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In his capacity as [[Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland]], William toured the country with Catherine in May 2021.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-57241340|title=In pictures: Prince William and Kate visit Scotland|work=BBC News|date=27 May 2021|access-date=28 May 2021|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525113046/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-57241340|url-status=live}}</ref> The couple attended the [[47th G7 summit|G7 summit]] for the first time in June 2021 in Cornwall.<ref>{{cite news |last=Holden |first=Michael |title=Are you supposed to be enjoying yourselves? Queen Elizabeth asks G7 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/britains-queen-elizabeth-hosts-biden-g7-reception-2021-06-11/ |work=Reuters |date=12 June 2021 |access-date=13 June 2021 |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730130831/https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/britains-queen-elizabeth-hosts-biden-g7-reception-2021-06-11/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Nicholl |first=Katie |title=Prince William and Kate make royal history at the G7 |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2021/06/prince-william-kate-g7-summit |magazine=Vanity Fair |date=11 June 2021|access-date=13 June 2021|archive-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612120426/https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2021/06/prince-william-kate-g7-summit |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|title=Prince of Wales leads charge in climate battle as PM picks him to host G7 meeting|first=Victoria|last=Ward|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2021/06/10/prince-charles-host-g7-world-leaders-ceos-reception-climate/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010230810/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2021/06/10/prince-charles-host-g7-world-leaders-ceos-reception-climate/|date=10 June 2021|archive-date=10 October 2021|access-date=14 May 2024|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In March 2022, they embarked on a tour of Belize, the Bahamas, and Jamaica as part of the [[Queen's Platinum Jubilee celebrations]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 March 2022 |title=Caribbean tour: Prince William says future is for the people to decide |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-60890440 |access-date=27 March 2022 |archive-date=18 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418214618/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-60890440 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=White |first=Nadine |date=23 March 2022 |title=William and Kate's royal visit to the Caribbean is offensively tone deaf |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/william-kate-royal-tour-caribbean-colonialism-b2042293.html |access-date=28 March 2022 |work=The Independent |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327175044/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/william-kate-royal-tour-caribbean-colonialism-b2042293.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Calls for [[reparations for slavery]] emerged as a major theme among public protesters during the visit.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=White |first=Nadine |date=26 March 2022 |title=Belize signals intention to remove Queen as head of state following royal visit |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/world/belize-queen-caribbean-head-of-state-b2044585.html |access-date=27 March 2022 |website=The Independent |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407192943/https://www.independent.co.uk/world/belize-queen-caribbean-head-of-state-b2044585.html |url-status=live }}</ref> At the unveiling of the National Windrush Monument in London, William described the tour as "an opportunity to reflect" and condemned the [[Windrush scandal|racism experienced]] by members of the [[Windrush generation]] and British minorities in 2022.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/uks-prince-william-thanks-windrush-generation-memorial-unveiled-2022-06-22/|title=UK's Prince William thanks 'Windrush' generation as memorial unveiled|work=Reuters|date=22 June 2022|access-date=23 June 2022|archive-date=23 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623064857/https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/uks-prince-william-thanks-windrush-generation-memorial-unveiled-2022-06-22/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/prince-william-windrush-victims-racism-b2106763.html|title=Prince William tells Windrush victims 'racism remains all-too familiar for Black people in Britain'|work=The Independent|first=Nadine|last=White|date=22 June 2022|access-date=23 June 2022|archive-date=22 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622183849/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/prince-william-windrush-victims-racism-b2106763.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2022, he attended the [[2022 State Opening of Parliament|State Opening of Parliament]] for the first time as a [[counsellor of state]], where his father delivered the Queen's Speech on behalf of Elizabeth II.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/may/10/queen-remains-very-much-in-charge-even-as-charles-makes-speech|title=Queen remains 'very much in charge' even as Charles makes speech|work=The Guardian|first=Caroline|last=Davies|date=10 May 2022|access-date=10 May 2022|archive-date=5 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605132321/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/may/10/queen-remains-very-much-in-charge-even-as-charles-makes-speech|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Prince of Wales==
[[File:President Biden met with Prince William in Boston - 2022.jpg|thumb|With [[Joe Biden]] in Boston, December 2022|alt=see caption]]
[[Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II died]] on 8 September 2022, and William's father succeeded as King Charles III. William, now [[heir apparent]], was created Prince of Wales by his father on 9 September.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News |title=William and Kate named Prince and Princess of Wales by the King|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-62856181|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909182810/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-62856181|date=9 September 2022|access-date=9 September 2022|archive-date=9 September 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Controversy of the Prince of Wales title|Controversy surrounding the title]] became a topic of public debate in Wales.<ref name="Title-controversy">{{cite news|work=The Conversation|last=Clear|first=Stephen|date=15 September 2022|title=Prince of Wales: why William inheriting the title from Charles has sparked a debate|url=https://theconversation.com/prince-of-wales-why-william-inheriting-the-title-from-charles-has-sparked-a-debate-190577|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222032955/https://theconversation.com/prince-of-wales-why-william-inheriting-the-title-from-charles-has-sparked-a-debate-190577|access-date=22 December 2022|archive-date=22 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Senedd Llywydd [[Elin Jones]] stated that an investiture was not constitutionally required and likely unnecessary, a view echoed by Kensington Palace, which said it was "not on the table".<ref>{{cite news|date=30 October 2022|title='Westminster could learn something from the royals about how to treat Wales'|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/the-uk-government-could-learn-25392079|access-date=31 October 2022|work=WalesOnline|archive-date=17 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117175807/https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/the-uk-government-could-learn-25392079|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=16 November 2022|title=Prince of Wales has no plans for investiture, Kensington Palace confirms|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-politics-63635177|access-date=19 November 2022|archive-date=11 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411055748/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-politics-63635177|url-status=live}}</ref>

William and Catherine visited [[Anglesey]] and [[Swansea]] on 27 September 2022, marking their first visit to Wales since becoming Prince and Princess of Wales.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-63035829|title=Prince and Princess of Wales visit nation for first time|work=BBC News|date=28 September 2022|access-date=30 September 2022|archive-date=30 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930042145/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-63035829|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2023, they visited [[Falmouth, Cornwall|Falmouth]], their first visit to the region since becoming Duke and Duchess of Cornwall.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Kate Middleton and Prince William make first official visit to Cornwall since taking on new titles|url=https://people.com/royals/kate-middleton-prince-william-first-official-visit-cornwall-new-titles/|magazine=People|first=Simon|last=Perry|date=9 February 2023|access-date=13 March 2023|archive-date=13 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313181629/https://people.com/royals/kate-middleton-prince-william-first-official-visit-cornwall-new-titles/|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2023, William and Catherine condemned the [[October 7 attacks]] on Israel.<ref>{{cite news|title=King, William and Kate condemn 'horrors' of Hamas' attacks on Israel|work=The Independent|first=Laura|last=Elston|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/israel-charles-israelis-alice-hamas-b2428104.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017110115/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/israel-charles-israelis-alice-hamas-b2428104.html|date=11 October 2023|access-date=25 January 2026|archive-date=17 October 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2024, William visited the [[British Red Cross]] headquarters, met aid workers assisting civilians in the [[Gaza–Israel conflict]], and issued a government-approved call to end the fighting.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-68343334|title=Prince William: 'Too many killed' in Israel-Gaza war|work=BBC News|first=Sean|last=Coughlan|date=20 February 2024|access-date=20 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220234338/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-68343334|archive-date=20 February 2024}}</ref> Later that month, he withdrew at the last moment from [[Death and funeral of Constantine II of Greece#Thanksgiving service|the thanksgiving service]] for his godfather, [[Constantine II of Greece]], due to an undisclosed "personal matter".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-68413542|title=Prince William pulls out of memorial service due to 'personal matter'|last=Caughlan|first=Sean|date=27 February 2024|access-date=27 February 2024|work=BBC News|archive-date=27 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227112221/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-68413542|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Prime Minister Keir Starmer attends Holocaust Memorial Day (54290704867).jpg|thumb|With Catherine and [[Keir Starmer]] at a [[Holocaust Memorial Day (UK)|Holocaust Memorial Day]] ceremony, January 2025|alt=see caption]]
In December 2024, William attended the [[Reopening of Notre-Dame de Paris|official reopening]] of the [[Notre-Dame cathedral]] in Paris, where he greeted the [[president-elect of the United States]], [[Donald Trump]], and later held a private meeting with him to discuss [[relationship between the United Kingdom and the United States|UK-US relations]].<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|first1=Amy|first2=Sean|last1=Walker|last2=Coughlan|title=Prince William meets Trump at Notre-Dame reopening|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c05ppeym6jro|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207141056/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c05ppeym6jro|date=7 December 2024|access-date=7 December 2024|archive-date=7 December 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2025, William attended the [[funeral of Pope Francis]] on behalf of his father.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|first=Hannah |last=Furness|title=Prince William's most significant duty on world stage to date|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2025/04/26/prince-william-most-significant-duty-on-world-stage-date/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426170814/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2025/04/26/prince-william-most-significant-duty-on-world-stage-date/|date=26 April 2025|access-date=26 April 2025|archive-date=26 April 2025|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2025, he appeared on the Apple TV+ series ''[[The Reluctant Traveler]]'', described by commentators as his "most open and authentic" interview, in which he discussed his family life and the need for the monarchy to remain "fit for purpose".<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|first=Hannah |last=Furness|title=Prince William: I'm not afraid of changing the monarchy|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2025/10/02/prince-william-im-not-afraid-of-changing-the-monarchy-uk/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251003000647/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2025/10/02/prince-william-im-not-afraid-of-changing-the-monarchy-uk/|date=3 October 2025|access-date=4 October 2025|archive-date=3 October 2025|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref> On 6 November that year, William attended the [[2025 United Nations Climate Change Conference]] in [[Belém]] in place of Charles III; ''The Daily Telegraph'' described his address as "his highest-profile speech to date".<ref>{{cite news|first=Hannah|last=Furness |title=Prince William: Leave divisions behind to combat climate change|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2025/11/06/prince-william-leave-divisions-behind-to-combat-climate-cha/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251107101800/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2025/11/06/prince-william-leave-divisions-behind-to-combat-climate-cha/|date=6 November 2025|access-date=7 November 2025|archive-date=7 November 2025|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref>

As the eldest son of the British monarch, William inherited the [[Duchy of Cornwall]], a private estate valued at about £1.3 billion that was established in 1337 to provide an income for the heir apparent.<ref>{{cite news|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Victoria|last=Ward|title=Prince William waives rent on lifeboat stations, school fields and village halls|date=6 July 2025|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2025/07/06/prince-william-lifeboat-school-fields-village-halls/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250706162446/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2025/07/06/prince-william-lifeboat-school-fields-village-halls/|archive-date=6 July 2025|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2021/12/prince-william-prince-of-wales-duchy-of-cornwall-properties-homelessness-prince-charles|title=Report: Prince William is looking into ways to use his family's properties to address homelessness|magazine=Vanity Fair|first=Emily|last=Kirkpatrick|date=30 December 2021|access-date=25 June 2022|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001234129/https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2021/12/prince-william-prince-of-wales-duchy-of-cornwall-properties-homelessness-prince-charles|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="arbiter"/> In his first full year as Duke of Cornwall, the duchy generated £23.6 million for him.<ref name="2024-report">{{cite news|work=The Guardian|title=King to receive extra £45m of public money as crown estate income soars|first1=Caroline|last1=Davies|first2=David|last2=Pegg|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/article/2024/jul/24/king-to-receive-extra-45m-of-public-money-as-crown-estate-income-soars|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704125159/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/article/2024/jul/24/king-to-receive-extra-45m-of-public-money-as-crown-estate-income-soars|date=23 July 2024|access-date=24 July 2024|archive-date=4 July 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2026, it was reported that he paid between £5 million and £7 million a year in income tax.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/royal-family/article/william-prince-income-tax-7-million-revealed-9mfvqzwzs|title=Revealed: Prince William’s £7 million income tax bill|work=The Times|first=Katie|last=Tarrant|date=2 May 2026|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref> It was further reported that around 20% of the duchy estate would be sold by 2040, with William planning to invest £500 million{{Spaced en dash}}funded through land sales, development income, partnerships, and borrowing{{Spaced en dash}}towards housing and environmental initiatives.<ref name="2026-Timesd">{{cite news|title=Prince William will sell a fifth of duchy to build homes and help nature|work=The Times|first=Will|last=Humphries|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/royal-family/article/prince-william-sell-duchy-cornwall-land-homes-nature-mn8stvp76|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260517195534/https://www.thetimes.com/uk/royal-family/article/prince-william-sell-duchy-cornwall-land-homes-nature-mn8stvp76|date=17 May 2026|access-date=18 May 2026|archive-date=17 May 2026|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Charity work==
{{further|Royal Foundation}}

William became aware of [[HIV/AIDS]] in the mid-1990s when he accompanied his mother and brother on visits to shelters and clinics for patients. In January 2005, he and Harry volunteered at a [[British Red Cross]] aid distribution centre to pack emergency supplies for countries affected by the [[2004 Boxing Day tsunami]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Princes help prepare tsunami aid|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4154687.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601070833/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4154687.stm|archive-date=1 June 2022|access-date=20 May 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> That December, William spent two weeks in North Wales with [[Mountain Rescue England and Wales]] (MREW).<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Vanity Fair|first=Erin| last=Vanderhoof|title=Prince William and Princess Kate are on the cover of a magazine about mountain rescues|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2023/08/prince-william-and-princess-kate-magazine-about-mountain-rescues|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515192311/https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2023/08/prince-william-and-princess-kate-magazine-about-mountain-rescues|date=23 August 2023|archive-date=15 May 2024|access-date=21 May 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2007, he became patron of MREW and president of the [[Royal Marsden Hospital]], the latter a role previously held by his mother.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Prince William follows in Diana's footsteps at the Royal Marsden Hospital|magazine=Vanity Fair|first=Erin |last=Vanderhoof |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2020/10/prince-william-diana-royal-marsden-hospital|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204080343/https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2020/10/prince-william-diana-royal-marsden-hospital|access-date=20 May 2024|date=22 October 2020|archive-date=4 December 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2025, William was announced as the hospital's joint royal patron alongside Catherine.<ref name="Jan2025">{{cite news|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|first=Hannah |last=Furness|title=Princess of Wales visits cancer hospital where she was treated|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2025/01/14/princess-wales-visit-royal-marsden-first-solo-chemotherapy/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114133907/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2025/01/14/princess-wales-visit-royal-marsden-first-solo-chemotherapy/|date=14 January 2025|access-date=14 January 2025|archive-date=14 January 2025|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 2007, William and Harry organised the Concert for Diana in memory of their mother, benefitting the charities and patronages of Diana, William, and Harry.<ref>{{cite news|title=What is the Concert for Diana?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/webarchive/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fconcertfordiana%2Ffeatures%2Fabout.shtml|work=BBC News|date=13 August 2015|access-date=12 December 2020|archive-date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017214644/http://www.bbc.co.uk/concertfordiana/features/about.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2008, the brothers undertook the 1,000‑mile, eight‑day Enduro Africa motorbike ride across South Africa to raise money for [[Sentebale]], [[UNICEF]], and the [[Nelson Mandela Children's Fund]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-princes/princes-embark-on-africa-charity-bike-ride-idUKTRE49H12V20081018|title=Princes embark on Africa charity bike ride|work=Reuters|date=18 October 2008|access-date=4 July 2022|archive-date=5 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705190640/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-princes/princes-embark-on-africa-charity-bike-ride-idUKTRE49H12V20081018|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010, William became a patron of [[100 Women in Hedge Funds]]' philanthropic initiatives for the following three years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/mediacentre/pressreleases/prince_william_to_become_patron_of_100_women_in_hedge_funds__1457625743.html|title=Prince William to become patron of 100 Women in Hedge Funds' philanthropic initiatives|access-date=13 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113130749/http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/mediacentre/pressreleases/prince_william_to_become_patron_of_100_women_in_hedge_funds__1457625743.html|archive-date=13 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The same year, he succeeded [[Lord Attenborough]] as the fifth president of the [[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]] (BAFTA).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/prince-william-to-take-over-as-bafta-president.295254|title=Prince William to take over as Bafta president|work=Times of Malta|date=22 February 2010|access-date=14 May 2024|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514082504/https://timesofmalta.com/article/prince-william-to-take-over-as-bafta-president.295254|archive-date=14 May 2024}}</ref> BAFTA has since established the Prince William BAFTA Bursary to support junior creatives in the UK with costs needed to progress in film, television, or games.<ref>{{cite news|title=BAFTA launches Prince William-backed bursary and membership tier for emerging creatives|work=Deadline|first=Max|last=Goldbart|url=https://deadline.com/2022/01/bafta-launches-prince-william-bursary-1234920845/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127183850/https://deadline.com/2022/01/bafta-launches-prince-william-bursary-1234920845/|date=27 January 2022|access-date=5 October 2025|archive-date=27 January 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2011, he and Catherine set up a gift fund through The Foundation of Prince William and Prince Harry to allow well‑wishers to donate to charities supporting the armed forces, children, the elderly, art, sport, and conservation in lieu of wedding gifts.<ref>{{multiref|{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/royal-wedding/8385866/William-and-Kate-ask-for-charity-donations-in-lieu-of-wedding-gifts.html |title=William and Kate ask for charity donations in lieu of wedding gifts – Prince William and Kate Middleton have asked wedding guests and well wishers to donate to their own special charitable fund rather than give them presents, St James's Palace has announced |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=16 March 2011|access-date=23 July 2013|first=Victoria |last=Ward|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003152810/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/royal-wedding/8385866/William-and-Kate-ask-for-charity-donations-in-lieu-of-wedding-gifts.html |archive-date=3 October 2013|url-status=live |url-access=subscription}};{{cite news |author=Holden, Michael |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-wedding-fund-idUSTRE72F3BK20110316 |title=William and Catherine set up royal wedding charity fund |work=Reuters |date=16 March 2011 |access-date=23 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727052655/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/16/us-britain-wedding-fund-idUSTRE72F3BK20110316 |archive-date=27 July 2013 |url-status=live }};{{cite news |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/weddings/4778882/William-and-Kates-gift-to-Christchurch |title=William and Catherine's gift to Christchurch |work=Fairfax NZ News |via=stuff.co.nz |date=17 March 2011 |access-date=23 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908133811/http://www.stuff.co.nz/life-style/weddings/4778882/William-and-Kates-gift-to-Christchurch |archive-date=8 September 2014 |url-status=live}};{{cite news|author =Garton, Christie| url =http://yourlife.usatoday.com/mind-soul/doing-good/kindness/post/2011/04/in-lieu-of-gifts-prince-william-and-kate-middleton-request-charity-donations-instead/148363/1|title=No wedding gifts, please: William and Catherine request charity donations instead | work = USA Today|date =29 April 2011| access-date=23 July 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140104121639/http://yourlife.usatoday.com/mind-soul/doing-good/kindness/post/2011/04/in-lieu-of-gifts-prince-william-and-kate-middleton-request-charity-donations-instead/148363/1|archive-date = 4 January 2014}}}}</ref> The foundation was renamed [[The Royal Foundation of The Prince and Princess of Wales]] in September 2022.<ref>{{cite news|work=The Independent|first=Kate|last=Ng|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/royal-family/prince-william-kate-royal-foundation-b2164784.html|title=William and Kate update name of Royal Foundation to include new titles|date=11 September 2022 |access-date=2 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924181329/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/royal-family/prince-william-kate-royal-foundation-b2164784.html|archive-date=24 September 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2011 and 2015, William served as patron of British Army officer [[Henry Worsley (explorer)|Henry Worsley]]'s second and third expeditions to the [[South Pole]], the latter raising money for the Endeavour Fund.<ref name="expedition-26">{{cite news|title=Prince of Wales backs explorer following in father's footsteps|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2026/01/24/prince-of-wales-backs-explorer-following-fathers-footsteps/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260124163954/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2026/01/24/prince-of-wales-backs-explorer-following-fathers-footsteps/|date=24 January 2026|access-date=24 January 2026|archive-date=24 January 2026|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Henry Worsley meets the Duke of Cambridge ahead of Polar Adventure|website=Endeavour Fund|url=http://www.endeavourfund.co.uk/news/henry-worsley-meets-the-duke-of-cambridge-ahead-of-polar-adventure|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201010321/http://www.endeavourfund.co.uk/news/henry-worsley-meets-the-duke-of-cambridge-ahead-of-polar-adventure|date=19 October 2015|access-date=24 January 2026|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2026, he became patron of the Onwards Expedition, in which Worsley's son, Max, and Norwegian adventurer Martin Nesse will undertake an expedition to the South Pole to raise funds for the [[Earthshot Prize]] and the [[British Exploring Society]].<ref name="expedition-26"/>

===Humanitarian causes===
In March 2020, William appeared in a video for the [[National Emergencies Trust]], launching a fundraising appeal to support charities during the COVID‑19 pandemic.<ref name="April 2020">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2020/04/12/prince-william-britain-best-faced-crisis/|title=Prince William praises 'best of British' community spirit in crisis|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|first=Hannah|last=Furness|date=12 April 2020|access-date=26 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418233121/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2020/04/12/prince-william-britain-best-faced-crisis/|archive-date=18 April 2022|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In April, he officially became patron of the organisation.<ref name="April 2020"/>

In December 2020, William and Catherine became joint patrons of [[NHS Charities Together]].<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Perry |first=Simon|title=Kate Middleton and Prince William arrive in Scotland for first stop of British tour on royal train|date=7 December 2020|url=https://people.com/royals/kate-middleton-prince-william-arrive-in-scotland-royal-train-tour/ |magazine=People|access-date=7 December 2020|archive-date=7 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207112911/https://people.com/royals/kate-middleton-prince-william-arrive-in-scotland-royal-train-tour/|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2021, he visited a vaccination centre in [[King's Lynn]] and later encouraged vaccine uptake, denouncing [[COVID-19 misinformation#Vaccine|false information]] that could cause [[vaccine hesitancy]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Covid-19: Prince William visits King's Lynn vaccination centre |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-england-norfolk-56145744 |access-date=4 March 2021 |archive-date=22 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222195417/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-england-norfolk-56145744 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Covid-19: Prince William and Kate urge people to get vaccine|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-56224314|access-date=4 March 2021|work=BBC News|archive-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302145407/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-56224314|url-status=live}}</ref> In September that year, he reportedly helped evacuate a Sandhurst-trained Afghan officer and his family from Kabul during the [[2021 Taliban offensive]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2021/09/02/duke-cambridge-intervened-get-afghan-family-kabul/|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|title=Duke of Cambridge intervened to get Afghan family out of Kabul|first=Victoria|last=Ward|date=3 September 2021|access-date=14 May 2024|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926133019/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2021/09/02/duke-cambridge-intervened-get-afghan-family-kabul/|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/prince-william-reportedly-helped-afghan-officer-family-escape-kabul|title=Prince William reportedly helped Afghan officer, family escape Kabul|work=Fox News|first=Emily|last=Crane|date=3 September 2021|access-date=4 September 2021|archive-date=3 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903232408/https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/prince-william-reportedly-helped-afghan-officer-family-escape-kabul|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2022, amid the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], William and Catherine made a donation to support refugees.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/03/03/queen-makes-generous-private-donation-ukraine-fund-show-royal/ |title=The Queen makes 'generous' private donation to Ukraine fund as Royal family shows its support |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |first=Hannah |last=Furness |date=3 March 2022 |access-date=5 March 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305182024/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/03/03/queen-makes-generous-private-donation-ukraine-fund-show-royal/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In February 2023, they donated to the [[Disasters Emergency Committee]] (DEC) to support victims of the [[2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-64568254|title=Turkey-Syria earthquake: King thanked for 'generous' donation to DEC disaster appeal|work=BBC News|first1=Charley|last1=Adams|first2=Emily|last2=McGarvey|date=9 February 2023|access-date=9 February 2023|archive-date=8 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208220228/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-64568254|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2023, William became patron of the appeal to launch The Fleming Centre, aimed at driving a global movement to tackle [[antimicrobial resistance]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://people.com/prince-william-new-patronage-hospital-george-charlotte-louis-were-born-7565102|title=Prince William Announces New Patronage at Hospital Where George, Charlotte and Louis Were Born|magazine=People|first=Janine|last=Henni|date=25 July 2023|access-date=28 July 2023|archive-date=28 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728160236/https://people.com/prince-william-new-patronage-hospital-george-charlotte-louis-were-born-7565102|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2024, he and Catherine made donations to support victims of [[Hurricane Beryl]].<ref>{{cite news|title=William and Kate to donate privately to Hurricane Beryl relief efforts|work=The Independent |first=Ted|last=Hennessey|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/venezuela-hurricane-beryl-grenada-st-vincent-prince-b2573557.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704035904/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/venezuela-hurricane-beryl-grenada-st-vincent-prince-b2573557.html|date=3 July 2024|access-date=4 July 2024|archive-date=4 July 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2025, William was announced as patron of the [[College of Paramedics]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Prince William buys round for Aston Villa fans at Birmingham pub|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|first=Victoria|last=Ward|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2025/01/15/prince-william-aston-villa-football-birmingham-royal-family/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116092417/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2025/01/15/prince-william-aston-villa-football-birmingham-royal-family/|date=15 January 2025|access-date=16 January 2025|archive-date=16 January 2025|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Prince praises paramedics in 'stressful' jobs|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c93l8k9z7e9o|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116164511/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c93l8k9z7e9o|date=15 January 2025|access-date=16 January 2025|archive-date=16 January 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Conservation===
[[File:United for Wildlife Transport Taskforce Meeting (38060065682).jpg|thumb|left|220px|At a United for Wildlife Taskforce meeting at Buckingham Palace, 2017|alt=see caption]]
William became patron of the [[Tusk Trust]] in December 2005, a charity that works to conserve wildlife and support community development across Africa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Prince William becomes Patron of the Tusk Trust|publisher=The Royal Family |url=https://www.royal.uk/prince-william-becomes-patron-tusk-trust|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229005343/https://www.royal.uk/prince-william-becomes-patron-tusk-trust|date=19 December 2005|access-date=14 May 2024|archive-date=29 December 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> He carried out his first official duty with the Trust in April 2008 by launching a {{convert|5000|mi|km|adj=on}} bike ride across the African continent.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Hello!|title=Prince William bids bon voyage to fundraising cross-Africa cyclists|date=1 April 2008|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-date=23 November 2021|url=https://www.hellomagazine.com/royalty/2008/04/01/william-africa-tusk/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123001808/https://www.hellomagazine.com/royalty/2008/04/01/william-africa-tusk/|url-status=live}}</ref> He later helped launch the Tusk Conservation Awards, presented annually since 2013 to recognise environmental activists.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://people.com/royals/prince-william-tusk-trust-awards-conservation-heroes/|title=Prince William steps out to honor conservation heroes as he continues fight against climate change|magazine=People|first=Simon|last=Perry|date=22 November 2021|access-date=22 November 2021|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122210115/https://people.com/royals/prince-william-tusk-trust-awards-conservation-heroes/|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2010, he and his brother visited Botswana, Lesotho, and South Africa, undertaking projects relating to wildlife, sport, and young children.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prince Harry and Prince William's first joint official royal tour to Africa in pictures|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/royalty/7829919/Prince-Harry-and-Prince-Williams-first-joint-official-royal-tour-to-Africa-in-pictures.html|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=17 June 2010 |access-date=15 May 2024 |archive-date=15 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515041342/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/royalty/7829919/Prince-Harry-and-Prince-Williams-first-joint-official-royal-tour-to-Africa-in-pictures.html|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In 2013, he succeeded his grandfather, the Duke of Edinburgh, as president of [[Fields in Trust]] and transitioned into the role of patron in 2024.<ref name=NFPA>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/04/27/gyles-brandreth-prince-philip-william-save-playing-fields/|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|title=Gyles Brandreth: 'Like Prince Philip, William is very hands-on – but there is a restraint about him'|last=Stanford |first=Peter|date=27 April 2024 |access-date=14 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513054923/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/04/27/gyles-brandreth-prince-philip-william-save-playing-fields/|archive-date=13 May 2024|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="2024-PP">{{cite news|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|first=Victoria|last=Ward|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2024/07/24/prince-william-refuses-to-reveal-how-much-tax-he-pays/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724033240/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2024/07/24/prince-william-refuses-to-reveal-how-much-tax-he-pays/|title=Prince William refuses to reveal how much tax he pays|date=24 July 2024|access-date=24 July 2024|archive-date=24 July 2024|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> He established the United for Wildlife Transport Taskforce in December 2014 to reduce the global illegal wildlife trade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://royalfoundation.com/programme/private-sector/|title=UfW Taskforces|website=Royal Foundation|access-date=17 October 2020|archive-date=18 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018073150/https://royalfoundation.com/programme/private-sector/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, [[Jane Goodall]] stated that William had expressed the view that all ivory in the royal collection should [[Destruction of ivory|be destroyed]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/feb/17/prince-william-buckingham-palace-ivory-destroyed|title=Prince William 'calls for Buckingham Palace ivory to be destroyed'|newspaper=The Guardian|date=17 February 2014|access-date=4 April 2023|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404190900/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/feb/17/prince-william-buckingham-palace-ivory-destroyed|url-status=live}}</ref> William has occasionally commented on the effects of [[overpopulation]] on [[wildlife of Africa|African wildlife]], though his remarks have been criticised for not addressing [[resource consumption]] and population density.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.euronews.com/green/2021/11/24/why-prince-william-is-wrong-to-blame-habitat-loss-on-population-growth-in-africa|title=Why Prince William is wrong to blame habitat loss on population growth in Africa|work=Euronews|first=Nichola|last=Daunton|date=24 November 2021|access-date=26 November 2021|archive-date=25 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125233129/https://www.euronews.com/green/2021/11/24/why-prince-william-is-wrong-to-blame-habitat-loss-on-population-growth-in-africa|url-status=live}}</ref>

After two years of research, William launched the Earthshot Prize in October 2020, designed to provide funding and incentives for environmental solutions over the following decade.<ref>{{cite news |first=Justin|last=Rowlatt|title=Prince William and Sir David Attenborough join forces on 'Earthshot' prize |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-54435638 |work=BBC News|date=8 October 2020 |access-date=15 May 2024|archive-date=4 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204071519/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-54435638|url-status=live}}</ref> He subsequently delivered a [[TED Talk]] on environmental protection and conservation as part of the TED Countdown climate‑change initiative.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prince William urges leaders to take action against climate change in his first Ted Talk|date=10 October 2020|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2020/10/10/prince-william-gives-first-ted-talk-discusses-climate-change/5954966002/|first=Rasha|last=Ali|work=USA Today |access-date=15 May 2024 |archive-date=9 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209162019/https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2020/10/10/prince-william-gives-first-ted-talk-discusses-climate-change/5954966002/|url-status=live}}</ref> Later that month, he assumed the patronages of [[Fauna and Flora International]] and the [[British Trust for Ornithology]], passed on from his grandparents.<ref>{{cite news |last=Puente |first=Maria |title=Prince William champions wildlife as he takes over conservation patronages from royal grandparents |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2020/10/19/prince-william-conservation-patronage-roles-queen-elizabeth-ii/3711757001/ |access-date=20 October 2020 |work=USA Today |date=19 October 2020 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020074728/https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2020/10/19/prince-william-conservation-patronage-roles-queen-elizabeth-ii/3711757001/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He also appeared in an ITV documentary, ''Prince William: A Planet For Us All'', discussing environmental issues.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/prince-william-a-planet-for-us-all-review-david-attenborough-b810695.html|title=Prince William – A Planet For Us All, review: It's easy to be cynical, but I found it surprisingly moving|work=The Independent|first=Sean|last=O'Grady|date=6 October 2020|access-date=14 October 2021|archive-date=29 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029172241/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/prince-william-a-planet-for-us-all-review-david-attenborough-b810695.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2021, William made a private donation to the Thin Green Line Foundation, which provides grants to the families of conservation rangers killed while protecting wildlife.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2021/02/prince-william-secret-donation-thin-green-line-foundation-murdered-park-rangers-families|title=Prince William secretly helped support the families of murdered park rangers in the Congo|magazine=Vanity Fair|first=Emily|last=Kirkpatrick|date=24 February 2021|access-date=25 June 2022|archive-date=20 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120113919/https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2021/02/prince-william-secret-donation-thin-green-line-foundation-murdered-park-rangers-families|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2022, he condemned the murder of South African park ranger Anton Mzimba and called for those responsible to "be brought to justice".<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://people.com/royals/prince-william-mourns-park-ranger-murdered-south-africa/|title=Prince William mourns park ranger who was murdered in South Africa: 'I'm deeply saddened|magazine=People|first=Petit|last=Stephanie|date=27 July 2022|access-date=15 May 2024|archive-date=22 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922052648/https://people.com/royals/prince-william-mourns-park-ranger-murdered-south-africa/|url-status=live}}</ref> William has advocated stricter penalties for poachers and wildlife traffickers, having spoken at the Illegal Wildlife Trade Conference in 2018 and supported a 2022 US court sentencing of a man responsible for trafficking rhinoceros horns and elephant ivory.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/5421701/prince-william-urges-tougher-punishment-for-poachers-and-wildlife-smugglers/|title=Prince William urges tougher punishment for poachers and wildlife smugglers|magazine=Time|first=Precious|last=Adesina|date=11 October 2018|access-date=19 August 2022|archive-date=19 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819082655/https://time.com/5421701/prince-william-urges-tougher-punishment-for-poachers-and-wildlife-smugglers/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://people.com/royals/prince-william-speaks-out-on-63-month-sentencing-in-illegal-wildlife-trafficking-case/|title=Prince William praises the 63-month sentence given to wildlife trafficker: 'Significant victory'|magazine=People|first=Charmaine|last=Patterson|date=18 August 2022|access-date=18 August 2022|archive-date=19 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819004431/https://people.com/royals/prince-william-speaks-out-on-63-month-sentencing-in-illegal-wildlife-trafficking-case/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===LGBT rights===

William has spoken in support [[LGBT rights]] as part of his work against [[cyberbullying]], emphasising the importance of being "proud of the person you are" and highlighting the effects of online abuse and discrimination.<ref name="BBC-May17">{{cite news |title=LGBT Awards: Prince William honoured for supporting community |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-39899174 |access-date=14 December 2020 |work=BBC News |date=13 May 2017 |archive-date=14 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214041242/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-39899174 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2016, he appeared in the July issue of ''[[Attitude (magazine)|Attitude]]'', becoming the first member of the royal family to feature on the cover of a gay magazine.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/jun/15/prince-william-gay-magazine-attitude-duke-of-cambridge|title=Prince William appears on cover of gay magazine Attitude|newspaper=The Guardian|first=Haroon|last=Siddique|date=15 June 2016|access-date=4 September 2021|archive-date=3 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903143346/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/jun/15/prince-william-gay-magazine-attitude-duke-of-cambridge|url-status=live}}</ref> He was recognised at the [[British LGBT Awards]] in May 2017.<ref name="BBC-May17"/> In June 2023, William hosted a Pride Month discussion with mental‑health charity volunteers at [[Royal Vauxhall Tavern]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Wylie|first=Catherine|title=William jokes he is 'underdressed' in film for Pride Month |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/prince-of-wales-london-youtube-lgbt-heads-together-b2367408.html |work=The Independent|access-date=30 June 2023|archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902002338/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/prince-of-wales-london-youtube-lgbt-heads-together-b2367408.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Mental health===
Since 2009, William has been patron of Child Bereavement UK, which supports children and families who have lost a loved one.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://people.com/royals/prince-william-speech-child-bereavement-uk-25th-birthday-gala/|title=Prince William marks landmark birthday of charity that was a favorite of mom Princess Diana|magazine=People|first1=Stephanie|last1=Petit|first2=Simon|last2=Perry|date=10 June 2019|access-date=30 September 2022|archive-date=30 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930061539/https://people.com/royals/prince-william-speech-child-bereavement-uk-25th-birthday-gala/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, the Royal Foundation launched several mental‑health initiatives, including Heads Together, a campaign led by William, Catherine, and Harry to de‑stigmatise mental health.<ref>{{cite news |last=Samuelson |first=Kate |date=25 August 2017 |title=How Princes William and Harry are carrying on causes close to Princess Diana's heart |url=https://time.com/4899497/princess-diana-prince-william-harry-legacy/ |magazine=Time |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180607164831/http://time.com/4899497/princess-diana-prince-william-harry-legacy/ |archive-date=7 June 2018 |access-date=24 July 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> Legacy programmes include Mental Health at Work, launched in September 2018 to improve workplace mental‑health approaches, and Heads Up, launched in May 2019 with the [[Football Association]] to encourage conversations about mental health among adults.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/09/11/health/prince-william-mental-health-website-intl/index.html|title=Prince William launches mental health website|work=CNN|first=Rob|last=Picheta|date=11 September 2018|access-date=19 February 2022|archive-date=20 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220025159/https://www.cnn.com/2018/09/11/health/prince-william-mental-health-website-intl/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Later that month, William and Catherine, together with Harry and his wife [[Meghan, Duchess of Sussex|Meghan]], launched Shout, the United Kingdom's first 24/7 text-messaging service for people experiencing mental‑health crises.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-48222833|title=William, Kate, Harry and Meghan launch mental health text line Shout|work=BBC News|date=10 May 2019|access-date=10 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510044242/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-48222833|archive-date=10 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> William later volunteered on the crisis helpline during the [[COVID-19 lockdown in the United Kingdom|COVID-19 lockdowns]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-52940787|title=Prince William reveals he is secret helpline volunteer|work=BBC News|date=6 June 2020|access-date=22 June 2022|archive-date=9 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609065318/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-52940787|url-status=live}}</ref> He attributes his interest in mental health to his experiences as an air‑ambulance pilot, his work with the homeless, veterans' welfare, and Catherine's anti‑addiction advocacy.<ref name="gq">{{cite magazine |title=Prince William on Diana, Princess of Wales |url=https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/prince-william-diana-princess-of-wales |magazine=GQ |date=29 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606071809/https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/prince-william-diana-princess-of-wales |access-date=13 December 2020|archive-date=6 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2020, William and Catherine began supporting a new mental‑health initiative by Public Health England during the COVID‑19 pandemic.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-52081021|title=Coronavirus: William and Kate urge nation to look after their mental health|work=BBC News|date=29 March 2020|access-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117023714/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-52081021|archive-date=17 January 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2020, they announced Our Frontline, providing mental‑health support to emergency medical workers.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The Cambridges introduce a mental health program for COVID-19 frontline workers |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/celebrity/latest/a32235997/cambridges-announce-mental-health-charity-for-frontline-workers/ |magazine=Harpers Bazaar |date=22 April 2020 |access-date=12 December 2020 |archive-date=5 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105121216/https://www.harpersbazaar.com/celebrity/latest/a32235997/cambridges-announce-mental-health-charity-for-frontline-workers/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2020, William established the Emergency Responders Senior Leaders Board, commissioned by the Royal Foundation to research the mental health and wellbeing of emergency responders, in partnership with [[King's College London]] and the Open University.<ref>{{cite news |last=Perry |first=Simon |title=Prince William makes surprise trip to Northern Ireland to pay tribute to frontline workers |url=https://people.com/royals/prince-william-makes-surprise-trip-to-northern-ireland-to-pay-tribute-to-frontline-workers/ |access-date=27 October 2020 |magazine=People |date=9 September 2020 |archive-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030134247/https://people.com/royals/prince-william-makes-surprise-trip-to-northern-ireland-to-pay-tribute-to-frontline-workers/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2021 and 2022, William and Catherine voiced the Mental Health Minute message, broadcast on every UK radio station, encouraging people to support those experiencing loneliness.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://people.com/royals/kate-middleton-and-prince-william-lead-celebrities-in-a-mental-health-minute-broadcast/|title=Kate Middleton and Prince William lead celebrities in a 'Mental Health Minute' broadcast|date=14 May 2021|access-date=1 May 2024|magazine=People|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609192519/https://people.com/royals/kate-middleton-and-prince-william-lead-celebrities-in-a-mental-health-minute-broadcast/|archive-date=9 June 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://people.com/royals/kate-middleton-prince-william-interrupt-radio-stations-across-uk-mental-health-minute/|title=Kate Middleton and Prince William interrupt radio stations across the U.K. with a Mental Health Minute|magazine=People|first=Stephanie|last=Petit|date=13 May 2022|access-date=13 May 2022|archive-date=13 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513101306/https://people.com/royals/kate-middleton-prince-william-interrupt-radio-stations-across-uk-mental-health-minute/|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2022, to mark World Mental Health Day, the couple took over ''[[Newsbeat]]'' and interviewed four guests on mental‑health topics.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-63203115|title=Prince and Princess of Wales take over Radio 1 Newsbeat|work=BBC News|date=11 October 2022|access-date=11 October 2022|archive-date=10 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010200103/https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-63203115|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2023, William unveiled two organisations partnering with the Duchy of Cornwall to improve mental wellbeing and provide mental‑health services for its tenants.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2023/09/14/prince-wales-mental-health-heart-duchy-cornwall/|title=Prince of Wales shakes-up running of Duchy of Cornwall with mental health scheme|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|first1=India|last1=McTaggart|first2=Victoria|last2=Ward|date=14 September 2023|access-date=14 September 2023|archive-date=14 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914210016/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2023/09/14/prince-wales-mental-health-heart-duchy-cornwall/|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://people.com/kate-middleton-prince-william-join-schoolchildren-outdoor-lessons-visit-farm-7969146|title=Kate Middleton and Prince William join school children for some outdoor learning around a campfire|magazine=People|first=Simon|last=Perry|date=14 September 2023|access-date=15 September 2023|archive-date=14 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914190415/https://people.com/kate-middleton-prince-william-join-schoolchildren-outdoor-lessons-visit-farm-7969146|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2023, to mark World Mental Health Day, he and Catherine took part in a youth forum in Birmingham, ''Exploring our Emotional Worlds,'' alongside BBC Radio 1 and the charity The Mix.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://people.com/kate-middleton-prince-william-step-out-world-mental-health-day-8349117|title=Kate Middleton and Prince William step out for World Mental Health Day|magazine=People|first=Simon|last=Perry|date=10 October 2023|access-date=10 October 2023|archive-date=10 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010170009/https://people.com/kate-middleton-prince-william-step-out-world-mental-health-day-8349117|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2024, he announced a three‑year funding package for the charity We Are Farming Minds to support mental health among farmers on Duchy of Cornwall land.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2024/05/17/prince-wales-pledges-mental-health-support-duchy-farmers/|title=Prince of Wales pledges mental health support for Duchy of Cornwall farmers|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|first=Victoria|last=Ward|date=17 May 2024|access-date=19 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518092306/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2024/05/17/prince-wales-pledges-mental-health-support-duchy-farmers/|archive-date=18 May 2024|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In December 2024, he and Catherine jointly funded a pilot scheme with Norfolk and Waveney Mind to support rural and farming communities on the Sandringham estate.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|title=William and Kate fund Norfolk mental health pilot |first=Neve|last=Gordon-Farleigh
|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cly2kev2n7lo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221172720/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cly2kev2n7lo|date=21 December 2024|access-date=21 December 2024|archive-date=21 December 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2025, William was announced as patron of We Are Farming Minds.<ref>{{cite news|title=Prince William to appear on Clarkson's Farm|work=BBC News|first1=Clara|last1=Bullock |first2=Maisie|last2=Lillywhite |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cddy17179qlo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326194515/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cddy17179qlo|date=26 March 2025|access-date=26 March 2025|archive-date=26 March 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Prince William to appear on Clarkson's Farm|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|first=India |last=McTaggart|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2025/03/26/prince-of-wales-to-star-in-clarksons-farm/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327034051/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2025/03/26/prince-of-wales-to-star-in-clarksons-farm/|date=26 March 2025|access-date=27 March 2025|archive-date=27 March 2025|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Homelessness===
In September 2005, William became patron of [[Centrepoint (charity)|Centrepoint]], a charity assisting homeless young people.<ref>{{cite news|title=William becomes patron of the homeless|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1498374/William-becomes-patron-of-the-homeless.html|date=14 September 2005|access-date=20 May 2024|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|first=Sally |last=Pook|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501163801/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1498374/William-becomes-patron-of-the-homeless.html |archive-date=1 May 2024|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In December 2009, as part of a Centrepoint‑organised event, he spent the night in a sleeping bag near [[Blackfriars Bridge]] to raise awareness of youth homelessness.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Press Association |title=Prince William sleeps rough for a night |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/dec/22/prince-william-sleeps-rough-homeless |access-date=19 February 2021 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=22 December 2009 |archive-date=18 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318030016/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/dec/22/prince-william-sleeps-rough-homeless |url-status=live }}</ref> He opened the charity's new facility, Apprenticeship House, in November 2019 to mark its 50th anniversary.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Perry |first=Simon |title=Prince William follows in Princess Diana's footsteps fighting homelessness on poignant anniversary|url=https://people.com/royals/prince-william-follows-in-princess-dianas-footsteps-fighting-homelessness-on-poignant-anniversary/#!|access-date=20 May 2024|magazine=People|date=13 November 2019 |archive-date=9 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609170831/https://people.com/royals/prince-william-follows-in-princess-dianas-footsteps-fighting-homelessness-on-poignant-anniversary/|url-status=live}}</ref>

William has been patron of [[The Passage (charity)|The Passage]] since 2019, having first visited the centre in 1993 with his mother.<ref>{{cite news |last=Furness|first=Hannah|title=Prince William named patron of homeless charity he visited with Princess Diana as a child|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2019/02/13/prince-william-named-patron-homeless-charity-visited-princess/|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=13 February 2019 |access-date=20 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316205908/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2019/02/13/prince-william-named-patron-homeless-charity-visited-princess/|archive-date=16 March 2023|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Foussianes |first=Chloe |title=Prince William is now patron of a charity he visited with Princess Diana as a child|url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/tradition/a26323089/prince-william-princess-diana-passage-charity-patron/|magazine=Town & Country|date=13 February 2019|access-date=19 February 2021|archive-date=1 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201181027/https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/tradition/a26323089/prince-william-princess-diana-passage-charity-patron/|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2020, he wrote the introduction to the organisation's 40th‑anniversary fundraising cookbook, highlighting the importance of supporting homeless people during the COVID‑19 pandemic.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Kirkpatrick |first=Emily |title=Prince William discusses the pandemic's "frightening" impact on the homeless community |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2020/10/prince-william-the-passage-cookbook-forward-homelessness-pandemic |magazine=Vanity Fair |date=2 October 2020 |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116152920/https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2020/10/prince-william-the-passage-cookbook-forward-homelessness-pandemic |url-status=live}}</ref> In December that year, he volunteered at the charity to prepare donation bags for homeless residents in emergency hotel accommodation and spoke with residents about their experiences.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Betancourt |first=Bianca |title=Prince William secretly volunteered at a homeless shelter over the holidays |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/celebrity/latest/a35138812/prince-william-holiday-homeless-shelter-volunteering/ |magazine=Harper's Bazaar |date=6 January 2021 |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-date=2 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202191859/https://www.harpersbazaar.com/celebrity/latest/a35138812/prince-william-holiday-homeless-shelter-volunteering/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022 and 2023, he was seen selling copies of ''[[The Big Issue]]'', typically sold by homeless and unemployed people to earn income.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-61747092|title=Prince William spotted selling Big Issue in central London|work=BBC News|date=9 June 2022|access-date=9 June 2022|archive-date=9 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609112755/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-61747092|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3g2ee8kk0ro|title=Prince of Wales sells Big Issue in supermarket|work=BBC News|first=Andre|last=Rhoden-Paul|date=5 December 2023|access-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205171103/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3g2ee8kk0ro|archive-date=5 December 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2023, William launched Homewards after two years of development, aiming to end homelessness in the United Kingdom.<ref name="Homewards">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2023/06/26/prince-of-wales-launch-homewards-end-homelessness/|title=Prince William says his life's work will be to end homelessness|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|first=Victoria|last=Ward|date=26 June 2023|access-date=26 June 2023|url-access=subscription|archive-date=25 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625234204/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2023/06/26/prince-of-wales-launch-homewards-end-homelessness/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CBSH">{{cite news |last=D'Agata |first=Charlie |title=Prince William launches "Homewards" initiative in a bid to "finally end homelessness" in the U.K. |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/prince-william-homelessness-homewards-initiative-uk/ |website=CBS News |access-date=2 September 2023 |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902002339/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/prince-william-homelessness-homewards-initiative-uk/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The five‑year initiative focuses on six pilot locations, each receiving initial seed funding from the Royal Foundation and working with private‑sector and grassroots charity partners.<ref name="Homewards"/> The project emphasises early intervention and providing housing to families before addressing related issues such as abuse or joblessness.<ref name="CBSH"/> In February 2024, William, in partnership with the Cornish charity St Petrocs, announced plans to build 24 homes on Duchy of Cornwall land in [[Nansledan]] to provide temporary accommodation for people experiencing homelessness.<ref name="DoC-24">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cornwall-68330944|title=Nansledan: Prince William to build homes for homeless on Duchy land|work=BBC News|first=Brodie|last=Owen|date=18 February 2024|access-date=18 February 2024|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219000513/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cornwall-68330944|url-status=live}}</ref> Future plans include constructing more than 400 social‑rented homes and a further 475 affordable dwellings in [[South East Faversham]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://people.com/prince-william-4-million-new-homes-unhoused-8584800|title=Prince William announces $4m plan to build homes for the unhoused on his Cornwall estate|magazine=People|first=Simon|last=Perry|date=19 February 2024|access-date=20 May 2024|archive-date=16 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516173827/https://people.com/prince-william-4-million-new-homes-unhoused-8584800|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Sport===
[[File:Prince William, 2007.jpg|thumb|175px|Playing polo at [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst|Sandhurst]] in 2007|alt=see caption]]
William often plays [[polo]] to raise money for charity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why is the royal family obsessed with polo? |url=https://poloweekly.com/why-is-the-royal-family-obsessed-with-polo/ |magazine=Polo Weekly |date=15 May 2019 |access-date=3 December 2020 |archive-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202161949/https://poloweekly.com/why-is-the-royal-family-obsessed-with-polo/ }}</ref> He is a football fan and supports the English club [[Aston Villa]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Prince George to support Aston Villa, says William |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-24682512 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029053711/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24682512|date=26 October 2013 |access-date=24 December 2013|archive-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> He became president of [[The Football Association|England's Football Association]] (FA) in May 2006 and vice-royal patron of the [[Welsh Rugby Union]] (WRU) in February 2007, supporting the Queen as patron.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Guardian|title=William, the footballer prince, to become FA president|first=Stephen|last=Bates|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/sep/17/football.monarchy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620065753/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/sep/17/football.monarchy|date=16 September 2005|access-date=20 May 2024|archive-date=20 June 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> That same year, the WRU's decision to name the [[Prince William Cup]] drew criticism from those who believed it would have been more appropriate to name it after [[Ray Gravell]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/rugbynation/rugby-in-wales/2007/11/24/prince-william-to-watch-namesake-cup-tie-91466-20155814/ |title=Prince William to watch namesake cup tie |work=WalesOnline |date=24 November 2007 |access-date=29 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126041822/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/rugbynation/rugby-in-wales/2007/11/24/prince-william-to-watch-namesake-cup-tie-91466-20155814/ |archive-date=26 January 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/7110794.stm |title=Prince watches Wales lose his cup |work=BBC News |date=24 November 2007 |access-date=29 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111215326/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/7110794.stm |archive-date=11 January 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> William became patron of the WRU and the FA in 2016 and 2024, respectively.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-38379529|title=Prince William to succeed Queen as Welsh Rugby Union patron|work=BBC News|date=20 December 2016|access-date=9 February 2023|archive-date=9 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209184735/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-38379529|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="2024-PP"/>

In December 2010, William, alongside [[David Cameron]], attended a meeting with [[FIFA]] vice-president [[Chung Mong-joon]], during which Chung suggested a vote‑trading deal for England's 2018 World Cup bid. The English delegation reported the suggestion to FIFA, considering it a violation of anti‑collusion rule.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/06/27/prince-william-david-cameron-caught-fifa-corruption-scandal/|title=Prince William and David Cameron caught up in Fifa corruption scandal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313120755/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/06/27/prince-william-david-cameron-caught-fifa-corruption-scandal/|archive-date=13 March 2020|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=27 June 2017|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/video-news/video-david-cameron-and-prince-william-implicated-in-fifa-corruption-probe-35874189.html|title=Video: David Cameron and Prince William implicated in FIFA corruption probe|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914104818/https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/video-news/video-david-cameron-and-prince-william-implicated-in-fifa-corruption-probe-35874189.html|archive-date=14 September 2019|newspaper=Belfast Telegraph|date=28 June 2017}}</ref> In 2011, William, as president of the FA, voted against [[Australia 2022 FIFA World Cup bid|Australia's 2022 FIFA bid]] and instead supported South Korea, despite being [[Monarchy of Australia|Australia's future heir]]. In 2020, he voted against the joint [[Australia–New Zealand 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup bid]] and instead voted for [[Colombia 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup bid|Colombia]].<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=news.com.au|date=28 June 2020|title=Peter FitzSimons condemns Prince William and England's Football Association for controversial World Cup vote|first=Nic|last=Savage|page=1|url=https://www.news.com.au/sport/football/peter-fitzsimons-condemns-prince-william-and-englands-football-association-for-controversial-world-cup-vote/news-story/63b4f61c67342e519ecc4351994dac9d|access-date=28 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628091037/https://www.news.com.au/sport/football/peter-fitzsimons-condemns-prince-william-and-englands-football-association-for-controversial-world-cup-vote/news-story/63b4f61c67342e519ecc4351994dac9d|archive-date=28 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

In February 2021, following an investigation into racist abuse directed at [[Marcus Rashford]], William released a statement as FA president denouncing "racist abuse... whether on the pitch, in the stands, or on social media" as "despicable" adding that "we all have a responsibility" to create an environment of tolerance and accountability.<ref>{{cite news |title=Duke of Cambridge: Football Association president calls for racist abuse of footballers to stop |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/55879952 |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=BBC News |date=31 January 2021 |archive-date=21 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221072929/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/55879952 |url-status=live }}</ref> In April, he criticised the planned breakaway competition, [[European Super League|The Super League]], saying he "share[d] the concerns of fans about the proposed Super League and the damage it risks causing to the game we love."<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 April 2021 |title=Prince William criticises 'damaging' European Super League plans |work=The Athletic |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4216892/2021/04/19/prince-william-criticises-damaging-european-super-league-plans/ |access-date=19 April 2021 |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420014736/https://theathletic.com/news/european-super-league-prince-william/h5Xcu3UnJVv7 |url-status=live }}</ref> In July, he condemned racist attacks against England football players following their loss in the [[UEFA Euro 2020]] final.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/07/12/england-players-racism-euros-defeat/|title=Boris Johnson, Prince William condemn racist abuse of England's Black players|newspaper=The Washington Post|first1=Jennifer|last1=Hassan|first2=Karla|last2=Adam|date=12 July 2021|access-date=24 October 2021|archive-date=9 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809030140/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/07/12/england-players-racism-euros-defeat/|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

In May 2007, William became patron of the English Schools' Swimming Association.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.royal.uk/prince-william-becomes-patron-english-swimming-schools-association-and-mountain-rescue|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225184216/https://www.royal.uk/prince-william-becomes-patron-english-swimming-schools-association-and-mountain-rescue|date=16 May 2007|archive-date=25 February 2024|title=Prince William becomes patron of English Swimming School's Association and Mountain Rescue|publisher=The Royal Family|access-date=20 May 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012, alongside Catherine and Harry, he launched Coach Core, a programme established after the [[2012 Olympics]] to provide apprenticeship opportunities for aspiring professional coaches.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-34414248|title=Prince William in Cardiff to launch WRU Coach Core scheme|work=BBC News|date=1 October 2015|access-date=9 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927134117/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-34414248|archive-date=27 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2020, he appeared in the [[BBC One]] Documentary ''Football, Prince William and Our Mental Health,'' part of a campaign encouraging men to discuss mental‑health issues using football as a shared medium.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000jkbr|title=Football, Prince William and Our Mental Health|work=BBC One|date=28 May 2020|access-date=29 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526180156/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000jkbr|archive-date=26 May 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

Both William and Harry are enthusiastic motorcyclists; William has owned a [[Ducati 1198|Ducati 1198 S Corse]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Prince William arrives at polo on Ducati motorcycle|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/theroyalfamily/5755071/Prince-William-arrives-at-polo-on-Ducati-motorcycle.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220142324/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/theroyalfamily/5755071/Prince-William-arrives-at-polo-on-Ducati-motorcycle.html|access-date=20 May 2024|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|first=Murray|last=Wardrop|date=6 July 2009|archive-date=20 December 2023|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In May 2014, William, like his father and grandfather, became president of the [[British Sub-Aqua Club]] (BSAC).<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-27353870|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806010541/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-27353870|title=Prince William becomes British Sub-Aqua Club president|date=10 May 2014|access-date=20 May 2024|archive-date=6 August 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> He also took part in a [[bandy]] event in [[Stockholm]] in January 2018.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-42867399|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206235729/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-42867399|title=Prince William wins bandy hockey shootout in Sweden|date=30 January 2018|access-date=20 May 2024|archive-date=6 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

In November 2022, William was criticised by Welsh football supporters and Welsh actor [[Michael Sheen]] for holding the Prince of Wales title while maintaining affiliations with the [[England national football team]], particularly after he presented jerseys to the squad ahead of the [[2022 FIFA World Cup]], in which both [[Wales national football team|Wales]] and England were placed in the same Group B.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Low |first=Valentine |title=Prince of Wales criticised by Michael Sheen over England support |newspaper=[[The Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/royal-family/article/prince-of-wales-criticised-by-michael-sheen-over-england-support-8zfmggqbv |access-date=19 November 2022 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=21 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221050208/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/prince-of-wales-criticised-by-michael-sheen-over-england-support-8zfmggqbv |url-status=live }}</ref> William commented that he had supported the England football team from a very young age but happily supported [[Welsh rugby union]]{{Spaced en dash}}of which he is patron{{Spaced en dash}}over England.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|title='The drive home will be tense': Prince William and Kate cheer on opposite sides at Wales vs England|date=26 February 2023|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2023/02/25/prince-william-kate-cheer-opposite-sides-wales-vs-england/|access-date=1 June 2023|url-access=subscription|archive-date=31 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531231046/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2023/02/25/prince-william-kate-cheer-opposite-sides-wales-vs-england/|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2023, he faced criticism in parts of the press and on social media for not attending the [[2023 FIFA Women's World Cup final]] in Australia as FA president.<ref>{{cite news |last=Davies |first=Caroline |date=20 August 2023 |title=Prince William faces criticism for not attending Women's World Cup final |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/aug/20/prince-william-criticism-not-attending-womens-world-cup-final |url-status=live |access-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820115150/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/aug/20/prince-william-criticism-not-attending-womens-world-cup-final |archive-date=20 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Vassell |first=Nicole |date=20 August 2023 |title=Prince William shares message after criticism for missing women's World Cup Final |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/royal-family/prince-william-not-going-to-world-cup-lionesses-b2396154.html |url-status=live |access-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820140711/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/royal-family/prince-william-not-going-to-world-cup-lionesses-b2396154.html |archive-date=20 August 2023}}</ref>

==Public image==
[[File:Prince William at seedhill mills.jpg|thumb|alt=see caption|William in 2001]]

William has been one of the most popular members of the British royal family since his birth.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Reader's Digest|title=15 things you probably never knew about Prince William|url= https://www.rd.com/article/prince-william-facts/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806015829/https://www.rd.com/article/prince-william-facts/|date=6 September 2019|archive-date=6 August 2020|access-date=6 January 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/britains-popular-prince-william-bears-royal-weight-his-shoulders-2022-09-16/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220916114844/https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/britains-popular-prince-william-bears-royal-weight-his-shoulders-2022-09-16/|title=Britain's popular Prince William bears royal weight on his shoulders|date=16 September 2022|archive-date=16 September 2022|access-date=6 January 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Having lived a public life from infancy, he was regarded as a "heartthrob" and eligible young man in adulthood, a status often compared to that of his father.<ref>{{cite news|work=CBC News|last=Zeidler|first=Maryse |title=That time teenage heartthrob Prince William visited Vancouver|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/archives-prince-william-visit-vancouver-1.3766589|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921185029/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/archives-prince-william-visit-vancouver-1.3766589|access-date=18 September 2016|archive-date=21 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|title=Prince William captures the attention of fans with buff look at New York's Billion Oyster project|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/lifestyle/prince-william-captures-the-attention-of-fans-with-buff-look-at-new-yorks-billion-oyster-project/RBHBEVVZNBBIDCCNLVJUKCJTQQ/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920064148/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/lifestyle/prince-william-captures-the-attention-of-fans-with-buff-look-at-new-yorks-billion-oyster-project/RBHBEVVZNBBIDCCNLVJUKCJTQQ/|date=19 September 2023|archive-date=20 September 2023|access-date=4 November 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Jezebel">{{cite web|website=Jezebel|title=The undying fantasy of a dreamy Prince William |url=https://jezebel.com/the-undying-fantasy-of-a-dreamy-prince-1847009527|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610162010/https://jezebel.com/the-undying-fantasy-of-a-dreamy-prince-1847009527|date=10 June 2021|archive-date=10 June 2021|access-date=2 September 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Ruth La Ferla of ''[[The New York Times]]'' contrasted William's "refined" and "polite" appeal with [[Leonardo DiCaprio]]'s "bad-boy" popularity.<ref>{{cite news|work=The New York Times|last=La Ferla |first=Ruth|title=NOTICED; A royal crush |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/03/style/noticed-a-royal-crush.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217012823/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/03/style/noticed-a-royal-crush.html|date=3 January 1999|archive-date=17 December 2023|access-date=2 September 2023|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref> Following his marriage, William's public image assumed a more "staid" and fatherly demeanour, having "settled into a stable domestic order".<ref name="APP">{{cite news|last=Kirka|first=Danica|title=William at 40: A milestone birthday in a life under scrutiny|archive-date=20 June 2022|url=https://apnews.com/article/prince-william-turns-40-1c7fdbee66b84453bfb7205743a3645c|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620150812/https://apnews.com/article/prince-william-turns-40-1c7fdbee66b84453bfb7205743a3645c|website=AP News|access-date=2 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Specia|first=Megan |title=Prince William moves into the spotlight as heir to the throne |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/16/world/europe/prince-william-heir-king.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220916171144/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/16/world/europe/prince-william-heir-king.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=16 September 2022|archive-date=16 September 2022|access-date=2 September 2023|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Anne McElvoy]] has described William's public personality as a "genial presence" with a "tougher side", combined with elements of his mother's "inimitable style".<ref>{{cite news|work=Evening Standard|last=McElvoy|first=Anne |title=Prince William at 40 — a king-in-waiting determined to do things his own way|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/prince-william-40-birthday-future-of-the-monarchy-king-b1007251.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621055536/https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/prince-william-40-birthday-future-of-the-monarchy-king-b1007251.html|archive-date=21 June 2022|access-date=2 September 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Much of his royal work focuses on "big bet" projects, rather than "plaques and patronages". In a 2016 interview, William said his aim was to keep the royal family relevant over the next 20 years.<ref>{{cite news|last=Nikkah|first=Roya|title=Prince William to move family to the shires after his 40th birthday |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/prince-william-to-move-family-to-the-shires-after-his-40th-birthday-p2m3dbkn3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127051606/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/prince-william-to-move-family-to-the-shires-after-his-40th-birthday-p2m3dbkn3|work=[[The Times]]|archive-date=27 November 2023|access-date=2 September 2023|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="APP"/> William and Catherine's close partnership has been described by ''[[The Times]]'' as a "good double act", with both valuing normality, privacy, and control.
<ref>{{cite news|title=What will change when William is king? By royal insiders|newspaper=[[The Times]]|first=Kate|last=Mansey |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/royal-family/article/king-prince-william-will-be-lsd3z92dx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425042424/https://www.thetimes.com/uk/royal-family/article/king-prince-william-will-be-lsd3z92dx|date=25 April 2025|archive-date=25 April 2025|access-date=25 April 2025|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2011, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine listed him as [[100 Most Influential People in the World|one of the most influential people in the world]] alongside his then-newlywed wife Catherine.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=The 2011 TIME 100: Prince William and Kate Middleton|magazine=Time |first=Jackie|last=Collins |url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2066367_2066369_2066405,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921163630/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2066367_2066369_2066405,00.html|date=21 April 2011|archive-date=21 September 2023|access-date=15 September 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2023, [[Gallup, Inc.]] named him the most popular public figure in the United States after surveying public views on 15 prominent individuals.<ref>{{cite news|title=Prince William named as America's most popular public figure ahead of Trump and Zelensky|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|first=India|last=McTaggart|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2023/08/09/prince-william-most-popular-public-figure-united-states/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230809213128/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2023/08/09/prince-william-most-popular-public-figure-united-states/|date=9 August 2023|archive-date=9 August 2023|access-date=10 August 2023|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref> He was found to be the most popular member of the royal family by [[YouGov]] in December 2022<ref>{{cite web|title=After Prince Andrew, Prince Harry and Meghan Markle remain Britain's most unpopular royals|website=YouGov|first=Joanna|last=Morris|url= https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2022/12/09/after-prince-andrew-prince-harry-and-meghan-markle|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210073801/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2022/12/09/after-prince-andrew-prince-harry-and-meghan-markle|date=9 December 2022|archive-date=10 December 2022|access-date=6 January 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> and September 2023,<ref>{{cite web|title=One year into King Charles's reign, how do Britons feel about the monarchy?|website=YouGov|first=Matthew|last=Smith|url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2023/09/04/one-year-of-king-charles-how-do-britons-feel-ab|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904233537/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2023/09/04/one-year-of-king-charles-how-do-britons-feel-ab|date=4 September 2023|archive-date=4 September 2023|access-date=5 September 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> and as the second most popular in April 2024.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kate Middleton now UK's most popular royal|website=YouGov|first=Matthew|last=Smith|url= https://yougov.co.uk/politics/articles/49089-kate-middleton-now-uks-most-popular-royal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409103033/https://yougov.co.uk/politics/articles/49089-kate-middleton-now-uks-most-popular-royal|date=9 April 2024|archive-date=9 April 2024|access-date=9 April 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2024, ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' included William in its annual list of best-dressed celebrities.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|title=The best-dressed celebrities of 2024, from Zara Tindall to Sir Paul Smith|first1=Bethan |first2=Caroline|first3=Tamara |first4=Stephen|last1=Holt |last2=Leaper|last3=Abraham |last4=Doig |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/people/best-dressed-celebrities-2024-zara-tindall-paul-smith/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214101541/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/people/best-dressed-celebrities-2024-zara-tindall-paul-smith/|date=14 December 2024|access-date=14 December 2024|archive-date=14 December 2024|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2025, he was listed alongside Catherine on the inaugural ''Time'' 100 Philanthropy list;<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Time|first=Harry|last=Booth|title=Catherine, Princess of Wales and Prince William|url=https://time.com/collections/time100-philanthropy-2025/7286019/prince-william-catherine-princess-of-wales/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521033550/https://time.com/collections/time100-philanthropy-2025/7286019/prince-william-catherine-princess-of-wales/|date=20 May 2025|access-date=21 May 2025|archive-date=21 May 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> that year, the couple also topped ''[[Tatler]]''{{'}}s social power index.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=The Social Power Index 2025: Who made the top 10 on Tatler's list of the most influential in the land|magazine=Tatler|first=Sacha |last=Forbes|url=https://www.tatler.com/gallery/tatler-social-power-index-2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250627163207/https://www.tatler.com/gallery/tatler-social-power-index-2025|date=26 June 2025|access-date=27 June 2025|archive-date=27 June 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Privacy and the media==
The [[death of Diana, Princess of Wales]], while being chased by the paparazzi in 1997, has shaped William and Catherine's cautious approach to the media.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News| title=Paparazzi's role in Diana accident|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/707445.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928081235/https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/707445.stm |date=9 April 2000|access-date=18 September 2012|archive-date=28 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NYT-topless">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/15/world/europe/britain-rebukes-magazine-for-publishing-images-of-topless-kate-middleton.html|title=Royal couple sue over photos of topless Duchess|newspaper=The New York Times|date=14 September 2012|access-date=18 September 2012|last1=Cowell|first1=Alan|last2=Burns|first2=John F.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917033356/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/15/world/europe/britain-rebukes-magazine-for-publishing-images-of-topless-kate-middleton.html|archive-date=17 September 2012|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref> They have repeatedly asked for privacy when off-duty.<ref name="NYT-topless" />

In 2005, William spoke with [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] reporter [[Tom Bradby]] and concluded that it was likely their voicemails were being accessed.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Guardian|first=Julia|last=Day |title=Phone tap investigation widens|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/aug/09/royalsandthemedia.themonarchy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405235429/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/aug/09/royalsandthemedia.themonarchy|date=9 August 2006|archive-date=5 April 2023|access-date=5 April 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> An investigation led by [[Deputy Assistant Commissioner]] [[Peter Clarke (police officer)|Peter Clarke]] found that the compromised voicemail accounts belonged to William's aides, including [[Jamie Lowther-Pinkerton]],<ref name=BBC6301243>{{cite news|title=Pair jailed over royal phone taps|work=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6301243.stm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508044231/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6301243.stm|date=26 January 2007|archive-date=8 May 2024|access-date=5 April 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> rather than the prince himself.<ref>{{cite news|title=Phone-hacking row could draw in sports stars and ministers|newspaper=[[The Times]]|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2-2305460,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516183729/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2-2305460,00.html|archive-date=16 May 2024|access-date=7 July 2011|url-access=subscription}}</ref> However, [[Clive Goodman]] later stated that he had [[News of the World royal phone hacking scandal|hacked]] William's phone on 35 occasions.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|title=Phone-hacking trial: Kate Middleton 'hacked 155 times'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-27413632|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930205021/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-27413632|date=14 May 2014|archive-date=30 September 2024|access-date=22 November 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Andy Coulson]], editor of ''[[News of the World]]'' from 2003 to 2007, apologised to William and his brother for invading their privacy, accepting "ultimate responsibility" for Goodman's actions.<ref>{{cite news|title=News of the World's Coulson apologises|newspaper=The Guardian|first=Stephen|last=Brook|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/nov/29/newsoftheworld.royalsandthemedia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123032402/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/nov/29/newsoftheworld.royalsandthemedia|date=29 November 2006|access-date=22 January 2025|archive-date=23 January 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> William later sued [[News Group Newspapers]], publisher of ''News of the World'' and ''[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]'', resulting in an out-of-court settlement in 2020.<ref name="Guardian-settlement">{{cite news|title=Murdoch firm 'paid secret phone-hacking settlement to Prince William'|newspaper=The Guardian|first=Jim|last=Waterson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/apr/25/prince-william-murdoch-phone-hacking-claims-court-filings-prince-harry|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829124455/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/apr/25/prince-william-murdoch-phone-hacking-claims-court-filings-prince-harry| date=25 April 2023|access-date=25 April 2023|archive-date=29 August 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> He and Harry initially brought a private claim through mutual solicitors, though Harry later pursued his case separately with new representation.<ref name="Guardian-settlement"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Blindsided by Prince Harry again, the royals must be feeling hacked off|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|first=Camilla| last=Tominey|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2023/04/25/prince-harry-william-kate-media-coronation/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528152442/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2023/04/25/prince-harry-william-kate-media-coronation/|date=25 April 2023|access-date=26 April 2023|archive-date=28 May 2024|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref>

At the time of Middleton's 25th birthday in January 2007, William issued a statement saying that the level of media intrusion had become intolerable.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Marie Claire|first=Jenny|last=Proudfoot|title=Prince William once sent an angry letter to paparazzi to protect Kate|date=16 August 2022|url=https://www.marieclaire.co.uk/royal-news/prince-william-kate-middleton-privacy-statement-694695|access-date=7 January 2023}}</ref> In October that year, he condemned the "aggressive pursuit" by photographers as the couple left a London nightclub. The Press Complaints Commission warned editors against publishing images obtained through harassment; the ''Daily Mail'', ''Daily Mirror,'' and ''Daily Express'' complied, while ''The Sun'' published photographs taken before their car departed.<ref>{{cite news|work=Reuters|first=Michael|last=Holden|title=Britain's Prince William in paparazzi row|date=6 October 2007|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-royal/britains-prince-william-in-paparazzi-row-idUSL0643520820071006|access-date=9 January 2023}}</ref> In April 2009, William's lawyers secured an apology from the ''Daily Star'' over a false claim that he had "wrecked" a $2 million training aircraft.<ref>{{cite news|work=The Guardian|first=Stephen|last=Brook|title=Daily Star apologises to Prince William|date=30 April 2009|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/apr/30/daily-star-prince-william-apology|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816212538/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/apr/30/daily-star-prince-william-apology|archive-date=16 August 2023|access-date=12 February 2023}}</ref>

In September 2012, the French edition of ''[[Closer (magazine)|Closer]]'' and the Italian magazine ''[[Chi (magazine)|Chi]]'' published topless photos of Catherine sunbathing at [[Château d'Autet]].<ref>{{cite news|date=15 September 2012|last1=Malvern|first1=Jack|last2=Connolly|first2=Sue|title=Spying photographers may have taken their shots of a secluded chateau from the road|url=https://www.thetimes.com/travel/destinations/europe-travel/france/paris/spying-photographers-may-have-taken-their-shots-of-secluded-chateau-from-road-rnlm3v7zhrw|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323171706/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/spying-photographers-may-have-taken-their-shots-of-secluded-chateau-from-road-rnlm3v7zhrw|newspaper=[[The Times]]|url-access=subscription|archive-date=23 March 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> William and Catherine filed both a criminal complaint and a civil suit in Nanterre.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19615475|title=Kate and William to make criminal complaint over topless shots|work=BBC News|date=16 September 2012|access-date=16 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916172921/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19615475|archive-date=16 September 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> A court granted an injunction banning further publication and launched a criminal inquiry.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19631591|title=Kate topless photos: French injunction against magazine|work=BBC News|date=18 September 2012|access-date=18 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918000717/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19631591|archive-date=18 September 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, ''Closer'' was fined €100,000, and its editor and owner €45,000 each.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kate topless pics: Closer magazine to pay royals in €100k damages|url=https://news.sky.com/story/kate-topless-pics-closer-magazine-ordered-to-pay-100k-damages-11021607|access-date=5 September 2017|work=Sky News|date=5 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906035610/https://news.sky.com/story/kate-topless-pics-closer-magazine-ordered-to-pay-100k-damages-11021607|archive-date=6 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2014, Catherine and William issued a legal warning to a freelance photographer for "harassing and following" their son George and his nanny.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2014/oct/02/duke-duchess-cambridge-prince-george-photographer|title=Duke and Duchess of Cambridge take action over Prince George 'surveillance'|newspaper=The Guardian|first1=Mark|last1=Sweney|first2=Caroline|last2=Davies|date=2 October 2014|access-date=2 December 2021}}</ref> In August 2015, Kensington Palace released a letter describing the media's "dangerous" attempts to photograph George and Charlotte.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/media/our-view/letter-kensington-palace|title=A letter from Kensington Palace|website=www.princeofwales.gov.uk|access-date=26 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328220639/http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/media/our-view/letter-kensington-palace|archive-date=28 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

In November 2016, William issued a statement supporting Harry and his girlfriend, Meghan Markle, following their complaints about press intrusion.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Vanity Fair|first=Lauren|last=Le Vine|title=Prince William issues statement in support of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle's relationship|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2016/11/prince-william-statement-support-prince-harry-meghan-markle|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220145131/https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2016/11/prince-william-statement-support-prince-harry-meghan-markle|date=27 November 2016|access-date=7 January 2023|archive-date=20 December 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> During a visit to the BBC studios in central London in November 2018, William criticised social‑media companies for failing to address misinformation and for their role in fuelling social problems.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-46226743|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115190528/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-46226743|title=Prince William criticises social media firms|work=BBC News|date=15 November 2018|archive-date=15 November 2018|access-date=22 June 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2022, a three‑minute video of William confronting paparazzi photographer Terry Harris was posted on Harris's YouTube channel.<ref name="Independent-Harris">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/prince-william-leaked-video-photographer-b2110778.html|title=Palace responds to 'leak' of viral video showing Prince William confronting photographer|work=The Independent|first=Maanya|last=Sachdeva|date=28 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628055654/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/prince-william-leaked-video-photographer-b2110778.html|archive-date=28 June 2022|access-date=28 June 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Recorded in January 2021, it shows William objecting as Harris attempted to film his family during a bike ride near Anmer Hall.<ref name="Telegraph-Harris">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/06/27/royal-family-privacy-row-youtube-video-prince-william-confronting/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627215036/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/06/27/royal-family-privacy-row-youtube-video-prince-william-confronting/|title=Royal family in privacy row with YouTube over video of Prince William confronting photographer|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|first=Hannah |last=Furness|date=27 June 2022|archive-date=27 June 2022|access-date=28 June 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref> Kensington Palace described the video as a breach of privacy and requested its removal from public platforms.<ref name="Telegraph-Harris"/>

In October 2025, Harry named William and Catherine in his court case against [[DMG Media|Associated Newspapers]], alleging that private investigators had been employed to gather information about them, including a payment for details of William's 21st-birthday party in 2003.<ref>{{cite news|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Victoria|last=Ward|title=Prince Harry drags William into battle against Daily Mail|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2025/10/01/prince-harry-claims-private-detectives-spied-on-william/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251001173052/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2025/10/01/prince-harry-claims-private-detectives-spied-on-william/|date=1 October 2025|access-date=1 October 2025|archive-date=1 October 2025|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref> Later that month, William and Catherine won a privacy case in France against ''[[Paris Match]]'' over unauthorised photos during a family ski trip in the Alps.<ref>{{cite news|work=The Independent|title=William and Kate win privacy case over 'intrusive' photos of family holiday|first=Tony|last=Jones|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/william-kate-photos-paris-match-b2855297.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251030141805/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/william-kate-photos-paris-match-b2855297.html|date=30 October 2025|access-date=30 October 2025|archive-date=30 October 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Titles, styles, and honours==
{{Further|List of titles and honours of William, Prince of Wales}}

===Titles and styles===
William has been a [[British prince]] since birth and was known as "His Royal Highness Prince William of Wales" until April 2011. He was created [[Duke of Cambridge]], [[Earl of Strathearn]], and [[Baron Carrickfergus]] by Elizabeth II on the day of his wedding. The [[letters patent (United Kingdom)|letters patent]] granting these titles were issued on 26 May that year.<ref name="titles2">{{cite web |publisher=The Royal Family|date=29 April 2011|title=Announcement of titles |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/LatestNewsandDiary/Pressreleases/2011/Announcementoftitles29April2011.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430090334/http://www.royal.gov.uk/LatestNewsandDiary/Pressreleases/2011/Announcementoftitles29April2011.aspx |archive-date=30 April 2011 |access-date=29 April 2011 }}</ref><ref name="LG5978">{{London Gazette
| issue = 59798
| date = 1 June 2011
| page = 10297
| nolink = yes
}}</ref>

As the eldest son of the monarch, William automatically became [[Duke of Cornwall]], [[Duke of Rothesay]], [[Earl of Carrick]], [[Baron of Renfrew (title)|Baron of Renfrew]], [[Lord of the Isles]], and [[Prince and Great Steward of Scotland]] upon his father's accession on 8 September 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Furness |first1=Hannah |last2=Mendick |first2=Robert |date=10 September 2022 |title=Royal family title changes: William and Kate become Prince and Princess of Wales |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/0/new-royal-titles-family-prince-wales-william-kate-middleton/ |access-date=10 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260109213635/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/0/new-royal-titles-family-prince-wales-william-kate-middleton/|archive-date=9 January 2026|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Elston |first=Laura |date=8 September 2022 |title=How the Royal Family's titles have now changed after the death of the Queen |work=Bloomberg News|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-09-08/its-king-charles-iii-not-charles-111-royal-family-titles-change |access-date=10 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703000302/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-09-08/its-king-charles-iii-not-charles-111-royal-family-titles-change|archive-date=3 July 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> From 8 to 9 September, he was styled "His Royal Highness the Duke of Cornwall and Cambridge".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/the-duke-of-cambridge |title=Duke of Cornwall and Cambridge |publisher=The Royal Family |access-date=9 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909173443/https://www.royal.uk/the-duke-of-cambridge |archive-date=9 September 2022}}</ref> On 9 September, Charles announced William's creation as [[Prince of Wales]], the traditional title for the male heir apparent to the British monarch. William has since been known as "His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales", except in Scotland, where he is styled "His Royal Highness the Duke of Rothesay" instead.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |date=9 September 2022 |title=Watch: King Charles's first speech in full |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-62856345 |access-date=9 September 2022 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Furness |first1=Hannah |last2=Mendick |first2=Robert |date=18 September 2022 |title=Royal family title changes in full: William and Kate become Prince and Princess of Wales |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/09/18/new-royal-titles-family-prince-wales-william-kate-middleton/ |access-date=23 September 2022 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The letters patent formally granting him this title and that of [[Earl of Chester]] were issued on 13 February 2023.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=63979|page=3638|date=27 February 2023}}</ref>

===Honours===
William is a Royal [[Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter]] (KG),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/ThecurrentRoyalFamily/PrinceWilliam/Stylesandtitles.aspx |title=The Duke of Cambridge: Styles and Titles |publisher=The Royal Family |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414152844/http://www.royal.gov.uk/ThecurrentRoyalFamily/PrinceWilliam/Stylesandtitles.aspx |archive-date=14 April 2012 }}</ref> an Extra [[Knight of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle]] (KT),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.royal.uk/new-appointments-order-thistle-0 |title=New appointments to the Order of the Thistle, 29 May 2012 |date=29 May 2012 |publisher=The Royal Family |access-date=23 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424071729/https://www.royal.uk/new-appointments-order-thistle-0 |archive-date=24 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Great Master of the [[Most Honourable Order of the Bath]] (GCB),<ref>{{cite news|last=Milss|first=Rhiannon|title=King recognises Queen and Prince William in honours list and creates new role for Kate, Princess of Wales|url=https://news.sky.com/story/king-recognises-queen-and-prince-william-in-honours-list-and-creates-new-role-for-kate-princess-of-wales-13121607|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423152048/https://news.sky.com/story/king-recognises-queen-and-prince-william-in-honours-list-and-creates-new-role-for-kate-princess-of-wales-13121607|access-date=23 April 2024|work=Sky News|date=23 April 2024|archive-date=23 April 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> a member of the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom]] (PC),<ref>{{cite news |last=Palmer |first=Richard |date=10 June 2016 |title=Is Camilla's promotion first step to becoming Queen? |url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/royal/678872/Is-Camilla-s-promotion-first-step-to-becoming-Queen |work=Daily Express |access-date=1 June 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Privy Council members |url=https://privycouncil.independent.gov.uk/privy-council/privy-council-members/|access-date=7 October 2022 |website=Privy Council}}</ref> and a [[Personal Aide-de-Camp]] (ADC) to the sovereign.<ref name="AidedeCamp">{{cite news|title=Duke of Cambridge becomes Aide-de-Camp to the Queen|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/prince-william/9935850/Duke-of-Cambridge-becomes-Aide-de-Camp-to-the-Queen.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610032206/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/prince-william/9935850/Duke-of-Cambridge-becomes-Aide-de-Camp-to-the-Queen.html|date=17 March 2013|access-date=6 May 2016 |archive-date=10 June 2016|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Ancestry==
{{Further|Descendants of Elizabeth II}}
William descends through his father from both the [[House of Windsor]] and the [[House of Oldenburg]], one of Europe's oldest royal dynasties. More specifically, his Oldenburg line derives from the [[cadet branch]] known as the [[House of Glücksburg]].<ref name="huberty">Huberty, Michel (1994). ''L'Allemagne dynastique''. Volume 7 ("Oldenbourg"). Le Perreux-sur-Marne: [[Giraud (publishers)|Giraud]]. {{ISBN|2-901138-07-1}}, {{ISBN|978-2-901138-07-5}}.</ref>

Through his mother, William descends from the [[Earls Spencer]]{{snd}}a cadet branch of the [[Spencer family]] descended from the [[earls of Sunderland]] (the senior branch are now also [[dukes of Marlborough]]); from the [[Barons Fermoy]]; and, more distantly from [[Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton]], and [[Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond]]{{snd}}two illegitimate sons of [[Charles II of England|King Charles II]]. As king, William would be the first monarch since the death of [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Anne]] in 1714 to descend undisputedly from [[Charles I of England|Charles I]], and the first to descend from Charles II.<ref name="williamson"/>

William's [[Matrilineality|matrilineal]] line traces back to Eliza Kewark, a housekeeper to his 18th‑century ancestor Theodore Forbes, a Scottish merchant working for the East India Company [[Surat]]. Contemporary documents variously describe her as "a dark-skinned native woman", "an [[Armenians|Armenian]] woman from Bombay", and "Mrs. Forbesian".<ref name="williamson">Williamson, D (1981) "The Ancestry of Lady Diana Spencer". ''Genealogist's Magazine'' '''20'''(6): 192–199; '''20'''(8): 281–282</ref> Genealogist [[William Addams Reitwiesner]] assumed Kewark was Armenian.<ref name="wargs">{{cite web|last=Reitwiesner|first=William Addams|url=http://www.wargs.com/essays/ethnic.html|title=The Ethnic ancestry of Prince William|website=wargs.com |year=2006|access-date=24 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116181306/http://www.wargs.com/essays/ethnic.html|archive-date=16 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2013, [[genealogical DNA test]]s on two of William's distant matrilineal cousins confirmed that Kewark was matrilineally of Indian descent.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|last=Sinha|first=Kounteya|title=Hunt on for Prince William's distant cousins in Surat|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/Hunt-on-for-Prince-Williams-distant-cousins-in-Surat/articleshow/20611810.cms|access-date=11 August 2013|date=16 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928034026/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-16/uk/40006496_1_indian-dna-east-india-company-mtdna|archive-date=28 September 2013|newspaper=The Times of India|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A Royal Revelation |url=http://www.britainsdna.com/royal-revelation |work=BritainsDNA |access-date=11 August 2013 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717092958/http://www.britainsdna.com/royal-revelation |archive-date=17 July 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Times]]|date=14 June 2013|title=Revealed: the Indian ancestry of William|first=David|last=Brown|page=1|url=https://www.thetimes.com/travel/destinations/asia-travel/india/revealed-the-indian-ancestry-of-william-ldvsjmc9w59|url-access=subscription|access-date=11 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627023321/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/article3790940.ece|archive-date=27 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Hern|first=Alex|title=Are there ethical lapses in the Times' story on William's 'Indian ancestry'?|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/media/2013/06/are-there-ethical-lapses-times-story-williams-indian-ancestry|access-date=11 August 2013|newspaper=New Statesman|date=14 June 2013|quote=Although Eliza Kewark was indeed thought of as Armenian, it's not particularly surprising that she would have had Indian ancestors; the Armenian diaspora had been in India for centuries at the time of her birth, and even the most insular communities tend to experience genetic mixing over that timescale.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820173757/http://www.newstatesman.com/media/2013/06/are-there-ethical-lapses-times-story-williams-indian-ancestry|archive-date=20 August 2013|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
===Book contributions===
* "Preface", in: {{Cite book|title=Elizabeth II: The Steadfast|publisher=Allen Lane|year=2015|isbn=978-0-1419794-10|oclc=|first=Douglas|last=Hurd}}
* "Introduction", in: {{Cite book|title=Earthshot: How to Save Our Planet|publisher=John Murray|year=2021|isbn=978-1-5293886-26|oclc=|first1=Colin|last1=Butfield|first2=Jonnie|last2=Hughes}}
* "Foreword", in: {{Cite book|title=Flowers for Elephants: How a Conservation Movement in Kenya Offers Lessons for Us All|publisher=C. Hurst (Publishers) Limited|year=2022|isbn=978-1-7873869-38|oclc=|first=Peter|last=Martell}}
* "Foreword", in: {{cite book|title=Puzzles for Spies|publisher=National Geographic Books|year=2022|isbn=978-0-2415799-09|oclc=|author=GCHQ}}
* "Foreword", in: {{Cite book |title=The Earthshot Prize: A Handbook for Dreamers and Thinkers: Solutions to Repair our Planet|publisher= Hachette Children's|year=2023|isbn=978-1-5263646-92|oclc=|first1=Colin|last1=Butfield|first2=Jonnie|last2=Hughes}}
* "Foreword", in: {{Cite book|title=They Also Served: 200 People Who Trained At Sandhurst|publisher=Sandhurst Trust|year=2024|isbn=|first=Vaughan|last=Kent-Payne|url=https://shop.sandhursttrust.org/products/book-and-they-served|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204170029/https://shop.sandhursttrust.org/products/book-and-they-served|archive-date=4 February 2024|url-status=live}}
* "Foreword", in: {{Cite book|title=Take Care: A Memoir of Love, Family and Never Giving Up|publisher=Century|year=2025|isbn=978-1-5299413-33|oclc=|first=Lindsey|last=Burrow}}

===Authored letters and articles===
* {{Cite web|author=The Duke of Cambridge|date=7 September 2020|archive-date=16 August 2023|title=An open letter written by The Duke of Cambridge to mark Air Ambulance Week 2020|url=https://www.royal.uk/open-letter-written-duke-cambridge-mark-air-ambulance-week-2020-0|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816212612/https://www.royal.uk/open-letter-written-duke-cambridge-mark-air-ambulance-week-2020-0|publisher=The Royal Family|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite news|author1=Prince William|author2=Michael Bloomberg|date=28 September 2021|archive-date=16 August 2023|title=We're in a race to save Earth from climate change|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/voices/2021/09/28/prince-william-mike-bloomberg-climate-change-earthshot-prize/8405725002/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816212916/https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/voices/2021/09/28/prince-william-mike-bloomberg-climate-change-earthshot-prize/8405725002/|work=USA Today|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite web|author=The Duke of Cambridge|date=20 June 2022|archive-date=2 October 2023 |title=Prince William: 'Why I wanted to work with The Big Issue'|url=https://www.bigissue.com/opinion/prince-william-why-i-wanted-to-work-with-the-big-issue/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002170242/https://www.bigissue.com/opinion/prince-william-why-i-wanted-to-work-with-the-big-issue/|website=The Big Issue|url-status=live}}

==See also==
* [[William, Prince of Wales, in film and television]]
* [[List of current British princes and princesses]]
* [[List of covers of Time magazine (1990s)]], [[List of covers of Time magazine (2010s)|(2010s)]]

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
===Books===
* {{cite book |last=Jobson |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Jobson |year=2010 |title=William & Kate: The Love Story |url=https://archive.org/details/williamkateloves0000jobs |url-access=registration|publisher=John Blake Publishing |isbn=978-1-84454-736-4 }}
* {{cite book|last=Lacey|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Lacey|title=Battle of Brothers: William, Harry and the Inside Story of a Family in Tumult|publisher=William Collins|year=2020|isbn=978-0-00-840852-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Morton|first=Andrew|author-link=Andrew Morton (writer)|title=William & Catherine: Their Story|publisher=St. Martin's Press|date=2011|isbn=978-0-312-64340-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/williamcatherine00mort}}
* {{cite book|last=Junor |first=Penny |author-link=Penny Junor |year=2013 |title=Prince William: The Man Who Will Be King |publisher=Pegasus |isbn=978-1-60598-442-1}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Graham |first1=Tim |last2=Archer |first2=Peter |title=William: HRH Prince William of Wales |date=2003 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-74-324857-0 |mode=cs2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Junor |first=Penny |title=Prince William: Born to be King |date=2013 |publisher=Hodder Paperbacks |isbn=978-1-44-472041-9 |mode=cs2}}

===Articles===
* {{cite news |last=Campbell|first=Alastair |author-link=Alastair Campbell |title=Prince William on Diana, Princess of Wales: In the most candid interview he has ever given, Prince William, the Duke of Cambridge speaks |magazine=[[GQ]]|url=https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/prince-william-diana-princess-of-wales |date=29 May 2017 }}
* {{Cite magazine |first=Mark |last=Hedges |date=21 November 2018 |title=The Duke of Cambridge on the countryside, wildlife and passing on his father's inspiring example to George, Charlotte and Louis |url=https://www.countrylife.co.uk/nature/duke-cambridge-countryside-wildlife-passing-fathers-inspiring-example-george-charlotte-louis-188854 |magazine=Country Life}}

==External links==
{{sister project links|d=Q36812|c=Category:William, Prince of Wales|The Prince of Wales|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|n=no|q=William, Prince of Wales}}
* [https://www.royal.uk/the-prince-of-wales The Prince of Wales] at the official website of the British royal family
* [https://duchyofcornwall.org/the-duke-of-cornwall.html The Duke of Cornwall] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104094010/https://duchyofcornwall.org/the-duke-of-cornwall.html |date=4 November 2021 }} at the official website of the [[Duchy of Cornwall]]
* [https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/royal-family/members-royal-family/prince-wales.html The Prince of Wales] at the official website of the [[Government of Canada]]
* {{NPG name}}
* {{C-SPAN|78570}}
* {{IMDb name|1056413|Prince William}}

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Kumar Shailendra

2026-05-08T15:44:14Z

CharliKayser97: added the bio nd citations

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1966)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Government of Bihar|Minister of Road Construction of Bihar]]
| successor =
| term_start = 07 May 2025
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Samrat Choudhary]]
| predecessor = [[Samrat Choudhary]] (as Chief Minister)
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 10 November 2020
| predecessor1 =
| constituency1 = [[Bihpur Assembly constituency|Bihpur]]
| term_start2 = 2010
| term_end2 = 2015
| predecessor2 =
| constituency2 = [[Bihpur Assembly constituency|Bihpur]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
}}
'''Kumar Shailendra''' (born 9 December 1966) is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]].He is currently serving as the '''Road Construction Minister''' of Bihar. He is an MLA from '''[[Bihpur Assembly constituency]]''' in '''[[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur District]]'''. He won the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Bihpur Bihar Election 2020 Final Results LIVE:BJP Candidate KUMAR SHAILENDRA wins from Bihpur, Bihar |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/bihpur-bihar-election-2020-results-live-vote-counting-begins-at-8-am-stay-tuned-for-updates-1385828 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=news.abplive.com }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar Assembly Election Result 2020: Bihpur Assembly Constituency |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/acno152-2-1795474 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=Deccan Herald }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Shailendra is from [[Bihpur, Bihar|Bihpur]], Bhagalpur District, Bihar. He is the son of Kumar Nityanand Singh. He completed his B.Sc. in engineering at Indian College of Engineering, [[Motihari]], [[Bihar University]] in 1991.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kumar Shailendra(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BIHPUR(BHAGALPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=11228 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Shailendra won from Bihpur Assembly constituency representing Bharatiya Janata Party in the 2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election. He polled 72,938 votes and defeated his nearest rival and two time MLA, [[Shailesh Kumar Mandal]] of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]], by a margin of 6,129 votes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Bihpur Election Result 2020 Live Updates: Kumar Shailendra of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/bihpur-election-result-2020-live-updates-bihpur-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3061670.html |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=News18 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Bihar election result 2020: Seat wise full list of winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/bihar-assembly-polls-2020/story/bihar-election-result-full-list-of-winners-1739762-2020-11-10 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=India Today }}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=":0" /> In 2010, he polled 48,027 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Shailesh Kumar Mandal|Shailesh Kumar]] of Rashtriya Janata Dal, by a narrow margin of 465 votes. However, he lost the [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] to Varsha Rani of RJD by a margin of 12,716 votes.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Shailendra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2010–2015]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:People from Bhagalpur district]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]

Hui Gumm Yaadein Ek Doctor, Do Zindagiyaan

2026-05-08T06:59:13Z

CharliKayser97:

{{Short description|Indian medical drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Hui Gumm Yaadein Ek Doctor, Do Zindagiyaan.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name = Yaadein
| genre = [[Medical drama]]
| creator =
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Doc – Nelle tue mani]]''|Francesco Arlanch|Viola Rispoli}}
| developer =
| showrunner =
| story =
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Iqbal Khan (actor)|Iqbal Khan]]
* [[Gulki Joshi]]
* Srishti Singh
* Avinn Tyagi
}}
| narrator =
| theme_music_composer =
| music =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer = Nishant Pandey
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 24
| num_specials =
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Smruti Sushilkumar Shinde Harvindar Arora
| location =
| cinematography = Alamgir Sheikh Bed Prasad Pandey
| editor = Janak H Chouhan, Pradeep Singh, Prashant Palande
| camera =
| runtime = 25{{ndash}}32 minutes
| company = Sobo Films Holding Ltd.
| network = [[Sony SAB]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2026|4|6}}
| last_aired = present
}}
'''''Hui Gumm Yaadein Ek Doctor, Do Zindagiyaan''''' (also known as '''''Yaadein''''') is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[medical drama]] television series that premiered on [[Sony SAB]] on 6 April 2026 and also streams on [[SonyLIV]]. It is an official adaptation of the Italian series ''[[Doc – Nelle tue mani]]''. It stars [[Iqbal Khan (actor)|Iqbal Khan]], [[Gulki Joshi]], Srishti Singh and Avinn Tyagi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/other/iqbal-khan-on-returning-to-tv-with-yaadein-the-show-is-all-about-being-real/ar-AA1ZMyUQ?apiversion=v2&domshim=1&noservercache=1&noservertelemetry=1&batchservertelemetry=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1 |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref><ref>https://www.bombaytimes.com/entertainment/tv/hui-gumm-yaadein-ek-doctor-do-zindagiyaan-cast-plot-release-date-and-all-about-iqbal-khan-s-new-tv-serial/1775025509165</ref>

== Plot ==
Dr. Dev Mehta is a skilled, strict and straightforward doctor often called as Mr. Khadoos by his staff. However, he has special place for his junior, Dr. Vaani. Dr. Mehta is divorced from his wife Dr. Srishti Agarwal and distant from his family. He fatally gets shot in the head by the father of one of his patients due to latter's inadvertent death. It turns out Sunny was responsible for the death of the patient whose father shot Dr. Dev but before the incident he found out the truth about Sunny and threatened him about reporting it to the board and terminating his medical license. However, he suffers from amnesia and loses memory of last 8 years of his life. He seems to be changed after the incident despite not remembering anything. Dev learns about his divorce from her wife and about his son's death. Though, he loses all the memory of Dr. Vaani. He tries to win over his colleagues, parents and daughter again with his pleasant nature. Dr. Sunny, husband of Dev's sister, avenge him for earlier trying to terminate his medical license, by humiliating him and ousting him from the hospital. But Dev is able to secure the position of assistant/ward boy in the hospital. He is very kind and understanding towards the patients unlike earlier Dr. Dev Mehta much to the shock of his subordinates.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Iqbal Khan (actor)|Iqbal Khan]] as Dr. Dev Mehta - Jeevan and Mrs Mehta's son; Ishita's brother; Srishti's ex-husband; Dr. Vaani's love-interest; Dhruv and Jiya's father (2026-present)
* [[Gulki Joshi]] as Dr. Srishti Agarwal - Dev's ex-wife; Dhruv and Jiya's mother (2026-present)
* Srishti Singh as Dr. Vaani Gupta - Rajeev's sister; Dev's love-interest (2026-present)
* Devish Ahuja as Dr. Raunak Bhatia (2026-present)
* Priya Trivedi as Dr. Tanvi Shah (2026-present)
* Khyati Vyas as Dr. Anannya Singh - Tara's daughter (2026-present)
* Karaan Singh as Dr Girish Chatterjee (2026-present)
* Shagun Sharma as Dr. Uditanshu (2026-present)

=== Recurring ===
* Avinn Tyagi as Dr. Abeer Chhabria (2026-present)
* Pradeep Shukla / Kaushal Kapoor as Jeevan Mehta - Dev and Ishita's father (2026-present)
* Poonam Srinaik / Bharati Patil as Mrs Mehta - Jeevan's wife; Dev and Ishita's mother (2026-present)
* Poonam Preet as Ishita Mehta Kapoor - Jeevan and Mrs Mehta's daughter; Dev's sister; Sunny's wife; Sasha's mother (2026-present)
* Veera Sanghvii as Dhruv Mehta - Dev and Srishti's son; Jiya's brother (2026)
* Harleen Rupani as Jiya Mehta - Dev and Srishti's daughter; Dhruv's sister (2026-present)
** Nandini Karmakar as Child Jiya (2026)
* [[Anurag Sharma (actor)|Anurag Sharma]] as Dr. Sunny Kapoor - Ishita husband; Sasha's father (2026-present)
* Aarohi M Kumawat as Sasha Kapoor - Ishita and Sunny's daughter (2026-present)
* Satyam Thakur as Dr. Vinay (2026-present)
* Prachi Sharma as Nurse Dipika (2026-present)
* Annapurna Vitthal as Nurse Pratibha Kulkarni (2026-present)
* Sandeep Soman as Chef (2026-present)
* Rajan Verma as Watchman (2026-present)
* Arjun Punjj as Digvijay - Srishti boyfriend (2026-present)
* Sapna Raghuwanshi as Tara Singh - Ananya mother (2026-present)
* Meet Sindhwani as Rajeev Gupta - Vaani brother (2026-present)
* Durga Kambo as Rajeev's lover (2026-present)
* Aslam Wadkar as Traffic Prabhat Patil (2026-present)
* [[Delnaaz Irani]] as Chandni Khanna (2026-present)
* Sagar Saini as Parminder Singh Sodhi - Sweety's husband; Amarjeet's father (2026)
* Jasjeet Babbar as Sweety Kaur Sodhi - Parminder's wife; Amarjeet's mother (2026)
* Kawalpreet Singh as Amarjeet Singh Sodhi - Parminder and Sweety's son (2026)

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#834A05 |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |country=India |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| Title = Meet Dr. Dev Mehta
| DirectedBy = Anshuman Kishore Singh
| WrittenBy = Isha Sharma Satyam Tripathy '''Dialogues:''' Preeti Mamgain
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=y|2026|4|6}}
| ShortSummary = Dr. Dev Mehta, a skilled but abrasive [[surgeon]] known for his strict professionalism, treats a police officer suffering from a [[brain stroke]] while uncovering a colleague's medical negligence in the death of a child. Despite pressure to conceal the error, he chooses to report it, leading to conflict at the hospital. Dev later suffers a traumatic incident that affects his [[memory]].
| LineColor = 834A05
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| Title = Dr. Dev Loses His Memory
| DirectedBy = Anshuman Kishore Singh
| WrittenBy = Isha Sharma Satyam Tripathy '''Dialogues:''' Preeti Mamgain
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=y|2026|4|7}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 834A05
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| Title = Dhruv's Death
| DirectedBy = Anshuman Kishore Singh
| WrittenBy = Isha Sharma Satyam Tripathy '''Dialogues:''' Preeti Mamgain
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=y|2026|4|8}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 834A05
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| Title = Dr. Vaani Saves Dev
| DirectedBy = Anshuman Kishore Singh
| WrittenBy = Isha Sharma Satyam Tripathy '''Dialogues:''' Preeti Mamgain
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=y|2026|4|9}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = 834A05
}}
}}

== Production ==
=== Casting ===
[[Iqbal Khan (actor)|Iqbal Khan]] was confirmed to play male lead, Dr. Dev Mehta after a three year television hiatus.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Maheshwari|first=Neha|date=30 December 2025|title=Iqbal Khan returns to television with Hui Gumm Yaadein after nearly three years - Exclusive|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/iqbal-khan-returns-to-television-with-hui-ghumm-yaadein-after-nearly-three-years-exclusive/articleshow/126248981.cms|access-date=26 March 2026|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> [[Ekta Kaul]] was chosen to play Dr. Shristi,<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=23 January 2026|title=Ekta Kaul on returning to TV with Hui Gumm Yaadein: 'I wanted to be a part of this story'|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/ekta-kaul-makes-a-comeback-on-tv-with-hui-gumm-yaadein-talks-about-her-role-23613394|access-date=26 March 2026|work=[[Mid-Day]]|language=en}}</ref> but she opted out and [[Gulki Joshi]] was replaced her.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Maheshwari|first=Neha|date=10 February 2026|title=Gulki Joshi finalised to play Dr Srishti in Yaadein as Ekta Kaul bows out - Exclusive|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/gulki-joshi-finalised-to-play-dr-srishti-in-yaadein-as-ekta-kaul-bows-out-exclusive/articleshow/128161156.cms|access-date=26 March 2026|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/hui-gumm-yaadein-ek-doctor-do-zindagiyaan-1790006770}}
* {{IMDb title|tt40224050}}

{{Sony SAB Programmes}}
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2026 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Sony SAB original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Indian medical television series]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on non-Indian television series]]
[[Category:2020s Indian television series]]
[[Category:2020s Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Fiction about amnesia]]
[[Category:Television series about amnesia]]

Bhavnagar Terminus–MCTM Udhampur Janmabhoomi Express

2026-04-30T02:34:21Z

CharliKayser97:

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Bhavnagar Terminus–MCTM Udhampur Janmabhoomi Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2011|02|20}}
| last =
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Bhavnagar Terminus}} (BVC)
| stops = 25
| end = {{stnlnk|Udhampur||MCTM Udhampur}} (MCTM)
| distance = {{convert|1843|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 35 hours 20 mins
| frequency = Weekly {{efn|Runs one day in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 19107 / 19108
| speed = {{convert|53|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 19107 / 19108 '''Bhavnagar Terminus–MCTM Udhampur Janmabhoomi Express''' is an [[Superfast Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Western Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Bhavnagar Terminus}} of [[Gujarat]] and {{stnlnk|Udhampur}} of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in India.

It is currently being operated with 19107/19108 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref>[http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=5249&did=1457596103716A8982B6F6FE88C3C04927B8A66C1F3DD.web107 Cancellation/Partial Cancellation/Regulation Of Trains Due To Traffic Blocks On Pathankot- Jammu Tawi Section]</ref><ref>[http://www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=2908&did=14452543532165E65B4F8DB6F907D78B9E15954817FC5.web107 W. RLY ATTACHED EXTRA COACHES IN 12 PAIRS OF TRAINS]</ref><ref>[http://www.nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=3309&id=0,4,268 Permanent Augmentation in 09 Trains]</ref>

This train previously ran between {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}} and Udhampur, but since 10th March 2019 has been extended up to Bhavnagar Terminus by the Ministry of Railways.
== See also ==

* [[Udhampur railway station]]
* [[Ahmedabad Junction railway station]]
* [[Bhavnagar Terminus railway station]]
* [[Janmabhoomi Express]]
* [[Gandhinagar Capital–Bhavnagar Terminus Intercity Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/14069 19107/Bhavnagar Terminus - Udhampur Janmabhoomi Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/14067 19108/Udhampur - Bhavnagar Terminus Janmabhoomi Express]

{{Railways in Western India}}
{{Janmabhoomi Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhavnagar Terminus-Udhampur Janmabhoomi Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Bhavnagar]]
[[Category:Transport in Udhampur]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2011]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Pritiranjan Gharai

2026-04-29T12:13:01Z

CharliKayser97: started article

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1973)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pritiranjan Gharai
| native_name = ପ୍ରୀତିରଞ୍ଜନ ଘଡ଼ାଇ
| native_name_lang = or
| image =
| office = Minister [[Government of Odisha]]
| term_start =
| term_end = 2014
| minister = Former minister Rural Development, Skill Development & Technical Education (State Independent Charge)
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 = 2019
| minister1 =
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| minister2 =
| office3 = Member: [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| constituency3 = [[Sukinda (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sukinda]] 2019, 2014
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| constituency4 = [[Korei (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Korei]] 2009
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1973|10|06|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jajpur]], [[Odisha]]
| birth_name = Pritiranjan Gharai
| nick_name =
| alma_mater =
| website =
| spouse = [[Jhilik Bhattacharjee]]<ref name="Odisha: BJD MLA ties the knot with Jhilik Bhattacharjee; Ollywood actress shares pics">{{cite news |title=Odisha: BJD MLA ties the knot with Jhilik Bhattacharjee; Ollywood actress shares pics |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/jhilik-bhattacharya-priti-ranjan-ghadei-pritiranjan-gharai-marriage-prafulla-ghadai-sukinda-mla-odia-actress/563999 |access-date=16 June 2024 |work= |date=12 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616164217/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/jhilik-bhattacharya-priti-ranjan-ghadei-pritiranjan-gharai-marriage-prafulla-ghadai-sukinda-mla-odia-actress/563999 |archive-date=16 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
| parents = Prafulla Chandra Gharai (Father)
Prativa Gharai (Mother)
| children = 2<ref name="Odia actress Jhilik gives birth to twin daughters on her birthday">{{cite news |last1=KalingaTV |first1= |title=Odia actress Jhilik gives birth to twin daughters on her birthday |url=https://kalingatv.com/odisha/odia-actress-jhilik-gives-birth-to-twin-daughters-on-her-birthday/ |access-date=16 June 2024 |date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616164454/https://kalingatv.com/odisha/odia-actress-jhilik-gives-birth-to-twin-daughters-on-her-birthday/ |archive-date=16 June 2024}}</ref>
}}

'''Pritiranjan Gharai''' (born 6 October 1973) is an Indian [[politician]] from [[Odisha]] who was serving as the Minister of Rural Development, Skill Development & Technical Education in the [[Government of Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Pragativadi News |date=2022-12-02 |title='Skilled-in-Odisha' program has helped students get world-class training: Minister Pritiranjan Gharai |url=https://pragativadi.com/skilled-in-odisha-program-has-helped-students-get-world-class-training-minister-pritiranjan-gharai/ |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=Pragativadi |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-12 |title=Odisha to Showcase State as a Global Skill Hub |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/odisha-to-showcase-state-as-a-global-skill-hub-123041200470_1.html |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref> He is ex [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] in [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Sukinda Assembly constituency|Sukinda]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Newsroom Odisha |date=2023-01-13 |title=Jajpur MP Sarmistha Sethi, Minister Pritiranjan Gharai Grace Opening Ceremony of Sourika Yuva Mahotsav |url=https://newsroomodisha.com/jajpur-mp-sarmistha-sethi-minister-pritiranjan-gharai-grace-opening-ceremony-of-sourika-yuva-mahotsav/ |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=News Room Odisha |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
He was sworn in as minister on 5 June 2022. Earlier, he was a member of the [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|14th & 15th Odisha Legislative Assembly. In 2024 Assembly elections he was defeated by a huge margin by BJP candidate Pradeep Bal Samanta]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-27 |title=Odisha Has 8.80 Lakh Registered Unemployed Youth: Minister |url=https://www.news18.com/news/education-career/odisha-has-8-80-lakh-registered-unemployed-youth-minister-5633575.html |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gharai urges Naveen to open defunct mines of Sukinda chromites valley |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2022/nov/13/gharai-urges-cm-to-open-defunct-mines-of-sukinda-chromites-valley-2517856.html |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=KIIT polytechnic tops, Jajpur 2nd in government polytechnics ranking |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2022/aug/03/kiit-polytechnic-tops-jajpur-2nd-in-government-polytechnics-ranking-2483610.html |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://myneta.info/odisha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=5727 Pritiranjan Gharai] at MyNeta

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gharai, Pritiranjan}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

Mirchi Music Award for Album of The Year

2026-04-24T14:36:57Z

CharliKayser97: put up basic details basic info - done

{{short description|Annual Hindi music award}}
{{cleanup|reason=Inappropriate and inconsistent use of italics and bold, per [[WP:MOS]].|date=August 2020}}
The '''Mirchi Music Award for Album of The Year''' is given yearly by [[Radio Mirchi]] as a part of its annual [[Mirchi Music Awards]] for [[Hindi films]], to recognise the Best song of that year.

==List of winners==
* '''2009 "[[Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na#Soundtrack|Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na]]"''' - '''''[[A.R Rahman]], [[Abbas Tyrewala]]'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma/winners.php|title=1st Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
** "[[Dostana (2008 film)#Soundtrack|Dostana]]" - ''[[Vishal–Shekhar]], [[Anvita Dutt Guptan]], [[Kumaar]], [[Vishal Dadlani]]''
** "[[Ghajini (2008 film)#Soundtrack|Ghajini]]" - ''[[A.R Rahman]], [[Prasoon Joshi]]''
** "[[Jodha Akbar#Soundtrack|Jodha Akbar]]" - ''[[A.R Rahman]], [[Javed Akhtar]]''
** "[[Rock On!! (soundtrack)|Rock On!!]]" - ''[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]], [[Javed Akhtar]]''
* '''2010 "[[Delhi-6 (soundtrack)|Delhi-6]]"''' - ''[[A.R Rahman]], [[Prasoon Joshi]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2009/hindi/winners.html|title=2nd Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
** "[[Kaminey#Soundtrack|Kaminey]]" - ''[[Vishal Bhardwaj]], [[Gulzar]]''
** "[[Love Aaj Kal (2009 film)#Soundtrack|Love Aaj Kal]]" - ''[[Pritam]], [[Irshad Kamil]]''
** "[[Slumdog Millionaire: Music from the Motion Picture|Slumdog Millionaire]]" - ''[[A.R Rahman]], [[Gulzar]], Raquib Alam''
** "[[Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani#Soundtrack|Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani]]" - ''[[Pritam]], [[Irshad Kamil]], Ashish Pandit''
* '''2011 "[[Dabangg (soundtrack)|Dabangg]]"''' - '''''[[Sajid–Wajid]], [[Lalit Pandit]], [[Faiz Anwar]], [[Jalees Sherwani]]'''''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Mirchi-Music-Awards-2010-Winners/articleshow/7378687.cms|title=3rd Mirchi Music Awards Winners|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 January 2011 }}</ref>
** "[[My Name is Khan#Soundtrack|My Name is Khan]]" - ''[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]], [[Niranjan Iyengar]]''
** "[[Ishqiya#Soundtrack|Ishqiya]]" - ''[[Vishal Bhardwaj]], [[Gulzar]]''
** "[[Once Upon A Time In Mumbaai#Soundtrack|Once Upon A Time In Mumbaai]]" - ''[[Pritam]], [[Irshad Kamil]], [[Neelesh Misra]], [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]''
** [[Break Ke Baad#Music|Break Ke Baad]] - ''[[Vishal–Shekhar]], [[Prasoon Joshi]]''
* '''2012 "[[Rockstar (soundtrack)|Rockstar]]"''' - '''''[[A.R Rahman]], [[Irshad Kamil]]'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/winners.php|title=4th Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
** "[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]" - ''[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]], [[Javed Akhtar]]''
** "[[Ra.One]]" - ''[[Vishal–Shekhar]], Atahar Panchi, [[Vishal Dadlani]], [[Kumaar]]''
** "[[The Dirty Picture]]" - ''[[Vishal–Shekhar]], [[Rajat Arora]]''
** "[[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|Bodyguard]]" - ''[[Himesh Reshammiya]], [[Pritam]], [[Neelesh Misra]], Shabbir Ahmed''
* '''2013 "[[Agneepath (2012 film)#Soundtrack|Agneepath]]"''' - ''[[Ajay–Atul]], [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2012/hindi/winners_list.html|title=5th Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
** "[[Barfi!]]" - ''[[Pritam]], Ashish Pandit, [[Sayeed Quadri]], [[Swanand Kirkire]], [[Neelesh Misra]], [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]''
** "[[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]" - ''[[Pritam]], [[Irshad Kamil]], [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]''
** "[[Ishaqzaade]]" - ''[[Amit Trivedi]], [[Kausar Munir]]''
** "[[Student of the Year]]" - ''[[Vishal–Shekhar]], [[Anvita Dutt Guptan]]''
* '''2014 "[[Aashiqui 2 (soundtrack)|Aashiqui 2]]"''' - '''''[[Mithoon]], [[Jeet Gannguli]], [[Ankit Tiwari]], [[Sandeep Nath]], [[Irshad Kamil]], Sanjay Masoomm'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/mirchi-music-awards-2014-winners-shahrukh-khan-farhan-akhtar-honoured-aashiqui-2-wins-7-trophies-17842/|title=6th Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
** "[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]" - ''[[Pritam]], [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]''
** "[[Bhaag Milkha Bhaag]]" - ''[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]], [[Javed Akhtar]]''
** "[[Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela|Ram-Leela]]" - ''[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]], Siddharth–Garima''
** "[[Raanjhanaa]]" - ''[[A.R Rahman]], [[Irshad Kamil]]''
* '''2015 "[[2 States (2014 film)#Soundtrack|2 States]]"''' - ''[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]], [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi2014/winners/|title=7th Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
** "[[Queen (2014 film)|Queen]]" - ''[[Amit Trivedi]], Anvita, Verma Malik, Raghu Nath''
** "[[Gunday]]" - ''[[Sohail Sen]], [[Irshad Kamil]], [[Ali Abbas Zafar]], [[Bappi Lahiri]], Gautam Susmit''
** "[[Ek Villain]]" - ''[[Mithoon]], [[Ankit Tiwari]], Rabbi Ahmad, Adnaan Dhool, [[Manoj Muntashir]], Rabbi Ahmad, Adnan Dhool''
** "[[CityLights (2014 film)|CityLights]]" - ''[[Jeet Gannguli]], [[Rashmi Virag|Rashmi Singh]]''
* '''2016 [[Bajirao Mastani (soundtrack)|Bajirao Mastani]]"''' - '''''[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]], Siddharth–Garima, [[A. M. Turaz]], Nasir Faraaz, Prashant Ingole'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2015/winners/|title=8th Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
** "[[Roy (2015 film)|Roy]]" - ''[[Amaal Mallik]], [[Ankit Tiwari]], [[Meet Bros|Meet Bros Anjjan]], [[Kumaar]], Abhendra Kumar Upadhyay, [[Sandeep Nath]]''
** "[[Dil Dhadakne Do]]" - ''[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]], [[Javed Akhtar]]''
** "[[Badlapur (film)|Badlapur]]" - ''[[Sachin–Jigar]], [[Dinesh Vijan]], [[Priya Saraiya]]''
** "[[ABCD 2]]" - ''[[Sachin–Jigar]], [[Mayur Puri]], [[Priya Saraiya]]''
* '''2017 [[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil#Soundtrack|Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]"''' - '''''[[Pritam]], [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2016/winners/|title=9th Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
** "[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]" - ''[[Pritam]], [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]''
** "[[Udta Punjab]]" - ''[[Amit Trivedi]], [[Shiv Kumar Batalvi]], [[Shellee]], [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]]''
** "[[Sultan (2016 film)|Sultan]]" - ''[[Vishal–Shekhar]], [[Irshad Kamil]]''
** "[[Kapoor & Sons]]" - ''[[Amaal Mallik]], [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee]], [[Nucleya]], [[Tanishk Bagchi]]''
* '''2018 "[[Jab Harry Met Sejal]]"''' - '''''[[Pritam]], [[Irshad Kamil]]'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2017/nominations/|title=10th Mirchi Music Awards Nominations}}</ref>
** "[[Tiger Zinda Hai]]" - ''[[Vishal–Shekhar]], [[Irshad Kamil]]''
** "[[Secret Superstar]]" - ''[[Amit Trivedi]], [[Kausar Munir]]''
** "[[Raabta (film)|Raabta]]" - ''[[Pritam]], [[JAM8]], [[Irshad Kamil]], [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]], [[Kumaar]]''
** "[[Jagga Jasoos]]" - ''[[Pritam]], [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]], [[Neelesh Misra]]''
* '''2019 "[[Padmaavat]]"''' - '''''[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]], [[A. M. Turaz]], Siddharth-Garima, [[Swaroop Khan]]'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2018/winners-hindi-2018/|title=11th Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
** "[[Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety]]" - ''[[Amaal Mallik]], [[Guru Randhawa]], Rajat Nagpal, [[Rochak Kohli]], Saurabh-Vaibhav, [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], [[Kumaar]], Swapnil Tiwari''
** "[[Raazi]]" - ''[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]], [[Gulzar]], Allama Iqbal''
** "[[Manmarziyaan]]" - ''[[Amit Trivedi]], Shellee & Sikander Kahlon''
** "[[Kedarnath (film)|Kedarnath]]" - ''[[Amit Trivedi]], [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]''
* '''2020 "[[Kesari (2019 film)|Kesari]]"''' - '''''[[Arko Pravo Mukherjee]], [[Chirrantan Bhatt]], Gurmoh, Jasbir Jassi, [[Jasleen Royal]], [[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[Kumaar]], Kunwar Juneja, [[Manoj Muntashir]]'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2020/winners-hindi-2020/|title=12th Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
** "[[Bharat (film)|Bharat]]" - ''[[Vishal–Shekhar]], [[Ali Abbas Zafar]], [[Julius Packiam]], [[Irshad Kamil]]''
** "[[Gully Boy]]" - ''Ankur Tewari, [[Divine (rapper)|Divine]], Dub Sharma, [[Ishq Bector]], [[Jasleen Royal]], Ace aka Mumbai, Chandrashekar Kunder (Major C), Hardeep, Kaam Bhaari, [[Karsh Kale]], [[Midival Punditz]], [[Mikey McCleary]], [[Naezy]], Prem, Sez on the Beat, [[Raghu Dixit]], [[Rishi Rich]], Spitfire & Viveick Rajagopalan, [[Javed Akhtar]], 100 RBH, Aditya Sharma, Arjun, Bhinder Khanpuri, Blitz, Desi Ma, Gaurav Raina, Maharya, MC Altaf, MC TodFod, MC Mawali, Noxious D, Tapan Raj, D-Cypher, BeatRaw''
** "[[Kabir Singh]]" - ''[[Akhil Sachdeva]], [[Amaal Mallik]], [[Mithoon]], [[Sachet–Parampara]] & [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]], [[Irshad Kamil]], [[Kumaar]], [[Manoj Muntashir]]''
** "[[Kalank]]" - ''[[Pritam]], [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]''
* '''2021 "[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]" ( Album of the Decade )''' <ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-15 |title=Mirchi Music Awards 2021 brings the best of the decade with 'Dus Saal Bemisaal' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/mirchi-music-awards-2021-brings-the-best-of-the-decade-with-dus-saal-bemisaal/articleshow/81512789.cms#:~:text=The%2013th%20edition%20of%20the,of%20the%20most%20scintillating%20performances |access-date=2023-05-09 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* '''2022 "[[Shershaah]]" - ''[[Asees Kaur]], [[B Praak]], [[Darshan Raval]], [[Jasleen Royal]], [[Jubin Nautiyal]], [[Palak Muchhal]], [[Vikram Montrose]], [[Jasleen Royal]], [[Javed-Mohsin]], [[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[Anvita Dutt]], [[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]], [[Manoj Muntashir]], [[Rashmi Virag]]'''''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-23 |title=Nominations Hindi 2022 - Music Mirchi Awards |url=https://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2022/nominations-hindi-2022/ |access-date=2023-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423104316/https://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2022/nominations-hindi-2022/ |archive-date=2022-04-23 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sidharth Malhotra's Shershaah wins big at 14th Mirchi Music Awards, check out winners' list |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/sidharth-malhotras-shershaah-wins-big-at-14th-mirchi-music-awards-check-out-winners-list-bollywood-news-entertainment-news-article-90133595 |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=Zoom TV |language=en}}</ref>
** "[[Atrangi Re]]" - ''[[AR Rahman]], [[Irshad Kamil]], [[Arijit Singh]], [[Dhanush]], [[Daler Mehndi]], [[Haricharan]], Hiral Viradia, [[Shashaa Tirupati]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Rashid Ali]] (Adtnl: Mayank Kapri, Himanshu Sharma, Varun Uday, Nisa Shetty & Pooja Tiwari)''
** "[[Dil Bechara]]" - ''[[AR Rahman]], [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]], (Rap: [[Raja Kumari|Rajakumari]]), [[Aditya Narayan]], [[Arijit Singh]], [[Hriday Gattani]], [[Jonita Gandhi]], [[Mohit Chauhan]], [[Poorvi Koutish]], Sanaa Moussa, [[Shashaa Tirupati]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]''
** "[[Love Aaj Kal 2]]" - ''[[Pritam]], [[Irshad Kamil]], [[Antara Mitra]], [[Arijit Singh]], [[Akasa Singh]], [[Darshan Raval]], [[KK (singer)|KK]], Madhubanti Baghchi, [[Mohit Chauhan]], [[Nikhita Gandhi]], [[Raftaar]], Shashwat Singh, [[Shilpa Rao]]''
** "[[Malang (film)|Malang]]" - ''Adnan Dhool, [[Ankit Tiwari]], [[Arijit Singh]], [[Asees Kaur]], Hadiya Hashmi, [[Mithoon]], [[Sachet Tandon]], Ved Sharma, Rabi Ahmed, The Fusion Project, Harsh Limbachiyaa, [[Kunaal Vermaa]], Prince Dubey, [[Sayeed Quadri]]''
* '''2023 "[[Laal Singh Chaddha]]" - ''[[Arijit Singh]], Altamash Faridi, Mohan Kannan, [[Romy]], Shadab Faridi, [[Shilpa Rao]], [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Pritam]], [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]'''''<ref>{{cite news |title=Mirchi Music Awards 2023 |url=https://www.femina.in/trending/in-the-news/mirchi-music-awards-2023-celebrates-indias-musical-excellence-277983.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mirchi Music Awards 2023: 'Brahmastra’ dominates |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/mirchi-music-awards-2023-brahmastra-dominates-while-laal-singh-chaddha-bags-best-album-of-the-year/articleshow/104961056.cms?from=mdr}}</ref>
** "[[Gangubai Kathiawadi]]" - ''Aditi Prabhudesai, Archana Gore, [[Arijit Singh]], Dipti Rege, Jahnvi Shrimankar, [[Neeti Mohan]], [[Shail Hada]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], Tarannum M Jain, [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]], [[A. M. Turaz]], [[Kumaar]], Bhojak Ashok 'Anjam'''
** "[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]" - ''[[Antara Mitra]], [[Arijit Singh]], [[Javed Ali]], [[Jonita Gandhi]], Shashwat Singh, [[Shreya Ghoshal]], Slow Cheetah, Tushar Joshi, [[Pritam]], [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]''
** "[[RRR]]"(Hindi) - ''[[Amit Trivedi]], [[Benny Dayal]], Chandana Bala Kalyan, Charu Hariharan, Harika Narayan, Kaala Bhairava, [[M. M. Keeravaani]], Raag Patel, [[Rahul Sipligunj]], Sahithi Chaganti, [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]], K Shiva Dutta, Riya Mukherjee, [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]]''
** "[[Qala (film)|Qala]]" - ''[[Shahid Mallya]], Sireesha Bhagavatula, [[Swanand Kirkire]], [[Amit Trivedi]], [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]], Anvitaa Dutt, [[Kausar Munir]], [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]], Sant Kabir''
* '''2024 "[[Tu Jhoothi Main Makkaar (soundtrack)|Tu Jhoothi Main Makkaar]]" - ''[[Arijit Singh]], Charan, [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]], [[Jubin Nautiyal]], [[Nikhita Gandhi]], Shashwat Singh, [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Pritam]], [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]'''''<ref>{{Cite web |title=16th Mirchi Music Awards Crowns the Best in Music: Tu Jhoothi Main Makkaar Wins ‘Album of the Year’, Besharam Rang Claims ‘Song of the Year’ |url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/16th-mirchi-music-awards-winners/151105677 |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=mirchi.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=16th Mirchi Music Awards: Full list of nominations are out |url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/mirchi-music-awards-2023-nominations/151102651 |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=mirchi.in |language=en}}</ref>
** "[[Animal (soundtrack)|Animal]]"
** "[[Jawan (soundtrack)|Jawan]]"
** "[[Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani (soundtrack)|Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani]]"
** "[[Zara Hatke Zara Bachke]]"

==See also==
* [[Mirchi Music Awards]]
* [[Bollywood]]
* [[Cinema of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mirchi Music Awards}}

[[Category:Mirchi Music Awards]]
[[Category:Album awards]]

Pinky Lilani

2026-04-19T09:55:06Z

CharliKayser97: started a data

{{Short description|Author, speaker and women's advocate}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
[[File:Pinky Lilani (cropped).jpg|right|thumb|Lilani at 2011 party at the ''[[Financial Times]]'']]
'''Nusrat Mehboob Lilani''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE|DL}} (born 25 March 1954), known as '''Pinky Lilani''', is an author, [[motivational speaker]], food expert and women's advocate.<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/g1f5Hn25f6wrdRQyLNR4tP/pinky-lilani-obe|title=Woman's Hour Power List, Woman's Hour – Pinky Lilani OBE – BBC Radio 4|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> She is the founder and chair of several awards recognising influential women and leaders, including the annual Women of the Future Awards and the Asian Women of Achievement Awards.<ref name="brightnetwork.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.brightnetwork.co.uk/blog/spotlight-inspirational-woman-pinky-lilani|title=Home|accessdate=22 March 2017|archive-date=27 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827041342/https://www.brightnetwork.co.uk/blog/spotlight-inspirational-woman-pinky-lilani|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Lilani was appointed [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire]] (OBE) in 2007 for services to charity and as [[Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] (CBE) in 2015 for services to women in business.<ref name="bbc.co.uk1">{{Cite web |title=Knights Bachelor |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/30_12_06_hons_main.pdf |access-date=22 June 2025 |website=www.news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/434869/Queens_birthday_honours_list_2015.pdf|url-status=live|title=PRIME MINISTER'S RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE BIRTHDAY HONOURS LIST 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614225635/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/434869/Queens_birthday_honours_list_2015.pdf |archivedate=14 June 2015 }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Lilani was born on 25 March 1954 in [[Calcutta]], India and studied at the Catholic [[Loreto House]] School, Calcutta. She was raised in the [[Ismaili]] community.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/03/08/world/pinky-lilani-unsung-heroines/index.html|title = From an empress to a florist: Five unsung heroines| date=8 March 2013 }}</ref> In 1974, she graduated from [[Calcutta University]] with an honours degree in Education and English.<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/> Lilani continued her studies, gaining a post graduate diploma in Social Communication Medias from the [[University of Bombay]] in 1976.

In 1978 Lilani moved to the UK.

==Career==
Lilani began her cookery career when she moved to the UK in 1978; she compiled her notes and recipes which eventually became her first book, '’Spice Magic: An Indian Culinary Adventure’’, published in 2001 and promoted it by holding culinary demonstrations in book shops.<ref name="theedge-uk.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.theedge-uk.com/view/pinky-lilani|title=Pinky Lilani – Indian Food Specialist – After Dinner Speaker|accessdate=22 March 2017}}</ref> The cookbook also surveys the influence of history, culture, geography and religion on the food habits of India. In 2009 she released a second book, '’[[Coriander]] Makes the Difference'’.
Lilani has acted as a development consultant with major food companies in Europe, including [[Sharwood's]],<ref name="brightnetwork.co.uk"/> and has advised on Indian food products stocked by [[Safeway Inc.|Safeway]] and [[Tesco]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.womanthology.co.uk/celebrating-15th-asian-women-achievement-awards-nominations-awards-co-founder-pinky-lilani-obe/|title=Pinky Lilani OBE on the Asian Women of Achievement Awards – Womanthology|date=9 April 2014|accessdate=22 March 2017}}</ref>

In 1999, she founded the Asian Women of Achievement Awards, an annual event to acknowledge the achievements of Asian women in Britain. [[Cherie Blair|Cherie Blair QC]] is a patron of the Awards.<ref name="theedge-uk.com"/> Blair is also a patron of the Women of the Future Awards,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cherieblair.org/charities/2009/11/women-of-the-future-awards.html|title=Cherie Blair|first=Office of Cherie|last=Blair|accessdate=22 March 2017|archive-date=13 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813100603/http://cherieblair.org/charities/2009/11/women-of-the-future-awards.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> which Lilani founded in 2006 to provide a platform for female talent in the UK.
<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/life/fashion/mensstyle/article1857760.ece|title=And here to present the next award is . . . me!|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="bbc.co.uk"/> Women of the Future hosts annual global Summit for future women leaders and invites all shortlisted candidates to join a dedicated network.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mentore.co.uk/Mentors/pinky-lilani-obe|title=Pinky Lilani OBE DL – Mentors|last=mentore|accessdate=22 March 2017|archive-date=8 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108072458/http://www.mentore.co.uk/Mentors/pinky-lilani-obe|url-status=dead}}</ref> It also incorporates an Ambassadors' Programme to connect the award winners with school sixth-formers, providing A Level students with mentors and role models.

In 2007 Lilani founded the Women of the Future Network, a network of high potential and high achieving UK women. It provides an opportunity for talented women to come together, share experiences and build business relationships.<ref name="brightnetwork.co.uk"/>

As part of the vision to build a global, collaborative network of women, Lilani launched the Women of The Future Awards South East Asia <ref name="Women of the Future South East Asia">{{cite web | url=http://awards.womenofthefuture.co.uk/seasia/ | title=Southeast Asia Awards }}</ref> in July 2017.

Lilani sits on the advisory boards of Global Diversity Practice, a provider of multi-disciplinary consultancy and learning services and Sapphire Partners, the first executive search firm to actively promote women.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globaldiversitypractice.co.uk/team/advisory-board.|title=Advisory Board – Global Diversity Practice|accessdate=22 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sapphirepartners.co.uk/sapphire-team-advisory.html|title=Sapphire Partners – leaders in diverse professional talent|accessdate=22 March 2017|archive-date=8 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108045459/http://www.sapphirepartners.co.uk/sapphire-team-advisory.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lilani is an Associate Fellow of the [[Saïd Business School]] and a [[British Red Cross]] Tiffany Circle Ambassador.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.redcross.org.uk/Donate-Now/Make-a-major-donation/Tiffany-Circle/Members-of-the-Tiffany-Circle|title=Members of the Tiffany Circle – British Red Cross|accessdate=22 March 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033247/http://www.redcross.org.uk/Donate-Now/Make-a-major-donation/Tiffany-Circle/Members-of-the-Tiffany-Circle|url-status=dead}}</ref> She is a patron of Frank Water, a charity that partners with grassroots organisations in India to provide safe water<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frankwater.com/our-board/|title=Patrons, Trustees and Ambassadors|accessdate=22 March 2017}}</ref>

==Honours and awards==
In 2006 Lilani was presented with a lifetime achievement award at the CBI First Women Awards.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/e0b05af2-f68a-11da-b09f-0000779e2340|title=Achievement awards for businesswomen|first=Ruth|last=Sullivan|date=8 June 2006|accessdate=22 March 2017|via=Financial Times}}</ref> In 2012, she was named Woman Entrepreneur of the Year at the Indus Entrepreneurs UK Gala Awards.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/yourbusiness/9021193/Indus-entrepreneurs-hold-first-awards.html|title=Indus entrepreneurs hold first awards|date=19 January 2012 |accessdate=22 March 2017}}</ref>

Lilani was listed on the [[BBC Radio 4]] Woman's Hour Power List of 100 most powerful women in the UK in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/3J92brPmK0hskzhpTV3CrZ0/the-power-list-2013|title=Woman's Hour – The Power List 2013 – BBC Radio 4|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> In 2014, she was named as one of [[GQ]] and Editorial Intelligence's 100 most connected women, and she was commissioned as a [[Deputy Lieutenant]] of [[Greater London]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/100-most-connected/articles/2014-09/29/100-most-connected-women-2014|title=GQ and Editorial Intelligence's 100 Most Connected Women 2014|last=GQ|date=7 March 2015|accessdate=22 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/notice/2127370|title=Greater London Lieutenancy|accessdate=22 March 2017}}</ref> In 2014, she was also recognized as one of the BBC's 100 women.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-10-26 |title=Who are the 100 Women 2014? |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-29758792 |access-date=2022-12-17}}</ref> In 2009, Lilani was named one of the 30 most powerful Muslim women in Britain by ''[[The Times]]'' and ''Emel'' magazine.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/life/article1750293.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527153237/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/life/article1750293.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 May 2015|title=Meet the 13 most powerful Muslim women in Britain|accessdate=22 March 2017|last1=Rose|first1=Hilary}}</ref>

Lilani was appointed as [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire]] (OBE) in the 2007 New Year Honours for services to charity and as Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the Birthday Honours 2015 for services to women in business.<ref name="bbc.co.uk1"/><ref name="auto"/>

==Books, radio and other recognition==
In 2011 Lilani spoke at TEDxMarrakesh,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MqfiOsRNjQU|title=TEDxMarrakesh – Pinky Lilani – Coriander Makes the Difference|last=TEDx Talks|date=10 October 2011|accessdate=22 March 2017|via=YouTube}}</ref> sharing inspirational stories and drawing on the kindnesses in our society and how coriander makes the difference. With a demonstration of bombay potatoes thrown in.

On 8 January 2017 Lilani was a guest on BBC Radio 4's ''Desert Island Discs'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b087pl4j|title=Pinky Lilani, Desert Island Discs – BBC Radio 4|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref> giving insight into her childhood in India and starting her business in the UK.

*Lilani, Pinky. ''Soul Magic: Inspirational Insights; a Collection of Wisdom to Warm Your Heart and Lift Your Spirits.'' Purley: Development Dynamics, 2000. {{ISBN|9780953635405}}
*Lilani, Pinky. ''Coriander Makes the Difference.'' Purley: Development Dynamics, 2009.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lilani, Pinky}}
[[Category:Indian cookbook writers]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Deputy lieutenants of Greater London]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:British writers of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Indian Ismailis]]
[[Category:British Ismailis]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Indian women food writers]]
[[Category:Women writers of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:British cookbook writers]]
[[Category:British women food writers]]

Karera Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:37:23Z

CharliKayser97: added first post first draft.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Karera
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| established = 1951
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 23
| map_image = 23-Karera.svg
| district = [[Shivpuri district|Shivpuri]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Gwalior (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gwalior]]
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Ramesh Prasad Khatik]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Pragilal Jatav
}}
'''Karera''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]]. This constituency is reserved for the candidates belonging to the [[Dalit|Scheduled castes]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=10 February 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015}}</ref> This constituency came into existence in 1951, as one of the 79 Vidhan Sabha constituencies of the erstwhile [[Madhya Bharat]] state.<ref name=eci2>{{cite web|url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Bharat|page=5|publisher=Election Commission of India website|access-date=2011-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155640/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-21|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Overview==
Karera (constituency number 23) is one of the 5 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Shivpuri district]]. This constituency covers the entire Karera [[tehsil]] and part of Narwar tehsil of the district.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=228, 250}}</ref>

Karera is part of [[Gwalior (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gwalior Lok Sabha constituency]] along with seven other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely, [[Pohari Assembly constituency|Pohari]] in this district and [[Gwalior Rural Assembly constituency|Gwalior Rural]], [[Gwalior Assembly constituency|Gwalior]], [[Gwalior East Assembly constituency|Gwalior East]], [[Gwalior South Assembly constituency|Gwalior South]], [[Bhitarwar Assembly constituency|Bhitarwar]] and [[Dabra Assembly constituency|Dabra]] in [[Gwalior district]].<ref name="ceo"/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1952 Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<ref name="MBECI1951">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Bharat |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf |access-date=2014-10-14 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
| [[Bhagwan Dass]]
| {{Full party name with color|Hindu Mahasabha}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<ref name="election1957">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 1957 |url=https://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1957-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | [[Gautam Sharma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<ref name="election1962">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 1962 |url=https://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1962-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<ref name="election1967">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 1967 |url=https://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1967-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
| [[Vijaya Raje Scindia]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<ref name="election2018">{{cite web |title=(Madhya Pradesh) Assembly Constituency Elections |url=http://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/karera.html |access-date=23 May 2018 |website=elections.in}}</ref>
| Hardas Gupta
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Sushma Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Hanumant Singh Dau
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Bhagwat Singh Yadav
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Kiran Singh Rawat
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|Ranveer Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|Lakhan Singh Baghel
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Ramesh Prasad Khatik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Shakuntala Khatik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Jasmant Jatav]]
|-
| [[2020 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-elections|2020]]^
| [[Pragilal Jatav]]
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Ramesh Prasad Khatik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Karera (SC)<ref name="election2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-polls-2023/story/madhya-pradesh-election-bjp-second-candidate-list-shivraj-singh-chouhan-2440421-2023-09-25|title=3 Union ministers feature in BJP's second list for Madhya Pradesh polls|work=India Today|accessdate=25 September 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ramesh Prasad Khatik]]
|votes = {{formatnum:99304}}
|percentage = 49.11
|change = +12.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Pragilal Jatav
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:96201}}
|percentage = 47.58
|change = -5.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1683}}
|percentage = 0.83
|change = -0.18
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:3103}}
|percentage = 1.53
|change = -15.59
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:202198}}
|percentage = 76.22
|change = +2.49
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 bypolls ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2020 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-elections]]: Karera<ref name=byelection2020>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12753-bye-elections-2020-parliamentary-and-assemblies/ |title=Bye Elections 2020 (Parliamentary and Assemblies) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 January 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Pragilal Jatav
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 95728
|percentage = 53.49
|change = +16.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Jasmant Jatav]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 65087
|percentage = 36.37
|change = +7.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Dinesh Parihar
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 7023
|percentage = 3.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rajkumari Prajapati
|party = Rashtriya Shoshit Samaj Party
|votes = 3177
|percentage = 1.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rajendra Prasad
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 2547
|percentage = 1.42
|change = -21.66
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 1813
|percentage = 1.01
|change = -0.06
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 30641
|percentage = 17.12
|change = +8.58
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 178978
|percentage = 73.73
|change = +0.16
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Karera<ref name="election2018"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Jasmant Jatav]]
|votes = {{formatnum:64201}}
|percentage = 37.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rajkumar Omprakash Khatik
|votes = {{formatnum:49377}}
|percentage = 28.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Pragilal Jatav
|votes = {{formatnum:40026}}
|percentage = 23.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sapaks Party
|candidate = Ramesh Prasad Khatik
|votes = {{formatnum:9098}}
|percentage = 5.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1850}}
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:14824}}
|percentage = 8.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:173452}}
|percentage = 73.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Karera<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh - Detailed Results|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/MPAE_2013_stat_report.pdf|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=22 May 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Shakuntala Khatik]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 59371
|percentage = 36.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Omprakash Khatik
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 49051
|percentage = 29.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Pragilal Jatav
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 45265
|percentage = 27.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|candidate = Dr Rajaram Bijoul
|party = BA S D
|votes = 1870
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Raju
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1491
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Mishrilal Barahar
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1468
|percentage = 0.89
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|candidate = Deendayal Jatav
|party = AASP
|votes = 1439
|percentage = 0.88
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Anita Devi
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 921
|percentage = 0.56
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Bharat Parihar
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 658
|percentage = 0.40
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2866
|percentage = 1.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 164400
|percentage = 72.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Karera]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|25.46|78.13|display=title}}

[[Category:Shivpuri district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Agni Natchathiram

2026-04-01T10:37:11Z

CharliKayser97: done

{{Short description|1988 film by Mani Ratnam}}
{{for|the Indian Tamil-language soap opera|Agni Natchathiram (TV series)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Agni Natchathiram poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mani Ratnam]]
| writer = Mani Ratnam
| producer = [[G. Venkateswaran]]
| starring = [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]] [[Nirosha]]
| cinematography = [[P. C. Sreeram]]
| editing = [[B. Lenin]] [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = [[GV Films|Sujatha Productions]]
| released = {{film date|1988|4|15|df=y}}
| runtime = 155 minutes{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=290}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Agni Natchathiram''''' ({{translation|Fire star}}) is a 1988 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[masala film]] that was written and directed by [[Mani Ratnam]]. The film stars [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]] and newcomer [[Nirosha]] in the lead roles, with [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]], [[Jayachitra]], [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]], [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]], [[S. N. Lakshmi]] and G. Umapathy in supporting roles. Its story revolves around two half-brothers who come into conflict with each other due to their claims for legitimacy as sons of a common father.

Ratnam intended ''Agni Natchathiram'' to follow ''[[Mouna Ragam]]'' (1986); he completed the script but chose to prioritise ''[[Nayakan]]''. Although some scenes were filmed during a break from ''Nayakan'', production on ''Agni Natchathiram'' stalled for nearly a year and resumed in late 1987 after ''Nayakan''{{'}}s release. ''Agni Natchathiram'' was produced by Ratnam's brother [[G. Venkateswaran]]; it was filmed by [[P. C. Sreeram]], and edited by [[B. Lenin]] and [[V. T. Vijayan]].

''Agni Natchathiram'' was released on 15 April 1988, the week of the Tamil New Year festival [[Puthandu]], and became a commercial success, running in theatres across Tamil Nadu for over 200 days. The film won two [[Filmfare Awards South]], three [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]], and five [[Cinema Express Awards]]. It became a trendsetter in [[Tamil cinema]], set a new standard in the use of lighting, and was remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Vansh]]'' (1992).

== Plot ==
In [[Chennai|Madras]], half-brothers Gautham and Ashok are the sons of senior government [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) official Vishwanath. Gautham's mother is Vishwanath's first wife Susheela, and Ashok's mother is Vishwanath's second wife Kamala. Both Gautham and Ashok inappropriately express their anger towards their father to others, and display open antipathy towards each other.

Gautham, a trainee [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer, meets the Commissioner's daughter Anjali and they slowly become lovers. After graduating from the police academy, Gautham is appointed [[Assistant commissioner of police (India)|Assistant Commissioner]] in Madras. Around the same time, Ashok meets a mysterious girl and they also form a romantic relationship. Meanwhile, Vishwanath is appointed head of an inquiry commission to investigate a nefarious factory owner called Chidambaram.

One night, Ashok and his friends run into Gautham and Anjali; one of Ashok's friends teases Gautham, who arrests Ashok's friend on an [[Frameup|invented charge]]. Enraged, Ashok and his gang throw stones at Gautham's house, accidentally injuring Susheela. The next day, Gautham arrests Ashok after provoking him into attacking him. Because Vishwanath is out of town, Susheela helps Kamala bail Ashok and offers snide, unsolicited advice about raising her children to be law-abiding. Meanwhile, Chidambaram repeatedly tries to bribe Vishwanath but is rebuffed and orders an assault on Vishwanath.

On the day when Ashok's sister Mallika is meeting a prospective groom's family for a [[matchmaking]] ceremony, Vishwanath fails to arrive, causing the groom's family to question the seriousness of the marriage between Kamala and Vishwanath. Ashok is enraged; he goes to Vishwanath's house and berates him but realises his paternal grandmother has died; Gautham throws him out. Later, Ashok learns his girlfriend also comes from a broken family. The Commissioner learns of Gautham's romance with Anjali and, based on his father's behaviour, doubts his monogamy.

Mallika runs into Gautham and Anjali on a commuter train; Gautham protects her from ruffians hired by Chidambaram to harass her, and he and Anjali accompany Mallika home safely. Mallika addresses Gautham as her elder brother but before he can respond, Ashok arrives and throws him out. Another altercation occurs at a wedding. The next day, they get into a huge brawl in public. Vishwanath berates them both, lamenting his public humiliation at his sons' behaviour.

While Vishwanath is leaving his office, he is run over by a truck driven by one of Chidambaram's thugs and becomes comatose. Mutual fear brings the families closer as Susheela and Kamala wait by his bedside. Chidambaram arranges for Vishwanath's murder in the hospital. Vishwanath want to submit report the next day. When the thugs attack, Gautham and Ashok foil the murder attempt by switching to the ambulance that Vishwanath was in. The next day, the brothers take the bandaged Vishwanath into the commission's office to submit evidence of Chidambaram's crimes. Chidambaram is arrested and the brothers [[high five]] each other.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Gautham Vishwanath{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=290}}
* [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] as Ashok Vishwanath{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=290}}
* [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]] as Anjali{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=290}}
* [[Nirosha]] as Ashok's girlfriend{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=76}}
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Vishwanath{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=290}}
* [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Chettiar<ref name="VKR">{{Cite web |date=23 December 2016 |title='ஹாஹாஹா... தெய்வீக சிரிப்பய்யா உமக்கு!' – வி கே ராமசாமி நினைவு தின பகிர்வு |trans-title=Hahaha... What a divine smile you have, sir!" — A tribute shared on V. K. Ramasamy's memorial day |url=https://www.vikatan.com/anniversaries/kollywood/75767-a-tribute-to-legendary-comedian-vkramasamy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719031921/https://www.vikatan.com/anniversaries/kollywood/75767-a-tribute-to-legendary-comedian-vkramasamy |archive-date=19 July 2020 |access-date=17 July 2020 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>
* [[Janagaraj]] as Lakshmipathi{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=290}}
* [[Jayachitra]] as Kamala{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=290}}
* [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]] as Susheela{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=290}}
* [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]] as Mallika{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=290}}
* [[S. N. Lakshmi]] as Vishwanath's mother{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=290}}
* [[Disco Shanti]] as Anita the escort<ref name="VKR" />
* G. Umapathy as Chidambaram<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2018 |title=Who else is in it? The cameos are as interesting as the leads in Mani Ratnam's movies |url=https://scroll.in/reel/843267/mani-ratnam-teams-up-with-santosh-sivan-for-his-next-movie-report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403065114/https://scroll.in/reel/843267/mani-ratnam-teams-up-with-santosh-sivan-for-his-next-movie-report |archive-date=3 April 2019 |access-date=17 July 2020 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Prabhu Deva]] (special appearance in the song "Raaja Raajathi")<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anantharam |first=Chitra Deepa |date=20 August 2018 |title=I taught Salman Tamil, says Prabhu Deva |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/interview-with-prabhu-deva-on-lakshmi/article24737464.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718112904/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/interview-with-prabhu-deva-on-lakshmi/article24737464.ece |archive-date=18 July 2020 |access-date=17 July 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
After ''[[Mouna Ragam]]'' (1986), [[Mani Ratnam]] wrote the script for ''Agni Natchathiram'', with which he intended to reach out to audiences he could not reach with ''Mouna Ragam''. However, when [[Muktha Srinivasan]] approached Ratnam to make a film for [[Kamal Haasan]], which eventually became ''[[Nayakan]]'', he agreed, putting ''Agni Natchathiram'' on hold.{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |pp=44–45}} The film was produced by Ratnam's brother [[G. Venkateswaran]], filmed by [[P. C. Sreeram]], and edited by [[B. Lenin]] and [[V. T. Vijayan]]. [[Thota Tharani]] was the art director and [[Mugur Sundar]] was the dance choreographer.{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=290}}

=== Casting and filming ===
{{Quote box
| quote = It's the onset of ''agni natchatiram'' [the height of summer]. It stars slowly and reaches a peak with the sun, and then it cools down. The visual seems very simple because it's just the sun coming out, but we actually had to time it and measure the length of the shot. We went one day, P.C. Sreeram and I, with a stopwatch. Unlike now, when we ramp the shot to the length we need, we had to shoot it to the length that we required, and we had to ensure that the start-to-finish had that escalation.
| source = Mani Ratnam on the opening sunrise, 2012{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=74}}
| align = right
| width = 30%
}}
''Agni Natchathiram'' is the second time after ''Mouna Ragam'' [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] collaborated with Ratnam.{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |pp=289–290}} It is the feature-film debut of [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]]'s sister [[Nirosha]], who was not initially interested in pursuing an acting career, having previously declined an offer to act in ''Nayakan'', but at Radhika's suggestion she joined this film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2018 |title=Evergreen Stars: 'Sets Of Agni Natchathiram Was More Like A Vacation' |url=http://www.iflicks.in/News/2018/04/09112959/Evergreen-Stars-Sets-Of-Agni-Natchathiram-Was-More-Like-A-Vacation.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410181948/http://www.iflicks.in/News/2018/04/09112959/Evergreen-Stars-Sets-Of-Agni-Natchathiram-Was-More-Like-A-Vacation.vpf |archive-date=10 April 2018 |access-date=18 July 2020 |website=[[Dina Thanthi|Iflicks]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]], who had quit films and had settled in the United States, had returned to India for a different purpose when assistant director [[K. Subash]] met and offered him a role in ''Agni Natchathiram''. Vijayakumar initially refused but Subash remained adamant; when Ratnam narrated the script, Vijayakumar was impressed with the character and accepted the role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2017 |title=அக்னி நட்சத்திரம் மூலமாக விஜயகுமார் வாழ்க்கையில் திருப்பம் |trans-title=A turning point in Vijayakumar's life because of ''Agni Natchathiram'' |url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinehistory/2017/08/20222557/1103451/cinima-history-vijayakumar.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028093858/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinehistory/2017/08/20222557/1103451/cinima-history-vijayakumar.vpf |archive-date=28 October 2017 |access-date=18 July 2020 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref> G. Umapathy made his acting debut, playing the antagonist Chidambaram.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2017 |title=சாதனை புரிந்த தமிழ் படங்கள் – 291 – எஸ்.கணேஷ் |trans-title=Tamil films that achieved milestones – 291 – S. Ganesh |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/26207 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022070310/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/26207 |archive-date=22 October 2021 |access-date=22 October 2021 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta |location=Nellai}}</ref>

In January 1987, after two weeks of filming for ''Nayakan'', Ratnam resumed work on ''Agni Natchathiram'', filming scenes with [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] and [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]] such as the song "Ninnukkori Varnam". Ratnam, however, could not manage filming for two films at the same time so work on ''Agni Natchathiram'' was halted for nearly a year,{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |pp=44–45}} resuming only after ''Nayakan''{{'}}s release in late 1987.{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=70}} To make the film more commercially viable, a comedy [[subplot]] involving a middle-aged man ([[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]]) and his chauffeur ([[Janagaraj]]) trying to cavort with an escort ([[Disco Shanti]]) without their wives' knowledge was created.<ref name="VKR" />{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=28}} Two [[backup dancer]]s did not arrive for the filming of the dance song "Raaja Raajathi", so Sundar persuaded his son [[Prabhu Deva]] to perform the [[Breakdancing|breakdance]] in the song.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=22–28 January 1995 |title=Just Like Jackson |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20999/page/n425/mode/2up |access-date=30 April 2024 |magazine=Sunday |pages=70–71 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Some scenes were shot at the [[Southern Railway Headquarters, Chennai|Southern Railway Headquarters]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srikanth |first=R. |date=18 August 2025 |title=Madras Day 2025: When Tamil cinema and railways cross tracks in Chennai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/when-tamil-cinema-and-railways-cross-tracks-in-chennai/article69928044.ece/amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250902054724/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/when-tamil-cinema-and-railways-cross-tracks-in-chennai/article69928044.ece/amp |archive-date=2 September 2025 |access-date=7 September 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> The entire climax was filmed with [[strobe light]] effects.{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=76}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{main article|Agni Natchathiram (soundtrack)}}
[[Ilaiyaraaja]] composed the music for the soundtrack of ''Agni Natchathiram'' and [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] wrote the lyrics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agni Natchathram (1988) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807082606/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000022 |archive-date=7 August 2014 |access-date=8 January 2013 |website=[[Raaga.com]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Agni Natchathram Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraaja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/agni-natchathram-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraaja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021140304/https://mossymart.com/product/agni-natchathram-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraaja/ |archive-date=21 October 2021 |access-date=21 October 2021 |website=Mossymart |language=ta}}</ref> Many of the songs are set in [[Carnatic raga]]s; "Vaa Vaa Anbe Anbe" is in [[Shivaranjani]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ganesh |first=Deepa |date=8 March 2017 |title=Does absence heighten presence? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/does-absence-heighten-presence/article17425923.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225070942/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/does-absence-heighten-presence/article17425923.ece |archive-date=25 December 2024 |access-date=17 July 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn |Sundararaman |2007 |p=164}} "Thoongatha Vizhigal" is in [[Amritavarshini]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=30 March 2012 |title=A Raga's Journey – Appealing Amritavarshini |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-appealing-amritavarshini/article3262431.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911095628/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-appealing-amritavarshini/article3262431.ece |archive-date=11 September 2019 |access-date=19 September 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn |Sundararaman |2007 |p=162}} "Oru Poonga Vanam" is in [[Sudhadhanyasi]],{{sfn |Sundararaman |2007 |p=151}} and "Ninnukkori Varnam" is in [[Mohanam]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=16 September 2011 |title=A Raga's Journey – Magical Mohanam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-magical-mohanam/article2459174.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823084232/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-ragas-journey-magical-mohanam/article2459174.ece |archive-date=23 August 2019 |access-date=17 July 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn |Sundararaman |2007 |p=149}} For "Raaja Raajathi", Ilaiyaraaja used no string instruments and composed the opening stanza with only two notes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 June 2018 |title=Happy birthday Ilaiyaraaja and Mani Ratnam! |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/happy-birthday-ilaiyaraaja-and-mani-ratnam-672992.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510104524/https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/happy-birthday-ilaiyaraaja-and-mani-ratnam-672992.html |archive-date=10 May 2019 |access-date=2 May 2020 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 June 2018 |title=Happy Birthday Ilaiyaraaja: 10 mind-blowing facts about the music maestro |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/happy-birthday-ilaiyaraaja-10-mind-blowing-facts-about-the-music-maestro-1248679-2018-06-02 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723135545/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/happy-birthday-ilaiyaraaja-10-mind-blowing-facts-about-the-music-maestro-1248679-2018-06-02 |archive-date=23 July 2025 |access-date=3 November 2020 |work=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Anand–Milind]] adapted the song as "Tap Tap Tapori" for ''[[Baaghi (1990 film)|Baaghi]]'' (1990),<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2021 |title=#Ilaiyaraaja78: Five Bollywood chartbusters inspired by Ilaiyaraaja hits in Tamil |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ilaiyaraaja78-five-bollywood-chartbusters-inspired-by-ilaiyaraaja-hits-in-tamil/photostory/83237656.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605041023/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ilaiyaraaja78-five-bollywood-chartbusters-inspired-by-ilaiyaraaja-hits-in-tamil/photostory/83237656.cms |archive-date=5 June 2021 |access-date=2 July 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> and "Ninnukori Varnam" was sampled by musician [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] for "Thooriga" from "Guitar Kambi Mele Nindru", an episode of ''[[Navarasa (TV series)|Navarasa]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=17 July 2021 |title=Milliblog Weeklies, Week 154 – Jul.18, 2021 |url=https://milliblog.com/2021/07/17/milliblog-weeklies-week-154-jul-18-2021/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121104112/https://milliblog.com/2021/07/17/milliblog-weeklies-week-154-jul-18-2021/ |archive-date=21 January 2022 |access-date=14 October 2023 |website=[[Milliblog]] |language=en}}</ref> For the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] dubbed version titled ''Gharsana'', all the lyrics are written by [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gharshana (1988) (1988) |url=https://www.raaga.com/telugu/movie/gharshana-1988-songs-A0000020 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215081046/https://www.raaga.com/telugu/movie/Gharshana-1988-songs-A0000020 |archive-date=15 February 2018 |access-date=3 November 2020 |website=[[Raaga.com]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Agni Natchathiram'' was released on 15 April 1988, the week of [[Puthandu]], the Tamil New Year festival.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 April 1988 |title=Agni Natchathiram |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19880415&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=17 July 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |language=en |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> It ran in theatres for over 200 days, becoming a [[silver jubilee film]] and Ratnam's most-profitable film to that point.{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=77}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Selvaraj |first=N. |date=20 March 2017 |title=வெள்ளி விழா கண்ட தமிழ் திரைப்படங்கள் |trans-title=Tamil films that completed silver jubilees |url=http://puthu.thinnai.com/?p=34587 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330010659/http://puthu.thinnai.com/?p=34587 |archive-date=30 March 2017 |access-date=17 July 2020 |website=Thinnai |language=ta}}</ref> The film was also dubbed in Telugu as ''Gharshana''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2021 |title=Did you know Mani Ratnam's Agni Natchathiram and Gautham Menon's Kaakha Kaakha 's Telugu versions have the same title |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-mani-ratnams-agni-natchathiram-and-gautham-menons-kaakha-kaakha-s-telugu-versions-have-the-same-title/articleshow/81070804.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705033619/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-mani-ratnams-agni-natchathiram-and-gautham-menons-kaakha-kaakha-s-telugu-versions-have-the-same-title/articleshow/81070804.cms |archive-date=5 July 2022 |access-date=16 July 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
S. Shivakumar, writing for ''[[Mid-Day]]'', called ''Agni Natchathiram'' "Mani's [most] loosely scripted work to date" and said; "What emerges on the screen is frothy and cracks like fresh pop corn".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shivakumar |first=S. |date=22 July 1988 |title=Images more eloquent than words |url=https://twitter.com/sshivu/status/1183292424593895424 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128174359/https://twitter.com/sshivu/status/1183292424593895424 |archive-date=28 January 2020 |access-date=17 July 2020 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |pages=17 |language=en |via=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> N. Krishnaswamy of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote the film has "more light than heat", referring to the impact Sriram's technique had on the film, and criticised the comedy subplot.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N. |date=22 April 1988 |title=Agni Nakshatram |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19880422&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=17 July 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |language=en |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' wrote Ratnam proved he could make an interesting and engaging film with just a small thread of script, and that he had imagined each scene differently and presented them interestingly, giving the film a rating of 45 out of 100.{{sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |p=118}} [[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' criticised the film for Ratnam's direction and writing.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=8 May 1988 |title=அக்னி நட்சத்திரம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1988-05-08/page/n67/mode/2up |access-date=1 April 2026 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=66 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Event
!Award
!Recipient
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[36th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]]
|[[G. Venkateswaran]]
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite magazine |year=1989 |title=Films |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S5ZZAAAAMAAJ&q=Agni++Nakshatram |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702143521/https://books.google.com/books?id=S5ZZAAAAMAAJ&q=Agni++Nakshatram |archive-date=2 July 2021 |access-date=13 September 2020 |magazine=Vidura |publisher=C. Sarkar |pages=54 |language=en |volume=26}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
|[[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]]
|style="text-align: center;" |{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=135}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|G. Venkateswaran
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |{{sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |p=135}}
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize|Special Prize]] for Best Actor
|Karthik
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[9th Cinema Express Awards]]
|[[Cinema Express Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]]
|G. Venkateswaran
| rowspan="5" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 March 1989 |title=Cinema Express readers choose Agni Nakshathiram |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19890311&printsec=frontpage |access-date=30 May 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=4 |language=en |via=[[Google News Archive]] |agency=Express News Service}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|Best Director (Special Award)
|[[Mani Ratnam]]
|-
|Best Actress (Special Award)
|[[Amala Akkineni|Amala]]{{Efn|For ''[[Illam (film)|Illam]]'' as well.|name=|group=}}
|-
|Best New Face
|[[Nirosha]]{{Efn|For ''[[Senthoora Poove]]'' as well.|name=|group=}}
|-
|Best Music Director
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]{{Efn|For ''[[Soora Samhaaram]]'' and ''[[Dharmathin Thalaivan]]'' as well.|name=|group=}}
|}

== Legacy ==
Indian film critic [[Baradwaj Rangan]] considers ''Agni Natchathiram'' a defining Tamil film for the youth of the 1980s.{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=70}} It became a trendsetter in Tamil cinema for setting "a new standard in the use of lighting".<ref name=":0" /> Lakshmipathy's dialogue "''En pondatti oorrukku poyiruchu''" ("My wife has gone to her town"),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kosalairaman |first=Muthu Vinayagam |date=15 April 2023 |title=என் பொண்டாட்டி ஊருக்கு போய்ருச்சு! மணிரத்னத்தின் 'அக்னி நட்சத்திரம்' Throwback |trans-title=My wife has gone to her town! Mani Ratnam's ''Agni Natchathiram'' Throwback |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/maniratnam-masala-film-agni-natchatiram-wins-filmfare-and-tamilnadu-government-awards-completed-35-years-of-its-release-131681519434456.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415021828/https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/maniratnam-masala-film-agni-natchatiram-wins-filmfare-and-tamilnadu-government-awards-completed-35-years-of-its-release-131681519434456.html |archive-date=15 April 2023 |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=ta}}</ref> often misquoted as "''En pondatti oorukku poittaa''", which is spoken in excitement when his wife leaves for her hometown, entered Tamil vernacular.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=KR |first=Manigandan |date=17 April 2018 |title=Agni Natchathiram needed an unknown level of energy, recalls PC Sreeram – 30th anniversary special |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/apr/17/12575 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718170609/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2018/apr/17/12575 |archive-date=18 July 2020 |access-date=18 July 2020 |website=Cinestaan |language=en}}</ref> The misquotation also inspired a song of the same name in ''[[Nenjam Marappathillai (2021 film)|Nenjam Marappathillai]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayanan |first=Sujatha |date=9 November 2016 |title=Nenjam Marapathillai trailer: Selvaraghavan and Yuvan Shankar Raja are back |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/nenjam-marapathillai-trailer-selvaraghavan-and-yuvan-shankar-raja-are-back-3096354.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831002904/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/nenjam-marapathillai-trailer-selvaraghavan-and-yuvan-shankar-raja-are-back-3096354.html |archive-date=31 August 2020 |access-date=21 March 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]] |language=en}}</ref> In 2004, [[Rediff.com]] appreciated ''Agni Natchathiram'' for its "[s]ubtlety, diffused lighting, realistic fights, plain logic, a controlled Prabhu and a livewire Kartik", calling it a "landmark movie which never got the recognition it deserved up north".<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2004 |title=Rediff recommends |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/may/07recom.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040914014016/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/may/07recom.htm |archive-date=14 September 2004 |access-date=30 August 2021 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> In 2018, Rangan called ''Agni Natchathiram'' one of the best films in the [[Masala film|masala]] genre, though he noted elements such as the [[loosu ponnu]] character played by Amala and the "flashy, [[MTV]]-era cinematography" did not age well.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=20 September 2018 |title=Every Mani Ratnam Film, Ranked |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/every-mani-ratnam-film-ranked/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830114837/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/every-mani-ratnam-film-ranked/ |archive-date=30 August 2021 |access-date=30 August 2021 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Vansh]]'' (1992).{{sfn |Rangan |2012 |p=118}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
<references>

</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1977–2010 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |oclc=733724281}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-14-342111-5 |location=New Delhi |orig-date=2012}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |title=Conversations with Mani Ratnam |title-link=Conversations with Mani Ratnam |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-670-08520-0 |location=India}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil}}
{{Mani Ratnam}}
{{Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film}}

[[Category:1980s masala films]]
[[Category:1980s police films]]
[[Category:1988 films]]
[[Category:1988 Indian films]]
[[Category:1988 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Fiction about polygamy]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films about father–son relationships]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mani Ratnam]]
[[Category:Films produced by G. Venkateswaran]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

2019 in Kerala

2026-04-01T05:18:16Z

CharliKayser97: new

{{Year in Kerala}}

Events in the year '''2019''' in '''Kerala'''.

== Incumbents ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Photo
!Post
!Name
|-
|[[File:P. Sathasivam.jpg|center|frameless|103x103px]]
|[[List of governors of Kerala|The Governor of Kerala]]
(till 5 September 2019)
|[[P. Sathasivam]]
|-
|[[File:Governor Arif Mohammad Khan.jpg|center|frameless|99x99px]]
|[[List of governors of Kerala|The Governor of Kerala]]
(from 6 September 2019)
|[[Arif Mohammad Khan]]
|-
|[[File:Pinarayi Vijayan 1.jpg|center|frameless|80x80px]]
|[[List of chief ministers of Kerala|Chief minister of Kerala]]
|[[Pinarayi Vijayan]]
|-
|[[File:Justice Hrishikesh Roy.jpg|center|frameless|120x120px]]
|[[Kerala High Court|Chief Justice of Kerala High Court]]
(till 22 September 2019)
|[[Hrishikesh Roy]]
|-
|
|[[Kerala High Court|Chief Justice of Kerala High Court]]
(from 11 October 2019)
|[[S. Manikumar]]
|}

== Events ==

=== January - April ===

* 1 Jan -
** [[Vanitha Mathil]], world's fourth largest human chain ever made, and the largest formed solely by women under leadership of left organizations between [[Kasaragod]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]] to uphold gender equality and protest against gender discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-01|title=Women’s wall in Kerala HIGHLIGHTS: Lakhs of women line up for ‘Vanitha Mathil’ across state|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/womens-wall-in-kerala-live-updates-cpim-pinarayi-vijayan-hindu-outfits-sabarimala-women-rights-equality-5517878/|access-date=2022-01-15|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
** [[Hindustan Newsprint]], [[Kottayam]] stopped its operations.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hiran |first=U. |date=2021-11-22 |title=Kerala Government lends a hand to a Central PSU |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-government-lends-a-hand-to-a-central-psu/article37619660.ece |access-date=2023-04-18 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 2 Jan - Two women, Bindu Ammini and Kanaka Durga, belonging to the traditionally barred age group entered the holy shrine of [[Sabarimala]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-03|title=The long climb: As 2 women enter Sabarimala temple, a look back at others who tried|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/long-climb-2-women-enter-sabarimala-temple-look-back-others-who-tried-94394|access-date=2022-01-15|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>
* 3 Jan -
** State wide [[Hartal]] by ''Sabarimala Karma Samiti'' and [[Hindutva|Hindu right wing organisations]] held.
** [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] activist throw bomb at [[Nedumangad]] Police Station.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-06|title=CCTV footage confirms RSS worker threw bomb at Nedumangad police station in Kerala|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/cctv-footage-confirms-rss-worker-threw-bomb-nedumangad-police-station-kerala-94565|access-date=2022-01-23|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>
** [[Hindutva|Hindu right wing]] protestors were attacked by [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|left wing activists]] during [[Hartal]] at [[Edappal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala Minister Sivankutty trolls BJP with 'Edappal Ottam' remark, post goes viral|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/01/07/v-sivankutty-facebook-troll-post-edappal-ottam-flyover-inauguration.html|access-date=2022-01-23|website=OnManorama}}</ref>

* 15 Jan - [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] inaugurates [[Kollam Bypass]] on [[National Highway 66 (India)|National Highway 66]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-15|title=PM Modi to inaugurate Kollam bypass today: Everything you need to know|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pm-narendra-modi-kollam-bypass-kerala-kochi-5539421/|access-date=2022-01-28|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
* 25 Jan - [[Income Tax Department]] conducts a raid on [[Cochin Minerals and Rutile Limited]] and unearth details of bribe payment to politicians including [[Pinarayi Vijayan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘Monthly quota’ for CM’s daughter; Veena Vijayan gets Rs 1.72 crore from CMRL in 3 years |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/08/09/monthly-quota-for-cm-daughter-veena-vijayan-from-cochin-minerals-and-rutile-limited.html |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>
* 17 Feb - Two [[Indian Youth Congress]] workers [[Periya double murder case|brutally killed]] in [[Periya, Kasaragod]] allegedly by [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPIM]] killer squad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Periya twin murder perfectly planned, each accused had specific task |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/12/03/periya-twin-murder-planned-accused-specific-task.html |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>
* 19 Feb - [[Municipality]] of [[Alappuzha]] imposes a fine of Rs. 2.73 crores on Lake Palace Resort owned by [[Thomas Chandy]] for engaging in illegal constructions and carrying out encroachment on [[Vembanad]] backwaters.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2019-02-19|title=₹2.73 crore penalty imposed on Lake Palace Resort|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/273-crore-penalty-imposed-on-lake-palace-resort/article26314835.ece|access-date=2022-01-27|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 13 Apr - [[Kerala High Court]] acquits all five accused in 2006 [[Panayikulam|Panayikulam SIMI Camp case.]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ameerudheen |first=T. A. |date=2019-05-14 |title=‘Why did media print fake stories about us?’: Kerala men cleared of terror charges after 13 years |url=https://scroll.in/article/922779/kerala-men-acquitted-terror-charges-after-13-years-ask-why-did-media-print-fake-stories-about-us |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 23 Apr - [[2019 Indian general election in Kerala]]

=== May - July ===

* 23 May - [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)]] sweeps [[2019 Indian general election in Kerala|parliament elections in Kerala]] by winning 19 out of 20 constituencies.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-04|title=Kerala election results 2019 highlights: UDF wins 19 out of 20 seats, worst results for LDF in 3 decades|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-lok-sabha-election-results-2019-live-updates-counting-of-votes-ldf-udf-bjp-pinarayi-vijayan-narendra-modi-rahul-gandhi/|access-date=2022-01-15|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
* 16 June - [[Jose K. Mani]] is elected as the chairman of [[Kerala Congress (M)]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-17 |title=Home - Kerala Congress M |url=https://www.keralacongressm.co.in/ |access-date=2023-04-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 12 July - Additional Chief Secretary, [[Government of Kerala]] passes a controversial order that reduces fine imposed by [[Municipality]] of [[Alappuzha]] on Lake Palace Resort owned by [[Thomas Chandy]] for encroachment from 1.17 crores to 34 lakhs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lake Palace Resort row: Govt cuts fine amount for Thomas Chandy|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/lake-palace-resort-row-govt-cuts-fine-amount-for-thomas-chandy-kerala-1.3949644|access-date=2022-01-27|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en}}</ref>
* 19 July - Justice V Chitambaresh of [[Kerala High Court]] makes controversial casteist remarks in a [[Brahmin]] conclave at [[Kochi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2019-07-25 |title=Kerala HC Judge V Chitambaresh’s remarks spark controversy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/Jul/25/kerala-hc-judge-v-chitambareshs-remarks-spark-controversy-2008978.html |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhaskar |first=Anurag |date=2019-07-25 |title=Casteist judges? Justice V. Chitambaresh wasn’t the first, he won’t be last |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/casteist-judges-justice-v-chitambaresh-wasnt-the-first-he-wont-be-the-last/267852/ |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== August - September ===

* 8 Aug - [[2019 Kerala floods]] and landslides in Kavalapara and Puthumala claims 76 lives.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-14 |title=Kavalappara landslide: How a hill in Western Ghats buried part of a village in Kerala |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/how-a-hill-in-the-western-ghats-buried-a-part-of-a-village-in-kerala-kavalappara-landslide-5903013/ |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

* 22 Aug - Principal [[Sessions Court]] [[Kottayam]] calls 2018 Kevin murder as [[Honor killing]] and convicts 10 out of the 14 accused in the case.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2019-08-22|title=Kevin’s murder is ‘honour’ killing, says Kerala court|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kevins-murder-is-honour-killing-says-kerala-court/article29220002.ece|access-date=2022-01-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

* 26 Sept - [[Kerala Police]] enters [[St. Mary's Orthodox Syrian Cathedral, Piravom]] and forcefully evicted [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church|Jacobite]] faction from church premises following ongoing conflict between [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church|Jacobite]] and [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|Orthodox]] factions following 2017 [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] verdict that give more rights to [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|Orthodox]] group.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Martin|first=K. a|date=2019-09-26|title=Explained {{!}} The Piravom church stand-off and the century-old rivalry among two Christian factions in Kerala|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/explained-the-piravom-church-stand-off-and-the-century-old-rivalry-among-two-christian-factions-in-kerala/article29521667.ece|access-date=2022-01-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-26|title=Tension in Kerala’s Piravom St Mary’s church as police enter to implement Supreme Court order|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/south/piravom-tension-prevails-as-police-enter-kerala-church-to-implement-sc-order/story-n046sDo7t7TGVBBqn9jLgP.html|access-date=2022-01-23|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

=== October - December ===

* 5 Oct – The key accused in the [[Koodathayi cyanide murders]], Jolly was arrested by [[Kerala Police]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Koodathayi deaths: Jolly, two others arrested|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/crime-beat/koodathayi-deaths-jolly-two-others-arrested-1.4174025|access-date=2022-01-15|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en}}</ref>

* 28 Oct - Three [[Maoism|Maoists]] killed by [[Kerala Police]] at Manchakatti, in [[Palakkad district]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Three suspected Maoists feared dead in police firing in Palakkad|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/oct/28/three-maoists-feared-dead-in-police-firing-at-palakkad-2053781.html|access-date=2022-01-15|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
* 1 Nov - [[Kerala Police]] arrests two students named Alan Shuhaib and Thaha Faisal from [[Kozhikode]] under [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]] alleging [[Maoism|Maoist]] links.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joseph |first=Neethu |date=2020-09-11 |title=No proof that Alan, Thaha are CPI (Maoist) members: NIA court's 4 key observations |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/no-proof-alan-thaha-are-cpi-maoist-members-nia-courts-4-key-observations-132867 |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
* 1 Nov - Two models Ansi Kabeer and Anjana Shajan ([[Miss Kerala 2019|Miss Kerala]] runner up) returning from a DJ party killed in a car crash in [[Kochi Bypass]]. They were allegedly chased by Roy George Vayalat the pub owner.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2022-02-14 |title=Death of Kerala models: Ansi Kabeer's family seeks CBI probe into car crash |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/death-kerala-models-ansi-kabeers-family-seeks-cbi-probe-car-crash-160952 |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Intel on No 18 Hotel's drug link kept under wraps |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/11/18/intel-on-no-18-hotel-s-drug-link-kept-under-wraps.html |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=Intel on No 18 Hotel's drug link kept under wraps |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2021-11-17 |title=Death of two Kerala models: Hotel owner arrested for destroying CCTV footage |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/death-two-kerala-models-hotel-owner-arrested-destroying-cctv-footage-157738 |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
* 20 Nov - A ten-year-old girl died after [[Snakebite]] from classroom in [[Sultan Bathery]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Manoj|first=E. m|date=2019-11-22|title=Kerala girl dies after snake bites her in class|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/student-dies-of-snakebite-inside-classroom/article30042647.ece|access-date=2022-01-15|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 6 December - [[Kerala Bank]] launched by [[Pinarayi Vijayan]].
* 31 Dec - [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] passes a resolution against [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019]].<ref name="indiatoday">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kerala-cm-tables-anti-caa-resolution-in-assembly-1632845-2019-12-31|title=Kerala assembly passes anti-CAA resolution in Assembly - India News|website=India Today|date=2019-12-31|author=Press Trust of India|access-date=2022-01-15}}</ref>

== Deaths ==

=== January ===
14 - [[Lenin Rajendran]], 67, [[Film director]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Praveen|first=S. r|date=2019-01-14|title=Lenin Rajendran dead|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/lenin-rajendran-dead/article25995018.ece|access-date=2022-01-15|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== February ===
1 - [[Thuppettan]], 89, writer.

=== March ===
14 - [[Rosamma Chacko]], 91, politician.

27 - [[Ashitha (writer)]], 62

=== April ===
3 - [[V. Viswanatha Menon]], 92, politician

9 - [[K. M. Mani]], 86, politician

13 - [[D. Babu Paul]], 78, [[Bureaucrat]]

=== May ===
9 - [[Eranjoli Moosa]], 79, Mappila song singer.

17 - [[Kadavoor Sivadasan]], 87, politician

=== July ===
12 - [[M. J. Radhakrishnan]], cinematographer.

26 - [[Attoor Ravi Varma]], 88, poet

=== September ===
17 - [[Sathaar]], 67, actor.

=== October ===
1 - [[C. K. Menon]], 70, entrepreneur.

=== November ===
10 - [[T. N. Seshan]], 86, bureaucrat and former election commissioner.

12 - [[Raju Mathew]], 82, film producer.

=== December ===
10 - [[Lily Thomas]], 92, lawyer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who was Lily Thomas? Supreme Court lawyer whose fight ended reign of convicted politicians in elections|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/who-was-lily-thomas-supreme-court-lawyer-whose-fight-ended-reign-of-convicted-politicians-in-elections/1789468/|access-date=2022-01-15|website=The Financial Express|language=en}}</ref>

20 - [[Thomas Chandy]], politician and business man

21 - [[Ramachandra Babu]], 72, cinematographer.

== See also ==

* [[History of Kerala]]
* [[2020 in Kerala]]
* [[2019 in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category-inline}}

[[Category:2019 in Kerala]]
[[Category:Years in Kerala]]
[[Category:2010s in Kerala]]

Manpreet Vohra

2026-03-30T10:27:31Z

CharliKayser97:

{{Short description|Retired Indian diplomat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[High Commissioner of India|Indian High Commissioner to Australia]]
| term_start = 25 April 2021
| term_end = 31 December 2023
| office2 = [[Mexico|Ambassador of India to Mexico]]
| term_end2 = 21 March 2021
| term_start2 = 7 July 2019
| predecessor2 = Muktesh Pardeshi
| successor2 =
| office3 = [[Afghanistan|Ambassador of India to Afghanistan]]
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 = [[Vinay Kumar (diplomat)|Vinay Kumar]]
| predecessor = [[A. Gitesh Sarma]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1963|12|28}}
| alma_mater = [[Panjab University]]
| successor = [[Gopal Baglay]]
| image = Manpreet_Vohra_(cropped).jpg
}}
[[File:Visita_protocolar_del_embajador_de_la_india_(6881246056).jpg|thumb|Manpreet Vohra (left) with Rogelio Canches Guzmán]]
'''Manpreet Vohra''' (born 28 December 1963) is a [[retired]] [[Indian people|Indian]] [[diplomat]] of the [[Indian Foreign Service]] who served as the [[High Commissioner of India|Indian High Commissioner to Australia]] from 2021 to 2023 and previously served as the [[Mexico|Indian Ambassador to Mexico]] and [[Afghanistan|Indian Ambassador to Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2021-03-01 |title=Manpreet Vohra appointed India’s High Commissioner to Australia |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manpreet-vohra-appointed-indias-high-commissioner-to-australia/article33962037.ece |access-date=2023-10-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
He graduated with a BA in economics, and later obtained a Post-Graduate Diploma in International Trade, both from [[Panjab University]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=High Commissioner Profile |url=https://www.hcicanberra.gov.in/page/amb-profile/#:~:text=Mr.&text=Ambassador%20Manpreet%20Vohra%20arrived%20in,Indian%20Foreign%20Service%20in%201988. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321170843/https://www.hcicanberra.gov.in/page/amb-profile/ |archive-date=2023-03-21 |access-date=2023-10-08 |website=[[High Commission of India, Canberra]]}}</ref>

== Career ==
He joined the [[Indian Foreign Service]] in 1988. After serving in various capacities at the Indian diplomatic missions in Hong Kong, China, Mongolia and United Kingdom, he was appointed as the Deputy High Commissioner to Kenya in 2005. In 2007, he was appointed the Deputy High Commissioner to Pakistan, where he served till 2009.

Between 2009 and 2011, he served in the project office to establish the [[South Asian University]].

He served as the Indian Ambassador to Peru and Bolivia between 2011 and 2015. In 2015, he was appointed the Indian envoy to Afghanistan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-11-02 |title=Manpreet Vohra appointed India's new envoy to Afghanistan |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/manpreet-vohra-appointed-indias-new-envoy-to-afghanistan/articleshow/49631455.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-08 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

Between 2019 and 2021, he served as the Indian ambassador to Mexico, concurrently serving as the High Commissioner to Belize.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Neha |date=2019-06-08 |title=Manpreet Vohra concurrently accredited as India's next High Commissioner to Belize |url=https://www.siasat.com/manpreet-vohra-concurrently-accredited-indias-next-high-commissioner-belize-1504702/ |access-date=2023-10-08 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2021, he was appointed the Indian High Commissioner to Australia and served there till December 2023. He was succeeded by [[Gopal Baglay]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian envoy to EU tipped for Sri Lanka as Gopal Baglay goes to Canberra |url=https://www.adaderana.lk/news.php?nid=92932 |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=www.adaderana.lk |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He is married to Naseem Vohra. They have two children, a daughter and a son.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vohra, Manpreet}}
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Afghanistan]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Australia]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Belize]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Mexico]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Peru]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Bolivia]]
[[Category:Panjab University alumni]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Acalyptris melanospila

2026-03-28T23:45:07Z

CharliKayser97: new

{{Short description|Species of moth}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| image_caption =
| taxon = Acalyptris melanospila
| authority = ([[Edward Meyrick|Meyrick]], 1934)
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Acalyptris melanospila''''' is a [[species]] of [[moth]] of the family [[Nepticulidae]]. It was described by [[Edward Meyrick]] in 1934. It is known from [[Bombay]], [[India]].<ref>[http://nepticuloidea.info/category/nepticuloidea/acalyptris/acalyptris-platani-group/acalyptris-melanospila ''Acalyptris melanospila''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602144013/http://nepticuloidea.info/category/nepticuloidea/acalyptris/acalyptris-platani-group/acalyptris-melanospila |date=2012-06-02 }} at Nepticulidae.info.</ref> The hostplant for the species is ''[[Randia dumetorum]]''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q4671779}}

[[Category:Acalyptris|melanospila]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Moths of Asia]]
[[Category:Moths described in 1934]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Edward Meyrick]]

{{Acalyptris-stub}}

2025 Asia Cup final

2026-03-25T12:08:55Z

CharliKayser97: new

{{Short description|Cricket tournament final in the United Arab Emirates}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox limited overs final
| title = 2025 Asia Cup Final
| image =
| event = [[2025 Asia Cup]]
| team1 = [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]]
| team1flag = {{flagicon|PAK|size=40px}}
| team2 = [[India national cricket team|India]]
| team2flag = {{flagicon|IND|size=40px}}
| details = India won by 5 wickets
| team1score = 146
| team1overs = 19.1 overs
| team2score = 150/5
| team2overs = 19.4 overs
| date = 28 September 2025
| stadium = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]]
| city = [[Dubai]]
| man_of_the_match = [[Tilak Varma]] (Ind)
| umpires = [[Ahmed Shah Pakteen]] (Afg) and [[Masudur Rahman (umpire)|Masudur Rahman]] (Ban)
| attendance =
| television =
| previous = [[2023 Asia Cup final|2023]]
| next = [[2027 Asia Cup final|2027]]
}}

The '''2025 Asia Cup Final''' was a men's [[Twenty20 International|T20I]] cricket match, played between [[India national cricket team|India]] and [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] on 28 September 2025 at the [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]] in [[Dubai]].<ref name="GulfNewsSchedule">{{cite news |url=https://gulfnews.com/sport/cricket/icc/dp-world-asia-cup-2025-in-uae-match-timings-revised-full-schedule-announced-1.500250862 |title=DP World Asia Cup 2025 in UAE: Match timings revised, full schedule announced |work=Gulf News |date=30 August 2025 |access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref> It was the first time that India and Pakistan were facing each other in an [[Asia Cup]] final since the competition's inception in 1984.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/cricket/india-vs-pakistan-when-is-asia-cup-2025-final |title=India Vs Pakistan: When Is Asia Cup 2025 Final? |work=Outlook India |date=26 September 2025 |access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref> India defeated Pakistan by 5 wickets to win their ninth title and thus retained the title.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=29 September 2025 |title=India win 9th Asia Cup title after Tilak Varma, Shivam Dube ace nerve-wracking chase against Pakistan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/india-win-9th-asia-cup-title-after-tilak-varma-shivam-dube-kuldeep-yadav-ace-nerve-wracking-chase-against-pakistan-101759080767472.html |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=29 September 2025 |title=India win record-extending 9th Asia Cup title, beat Pakistan by five wickets in thrilling final |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/india-win-record-extending-9th-asia-cup-title-beat-pakistan-by-five-wickets-in-thrilling-final-10277178/lite |publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref>

==Background==
The dates for the tournament were released in July 2024, with India initially set to host the tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-30 |title=India to host 2025 Asia Cup, Bangladesh the 2027 edition |url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/india-host-2025-asia-cup-bangladesh-2027-13798603.html |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=[[Firstpost]] |language=en-us}}</ref> However, following the [[2025 Pahalgam attack|Pahalgam attack]] in early 2025 and the subsequent escalation of [[2025 India–Pakistan crisis|political crisis]] and [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict|military conflict]] between India and Pakistan, concerns arose over the feasibility of hosting matches involving both nations in India. In July 2025, during the [[Asian Cricket Council]]'s annual meeting in [[Dhaka]], ACC chairman [[Mohsin Naqvi]] announced that the tournament would instead be held in the United Arab Emirates, with matches staged in [[Dubai]] and [[Abu Dhabi]]. The UAE was selected as a neutral venue due to its prior experience hosting high-profile multinational cricket tournaments under similar circumstances.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2025 |title=Asia Cup 2025 to start on September 9 in UAE |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/asia-cup-2025-cricket-start-date?hl=en-US |access-date=11 August 2025 |work=Olympics}}</ref>

The 2025 edition was held in the UAE from 9 to 28 September with eleven matches in [[Dubai]], eight in [[Abu Dhabi]] and the final in Dubai, following a schedule revision by organisers to standardise evening start times.<ref name="GulfNewsSchedule" /> The tournament was played in the [[Twenty20 International|T20I]] format and, while the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] remained the official host, matches were held in the UAE to ensure a neutral venue for fixtures involving India and Pakistan.<ref name="cric-faq">{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/faqs-all-you-need-to-know-about-asia-cup-2025-1501551 |title=FAQs: All you need to know about Asia Cup 2025 |website=ESPNcricinfo |date=5 September 2025 |access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref> A reserve day for the final was listed for 29 September in Dubai.<ref name="GulfNewsSchedule" />

The meeting of India and Pakistan in the 2025 final was unprecedented in Asia Cup's history despite the sides having contested major finals in other competitions such as the [[2007 World Twenty20 final|2007 World Twenty20]], won by India, and the [[2017 ICC Champions Trophy final|2017 ICC Champions Trophy]], won by Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/asia-cup/india-have-a-disappointing-record-against-pakistan-in-tournament-finals/articleshow/124141949.cms |title=India have a disappointing record against Pakistan in tournament finals |work=The Times of India |date=26 September 2025 |access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref>

Before this match, both India and Pakistan have faced each other 5 times in the T20I format of Asia Cup's history, with India winning four matches while Pakistan winning one match.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=28 September 2025 |title=India vs Pakistan Head to Head Record in Asia Cup: Stats, Records & History before final |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/asia-cup/india-vs-pakistan-head-to-head-record-in-asia-cup-stats-records-history/articleshow/124179924.cms |publisher=Times of India}}</ref>

==Venue==
The final was held at the [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]] in Dubai, on 28 September 2025. It has a capacity of 25,000.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=28 September 2025 |title=Tickets sold out for Dubai's Asia Cup final between India and Pakistan; boycott calls go on the backburner |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/tickets-sold-out-for-dubais-asia-cup-final-between-india-and-pakistan-boycott-calls-go-on-the-backburner-101759031017311.html |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

No [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] official travelled to Dubai.<ref>https://sports.ndtv.com/asia-cup-2025/mithun-manhas-new-bcci-president-others-to-skip-india-vs-pakistan-asia-cup-final-heres-why-9359739</ref>

==Road to the final==
{{main|2025 Asia Cup}}

India opened their campaign with a victory over the hosts [[United Arab Emirates national cricket team|United Arab Emirates]] in [[Dubai]], bowling them out for 57 before completing a straightforward chase.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/men-s-t20-asia-cup-2025-1496919/united-arab-emirates-vs-india-2nd-match-group-a-1496921/match-report |title=Kuldeep bags four as India demolish UAE in 17.4 overs |website=ESPNcricinfo |date=10 September 2025 |access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref> Then, they defeated arch-rivals Pakistan by 7 wickets<ref>{{cite web |access-date=14 September 2025 |title=India vs Pakistan Highlights, Asia Cup 2025: IND brush past PAK with extreme ease, all but confirmed for Super 4s |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/india-vs-pakistan-live-score-updates-ind-vs-pak-6th-match-asia-cup-2025-today-full-scorecard-14-september-dubai-101757840349639.html |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref> and went on to defeat [[Oman national cricket team|Oman]] in [[Abu Dhabi]] by 21 runs to seal top spot in Group A.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/asia-cup-2025-ind-vs-oma-live-score-india-vs-oman-t20-match-scorecard-live-updates-10259130/ |title=India vs Oman Asia Cup 2025 Highlights: IND beat OMA by 21 runs in Abu Dhabi |work=The Indian Express |date=20 September 2025 |access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref> In the Super Four, India again defeated Pakistan by six wickets at [[Dubai]] as [[Abhishek Sharma]] and [[Shubman Gill]] shared a century stand in a 172 chase,<ref>{{Cite web |title=IND vs PAK, Asia Cup 2025, Super 4: Abhishek Sharma powers India to victory against Pakistan |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/asia-cup-2025-cricket-india-vs-pakistan-super-4-match-report |publisher=Olympics.com |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref> and later overcame [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] by 41 runs<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/asia-cup/sky-is-failing-suryakumar-yadavs-dreadful-scoring-run-continues-rebuked-by-sunil-gavaskar/articleshow/124106732.cms |title=India book Asia Cup final berth with 41-run win over Bangladesh |work=The Times of India |date=25 September 2025 |access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref> and Sri Lanka in the [[super over]]<ref>{{cite web |access-date=27 September 2025 |title=India vs Sri Lanka Super Over HIGHLIGHTS, Asia Cup 2025: India wins the Super Over with 5 deliveries to spare |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/india-vs-sri-lanka-super-over-live-score-asia-cup-2025-updates-highlights-scores/article70099579.ece |publisher=Sportstar}}</ref> to clinch their place in the final.

Pakistan opened their campaign with a huge victory over Oman by 93 runs,<ref>{{cite web |access-date=12 September 2025 |title=Pakistan spinners raze Oman after Haris' fifty |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/men-s-t20-asia-cup-2025-1496919/oman-vs-pakistan-4th-match-group-a-1496923/match-report |publisher=ESPNCricinfo}}</ref> but lost the next match to India, later they defeated United Arab Emirates by 42 runs<ref>{{cite web |access-date=17 September 2025 |title=Fakhar, all-round Afridi lead Pakistan into Super Four |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/men-s-t20-asia-cup-2025-1496919/united-arab-emirates-vs-pakistan-10th-match-group-a-1496929/match-report |publisher=ESPNCricinfo}}</ref> and came second in Group A. In the Super Four, they again got defeated by India,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/men-s-t20-asia-cup-2025-1496919/india-vs-pakistan-14th-match-super-fours-1496933/match-report |title=Abhishek smashes 74 off 39 as India ease past Pakistan |website=ESPNcricinfo |date=21 September 2025 |access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref> but secured qualification in the final by defeating Sri Lanka by 5 wickets<ref>{{cite web |access-date=23 September 2025 |title=Pakistan edge out Sri Lanka to boost Asia Cup hopes |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/articles/c3rvje4g3v2o |publisher=BBC}}</ref> and [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] by 11 runs at [[Dubai]], in a low-scoring match.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/cricket/pakistan-vs-bangladesh-asia-cup-2025-super-four-toss-update-match-report |title=Pakistan vs Bangladesh, Asia Cup 2025 Super Four: PAK Pacers Dominate In 11-Run Win |work=Outlook India |date=26 September 2025 |access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref>

{| style="width:100%;text-align:center"
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#99CCFF"
!colspan="2"|{{cr|IND}}
!Titles
!colspan="2"|{{cr|PAK}}
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#C1E0FF"
|Opponent
|Result
|{{nowrap|[[2025 Asia Cup#Group stage|Group Stage]]}}
|Opponent
|Result
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{nowrap|{{cr|UAE}}}}
|Won
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 1
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|OMN}}
|Won
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|PAK}}
|Won
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 2
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|IND}}
|Lost
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|OMN}}
|Won
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 3
|style="text-align:left"|{{nowrap|{{cr|UAE}}}}
|Won
|-
|colspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#C1E0FF"|Final standings
|-
|colspan="5" style="text-align:center"|'''Group A table'''
{{center|{{2025 Asia Cup Group A}}}}
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#C1E0FF"
|Opponent
|Result
|[[2025 Asia Cup#Super Four|Super Four]]
|Opponent
|Result
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|PAK}}
|Won
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 1
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|IND|}}
|Lost
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|BAN}}
|Won
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 2
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|SL}}
|Won
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|SL}}
|Tied (Won [[Super Over]])
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Match 3
|style="text-align:left"|{{cr|BAN}}
|Won
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#C1E0FF"
!colspan="5"|Super Four Table
|}
{{center|{{2025 Asia Cup Super Four}}}}

==Match==

===Match officials===
'''Source:<ref>{{cite web |access-date=28 September 2025 |title=Asia Cup 2025 Final: Who are the umpires and match officials for IND vs PAK match in Dubai? |url=https://www.sportingnews.com/in/cricket/news/asia-cup-2025-final-who-are-umpires-and-match-officials-ind-vs-pak-match-dubai/670a1d21b4014bc70b3c6f5d |publisher=The Sporting News}}</ref>'''

* '''On-field [[umpire (cricket)|umpires]]:''' [[Ahmed Shah Pakteen]] (Afg) and [[Masudur Rahman (umpire)|Masudur Rahman]] (Ban)
* '''[[Third umpire]]:''' [[Raveendra Wimalasiri]] (SL)
* '''[[Fourth umpire|Reserve umpire]]:''' [[Gazi Sohel]] (Ban)
* '''[[Match referee]]:''' [[Richie Richardson]] (WI)

=== Teams and toss ===
India's captain [[Suryakumar Yadav]] won the toss and elected to field.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=28 September 2025 |title=Asia Cup 2025 final: India win toss, opt to bowl against Pakistan; Pandya ruled out due to niggle |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/sports/cricket/asia-cup-2025-final-india-win-toss-opt-to-bowl-against-pakistan-mtb9bze6 |publisher=Mathrubhumi}}</ref> However, during the toss both captains did not shake hands for the third consecutive time in the tournament.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=28 September 2025 |title=IND vs PAK: Suryakumar Yadav, Salman Agha skip handshake at toss for the third time |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/india-vs-pakistan-asia-cup-final-toss-suryakumar-yadav-salman-agha-skip-handshake/article70105720.ece |publisher=Sportstar}}</ref> Pakistan remained unchanged from the side that played the previous match while India brought [[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]], [[Jasprit Bumrah]] and [[Shivam Dube]] in place of [[Hardik Pandya]], [[Harshit Rana]] and [[Arshdeep Singh]] respectively.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=28 September 2025 |title=IND vs PAK, Asia Cup 2025 Final: Hardik Pandya misses out through injury, Rinku Singh comes into side |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/india-vs-pakistan-asia-cup-final-2025-hardik-pandya-rinku-singh-toss-updates-latest-news/article70105653.ece |website=Sportstar}}</ref>

===Summary===
{{#section:2025 Asia Cup|match19}}

=== Scorecard ===

'''Source:<ref>{{cite web |title=PAK v IND Live score – Men's T20 Asia Cup 2025 September 28, 2025 Final in Dubai|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/men-s-t20-asia-cup-2025-1496919/india-vs-pakistan-final-1496938/full-scorecard |publisher=ESPNCricinfo |access-date=28 September 2025}}</ref>'''

;1st innings
{{Cricket match batting box begin|title={{cr|PAK}} batting}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Sahibzada Farhan]]|status=c Tilak b Varun|runs=57|balls=38|4s=5|6s=3|strike_rate=150.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Fakhar Zaman (cricketer)|Fakhar Zaman]]|status=c Yadav b Varun|runs=46|balls=35|4s=2|6s=2|strike_rate=131.42}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Saim Ayub]]|status=c Bumrah b Yadav|runs=14|balls=11|4s=2|6s=0|strike_rate=127.27}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Mohammad Haris]]|status=c Rinku b Patel|runs=0|balls=2|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=0.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Salman Ali Agha]]|status=c †Samson b Yadav|runs=8|balls=7|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=114.28}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Hussain Talat]]|status=c †Samson b Patel|runs=1|balls=2|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=50.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player={{nowrap|[[Mohammad Nawaz (cricketer)|Mohammad Nawaz]]}}|status=c Rinku b Bumrah|runs=6|balls=9|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=66.66}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Shaheen Afridi]]|status=lbw b Yadav|runs=0|balls=3|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=0.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Faheem Ashraf]]|status=c Tilak b Yadav|runs=0|balls=2|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=0.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Haris Rauf]]|status=b Bumrah|runs=6|balls=4|4s=1|6s=0|strike_rate=150.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Abrar Ahmed (Pakistani cricketer)|Abrar Ahmed]]|status=not out|runs=1|balls=2|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=50.00}}
|- align=left
| Extras || (b 1, lb 2, w 4) || {{align|right|7}} || || || ||
|- align=right
| {{align|left|'''Total'''}} || {{align|left|(10 wickets; 19.1 overs)}} || '''146''' || || 10 || 5 || RR: 7.61
{{Cricket match box end}}

'''Fall of wickets:''' 1/84 (Farhan, 9.4 ov), 2/113 (Ayub, 12.5 ov), 3/114 (Haris, 13.3 ov), 4/126 (Zaman, 14.4 ov), 5/131 (Talat, 15.3 ov), 6/133 (Salman, 16.1 ov), 7/134 (Afridi, 16.4 ov), 8/134 (Ashraf, 16.6 ov), 9/141 (Rauf, 17.5 ov), 10/146 (Nawaz, 19.1 ov)

{{Cricket match bowling box begin|title={{cr|IND}} bowling}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Shivam Dube]]|overs=3|maiden=0|runs=23|wickets=0|econ=7.66|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Jasprit Bumrah]]|overs=3.1|maiden=0|runs=25|wickets=2|econ=7.89|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler={{nowrap|[[Varun Chakravarthy]]}}|overs=4|maiden=0|runs=30|wickets=2|econ=7.50|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Axar Patel]]|overs=4|maiden=0|runs=26|wickets=2|econ=6.50|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Kuldeep Yadav]]|overs=4|maiden=0|runs=30|wickets=4|econ=7.50|wides=4|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Tilak Varma]]|overs=1|maiden=0|runs=9|wickets=0|econ=9.00|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match box end}}

;2nd innings
{{Cricket match batting box begin|title={{cr|IND}} batting}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Abhishek Sharma]]|status=c Rauf b Ashraf|runs=5|balls=6|4s=1|6s=0|strike_rate=83.33}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Shubman Gill]]|status=c Rauf b Ashraf|runs=12|balls=10|4s=1|6s=0|strike_rate=120.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player={{nowrap|[[Suryakumar Yadav]]}}|status=c Salman b Afridi|runs=1|balls=5|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=20.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Tilak Varma]]|status=not out|runs=69|balls=53|4s=3|6s=4|strike_rate=130.18}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Sanju Samson]]|status=c Farhan b Abrar|runs=24|balls=21|4s=2|6s=1|strike_rate=114.28}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Shivam Dube]]|status=c Afridi b Ashraf|runs=33|balls=22|4s=2|6s=2|strike_rate=150.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Rinku Singh (cricketer)|Rinku Singh]]|status=not out|runs=4|balls=1|4s=1|6s=0|strike_rate=400.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Axar Patel]]|status=|runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Kuldeep Yadav]]|status=|runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player={{nowrap|[[Varun Chakravarthy]]}}|status=|runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Jasprit Bumrah]]|status=|runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}

|- align=left
| Extras || (w 2) || {{align|right|2}} || || || ||
|- align=right
| {{align|left|'''Total'''}} || {{align|left|(5 wickets; 19.4 overs)}} || '''150''' || || 10 || 7 || RR: 7.62
{{Cricket match box end}}

'''Fall of wickets:''' 1/7 (Abhishek, 1.1 ov), 2/10 (Suryakumar, 2.3 ov), 3/20 (Gill, 3.6 ov), 4/77 (Samson, 12.2 ov), 5/137 (Dube, 18.6 ov)

{{Cricket match bowling box begin|title={{cr|PAK}} bowling}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Shaheen Afridi]]|overs=4|maiden=0|runs=20|wickets=1|econ=5.00|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Faheem Ashraf]]|overs=4|maiden=0|runs=29|wickets=3|econ=7.25|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler={{nowrap|[[Mohammad Nawaz (cricketer)|Mohammad Nawaz]]}}|overs=1|maiden=0|runs=6|wickets=0|econ=6.00|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Haris Rauf]]|overs=3.4|maiden=0|runs=50|wickets=0|econ=13.63|wides=1|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Abrar Ahmed (Pakistani cricketer)|Abrar Ahmed]]|overs=4|maiden=0|runs=29|wickets=1|econ=7.25|wides=1|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Saim Ayub]]|overs=3|maiden=0|runs=16|wickets=0|econ=5.33|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match box end}}

== Aftermath ==
During the post-match presentation [[Tilak Varma]] was named Player of the Match for scoring 69[[not out|*]] runs off 53 balls while [[Abhishek Sharma]] was named Player of the Tournament for his strong batting performance throughout the tournament.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=29 September 2025 |title=Tilak Varma gives Dhoni-Kohli vibes; Pressure algorithm reveals elite chaser mentality |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/tilak-varma-gives-dhoni-kohli-vibes-pressure-algorithm-reveals-elite-chaser-mentality-101759156718804.html |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=29 September 2025 |title=Asia Cup 2025 Final: Full list of award winners |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/asia-cup-2025-final-presentation-ceremony-full-list-of-award-winners-names/article70106502.ece |publisher=Sportstar}}</ref>

Later, [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] announced {{INR}}21 crore prize money for the Indian team including the players, coaches, support staff and team officials.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=29 September 2025 |title=BCCI announces Rs 21 crore prize money for India’s Asia Cup 2025 victory |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/sports/bcci-announces-rs-21-crore-prize-money-for-indias-asia-cup-2025-victory/articleshow/124200118.cms |publisher=The Economic Times}}</ref>

However, at the presentation ceremony a major controversy erupted as the Indian team refused to accept the winning trophy from [[Asian Cricket Council|ACC]] president [[Mohsin Naqvi]] who also serves as [[Interior Minister of Pakistan|Pakistan's Interior Minister]] and Chairman of the [[Pakistan Cricket Board|PCB]].<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.reuters.com/sports/cricket/india-beat-pakistan-final-retain-asia-cup-title-2025-09-28/|title= Winners India refuse Asia Cup trophy from ACC chief|work=Reuters|access-date=28 September 2025}}</ref> This led to a delay in handing out awards, and the team trophy was not formally presented on stage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/india-thrashes-pakistan-in-asia-cup-2025-final-but-refuses-to-take-trophy-during-postmatch-presentation-heres-why/articleshow/124200357.cms|title= India thrashes Pakistan in Asia Cup 2025 final but refuses to take trophy during presentation ceremony|work=The Economic Times|access-date=28 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/asia-cup-ends-without-suryakumar-yadav-lifting-trophy-despite-indias-win-9602453.html|title=Asia Cup Ends Without Suryakumar Yadav Lifting Trophy Despite Win|work=News18|access-date=28 September 2025}}</ref> India's captain Suryakumar Yadav later said the side had been "denied" the opportunity to lift the trophy and criticised the handling of the ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Suryakumar says champions India 'denied' the trophy after Asia Cup win|url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/cricket/suryakumar-says-champions-india-denied-trophy-after-asia-cup-win-2025-09-29/|work=Reuters|access-date=29 September 2025}}</ref> Naqvi handed the trophy to the UAE cricket authorities when the BCCI threatened to impeach him from the ACC presidency for misconduct.<ref name="e707">{{cite web | title=Mohsin Naqvi Hands Over Trophy To UAE Board Amid BCCI's Impeachment Threat: Sources | website=NDTV Sports | date=2025-10-01 | url=https://sports.ndtv.com/asia-cup-2025/mohsin-naqvi-hands-over-trophy-to-uae-board-amid-bccis-impeachment-threat-sources-9377319 | access-date=2025-10-02}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/men-s-t20-asia-cup-2025-1496919 Tournament home at ESPNcricinfo]
{{Asia Cup}}
{{International cricket in 2025–26|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Asia Cup finals]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan cricket rivalry]]
[[Category:September 2025 sports events in the United Arab Emirates|Asia Cup Final]]
[[Category:Limited overs cricket matches]]
[[Category:2025 in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:2025 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2025 in Pakistani cricket]]
[[Category:India in international cricket]]
[[Category:Pakistan in international cricket]]

Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award – South

2026-03-25T07:00:06Z

CharliKayser97: minor add page and updated info

{{Short description|Achievement Award given annually by the Filmfare Magazine}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
The '''Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award''' is given by the ''Filmfare'' magazine as part of its annual [[Filmfare Awards South]] ceremony. Following is a list of the award recipients.The lifetime Achievement award south was first instituted in 1984 & those who are recognised Legendary filmmakers, artists, film personalities for outstanding contributions to Indian cinema.

==Recipients==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year ||Honorees ||Nature of work||Ref.
|-
| [[32nd Filmfare Awards South|1984]] || [[Sowkar Janaki]]
! style="background:Khaki;| Actress || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/sowkar-janaki-filmfare-outstanding-contributions-to-south-indian-films|title= 32nd Annual Filmfare Awards South| date= 24 February 2026 }}</ref>
|-
| [[33rd Filmfare Awards South|1985]] || [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]]
! style="background:Pink;| Actress || <ref>{{cite web |url = https://ia600500.us.archive.org/4/items/33rd-annual-filmfare-awards-south/33rd%20Annual%20Filmfare%20Awards%20South.jpg|title = 33rd annual filmfare awards south}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[34th Filmfare Awards South|1986]]
|[[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]]
! style="background:SkyBlue;| Lyricist || rowspan="2" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/download/34th-filmfare-south-winners/34th%20Filmfare%20South%20winners.jpg|title=34th Filmfare South Winners}}</ref>
|-
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
! style="background:Khaki;| Playback Singer
|-
| [[35th Filmfare Awards South|1987]] || [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]
! style="background:Pink;| Actor ||
|-
| [[36th Filmfare Awards South|1988]] || [[Bhanumathi Ramakrishna]]
! style="background:Khaki; | Actress || <ref>{{cite web|url =https://archive.org/details/36th-annual-filmfare-south-winners|title = 36th annual Filmfare south winners}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://archive.org/details/36th-filmfare-awards-south-winners|title = 36th Filmfare Awards South}}</ref>
|-
| [[37th Filmfare Awards South|1989]] || [[Ilayaraja]]
! style="background:SkyBlue;| Music Director ||<ref>{{cite web|url = https://archive.org/download/39thAnnualFilmfareTamilBestDirectorFilmMusic/39th%20Annual%20Filmfare%20Tamil%20Best%20Director%20Film%20Music.jpg|title= 39th Annual Filmfare Tamil Best Director Film Music}}</ref>
|-
| [[38th Filmfare Awards South|1990]]|| [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]
! style="background:Pink;| Screenplay Writer/Filmmaker || <ref>{{cite web| url=https://archive.org/details/38th-annual-filmfare-south| title = 38th Annual Filmfare Awards South}}</ref>
|-
| [[39th Filmfare Awards South|1991]]
| colspan="3" |'''No award'''
|-
| [[40th Filmfare Awards South|1992]]||[[L. V. Prasad]]
! style="background:Khaki;| Director / Producer||<ref>https://archive.org/download/40thSouthFilmfareLifetimeAchievement/40th%20south%20filmfare%20lifetime%20achievement.jpg {{Bare URL image|date=March 2022}}</ref><ref>https://archive.org/download/40thFilmfareSouthBestActorActressFilmsLifetimeMusicDirector/40th%20filmfare%20south%20best%20actor%20actress%20films%20lifetime%20music%20director.jpg {{Bare URL image|date=March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[41st Filmfare Awards South|1993]] ||[[Gemini Ganesan]]
! style="background:SkyBlue;| Actor ||<ref>https://archive.org/download/FilmfareLifetimeAchievement/filmfare%20lifetime%20achievement.jpg {{Bare URL image|date=March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[42nd Filmfare Awards South|1994]]
|[[B. Saroja Devi]]
! style="background:Pink;| Actress || rowspan="6" | <ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/42nd-annual-filmfare-lifetime-achievement-award-winners-south | title=42nd Annual Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award Winners South | date=5 August 2024 }}</ref>
|-
|[[K. Balachander]] †
! style="background:Khaki;| Director
|-
|[[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]]
! style="background:SkyBlue;| Actor
|-
|[[K. Viswanath]] †
! style="background:Khaki;| Director
|-
|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]] †
! style="background:SkyBlue;| Actor
|-
|[[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]] †
! style="background:Khaki;| Director
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[43rd Filmfare Awards South|1995]]||[[Nagesh]]
! style="background:SkyBlue;| Actor || rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.filmfare.com/site/nov96/faward.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991010171143/http://www.filmfare.com/site/nov96/faward.htm | archive-date=10 October 1999 | title=Filmfare Awards }}</ref>
|-
|[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
! style="background: Pink;| Actress
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[44th Filmfare Awards South|1996]]||[[Ghattamaneni Krishna|Krishna]]
! style="background:SkyBlue;| Actor || rowspan="2" |<ref>https://archive.org/details/filmfare-life-time-achievement</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.filmfare.com/site/october97/south3a.htm |title=Filmfare - South Special |access-date=8 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991103142737/http://www.filmfare.com/site/october97/south3a.htm |archive-date=3 November 1999 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[Sarada (actress)|Sarada]]
! style="background: Pink;| Actress
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[45th Filmfare Awards South|1997]]||[[S. Janaki]]
! style="background:Plum;| Singer || rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOgDAAAAMBAJ&q=tamil+filmfare+award&pg=PA791|title=Competition Science Vision — Google Books|page=791|access-date=2016-03-16|last1=Darpan|first1=Pratiyogita|date=August 1998}}</ref>
|-
|[[Nedumudi Venu]]
! style="background:SkyBlue;| Actor
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[46th Filmfare Awards South|1998]]
|[[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]
! style="background: Pink;| Actress || rowspan="2" |<ref>https://archive.org/download/46thFilmfareAwardsSouthWinners/46th%20Filmfare%20Awards%20south%20winners.jpg {{Bare URL image|date=March 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[Allu Ramalingaiah]]
! style="background:SkyBlue;| Actor
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[47th Filmfare Awards South|1999]]||[[Pandari Bai]]
! style="background: Pink;| Actress || rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web | url=http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/june2000/if3.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218224739/http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/june2000/if3.html | archive-date=18 February 2014 | title=Filmfare - Print Edition }}</ref>
|-
|[[Mugur Sundar|Sundaram]]
! style="background: CadetBlue;| Choreographer
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[48th Filmfare Awards South|2000]]
|[[D. Rama Naidu]] †
! style="background: Lavender;| Producer || rowspan="2" |
|-
|[[Sheela]]
! style="background: Pink;| Actress
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[49th Filmfare Awards South|2001]]||[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
! style="background:Cornsilk;| Music Director || rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/south2001/winners.html |title = 49th Annual Filmfare Awards - South |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130710024450/http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/south2001/winners.html |archive-date=10 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[Dasari Narayana Rao]]
! style="background:Khaki;| Director
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[50th Filmfare Awards South|2002]]
|[[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]]
! style="background:SkyBlue;| Actor
| rowspan="2"|<ref name="Indiatimes">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Manikchand-Filmfare-Awards-in-Hyderabad/articleshow/46815950.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024115602/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-05-19/news-interviews/27262587_1_film-award-playback-singer-girish-kasaravalli|url-status=live|archive-date=2012-10-24|title=Manikchand Filmfare Awards in Hyderabad|access-date=2009-08-09|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2003-05-19}}</ref>
|-
|[[K. Raghavendra Rao]]
! style="background:Khaki;| Director
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[51st Filmfare Awards South|2003]]||[[Vijayashanti]]
! style="background: Pink;| Actress || rowspan="2" |<ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite news|url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow/719104.cms|title=51st Annual Manikchand Filmfare South Award winners|publisher=indiatimes.com|access-date=2009-08-05|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717020003/http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow/719104.cms|archive-date=2012-07-17}}</ref>
|-
|[[K. J. Yesudas]]
! style="background: Plum;| Singer
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[52nd Filmfare Awards South|2004]]||[[K. R. Vijaya]]
! style="background:Pink;| Actress
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="Filmfare Awards 2005">{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/filmfareawards2005.html|title=Filmfare Awards 2005|publisher=idlebrain.com|access-date=2009-08-05}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ramoji Rao]]
! style="background:Lavender;| Producer
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[53rd Filmfare Awards South|2005]]||[[Thilakan]]
! style="background: SkyBlue;| Actor || rowspan="2" |
|-
|[[Sukumari]]
! style="background: Pink;| Actress
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[54th Filmfare Awards South|2006]]||[[Krishnam Raju]]
! style="background: SkyBlue;| Actor || rowspan="2" |<ref name="Filmfare Awards presented">{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movietidbits/filmfareawards_aug0407.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130015438/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movietidbits/filmfareawards_aug0407.php|archive-date=2010-01-30|title=Filmfare Awards presented|website=[[Telugucinema.com]]|access-date=2009-08-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/54thAnnualFilmfareAwardssouthLifetimeAchievementandLegendaryawards | title=54th Annual Filmfare awards south Lifetime achievement award winners & Legendary honorary winners | date=27 January 2025 }}</ref>
|-
|[[P. Susheela]]
! style="background: Plum;| Singer
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[55th Filmfare Awards South|2007]]||[[Sivakumar]]
! style="background: SkyBlue;| Actor || rowspan="2" |{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}
|-
|[[Jaya Prada]]
! style="background: Pink;| Actress
|-
| [[56th Filmfare Awards South|2008]] ||[[Veturi]]
! style="background: DarkSeaGreen;| Lyricist ||{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[57th Filmfare Awards South|2009]]
|[[Ambareesh]]
! style="background: SkyBlue;| Actor || rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Filmfare-Awards-winners/articleshow/6280143.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811095903/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-09/news-interviews/28320515_1_filmfare-awards-winners-prakash-raj-k-j-yesudas | url-status=live | archive-date=2011-08-11 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Filmfare Awards winners | date=2010-08-09}}</ref>
|-
|[[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]]
! style="background: Pink;| Actress
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[58th Filmfare Awards South|2010]]||[[Chiranjeevi]]
! style="background: SkyBlue;| Actor || rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/ChiranjeeviFilmfareBestActorAwards | title=Chiranjeevi Filmfare Best Actor Awards | date=25 May 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://kasepu.com/movies/news-movies/telugu-news-movies/58-filmfare-awards-south-india-2-07-2011/|title=58 Filmfare Awards South India 2-07-2011|date=2011-07-02|work=Kasepu.com|access-date=2016-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403233952/http://kasepu.com/movies/news-movies/telugu-news-movies/58-filmfare-awards-south-india-2-07-2011/|archive-date=2012-04-03|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news365today.com/58th-filmfare-awards-south-2011-complete-winner-lists/#axzz1agSTZqJS|title=58th Filmfare Awards South 2011- A Complete Winner Lists|work=News365Today|date=2011-07-03|access-date=2016-03-16}}</ref>
|-
|[[Jayasudha]]
! style="background: Pink;| Actress
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[59th Filmfare Awards South|2011]]
|[[S. P. Muthuraman]]
! style="background: Khaki;| Director || rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite news|title=The 59th Idea Filmfare Awards 2011(South)|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-08/news-interviews/32588512_1_aadukalam-pranayam-shreya-ghoshal|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103092442/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-08/news-interviews/32588512_1_aadukalam-pranayam-shreya-ghoshal|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=10 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
|[[Seema (actress)|Seema]]
! style="background: Pink;| Actress
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[60th Filmfare Awards South|2012]]
|[[Bapu (director)|Bapu]]
! style="background:Khaki;| Director || rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/filmfare-awards-south-dhanush-eega-win-big-awards/408186-71-177.html |title=Filmfare Awards (South): The complete list of Winners |work=ibnlive.in.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510051756/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/filmfare-awards-south-dhanush-eega-win-big-awards/408186-71-177.html |archive-date=2015-05-10 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Vani Jairam]]
! style="background: Plum;| Singer
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[61st Filmfare Awards South|2013]]||[[Balu Mahendra]] {{small|(posthumous)}}
! style="background:slategray;| Cinematographer || rowspan="2" |
|-
|[[Jayabharathi]]
! style="background: Pink;| Actress
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[62nd Filmfare Awards South|2014]]||[[IV Sasi]]
! style="background:Khaki;| Director || rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Winners of 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards South |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html |website=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=27 June 2015 |date=27 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129092825/http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html |archive-date=29 January 2016 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]]
! style="background:Pink;| Actress
|-
| [[63rd Filmfare Awards South|2015]] ||[[Mohan Babu]]
! style="background: SkyBlue;| Actor ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702102328/http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html|url-status=live|title=Winners of the 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South)|archivedate=2 July 2016|website=filmfare.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[64th Filmfare Awards South|2016]] || [[Vijaya Nirmala]]
! style="background: Pink;| Actress ||
|-
| [[65th Filmfare Awards South|2017]]
||[[Kaikala Satyanarayana]]
! style="background: SkyBlue;| Actor ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28887-2.html|title = Winners of the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[66th Filmfare Awards South|2018]] ||[[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]]
! style="background: Khaki;| Director ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[67th Filmfare Awards South|2020–2021]]||[[Puneeth Rajkumar]] {{small|(posthumous)}}
! style="background: SkyBlue;| Actor||
|-
|[[Allu Aravind]]
! style="background: Lavender;| Producer||
|-
| [[68th Filmfare Awards South|2022]]
| colspan="3" |'''No award'''
|-
|[[69th Filmfare Awards South|2023]]
|[[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]]
! style="background:SkyBlue;| Actor||
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[70th Filmfare Awards South|2024]]
|[[Sreenivasan]] {{small|(posthumous)}}
!Actor
! rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2026 |title=Full List of Winners of The 70th Filmfare Awards South With Kerala Tourism (Malayalam) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/full-list-of-winners-of-the-70th-filmfare-awards-south-with-kerala-tourism-malayalam-81914.html |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sreekumaran Thampi]]
!Director / Writer
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
===General===
*{{cite web|author1=Filmfare Editorial|title=Lifetime Achievement Award (South) winners down the years...|quote=Here is a list of the legendary stars who won the Lifetime Achievement Award (South)|url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/lifetime-achievement-award-south-winners-down-the-years-6684.html|website=[[Filmfare]]|date=10 July 2014|access-date=29 August 2014}}

===Specific===
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.bharatstudent.com/cafebharat/view_news-Malayalam-News%20and%20Gossips-4,27721.php 55th Filmfare Awards South Winners] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302155252/http://www.bharatstudent.com/cafebharat/view_news-Malayalam-News%20and%20Gossips-4,27721.php |date=2 March 2009 }}

{{FilmfareLifetimeAchievementAwardSouth}}
{{Filmfare Awards South|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award - South}}
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South|Lifetime Achievement]]
[[Category:Lifetime achievement awards]]
[[Category:Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award winners]]

Lok Bhavan, Puri

2026-03-21T03:40:10Z

CharliKayser97: put up initial article more to come

{{Short description|2nd Residence of the Governor of Odisha}}{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Raj Bhavan, Puri
| native_name = ରାଜଭବନ, ପୁରୀ
| native_name_lang = or
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image = Raj_Bhavan_Puri.jpg
| current_tenants = Kamphabhati Hari Babu
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Raj Bhavan building at Puri
| pushpin_map = India Orissa
| pushpin_map_alt =
| map_caption = Location of the Raj Bhavan, Puri in [[Odisha]]
| coordinates = {{coord|19.7973|85.8293|display=inline,title}}
| completion_date = 1914
| references = [https://www.rajbhavanodisha.gov.in/view/rajbhavanPuri.php Website]
}}

''' Lok Bhavan''' formerly The '''Raj Bhavan''' of [[Puri]] in the Indian state of Odisha, is an official residence and summer resort of the [[Governor of Odisha]] Kamphabati Hari Babu. it was originally built as a summer residence for the erstwhile lieutenant-governor of the Province of [[Bihar and Orissa Province|Bihar and Odisha]] under the [[British Raj]].<ref name=governorweb>{{Cite web|title=Raj Bhavan, Puri|url=http://www.rajbhavanodisha.gov.in/rajbhavanpuri.asp|publisher=Raj Bhavan, Odisha|accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref>

==Location==
The building is located adjacent to the [[Bay of Bengal]] in Puri, about {{convert|60|mi}} from [[Cuttack]], the former capital of Odisha<ref name=governorweb /> and {{convert|53|km}} from the current capital, [[Bhubaneswar]].

==History==
Constructed in 1913–14, the original grounds covered an area of {{convert|30.226|acre}}.<ref name=governorweb /> The residence was subsequently used by British governors to escape the summer heat in [[Patna]], which was then the capital of Bihar and Odisha.<ref name="Manti2014">{{cite book|first1=J. C.|last1=Manti|title=The Saga of Jagannatha and Badadeula at Puri: Story of Lord Jagannatha and his Temple)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QweqCQAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-82652-45-8|page=XXXIV}}</ref> After Odisha became a separate province in 1936, the building became the residence of the state Governor of Odisha. However, because of the distance from the capital the residence shifted there in 1942.<ref name=governorweb /> While the new residence in Cuttack was under construction, the Raj Bhavan at Puri underwent remodelling at a cost of Rs. 158,000 to "make it suitable and comfortable for the imperial dignity of His Majesty's representatives in India" with improvements including rewiring, updating of the plumbing system and the creation of a garden.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Ravi|last1=Kalia|title=Bhubaneswar: From a Temple Town to a Capital City|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2YSPiKbmHkC|year=1994|publisher=SIU Press|isbn=978-0-8093-1876-6|page=75}}</ref>
The building remained in use as the summer residence for governors until 1973,<ref name="Manti2014" /> then in 1983 part of the grounds were sold off for the construction of a hotel to boost state tourism.<ref name=governorweb />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://www.rajbhavanorissa.gov.in/}}

{{Raj Bhavan}}
{{Odisha}}

[[Category:Governors' houses in India]]
[[Category:Government of Odisha]]
[[Category:Puri]]
[[Category:1914 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Odisha]]
[[Category:Houses completed in 1914]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth]]

{{India-struct-stub}}
{{Puri-geo-stub}}

Crustacean

2026-03-20T23:59:04Z

CharliKayser97:

{{Short description|Subphylum of arthropods}}
{{Paraphyletic group
| name = Crustaceans
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|511|0}}[[Cambrian]] to [[Holocene|present]]
| image = {{Multiple image
| perrow = 2/2/2/2
| total_width = 275
| image1 = Sally Lightfoot crab (4202519454).jpg
| caption1 = [[Crab]]
| image2 = Humarus gammarus 1.jpg
| caption2 = [[Lobster]]
| image3 = Procambarus clarkii.jpg
| caption3 = [[Crayfish]]
| image4 = Lysmata amboinensis in Tropicarium-Oceanarium Budapest.JPG
| caption4 = [[Shrimp]]
| image5 = Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba).jpg
| caption5 = [[Krill]]
| image6 = Hemilepistus reaumuri 02 crop.jpg
| caption6 = [[Isopoda|Isopod]]
| image7 = Copepodkils.jpg
| caption7 = [[Copepod]]
| image8 = Chthamalus stellatus.jpg
| caption8 = [[Barnacle]]
| border = infobox
}}
| auto = yes
| taxon = Crustacea
| authority = [[#Brünnich1772|Brünnich, 1772]]<ref>{{cite WoRMS |year=2026 |title=Crustacea |id=1066 |access-date=2 March 2026}}</ref>
| includes = * [[Oligostraca]]
** [[Ichthyostraca]]
** [[Mystacocarida]]
** [[Ostracod]]a
* [[Multicrustacea]]
** †[[Cyclida]]<ref name="Laville">{{Cite journal |last=Laville |first=Thomas |last2=Forel |first2=Marie-Béatrice |last3=King |first3=Andrew |last4=Charbonnier |first4=Sylvain |date=2025-11-01 |title=Synchrotron X-ray tomography sheds light on the phylogenetic affinities of the enigmatic thylacocephalans within Pancrustacea |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2025.1612 |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=292}}</ref>
** †[[Thylacocephala]]<ref name="Laville"/>
** [[Copepod]]a
** [[Thecostraca]]
** [[Malacostraca]]
** [[Tantulocarida]]
** †[[Priscansermarinidae]]
* [[Allotriocarida]] (in part)
** [[Branchiopoda]]
** [[Cephalocarida]]
** [[Remipedia]]
* †[[Waterstonellidea]]<ref name="Schram79">{{cite journal |url=https://archive.org/details/britishcarbonife40schr |author=Frederick Schram |author-link=Frederick Schram |year=1979 |title=British Carboniferous Malacostraca |journal=Fieldiana Geology |volume=40}}</ref>-incertae sedis
| excludes = *[[Hexapoda]]
| image_upright = 1.2
}}

'''Crustaceans''' (from [[Latin]] word "crustacea" meaning: "those with shells" or "crusted ones") are [[Mandibulata|mandibulate]] [[Arthropod|arthropods]] that are traditionally a part of the [[paraphyletic]] [[subphylum]] '''Crustacea''' ({{IPAc-en|k|r|ə|ˈ|s|t|eɪ|ʃ|ə}}). Crustaceans are mainly [[aquatic animal|aquatic]], including [[decapod]]s ([[shrimp]]s, [[prawn]]s, [[crab]]s, [[lobster]]s, and [[crayfish]]), [[Ostracoda|seed shrimps]], [[branchiopod]]s, [[Argulidae|fish lice]], [[krill]], [[remipede]]s, [[isopod]]s, [[barnacle]]s, [[copepod]]s, [[Mysida|opossum shrimps]], [[amphipods]] and [[mantis shrimp]].<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Crustacea |volume=7 |page=552 |first=William Thomas |last=Calman |author-link=William Thomas Calman}}</ref> It is now well accepted that [[Hexapoda|hexapods]] ([[insect]]s and [[entognatha]]ns) are cladistically crustaceans, with the two groups now combined in the [[monophyletic]] clade [[Pancrustacea]].<ref name="Rota-Stabelli2010">{{cite journal |first1= Omar |last1= Rota-Stabelli |first2=Ehsan |last2= Kayal |first3= Dianne |last3= Gleeson |first4= Jennifer |last4= Daub |first5= Jeffrey L.| last5= Boore |first6= Maximilian J.| last6= Telford |first7= Davide |last7= Pisani |first8= Mark |last8= Blaxter |first9= Dennis V. |last9= Lavrov |display-authors= 3 |year=2010 |title=Ecdysozoan Mitogenomics: Evidence for a Common Origin of the Legged Invertebrates, the Panarthropoda |journal=[[Genome Biology and Evolution]] |volume=2 |pages=425–440 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evq030 |pmid=20624745 |pmc=2998192 }}</ref> The three classes [[Cephalocarida]], [[Branchiopoda]], and [[Remipedia]] are more closely related to the hexapods than they are to any other crustaceans ([[oligostraca]]ns and [[multicrustacea]]ns).<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2010-03-01|title=Arthropod phylogeny revisited, with a focus on crustacean relationships| url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1467803909000553|journal=Arthropod Structure & Development |language=en |volume= 39| issue=2–3|pages=88–110|doi=10.1016/j.asd.2009.10.003|issn=1467-8039| last1= Koenemann |first1= Stefan |last2= Jenner |first2= Ronald A.| last3= Hoenemann| first3=Mario|last4=Stemme|first4=Torben|last5=von Reumont|first5=Björn M. |display-authors= 3 |pmid= 19854296|bibcode=2010ArtSD..39...88K |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

The 67,000 described species range in size from ''[[Stygotantulus|Stygotantulus stocki]]'' at {{convert|0.1|mm|3|abbr=on}}, to the [[Japanese spider crab]] with a leg span of up to {{convert|3.8|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} and a mass of {{convert|20|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. Like other [[arthropod]]s, crustaceans have an [[exoskeleton]], which they [[ecdysis|moult]] to grow. They are distinguished from other groups of arthropods, such as [[insect]]s, [[Myriapoda|myriapods]] and [[Chelicerata|chelicerates]], by the possession of [[biramous]] (two-parted) limbs, and by their [[crustacean larvae|larval forms]], such as the [[Nauplius (larva)|nauplius]] stage of [[branchiopod]]s and [[copepod]]s.

Most crustaceans are free-living [[aquatic animal]]s, but some are [[Terrestrial animal|terrestrial]] (e.g. [[woodlouse|woodlice]], [[sandhopper]]s), some are [[Parasitism|parasitic]] (e.g. [[Rhizocephala]], [[Argulidae|fish lice]], [[Pentastomida|tongue worms]]) and some are [[Sessility (zoology)|sessile]] (e.g. [[barnacle]]s). The group has an extensive [[fossil record]], reaching back to the [[Cambrian]]. More than 7.9 million tons of crustaceans per year are harvested by fishery or farming for human consumption,<ref>{{cite web |title=The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018 – Meeting the sustainable development goals |website= fao.org| url= http://www.fao.org/3/i9540EN/i9540en.pdf |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the [[United Nations]]| date= 2018| place= Rome}}</ref> consisting mostly of [[shrimp and prawn]]s. [[Krill]] and [[copepod]]s are not as widely fished, but may be the animals with the greatest [[Biomass (ecology)|biomass]] on the planet, and form a vital part of the food chain. The scientific study of crustaceans is known as [[carcinology]] (alternatively, ''malacostracology'', ''crustaceology'' or ''crustalogy''), and a scientist who works in carcinology is a [[List of carcinologists|carcinologist]].

==Anatomy==
[[File:Crab from Long Island.jpg|thumb|left|A shed [[carapace]] of a [[lady crab]], part of the hard [[exoskeleton]]|alt=A convex oval-shaped piece of shell, covered with fine orange-pink markings: the front edge is lined with 13 coarse serrations, while the rear edge is smooth.]]
[[File:Krillanatomykils.jpg|thumb|right|Body structure of a typical crustacean – krill]]
The body of a crustacean is composed of segments, which are grouped into three regions: the ''[[Cephalon (arthropod head)|cephalon]]'' or head,<ref name="cephalon">{{cite web |url=http://crustacea.nhm.org/glossary/define.html?term=Cephalon |title=Cephalon |work=Crustacean Glossary |publisher=[[Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County]] |access-date=2016-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727124332/http://crustacea.nhm.org/glossary/define.html?term=Cephalon |archive-date=2011-07-27 }}</ref> the ''pereon'' or [[Thorax (arthropod anatomy)|thorax]],<ref name="thorax">{{cite web |url=http://crustacea.nhm.org/glossary/define.html?term=Thorax |title=Thorax |work=Crustacean Glossary |publisher=[[Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County]] |access-date=2016-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727124551/http://crustacea.nhm.org/glossary/define.html?term=Thorax |archive-date=2011-07-27 }}</ref> and the ''pleon'' or [[Abdomen#Arthropoda|abdomen]].<ref name="abdomen">{{cite web |url=http://crustacea.nhm.org/glossary/define.html?term=Abdomen |title=Abdomen |work=Crustacean Glossary |publisher=[[Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County]] |access-date=2016-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727123419/http://crustacea.nhm.org/glossary/define.html?term=Abdomen |archive-date=2011-07-27 }}</ref> The head and thorax may be fused together to form a [[cephalothorax]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://crustacea.nhm.org/glossary/define.html?term=Cephalothorax |title=Cephalothorax |work=Crustacean Glossary |publisher=[[Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County]] |access-date=2016-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727123552/http://crustacea.nhm.org/glossary/define.html?term=Cephalothorax |archive-date=2011-07-27 }}</ref> which may be covered by a single large [[carapace]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://crustacea.nhm.org/glossary/define.html?term=Carapace |title=Carapace |work=Crustacean Glossary |publisher=[[Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County]] |access-date=2016-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727123601/http://crustacea.nhm.org/glossary/define.html?term=Carapace |archive-date=2011-07-27 }}</ref> The crustacean body is protected by the hard [[exoskeleton]], which must be [[ecdysis|moulted]] for the animal to grow. The shell around each somite can be divided into a dorsal [[tergum]], ventral [[Sternum (arthropod anatomy)|sternum]] and a lateral pleuron. Various parts of the exoskeleton may be fused together.<ref name="HR">{{cite book |author1=P. J. Hayward |author2=J. S. Ryland |year=1995 |title=Handbook of the marine fauna of north-west Europe |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-854055-7 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=sZ8mdRT4jbIC}} |access-date=2016-09-10}}</ref>{{rp|289}}

Each [[somite]], or body segment can bear a pair of [[appendage]]s: on the segments of the head, these include two pairs of [[antenna (biology)|antennae]], the [[Mandible (arthropod mouthpart)|mandible]]s and [[Maxilla (arthropod mouthpart)|maxilla]]e;<ref name="cephalon"/> the thoracic segments bear [[arthropod leg|legs]], which may be specialised as [[pereiopod]]s (walking legs) and [[maxilliped]]s (feeding legs).<ref name="thorax"/> Malacostraca and Remipedia (and the hexapods) have abdominal appendages. All other classes of crustaceans have a limbless abdomen, except from a [[telson]] and [[Caudal ramus|caudal rami]] which is present in many groups.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=How body patterning might have worked in the evolution of arthropods—A case study of the mystacocarid Derocheilocaris remanei (Crustacea, Oligostraca)|first1=Martin|last1=Fritsch|first2=Stefan|last2=Richter|date=September 5, 2022|journal=Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution|volume=338|issue=6|pages=342–359|doi=10.1002/jez.b.23140|pmid=35486026 |bibcode=2022JEZB..338..342F |s2cid=248430846 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://rosdok.uni-rostock.de/file/rosdok_disshab_0000001592/rosdok_derivate_0000034811/Dissertation_Stegner_2016.pdf |title=Morphology of the brain in Hutchinsoniella macracantha (Cephalocarida, Crustacea) |page =290}}</ref> The abdomen in malacostracans bears [[pleopod]]s,<ref name="abdomen"/> and ends in a telson, which bears the [[anus]], and is often flanked by uropods to form a [[Decapod anatomy|tail fan]].<ref name="telson">{{cite web |url=http://crustacea.nhm.org/glossary/define.html?term=Telson |title=Telson |work=Crustacean Glossary |publisher=[[Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County]] |access-date=2016-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727123649/http://crustacea.nhm.org/glossary/define.html?term=Telson |archive-date=2011-07-27 }}</ref> The number and variety of [[appendage]]s in different crustaceans may be partly responsible for the group's success.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |date=July 4, 1997 |volume=277 |issue=5322 |page=36 |doi=10.1126/science.277.5322.36 |title=Crab legs and lobster claws |author=Elizabeth Pennisi |author-link=Elizabeth Pennisi |s2cid=83148200 }}</ref>

Crustacean [[appendage]]s are typically [[biramous]], meaning they are divided into two parts; this includes the second pair of antennae, but not the first, which is usually [[uniramous]], the exception being in the Class Malacostraca where the antennules may be generally biramous or even triramous.<ref name="antennule">{{cite web |url=http://crustacea.nhm.org/glossary/define.html?term=Antennule |title=Antennule |work=Crustacean Glossary |publisher=[[Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County]] |access-date=2016-09-10 |archive-date=2013-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105090306/http://crustacea.nhm.org/glossary/define.html?term=Antennule }}</ref><ref name="Berkely">{{cite web |url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/crustacea/appendages.html |title=Crustaceamorpha: appendages |publisher=[[University of California, Berkeley]] |access-date=2016-09-10}}</ref> It is unclear whether the biramous condition is a derived state which evolved in crustaceans, or whether the second branch of the limb has been lost in all other groups. [[Trilobite]]s, for instance, also possessed biramous appendages.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Trilobite tagmosis and body patterning from morphological and developmental perspectives |author=N. C. Hughes |date=February 2003 |journal=[[Integrative and Comparative Biology]] |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=185–206 |doi=10.1093/icb/43.1.185|pmid=21680423|doi-access=free }}</ref>

{{See also|Hemolymph}}

The main body cavity is an [[open circulatory system]], where blood is pumped into the [[Hemocoel|haemocoel]] by a [[heart]] located near the dorsum.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.gsu.edu/~bioasx/closeopen.html |title=Closed and Open Circulatory System |publisher=[[Georgia State University]] |author=Akira Sakurai |access-date=2016-09-10 |archive-date=2016-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917173108/http://www2.gsu.edu/~bioasx/closeopen.html }}</ref> Malacostraca have [[haemocyanin]] as the oxygen-carrying pigment, while copepods, ostracods, barnacles and branchiopods have [[haemoglobin]]s.<ref>{{cite book |author=Klaus Urich |year=1994 |title=Comparative Animal Biochemistry |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |isbn=978-3-540-57420-0 |chapter=Respiratory pigments |pages=249–287 |chapter-url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=GLbcWyeaCGQC|page=272}}}}</ref> The alimentary canal consists of a straight tube that often has a gizzard-like "gastric mill" for grinding food and a pair of digestive glands that absorb food; this structure goes in a spiral format.<ref>{{cite book |author=H. J. Ceccaldi |title=Anatomy and physiology of digestive tract of Crustaceans Decapods reared in aquaculture |pages=243–259 |series=AQUACOP, IFREMER. Actes de Colloque 9 |url=http://www.ifremer.fr/docelec/doc/1989/acte-1486.pdf}}{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Structures that function as kidneys are located near the antennae. A brain exists in the form of ganglia close to the antennae, and a collection of major ganglia is found below the gut.<ref name="Encarta">{{cite book |title=Encarta |year=2005 |chapter=Crustacean |first=Michael T. |last=Ghiselin |author-link=Michael Ghiselin |publisher=[[Microsoft]]|title-link=Encarta }}</ref>

In many [[Decapoda|decapods]], the first (and sometimes the second) pair of pleopods are specialised in the male for sperm transfer. Many terrestrial crustaceans (such as the [[Christmas Island red crab]]) mate seasonally and return to the sea to release the eggs. Others, such as [[woodlouse|woodlice]], lay their eggs on land, albeit in damp conditions. In most decapods, the females retain the eggs until they hatch into free-swimming larvae.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Burkenroad, M. D.|year=1963|title=The evolution of the Eucarida (Crustacea, Eumalacostraca), in relation to the fossil record|journal=Tulane Studies in Geology|issue=1|pages=1–17 | volume=2}}</ref>

==Ecology==
[[File:Abludomelita obtusata.jpg|thumb|''[[Abludomelita obtusata]]'', an [[amphipod]]]]
Most crustaceans are aquatic, living in either marine or [[fresh water|freshwater]] environments, but a few groups have [[adaptation|adapted]] to life on land, such as [[terrestrial crab]]s, [[Coenobita|terrestrial hermit crabs]], and [[woodlouse|woodlice]]. Marine crustaceans are as ubiquitous in the oceans as insects are on land.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://australian.museum/learn/animals/crustaceans/ |title=Crabs, lobsters, prawns and other crustaceans |publisher=[[Australian Museum]] |access-date=2016-09-10 |date=January 5, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fisheries.is/ecosystem/marine-life/benthic-animals/ |title=Benthic animals |publisher=[[Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture (Iceland)|Icelandic Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture]] |access-date=2016-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511155231/http://www.fisheries.is/ecosystem/marine-life/benthic-animals/ |archive-date=2014-05-11 }}</ref> Most crustaceans are also [[motility|motile]], moving about independently, although a few taxonomic units are [[parasite|parasitic]] and live attached to their hosts (including [[sea louse|sea lice]], [[Branchiura|fish lice]], [[whale louse|whale lice]], [[Pentastomida|tongue worms]], and ''[[Cymothoa exigua]]'', all of which may be referred to as "crustacean lice"), and adult barnacles live a [[Sessility (zoology)|sessile]] life – they are attached headfirst to the substrate and cannot move independently. Some branchiurans are able to withstand rapid changes of [[salinity]] and will also switch hosts from marine to non-marine species.<ref name="NorAm">{{cite book |editor1=James H. Thorp |editor2=Alan P. Covich |year=1991 |title=Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates |publisher=[[Academic Press]] |isbn=978-0-12-690645-5 |chapter-url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=hA9VWcz1lwsC}} |access-date=2016-09-10 |edition=1st |author1=Alan P. Covich |author2=James H. Thorp |chapter=Crustacea: Introduction and Peracarida |pages=665–722}}</ref>{{rp|672}} [[Krill]] are the bottom layer and most important part of the food chain in [[Antarctic]] animal communities.<ref>{{cite book |first1=P. D. |last1=Virtue |first2=P. D. |last2=Nichols |first3=S. |last3=Nicols |chapter=Dietary-related mechanisms of survival in ''Euphasia superba'': biochemical changes during long term starvation and bacteria as a possible source of nutrition. |editor1=Bruno Battaglia |editor-first2=José |editor-last2=Valencia |editor-first3=D. W. H. |editor-last3=Walton |year=1997 |title=Antarctic communities: species, structure, and survival |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-48033-8 |chapter-url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=P_DMEiH6AM4C}}|access-date=2016-09-10}}</ref>{{rp|64}} Some crustaceans are significant [[invasive species]], such as the Chinese mitten crab, ''[[Eriocheir sinensis]]'',<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Global Invasive Species Database |title=''Eriocheir sinensis'' |url=http://www.europe-aliens.org/pdf/Eriocheir_sinensis.pdf |access-date=2016-09-10 |first=Stephan |last=Gollasch |date=October 30, 2006 |publisher=[[IUCN Species Survival Commission|Invasive Species Specialist Group]] |doi=10.15468/ybwd3x |archive-date=2017-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224080706/http://www.europe-aliens.org/pdf/Eriocheir_sinensis.pdf }}</ref> and the Asian shore crab, ''[[Hemigrapsus sanguineus]]''.<ref>{{cite book |editor-first= Frederick R. |editor-last=Schram |editor-link= Frederick Schram |editor2-first=J. C. von Vaupel |editor2-last= Klein |year=1999 |title= Crustaceans and the biodiversity crisis: Proceedings of the Fourth International Crustacean Congress, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, July 20–24, 1998 |chapter-url={{google books |plainurl=y |id= msw2BgcugkcC}} |access-date=2016-09-10 |author= John J. McDermott |chapter=The western Pacific brachyuran ''Hemigrapsus sanguineus'' (Grapsidae) in its new habitat along the Atlantic coast of the United States: feeding, cheliped morphology and growth |pages= 425–444 |publisher= [[Koninklijke Brill]] |isbn= 978-90-04-11387-9}}</ref> Since the opening of the [[Suez Canal]], close to 100 species of crustaceans from the Red Sea and the Indo-Pacific realm have established themselves in the eastern Mediterranean sub-basin, with often significant impact on local ecosystems.<ref name="Briand">{{cite book |editor-last1=Briand |editor-first1=Frederic | last1=Galil |first1=Bella | last2=Froglia |first2=Carlo | last3=Noël | first3=Pierre |title=CIESM Atlas of Exotic Species in the Mediterranean: Vol 2 Crustaceans |date=2002 |publisher=CIESM Publishers |location=Paris, Monaco |isbn=92-990003-2-8 |page=192 |url=https://ciesm.org/catalog/index.php?article=2002}}</ref>

==Life cycle==
[[File:Potamon fluviatile9.jpg|thumb|right|Eggs of ''[[Potamon fluviatile]]'', a freshwater crab|alt=Seven round translucent spheres: inside some of them, a pair of compound eyes can be seen.]]
[[File:Homarus gammarus zoea.jpg|thumb|right|[[Zoea]] larva of the [[European lobster]], ''Homarus gammarus''|alt=A grey-green translucent animal is seen from the side. The eye is large and shining and is in a recess of the large carapace and its long rostrum. An abdomen, similar in length to the carapace, projects from the rear, and below the carapace, there is a mass of legs, some with small claws.]]

===Mating system===
Most crustaceans have [[Gonochorism|separate sexes]], and [[sexual reproduction|reproduce sexually]]. In fact, a recent study explains how the male ''[[Tigriopus californicus|T. californicus]]'' decide which females to mate with by dietary differences, preferring when the females are algae-fed instead of yeast-fed.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/144848/crustacean/33799/Natural-history# |chapter=Crustacean (arthropod) |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |title-link=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=5 May 2023 }}</ref> A small number are [[hermaphrodite]]s, including [[barnacle]]s, [[remipede]]s,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.luciopesce.net/gw/remi.html |title=Remipedia Yager, 1981 |author=G. L. Pesce}}</ref> and [[Cephalocarida]].<ref name="Canada">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0002059 |title=Crustacean |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |access-date=2016-09-10 |author1=D. E. Aiken |author2=V. Tunnicliffe |author3=C. T. Shih |author4=L. D. Delorme |archive-date=2011-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607134942/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0002059 }}</ref> Some may even change sex during the course of their life.<ref name="Canada"/> [[Parthenogenesis]] is also widespread among crustaceans, where viable eggs are produced by a female without needing fertilisation by a male.<ref name="Britannica"/> This occurs in many [[branchiopod]]s, some [[ostracod]]s, some [[isopod]]s, and certain "higher" crustaceans, such as the ''[[Marmorkrebs]]'' crayfish.

===Eggs===
In many crustaceans, the fertilised eggs are released into the [[water column]], while others have developed a number of mechanisms for holding on to the eggs until they are ready to hatch. Most [[Decapoda|decapods]] carry the eggs attached to the [[pleopod]]s, while [[Peracarida|peracarids]], [[notostraca]]ns, [[anostraca]]ns, and many [[isopod]]s form a [[Brood pouch (Peracarida)|brood pouch]] from the [[carapace]] and thoracic limbs.<ref name="Britannica"/> Female Branchiura do not carry eggs in external ovisacs but attach them in rows to rocks and other objects.<ref name="NorAmFWI">{{cite book |editor1=James H. Thorp |editor2=Alan P. Covich |year=2001 |title=Ecology and classification of North American freshwater invertebrates |publisher=[[Academic Press]] |isbn=978-0-12-690647-9 |chapter-url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=aj2ZMSekmHEC}}|access-date=2016-09-10|edition=2nd |author1=Alan P. Covich |author2=James H. Thorp |chapter=Introduction to the Subphylum Crustacea |pages=777–798}}</ref>{{rp|788}} Most [[leptostraca]]ns and [[krill]] carry the eggs between their thoracic limbs; some [[copepod]]s carry their eggs in special thin-walled sacs, while others have them attached together in long, tangled strings.<ref name="Britannica"/>

===Larvae===
{{main article|Crustacean larvae}}

Crustaceans exhibit a number of larval forms, of which the earliest and most characteristic is the [[nauplius (larva)|nauplius]]. This has three pairs of [[appendage]]s, all emerging from the young animal's head, and a single naupliar eye. In most groups, there are further larval stages, including the [[zoea]] (pl. zoeæ or zoeas<ref>{{OED|Zoea}}</ref>). This name was given to it when naturalists believed it to be a separate species.<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Crab |volume=7 |page=356|first=William Thomas |last=Calman |author-link=William Thomas Calman}}</ref> It follows the [[nauplius (larva)|nauplius]] stage and precedes the [[post-larva]]. Zoea larvae swim with their thoracic [[appendage]]s, as opposed to nauplii, which use cephalic appendages, and megalopa, which use abdominal appendages for swimming. It often has spikes on its [[carapace]], which may assist these small organisms in maintaining directional swimming.<ref>{{cite journal |author=W. F. R. Weldon |author-link=Raphael Weldon |date=July 1889 |title=Note on the function of the spines of the Crustacean zoœa |journal=[[Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom]] |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=169–172 |url=http://sabella.mba.ac.uk/16/01/Note_on_the_Function_of_the_Spines_of_the_Crustacean_Zooea.pdf |doi=10.1017/S0025315400057994 |bibcode=1889JMBUK...1..169W |s2cid=54759780 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717055819/http://sabella.mba.ac.uk/16/01/Note_on_the_Function_of_the_Spines_of_the_Crustacean_Zooea.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-17 }}</ref> In many [[Decapoda|decapods]], due to their accelerated development, the zoea is the first larval stage. In some cases, the zoea stage is followed by the mysis stage, and in others, by the megalopa stage, depending on the crustacean group involved.

Providing camouflage against predators, the otherwise black eyes in several forms of swimming larvae are covered by a thin layer of crystalline [[isoxanthopterin]] that gives their eyes the same color as the surrounding water, while tiny holes in the layer allow light to reach the retina.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shavit |first=Keshet |last2=Wagner |first2=Avital |last3=Schertel |first3=Lukas |last4=Farstey |first4=Viviana |last5=Akkaynak |first5=Derya |last6=Zhang |first6=Gan |last7=Upcher |first7=Alexander |last8=Sagi |first8=Amir |last9=Yallapragada |first9=Venkata Jayasurya |last10=Haataja |first10=Johannes |last11=Palmer |first11=Benjamin A. |date=2023-02-17 |title=A tunable reflector enabling crustaceans to see but not be seen |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.add4099 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=379 |issue=6633 |pages=695–700 |doi=10.1126/science.add4099 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> As the larvae mature into adults, the layer migrates to a new position behind the retina where it works as a backscattering mirror that increases the intensity of light passing through the eyes, as seen in many nocturnal animals.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://slate.com/technology/2023/02/shrimp-larvae-eye-glitter-nanotechnology.html|title="Disco Eye-Glitter" Makes Baby Crustaceans Invisible|first=Meg|last=Duff|journal=Slate |date=February 16, 2023|via=slate.com}}</ref>

===DNA repair===

In an effort to understand whether [[DNA repair]] processes can protect crustaceans against [[DNA damage (naturally occurring)|DNA damage]], basic research was conducted to elucidate the repair mechanisms used by ''[[Penaeus monodon]]'' (black tiger shrimp).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Srivastava |first1=Shikha |last2=Dahal |first2=Sumedha |last3=Naidu |first3=Sharanya J. |last4=Anand |first4=Deepika |last5=Gopalakrishnan |first5=Vidya |last6=Kooloth Valappil |first6=Rajendran |last7=Raghavan |first7=Sathees C. |title=DNA double-strand break repair in Penaeus monodon is predominantly dependent on homologous recombination |journal=DNA Research |date=24 January 2017 |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=117–128 |doi=10.1093/dnares/dsw059 |pmid=28431013 |pmc=5397610 }}</ref> Repair of DNA double-strand breaks was found to be predominantly carried out by accurate [[homologous recombination]]al repair. Another, less accurate process, [[microhomology-mediated end joining]], is also used to repair such breaks. The expression pattern of DNA repair related and DNA damage response genes in the intertidal copepod ''Tigriopus japonicus'' was analyzed after ultraviolet irradiation.<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=22051804 |date=2012 |last1=Rhee |first1=J. S. |last2=Kim |first2=B. M. |last3=Choi |first3=B. S. |last4=Lee |first4=J. S. |title=Expression pattern analysis of DNA repair-related and DNA damage response genes revealed by 55K oligomicroarray upon UV-B irradiation in the intertidal copepod, Tigriopus japonicus |journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Toxicology & Pharmacology|volume=155 |issue=2 |pages=359–368 |doi=10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.10.005 }}</ref> This study revealed increased expression of proteins associated with the DNA repair processes of [[non-homologous end joining]], [[homologous recombination]], [[base excision repair]] and [[DNA mismatch repair]].

==Classification and phylogeny==

[[File:Haeckel Copepoda.jpg|thumb|right|Copepods, from [[Ernst Haeckel]]'s 1904 work ''[[Kunstformen der Natur]]'']]
[[File:Haeckel Decapoda.jpg|thumb|right|Decapods, from Ernst Haeckel's 1904 work ''Kunstformen der Natur'']]

The name "crustacean" dates from the earliest works to describe the animals, including those of [[Pierre Belon]] and [[Guillaume Rondelet]], but the name was not used by some later authors, including [[Carl Linnaeus]], who included crustaceans among the "[[Aptera in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae|Aptera]]" in his ''{{lang|la|[[Systema Naturae]]}}''.<ref name="MLW">{{cite book |chapter-url=http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl/bis/lobsters.php?selected=foto&menuentry=inleiding&record=Classification |chapter=Introduction |pages=1–2 |series=FAO Species Catalogue, Volume 13 |title=Marine Lobsters of the World |author=Lipke B. Holthuis |author-link=Lipke Holthuis |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |year=1991 |isbn=978-92-5-103027-1 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The earliest [[Nomenclature|nomenclatural]] valid work to use the name "Crustacea" was [[Morten Thrane Brünnich]]'s ''{{lang|la|Zoologiæ Fundamenta}}'' in 1772,<ref>{{cite book |author=M. T. Brünnich |author-link=Morten Thrane Brünnich |year=1772 |title=Zoologiæ fundamenta prælectionibus academicis accomodata. Grunde i Dyrelaeren |language=la, da |publisher=Fridericus Christianus Pelt |location=Copenhagen & Leipzig |pages=[https://archive.org/details/mthbrnnichiizo00br/page/n8 1]–254 |url=https://archive.org/details/mthbrnnichiizo00br |ref=Brünnich1772}}</ref> although he also included [[Chelicerata|chelicerates]] in the group.<ref name="MLW"/>

The subphylum Crustacea comprises almost 67,000 described [[species]],<ref>{{cite journal |author=Zhi-Qiang Zhang |year=2011 |editor=Z.-Q. Zhang |title=Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness - Phylum Arthropoda von Siebold, 1848|journal=[[Zootaxa]] |volume=4138 |pages=99–103 |url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2011/f/zt03148p103.pdf }}</ref> which is thought to be just {{frac|1|10}} to {{frac|1|100}} of the total number as most species remain as yet [[undescribed species|undiscovered]].<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/crabs-crayfish-and-other-crustaceans/1 |title=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |chapter=Crustaceans — bugs of the sea |publisher=[[Ministry for Culture and Heritage (New Zealand)|Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |access-date=2016-09-10|title-link=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand }}</ref> Although most crustaceans are small, their morphology varies greatly and includes both the largest arthropod in the world – the [[Japanese spider crab]] with a leg span of {{convert|12|ft|order=flip}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aquarium.org/JapaneseSpiderCrabs.asp |title=Japanese Spider Crabs Arrive at Aquarium |work=Oregon Coast Aquarium |access-date=2016-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323043021/http://www.aquarium.org/JapaneseSpiderCrabs.asp |archive-date=2010-03-23 }}</ref> – and the smallest, the 100-[[micrometre]]-long (0.004 in) ''[[Stygotantulus|Stygotantulus stocki]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Biodiversity and body size are linked across metazoans |author1=Craig R. McClain |author2=Alison G. Boyer |doi=10.1098/rspb.2009.0245 |pmc=2677615 |journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences]] |pmid=19324730 |date=June 22, 2009 |volume= 276|issue=1665 |pages=2209–2215 |bibcode=2009PBioS.276.2209M |url=}}</ref> Despite their diversity of form, crustaceans are united by the special [[larva]]l form known as the [[nauplius (larva)|nauplius]].

The exact relationships of the Crustacea to other taxa are not completely settled {{as of|2012|April|lc=yes}}. Studies based on morphology led to the [[Pancrustacea]] hypothesis,<ref>{{cite journal|author1=J. Zrzavý |author2=P. Štys |title=The basic body plan of arthropods: insights from evolutionary morphology and developmental biology |journal=[[Journal of Evolutionary Biology]] |date=May 1997 |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=353–367 |doi=10.1046/j.1420-9101.1997.10030353.x|s2cid=84906139 |doi-access=free }}</ref> in which Crustacea and [[Hexapoda]] ([[insect]]s and allies) are [[sister group]]s. More recent studies using [[DNA sequence]]s suggest that Crustacea is [[paraphyletic]], with the hexapods nested within a larger Pancrustacea [[clade]].<ref name="Regier">{{cite journal |author1=Jerome C. Regier |author2=Jeffrey W. Shultz |author3=Andreas Zwick |author4=April Hussey |author5=Bernard Ball |author6=Regina Wetzer |author7=Joel W. Martin |author8=Clifford W. Cunningham |date=February 25, 2010 |title=Arthropod relationships revealed by phylogenomic analysis of nuclear protein-coding sequences |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=463 |pages=1079–1083 |doi=10.1038/nature08742 |pmid=20147900 |issue=7284|bibcode = 2010Natur.463.1079R |s2cid=4427443 }}</ref><ref name=vonJennWillDell11>{{cite journal |author1=Björn M. von Reumont |author2=Ronald A. Jenner |author3=Matthew A. Wills |author4=Emiliano Dell'Ampio |author5=Günther Pass |author6=Ingo Ebersberger |author7=Benjamin Meyer |author8=Stefan Koenemann |author9=Thomas M. Iliffe |author10=Alexandros Stamatakis |author11=Oliver Niehuis |author12=Karen Meusemann |author13=Bernhard Misof |date=March 2012 |title=Pancrustacean phylogeny in the light of new phylogenomic data: support for Remipedia as the possible sister group of Hexapoda |journal=[[Molecular Biology and Evolution]] |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=1031–1045 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msr270 |pmid=22049065|doi-access=free }}</ref>

The traditional classification of Crustacea based on morphology recognised four to six classes.<ref name=Martin&Davis-2001>{{cite book |url=http://atiniui.nhm.org/pdfs/3839/3839.pdf |title=An Updated Classification of the Recent Crustacea |author1=Joel W. Martin |author2=George E. Davis |year=2001 |pages=1–132 |publisher=[[Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County]] |access-date=2009-12-14 |archive-date=2013-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512091254/http://atiniui.nhm.org/pdfs/3839/3839.pdf }}</ref> Bowman and Abele (1982) recognised 652 extant families and 38 orders, organised into six classes: [[Branchiopoda]], [[Remipedia]], [[Cephalocarida]], Maxillopoda, [[Ostracoda]], and [[Malacostraca]].<ref name=Martin&Davis-2001/> Martin and Davis (2001) updated this classification, retaining the six classes but including 849 extant families in 42 orders. Despite outlining the evidence that Maxillopoda was non-monophyletic, they retained it as one of the six classes, although did suggest that Maxillipoda could be replaced by elevating its subclasses to classes.<ref name=Huys-2003>{{cite journal |first=Rony |last=Huys |title=An Updated Classification of the Recent Crustacea |journal=Journal of Crustacean Biology |volume=23 |issue=2 |year=2003 |pages=495–497 |doi=10.1163/20021975-99990355 |department=review|doi-access=free |bibcode=2003JCBio..23..495H }}</ref> Since then phylogenetic studies have confirmed the polyphyly of Maxillopoda and the paraphyletic nature of Crustacea with respect to Hexapoda.<ref name="Oakley2013">{{cite journal |first1=Todd H. |last1=Oakley |first2=Joanna M. |last2=Wolfe |first3=Annie R. |last3=Lindgren |first4=Alexander K. |last4=Zaharoff |date=January 2013 |title=Phylotranscriptomics to bring the understudied into the fold: monophyletic ostracoda, fossil placement, and pancrustacean phylogeny |journal=[[Molecular Biology and Evolution]] |volume=30 |pages=215–233 |doi=10.1093/molbev/mss216 |pmid=22977117 |issue=1|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Schwentner-2017>{{cite journal|last1=Schwentner |first1=M |last2=Combosch |first2=DJ |last3=Nelson |first3=JP |last4=Giribet |first4=G |date=2017|title=A Phylogenomic Solution to the Origin of Insects by Resolving Crustacean-Hexapod Relationships|journal=Current Biology|volume=27|issue=12|pages=1818–1824.e5|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.040 |pmid=28602656|doi-access=free|bibcode=2017CBio...27E1818S }}</ref><ref name=Lozano-Fernandez>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/gbe/evz097|title=Pancrustacean Evolution Illuminated by Taxon-Rich Genomic-Scale Data Sets with an Expanded Remipede Sampling |year=2019 |last1=Lozano-Fernandez |first1=Jesus |last2=Giacomelli |first2=Mattia |last3=Fleming |first3=James F. |last4=Chen |first4=Albert |last5=Vinther |first5=Jakob |last6=Thomsen |first6=Philip Francis |last7=Glenner |first7=Henrik |last8=Palero |first8=Ferran |last9=Legg |first9=David A. |last10=Iliffe |first10=Thomas M. |last11=Pisani |first11=Davide |last12=Olesen |first12=Jørgen |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |volume=11 |issue=8 |pages=2055–2070 |pmid=31270537 |pmc=6684935 }}</ref><ref name=Bernot-2023>{{cite journal |last1=Bernot |first1=James P. |last2=Owen |first2=Christopher L. |last3=Wolfe |first3=Joanna M. |last4=Meland |first4=Kenneth |last5=Olesen |first5=Jørgen |last6=Crandall |first6=Keith A. |title=Major Revisions in Pancrustacean Phylogeny and Evidence of Sensitivity to Taxon Sampling |year=2023 |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=40 |issue=8 |article-number=msad175 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msad175 |pmid=37552897 |pmc=10414812 }}</ref> Recent classifications recognise ten to twelve classes in Crustacea or Pancrustacea, with several former maxillopod subclasses now recognised as classes (e.g. [[Thecostraca]], [[Tantulocarida]], [[Mystacocarida]], [[Copepoda]], [[Branchiura]] and [[Pentastomida]]).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brusca|first=Richard C. |title=Invertebrates |edition= 3rd |publisher=Sinauer Associates |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-60535-375-3 |location=Sunderland, MA |page=222}}</ref><ref name=Giribet-2020>{{cite book |last1=Giribet |first1=G. |last2=Edgecombe |first2=G.D. |title=The Invertebrate Tree of Life |year=2020 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |url={{GBurl|id=YHetDwAAQBAJ|p=21}} |page=21 |isbn=978-0-6911-7025-1 |access-date=27 May 2023 }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
! Class !! Members !! Orders !! Photo
|-
| '''[[Ostracoda]]''' || [[Seed shrimp]] || [[Myodocopida]] [[Halocyprida]] [[Platycopida]] [[Podocopida]] || [[File:Ostracod.JPG|200px|alt=A translucent, sculptured shell conceals a small animal. Some of its appendages extend beyond the shell.]] [[Cylindroleberididae]] ([[Myodocopida]])
|-
| '''[[Mystacocarida]]''' || [[Mystococarida]]ns || [[Mystococarida]]|| [[File:Mystacocarida-scale250um.jpg|200px|alt=A line drawing of a dorsal view of a small animal with many segments and appendages.]] ''[[Ctenocheilocaris galvarini]]''
|-
| '''[[Ichthyostraca]]''' (alternatively the subclasses [[Branchiura]] and [[Pentastomida]] may be recognised as classes) || [[Tongue worms]] and [[fish lice]]|| [[Cephalobaenida]] [[Porocephalida]] [[Raillietiellida]] [[Reighardiida]] [[Argulidae|Arguloida]]|| [[File:Armillifer_armillatus.jpg|200px|alt=A translucent, sculptured shell conceals a small animal. Some of its appendages extend beyond the shell.]] [[Armillifer armillatus]] ([[Porocephalida]])
|-
| '''[[Thecostraca]]''' || [[Facetotecta]] [[Ascothoracida]] [[Barnacles]] || [[Facetotecta]] [[Dendrogastrida]] [[Laurida]] [[Cryptophialida]] [[Lithoglyptida]] ''etc.'' || [[File:Balanus_perforatus_5551.JPG|200px|alt=A translucent, sculptured shell conceals a small animal. Some of its appendages extend beyond the shell.]] [[Perforatus|Perforatus perforatus]] ([[Cirripedia]])
|-
| '''[[Copepoda]]''' || [[Copepod]]s || [[Calanoida]] [[Polyarthra (crustacean)|Polyarthra]] [[Cyclopoida]] [[Gelyelloida]] [[Harpacticoida]] [[Misophrioida]] ''etc.'' || [[File:Copepodkils.jpg|200px|alt=A translucent, sculptured shell conceals a small animal. Some of its appendages extend beyond the shell.]] [[Cylindroleberididae]] ([[Calanoida]])
|-
| '''[[Tantulocarida]]''' || [[Tantulocaridian]]s|| || [[File:Tantulocaridan.jpg|200px|alt=Tantulus larva (''Microdajus'' sp.)]] ''[[Microdajus]]'' sp.
|-
| '''[[Malacostraca]]''' || [[Mantis shrimp]] [[decapoda|Decapod]]s [[Krill]] [[Isopoda|Isopods]] [[Hooded shrimp]] [[amphipoda|Amphipod]]s ''etc.'' || [[Mantis shrimp|Stomatopoda]] [[Decapoda]] [[Euphausiacea]] [[Isopoda]] [[Cumacea]] [[Amphipoda]] ''etc.'' || [[File:Ocypode-ceratophthalma-horned-ghost-crab-krabi-thailand.jpg|200px|alt=A small, curled-up animal has feathery appendages which it is holding at diverse angles.]] ''[[Ocypode ceratophthalma]]'' ([[Decapoda|Decapod]]a)
|-
| '''[[Cephalocarida]]''' || [[Horseshoe shrimp]] || [[Brachypoda]] || [[File:Hutchinsoniella macracantha (YPM IZ 003617.CR) 001.jpeg|200px|alt=]] ''[[Hutchinsoniella macracantha]]''
|-
| '''[[Branchiopoda]]''' || [[Fairy shrimp]] [[water flea|Water Fleas]] [[Tadpole shrimp]] [[Clam shrimp]] || [[Fairy shrimp|Anostraca]] [[Notostraca]] [[Laevicaudata]] [[Spinicaudata]] ''etc.''|| [[File:Skjoldkreps_(Lepidurus_arcticus).jpg|200px|alt=A microscopic, transparent, oval animal against a black background. The head has a large eye, antennae, and comes to a pointed beak. The rest of the animal is smooth round and fat, culminating in a pointed tail. The internal anatomy is apparent.]] ''[[Lepidurus arcticus]]'' ([[Notostraca]])
|-
| '''[[Remipedia]]''' || [[remipedia|Remipede]]s || [[Nectiopoda]] †[[Enantiopoda]]|| [[File:Speleonectes tanumekes unlabeled-rotated.png|200px|alt=]] ''[[Speleonectes tanumekes]]''
|-
| '''[[Hexapoda]]''' || [[Springtail]]s [[Protura]]ns [[Diplura]]ns [[Insect]]s || [[Odonata]] [[Orthoptera]] [[Coleoptera]] [[Neuroptera]] [[Hymenoptera]] ''etc.'' || [[File:Mantispa_styriaca_(9566952168).jpg|200px|alt=A translucent, sculptured shell conceals a small animal. Some of its appendages extend beyond the shell.]] ''[[Mantispa styriaca]]'' ([[Neuroptera]])
|}
The following cladogram shows the updated relationships between the different extant groups of the paraphyletic '''Crustacea''' in relation to the class [[Hexapoda]].<ref name=Schwentner-2017/>
{{clade
|grouplabel1='''Crustacea'''
|label1=[[Pancrustacea]]
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Oligostraca]]
|1={{clade
|1=[[Ostracod]]a |barbegin1=green
|2={{clade
|1=[[Mystacocarida]]|bar1=green
|label2=[[Ichthyostraca]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Branchiura]]|bar1=green
|2=[[Pentastomida]]|bar2=green
}}
}}
}}
|label2=[[Altocrustacea]]
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Multicrustacea]]
|1={{clade
|1=[[Malacostraca]] |bar1=green
|2={{clade
|1=[[Copepod]]a|bar1=green
|2={{clade
|1=[[Tantulocarida]]|bar1=green
|2=[[Thecostraca]]|bar2=green
}}
}}
}}
|label2=[[Allotriocarida]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Cephalocarida]]|bar1=green
|label2=[[Athalassocarida]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Branchiopoda]]  |bar1=green
|label2=[[Labiocarida]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Remipedia]]|barend1=green
|2=[[Hexapoda]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
According to this diagram, the Hexapoda are deep in the Crustacea tree, and any of the Hexapoda is distinctly closer to e.g. a Multicrustacean than an Oligostracan is.

==Fossil record==
[[File:Eryma mandelslohi (Krebs) - Oberer Brauner Jura - Bissingen unter Teck.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Eryma mandelslohi]]'', a fossil [[Decapoda|decapod]] from the [[Jurassic]] of [[Bissingen an der Teck]], [[Germany]]|alt=In a smooth grey block of stone, there is a brown fossil similar to a crayfish. Two long legs, each with a large claw extend forwards from the animal; one of the claws is held open.]]
Crustaceans have a rich and extensive [[fossil record]], most of the major groups of crustaceans appear in the fossil record before the end of the Cambrian, namely the [[Branchiopoda]], [[Maxillopoda]] (including [[barnacle]]s and [[Pentastomida|tongue worms]]) and [[Malacostraca]]; there is some debate as to whether or not Cambrian animals assigned to Ostracoda are truly [[ostracod]]s, which would otherwise start in the [[Ordovician]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/ostracod.html |title=Ostracods |publisher=[[University College, London]] |work=An insight into micropalaeontology |first= Matthew |last= Olney |access-date=2016-09-10}}</ref> The only classes to appear later are the [[Cephalocarida]],<ref>{{cite book |first=R. R. |last=Hessler |year=1984 |chapter=Cephalocarida: living fossil without a fossil record |editor1=N. Eldredge |editor2=S. M. Stanley |title=Living Fossils |publisher=Springer Verlag |location=New York |pages=181–186 |chapter-url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=yeU1zmMkAtgC}}|isbn=978-3-540-90957-6}}</ref> which have no fossil record, and the [[Remipedia]], which were first described from the fossil ''[[Tesnusocaris|Tesnusocaris goldichi]]'', but do not appear until the [[Carboniferous]].<ref>{{cite journal |first1= Stefan |last1= Koenemann |first2= Frederick R.| last2= Schram |author-link= Frederick Schram |first3= Mario |last3= Hönemann |first4= Thomas M.| last4= Iliffe |date=12 April 2007 |title=Phylogenetic analysis of Remipedia (Crustacea) |journal=Organisms Diversity & Evolution |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=33–51 |doi=10.1016/j.ode.2006.07.001|bibcode= 2007ODivE...7...33K }}</ref> Most of the early crustaceans are rare, but fossil crustaceans become abundant from the [[Carboniferous period]] onwards.<ref name="bris">{{cite web |url= http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles/Fossilgroups/Crustacea/fossils.html |title=Fossil Record |work=Fossil Groups: Crustacea |publisher= [[University of Bristol]] |access-date=2016-09-10 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160907045729/http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles/Fossilgroups/Crustacea/fossils.html |archive-date=2016-09-07 }}</ref>

Within the Malacostraca, no fossils are known for [[krill]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aad.gov.au/default.asp?casid=1680 |title=Antarctic Prehistory |publisher=[[Australian Antarctic Division]] |date=July 29, 2008 |access-date=February 25, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930064352/http://www.aad.gov.au/default.asp?casid=1680 |archive-date=September 30, 2009 }}</ref> while both [[Hoplocarida]] and [[Phyllopoda]] contain important groups that are now extinct as well as extant members (Hoplocarida: [[mantis shrimp]] are extant, while [[Aeschronectida]] are extinct;<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[Contributions to Zoology]] |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=155–186 |year=1998 |title=Palaeo- and archaeostomatopods (Hoplocarida: Crustacea) from the Bear Gulch Limestone, Mississippian (Namurian), of central Montana |first1= Ronald A.| last1= Jenner |first2= Cees H. J.| last2= Hof |first3= Frederick R. |last3= Schram |doi=10.1163/18759866-06703001 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Phyllopoda: [[Canadaspidida]] are extinct, while [[Leptostraca]] are extant).<ref name="Briggs1978">{{cite journal |first= Derek |last= Briggs |author-link=Derek Briggs |date=January 23, 1978 |title=The morphology, mode of life, and affinities of ''Canadaspis perfecta'' (Crustacea: Phyllocarida), Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society|Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B]] |volume=281 |issue=984 |pages=439–487 |doi=10.1098/rstb.1978.0005|bibcode = 1978RSPTB.281..439B |doi-access= }}</ref> [[Cumacea]] and [[Isopoda]] are both known from the [[Carboniferous]],<ref>{{cite journal |first1= Frederick |last1= Schram |first2= Cees H. J.|last2= Hof |first3= Royal H.| last3= Mapes |first4= Polly |last4= Snowdon |name-list-style=amp |year=2003 |url= http://dpc.uba.uva.nl/ctz/vol72/nr01/art01 |title=Paleozoic cumaceans (Crustacea, Malacostraca, Peracarida) from North America |journal=[[Contributions to Zoology]] |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=1–16|doi=10.1163/18759866-07201001 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first= Frederick R. |last= Schram |date=August 28, 1970 |title=Isopod from the Pennsylvanian of Illinois |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=169 |issue=3948 |pages=854–855 |doi=10.1126/science.169.3948.854 |pmid=5432581 |bibcode= 1970Sci...169..854S|s2cid=31851291 }}</ref> as are the first true mantis shrimp.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Fossil stomatopods (Crustacea: Malacostraca) and their phylogenetic impact |first= Cees H. J.| last= Hof |doi=10.1080/00222939800771101 |journal=[[Journal of Natural History]] |volume=32 |issue=10 & 11 |year=1998 |pages=1567–1576|bibcode= 1998JNatH..32.1567H}}</ref> In the [[Decapoda]], [[Dendrobranchiata|prawns]] and [[Polychelida|polychelids]] appear in the Triassic,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles/Fossilgroups/Decapoda/dendrobranchiata.html |title=Dendrobranchiata |publisher=[[University of Bristol]] |work=Order Decapoda |first= Robert P. D.| last= Crean |date=November 14, 2004 |access-date=February 25, 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120229170005/http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles/Fossilgroups/Decapoda/dendrobranchiata.html |archive-date=February 29, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://joi.jlc.jst.go.jp/JST.JSTAGE/prpsj/7.357 |first1= Hiroaki |last1= Karasawa |first2=Fumio |last2= Takahashi |first3= Eiji |last3= Doi |first4= Hideo |last4= Ishida |year=2003 |title=First notice of the family Coleiidae Van Straelen (Crustacea: Decapoda: Eryonoides) from the upper Triassic of Japan |journal=Paleontological Research |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=357–362 |doi=10.2517/prpsj.7.357|s2cid=129330859 |doi-access=free |bibcode= 2003PalRe...7..357K |url-access=subscription }}</ref> and [[Caridea|shrimp]] and [[crab]]s appear in the [[Jurassic]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Two new caridean shrimps, one representing a new family, from marine pools on Ascension Island (Crustacea: Decapoda: Natantia) |first1= Fenner A. Jr.| last1= Chace | first2= Raymond B.|last2= Manning |s2cid=53067015 |author2-link= Raymond B. Manning |journal=[[Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology]] |year=1972 |volume=131 |issue=131 |pages=1–18 |doi= 10.5479/si.00810282.131}}</ref><ref name="Wägele"/> The fossil burrow ''[[Ophiomorpha]]'' is attributed to ghost shrimps, whereas the fossil burrow ''Camborygma'' is attributed to crayfishes. The Permian–Triassic deposits of Nurra preserve the oldest (Permian: Roadian) fluvial burrows ascribed to ghost shrimps (Decapoda: Axiidea, Gebiidea) and crayfishes (Decapoda: Astacidea, Parastacidea), respectively.<ref>{{cite journal| last1= Baucon| first1= A.| last2= Ronchi| first2= A.| last3= Felletti| first3= F.| last4= Neto de Carvalho| first4= C.| year= 2014| title= Evolution of Crustaceans at the edge of the end-Permian crisis: ichnonetwork analysis of the fluvial succession of Nurra (Permian-Triassic, Sardinia, Italy)| journal= Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology| volume= 410| page= 74| doi= 10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.05.034| bibcode= 2014PPP...410...74B| url= http://www.tracemaker.com/portfolio/evolution-of-crustaceans-at-the-edge-of-the-end-permian-crisis-ichnonetwork-analysis-of-the-fluvial-succession-of-nurra-permian-triassic-sardinia-italy/| access-date= May 19, 2022| archive-date= July 6, 2022| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220706111428/https://www.tracemaker.com/portfolio/evolution-of-crustaceans-at-the-edge-of-the-end-permian-crisis-ichnonetwork-analysis-of-the-fluvial-succession-of-nurra-permian-triassic-sardinia-italy/| url-access= subscription}}</ref>

However, the great radiation of crustaceans occurred in the [[Cretaceous]], particularly in crabs, and may have been driven by the [[adaptive radiation]] of their main predators, [[bony fish]].<ref name="Wägele">{{cite journal |first= J. W.| last= Wägele |date=December 1989 |title=On the influence of fishes on the evolution of benthic crustaceans |journal=[[Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung]] |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=297–309 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0469.1989.tb00352.x|doi-access=free }}</ref> The first true [[lobster]]s also appear in the Cretaceous.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[Journal of Paleontology]] |year=2005 |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=961–968 |doi= 10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079[0961:HAANSO]2.0.CO;2 |title=''Hoploparia albertaensis'', a new species of clawed lobster (Nephropidae) from the Late Coniacean, shallow-marine Bad Heart Formation of northwestern Alberta, Canada |first1=Dale |last1= Tshudy |first2= W. Steven |last2= Donaldson |first3= Christopher |last3= Collom |first4= Rodney M. |last4= Feldmann |first5= Carrie E.| last5= Schweitzer |s2cid=131067067 | display-authors= 3}}</ref>

== Consumption by humans ==
[[File:Shrimps at market in Valencia.jpg|thumb|right|[[Norway lobster]]s on sale at a Spanish market|alt=A heap of small pink lobsters on their sides, with their claws extended forwards towards the camera.]]
Many crustaceans are consumed by humans, and nearly 10,700,000 [[ton]]s were harvested in 2007; the vast majority of this output is of [[Decapoda|decapod crustaceans]]: [[crab]]s, [[lobster]]s, [[shrimp]], [[crawfish]], and [[Dendrobranchiata|prawns]].<ref name="FAO">{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/TabLandArea?tb_ds=Production&tb_mode=TABLE&tb_act=SELECT&tb_grp=COUNTRY |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |access-date=2016-09-10|title=FIGIS: Global Production Statistics 1950–2007}}</ref> Over 60% by weight of all crustaceans caught for consumption are shrimp and prawns, and nearly 80% is produced in Asia, with China alone producing nearly half the world's total.<ref name="FAO"/> Non-decapod crustaceans are not widely consumed, with only 118,000 tons of [[krill]] being caught,<ref name="FAO"/> despite krill having one of the greatest [[Biomass (ecology)|biomasses]] on the planet.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Steven |last1=Nicol |first2=Yoshinari |last2=Endo |url=http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/W5911E/W5911E00.HTM |series=Fisheries Technical Paper |volume=367 |title=Krill Fisheries of the World |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |year=1997 |isbn=978-92-5-104012-6}}</ref>

{{Clear}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Crustaceans}}
* [[Pain in crustaceans]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{cite book |first = Frederick |last=Schram |author-link= Frederick Schram |title=Crustaceans|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=tm8WAQAAIAAJ}}|isbn=978-0-19-503742-5 |publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1986}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Powers |first=Matthew J. |last2=Hill |first2=Geoffrey E. |last3=Weaver |first3=Ryan J. |date=March 2020 |editor-last=Goymann |editor-first=Wolfgang |title=An experimental test of mate choice for red carotenoid coloration in the marine copepod Tigriopus californicus |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/eth.12976 |journal=Ethology |language=en |volume=126 |issue=3 |pages=344–352 |doi=10.1111/eth.12976 |issn=0179-1613}} An experimental test of mate choice for red carotenoid coloration in the marine copepod Tigriopus californicus]

==External links==
{{Commons category|Crustacea}}
{{Wikispecies|Crustacea}}
*{{Wikisource-inline|list=
**{{cite Americana|Crustacea |title=Encyclopedia Americana - Wikipedia |volume=8 |noicon=x |short=x}}
**{{Cite NIE |last=Clark |first=Hubert Lyman |last2=Ingersoll |first2=Ernest |author-link=Hubert Lyman Clark |author2-link=Ernest Ingersoll |wstitle=Crustacea |volume=5 |noicon=x |short=x}}
}}
*[http://www.crustacea.net Crustacea.net, an online resource on the biology of crustaceans]
*[http://crustacea.nhm.org/ Crustacea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009123630/http://crustacea.nhm.org/|date=October 9, 2007}}: [[Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County]]
*[http://www.tolweb.org/Crustacea/2529 Crustacea]: [[Tree of Life Web Project]]
*[http://web.vims.edu/tcs/?svr=www The Crustacean Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110110156/http://web.vims.edu/tcs/?svr=www |date=2011-11-10 }}
*[http://www.nhc.ed.ac.uk/index.php?page=24.25.312.330.363 Natural History Collections: Crustacea]: [[University of Edinburgh]]
*[http://www.wildsingapore.com/wildfacts/crustacea/crustacea.htm Crustaceans (Crustacea) on the shore of Singapore]
*[http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/mm/crustacea/ Crustacea(crabs, lobsters, shrimps, prawns, barnacles)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111120955/http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/mm/crustacea/ |date=2012-01-11 }}: Biodiversity Explorer

{{Arthropods}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q25364}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Good article}}

[[Category:Crustaceans| ]]

[[Category:Cambrian Series 2 first appearances]]
[[Category:Extant Cambrian first appearances]]
[[Category:Paraphyletic groups]]
[[Category:Pancrustacea]]

Dr. B. R. Ambedkar State Institute of Medical Sciences

2026-03-18T16:21:45Z

CharliKayser97:

{{Infobox university
| name = Dr. B.R. Ambedkar State Institute of Medical Sciences
| other_name = Mohali Medical College AIMS Mohali
| image = Dr._B.R._Ambedkar_State_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences_logo.png
| image_size = 200px
| type = [[Medical College]] and hospital
| established = {{start date and age|2021}}
| head_label = Director-Principal
| head = Dr. Navdeep Singh Saini
| address = [[Mohali]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| country = India
| colors =
| affiliations = [[Baba Farid University of Health Sciences]]
| logo =
| website = https://aimsmohali.punjab.gov.in/
}}

'''Dr. B.R. Ambedkar State Institute of Medical Sciences''' ('''AIMS Mohali''') is a [[public]] tertiary [[medical college]] and hospital located in [[Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar|SAS Nagar (Mohali)]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]. Established in 2021, the institute offers the undergraduate medical degree of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS).<ref>{{cite web|title=Punjab: First MBBS batch in, BR Ambedkar State Institute of Medical Sciences session starts|date=11 April 2022 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/sas-nagar-mohali/punjab-first-mbbs-batch-br-ambedkar-state-institute-of-medical-sciences-session-starts-7863156/|access-date=4 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Welcome ceremony held for medical students at Dr BR Ambedkar State Institute of Medical Sciences at Mohali|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/ceremony-held-for-medical-students-369977|access-date=4 November 2022}}</ref> The college is recognized by [[National Medical Commission]] and is affiliated with the [[Baba Farid University of Health Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Colleges, National Medical Commission|url=https://www.nmc.org.in/information-desk/for-students-to-study-in-india/list-of-college-teaching-mbbs/}}</ref> Like all other Indian medical colleges, student admission in this college happens on the basis of merit through [[National Eligibility and Entrance Test]]. The hospital associated with this college is one of the largest hospitals in [[Mohali]].

==Courses==
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar State Institute of Medical Sciences undertakes the education and training of students in MBBS courses.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Colleges affiliated to Baba Farid University of Health Sciences}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2021]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:2021 establishments in Punjab, India]]

{{India-hospital-stub}}
{{PunjabIN-university-stub}}

India men's national basketball team

2026-03-17T14:57:52Z

CharliKayser97: Article updated with latest changes

{{Short description|none}} 
{{About||the women's team|India women's national basketball team|3x3 men's team|India men's national 3x3 team}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox national basketball team
| country = India
| national_fed = [[Basketball Federation of India]]
| fiba_zone = FIBA Asia
| joined_fiba = 1936
| coach = [[Scott Flemming]]
| nickname =
| logo = Indian Basketball.png
| logo_width =
| fiba_ranking = {{FIBA World Rankings|IND}}
| oly_appearances = 1
| wc_appearances =
| zone_championship2 = [[FIBA Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]
| zone_appearances2 = 27
| zone_medals2 =
| zone_championship3 = [[SABA Championship|South Asian Championship]]
| zone_appearances3 = 6
| zone_medals3 = [[File:Simple gold cup.svg|20px]] ([[SABA Championship#Summary|2002]], [[2014 SABA Championship|2014]], [[2015 SABA Championship|2015]], [[2016 SABA Championship|2016]], [[2017 SABA Championship|2017]], [[2021 SABA Championship|2021]])
| h_pattern_b = _orangesides
| h_body=ffffff
| h_shorts=ffffff
| h_pattern_s=_orangesides
| a_pattern_b = _orangesides
| a_body=0038F8
| a_shorts=0038F8
| a_pattern_s=_orangesides
|medaltemplates=
{{MedalCount
|total=yes
|[[SABA Championship]]|6|0|0
|[[Basketball at the Lusofonia Games|Lusofonia Games]]|1|0|0
|[[Basketball at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]]|4|1|0
}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Basketball at the Lusofonia Games|Lusofonia Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[Basketball at the 2014 Lusofonia Games – Men's tournament|2014 Goa]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Basketball at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1987 South Asian Games|1987 Calcutta]]|}}
{{MedalGold|[[1991 South Asian Games|1991 Colombo]]|}}
{{MedalGold|[[1995 South Asian Games|1995 Madras]]|}}
{{MedalGold|[[2019 South Asian Games|2019 Kathmandu]]|}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2010 South Asian Games|2010 Dhaka]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[SABA Championship|South Asian Championship]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[SABA Championship#Summary|2002 India]]|}}
{{MedalGold|[[2014 SABA Championship|2014 Nepal]]|}}
{{MedalGold|[[2015 SABA Championship|2015 India]]|}}
{{MedalGold|[[2016 SABA Championship|2016 India]]|}}
{{MedalGold|[[2017 SABA Championship|2017 Maldives]]|}}
{{MedalGold|[[2021 SABA Championship|2021 Bangladesh]]|}}
}}
The '''India men's national basketball team''' represents [[India]] in international [[basketball]]. It is governed by the [[Basketball Federation of India]].<ref name="fiba.com">[https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fc/FIBA/fibaStru/nfLeag/nfProf.asp?nationalFederationNumber=301] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213204636/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fc/FIBA/fibaStru/nfLeag/nfProf.asp?nationalFederationNumber=301|date=13 February 2012}} FIBA.com – National Federations & Leagues</ref>

A 1936 founding member of [[FIBA Asia]],<ref>Jai Prakash, [https://cricket.yahoo.com/news/indian-basketball-team-feature-dubai-075600326.html "Indian basketball team to feature in Dubai tournament"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208080444/https://cricket.yahoo.com/news/indian-basketball-team-feature-dubai-075600326.html |date=8 December 2015 }}, Yahoo Cricket India, 3 June 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2015.</ref> India has one of Asia's longest basketball traditions. Throughout its history, Team India qualified for the [[FIBA Asia Championship]] 26 times and is placed in the top five in appearances in this tournament. Further, India's basketball team won four gold medals and one silver medal at the [[Basketball at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]] and is the most successful team in the [[South Asian]] region. India have also won the [[SABA Championship]] six times.<ref>[http://www.gz2010.cn/10/0104/13/5S6HG3UF007801VF.html Pakistan basketball team named for 11th South Asian Games] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323155759/http://www.gz2010.cn/10/0104/13/5S6HG3UF007801VF.html |date=23 March 2018 }}, gz2010.cn, accessed 25 March 2012.</ref> Team India celebrated its victory at the [[Basketball at the 2014 Lusophony Games – Men's tournament|2014 Lusofonia Games]] after they finished the tournament with a 4–0 record as they beat 11–time African Champions [[Angola national basketball team|Angola]] in the final.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ekalavyas.com/2014/01/27/live-india-vs-angola-men-gold-medal-match/ |title=Lusofonia Games '14: Indian men win historic gold; Women settle for bronze – Ekalavyas &#124; Ekalavyas |access-date=3 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406031319/http://ekalavyas.com/2014/01/27/live-india-vs-angola-men-gold-medal-match/ |archive-date=6 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Its most famous moment came at the [[2014 FIBA Asia Cup]] with the win against home favorites and most successful Asian team [[China men's national basketball team|China]] by seven points.<ref name="fiba.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fibalivestats.com/matches/4142/12/10/59/50lXLHtjAYWWo/|title=FIBA LiveStats|website=www.fibalivestats.com|access-date=1 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209072355/http://www.fibalivestats.com/matches/4142/12/10/59/50lXLHtjAYWWo|archive-date=9 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> This win has been labelled as the biggest basketball win in the nation's history.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ekalavyas.com/2014/07/12/live-india-vs-china-5th-fiba-asia-cup-men/ |title=5th FIBA Asia Cup: India beats China for biggest basketball win in the nation's history – Ekalavyas &#124; Ekalavyas |access-date=3 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504023106/http://ekalavyas.com/2014/07/12/live-india-vs-china-5th-fiba-asia-cup-men/ |archive-date=4 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==History==
India appeared at the international stage for the first time ever at the [[Asian Games]] in the [[Basketball at the 1951 Asian Games|1951]] edition and the [[FIBA Asia Cup|Asian Championships]] at the [[1965 ABC Championship|1965 Asian Basketball Championship]] where it started out as moderately competitive. India became a regular at the event and had their most successful tournament in [[1975 ABC Championship|1975]] when the team even reached the final four.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid//sid/2447/_/1975_FIBA_Asia_Championship_for_Men/index.html | publisher=FIBA | title=1975 Asian Championship for men | access-date=26 November 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224092729/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid/sid/2447/_/1975_FIBA_Asia_Championship_for_Men/index.html | archive-date=24 December 2009 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nba.com/india/news/howard_tour_100804.html |title=Howard tour;NBA archived posts |website=[[NBA.com]] |access-date=4 April 2013 |archive-date=9 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509222138/http://www.nba.com/india/news/howard_tour_100804.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Plagued by a lack of popularity and support for basketball at home, at times, India faded into oblivion and only had a handful of successful performances.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/indian-basketball-team-national-history-olympics-asian-basketball-championships|title=Indian basketball team: A topsy-turvy trail|access-date=9 March 2023}}</ref> Its most noteworthy tournament appearance was at the [[Basketball at the 1980 Summer Olympics|1980 Summer Olympics]] when the team got its chance to represent Asia due to the cancellations of some teams who took part in the [[American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/football/world-cup-captain-kuntala-ghosh-dastidar-ignores-noise-38102?infinitescroll=1|title=The first and last time India played basketball at the Olympics|date=18 December 2022 |access-date=9 March 2023}}</ref> A few of the world's top basketball powers at that time (such as the [[United States national basketball team|United States]] and [[Canada men's national basketball team|Canada]]) withdrew from the tournament. India finished 12th out of 12 in the Olympics after getting knocked out in the preliminary round by losing all three of their matches and then losing all five of their matches in the Classification round.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportingnews.com/in/nba/news/basketball-at-1980-olympics-indias-road-to-qualification-roster-results-top-performers/1nthmw871o22a1dc04ot7c1c2z#:~:text=Who%20was%20on%20India's%20roster,Hanuman%20Rathore%2C%20and%20Harbhajan%20Singh.|title=Basketball at 1980 Olympics: India's road to qualification, roster, results, top performers and more|date=23 July 2021 |access-date=9 March 2023}}</ref>

While the results did not go India's way one game in particular caught the attention of everyone.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/news/asiacup-2021-news-how-did-india-play-at-the-1980-summer-olympics|title=How did India play at the 1980 Summer Olympics?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportingnews.com/in/nba/news/basketball-at-1980-olympics-indias-road-to-qualification-roster-results-top-performers/1nthmw871o22a1dc04ot7c1c2z|title=Basketball at 1980 Olympics: India's road to qualification, roster, results, top performers and more}}</ref> India played against the [[Australia men's national basketball team|Australian Team]], one of the world's top basketball teams. India, which was made up solely of voluntary basketball players competed against the elite team of [[Australia men's national basketball team|Australia]] for almost the whole game until it finally ceded to [[the Boomers]] 75–93 after leading at halftime 41–37.<ref>[http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/game/p/gid/10/grid/X/rid/727/sid/2940/tid/301/_/1980_Olympic_Games_Tournament_for_Men/statistic.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203000503/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/game/p/gid/10/grid/X/rid/727/sid/2940/tid/301/_/1980_Olympic_Games_Tournament_for_Men/statistic.html|date=3 February 2016}} FIBA: 1980 Olympic Games : Tournament for Men, archives.fiba.com, accessed 17 October 2011.</ref>

Many Indian players also made headlines while in the [[Soviet Union]] as well. [[Ajmer Singh (basketball)|Ajmer Singh]] gained worldwide attention as he was amongst the top 10 shooters there and became the 10th best pivot player in the tournament there.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fiba.basketball/asiacup/2021/news/how-did-india-play-at-the-1980-summer-olympics|title=Indian basketball team at the 1980 Olympics|access-date=10 May 2021}}</ref> The late 90s saw the emergence of [[Sozhasingarayer Robinson]], the first Indian basketball player who gained considerable international attention. Robinson led India to a surprising victory over [[South Korea national basketball team|South Korea]], one of Asia's top teams.<ref>http://www.taiwanhoops.com/2004/11/stankovic-cup-day-4-robinsons-36-leads.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403153536/http://www.taiwanhoops.com/2004/11/stankovic-cup-day-4-robinsons-36-leads.html |date=3 April 2012 }} Taiwan Hoops – Stankovic Cup Day 4 – Robinson's 36 leads India upset Korea, 81–76, taiwanhoops.com, written 24 November 2004, accessed 13 October 2011.</ref> In 2005, however, Robinson complained that the structure and support for basketball in India was still mediocre and government officials did not do enough to support the sport. As a protest, he retired from the national team.<ref>http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/04/stories/2007120411292200.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225111343/http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/04/stories/2007120411292200.htm|date=25 February 2011}} The Hindu – Sport / Basketball : Robinson not to play for India, TN, Hindu.com, written 4 December 2007, accessed 15 October 2011.</ref>

At the [[2011 FIBA Asia Championship]] India was coached by former [[Sacramento Kings]] head coach [[Kenny Natt]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/interviews/Im-here-to-create-a-superstar-says-Indias-NBA-coach-Kenny-Natt/articleshow/8853690.cms|title=I'm here to create a superstar, says India's NBA coach Kenny Natt|access-date=1 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105170018/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-14/interviews/29656175_1_basketball-federation-nba-player-coaching-basketball|archive-date=5 November 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 June 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012, former NBA D-League and U.S. college coach, Scott Flemming, took over the team.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/scott-flemming-named-india-s-basketball-coach-112111905030_1.html|title=Scott Flemming named India's basketball coach}}</ref> Under his supervision, the team won the [[South Asia Basketball Championship|South Asia Championship]] in 2014. India had two wins and finished 3 places higher (11th) in the [[2013 FIBA Asia Championship]] than in [[2011 FIBA Asia Championship|2011]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://wuhan2011.fibaasia.net/ScheduleResults.aspx |title=26th FIBA Asia Championship : Schedule & Results |access-date=21 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019055314/http://wuhan2011.fibaasia.net/ScheduleResults.aspx |archive-date=19 October 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2014, the ''Young Cagers'' (as team India is often nicknamed) won the [[Basketball at the Lusophony Games|Lusofonia games]] with wins over [[Guinea-Bissau national basketball team|Guinea-Bissau]], [[Cape Verde national basketball team|Cape Verde]], and [[Angola national basketball team|Angola]] in the gold medal game. This was Team India's first title ever in a non-Asian competition. In the [[2014 FIBA Asia Cup]] India pulled off the biggest win in their 80-year history by defeating China on their home court 65–58. The establishment of a professional league was a major step in continuing this recent success.<ref>{{cite news|url=
https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/indian-national-basketball-league-from-january-4/article37568803.ece|title=Indian National Basketball League from January 4|newspaper=The Hindu |date=18 November 2021 |access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.nba.com/news/bfi-launch-inbl/17tco84f47iym1abywanqrsyck|title=BFI launch INBL (Indian National Basketball League), aim to take sport to higher standards across all formats|date=19 November 2021 |access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref> India continued their dominance in South Asia by winning further [[SABA Championship|South Asian Championships]] in [[2015 SABA Championship|2015]], [[2016 SABA Championship|2016]], [[2017 SABA Championship|2017]] and [[2021 SABA Championship|2021]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/india-wins-saba-championship-for-sixth-time-hands-crushing-defeat-to-bangladesh|title=India Men's Basketball Team Win SABA Championship For Sixth Time|date=19 November 2021 |access-date=24 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/basketball/india-basketball-saba-championships-sixth-time-26748?infinitescroll=1|title=Indian men's team wins South Asian Basketball Association C'ships for sixth time|date=19 November 2021 |access-date=24 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/saba-championship-2021-basketball-india-vs-bangladesh-result|title=India crowned SABA Championship basketball winners for the sixth time|access-date=24 December 2023}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="160px">
File:Kanteerava Indoor 40.JPG|The [[Kanteerava Indoor Stadium]] hosted the [[SABA Championship]] in 2015 and 2016. India won the gold medal on both occasions. Team India has frequently used the facility for training sessions<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 22, 2002|first=S. |last=Kushala |title=Do we need one more stadium?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Do-we-need-one-more-stadium-/articleshow/10696192.cms|access-date=2020-06-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
File:Satnam Singh Bhamara.jpg|[[Satnam Singh Bhamara]] (left) with the Indian national team in 2013
File:Vishesh Bhriguvanshi.JPG|[[Vishesh Bhriguvanshi]]
File:Anoop Mukkanniyil.jpeg|[[Anoop Mukkanniyil]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/161840-anoop-mukkanniyil|title=Anoop MUKKANNIYI|access-date=24 December 2023}}</ref>
File:Akilan Pari.JPG|[[Akilan Pari]]
File:Rikin Pethani.JPG|[[Rikin Pethani]]
File:Trideep Rai.JPG|Trideep Rai<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/161844-trideep-rai|title=Trideep Rai|access-date=24 December 2023}}</ref>
File:Yadwinder Singh.JPG|[[Yadwinder Singh]]
File:Riyaz Uddin.jpeg|Riyaz Uddin<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/161845-riyaz-uddin|title=Riyaz UDDIN|access-date=24 December 2023}}</ref>
</gallery>

==Performance record==
===Olympics===
{{Main|Basketball at the Summer Olympics}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Year !! Host !! Position !! M !! W !! L !! PF !! PA !! PD
|-
|[[Basketball at the 1980 Summer Olympics|1980]]||{{flagicon|USSR}} [[Moscow]], [[Soviet Union]]||12th||7||0||7||458||797||−339
|-
! colspan=2|Total !! 1/21 !! 7 !! 0 !! 7 !! 458 !! 797 !! −339
|}

===Commonwealth Games===
{{Main|Basketball at the Commonwealth Games}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Year !! Host !! Position !! M !! W !! L !! PF !! PA !! PD
|-
|[[Basketball at the 2006 Commonwealth Games|2006]]||style="text-align: left; padding-left: 20px;"| {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]]||8th||5||0||5||304||474||−170
|-
|[[Basketball at the 2018 Commonwealth Games|2018]]||style="text-align: left; padding-left: 20px;"| {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]], [[Australia]]||8th||3||0||3||222||292||−70
|-
! colspan=2|Total !! 2/2 !! 8 !! 0 !! 8 !! 526 !! 766 !! −240
|}

===Asian Games===
{{Main|Basketball at the Asian Games}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Year !! Host !! Position !! M !! W !! L !! PF !! PA !! PD
|-style="background:#9acdff;"
|[[Basketball at the 1951 Asian Games|1951]]
| {{flagicon|India}} [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
|'''4th'''||4||1||3||184||266||−82
|-
|[[Basketball at the 1970 Asian Games|1970]]
| {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]]
|6th||8||2||6||478||560||−82
|-
|[[Basketball at the 1982 Asian Games|1982]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
|8th||9||2||7||739||651||+88
|-
|[[Basketball at the 2006 Asian Games|2006]]
| {{flagicon|Qatar}} [[Doha]], [[Qatar]]
|17th||2||0||2||0||40||−40
|-
|[[Basketball at the 2010 Asian Games|2010]]
| {{flagicon|China}} [[Guangzhou]], [[China]]
|11th||6||1||5||375||507||−132
|-
|[[Basketball at the 2014 Asian Games|2014]]
| {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Incheon]], [[South Korea]]
|9th||5||2||3||353||344||+9
|-
! colspan=2|Total !! 6/19 !! 34 !! 8 !! 26 !! 2129 !! 2368 !! −239
|}
* ''1970: JPN - IND (No Data)''
* ''1982: DPRK - IND (No Data)''
* ''2006: Withdraw''

===Asia Cup===
{{main|FIBA Asia Cup}}

Source:<ref>http://www.todor66.com/basketball/Asia/Zones.html</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;
! Year
! Rank
! Played
! Won
! Lost
! PF
! PA
! PD
|-
|{{flagicon|PHI}} [[1960 ABC Championship|1960]]
|rowspan=2 colspan=7|''Did not enter''
|-
|{{flagicon|ROC}} [[1963 ABC Championship|1963]]
|-
|{{flagicon|MAS}} [[1965 ABC Championship|1965]]
| 7th
| 7
| 4
| 3
| 491
| 542
| −51
|-
|{{flagicon|KOR}} [[1967 ABC Championship|1967]]
| 6th
| 9
| 5
| 4
| 709
| 797
| −88
|-
|{{flagicon|THA}} [[1969 ABC Championship|1969]]
| 5th
| 8
| 4
| 4
| 748
| 720
| +28
|-
|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[1971 ABC Championship|1971]]
| 6th
| 8
| 3
| 5
| 563
| 632
| −69
|-
|{{flagicon|PHI}} [[1973 ABC Championship|1973]]
| 6th
| 10
| 3
| 7
| 744
| 902
| −158
|-style="background:#9acdff;"
|{{flagicon|THA}} [[1975 ABC Championship|1975]]
| '''4th'''
| 8
| 5
| 3
| 754
| 728
| +26
|-
|{{flagicon|MAS}} [[1977 ABC Championship|1977]]
| 7th
| 9
| 7
| 2
| 957
| 776
| +181
|-
|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[1979 ABC Championship|1979]]
| 5th
| 7
| 3
| 4
| 539
| 604
| −65
|- style="border: 3px solid red"
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[1981 ABC Championship|1981]]
| 5th
| 7
| 3
| 4
| 521
| 511
| +10
|-
|{{flagicon|HKG|1959}} [[1983 ABC Championship|1983]]
| 6th
| 5
| 2
| 3
| 298
| 310
| −12
|-
|{{flagicon|MAS}} [[1985 ABC Championship|1985]]
| 10th
| 6 || 3 || 3 || 585 || 459||+126
|-
|{{flagicon|THA}} [[1987 ABC Championship|1987]]|| 6th || 7 || 2 || 5 || 518 || 608 || −90
|-
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[1989 ABC Championship|1989]]|| 6th || 6 || 2 || 4 || 472 || 520 || −48
|-
|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[1991 ABC Championship|1991]]|| 13th || 7 || 2 || 5 || 575 || 596 || −21
|-
|{{flagicon|INA}} [[1993 ABC Championship|1993]]
|colspan=7|''Did not enter''
|-
|{{flagicon|KOR}} [[1995 ABC Championship|1995]]|| 13th || 8 || 4 || 4 || 537 || 558 || −21
|-
|{{flagicon|KSA}} [[1997 ABC Championship|1997]]|| 11th || 6 || 3 || 3 || 433 || 409 ||+24
|-
|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[1999 ABC Championship|1999]]
|colspan=7|''Did not enter''
|-
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[2001 ABC Championship|2001]]|| 8th || 6 || 1 || 5 || 406 || 508 || −102
|-
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[2003 ABC Championship|2003]]|| 8th || 7 || 2 || 5 || 551|| 678 || −127
|-
|{{flagicon|QAT}} [[2005 FIBA Asia Championship|2005]]|| 12th || 7 || 3 || 4 || 545 || 578 ||−33
|-
|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[2007 FIBA Asia Championship|2007]]|| 15th || 7 || 2 || 5 || 468 || 627 ||−159
|-
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[2009 FIBA Asia Championship|2009]]
| 13th
| 5
| 2
| 3
| 371
| 415
| −44
|-
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[2011 FIBA Asia Championship|2011]]
| 14th
| 5
| 1
| 4
| 283
| 310
| −27
|-
|{{flagicon|PHI}} [[2013 FIBA Asia Championship|2013]]
| 11th
| 8
| 2
| 6
| 532
| 641
| −109
|-
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[2015 FIBA Asia Championship|2015]]
| 8th
| 9
| 3
| 6
| 669
| 789
| −120
|-
|{{flagicon|LIB}} [[2017 FIBA Asia Cup|2017]]
| 14th
| 3
| 0
| 3
| 186
| 249
| −63
|-
|{{flagicon|INA}} [[2022 FIBA Asia Cup|2022]]
| 16th
| 3
| 0
| 3
| 169
| 305
| −136
|-
|{{flagicon|KSA}} [[2025 FIBA Asia Cup|2025]]
| 15th
| 3
| 0
| 3
| 212
| 275
| −63
|-
! Total
! 27/31
! 181
! 71
! 110
! 13,836
! 15,047
! −1,211
|}

===Asia Challenge===
{{Main|FIBA Asia Challenge}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Year !! Host !! Position !! M !! W !! L !! PF !! PA !! PD
|-
|[[2004 FIBA Asia Stankovic Cup|2004]]
|style="text-align: left; padding-left: 20px;"| {{flagicon|ROC}} [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]]
|6th||5||3||2||389||405||−16
|-
|[[2008 FIBA Asia Stankovic Cup|2008]]
|style="text-align: left; padding-left: 20px;"| {{flagicon|KUW}} [[Kuwait City]], [[Kuwait]]
|'''5th'''||4||0||4||217||291||−74
|-
|[[2012 FIBA Asia Cup|2012]]
|style="text-align: left; padding-left: 20px;"| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Tokyo]], Japan
|9th||4||0||4||294||370||−76
|-
|[[2014 FIBA Asia Cup|2014]]
|style="text-align: left; padding-left: 20px;"| {{flagicon|China}} [[Wuhan]], [[China]]
|7th||7||3||4||473||425||+48
|-
|[[2016 FIBA Asia Challenge|2016]]
|style="text-align: left; padding-left: 20px;"| {{flagicon|IRN}} [[Tehran]], [[Iran]]
|7th||8||4||4||585||670||−85
|-
! colspan=2|Total !! 5/6 !! 28 !! 10 !! 18 !! 1958 !! 2161 !! −203
|}

===SABA Championship===
{{Main|SABA Championship}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Year !! Host !! Position !! M !! W !! L !! PF !! PA !! PD
|- style="border: 3px solid red"
|2002
|style="text-align: left; padding-left: 20px;"| {{flagicon|India}} [[Guwahati]], [[India]]
|style="background:gold"|1st||{{n/a}}||{{n/a}}||{{n/a}}||{{n/a}}||{{n/a}}||{{n/a}}
|-
|[[2014 SABA Championship|2014]]
|style="text-align: left; padding-left: 20px;"| {{flagicon|NEP}} [[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]]
|style="background:gold"|1st||4||4||0||372||142||+230
|- style="border: 3px solid red"
|[[2015 SABA Championship|2015]]
|style="text-align: left; padding-left: 20px;"| {{flagicon|India}} [[Bengaluru]], [[India]]
|style="background:gold"|1st||5||5||0||552||220||+332
|- style="border: 3px solid red"
|[[2016 SABA Championship|2016]]
|style="text-align: left; padding-left: 20px;"| {{flagicon|India}} [[Bengaluru]], [[India]]
|style="background:gold"|1st||3||3||0||272||128||+144
|-
|[[2017 SABA Championship|2017]]
|style="text-align: left; padding-left: 20px;"| {{flagicon|Maldives}} [[Male]], [[Maldives]]
|style="background:gold"|1st||4||4||0||404||218||+186
|-
|[[2021 SABA Championship|2021]]
|style="text-align: left; padding-left: 20px;"| {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]]
|style="background:gold"|1st||3||3||0||308||120||+188
|-
! colspan=2|Total !! 6/8 !! 19 !! 19 !! 0 !! 1908 !! 828 !! +1080
|}

===South Asian Games===
{{Main|Basketball at the South Asian Games}}
Source:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportingnews.com/in/nba/news/south-asian-games-2019-india-wins-gold-in-all-formats-and-categories-sweeps-basketball-event/4q1i30i47pk1z8vdnthq64u3|title=South Asian Games 2019: India wins gold in all formats and categories of basketball event}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Year !! Host !! Position !! P !! W !! L !! PF !! PA !! PD
|- style="border: 3px solid red"
|[[1987 South Asian Games|1987]]
|style="text-align: left; padding-left: 20px;"| {{flagicon|India}} [[Kolkata]], [[India]]
|style="background:gold"|1st||{{n/a}}|| {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} ||{{n/a}} || {{n/a}} ||{{n/a}}
|-
|[[1991 South Asian Games|1991]]
|style="text-align: left; padding-left: 20px;"| {{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]]
|style="background:gold"|1st||{{n/a}}||{{n/a}}||{{n/a}}||{{n/a}}||{{n/a}}||{{n/a}}
|- style="border: 3px solid red"
|[[1995 South Asian Games|1995]]
|style="text-align: left; padding-left: 20px;"| {{flagicon|India}} [[Chennai]], [[India]]
|style="background:gold"|1st||{{n/a}}||{{n/a}}||{{n/a}}||{{n/a}}||{{n/a}}||{{n/a}}
|-
|[[2010 South Asian Games|2010]]
|style="text-align: left; padding-left: 20px;"| {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]]
|style="background: silver"|2nd||{{n/a}}||{{n/a}}||{{n/a}}||{{n/a}}||{{n/a}}||{{n/a}}
|-
|[[2019 South Asian Games|2019]]
|style="text-align: left; padding-left: 20px;"| {{flagicon|Nepal}} [[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]]
|style="background:gold"|1st||4||4||0||471||233||+238
|-
|}

===Lusofonia Games===
{{Main|Basketball at the Lusofonia Games}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Year
! Host
! Position
! M
! W
! L
! PF
! PA
! PD
|- style="border: 3px solid red"
|'''[[Basketball at the 2014 Lusofonia Games|2014]]'''
|style="text-align: left; padding-left: 20px;"| {{flagicon|India}} [[Goa]], [[India]]
|style="background:gold"|1st||4||4||0||304||245||+59
|-
! colspan=2|Total !! 1/3 !! 4!! 4 !! 0 !! 304 !! 245 !! +59
|}

===William Jones Cup===
{{Main|William Jones Cup}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Year
! Host
! Rank
! P
! W
! L
! PF
! PA
! PD
|-
|'''[[2016 William Jones Cup|2016]]'''
|style="text-align: left; padding-left: 20px;"| {{flagicon|TWN}} [[New Taipei City|New Taipei]], [[Taiwan]]
|'''9th'''||8||1||7||536||638||−102
|-
|'''[[2017 William Jones Cup|2017]]'''
|style="text-align: left; padding-left: 20px;"| {{flagicon|TWN}} [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]]
|10th||9||0||9||628||885||−257
|-
! colspan=2|Total !! 2/44 !! 17 !! 1 !! 16 !! 1164 !!1523 !! −359
|}

==Honours==
'''Intercontinental'''
*'''[[Basketball at the Lusofonia Games|Lusofonia Games]]'''
** {{gold01}} '''Gold Medal:''' [[Basketball at the 2014 Lusofonia Games – Men's tournament|2014]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/india-win-gold-in-basketball-at-lusofonia-games/articleshow/29471374.cms|title=India win gold in basketball at Lusofonia Games|website=The Times of India|date=28 January 2014 |access-date=2 December 2023}}</ref>
'''Continental'''
*'''[[SABA Championship]]'''
** {{gold01}} '''Gold Medal:''' [[SABA Championship#Summary|2002]], [[2014 SABA Championship|2014]], [[2015 SABA Championship|2015]], [[2016 SABA Championship|2016]], [[2017 SABA Championship|2017]], [[2021 SABA Championship|2021]]
*'''[[Basketball at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]]'''
** {{gold01}} '''Gold Medal:''' [[1987 South Asian Games|1987]], [[1991 South Asian Games|1991]], [[1995 South Asian Games|1995]], [[2019 South Asian Games|2019]]
** {{silver02}} '''Silver Medal:''' [[2010 South Asian Games|2010]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afghansportsfederation.org/aisian_games_2010.html|title=Afghan Sports Federation – 2010 South Asian Games in Dhaka, Bangladesh; BREAKING NEWS: Afghanistan National Basketball Team Wins Gold|publisher=AfghanSportsFederation.org|access-date=17 May 2012|archive-date=8 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808162815/http://www.afghansportsfederation.org/aisian_games_2010.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Coaching history==
''Note'': ''The following list may not be complete''
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*{{flagicon|PHI}} [[Lauro Mumar]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.philippineolympians.org/oly/1948-Olympics-London-Basketball-Mumar-Lauro|title=Lauro Mumar}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|IND}} Makolath Rajan<ref>{{cite web |title=Former Indian basketball coach Rajan passes away |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2017/oct/10/former-indian-basketball-coach-rajan-passes-away-1669305.html |date=10 October 2017}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|IND}} Keshav Kumar Chansoria – 2001<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=6698403|title=INDIAN BASKET BALL TEAM COACH KESHAV KUMAR CHANSOR}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|IND}} Jay Prakash Singh – 2004<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/new-role-for-mentor/cid/1323356#goog_rewarded|title=New role for mentor}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|SER}} [[Zoran Lukić (basketball)|Zoran Lukić]] – 2006<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=6698442&highlights=INDIA%20B%20TEAM|title=Indian team coach Zoran Lukic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/there-is-no-money-for-sportsmen-in-serbia/article29646101.ece|title="There is no money for sportsmen in Serbia... "}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|IND}} Mahender Rathor – 2007<ref>{{cite web|url=https://basketball.eurobasket.com/coach/Mahendar_Rathore/47700|title=MAHENDAR RATHORE basketball profile}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|SER}} [[Aleksandar Bućan]] – 2007–2010<ref>{{cite web|title=TRENER ALEKSANDAR BUĆAN U INDIJI|url=http://www.beobasket.net/sr/vesti/11159/trener-aleksandar-bucan-u-indiji.html|website=beobasket.net|accessdate=20 December 2017}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} Bill Harris – 2010–2011<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/indian-hoopsters-can-be-worlds-best-william-bill-harris/articleshow/7010472.cms|title=Indian hoopster's can be world's best:William Bill Harris}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Kenny Natt]] – 2011–2012<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/interviews/Im-here-to-create-a-superstar-says-Indias-NBA-coach-Kenny-Natt/articleshow/8853690.cms I'm here to create a superstar, says India's NBA coach Kenny Natt]</ref>
*{{flagicon|IND}} Keshav Kumar Chansoria (''interim'') – 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=6698403|title=INDIAN BASKET BALL TEAM COACH KESHAV KUMAR CHANSOR}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Scott Flemming]] – 2012–2015<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/indian-basketball-national-coach-scott-flemming-team-performance-india-ranking-analysis/article69456879.ece|title=India coach Flemming: Three or four years from now, we’re going to be a team to be reckoned with}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sat Prakash Yadav]] – 2015–2017<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=355158 |title=Mangaluru: Indian basketball team inspires kids at Mangala Stadium |publisher=[[Daijiworld Media]] |date=19 September 2015 |accessdate=28 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=‘We hope to improve our ranking’ |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=19 September 2015 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/we-hope-to-improve-our-ranking/article7667300.ece |accessdate=28 September 2015}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[C. V. Sunny]] (interim) – 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2017/Apr/15/pradosh-cracks-maiden-double-century-for-grand-slam-1593815.html|title=Pradosh cracks maiden double century for Grand Slam ''The Indian Express'' ''15 April 2017''}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|IND}} Bhaskar Sappaniambalam (''interim'') – 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/bhaskar-coach-national-basketball-side-2135041|title=Bhaskar to coach national basketball side}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/news/india-aiming-for-saba-championship-5-peat1|title=India aiming for SABA Championship 5-peat}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} Phil Weber (interim) – 2017<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://scroll.in/field/843933/from-nba-to-india-new-basketball-coach-phil-weber-hopes-to-create-a-culture-of-success |title=From NBA to India: New basketball coach Phil Weber hopes to create a culture of success |date=15 July 2017 |access-date=20 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825070330/https://scroll.in/field/843933/from-nba-to-india-new-basketball-coach-phil-weber-hopes-to-create-a-culture-of-success |archive-date=25 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|SER}} [[Zoran Višić]] – 2017–2019<ref>{{cite news|title=Basketball: Zoran Visic to coach Indian men|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/basketball-visic-to-coach-indian-men/article20112532.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=10 November 2017 |access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|SER}} [[Veselin Matić]] – 2019–2024<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/basketball/2023-12-indian-basketball-veselin-matic-interaction|title=Building India's basketball future: Head coach Veselin Matic on investing in young talents}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Scott Flemming]] – 2024–''present''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/basketball/scott-flemming-appointed-as-head-coach-of-indian-senior-mens-basketball-team-news/article68150033.ece|title=Scott Flemming appointed as head coach of Indian Senior Men’s Basketball team}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/scott-flemming-new-india-men-basketball-head-coach|title=Scott Flemming appointed head coach of India men’s basketball team}}</ref>
}}

==Results and fixtures==
{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|#FFFFFF|Fixture|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

=== 2024 ===
{{basketballbox collapsible
|format=1
|round=[[2025 FIBA Asia Cup qualification|2025 FIBA Asia Cup qualifiers]]
|date=22 November
|time=18:00
|arena=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|place=[[Chennai]]
|teamA={{bk-rt|IND}}
|scoreA=53
|teamB='''{{bk|QAT}}'''
|scoreB='''69'''
|Q1=14–'''17'''
|Q2=17–'''19'''
|Q3=8–'''14'''
|Q4=14–'''19'''
|report={{FIBA game|120713}}
|result=L
}}
{{basketballbox collapsible
|format=1
|round=[[2025 FIBA Asia Cup qualification|2025 FIBA Asia Cup qualifiers]]
|date=25 November
|time=18:00
|arena=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|place=[[Chennai]]
|teamA='''{{bk-rt|IND}}'''
|scoreA='''88'''
|teamB={{bk|KAZ}}
|scoreB=69
|Q1=9–'''18'''
|Q2='''28'''–15
|Q3='''26'''–18
|Q4='''25'''–18
|report={{FIBA game|120714}}
|result= W
}}

=== 2025 ===
{{basketballbox collapsible
|format=1
|round=[[2025 FIBA Asia Cup qualification|2025 FIBA Asia Cup qualifiers]]
|date=21 February
|time=17:00
|arena=[[Azadi Basketball Hall]]
|place=[[Tehran]]
|teamA={{bk-rt|IRI}}
|scoreA='''106'''
|teamB={{bk|IND}}
|scoreB=55
|Q1='''18'''–15
|Q2='''28'''–5
|Q3='''33'''–13
|Q4='''27'''–22
|report={{FIBA game|120716}}
|result=L
}}
{{basketballbox collapsible
|format=1
|round=[[2025 FIBA Asia Cup qualification|2025 FIBA Asia Cup qualifiers]]
|date=24 February
|time=18:00
|arena=[[Al-Gharafa Sports Club Multi-Purpose Hall]]
|place=[[Doha]]
|teamA={{bk-rt|QAT}}
|scoreA='''81'''
|teamB={{bk|IND}}
|scoreB=61
|Q1=17–'''18'''
|Q2='''25'''–4
|Q3=17–'''19'''
|Q4='''22'''–20
|report={{FIBA game|120719}}
|result=L
}}
{{basketballbox collapsible
|format=1
|round=[[2025 FIBA Asia Cup qualification|2025 FIBA Asia Cup qualifiers]]
|date=21 March
|time=22:00
|arena=[[Khalifa Sports City Stadium]]
|place=[[Manama]]
|teamA={{bk-rt|IRQ}}
|scoreA=77
|teamB={{bk|IND}}
|scoreB='''97'''
|Q1=30–30
|Q2=8–'''14'''
|Q3=19–'''32'''
|Q4=20–'''21'''
|report={{FIBA game|126629}}
|result=W
}}
{{basketballbox collapsible
|format=1
|round=[[2025 FIBA Asia Cup qualification|2025 FIBA Asia Cup qualifiers]]
|date=22 March
|time=22:00
|arena=[[Khalifa Sports City Stadium]]
|place=[[Manama]]
|teamA={{bk-rt|IND}}
|scoreA= '''81'''
|teamB={{bk|BHR}}
|scoreB= 77
|Q1='''25'''–20
|Q2=14–'''16'''
|Q3='''23'''–17
|Q4=19–'''24'''
|report={{FIBA game|126628}}
|result=W
}}
{{basketballbox collapsible
|format=1
|round=[[2025 FIBA Asia Cup]]
|date=6 August
|time=
|arena=[[King Abdullah Sports City]]
|place=[[Jeddah]]
|teamA={{bk-rt|JOR}}
|scoreA= '''91'''
|teamB={{bk|IND}}
|scoreB= 84
|Q1='''18'''–14 |Q2=20–'''24''' |Q3='''22'''–17 |Q4=20–'''25''' |OT='''11'''–4
|report=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/events/fiba-asiacup-2025/games/128087-JOR-IND
|result=L
}}
{{basketballbox collapsible
|format=1
|round=[[2025 FIBA Asia Cup]]
|date=8 August
|time=
|arena=[[King Abdullah Sports City]]
|place=[[Jeddah]]
|teamA={{bk-rt|IND}}
|scoreA= 69
|teamB={{bk|CHN}}
|scoreB= '''100'''
|Q1=14–'''29''' |Q2=17–'''24''' |Q3=17–'''22''' |Q4=21–'''25'''
|report={{FIBA game|128089}}
|result=L
}}
{{basketballbox collapsible
|format=1
|round=[[2025 FIBA Asia Cup]]
|date=10 August
|time=
|arena=[[King Abdullah Sports City]]
|place=[[Jeddah]]
|teamA={{bk-rt|IND}}
|scoreA= 59
|teamB={{bk|SAU}}
|scoreB= '''84'''
|Q1='''25'''–24 |Q2=6–'''21''' |Q3=18–'''21''' |Q4=10–'''18'''
|report={{FIBA game|128092}}
|result=L
}}
{{basketballbox collapsible
|format=1
|round=[[2027 FIBA Basketball World Cup qualification (Asia)|2027 FIBA World Cup qualifiers]]
|date=27 November
|time=19:00
|arena=[[Riyadh Green Hall]]
|location=[[Riyadh]]
|teamA={{bk-rt|KSA}}
|scoreA= '''75'''
|teamB={{bk|IND}}
|scoreB= 51
|Q1='''28'''–16
|Q2='''17'''–16
|Q3='''16'''–11
|Q4='''14'''–8
|report={{FIBA game|126948}}
|result= L
}}
{{basketballbox collapsible
|format=1
|round=[[2027 FIBA Basketball World Cup qualification (Asia)|2027 FIBA World Cup qualifiers]]
|date=30 November
|time=18:00
|arena=[[Nehru Stadium, Chennai|Nehru Indoor Stadium]]
|location=[[Chennai]]
|teamA={{bk-rt|IND}}
|scoreA= 57
|teamB={{bk|KSA}}
|scoreB='''81'''
|Q1=9–'''19'''
|Q2=12–'''24'''
|Q3=15–'''26'''
|Q4='''21'''–12
|report={{FIBA game|126951}}
|result= L
}}

===2026===
{{basketballbox collapsible
|format=1
|round=[[2027 FIBA Basketball World Cup qualification (Asia)|2027 FIBA World Cup qualifiers]]
|date=27 February
|time=
|arena=
|location=
|teamA={{bk-rt|QAT}}
|scoreA='''99'''
|teamB={{bk|IND}}
|scoreB=73
|Q1='''28'''–17
|Q2=17–'''26'''
|Q3='''30'''–9
|Q4='''24'''–21
|report={{FIBA game|126953}}
|result=L
}}
{{basketballbox collapsible
|format=1
|round=[[2027 FIBA Basketball World Cup qualification (Asia)|2027 FIBA World Cup qualifiers]]
|date=Postponed{{refn|The games scheduled for 2 March 2026 were postponed due to the [[2026 Israeli–United States strikes on Iran]].<ref>{{cite news |title=FIBA Statement on the Group C and Group D games of the FIBA Basketball World Cup 2027 Asian Qualifiers|url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/news/fiba-statement-on-the-group-c-and-group-d-games-of-the-fiba-basketball-world|publisher=FIBA |date=28 February 2026}}</ref>}}
|time=
|arena=
|location=
|teamA={{bk-rt|LBN}}
|scoreA=
|teamB={{bk|IND}}
|scoreB=
|Q1=
|Q2=
|Q3=
|Q4=
|report={{FIBA game|126958}}
|result=
}}
{{basketballbox collapsible
|format=1
|round=[[2027 FIBA Basketball World Cup qualification (Asia)|2027 FIBA World Cup qualifiers]]
|date=2 July
|time=
|arena=
|location=
|teamA={{bk-rt|IND}}
|scoreA=
|teamB={{bk|QAT}}
|scoreB=
|Q1=
|Q2=
|Q3=
|Q4=
|report={{FIBA game|126957}}
|result=
}}
{{basketballbox collapsible
|format=1
|round=[[2027 FIBA Basketball World Cup qualification (Asia)|2027 FIBA World Cup qualifiers]]
|date=5 July
|time=
|arena=
|location=
|teamA={{bk-rt|IND}}
|scoreA=
|teamB={{bk|LBN}}
|scoreB=
|Q1=
|Q2=
|Q3=
|Q4=
|report={{FIBA game|126947}}
|result=
}}

==Team==
===2025 roster===
Roster for the [[2025 FIBA Asia Cup]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Team roster: India|url=https://reports.fiba.basketball/reports/2025/FIBA%20Asia%20Cup/rosters.pdf|website=fiba.basketball|access-date=4 August 2025|page=4}}</ref>

{{FIBA roster header | team=India men's national basketball team – 2025 FIBA Asia Cup | color1 = blue | bg1 = #FFA500 | color2 = white | bg2 = blue}}

{{FIBA player | df=y | pos = PG | num = 1 | name = Sahaij Sekhon | year = 2001 | month = 9 | date = 1 | m = 1.94 | compyear = 2025 | compmonth = 8 | compdate = 5 | clublink = Chandigarh Warriors | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player | df=y | pos = SG | num = 5 | name = Harsh Dagar | year = 2005 | month = 2 | date = 23 | m = 1.89 | compyear = 2025 | compmonth = 8 | compdate = 5 | clublink = Uttar Pradesh | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player | df=y | pos = PG | num = 7 | name = Muin Bek Hafeez | year = 1996 | month = 3 | date = 16 | m = 1.89 | compyear = 2025 | compmonth = 8 | compdate = 5 | clublink = Tamil Nadu | nat = IND | note = C }}
{{FIBA player | df=y | pos = SG | num = 8 | name = Kanwar Sandhu | dab = basketball | year = 1999 | month = 10 | date = 30 | m = 1.85 | compyear = 2025 | compmonth = 8 | compdate = 5 | clublink = Punjab Warriors | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player | df=y | pos = PG | num = 10 | name = Arvind Muthu Krishnan | year = 2000 | month = 3 | date = 16 | m = 1.87 | compyear = 2025 | compmonth = 8 | compdate = 5 | clublink = Tamil Nadu | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player | df=y | pos = C | num = 12 | name = Princepal Singh | year = 2001 | month = 1 | date = 3 | m = 2.08 | compyear = 2025 | compmonth = 8 | compdate = 5 | clublink = Indian Railways | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player | df=y | pos = C | num = 15 | name = Palpreet Singh Brar | year = 1994 | month = 1 | date = 3 | m = 2.10 | compyear = 2025 | compmonth = 8 | compdate = 5 | clublink = Indian Railways | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player | df=y | pos = PF | num = 17 | name = Pratyanshu Tomar | year = 2000 | month = 6 | date = 17 | m = 2.03 | compyear = 2025 | compmonth = 8 | compdate = 5 | clublink = Karnataka | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player | df=y | pos = SF | num = 19 | name = Pranav Prince | year = 2003 | month = 6 | date = 19 | m = 2.00 | compyear = 2025 | compmonth = 8 | compdate = 5 | clublink = Tamil Nadu | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player | df=y | pos = C | num = 23 | name = Amaan Sandhu | year = 2002 | month = 12 | date = 8 | m = 2.11 | compyear = 2025 | compmonth = 8 | compdate = 5 | clublink = Punjab Warriors | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player | df=y | pos = PF | num = 24 | name = Arvinder Singh | year = 2002 | month = 12 | date = 3 | m = 2.00 | compyear = 2025 | compmonth = 8 | compdate = 5 | clublink = Indian Railways | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player | df=y | pos = SG | num = 34 | name = Vaisakh Karimbingal Manoj | year = 2002 | month = 7 | date = 19 | m = 1.90 | compyear = 2025 | compmonth = 8 | compdate = 5 | clublink = Kerala | nat = IND }}

{{FIBA roster footer
| head_coach =
* {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Scott Flemming]]
| asst_coach =
* {{Flagicon|IND}} Rama Gantupalli
* {{Flagicon|IND}} Sambhaji Kadam
| otherlegend =
* '''(C)''' Team captain
* '''Club''' – describes last club before the tournament
* '''Age''' – describes age on 5 August 2025
}}

===Past rosters===
'''[[Basketball at the 1980 Summer Olympics|1980 Olympic Games]]:''' finished '''12th''' among 12 teams<ref>{{cite web |title=Former Indian basketball coach Rajan passes away |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2017/oct/10/former-indian-basketball-coach-rajan-passes-away-1669305.html |date=10 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/IND/summer/1980/BAS/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417185919/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/IND/summer/1980/BAS/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 April 2020 |title=India Basketball at the 1980 Moscow Summer Games |work=Sports Reference |access-date=15 July 2018}}</ref>

[[Baldev Singh (basketball)|Baldev Singh]], [[Ajmer Singh (basketball)|Ajmer Singh]], [[Parvez Diniar]], [[Dilip Gurumurthy]], [[Harbhajan Singh (basketball)|Harbhajan Singh]], [[Jorawar Singh]], [[Amarnath Nagarajan]], Pramdiph Singh, [[Paramjit Singh (basketball)|Paramjit Singh]], [[Radhey Shyam]], [[Hanuman Singh]], [[Tarlok Singh Sandhu]] (Coach:Makolath Rajan)

'''[[2001 ABC Championship|2001 Asian Championship]]:''' finished '''8th''' among 14 teams<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/history/195-fiba-asia-cup/2056/teams/india|title=India 2001 Team}}</ref>

Vinay Kumaryadan, J.Murli, B.J. Jadeja, Mohit Bhandari, S.Sridhar, Parmindar Singh, Ranjeet Singh, Austin Almeida, [[Sozhasingarayer Robinson]], Suresh Ranot, M.S. Sabeer Ahamed, Des Raj (Coach: Keshav Kumar Chansoria)

'''[[2003 ABC Championship|2003 Asian Championship]]:''' finished '''8th''' among 16 teams<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/history/195-fiba-asia-cup/2675/teams/india|title=India 2003 Squad}}</ref>

Sambhaji Kadam, Gagnesh Kumar, Mihir Pandey, S. Gopinath, S.Sridhar, Parmindar Singh, Muraleekrishna Ravindran, Trideep Rai, [[Sozhasingarayer Robinson]], Riyaz Uddin, Snehpal Singh, Des Raj

'''[[2005 FIBA Asia Championship|2005 Asian Championship]]:''' finished '''12th''' among 16 teams<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/history/195-fiba-asia-cup/2718/teams/india|title=2005 India Roster}}</ref>

Sambhaji Kadam, Shiv Kumar, Mihir Pandey, Anoop Mukkanniyil, Yadwinder Singh, Rajanna Sanjay Raj, Muraleekrishna Ravindran, Trideep Rai, [[Sozhasingarayer Robinson]], Riyaz Uddin, Talwinderjit Singh, [[Jagdeep Singh (basketball)|Jagdeep Singh]] (Coach: Jay Prakash Singh)

'''[[2007 FIBA Asia Championship|2007 Asian Championship]]:''' finished '''15th''' among 16 teams<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asia-basket.com/India/basketball-National-Team.aspx?Year=2007|title=India 2007 Roster}}</ref>

Sambhaji Kadam, Shiv Kumar, Ravikumar Krishnasamy, Anoop Mukkanniyil, Roshan Thankachan Padavetiyil, Rajanna Sanjay Raj, Muraleekrishna Ravindran, Trideep Rai, Dilawar Singh, Riyaz Uddin, Lokesh Yodav, [[Jagdeep Singh (basketball)|Jagdeep Singh]] (Coach: Aleksandar Bucan)

'''[[2009 FIBA Asia Championship|2009 Asian Championship]]:''' finished '''13th''' among 16 teams<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asia-basket.com/India/basketball-National-Team.aspx?Year=2009|title=India 2009 Roster}}</ref>

Sambhaji Kadam, Talwinderjit Singh, Hareesh Koroth, Harpalsinh Vaghela, Sunil Kumar Rathee, [[Vishesh Bhriguvanshi]], Prakash Mishra, [[Vineeth Revi Mathew]], Abhilek Paul, Jayram Jat, Dinesh Comibatore, [[Jagdeep Singh (basketball)|Jagdeep Singh]] (Coach: Aleksandar Bucan)

'''[[2011 FIBA Asia Championship|2011 Asian Championship]]:''' finished '''14th''' among 16 teams<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asia-basket.com/India/basketball-National-Team.aspx?Year=2011|title=India Roster 2011}}</ref>
{{hidden begin|toggle=left|title=2011 Asian Championship roster}}
{{FIBA roster header|nat=n|team=2011 India National Basketball Team|color1 = white|bg1 = #0000FF|color2 = black|bg2 = #FFFF00}}

{{FIBA player |df=y| pos = C | num = 4 | first = Amjyot | last = Singh | year = 1992 | month = 1 | date = 27 | ft = 6 | in = 8 | club = Punjab Police (Amateur) | compyear = 2012 | compmonth = 7 | compdate = 12}}
{{FIBA player |df=y| pos = C | num = 5 | first = Satnam Singh | last = Bhamara | year = 1995 | month = 10 | date = 12 | ft = 7| in = 1 | club = IMG Academy | compyear = 2012 | compmonth = 7 | compdate = 12}}
{{FIBA player |df=y| pos = G | num = 6 | first = Hareesh | last = Koroth | year = 1984 | month = 11 | date = 12 | ft = 6 | in = 1 | club = Tamil Nadu (Amateur) | compyear = 2012 | compmonth = 7 | compdate = 12}}
{{FIBA player |df=y| pos = G | num = 7 | first = Prakash | last = Mishra | year = 1982 | month = 8 | date = 5 | ft = 6 | in = 0 | club = Indian Railways (Amateur) | compyear = 2012 | compmonth = 7 | compdate = 12}}
{{FIBA player |df=y| pos = C | num = 8 | first = Dishant Vipul | last = Shah | year = 1992 | month = 1 | date = 3 | ft = 6 | in = 8 | club = Gujarat (Amateur) | compyear = 2012 | compmonth = 7 | compdate = 12}}
{{FIBA player |df=y| pos = G | num = 9 | first = Vishesh | last = Bhriguvanshi | year = 1991 | month = 9 | date = 13 | ft = 6 | in = 3 | club = Indian Railways (Amateur) | compyear = 2012 | compmonth = 7 | compdate = 12}}
{{FIBA player |df=y| pos = F | num = 10 | first = Amitpal | last = Singh | dab = basketball | year = 1984 | month = 1 | date = 28 | ft = 6 | in = 6 | club = Punjab Police (Amateur) | compyear = 2012 | compmonth = 7 | compdate = 12}}
{{FIBA player |df=y| pos = F | num = 11 | first = Narender Kumar | last = Garewal | year = 1983 | month = 4 | date = 20 | ft = 6 | in = 8 | club = Services (Amateur) | compyear = 2012 | compmonth = 7 | compdate = 12}}
{{FIBA player |df=y| pos = F | num = 12 | first = Trideep | last = Rai | year = 1983 | month = 7 | date = 4 | ft = 6 | in = 3 | club = Uttarakhand (Amateur) | compyear = 2012 | compmonth = 7 | compdate = 12}}
{{FIBA player |df=y| pos = SG | num = 13 | first = Talwinderjit | last = Singh | year = 1986 | month = 10 | date = 26 | ft = 6 | in = 0 | club = Punjab Police (Amateur) | compyear = 2012 | compmonth = 7 | compdate = 12}}
{{FIBA player |df=y| pos = C | num = 14 | first = Yadwinder | last = Singh | year = 1986 | month = 12 | date = 30 | ft = 6| in = 6 | club = Indian Railways (Amateur) | compyear = 2012 | compmonth = 7 | compdate = 12}}
{{FIBA player |df=y| pos = C | num = 15 | first = Jagdeep | last = Singh | dab = basketball | year = 1993 | month = 1 | date = 10 | ft = 6 | in = 6 | club = Punjab Police (Amateur) | compyear = 2012 | compmonth = 7 | compdate = 12}}
{{FIBA roster footer
| head_coach =
*[[Kenny Natt]]
| asst_coach =
*[[Rajinder Singh (basketball player)|Rajinder Singh]]
*[[Pawan Kumer]]
*[[Zak Penwell]]
| otherlegend =
*'''(C)''' Captain
*'''Club''' denotes current pro club
}}
{{hidden end}}
'''[[2013 FIBA Asia Championship|2013 Asian Championship]]:''' finished '''11th''' among 15 teams<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asia-basket.com/India/Basketball-National-Team/2013|title=India 2013 Roster}}</ref>
{{hidden begin|toggle=left|title=2013 FIBA Asia Championship roster}}
{{FIBA roster header|nat=n|team= India National Basketball Team: 2013 FIBA Asia Championship| color1= #FFFFFF| bg1= #0000FF| color2= 000000| bg2= #FFFF00}}

{{FIBA player | pos = PG | num = 4 | first = Sambhaji| last = Kadam | dab = basketball| year = 1980 | month = 03 | date = 15 | ft = 5 | in = 9 | club = Services (amateur) | compyear = 2013 | compmonth = 8 | compdate = 1}}
{{FIBA player | pos = G | num = 5 | first = Narender Kumar | last = Grewal | year = 1988 | month = 06 | date = 25 | ft = 6 | in = 1 | club = Services (amateur) | compyear = 2013 | compmonth = 8 | compdate = 1}}
{{FIBA player | pos = F | num = 6 | first = Pratham | last = Singh | dab = basketball | year = 1991 | month = 01 | date = 10 | ft = 6 | in = 0 | club = Tamil Nadu | compyear = 2013 | compmonth = 8 | compdate = 1}}
{{FIBA player | pos = F | num = 7 | first = Vinay | last = Kaushik | year = 1991 | month = 08 | date = 30 | ft = 6 | in = 2 | club = | compyear = 2013 | compmonth = 8 | compdate = 1}}
{{FIBA player | pos = F | num = 8 | first = Arjun | last = Singh | dab = basketball | year = 1992 | month = 06 | date = 08 | ft = 6 | in = 0 | club = N.W. Railway | compyear = 2013 | compmonth = 8 | compdate = 1}}
{{FIBA player | pos = F | num = 9 | first = Vishesh | last = Bhriguvanshi | year = 1991 | month = 09 | date = 13 | ft = 6 | in = 4 | club = ONGC | compyear = 2013 | compmonth = 8 | compdate = 1}}
{{FIBA player | pos = C | num = 10 | first = Amritpal | last = Singh | dab = basketball | year = 1991 | month = 01 | date = 05 | ft = 6 | in = 11 | club = Punjab Police (amateur)| compyear = 2013 | compmonth = 8 | compdate = 1}}
{{FIBA player | pos = PG | num = 11 | first = Joginder | last = Singh | dab = basketball | year = 1988 | month = 05 | date = 27 | ft = 5 | in = 9 | club = Services (amateur) | compyear = 2013 | compmonth = 8 | compdate = 1}}
{{FIBA player | pos = C | num = 12 | first = Satnam Singh | last = Bhamara | year = 1995 | month = 12 | date = 10 | ft = 7 | in = 4 | club = IMG Academy | compyear = 2013 | compmonth = 8 | compdate = 1}}
{{FIBA player | pos = F | num = 13 | first = Amjyot | last = Singh | year = 1992 | month = 01 | date = 27 | ft = 6 | in = 9 | club = Punjab Police (amateur) | compyear = 2013 | compmonth = 8 | compdate = 1}}
{{FIBA player | pos = F | num = 14 | first = Yadwinder | last = Singh | year = 1986 | month = 12 | date = 30 | ft = 6 | in = 5 | club = Indian Railways (amateur) | compyear = 2013 | compmonth = 8 | compdate = 1}}
{{FIBA player | pos = C | num = 15 | first = Rikin Shantilal | last = Pethani | year = 1990 | month = 12 | date = 02 | ft = 6 | in = 10 | club = Tamil Nadu | compyear = 2013 | compmonth = 8 | compdate = 1}}

{{FIBA roster footer
| head_coach =
*[[Scott William Flemmig]]
| asst_coach =
*[[Jora Singh]]
| otherlegend =
}}
{{hidden end}}
'''[[Basketball at the 2014 Asian Games – Men's tournament|2014 Asian Games]]:''' finished '''12th''' among 16 teams<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asia-basket.com/India/basketball-National-Team.aspx?Year=2014|title=India 2014 Roster}}</ref>
{{hidden begin|toggle=left|title=2014 Asian Games roster}}
{{FIBA roster header|nat=n | team = India men's national basketball team – 2014 Asian Games
| color1 = #FFFFFF | bg1 = #0000FF | color2 = 000000 | bg2 = #FFFF00}}

{{FIBA player | num = 4 | first = Joginder| last = Singh | dab = basketball | pos = G | m = 1.75 | year = 1988 | month = 5 | date = 27 | compyear = 2014 | compmonth = 9 | compdate = 19 | club = Indian Air Force | nat = IND}}
{{FIBA player | num = 5 | last = Grewal | first = Narender Kumar | pos = PF | m = 1.85 | year = 1988 | month = 6 | date = 25 | compyear = 2014 | compmonth = 9 | compdate = 19 | club = Indian Air Force | nat = IND}}
{{FIBA player | num = 6 | last = Pari | first = Akilan | pos = PG | m = 1.80 | year = 1989 | month = 7 | date = 20 | compyear = 2014 | compmonth = 9 | compdate = 19 | club = Income Tax | nat = IND}}
{{FIBA player | num = 7 | last = Mishra | first = Prakash | pos = SG | m = 1.83 | year = 1982 | month = 5 | date = 08 | compyear = 2014 | compmonth = 9 | compdate = 19 | club = Indian Railways | nat = IND}}
{{FIBA player | num = 8 | first = Himal | last = Chadha |dab = basketball | pos = PF | m = 1.89 | year = 1999 | month = 8 | date = 04 | compyear = 2014 | compmonth = 9 | compdate = 19 | club = Indian Army| nat = IND}}
{{FIBA player | num = 9 | last = Bhriguvanshi | first = Vishesh | pos = PF | m = 1.92 | year = 1991 | month = 9 | date = 13 | compyear = 2014 | compmonth = 9 | compdate = 19 | club = Oil and Natural Gas Corporation | nat = IND}}
{{FIBA player | num = 10 | first = Amritpal | last = Singh | dab = basketball | pos = C | m = 2.07 | year = 1991 | month = 1 | date = 05 | compyear = 2014 | compmonth = 9 | compdate = 19 | club = Oil and Natural Gas Corporation | nat = IND | note = C}}
{{FIBA player | num = 11 | last = Sivakumar | first = Prasanna Venkatesh | pos = PF | m = 1.86 | year = 1992 | month = 9 | date = 25 | compyear = 2014 | compmonth = 9 | compdate = 19 | club = Indian Overseas Bank| nat = IND}}
{{FIBA player | num = 12 | last = Brar | first = Palpreet Singh | pos = C | m = 2.04 | year = 1994 | month = 1 | date = 03 | compyear = 2014 | compmonth = 9 | compdate = 19 | club = Punjab | nat = IND}}
{{FIBA player | num = 13 | first = Amjyot | last = Singh | pos = F | m = 2.03 | year = 1992 | month = 1 | date = 27 | compyear = 2014 | compmonth = 9 | compdate = 19 | club = Indian Overseas Bank | nat = IND}}
{{FIBA player | num = 14 | first = Yadwinder | last = Singh | pos = PF | m = 1.96 | year = 1986 | month = 12 | date = 30 | compyear = 2014 | compmonth = 9 | compdate = 19 | club = Oil and Natural Gas Corporation | nat = IND}}
{{FIBA player | num = 15 | last = Pethani | first = Rikin Shantilal | pos = C | m = 2.03 | year = 1990 | month = 12 | date = 02 | compyear = 2014 | compmonth = 9 | compdate = 19 | club = Indian Overseas Bank | nat = IND}}

{{FIBA roster footer
| head_coach =
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Scott William Flemming]]
| asst_coach =
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rama Linga Prasad Guntupalli]]
| otherlegend =
*'''(C)''' Team captain
*'''Club''' – describes last club before the tournament
*'''Age''' – describes age on 19 September 2014
}}

{{hidden end}}
'''[[2015 FIBA Asia Championship]]''': finished 8th among 16 qualified teams in Asia <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asia-basket.com/India/basketball-National-Team.aspx?Year=2015|title=India 2015 Roster}}</ref>
{{hidden begin|toggle=left|title=2015 FIBA Asia Championship roster}}
{{FIBA roster header|nat=n | team = India men's national basketball team – 2015 FIBA Asia Championship
| color1 = #FFFFFF | bg1 = #0000FF | color2 = 000000 | bg2 = #FFFF00}}
{{FIBA player | num = 3| pos = F| first = Vinay| last = Kaushik| clublink = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Income Tax]]|compyear=2015|compmonth = 9|compdate = 23|year=1991|month =8|date =30|m=1.89}}
{{FIBA player | num = 4| pos = G| first = Rajesh Prakash| last = Uppar| clublink = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vijaya Bank]]|compyear=2015|compmonth = 9|compdate = 23|year=1991|month =1|date =20|m=1.72}}
{{FIBA player | num = 7 | pos = G | first = Siddhant Sanjay | last = Shinde| clublink = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Customs]]|compyear=2015|compmonth = 9|compdate = 23|year=1991|month =6|date =15|m=1.80}}
{{FIBA player | num = 9 | pos = G| first = Vishesh | last = Bhriguvanshi| clublink = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]]|compyear=2015|compmonth = 9|compdate = 23|year=1991|month =9|date =13|m=1.93}}
{{FIBA player | num = 10 | pos = C | first = Amritpal | last = Singh |dab=basketball| clublink = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Tokyo Excellence]]|compyear=2015|compmonth = 9|compdate = 23|year=1991|month =1|date =5|m=2.07}}
{{FIBA player | num = 13 | pos = F| first = Vikas | last = Kumar |dab=basketball| clublink = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Haryana Police]]|compyear=2015|compmonth = 9|compdate = 23|year=1988|month =11|date =13|m=1.83}}
{{FIBA player | num = 14| pos = F | first = Yadwinder | last = Singh| clublink = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]]|compyear=2015|compmonth = 9|compdate = 23|year=1986|month =12|date =30|m=1.96}}
{{FIBA player | num = 15 | pos = F | first = Arvind | last = Arumugam| clublink = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vijaya Bank]]|compyear=2015|compmonth = 9|compdate = 23|year=1991|month =1|date =28|m=1.97}}
{{FIBA player | num = 22| pos = F | first = Amjyot | last = Singh| clublink = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Tokyo Excellence]]|compyear=2015|compmonth = 9|compdate = 23|year=1992|month =1|date =27|m=2.03}}
{{FIBA player | num = 66 | pos = G | first = Akilan | last = Pari| clublink = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Income Tax]]|compyear=2015|compmonth = 9|compdate = 23|year=1989|month =7|date =20|m=1.80}}
{{FIBA player | num = 69 | pos = C | first = Akashdeep | last = Hazra| clublink = {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Indian Railways]]|compyear=2015|compmonth = 9|compdate = 23|year=1996|month =7|date =1|m=2.13}}
{{FIBA player | num = 96 | pos = F | first = Gurvinder Singh Gill| clublink = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Punjab]]|compyear=2015|compmonth = 9|compdate = 23|year=1996|month =1|date =21|m=2.00}}
{{FIBA roster footer
| head_coach =
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sat Prakash Yadav]]
}}

{{hidden end}}
'''[[2017 FIBA Asia Cup]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fiba.basketball/asiacup/2017/India#%7Ctab=roster|title=India at the FIBA Asia Cup 2017 – FIBA.basketball|website=FIBA.basketball|access-date=1 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124094156/http://www.fiba.basketball/asiacup/2017/India#%7Ctab=roster|archive-date=24 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{hidden begin|toggle=left|title=2017 FIBA Asia Cup roster}}
{{FIBA roster header|team=India men's national basketball team – 2017 FIBA Asia Cup
| color1 = blue | bg1 = #FFA500 | color2 = white | bg2 = blue}}
{{FIBA player | pos = PF | num = 6 | name = Aravind Annadurai | year = 1993 | month = 7 | date = 5 | m = 2.00 | clublink = Indian overseas bank | compyear = 2017 | compmonth = 8 | compdate = 8 | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player | pos = G | num = 7 | name = tanmay shende | dab = basketball | year = 1999 | month = 7 | date = 22 | m = 1.86 | clublink = Vijaya Bank Bangalore | compyear = 2017 | compmonth = 8 | compdate = 8 | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player | pos = G | num = 8 | name = Rajvir Singh (basketball) | year = 1995 | month = 10 | date = 25 | m = 1.88 | clublink = Punjab Police | compyear = 2017 | compmonth = 8 | compdate = 8 | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player | pos = G | num = 9 | name = Vishesh Bhriguvanshi | year = 1991 | month = 9 | date = 13 | m = 1.92 | clublink = [[Adelaide 36ers]] | compyear = 2017 | compmonth = 8 | compdate = 8 | nat = AUS }}
{{FIBA player | pos = C | num = 10 | name = Amritpal Singh (basketball) | dab = basketball | year = 1991 | month = 1 | date = 5 | m = 2.10 | clublink = [[Sydney Kings]] | compyear = 2017 | compmonth = 8 | compdate = 8 | nat = AUS }}
{{FIBA player | pos = C | num = 15 | name = Rikin Pethani | year = 1990 | month = 12 | date = 2 | m = 2.03 | clublink = Income Tax Chennai | compyear = 2017 | compmonth = 8 | compdate = 8 | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player | pos = F | num = 22 | name = Amjyot Singh | year = 1992 | month = 1 | date = 27 | m = 2.03 | clublink = Punjab Police | compyear = 2017 | compmonth = 8 | compdate = 8 | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player | pos = PG | num = 24 | name = Baladhaneshwar Poiyamozhi | year = 1999 | month = 12 | date = 7 | m = 1.79 | clublink = Indian overseas bank | compyear = 2017 | compmonth = 8 | compdate = 8 | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player | pos = G | num = 46 | name = Prasanna Sivakumar | year = 1992 | month = 9 | date = 25 | m = 1.86 | clublink = Indian overseas bank | compyear = 2017 | compmonth = 8 | compdate = 8 | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player | pos = C | num = 52 | name = Satnam Singh Bhamara | year = 1995 | month = 12 | date = 10 | m = 2.18 | clublink = [[Texas Legends]] | compyear = 2017 | compmonth = 8 | compdate = 8 | nat = USA }}
{{FIBA player | pos = F | num = 77 | name = Muin Bek Hafeez | year = 1996 | month = 3 | date = 16 | m = 1.90 | clublink = Indian overseas bank | compyear = 2017 | compmonth = 8 | compdate = 8 | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player | pos = PG | num = 99 | name = Talwinderjit Singh | year = 1986 | month = 10 | date = 20 | m = 1.83 | clublink = | compyear = 2017 | compmonth = 8 | compdate = 8 | nat = IND }}

{{FIBA roster footer
| head_coach =
* {{Flagicon|USA}} Philip John Weber
| asst_coach =
* {{Flagicon|USA}} Steven Philip John Klei
* {{Flagicon|IND}} Sebastian Padipurakkal Joseph
* {{Flagicon|IND}} Baskar Sappaniambalam
| otherlegend =
* '''(C)''' Team captain
* '''(NP)''' Naturalized player
* '''Club''' – describes last club before the tournament
* '''Age''' – describes age on 8 August 2017
}}
{{hidden end}}

'''[[2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup qualification]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asia-basket.com/India/Basketball-National-Team/2017#google_vignette|title=India 2017 Roster}}</ref>
{{hidden begin|toggle=left|title=2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup qualification}}
{{FIBA roster header|team=India men's national basketball team
| color1 = blue | bg1 = #FFA500 | color2 = white | bg2 = blue}}
{{FIBA player | pos = SF | num = 4 | name = Arshpreet Bhullar | year = 1996 | month = 10 | date = 2 | m = 1.90 | club = Pune Peshwas | compyear = 2018| compmonth = 11 | compdate = 23 | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player | pos = PG | num = 23
| name = Shahab Jamal | year = 1995| month = 9 | date = 25 | m = 1.85 | club = Pune Peshwas | compyear = 2017| compmonth = 4 | compdate = 9 | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player | pos = PF | num = 6 | name = Aravind Annadurai | year = 1993 | month = 7 | date = 5 | m = 2.00 | clublink = Indian Overseas Bank | compyear = 2017 | compmonth = 11 | compdate = 23 | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player | pos = C | num = 10 | name = Amritpal Singh | dab = basketball | year = 1991 | month = 1 | date = 5 | m = 2.08 | club = Sydney Kings | compyear = 2017 | compmonth = 11 | compdate = 23 | nat = AUS }}
{{FIBA player | pos = C | num = 13 | name = Jagdeep Singh | dab = basketball | year = 1986 | month = 1 | date = 10 | m = 1.98 | club = Punjab Police Jalandhar | compyear = 2017 | compmonth = 11 | compdate = 23 | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player | pos = C | num = 15 | name = Rikin Pethani | year = 1990 | month = 12 | date = 2 | m = 2.03 | club = Chennai Slam | compyear = 2018 | compmonth = 11 | compdate = 23 | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player | pos = F | num = 25 | name = Arvind Arumugam | year = 1991 | month = 1 | date = 28 | m = 1.99 | clublink = Vijaya Bank | compyear = 2018 | compmonth = 11 | compdate = 23 | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player | pos = F/C | num = 40 | name = Gurvinder Gill | year = 1996 | month = 1 | date = 21 | m = 2.00 | club = Punjab Steelers | compyear = 2018 | compmonth = 11 | compdate = 23 | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player | pos = G/F | num = 46 | name = Prasanna Sivakumar | year = 1992 | month = 9 | date = 25 | m = 1.86 | club = | compyear = 2017 | compmonth = 11 | compdate = 23 | nat = }}
{{FIBA player | pos = C | num = 52 | name = Satnam Singh Bhamara | year = 1995 | month = 10 | date = 12 | m = 2.18 | club =Texas Legends | compyear = 2018 | compmonth = 11 | compdate = 23 | nat =USA }}
{{FIBA player | pos = | num = 60 | name = Prudhvishwar Ambati | year = 1996 | month = 1 | date = 23 | m = | club = | compyear = 2018 | compmonth = 11 | compdate = 23 | nat = IND }}


{{FIBA roster footer
| head_coach =
* {{Flagicon|SER}} [[Zoran Višić]]
| asst_coach =
* {{Flagicon|IND}} Sambhaji Kadam
| otherlegend =
* '''(C)''' Team captain
* '''Club''' – describes last club before the tournament
* '''Age''' – describes age on 23 November 2017
}}
{{hidden end}}

'''[[2022 FIBA Asia Cup qualification]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asia-basket.com/India/Basketball-National-Team/2022|title=India 2022 Roster}}</ref>
{{hidden begin|toggle=left|title=2022 FIBA Asia Cup qualification}}
{{FIBA roster header | team=India national basketball team – 2021 FIBA Asia Cup qualification | color1 = blue | bg1 = #FFA500 | color2 = white | bg2 = blue}}


{{FIBA player | pos = PG | num = 1 | first = Sahaij | last= Sekhon | year = 2001 | month = 9 | date = 1 | df = y | m = 1.94 | club =GGDSD College | compyear = 2021 | compmonth = 2 | compdate = 21 | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player | pos = PG | num = 4 | first = Joginder | last = Singh | dab = basketball | year = 1988 | month = 5 | date = 27 | df = y | m = 1.75 | clublink =[[Services (basketball)|Services]] | compyear = 2021 | compmonth = 2 | compdate = 21 | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player | pos = F | num = 7 | first = Muin Bek | last = Hafeez | year = 1996 | month = 3 | date = 16 | df = y | m =1.90 | club =Indian Bank Chennai BC | compyear = 2021 | compmonth = 2 | compdate = 21 | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player | pos = G | num = 9 | first = Vishesh | last = Bhriguvanshi | year = 1991 | month = 9 | date = 13 | df = y | m = 1.92 | clublink =[[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|ONGC]] | compyear = 2021 | compmonth = 2 | compdate = 21 | nat = IND | note = C }}
{{FIBA player | pos = SG | num = 10 | first = Rajeev | last = Kumar | dab = basketball | year = 2001 | month = 10 | date = 6 | df = y | m =1.90 | club =Indian Air Force | compyear = 2021 | compmonth = 2 | compdate = 21 | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player | pos = F | num = 11 | first = Manoj | last = Manjunatha | year = 2003 | month = 4 | date = 30 | df = y | m =1.99 | club = | compyear = 2021 | compmonth = 2 | compdate = 21 | nat = }}
{{FIBA player | pos = C | num = 15 | first = Jagdeep | last = Singh | dab = basketball |year = 1986 | month = 1 | date = 10 | df = y | m = 1.98 | clublink =[[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]] | compyear = 2021 | compmonth = 2 | compdate = 21 | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player | pos = PF | num = 18 | first = Aravind | last = Annadurai | year = 1993 | month = 7 | date = 5 | df = y | m =2.00 | clublink =[[Karnataka (basketball)|Karnataka]] | compyear = 2021 | compmonth = 2 | compdate = 21 | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player | pos = F | num = 22 | first = Amjyot | last = Gill | year = 1992 | month = 1 | date = 27 | df = y | m = 2.03 | clublink =[[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]] | compyear = 2021 | compmonth = 2 | compdate = 21 | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player | pos = F | num = 23 | first = Amaan | last = Sandhu | year = 2002 | month = 12 | date = 8 | df = y | m =2.03 | clublink =[[Punjab (basketball)|Punjab]] | compyear = 2021 | compmonth = 2 | compdate = 21 | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player | pos = C | num = 77 | first = Vivek | last= Goti | year = 1994 | month = 7 | date = 5 | df = y | m = 2.10 | clublink =[[Gujarat (basketball)|Gujarat]] | compyear = 2021 | compmonth = 2 | compdate = 21 | nat = IND }}
{{FIBA player | pos = PF | num = 78 | first = Prashant Singh | last= Rawat | year = 2000 | month = 8 | date = 15 | df = y | m = 2.02 | clublink =[[Uttarakhand (basketball)|Uttarakhand]] | compyear = 2021 | compmonth = 2 | compdate = 21 | nat = IND }}


{{FIBA roster footer
| head_coach =
* {{Flagicon|SRB}} [[Veselin Matić]]
| asst_coach =
* {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Pradeep Tomar]]
| otherlegend =
* '''(C)''' Team captain
*'''Club''' – describes last club before the tournament
* '''Age''' – describes age on 21 February 2021
}}
{{hidden end}}

==See also==
*[[Basketball in India]]
*[[India national under-19 basketball team]]
*[[India national under-17 basketball team]]
*[[India national 3x3 team]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website}}
*[https://about.fiba.basketball/en/national-federations/77-india FIBA profile]
*[http://fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/p/rpp//tid/301/_//teams.html India Basketball Records] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308070208/http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/p/rpp//tid/301/_//teams.html |date=8 March 2017 }} at FIBA Archive
*[https://www.asia-basket.com/India/basketball-National-Team.aspx Asia-basket – India Men National Team]
*[https://www.facebook.com/indianbasketball/ Presentation on Facebook]

===Videos===
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I82fdwTYomU India v Japan – Group B – Game Highlights – 2015 FIBA Asia Championship] Youtube.com video

{{Basketball in India}}
{{FIBA Asia}}
{{National sports teams of India}}

[[Category:India national basketball team| ]]
[[Category:Men's national basketball teams]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in India]]
[[Category:National sports teams established in 1951]]
[[Category:Men's national sports teams of India|Basketball]]

Elisabeth Petitpierre

2026-03-10T01:33:56Z

CharliKayser97: created initial post w/ infobox

{{Short description|Swiss physician and missionary in India and Cameroon (1893–1983)}}
{{one source|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Elisabeth Petitpierre
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1893|4|22}}
| birth_place = [[Saint-Aubin-Sauges]], [[Switzerland]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1983|10|9|1893|4|22}}
| death_place = [[Bevaix]], [[Switzerland]]
| education = [[University of Lausanne]] (MD, 1923) [[London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine]]
| occupation = Physician, [[missionary]]
| known_for = Director of missionary hospitals in [[India]] and [[Cameroon]]
}}
'''Elisabeth Petitpierre''' (22 April 1893 – 9 October 1983) was a Swiss physician and [[missionary]] who worked in [[India]] and [[Cameroun]] for the [[Basel Mission]]. She was one of the first Swiss women to direct a hospital in India, serving as head of the Basel Mission Hospital in [[Betageri]], [[Karnataka]] from 1929 to 1954.<ref name="HDS">{{cite web |author=Philippe Bornet |title=Petitpierre, Elisabeth |url=https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/062276/2025-08-25/ |access-date=14 September 2025 |publisher=[[Historical Dictionary of Switzerland]]}}</ref>

== Early life and family ==
Elisabeth Petitpierre was born on 22 April 1893 in [[Saint-Aubin-Sauges|Saint-Aubin, Neuchâtel]], the youngest of five children in a family closely connected to the local [[Protestant]] church. Her father, Fritz Petitpierre, specialized in the [[absinthe]] trade, was associated with the Pernod family in [[Couvet]], and served as a member of the local Protestant parish council. Her mother, Marie née Biolley, was the daughter of engineer François Alexis Biolley and sister of Henri Biolley. Marie had joined the [[Salvation Army]], which had opened ministry to women since 1907.<ref name="HDS" />

One of Elisabeth's sisters, Marie Petitpierre (1885–1969), also dedicated her life to the Salvation Army, becoming principal of the Swiss officers' school in [[Bern]] with the rank of [[Colonel]].<ref name="HDS" />

Elisabeth remained unmarried and had no children.<ref name="HDS" />

== Education and early career ==
After attending primary and secondary schools in Saint-Aubin, Petitpierre continued her studies at the higher school for young women in [[Neuchâtel]]. She then worked as an auxiliary nurse at the Hôpital Pourtalès in Neuchâtel, obtained her federal [[Matura]], and in 1917 began medical studies at the [[University of Lausanne]], completing her degree in 1923. Following hospital internships in [[Lausanne]] and [[Zurich]], she entered the [[London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine]].<ref name="HDS" />

== Missionary work ==
Responding to an invitation from [[Eva Lombard]], Petitpierre joined the Basel Mission in 1927. She arrived in India the same year and remained in [[Udupi]], [[Karnataka]] for two years, replacing Eva Lombard as head of the local missionary hospital. In 1929, she moved to [[Betageri]], Karnataka, where she took charge of the Basel Mission hospital that had been established in 1902, treating numerous cases of [[Plague (disease)|plague]] and [[cholera]].<ref name="HDS" />

The hospital staff included members from both Switzerland and the local Indian region. Under Petitpierre's leadership, the Betageri hospital expanded considerably, growing from a medium-sized structure to a major regional institution that continues to operate today as the CSI Basel Mission Hospital. She remained in this position until 1954, making her tenure one of the longest of any Swiss woman directing a hospital in India.<ref name="HDS" />

Petitpierre viewed missionary medicine as a vehicle for progress serving the emancipation of Indian women. Her letters, some of which were published, sent regularly to her family in Switzerland not only testified to her conviction of the superiority of [[Christianity]] and [[Western medicine]] over local culture, but also demonstrated genuine curiosity about Indian society, a resolutely pragmatic perspective on the difficulties encountered in India, and an ability to find necessary compromises to resolve them.<ref name="HDS" />

In 1954, Petitpierre left India for a mission to [[Cameroon]], where she worked in a [[leprosy]] treatment center.<ref name="HDS" />

She retired to Switzerland in 1961.<ref name="HDS" />

== Works ==

* ''De quelques cas d'hétérotopies épithéliales de caractère bénin'', doctoral thesis, University of Lausanne, 1923
* ''Allez et guérissez! Lettres d'une docteur missionnaire'', 1931
* "D'Oudipi à Bethghéri et de Bethgéri à Oudipi. Quelques comparaisons", in: ''Bulletin de l'association en faveur des hôpitaux missionnaires aux Indes'', 6, 1938
* ''Médecin et missionnaire en Inde: extraits de lettres, 1929–1954'', 1981

== References ==
{{Free-content attribution
| title = Petitpierre, Elisabeth
| author = Philippe Bornet
| publisher = [[Historical Dictionary of Switzerland]]
| source = Online version
| documentURL = https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/062276/2025-08-25/
| license statement url =
| license = CC-BY SA
| howto =
| this =
}}{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Petitpierre, Elisabeth}}
[[Category:1893 births]]
[[Category:1983 deaths]]
[[Category:Swiss missionaries]]
[[Category:Christian missionaries in India]]
[[Category:Christian missionaries in Cameroon]]
[[Category:University of Lausanne alumni]]
[[Category:People from Neuchâtel]]
[[Category:Swiss Protestants]]
[[Category:Women medical doctors]]
[[Category:20th-century Swiss medical doctors]]
[[Category:Swiss women]]

Thanikattu Raja

2026-03-03T05:18:08Z

CharliKayser97: revised

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thanikattu Raja poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| producer = [[D. Ramanaidu]]
| director = [[V. C. Guhanathan]]
| writer = V. C. Guhannathan
| starring = {{ubl|[[Rajinikanth]]|[[Sridevi]]|[[Sripriya]]|[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]]}}
| cinematography = [[P. S. Nivas]]
| editing = [[K. M. Marthand]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = [[Suresh Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|1982|03|12|df=y}}
| runtime = 153 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Thanikattu Raja''''' ({{translation|The Lone Forest King}}) is a 1982 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] written and directed by [[V. C. Guhanathan]], and Produced by [[D. Ramanaidu]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 July 2007 |title=மதுரகீதம் படத்தின் மூலம் டைரக்டர் ஆனார் வி.சி.குகநாதன் |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2012/07/22194035/madhura-geetham-movie-director.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213230213/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2012/07/22194035/madhura-geetham-movie-director.html |archive-date=13 February 2014 |access-date=19 September 2013 |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> It stars [[Rajinikanth]], [[Sridevi]] and [[Sripriya]], with [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]], [[Sathyakala]] and [[Y. G. Mahendran]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 January 2013 |title=கின்னஸ் தயாரிப்பாளர் டி.ராமா நாயுடு பேரனுக்கு போலீஸ் வலை |url=http://www.maalaimalar.com/2013/01/05042803/Police-search-for-Grandson-of.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108111636/http://www.maalaimalar.com/2013/01/05042803/Police-search-for-Grandson-of.html |archive-date=8 January 2013 |access-date=19 September 2013 |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> The film had music by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] and cinematography handled by [[P. S. Nivas]].

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=September 2022}}
Soori is a rebellious young man who works as a mechanic and often lands in trouble fighting for justice. He falls in love with a rich girl Vaani, but Vaani's father plots to break their relationship through his manager Vasu. In the ensuing melee, Soori murders the manager to save Vaani's honour. Soori is about to be sentenced to death and Vaani finds that the only way she can save Soori is by marrying a rich, roguish man Ethiraj who uses his money to get Soori's death penalty commuted to a prison term.

After his release, Soori is distraught at losing Vaani and takes to drinking. He moves to his village where he becomes immensely popular among the villagers due to his righteous work and progressive activities. He offers protection to a village damsel Vidhya to escape from being forced to be a prostitute and later marries her but still remains alcoholic. Vaani meets and advises him to stop drinking and turn over a new leaf. Despite being abused by her husband and falsely accused of hobnobbing with Soori, Vaani maintains the sanctity of her marriage. Whether Soori and Vaani's lives return to normal forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Rajinikanth]] as Surya Prakash
* [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Ethiraj
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Vasu
* [[Sridevi]] as Vani
* [[Sripriya]] as Vidhya
* [[Major Sundarrajan]] as Jayaprakash
* [[Sangili Murugan]] as Vadivelu
* [[Y. G. Mahendran]] as Ravi
* [[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]] as Landlord
* [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as 'Salaiyur' S.K.R
* [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Kannisamy
* [[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Siva (Kanakkupillai)
* [[R. S. Manohar]] as Rajasekhar
* [[Sathyakala]] as Seetha
* [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]] as Ethiraj's brother
* [[K. Kannan (actor)|K . Kannan]] as Paranthaman
* [[Master Haja Sheriff]]
* [[K. Natraj]] as Village people
* [[C. L. Anandan|C. L. Anandhan]] as Henchman
* [[Oru Viral Krishna Rao]] as Tea shop owner
* [[M. R. R. Vasu]] as Uncle of Vidya
* [[Usilai Mani]] as Village people
* [[Y. Vijaya]] as Madhavi
* [[Idichapuli Selvaraj]] as Ponnusamy
* Jr. Manohar as Friend of Soori
* I. S. Ramachandran as Ramu
* [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] as Sangaralingam
* [[Silk Smitha]] as (Special Appearance)
}}

== Production ==
''Thanikattu Raja'' does not credit any actors; instead it features the text "Ungal Abhimana Natchathirangal" (Your favourite stars) due to the film's ensemble cast.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-20 |title=நட்சத்திரப் பட்டாளங்களுடன் புதிய 'ஷோலே' வாக வரும் பேட்ட! |url=https://a1tamilnews.com/cinema/is-petta-a-new-sholay/cid1244739.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219120243/https://a1tamilnews.com/cinema/is-petta-a-new-sholay/cid1244739.htm |archive-date=19 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=a1tamilnews.com |language=ta}}</ref>

== Themes ==
According to ''[[Jump Cut (journal)|Jump Cut]]'', ''Thanikattu Raja'' "explores the connections between landlords and politicians, who together oppress the rural population".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maderya |first=Kumuthan |date=2010 |title=Rage against the state: historicizing the "angry young man" in Tamil cinema |url=https://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/jc52.2010/Tamil/4.html |url-status=live |journal=[[Jump Cut (journal)|Jump Cut]] |page=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904015546/https://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/jc52.2010/Tamil/4.html |archive-date=4 September 2020 |access-date=1 November 2016}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
;Tamil
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] and had six songs. "Mullai Arumbe" did not feature in the film but was part of the album. The lyrics for the songs were written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] and [[Panchu Arunachalam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thani Kattu Raja Tamil Film LP VInyl Recod by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/thani-kattu-raja-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-recod-by-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414073104/https://mossymart.com/product/thani-kattu-raja-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-recod-by-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=14 April 2021 |access-date=23 September 2022 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Title
! Lyrics
! Singer(s)
! Length
|-
|"Naan Thaan Taapu"
| rowspan="5" |[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
|4:32
|-
|"Santhana Kaatre
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
|3:47
|-
|"Naan Thanda Ippo Devadas"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|4:23
|-
|"Koovungal Sevalgale"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|4:30
|-
|"Rasave Unna Naan Ennithan"
|[[S. P. Sailaja]]
|4:29
|-
|"Mullai Arumbe"
|[[Panchu Arunachalam]]
|[[Malaysia Vasudevan]], S. Janaki
|4:24
|}

;Hindi
Brij Bihari wrote the lyrics for all the songs in the Hindi dubbed version.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |title=BollySwar: 1981–1990 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech |year=2020 |isbn=978-81-938482-2-7 |pages=518}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Title
! Singer(s)
!Length
|-
| "Aaj Ka Dada Main Ban Gaya"
|[[Shailendra Singh (singer)|Shailendra Singh]]
|4:23
|-
| "Dafli Baje Kya Kahe"
| Shailendra Singh
|4:30
|-
| "Dil Kya Jaan Bhi"
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Vani Jayaram]]
|4:32
|-
| "Khilti Kali Yeh Roop Tera"
| [[Mahendra Kapoor]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|3:47
|-
| "Saanson Mein Sargam"
| Alka Yagnik
|4:29
|}

== Release and reception ==
The film was released on 12 March 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tani Kattu Raja (1982) |url=http://www.sureshproductions.com/2018/12/03/tani-kattu-raja-1982/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307174709/http://www.sureshproductions.com/2018/12/03/tani-kattu-raja-1982/ |archive-date=7 March 2021 |access-date=7 March 2021 |website=[[Suresh Productions]]}}</ref> Thiraignani of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' felt the plot which spoke about village has been dealt sparsely and also felt Jaishankar, Sripriya and Sridevi were underutilised; however, he praised the stunt choreography.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=திரைஞானி |date=4 April 1982 |title=தனிகாட்டு ராஜா |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1982-04-04/page/n42/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230414031917/https://archive.org/details/kalki1982-04-04/page/n42/mode/2up |archive-date=14 April 2023 |access-date=14 April 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=41 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:1982 Indian films]]
[[Category:1982 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1982 action films]]
[[Category:1982 films]]
[[Category:Films about landlords]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. C. Guhanathan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Suresh Productions films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Dhilluku Dhuddu

2026-03-03T03:09:31Z

CharliKayser97: general correct page as per guidelines and fixed typos

{{Short description|2016 Indian film by Rambhala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dhilluku Dhuddu
| image = Dhilluku Dhuddu.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rambhala]]
| producer = N. Ramasamy
| writer = Rambhala
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[N. Santhanam|Santhanam]]
*[[Anchal Singh]]
}}
| music = '''Original songs:''' [[S. Thaman]] '''Background score:''' [[Karthik Raja]]
| cinematography = Deepak Kumar Padhy
| editing = [[Gopi Krishna (film editor)|Gopi Krishna]]
| studio = [[Sri Thenandal Films]]
| distributor = Mishri Enterprises
| released = {{Film date|2016|07|07|df=yes}}
| runtime = 133 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2016 |title=Dhilluku Dhuddu |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/dhilluku-dhuddu-film |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820020822/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/dhilluku-dhuddu-film |archive-date=20 August 2016 |access-date=2 July 2016 |publisher=[[BBFC]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = {{INR}}12 crores <ref name="gross" />
}}
'''''Dhilluku Dhuddu''''' ({{lit|Money for Guts}}) is a 2016 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy horror]] film directed by [[Rambhala]] and produced by [[Sri Thenandal Films]]. The film features starring [[N. Santhanam|Santhanam]] and Anchal Singh in the leading roles, while [[Saurabh Shukla]] appears in a pivotal role. Featuring music composed by [[S. Thaman]], ''Dhilluku Dhuddu'' began production in November 2015 and released on 7 July 2016 to positive response and turned to be successful at box office.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dhilluku Dhuddu box office collection: Santhanams film earns Rs 12 cr in its opening weekend |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/dhilluku-dhuddu-box-office-collection-santhanam-opening-weekend-rambala-328635-2016-07-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118080853/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/dhilluku-dhuddu-box-office-collection-santhanam-opening-weekend-rambala/1/712317.html |archive-date=18 November 2016 |access-date=2016-11-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |title=Box office collection: Santhanam's 'Dhilluku Dhuddu', Salman Khan's 'Sultan' strike gold in Chennai |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-santhanams-dhilluku-dhuddu-salman-khans-sultan-strike-gold-chennai-686199 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121165708/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-santhanams-dhilluku-dhuddu-salman-khans-sultan-strike-gold-chennai-686199 |archive-date=21 November 2016 |access-date=2016-11-20 |work=International Business Times, India Edition |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sravan |date=2016-07-12 |title=Dhilluku Dhuddu First Week Collections, Earns 12 Crores in 7 Days |url=https://timesalert.com/dhilluku-dhuddu-collections/19063/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810212157/https://timesalert.com/dhilluku-dhuddu-collections/19063/ |archive-date=10 August 2017 |access-date=2016-11-20 |work=Timesalert.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The film was later dubbed in [[Hindi language|Hindi]] as ''Raj Mahal 3'' in 2017. The film was dubbed in Telugu as ''Dammunte Sommera'' in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 March 2018 |title=Santhanam starrer 'Dammunte Sommera' is gearing up for release in Telugu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/santhanam-starrer-dammunte-sommera-is-gearing-up-for-release-in-telugu/articleshow/63480092.cms |access-date=2020-04-03 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The film was remade in Kannada in 2019 as ''[[Gimmick (film)|Gimmick]]'' starring [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]].

This is the first film of the ''[[Dhilluku Dhuddu (film series)|Dhilluku Dhuddu]]'' film series. A sequel ''[[Dhilluku Dhuddu 2]]'' was released in 2019,<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 January 2019 |title='Dhilluku Dhuddu 2': The release date of the Santhanam starrer unveiled |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dhilluku-dhuddu-2-the-release-date-of-the-santhanam-starrer-unveiled/articleshow/67768613.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201190619/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dhilluku-dhuddu-2-the-release-date-of-the-santhanam-starrer-unveiled/articleshow/67768613.cms |archive-date=1 February 2019 |access-date=2020-08-30 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> while a third film, titled ''[[DD Returns]]'' released in 2023.

==Plot==
The film starts with a story about a greedy woman who wanted to marry the King. After they got married, they weren't able to live together for a very long time. She departs to live with her former lover by whom she becomes pregnant and gives birth to a boy. The woman secretly takes care of the boy until one day the king becomes aware of him. In anger the King throws the boy into fire. Out of grief, the mother sacrifices her soul to the Satan by hanging herself in front of the house. After hearing this, the King is grief stricken and falls from his fort and dies. Later the people who lived near the house felt paranormal activities and were killed by the ghost. This news travels to a Buddhist Monk and he offers a visit to Sivankondamalai. There, the Buddhist Monk starts meditating and as he opens his eyes he finds himself in a bungalow and encounters the ghost which threatens to kill him, but the monk traps the ghosts in a magical box and he faints from a concussion. His assistants warn the owner of the bungalow that it is haunted.

The story shifts to present-day Chennai where Kajal (Shanaya) hosts a party for reuniting with her school friends. Then she reveals about her classmate Kumar (Santhanam) who was sent out of school because of Kajal. In the flash back, on Valentine's Day, Kajal gives a card to Kumar and he returns it to her affectionately. This act is seen by a teacher and Kumar is dismissed for it. As the story shifts to the present day, Kumar's uncle Mohan (Karunas) who hasn't paid the due for his truck loses it to the financier (Saurabh Shukla) who is also Kajal's father. As Mohan and Kumar break into the financier's house out of anger, (not knowing that it is Kajal's house) Kajal catches Kumar and hands him over to the police without realizing that he is her childhood crush. The next day, Kumar's father (Anandaraj) standing in front of the police station calls Kajal's father and threatens him to withdraw the case filed on Kumar. Later, Kajal gets Kumar's address and she realizes Kumar is her childhood friend. Simultaneously, Kumar and Mohan plan to kidnap Kajal to teach her a lesson. So, they kidnap her and Kajal reveals herself to Kumar with a kiss and they both fall in love.

Kumar attends a wedding where Kajal is present and as they get personal it is witnessed by Kajal's sister's husband (T.M.Karthik) who misinterprets Kumar as Kapoor family's grandson. When Kajal's father asks Kumar about his family's approval for their union, Kumar brings his family where Kajal's father discovers that they are not a part of the Kapoor family. Kajal's father arranges a marriage for Kajal with another man but it is stopped by Kumar. Defeated, Kajal's father hires a rowdy, Sketch Mani (Rajendran) to kill Kumar. Mani asks Kajal's father to bring Kumar and his family in the name of marriage to the haunted house in Sivankodamalai to murder Kumar and his family and blame it on the ghost. Before they leave, Kumar's mother prays to Lord Muruga and accidentally drops the Vel in the bag and takes it along. But nobody knows that the house is haunted. Mani and his sidekicks enter the house as servants. The magical box containing the spirit still remains in the house.

Later, Mani and his sidekicks start to scare Kajal with the concept of ghost. Mani and his sidekicks try to scare Kumar and Kumar realises that it is just a drama. So Kumar informs this to his family and Kumar asks them to hit anybody in the form of ghost. The monk realizes, that when the moon's light touches the box, the ghost inside it will be released. The monk sends a disciple to get that box, but Kumar's father and Mohan mistake him for an intruder and knock him out. Eventually, the Moon's light touches the box and the ghost inside is released. Kumar learns that Mani and his sidekicks are the ones scaring them. Kumar encounters the real ghost and as the ghost starts to haunt the house, the monk arrives and draws one ghost into the box while another ghost enters Kajal's body out of rage. The monk enters a realm where Kajal's soul is trapped and hears a cry calling out for Kumar. The monk sends Kumar into the realm to control the ghost, but he gets trapped there. Fortunately, Kumar's mother takes the Vel and places it in Kumar's hand. As Kumar gains spiritual confidence, he destroys the ghost with the Vel.

After a few months, Kajal and Kumar get married and are living happily. Mani returns as a ghost and says, 'This is not the end. This is the beginning'.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[N. Santhanam|Santhanam]] as Kumar
*[[Anchal Singh]] as Kajal
*[[Karunas]] as Mohan
*[[Anandaraj]] as Subramaniam, Kumar's father
*[[Saurabh Shukla]] as Kuppal Ji: Kajal's father
*[[Rajendran]] as Sketch Mani
*Chavi Sharma as Kajal's niece
*[[T. M. Karthik]] as Kajal's brother-in-law
*[[Ganeshkar]] as Sketch Mani's assistant
*[[Mayilsamy]] as waiter
*[[Singamuthu]] as councillor
* P. V. Chandramouli
*[[Lollu Sabha Manohar]] as Kumar's neighbor
*Eesan Sujatha as Kumar's mother
*Baby Swaksha
*[[Lollu Sabha Maaran]] as Teacher
*Ashok Raja in a special appearance in the song "Sivan Magan Da"
}}

==Production==
In May 2014, [[N. Santhanam|Santhanam]] and Rambala, who had previously directed the actor for the spoof serial ''[[Lollu Sabha]]'', planned to collaborate for a film titled ''Dhilluku Dhuddu''. The venture was later postponed to allow Santhanam to finish work on Muruganand's ''[[Inimey Ippadithan]]'' (2015) first.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kanagaraj |first=Christopher |date=23 April 2014 |title='Lollu Sabha' director enters big screen – StudioFlicks |url=https://www.studioflicks.com/news/lollu-sabha-director-enters-big-screen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063426/https://www.studioflicks.com/news/lollu-sabha-director-enters-big-screen/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=14 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2014 |title=Santhanam's next with Lollu Sabha team titled Dhillukku Duttu – Only Kollywood |url=http://www.onlykollywood.com/santhanam-next-with-lollu-sabha-dhillukku-duttu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092654/http://www.onlykollywood.com/santhanam-next-with-lollu-sabha-dhillukku-duttu/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=14 January 2016}}</ref> In early 2015, Rambala then announced that he would make the film with [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]] and [[Nandita Swetha|Nandita]], but the project did not develop.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-23 |title=Shiva to romance Nandita |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/shiva-to-romance-nandita-tamil-news-128467.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715020152/http://www.indiaglitz.com/shiva-to-romance-nandita-tamil-news-128467.html |archive-date=15 July 2015 |access-date=2020-08-30 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandita to romance Mirchi Shiva |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/nandita-to-romance-mirchi-shiva-news-tamil-pcgjJuhbhdbfj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209023512/http://www.sify.com/movies/nandita-to-romance-mirchi-shiva-news-tamil-pcgjJuhbhdbfj.html |archive-date=9 February 2015 |access-date=2020-08-30 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref>

Following the release of ''Inimey Ippadithaan'', Santhanam began [[pre-production]] on his work with Rambala during July 2015 and sported a new look for the project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2015 |title=IndiaGlitz – Santhanam to Rock as Hero in a Pei Comedy – Tamil Movie News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/santhanam-to-rock-as-hero-in-a-pei-comedy-tamil-news-137817.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121012805/http://www.indiaglitz.com/santhanam-to-rock-as-hero-in-a-pei-comedy-tamil-news-137817.html |archive-date=21 November 2015 |access-date=20 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2015 |title=IndiaGlitz – Santhanam in a new look for his next movie produced by Sri Thenandal Films – Tamil Movie News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/santhanam-in-a-new-look-for-his-next-movie-produced-by-sri-thenandal-films-tamil-news-141716.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121032855/http://www.indiaglitz.com/santhanam-in-a-new-look-for-his-next-movie-produced-by-sri-thenandal-films-tamil-news-141716.html |archive-date=21 November 2015 |access-date=20 March 2023}}</ref> The film began production in November 2015, with newcomer Shanaya and Hindi film actor [[Saurabh Shukla]] revealed to be a part of the cast.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2015 |title=IndiaGlitz – Saurabh Shukla in new film with Santhanam as hero – Tamil Movie News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/saurabh-shukla-in-new-film-with-santhanam-as-hero-tamil-news-146934.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728193331/http://www.indiaglitz.com/saurabh-shukla-in-new-film-with-santhanam-as-hero-tamil-news-146934.html |archive-date=28 July 2017 |access-date=20 March 2023}}</ref> Prior to the release of the film, the producer of the proposed venture starring Shiva came forward and submitted an application to court stating that Rambala had made ''Dhilluku Dhuddu'' from the script of the film he had earlier approved. Sarbudeen of Paper Flight Pictures argued that Rambala had unceremoniously left the project and sought to stop ''Dhilluku Dhuddu'' release, which he failed to do.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-25 |title=Santhanam summoned to appear in Court |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/santhanam-asked-to-appear-in-court-for-case-against-dhilliku-dhuddu-tamil-news-161863.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628084631/http://www.indiaglitz.com:80/santhanam-asked-to-appear-in-court-for-case-against-dhilliku-dhuddu-tamil-news-161863.html |archive-date=28 June 2016 |access-date=2020-08-30 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2024}}
The music was composed and performed by [[S. Thaman]]. The soundtrack was released on 24 June 2016, and consists of three tracks.
{{Infobox album
| name = Dhilluku Dhuddu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[S. Thaman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 24 June 2016
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 11:03
| language = Tamil
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Sarrainodu]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Chuttalabbai]]
| next_year = 2016
}}
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 11:03
| title1 = Dhilluku Dhuddunuthan
| lyrics1 = [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
| extra1 = Deepak, MM Monisha
| length1 = 03:32
| title2 = Kaanamal Pona Kadhal
| lyrics2 = [[Madhan Karky]]
| extra2 = Nivas, Sanjana Kalmanje
| length2 = 03:17
| title3 = Sivan Magan Da
| lyrics3 = Kirithaya
| extra3 = Saisharan, Deepak, Nivas, Solar Sai, Naveen, Sandhya
| length3 = 04:14
}}

== Box office ==
The movie got a good start at the box office and turned out to be very successful earning ₹120 million in its four-day weekend in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="gross">{{Cite news |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |title='Dhilluku Dhuddu' box office collection: Santhanam's film grosses close to Rs. 13 crore |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/dhilluku-dhuddu-box-office-collection-santhanams-film-grosses-close-rs-13-crore-686370 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106062716/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/dhilluku-dhuddu-box-office-collection-santhanams-film-grosses-close-rs-13-crore-686370 |archive-date=6 November 2016 |access-date=2016-11-25 |work=International Business Times, India Edition |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|5860564}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films scored by Karthik Raja]]
[[Category:Indian haunted house films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:2016 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Mayoori Kango

2026-02-24T07:51:42Z

CharliKayser97: put up some info first draft - done

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Distinguish|Mayoori (actress)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mayoori Kango
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1982|08|15}}
| birth_place = [[Aurangabad]], [[Maharashtra]], India<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Simran |title=This actress debuted at 13, worked with Ajay Devgn, Mahesh Babu; quit films at 19, now is Google's India head for... |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-this-mayoori-kango-debuted-at-13-worked-ajay-devgn-mahesh-babu-quit-films-19-google-india-head-3086060 |access-date=2025-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419120552/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-this-mayoori-kango-debuted-at-13-worked-ajay-devgn-mahesh-babu-quit-films-19-google-india-head-3086060 |archive-date=2024-04-19 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = Former Actress
| yearsactive = 1995–2009
| spouse = {{Marriage|Aditya Dhillon|2003}}
| alma mater = Baruch College
}}

'''Mayoori Kango''' is a former Indian actress from [[Aurangabad|Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar]], [[Maharashtra]]. She has acted in a number of films, primarily in [[Bollywood]]. In 2019, she joined [[Google]] India as India industry head – agency business.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/mayoori-kango-actor-papa-kehte-hain-joins-google-india-corporate-career-quit-acting-5656968/ |title=Mayoori Kango is now Google India industry head – agency business |date=3 April 2019 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=4 April 2019 |archive-date=4 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404111323/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/mayoori-kango-actor-papa-kehte-hain-joins-google-india-corporate-career-quit-acting-5656968/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Simran |title=Meet IIT dropout actress, became star with debut film, quit Bollywood at her peak, now heads Google's... |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/photo-gallery-meet-iit-dropout-actress-became-star-with-debut-film-quit-bollywood-at-her-peak-heads-google-mayoori-kango-3097462/bollywood/photo-gallery-meet-iit-dropout-actress-became-star-with-debut-film-quit-bollywood-at-her-peak-heads-google-mayoori-kango-3097462/meet-mayoori-kango-3097464 |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

==Acting career==
While visiting her mother in Mumbai, she came in contact with director [[Saeed Akhtar Mirza]], who offered her the role of the female protagonist in his film ''[[Naseem (film)|Naseem]]'' (1995), a Bollywood film based on the Babri Masjid demolition. First she declined the offer as she had to appear for her HSC board exams. But later, after some discussion with the director, accepted the role.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q4t8zsl67NM "Mayuri Kango interview"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719143545/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q4t8zsl67NM |date=19 July 2017 }}, YouTube</ref>

[[Mahesh Bhatt]] was impressed by her performance and offered her the lead role in his next film ''[[Papa Kehte Hai]]'' (1996). Though the film was not a critical or commercial success, her acting received generally positive reviews. She was later seen in films like ''[[Betaabi]]'' (1997), ''[[Hogi Pyaar Ki Jeet]]'' (1999) and ''[[Badal (2000 film)|Badal]]'' (2000). She moved to television appearing in serials ''[[Dollar Bahu]]'' (2001) and ''[[Karishma - The Miracles of Destiny]]'' (2003) where she played the daughter of [[Karishma Kapoor]].

==Personal life==
Kango completed her schooling from Saint Francis De Sales in Chatrapati Sambhajinagar and was a student at [[Deogiri College, Aurangabad|Deogiri College, Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar]]. Her mother is a noted stage actress, which sparked her interest in acting.

She married an [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|NRI]] named Aditya Dhillon on 28 December 2003, in [[Aurangabad|Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar]].<ref>[http://www.weddingsutra.com/celeb_wed/featured_mayoori.asp "Mayuri and Aditya"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531200003/http://www.weddingsutra.com/celeb_wed/featured_mayoori.asp |date=31 May 2011 }} Featured couple</ref><ref name="Wedding">Lalwani, Vickey, [http://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k3/tellychakkar40.htm "Nache Mayuri... to wedding bells"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312201128/http://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k3/tellychakkar40.htm |date=12 March 2011 }}, IndianTelevision, 27 December 2003</ref><ref>Lalwani, Vickey, [http://www.indiantelevision.com/ye2003/gossbusters.htm "Wedding of the Year"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914232438/http://www.indiantelevision.com/ye2003/gossbusters.htm |date=14 September 2010 }}, IndianTelevision, 31 December 2003</ref> They had a son in 2011.

She later moved to New York with her husband and got an MBA in marketing and finance from [[Baruch College]] [[Zicklin School of Business]]. She was formerly the Managing Director for Performics, a leading digital media agency a part of the French group [[Publicis]]. Currently,{{when|date=July 2022}} she is working as India industry head – agency business for [[Google|Google India]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/national-award-winning-film-actress-mayuri-kango-now-heads-google-s-industry-agency-partnership-1494204-2019-04-04 |title=National Award-winning film actress Mayoori Kango now heads Google's Industry-Agency partnership |author=Amritanshu Mukherjee |date=5 April 2019 |magazine=India Today |language=en |access-date=12 August 2019 |archive-date=12 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812010859/https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/national-award-winning-film-actress-mayuri-kango-now-heads-google-s-industry-agency-partnership-1494204-2019-04-04 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Film===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!Director
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Naseem (film)|Naseem]]'' || Naseem || [[Saeed Akhtar Mirza]] ||
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Papa Kehte Hai]]'' || Sweety Anand || [[Mahesh Bhatt]] || <ref>[http://www.screenindia.com/old/20001110/tsplt.htm "Kaun Banega Celebrity Crorepati?"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618085542/http://www.screenindia.com/old/20001110/tsplt.htm |date=18 June 2009 }}, Screen Weekly, 10 November 2000 (The Morning Breeze) (1995)</ref><ref>Gupta, Pratim D., [http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080219/jsp/entertainment/story_8922466.jsp "Saeed Mirza ko phir gussa kyon aaya"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312054452/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080219/jsp/entertainment/story_8922466.jsp |date=12 March 2011 }}, [[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]], 19 February 2008</ref>
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Betaabi]]'' || Reshma || Rajesh Kumar Singh || <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Hl9DAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Mayuri+Kango%22 India today] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006041704/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hl9DAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Mayuri+Kango%22&dq=%22Mayuri+Kango%22&hl=en&ei=9xKNTMm7NMH38AbNrO3oCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA |date=6 October 2017 }}, Volume 22, Thomson Living Media India Ltd., 1997, Pg. 75</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1999 || ''[[Hogi Pyaar Ki Jeet]]'' || Preeti Singh || [[P. Vasu]] || <ref>Abrol, Anjali, [http://www.planetbollywood.com/Film/hpkj.html "Hogi Pyar Ki Jeet Review"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312051301/http://www.planetbollywood.com/Film/hpkj.html |date=12 March 2011 }}, Planet Bollywood</ref>
|-
|Meray Apney || || || (Unreleased)<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99apr10/j&k.htm "Aamir Khan in valley for shooting"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180611075733/http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99apr10/j%26k.htm |date=11 June 2018 }}, The Tribune, 10 April 1999</ref>
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2000 || ''[[Badal]]'' || Soni || [[Raj Kanwar]] || <ref>Abrol, Anjali, [http://www.planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=032906015941 "Badal Movie Review"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312051310/http://www.planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=032906015941 |date=12 March 2011 }}, Planet Bollywood</ref>
|-
| ''[[Papa The Great]]'' || || [[K. Bhagyaraj]] || Special Appearance (Song)
|-
| '' [[Jung (2000 film)|Jung]]'' || || [[Sanjay Gupta (director)|Sanjay Gupta]] || Special Appearance (Song)<ref>Abrol, Anjali, [http://www.planetbollywood.com/Film/jung.html "Jung Film Review"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616184005/http://www.planetbollywood.com/Film/jung.html |date=16 June 2011 }}, Planet Bollywood</ref>
|-
| ''[[Shikari (2000 film)|Shikari]]'' || || [[N. Chandra]] || Item Song
|-
| ''[[Vamsi (film)|Vamsi]]'' || Sneha || [[B. Gopal]] || <ref>[http://www.screenindia.com/old/20001020/rreview.htm "Typical slam-bang action flick"]{{dead link|date=November 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, Screen Weekly, 20 October 2000</ref>
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Jeetenge Hum]]'' || || ||
|-
| 2008 || Kashmir Hamara Hai || || || <ref>John, Ali Peter,[http://www.screenindia.com/old/20001229/fartic.htm "The Power of His Pen"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503103319/http://www.screenindia.com/old/20001229/fartic.htm |date=3 May 2008 }}, Screen Weekly</ref>
|-
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Artist(s)
! class="unsortable"| {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 1997
| Ram Ratan Dhan Payo
|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|}

===Television===
* ''[[Kya Hadsaa Kya Haqeeqat]] - Kutumb'' (2004) TV series<ref>Lalwani, Vickey, [http://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k3/tellychakkar14.htm "Dangerous flames"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312201040/http://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k3/tellychakkar14.htm |date=12 March 2011 }}, IndianTelevision, 28 June 2003</ref>
* ''[[Kya Hadsaa Kya Haqeeqat]] - Kayamath'' (2004) TV series
* ''[[Karishma – The Miracles of Destiny]]'' (2003) TV series<ref name="Wedding" /> as Mansi
* ''[[Kkusum]]'' (2003) TV series as Saakshi Aaryaman Oberoi (new)
* ''[[Kittie Party]]'' (2002) TV series<ref name="Wedding" />
* ''[[Rangoli (TV series)|Rangoli]]'' (2001) <ref name=Kango>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k1/april/apr11.htm |title=Rangoli, a musical programme on film songs airing on Doordarshan, will be donning a new look after the Dheeraj Kumar promoted Creative Eye struck a deal with the national broadcaster to produce and market the programme |date=6 April 2001 |accessdate=24 February 2019 |archive-date=25 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225104624/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k1/april/apr11.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Dollar Bahu]]'' (2001) TV series<ref>Jha, Subhash K, [http://www.screenindia.com/old/20011109/tvsplit.html "Thank God for Neena Gupta"]{{dead link|date=November 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, Screen Weekly</ref>
* ''Thoda Gham Thodi Khushi'' (2001) TV series as Neha
*''[[Kaahin Kissii Roz]]'' - Monica Bose Face Surgery as Sneha<ref>Khosla, Mukesh, [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010325/spectrum/tv.htm "Small screen dreams"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311163857/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010325/spectrum/tv.htm |date=11 March 2011 }}, The Sunday Tribune, 25 March 2001</ref>
*''Nargis'' - DD1

==Theatre==
* ''Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein''... Zarina Khanna<ref>[http://www.screenindia.com/old/20020906/fstakes.html "The Show Kango On"]{{dead link|date=November 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, Screen Weekly</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=4yMqAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Mayuri+Kango%22 Cine blitz], Volume 29, Issue 1, Blitz Publications, 2003</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0997177}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kango, Mayoori}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:People from Aurangabad]]

Habibullah Badsha

2026-02-09T08:08:11Z

CharliKayser97: added the info initial version.

{{Short description|Indian lawyer (1933–2017)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Habibullah Badsha
| image = Habibullah Badsha.jpg
| birth_date = 1933
| death_date = 2017
| education = Church Park, Chennai Christ’s Church School in Chennai Presidency College Madras University
}}

'''Habibullah Badsha''' (1933–2017) was an Indian lawyer and public servant known for his contributions to the legal system of [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2017-11-22 |title=Former Advocate-General Habibullah Badsha no more |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/former-advocate-general-habibullah-badsha-no-more/article20668172.ece |access-date=2025-01-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-11-22 |title=Habibullah Basha, doyen of Madras Bar, dies aged 84 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/habibullah-basha-doyen-of-madras-bar-dies-aged-84/articleshow/61748742.cms?utm_source=twitter.com&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=TOIChennaiNews&from=mdr |access-date=2025-01-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-23 |title=Noted jurist Habibullah Badsha passes away |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/Nov/23/noted-jurist-habibullah-badsha-passes-away-1708674.html |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Born on March 8, 1933, Badsha did his schooling from Church Park and Christ’s Church School in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Habibullah Badsha, philanthropist and one of the finest jurists, passes away {{!}} ummid.com |url=https://ummid.com/news/2017/Novembr/22.11.2017/habibullah-basha-dies-madras-bar.html |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=ummid.com}}</ref> Following his graduation and post-graduation degrees in Islamic studies from Presidency College, he obtained his law degree from [[University of Madras|Madras University]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Emmanuel |first=Meera |date=2017-11-22 |title=Former TN Advocate General Habibullah Badsha passes away |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/habibullah-badsha-passes-away |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=sriramv |date=2018-12-31 |title=The Memoirs Of Habibullah Badsha - Madras Heritage and Carnatic Music |url=https://sriramv.com/2018/12/31/the-memoirs-of-habibullah-badsha/ |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=sriramv.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupte |first=Pranay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MxFMAgAAQBAJ&dq=Habibullah+Badsha&pg=PT156 |title=Healer: Dr Prathap Chandra Reddy and the Transformation of India |date=2013-12-15 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5118-566-6 |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 1957, Habibullah Badsha began his legal career by enrolling as an advocate. He initially worked as a junior under Senior Advocate [[Govind Swaminadhan]], a former Crown Prosecutor and Advocate General of Tamil Nadu (1969–1976). Over the course of his distinguished career, Badsha held several key positions, including standing counsel for the Central Government in 1967 and state Public Prosecutor for the Madras High Court in 1974. In 1986, he declined an appointment as a judge of the Supreme Court, choosing instead to continue his practice as an advocate.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZpRKAQAAIAAJ&q=Habibullah+Badsha |title=Frontline |date=1995 |publisher=S. Rangarajan for Kasturi & Sons |language=en}}</ref> The following year, Chief Minister [[M. G. Ramachandran|M.G. Ramachandran]] appointed him as Special Public Prosecutor to handle a high-profile case involving the burning of copies of the Constitution by 10 DMK MLAs during the party's anti-Hindi agitation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Legal Doyen Habibullah Badsha Passes Away |url=https://radianceweekly.net/legal-doyen-habibullah-badsha-passes-away/ |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=Radiance Weekly |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="Push your limits, step out of your comfort zone & embrace the unfamiliar." Maimoona Badsha, Counsel, Apollo Hospitals |url=https://bwlegalworld.com/article/push-your-limits-step-out-of-your-comfort-zone-embrace-the-unfamiliar-maimoona-badsha-counsel-apollo-hospitals--396523 |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=BW Legal World |language=en}}</ref>

In 1991, Badsha was appointed Advocate General of Tamil Nadu. However, when [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] president [[M. Karunanidhi]] offered him the same role in 1996, he declined due to health concerns. Throughout his career, he was celebrated as a role model, known for championing secularism and minority rights. He also actively participated in philanthropic endeavors, contributing to organizations such as the Muslim Educational Association of Southern India (MEASI) and the [[Anjuman-i-Himayat-i-Islam|Anjuman-E-Himayath-E-Islam]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-31 |title=Book release: Tributes paid to eminent lawyer Habibullah Badsha |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/Dec/31/book-release-tributes-paid-to-eminent-lawyer-1918622.html |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Experts |first=Disha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IzlmDwAAQBAJ&dq=Habibullah+Badsha&pg=PA195 |title=Current Affairs Roundup 2019 with 2 ebooks - Weekly Current Affairs Update & MCQs. - 2nd Edition |date=2018-08-10 |publisher=Disha Publications |isbn=978-93-88240-09-3 |language=en}}</ref>
He was a Founding Director and on the Board of Directors of Apollo Hospitals India.<ref>{{cite web |title=APPOINTMENT AS AN INDEPENDENT DIRECTOR OF THE COMPANY |url=https://www.apollohospitals.com/apollo_pdf/HabibullahBadsha.pdf |website=www.apollohospitals.com}}</ref>
He was also Founder and Managing Director of Maschmeijer Aromatics Pvt Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/maschmeijer-aromatics-india-private-limited/U24246TN1960PTC004370|title=Maschmeijer Aromatics (india) Private Limited Information - Maschmeijer Aromatics (india) Private Limited Company Profile, Maschmeijer Aromatics (india) Private Limited News on The Economic Times|website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

Many of his juniors went on to achieve distinguished positions, including Justice N. Kirubakaran, Justice Akbar Ali and Justice R. Sudhakar of the [[Madras High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Voice |first=Islamic |date=2017-12-15 |title=Tribute – Habibullah Badsha - |url=https://islamicvoice.com/people/tribute-habibullah-badsha/ |access-date=2025-01-19 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Badsha was born into a business family of Madras India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/Sep/27/business-badshas-1877523.html |title=Business Badshas |date=27 September 2018 }}</ref> The Badsha family — members of the [[Urdu]] Muslim mercantile elite — were one of the leaders in extending business relationships to places like Arabia, Egypt and Japan.

Badsha was married to Shyamala, his college classmate and the daughter of Rajagopal Naidu. He is survived by his three children: Abdul Jabbar Suhail, Dr. Humeira Badsha, and Maimoona Badsha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-24 |title=Latest Marathi News- Breaking News Today {{!}} Read Marathi Batmya from Maharashtra |url=https://www.loksatta.com/sampadkiya/vyakhtivedh/loksatta-vyakti-vedh-former-advocate-general-habibullah-badsha-1590269/ |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>

== Death ==
Badsha died on November 17, 2017, at the age of 84 due to age-related complications.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

== External links ==
* [https://habibullahbadsha.com/ Official website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Badsha, Habibullah}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Presidency College, Chennai alumni]]
{{improve categories|date=January 2025}}

Fuljar Soda

2026-02-06T21:36:10Z

CharliKayser97: created initial data added tags...

{{Short description|Non-alcoholic beverage}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=July 2025}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=July 2025}}
}}
'''Fuljar Soda''' is a popular and visually distinctive [[non-alcoholic beverage]] originating from [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-09-13 |title=What is Fuljar Soda and how to make it? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/what-is-fuljar-soda-and-how-to-make-it/photostory/86167904.cms |access-date=2025-07-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It gained significant popularity across the state and beyond, particularly through social media, due to its unique preparation and "volcanic" fizzing effect.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-03 |title=കടകളിലും ട്രോളിലും താരമായി ഫുൽജാർ സോഡ |url=https://archives.mathrubhumi.com/food/news/fuljar-soda-preperation-kulukki-sarbath-food-news-food-1.3844993 |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=Mathrubhumi Archives |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |orig-date=2019-06-09 |title=Full Jar Soda – the drink that has taken Kerala by storm |url=https://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/food/beverages/full-jar-soda-d3433764 |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=@mathrubhumi |date=2 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

== History and origin ==
Fuljar Soda emerged in Kerala, particularly in the [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]] region, and became a widespread trend around 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-06-25 |title=Fulljar soda, the new favourite beverage of Kerala youngsters |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/fulljar-soda-the-new-favourite-beverage-of-kerala-youngsters/articleshow/69618999.cms#:~:text=#Fulljarsoda%20In%20Kerala:%20Fulljar%20soda,VIDEOS |access-date=2025-07-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> While its exact inventor remains unknown, it gained significant traction as a special drink during the month of [[Ramadan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-14 |title=Fizzy 'Fuljar Soda' Takes Kerala By Storm |url=https://www.inuth.com/beyond-the-headlines/fizzy-fuljar-soda-takes-kerala-by-storm/ |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=InUth |language=en-US}}</ref> Its rapid spread was largely fueled by viral videos on platforms like TikTok and YouTube, showcasing its dramatic preparation and the challenge of drinking it quickly. It quickly surpassed other popular local drinks like "Kulukki Sarbath" in popularity for a period.

The name "Fuljar" (sometimes spelled "Fulljar") is believed to be derived from "full jar," referring to how the drink overflows the glass when prepared.

== Preparation ==
The distinctive feature of Fuljar Soda lies in its preparation method. It involves two main components:

# '''The "Shot" Concoction:''' A small shot glass is filled with a concentrated, flavorful mixture. Common ingredients for this mixture include:
#* Mint leaves<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-09-13 |title=What is Fuljar Soda and how to make it? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/what-is-fuljar-soda-and-how-to-make-it/photostory/86167904.cms |access-date=2025-07-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
#* Green chilies (often a less spicy variety for taste rather than extreme heat)
#* Ginger
#* Lime juice
#* Sugar or sugar syrup
#* Black salt (Kala Namak)
#* Chaat masala<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-09-13 |title=What is Fuljar Soda and how to make it? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/what-is-fuljar-soda-and-how-to-make-it/photostory/86167904.cms |access-date=2025-07-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
#* Sometimes, basil seeds (sabja seeds) are added for their cooling properties and texture.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shivesh |date=2024-05-08 |title=JAMUN FULJHAR SODA |url=https://bakewithshivesh.com/jamun-fuljhar-soda/ |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=Bake with Shivesh |language=en-US}}</ref>
#* Coriander leaves, cumin powder, and even neem leaves or cinnamon can be included in some variations. These ingredients are typically blended or muddled into a smooth paste.
# '''The Soda Base:''' A larger serving glass is mostly filled with chilled club soda (or sometimes ginger ale or Sprite).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fuljar Soda Recipe: How To Make Fuljar Soda At Home {{!}} Homemade Fuljar Soda Recipe |url=https://recipes.timesofindia.com/recipes/fuljar-soda/rs86219361.cms |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=recipes.timesofindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

'''The "Volcanic" Effect:''' The shot glass containing the concentrated mixture is then dropped into the larger glass of soda. This immediately causes a vigorous fizzing and frothing reaction, often overflowing the glass, resembling a small volcanic eruption. The drink is meant to be consumed quickly, ideally in one gulp, while it is still actively fizzing.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-09-13 |title=What is Fuljar Soda and how to make it? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/what-is-fuljar-soda-and-how-to-make-it/photostory/86167904.cms?picid=86167924 |access-date=2025-07-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Variations ==
While the mint, ginger, and green chili combination is classic, Fuljar Soda has seen numerous variations to cater to different tastes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathur |first=Neha |date=2025-02-23 |title=Fuljar Soda |url=https://www.whiskaffair.com/fuljar-soda-recipe/ |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=Whisk Affair |language=en-US}}</ref> These include:

* '''Fruit-based variations:''' Incorporating fruit purees or juices such as kiwi, orange, pomegranate, watermelon, or raw mango.
* '''Sweetened versions:''' Adjusting sugar levels or adding honey for a sweeter profile.
* '''Spicy versions:''' Modifying the amount of green chilies for increased heat.

== Cultural impact and popularity ==
Fuljar Soda quickly became a culinary fad, especially among youngsters in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-06-29 |title=Fuljar soda creates a buzz amongst youngsters |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/fuljar-soda-creates-a-buzz-amongst-youngsters/articleshow/70001781.cms#:~:text=Fuljar%20soda%20creates%20a%20buzz,Food%20News |access-date=2025-07-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Its visual appeal and the interactive nature of its consumption made it highly shareable on social media, contributing significantly to its viral spread. Juice bars and street vendors across Kerala (and subsequently in neighboring states like [[Tamil Nadu]]) began offering the drink, often experiencing long queues.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-14 |title=Fizzy 'Fuljar Soda' Takes Kerala By Storm |url=https://www.inuth.com/beyond-the-headlines/fizzy-fuljar-soda-takes-kerala-by-storm/ |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=InUth |language=en-US}}</ref> Its refreshing, tangy, sweet, and spicy flavor profile made it a popular summer cooler.

While its initial peak popularity might have been a "fad," Fuljar Soda remains a recognized and enjoyed beverage in Kerala's street food and beverage scene.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Non-alcoholic drinks]]

New Market, Bhopal

2026-02-06T13:56:41Z

CharliKayser97: typo fix

{{Infobox settlement
| name = New Market
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = District of [[Bhopal]]
| image_skyline = Deewali New market.jpg
| image_alt = New Market at night, on the eve of Divali
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| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
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| subdivision_name1 = Madhya Pradesh
| subdivision_type2 = City
| subdivision_name2 = Bhopal
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'''New Market''' is an area and business district of [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India.
<ref name="TIBusdist1">{{cite web|title=MANIT experts suggest ways to streamline New Market parking|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/MANIT-experts-suggest-ways-to-streamline-New-Market-parking/articleshow/55069878.cms|last=Sirothial|first=Ankur|publisher=Times of India|date=26 Oct 2016|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="FParea1">{{cite web|title=Bhopal: BMC's anti encroachment drive have little impact on New Market traders|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/bhopal-bmcs-anti-encroachment-drive-have-little-impact-on-new-market-traders/1071917|last=Das|first=Kalyan|publisher=Free Press Journal|date=22 May 2017|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="FParea2">{{cite web|title=Bhopal: An alternative New Market, Nadra Bus Stand|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/bhopal-an-alternative-new-market-nadra-bus-stand/979760|last=Bhowmick|first=Shilpa|publisher=Free Press Journal|date=30 November 2016|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="FPBusdist1">{{cite web|title=Bhopal: BJP, Congress sitting on huge dues to BMC|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/bhopal-bjp-congress-sitting-on-huge-dues-to-bmc/1123321|publisher=Free Press Journal|date=18 August 2017|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="TILocality1">{{cite web|title=Protest leaves Bhopal gridlocked|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/protest-leaves-bhopal-gridlocked/articleshow/57300805.cms|publisher=Times of India|date=23 February 2017|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref>

A commercial centre; the district is characterised by offices, new businesses and trade establishments.<ref name="Disaster1">{{cite book|title=Advocacy after Bhopal: Environmentalism, Disaster, New Global Orders|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SDKmddU8LBcC&pg=PA348&dq=New+Market,+Bhopal#q=New%20Market%2C%20Bhopal|page=348|last=Fortun|first=Kim|publisher=University of Chicago Press|date=4 May 2009|isbn=9780226257181|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="Descript1">{{cite book|title=City Planning in India: A Study of Land Use of Bhopal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CUEIo4W1IegC&pg=PA94&dq=Bhopal+%22new+market%22+-delhi#q=Bhopal%20%22new%20market%22%20-delhi|last1=Prasad Singh|first1=Jogendra|last2=Dharmajog|first2=Anita|page=119|publisher=Mittal Publications|date=1998|isbn=9788170997054|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="TIshopsoffice1">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/new-market-sans-clean-loos-drinking-water/articleshow/59994535.cms|title=New Market sans clean loos, drinking water|date=15 August 2017|first=Yogesh|last=Tejwanii|publisher=Times of India|access-date=22 August 2017}}</ref>

==History==

Between 1975-91 small industrial units were created in New Market.
<ref name="Descript1"/>{{rp|94}}

[[Tatya Tope Nagar Sports Complex]] is located within the New Market area.
<ref name="TTNagur1">{{cite web|title=5th Asian School Hockey C'ship in Bhopal from April 3|url=http://thehitavada.com/Encyc/2017/3/16/5th-Asian-School-Hockey-C-ship-in-Bhopal-from-April-3.aspx|publisher=The Hitavada|date=16 March 2017|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="TTNagur2">{{cite book|title=Muslims in Indian Cities: Trajectories of Marginalisation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qSnmSjPO6JsC&pg=PA168&dq=Bhopal+%22new+market%22+-delhi#q=Bhopal%20%22new%20market%22%20-delhi|page=168|last=Gayer|first=Laurent|publisher=Hurst Publishers|date=2012|isbn=9781849041768|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Madhya Pradesh}}

[[Category:Bhopal district]]

{{Bhopal-geo-stub}}

Directorate of Military Intelligence (India)

2026-01-31T16:37:27Z

CharliKayser97: brief add intro as per guidelines further and updated info for consistency

{{Short description|Intelligence arm of the Indian Army}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Directorate of Military Intelligence Corps
| image = Directorate of Military Intelligence Corps Logo (India).svg
| image_size = 150px
| caption =
| dates = 1941 – present
| country = {{flag|India}}
| allegiance =
| branch = {{army|india}}
| type = [[Military intelligence]]
| role =
| size = 3,700
| command_structure =
| garrison = Sena Bhawan, New Delhi
| garrison_label = Headquarters
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| nickname =
| patron =
| motto = Always be Alert
| colors =
| colors_label =
| march =
| mascot =
| battles = [[World War II]] [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948]] [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] [[Indo-China War of 1962]] [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] [[Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)]] [[Kargil War]] [[2016 Indian Line of Control strike]]
| anniversaries =
| decorations =
| battle_honours = 
| current_commander = Lt Gen. [[R. S. Raman]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Indian Army gets new DGS of Intelligence, Information Warfare and Strategic Planning | date=10 June 2023 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/Jun/10/indian-army-gets-new-dgs-of-intelligence-information-warfare-and-strategic-planning-2583731.html }}</ref>
| current_commander_label = Director General Military Intelligence
| ceremonial_chief =
| ceremonial_chief_label =
| colonel_of_the_regiment = Lt Gen [[R. S. Raman]]
| colonel_of_the_regiment_label =
| notable_commanders =
| identification_symbol = [[File:Directorate of Military Intelligence Corps Insignia (India).svg|100px]]
| identification_symbol_label = Formation sign
| identification_symbol_2 =
| identification_symbol_2_label =
| identification_symbol_3 =
| identification_symbol_3_label =
| identification_symbol_4 =
| identification_symbol_4_label =
}}
The '''Directorate of Military Intelligence''' ('''M.I.''') is the [[military intelligence|Intelligence]] arm of the [[Indian Army]].<ref name=india-today>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/20120206-bangladesh-indian-army-military-intelligence-directorate-sheikh-hasina-757152-2012-01-28 |title=The Secret Secret Service |first=Sandeep |last=Unnithan |date=28 January 2012 |access-date=16 January 2014 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
The primary mission of [[military intelligence]] is to provide timely, relevant, accurate, and synchronized intelligence support to tactical, operational and strategic-level needs of the army.

It also conducts [[Counterintelligence|counter-intelligence]] activities to detect, identify and neutralize adversarial intelligence threats inside the Indian Army.<ref name="Description">{{cite news |last1=Unnithan |first1=Sandeep |title=How Indian Army's Military Intelligence Directorate works |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/20120206-bangladesh-indian-army-military-intelligence-directorate-sheikh-hasina-757152-2012-01-28 |access-date=23 June 2020 |work=India Today |publisher=Living Media India Limited |date=6 February 2012}}</ref>

==Organisation==
Approximately 3,700 military personnel are assigned to intelligence duties. These personnel are trained at Military Intelligence Training School and Depot (MINTSD), [[Pune]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Military-intelligence-training-school-completes-75-years/articleshow/50836967.cms|title=Military intelligence training school completes 75 years|access-date=3 February 2016|newspaper=Times Of India|date=3 February 2016 }}</ref>

The operational geographical mandate of the organization is set to 50 km from the border.<ref name=india-today/>

==History==
The agency was set up in 1941 as part of the erstwhile [[British Indian Army]] to generate field intelligence for the army, in the [[World War II|Second World War]]. After India's [[Indian independence movement|independence]], the Directorate of Military Intelligence (M.I.) was initially tasked with generating only tactical or field intelligence in all [[Borders of India|countries bordering India]].

In 1978, the directorate was involved in the [[Samba spy scandal]], wherein it was later found that the directorate had falsely implicated three [[Indian Army]] officers as Pakistani spies.<ref name="Scandal">{{cite news |title=The Samba Case, the Indian army's darkest chapter |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/may/29samba.htm |access-date=23 June 2020 |work=Reddif}}</ref><ref name="Samba spy">{{cite news |last1=Chawla |first1=Prabhu |title=Samba spy case takes dramatic turn as officers challenge dismissal order in HC |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/investigation/story/19800430-samba-spy-case-takes-dramatic-turn-as-officers-challenge-dismissal-order-in-hc-806631-2014-02-01 |access-date=23 June 2020 |work=India Today |agency=Living Media India Limited |date=1 February 2014}}</ref>

==Operations==
In early 1957, 2 M.I. officers had infiltrated into Chinese territory and carried out a [[reconnaissance]] operation. It was due to this operation, that Indian government got first-hand evidence that China had illegally built a road in [[Aksai Chin]]. The personnel had joined a group of yak grazers in disguise and gathered the first-hand evidence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jawaharlal-nehru-ignored-intelligence-report-of-chinese-road-in-indian-territory-in-1957-book/articleshow/78096926.cms|title=Jawaharlal Nehru ignored intelligence report of Chinese road in Indian territory in 1957: Book|date=14 September 2020|publisher=Times Of India}}</ref>

In late 1990s, M.I. officers were also deployed in [[Tajikistan]] and later into [[Afghanistan]], in support of the [[Ahmad Shah Massoud]]–led [[Northern Alliance]] that overthrew the Taliban in 2001 with the aid of the US-led coalition forces in the aftermath of the [[September 11 attacks]] and the subsequent [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]].<ref name=india-today/>

M.I. was also active in [[Myanmar]], which nurtured insurgent groups. In 1998, a M.I. operative impersonated a [[Khalistan movement|Khalistani]] terrorist and infiltrated a gun-running Myanmar insurgent group. He led them into a death trap in the [[Andaman Islands]].<ref name="Leech">{{cite news |last1=Goel |first1=Kritika |title=Operation Leech: What Was This Military Op & What Went Down? |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/indian-army-operation-leech-what-was-military-operation-what-went-down |access-date=23 June 2020 |work=The Quint |agency=Quintillion Media Pvt Ltd}}</ref> [[Operation Leech]], as the operation was called, marked the start of the outreach of the Indian Army to the [[Burma|Burmese junta]] in the 1990s. It also aimed to offset the expanding footprint of China on the eastern border of India.<ref name=india-today/><ref name="Leech"/>

M.I. has carried out operations in [[Bangladesh]] too because of safe sanctuaries provided to insurgent groups like the [[United Liberation Front of Assam]] (U.L.F.A.), the [[United National Liberation Front|United National Liberation Front of Manipur]] (U.N.L.F.) and the [[Kamtapur Liberation Organisation]].<ref name="Secret war">{{cite news |last1=Swami |first1=Praveen |title=India's secret war in Bangladesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/indias-secret-war-in-bangladesh/article2747538.ece |access-date=23 June 2020 |work=The Hindu |agency=The Hindu Group |date=26 December 2011}}</ref> Within months of the [[Sheikh Hasina|Hasina]] government taking over in 2009, the entire leadership of the U.L.F.A. and the U.N.L.F. was handed over to Indian authorities.<ref name=india-today/>

In January 2012, the M.I. warned [[Sheikh Hasina]], the [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh|Prime Minister]] of Bangladesh, about a coup brewing in the [[Bangladesh Army|Bangladeshi Army]] which was ultimately foiled.<ref name=india-today/>

Since 2005, M.I. is also involved in hundreds of cross-border counter terrorism strikes across LOC, into Pakistan. Most notable being [[2016 Indian Line of Control strike|2016 Surgical strike]].<ref name="LoC 2016">{{cite news |last1=Negi |first1=Manjeet Singh |title=Surgical strikes in PoK: How Indian para commandos killed 50 terrorists, hit 7 camps |url=http://indiatoday.in/india/story/uri-avenged-inside-story-indian-army-surgical-strikes-pok-343995-2016-09-29 |access-date=23 June 2020 |work=India Today |agency=Living Media India Limited}}</ref>

==Military Intelligence Training School & Depot==
[[File:MINTSD.jpg|thumb|Military Intelligence Training School & Depot, Pune]]
Military Intelligence Training School & Depot (MINTSD) at Pune trains intelligence professionals of Indian Army, [[Indian Navy|Navy]], [[Indian Air Force|Air Force]], [[Paramilitary forces of India|Paramilitary forces]], [[List of Indian intelligence agencies|civil intelligence agencies]] and friendly foreign countries. It started modestly in [[Karachi]] on 20 January 1941. MINTSD moved through [[Murree]] in July 1947 and, after the [[partition of India]], to [[Mhow]] in November 1947 and finally to its present location in Pune in September 1952.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.punekarnews.in/75-glorious-years-of-military-intelligence-training-school-and-depot-mintsd/|title=75 glorious years of Military Intelligence Training School And Depot (MINTSD)|date=2016-01-20|access-date=2021-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.philamart.com/Listing/Details/3071363/Military-Intelligence-Training-School-And-DepotIndian-Army-Postal-Cover|title=Military Intelligence Training School And Depot-Indian Army Postal Cover|date=2016-01-20|access-date=2021-05-29}}</ref>

It offers the following courses under the [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]] - Diplomas in Combat Intelligence and Security, Management of Intelligence and Security Teams, Management of Intelligence and Security Teams, Security, Security and Intelligence Tradecraft; P.G. Diploma in Combat Intelligence Analysis and Management, Intelligence Tradecraft and Practice, Satellite and Aerial Imagery Interpretation and Security with Specialization in Counter Intelligence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bcud.unipune.ac.in/utilities/college_search/IMMP019010_ENG/Pune_University_College|title=Colleges, Research Centers and University Department Details|date=|access-date=2021-05-29}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Defence Intelligence Agency (India)|Defence Intelligence Agency]]
* [[Directorate of Air Intelligence]]
* [[Directorate of Naval Intelligence (India)|Directorate of Naval Intelligence]]
* [[Technical Support Division]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Army arms and services}}
{{Indian intelligence agencies}}
{{National intelligence agencies}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:1941 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Defence agencies of India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1941]]
[[Category:Indian intelligence agencies]]
[[Category:Military intelligence agencies]]
[[Category:Military communications of India]]

Saskia Rao-de Haas

2026-01-22T04:43:23Z

CharliKayser97: made new bio.

{{Short description|Dutch musician}}
'''Saskia Rao-de Haas''' (born 1971) is a virtuoso [[cellist]] and composer from the [[Netherlands]] based in [[New Delhi]], India. She is married to the [[sitarist]] [[Shubhendra Rao]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/articles/2009/12/18202109/Raga-from-Rotterdam.html|title=Raga from Rotterdam|last=Ghose|first=Anindita |date=18 December 2009|work=[[Livemint]]|accessdate=8 March 2010}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Saskia was born in [[Abcoude]], the Netherlands in a family of music lovers. Saskia studied cello under the Hungarian cellist [[Tibor de Machula]] and went on to do a Masters in [[Ethnomusicology]] from the [[University of Amsterdam]] and the [[Music school|Conservatory]] of [[Rotterdam]] where she studied under [[Hari Prasad Chaurasia]] and Koustuv Ray.<ref>{{cite web|title=Saskia Rao - My Mentors|url=http://www.saskiarao.com/about-me.html|accessdate=17 November 2012}}</ref>

== Musical career ==
She first came to India in 1994 where she studied Indian music under Dr. Sumati Mutatkar at the Delhi University. Subsequently, she has also been tutored by Pandit D.K. Datar, Pandit Deepak Chowdhury and [[Shubhendra Rao|Pandit Shubhendra Rao]].<ref>{{cite news|title=On a life-long exploration|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/music/article3862080.ece|accessdate=17 November 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=September 5, 2012}}</ref>

Saskia Rao de Haas has performed at a number of traditional festivals, such as the [[Dover Lane Music Conference|Dover Lane Conference]] in [[Kolkata]] and the [[Harvallabh Sangeet Samelan]] in [[Jalandhar]]. She has also performed at the ‘Vasanta Habbha’ in [[Bangalore]], the ‘Maihar’ festival and the ‘Haridas Sangeet Sammelan’ in [[Lucknow]]. She has also performed at numerous international venues including the [[Kennedy Centre]] at [[Washington, D.C.]], and the [[Esplanade, Singapore|Esplanande in Singapore]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Pt. Jasraj award for Dutch cellist|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/24/stories/2011022460850200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301085040/http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/24/stories/2011022460850200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 1, 2011|accessdate=17 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=February 24, 2011}}</ref> More recently in 2013 she also performed at various universities of UK including Oxford through the UK chapter of [http://SPICMACAY.co.uk SPICMACAY]{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. They are also scheduled to play at the Opening Ceremony of the Commonwealth Games at Glasgow in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=When East marries West..|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/149012/ipl-2012.html|accessdate=17 November 2012|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=17 November 2012}}</ref>

== As a Composer ==
Saskia is acclaimed for bridging the Western and [[Indian classical music]] traditions. She is an accomplished [[Western classical music|Western classical]] cellist, plays [[folk music]] from [[Eastern Europe]] and has composed music for dance, film and theatre.
Rao-de Haas composed music for the dance group Raga Mala and created an Indian [[string quartet]] in her piece 'Mukhani'. She developed, together with Shubhendra, a collection of pieces for sitar and cello with percussion under the collective name 'East marries West'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/2009/03/08235741/Fusion-magic.html|title=Fusion magic|last=Jain|first=Vaishali |date=9 March 2009|work=[[Livemint]]|accessdate=8 March 2010}}</ref>

== The Indian Cello ==
Saskia's contribution to [[Hindustani classical music]] through the Indian cello, an instrument fashioned out of the [[cello]] to enable it to be played in Indian classical concerts. The Indian Cello was fashioned by the [[violin maker]] Eduard van Tongeren with five playing [[strings (music)|strings]] and ten [[sympathetic strings]]. It is smaller in size than its western counterpart, thus enabling Saskia to sit on the floor while playing it. The addition of an extra playing string on a higher [[octave]] and the ten sympathetic strings further enriches the tonal quality of the Indian cello.<ref name="hindu">{{cite news|title=The calling of music|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/08/30/stories/2008083053130300.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125065314/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/08/30/stories/2008083053130300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 25, 2013|accessdate=17 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=August 30, 2008}}</ref>

==Music education project==
On August 13, 2014 the project ''Music: Every child's birthright'' was launched by the Shubhendra and Saskia Rao Foundation. The project includes a music education curriculum from nursery school up to high school level.<ref>[[The Hindu]]. [http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/school-notes/article6292058.ece Delhi-based musicians Shubhendra and Saskia Rao are all set to take music education to every child]. August 7, 2014,</ref>

== Personal life ==
Saskia married sitarist [[Shubhendra Rao]] in 2001. They have a son, Ishaan and live in the [[Chittaranjan Park|C R Park]] locality of New Delhi.<ref name="hindu" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.saskiarao.com/ Saskia Rao-de Haas official site]
* [http://music4all.org Music4all.org], a music education project of the Shubhendra and Saskia Rao Foundation
* [http://www.tonalties.nl/wordpress/?tag=saskia-rao-de-haas radio-documentary (59 min., 2002) on Saskia Rao-de Haas]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140108162337/http://www.spicmacay.co.uk/ SPICMACAY Chapter in UK & Europe]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao-De Haas, Saskia}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dutch cellists]]
[[Category:Dutch emigrants to India]]
[[Category:Women cellists]]
[[Category:People from Abcoude]]
[[Category:21st-century Dutch women composers]]
[[Category:21st-century cellists]]

Mohanur

2026-01-19T12:43:34Z

CharliKayser97: enhanced layout additionally and updated info based on references

{{About|the [[Municipality]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]|its eponymous block|Mohanur block}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
'''Mohanur''' is a municipality and [[Tehsil|subdistrict]] in the [[Mohanur block]] of Namakkal district in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]].
{{Cleanup|date=May 2015 |reason=obsolete data}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mohanur
| other_name = Mohai
| nickname = Kovil nagaram
| settlement_type = Municipality / Taluk
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Mohanur railway station]]
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.08|N|78.17|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kongu Nadu]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Namakkal district|Namakkal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = September 2018
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 143
| population_total = 14315
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 637 015
| registration_plate = TN-28 & TN-88
| website = http://www.townpanchayat.in/mohanur
| footnotes =
}}

== Etymology ==
Several reasons are offered for the origin of the name.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://travel.bhushavali.com/search?q=mohanur |title=My Travelogue - Indian Travel Blogger, Heritage enthusiast & UNESCO hunter! |website=travel.bhushavali.com |access-date=2012-06-27}}</ref>

# One reason given is that the people of this region worked as middle men or agents in the ancient era. Mugavar is the term in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] for agents. So the place came to be known as Mugavanur which derived later on as Moganur.
# Another reason is that Shiva wanted to see the reincarnation of Vishnu as a woman i.e. Mohini, here in this location.
# Another reason goes that once all the heavenly [[Deva (Hinduism)|deva]]s went in search of Shiva accompanied by Ganga. But he was alone there. So they started their search for Ganga and went to Muruga. He too started to search her. Searching for her, they reached Madurai where Madurai Meenakshi directed them towards north near Cauvery. Muruga came to Cauvery, yet didn't find her. So He went on a severe meditation on her. Ganga appeared in front of him. She was so overwhelmed by his motherly love and hugged him. Since the mother-son love between them was found here, the place was called Maganur. ''Magan'' means "son" in Tamizh. Maganur later derived as Mohanur.

==Geography==
Mohanur is a [[taluk]] situated at the southernmost part of Namakkal district, on the bank of river Cauvery. It is located at {{Coord|11.08|N|78.17|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/25/Mohanur.html|title=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Mohanur|publisher=|accessdate=12 November 2014}}</ref> It has an average elevation (MSL) of 143 metres (469 feet). It is located 409 km southwest of [[Chennai]] and 273 km south of [[Bengaluru]] and 75 km south of [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] and it is near by [[Namakkal]] (18 km) and [[Karur]] (12 km), [[Paramathi Velur]] (16 km) the special feature of Mohanur is that it is the only place where the river Cauvery runs from north to south. After [[Varanasi|Kasi]] here the place, Ahiva (Asaladeepeswarar in Mohanur) temple which located right side in banks of river that passing north to south. Another place is Kailasanathar Temple in Murappanadu, Thirunelveli where the temple is located on the banks of Thamaraparani flowing from North to South. It is also famous for historic temples which are visited by many Hindus from all over the state. Mohanur is a temple town in Namakkal district.The famous Navaladiyan temple located in the border of Mohanur and Kumaripalayam.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/803499-mohanur-tamil-nadu.html}}</ref> Mohanur had a population of 14,315. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Mohanur has an average literacy rate of 80.67%,: male literacy is 87.65% and female literacy is 74.04%. In Mohanur, 8.91% of the population is under 6 years of age. The sex ratio stands at 1046 and child sex ratio at 998.
Mohanur is a town with many schools and a college. There is a police station for the nearby villages. It also has many hospitals.
The [[broad-gauge railway]] line from Salem to Karur passes through this place. Mohanur to Vangal Bus route Bridge opened for traffic. The State Highways-95 is originating at Mohanur. This road passes through Namakkal, Sendamangalam and end at rasipuram. Mohanur-Vangal (Karur) bridge opened for traffic now its connected Karur by road within 14 km. This is the shortest route for Salem to Karur.

== Religion ==

There are many temples in the city, including the [[Navaladi Karuppuswami Temple]] and Sri Kaliamman Temple.<ref name="Asala Deepeswarar">{{cite news|title=Sri Achala Deepeswarar temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=278|access-date=17 April 2017|agency=Dinamalar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Navaladi Karuppuswami Temple : Navaladi Karuppuswami Temple Details {{!}} Navaladi Karuppuswami- Mohanur {{!}} Tamilnadu Temple {{!}} நாவலடி கருப்பசாமி |url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=279 |access-date=26 August 2021 |website=[[Dinamalar]]}}</ref> There is also a mosque situated in Velur Road and a Roman Catholic church is situated in Kattuputhur Road.

== Government and politics ==
Mohanur is part of [[Namakkal (state assembly constituency)]] and [[Namakkal (Lok Sabha constituency)]].


=== Police station ===
Mohanur has a police station for Mohanur town and 21 villages and their 93 Sub villages.

=== Civic Utility / Amenities / Services ===

== Economy ==
*The Salem Co-Operative Sugar Mills Ltd in Mohanur. It is the second highest level production factory in Tamil Nadu. In has up to 1000 employees working.
*And some numbers of small scale industries like textiles, food processing, and mosquito net manufacturers are in Mohanur.
*Software companies such as Zoho Corporation has a presence here.

== Institutions ==

=== Colleges ===

* Government Polytechnic College - Sugar mill, Vandigate, Mohanur.
* Subaramaniyam Arts and Science College - Kattur, Mohanur.

=== Schools ===
* Government Higher Secondary School (Boys) - Mohanur
* Government Higher Secondary School (Girls) - Mohanur
* Kalaimagal Matriculation Higher Secondary School - Mohanur
* Rasi Matriculation School - Mohanur
* Panchayat Union Primary School, Suramaniyapuram - Mohanur
* Panchayat Union Primary School, Mettutheru - Mohanur

== Transport ==
=== Rail ===
{{See also|Mohanur railway station}}

* Daily Trains available to Chennai - Palani @ 3.59 AM.
* Palani -Chennai @ 9.09 PM.
* Salem - Karur passenger @ 7.16 AM.
* Karur - Salem passenger @ 8.45 AM.
* Salem - Karur passenger @ 6.46 PM.
* Karur - Salem Passenger @ 8.04 PM.
* Trichy - Salem Passenger(Special) @ 11.40 AM.
* Salem - Trichy Passenger(Special) @ 1.30 PM.

=== Road ===

Mohanur is connected by road to Namakkal (North), Paramathi Velur (West), Valayapatti (East), Karur (South) and Kattuputhur (Southeast).
[[SH 95]] Connects Mohanur and Rasipuram (via) Namakkal, Senthamangalam. This road is established to two-way lane.
The cauvery river bridge has opened Mohanur-Vangal bridge to connection of Salem - Karur (via) Mohanur.

Mohanur is connected to the major cities of Tamil Nadu like Namakkal, Karur, Salem, Trichy, Erode, Palani, Thiruvannamalai, Chennai. Frequent buses accessed to Namakkal, Salem, Karur, Paramathi Velur, Valayapatty, Trichy, and Kattuputhur. Daily Govt buses available to Chennai at 8.30 am and 8.30pm.
* Several private travel agency operate their Omni buses to Chennai daily.

==Notable people ==

* [[Venkatarama Ramalingam Pillai]]
* [[Natarajan Chandrasekaran]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* https://m.etrain.info/in-ADS?STATION=MONR

[[Category:Cities and towns in Namakkal district]]

T. Nagar

2025-12-23T23:25:52Z

CharliKayser97:

{{Short description|Neighbourhood in Chennai district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Thyagaraya Nagar
| other_name = T. Nagar
| settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]
| image_skyline = Chennai Shopping.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Busy South Usman Road in T. Nagar
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Chennai#Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = T. Nagar, Chennai##T. Nagar, Tamil Nadu##T. Nagar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.041800|N|80.234100|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = Metro
| subdivision_name2 = Chennai
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]s
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 600017
| registration_plate = TN-09
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Chennai South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chennai South]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Assembly constituency]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Thiyagaraya Nagar (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiyagaraya Nagar]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Thyagaraya Nagar''', commonly known as '''T. Nagar''', and historically known as '''East Mambalam''',<ref>{{cite news |last1=Srivathsan |first1=A. |title=The making of Mambalam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/The-making-of-Mambalam/article12060898.ece |access-date=1 October 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=19 August 2010}}</ref> is a very affluent commercial and residential neighbourhood in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It is surrounded by [[Nungambakkam]] in the North, [[Teynampet]] in the East, [[Nandanam]] in the South-East, C.I.T. Nagar (a part of Greater Nandanam region) in the South and [[West Mambalam]] and [[Kodambakkam]] in the West. The stretch between Duraiswamy Road and T. Nagar Bus Stand has some of the costliest real estates in Chennai. It was constructed in 1923-1925 by the Madras Presidency government of the [[Raja of Panagal]] as a part of town planning activities initiated according to the Madras Town Planning Act of 1920. The town was named after [[P. Theagaraya Chetty|Sir Pitty Theagaraya Chetty]]. The streets, parks and localities in the new neighbourhood were named after important officials in the provincial government.

T. Nagar is believed to be the first planned urban neighborhood in Chennai created in 1920, conceived in a European style, with the [[Panagal Park]] resembling the [[Arc de Triomphe]] and the [[Pondy Bazaar]] resembling the [[Champs-Élysées]] in [[Paris]].<ref name="TH_TnagarNears100">{{cite news
| title = As T. Nagar nears 100, a look at its history
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages = 5
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 8 December 2019
| url = https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu/20191208/281676846785617
| access-date = 5 January 2020}}</ref>
Initially built as a residential neighbourhood, it is now considered the [[List of shopping streets and districts by city|largest shopping district]] in India by revenue.<ref name="ET_TNagarToGetARetailMakeover"/> It is known for its plethora of saree and jewellery retailers, including [[Pothys]], [[Nalli (wardrobe store)|Nalli Silks]] and [[Saravana Stores]]. The neighbourhood is served by [[Mambalam railway station]] of the [[Chennai Suburban Railway Network]]. T. Nagar is considered one of the city's major [[central business district]]s, the other being [[Parry's Corner]], the centre of the city. [[Pondy Bazaar]] serves as a satellite commercial hub for T. Nagar, located around the Thyagaraya Road.

==Location and geography==
[[File:Tnagar.jpg|thumb|right|Map of T. Nagar]]
T. Nagar is located about 10 km from [[Chennai Airport]] and about 8 km from [[Chennai Central]] railway station. It lies to the west of the arterial [[Anna Salai]] (Mount Road) and is loosely bordered by [[Saidapet]] to the south and southwest, [[West Mambalam]] to the west, [[Kodambakkam]] to the northwest, [[Nandanam]] to the south, [[Nungambakkam]] to the north, and [[Teynampet]] to the east. T. Nagar is usually associated with [[Mambalam]], a common name for the entire area of Thyagaraya Nagar, West Mambalam, C.I.T. Nagar and Pondy Bazaar. [[Panagal Park]] is located at the centre of the neighbourhood connecting five vein-roads of the neighbourhood: North Usman Road, South Usman Road, G.N. Chetty Road, Thyagaraya Road and Venkatanarayana Road.

==History==
[[File:T. Nagar club.jpg|thumb|right|Thyagaraya Nagar social club]]
Until the turn of the 19th century, the villages to the west of [[Mount Road]] formed a part of [[Chingleput District (Madras Presidency)|Chingleput District]]. The [[Long Tank, Madras|Long Tank]], which formed the western frontier of the city, was drained out in 1923.<ref>''Madras Rediscovered'' by S.Muthiah</ref> That very same year, the administration of the Mambalam zamindari, situated to the west of the Long Tank, was relinquished by its hereditary chief. The region had several paddy fields.<ref name="ET_TNagarToGetARetailMakeover">{{cite news | last = Malviya | first = Sagar |author2=Sangeetha Kandavel | title = India's biggest shopping district Theagaraya Nagar in Chennai to get a retail makeover | newspaper = The Economic Times | location = Chennai | date = 7 February 2013 | url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-02-07/news/36972296_1_t-nagar-panagal-park-theagaraya-nagar | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130807050143/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-02-07/news/36972296_1_t-nagar-panagal-park-theagaraya-nagar | url-status = dead | archive-date = 7 August 2013 | access-date = 9 February 2013}}</ref> During 1923–25, the township of "Thiyagaraya Nagar" named after [[Sir P. Theagaraya Chetty|Sir P.T. Thyagaraya Chettiar]] was carved out of the southern part of the erstwhile Mambalam zamindari. A park was developed at the centre of this new locality and was named in honour of the then Chief Minister, as Panagal Park. Soon afterwards, [[Pondy Bazaar]] began to make its appearance. According to historian [[S. Muthiah]], it was initially known as 'Soundarapandia Bazaar' after Justice Party politician [[W. P. A. Soundarapandian Nadar]].<ref name="HinduBL_ShopTillYouDrop"/> A well-planned residential area was created. Most of the streets in the new locality were named after provincial cabinet ministers, Justice Party bosses or officials in the administration.

The laying of suburban railway line from [[Egmore]] to [[Kanchipuram|Kancheepuram]] in 1911 resulted in a station at Mambalam. The first bank of the locality was opened in 1935, followed by a second one, the [[Indian Bank]], in 1937.<ref name="HinduBL_ShopTillYouDrop"/> Retail industry started proliferating in the region with the establishment of Nalli Chinnasami Chetty's textile showroom in 1928,<ref name="ET_TNagarToGetARetailMakeover"/> which was upgraded as the first Kancheepuram silk sari shop of the area in 1935.<ref name="HinduBL_ShopTillYouDrop"/> During the [[Second World War]], the city was evacuated due to the fear of Japanese bombing. All the shops were closed and the economic activity was halted for a few days that followed.<ref name="HinduBL_ShopTillYouDrop"/>

The reason behind the naming of Pondy Bazaar still remains controversial.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/downtown/once-upon-a-time-in-thyagaraya-nagar/article3436296.ece|title=Once upon a time in Thyagaraya Nagar…|last=Keerthana|first=R.|date=2012-05-01|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-08-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> According to one version, Devaraj Mudaliar of [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]] opened 10 shops on Sir Thyagaraya Road and started calling it Pondy Bazaar. Madras historian S. Muthiah, in his book ''Madras Rediscovered'', claims that the area was originally known as Soundarapandia Bazaar, which the government retained without change. Save for two of the streets, which were named after two workmen, Nagamani and Govindan, who died while digging trenches for the new drainage system in the locality, all the tree-lined streets were named after the stalwarts of the then ruling Justice Party.<ref name="HinduBL_ShopTillYouDrop"/>

Star-rated hotels started appearing in the locality with the opening of a three-star hotel named Residency in 1991. As of 2006, there were seven hotels with over 80 per cent occupancy rates. With the increase in retail activities in the neighbourhood, several famous theatres such as Sun, Nagesh, and Rajakumari have given way to commercial complexes.<ref name="HinduBL_ShopTillYouDrop"/>

From its early days, Thiyagaraya Nagar remained one of the most preferred residential localities in the city. The population grew exponentially during the 1930s. In its early days, film artists such as [[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]], [[T. R. Rajakumari]], [[N. S. Krishnan]], [[Vyjayanthimala]], [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[K. A. Thangavelu|Thangavelu]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], [[Sivaji Ganesan]] and [[T. S. Balaiah]] set up their residences here.<ref name="thehindu_20090422">{{cite news|title=Memories of Madras: Of shady avenues and street poets|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/04/22/stories/2009042250040100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425133514/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/04/22/stories/2009042250040100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 April 2009|author=Prince Frederick|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 April 2009}}</ref>

==Demographics==
T.Nagar's [[bazaar]]s are frequented by a number of shoppers. On a typical weekend, the number of people who move about on Pondy Bazaar, the locality's principal commercial area, might soar up to 500,000. During festival season, because of the discounts and reductions offered by dealers of silk sarees and jewellers, this number might reach 2 million.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Weekend before Deepavali, T Nagar crowd touches 10 lakh
| location = Chennai
| date = 1 November 2010
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-01/chennai/28215666_1_t-nagar-usman-road-panagal-park
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130103121529/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-01/chennai/28215666_1_t-nagar-usman-road-panagal-park
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 3 January 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 22 July 2012}}</ref> Even on a lean day, about 200,000 pedestrians traverse the roads around [[Panagal Park]], the central part of the neighbourhood.<ref name="ET_TNagarToGetARetailMakeover"/>

==Economy==
[[File:India - Chennai - Pongal festival lights 06 (6319646286).jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Pondy Bazaar 01.jpg|thumb|Pondy bazaar]]
[[File:T Nagar (3469018034).jpg|left|thumb|A flyover in T. Nagar]]
Thyagaraya Nagar is one of the busiest shopping districts of Chennai. The neighbourhood is considered to be the biggest shopping district in India by revenue.<ref name="ET_TNagarToGetARetailMakeover"/> There are a number of [[apparel]], jewellery and [[Kitchen utensil|utensil]] stores based in Thiyagaraya Nagar. By some estimates, the shops in the neighbourhood together accounts for revenues of nearly {{INR}} 20,000 crores annually. However, official estimates put it much lower at over {{INR}} 10,000 crores, which is still double that of New Delhi's [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]] and [[Mumbai]]'s Linking Road which account for about {{INR}} 4,000 to 6,000 crores annually.<ref name="ET_TNagarToGetARetailMakeover"/> The neighbourhood accounts for about 70 to 80% of the gold sold in Chennai, the most important gold market in [[South India]].<ref name="HinduBL_ShopTillYouDrop">{{cite news
|last = Varghese
|first = Nina
|title = T.Nagar: Shop till you drop, and then shop some more
|newspaper = Business Line
|location = Chennai
|date = 29 August 2006
|url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2006/08/29/stories/2006082903011900.htm
|access-date = 14 January 2013
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120926000130/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2006/08/29/stories/2006082903011900.htm
|archive-date = 26 September 2012
}}</ref> [[Usman Road]] is the costliest commercial stretch in Chennai.<ref name="thehindu_20060512">{{cite news|title=Usman Road costliest stretch in Chennai|first=A.|last=Srivathsan|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/05/stories/2006120505890100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205193349/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/05/stories/2006120505890100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 December 2006|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 May 2006}}</ref> The area around Panagal Park is known for its high-end textile shops, chiefly dealing with silk sarees, and jewellery stores.<ref>{{cite news|title=Panagal Park|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-nxg/panagal-park/article2030575.ece|date=24 April 2014}}</ref> As of 2006, the real estate prices were {{INR}} 11,500 per sq.ft.<ref name="thehindu_20060512" /> [[Ranganathan Street]] is one of the most crowded roads for pedestrian traffic during day time. The road is full of big name establishments side-by-side smaller and petty shops that sell all sorts of household goods and garments.

It also houses one of the biggest private lending libraries in the city, 'Raviraj Lending Library' on Usman Road.<ref name="AsianAge">{{cite news|title=4-decade-old library with 10,000 books in trouble|first=Uma|last=Kannan|work=Asian Age|url=http://archive.asianage.com/chennai/4-decade-old-library-10000-books-trouble-973|date=23 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="The Indian Express">{{cite news|title=Just Rs 750 rent for this 48-year old shop|first=Venkadesan|last=S|work=The New Indian Express|url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article436678.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304213735/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article436678.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|date=14 June 2011}}</ref><ref name="IBNLive">{{cite news|title=Just Rs 750 rent for this 48-year old shop|first=Venkadesan|last=S|work=IBNLive|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/just-rs-750-rent-for-this-48year-old-shop/159132-60-120.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130810073703/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/just-rs-750-rent-for-this-48year-old-shop/159132-60-120.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 August 2013|date=14 June 2011}}</ref>

==Culture==
T. Nagar offers a variety of entertainment options. It has grown to become a major hub for the [[Madras Music Season|Carnatic music festival-season]], with a number of ''[[Sabhā|sabhas]]'' hosting famous performers.

It also has a number of parks, cricket grounds, and other recreational facilities. The RKM Cricket Ground adjoining GN Chetty Road hosts ''division IV ''and ''V'' city-league games.

=== Religion ===

==== Hinduism ====
[[File:India - Sights & Culture - 004 - Xmas in Chennai (342050433).jpg|thumb|Christmas celebration in Chennai]]
[[File:India - Chennai - Festival of Lamps - 09 (3100858290).jpg|thumb|Temple in T. Nagar]]
Below is a list of some of the well-known Hindu temples located in T. Nagar:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greenmesg.org/temples_chennai/t.php#T_Nagar|title=Temples of Chennai – T – Awaken the Devotion Within|website=greenmesg.org|access-date=2018-09-23}}</ref>

* [[Sri Balaji Temple, T. Nagar|Sri Balaji Temple]]: This temple, located at Venkatanarayana Road, is run by the [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams|Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam]]. It has a replica of [[Venkateswara|Lord Venkateswara]] of [[Tirupati]]. Devotees planning to visit [[Tirupati]] may avail the services of the temple office to make arrangements/booking for [[Darśana|darshan]] and {{Transliteration|ta|arjita sevas}} (special worship rituals) at [[Tirumala]]
* T. Nagar [[Sringeri Saradha Peetam]] Temple: This temple,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greenmesg.org/temples_chennai/t/t_nagar_sringeri_sarada_peetam_temple.php|title=Sringeri Sarada Peetam Temple, T. Nagar, Chennai|website=greenmesg.org|access-date=2018-09-23}}</ref> located at Venkatanarayana Road, is managed by the [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham|Sringeri Sharada Peetham Mutt]]. The temple has a large prayer and meditation hall<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sringeri.net/branches/tamil-nadu/chennai/sringeri-bharati-vidya-ashram|title=Sringeri Bharati Vidyashram – Sringeri Sharada Peetham|work=Sringeri Sharada Peetham|access-date=2018-09-23}}</ref>
* Krishnan Koil (meaning "Krishna temple" in Tamil): A temple dedicated to [[Lord Krishna]], located at South West Boag Road
* Sri Sakthi [[Vinayagar]] Temple, located at South Dhandapani Street
* [[Agastya|Agastiyar]] temple, located at Raja Street
* Shiva-Vishnu temple,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greenmesg.org/temples_chennai/t/t_nagar_shiva_vishnu_temple.php|title=Shiva Vishnu Temple, T. Nagar, Chennai|website=greenmesg.org|access-date=2018-09-23}}</ref> located near T. Nagar bus depot
* Krishna Raghavendra [[Mutt (hinduism)|Mutt]]: Run by [[Pejawara Matha|Udipi Pejawar Mutt]], and located at Raghaviah Road
* Muppathamman temple: An [[Amman (goddess)|Amman]] temple located at Maharajapuram Santhanam Salai

==== Jainism ====
Shantinath Jain temple on G. N. Chetty Road is one of the most important [[Swetambar]] Jain temples in Chennai.

==== Christianity ====
In the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]], T. Nagar constitutes a [[Parish (Catholic Church)|parish]], headed by the Holy Cross Church located in South Boag Road (now, Chevalier Shivaji Ganesan Road) under the jurisdiction of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore|Archdiocese of Madras-Mylapore]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Holy Cross Church – Churchnagar|url = http://catholicchurches.in/directory/chennai-churches/holy-cross-church-churchnagar.htm|website = catholic churches.in|date = 19 December 2008|access-date = 2016-01-20}}</ref> There is a [[Missionaries of Charity]] [[convent]] named Shishu Bhavan situated opposite to the church. The convent was inaugurated by [[Mother Teresa]] herself. Located on Thyagaraya Road in Pondy Bazaar, is the [[Franciscan Missionaries of Mary|FMM]] Convent of the Holy Angels. This convent houses Our Lady's Nursery and [[Holy Angels Anglo Indian Higher Secondary School]]. T. Nagar also has [[Protestant churches]] like [[Church of South India|CSI]] Kingdom of God's church, Canaan Evangelical Church et.c

==== Islam ====

Some of the notable mosques include the Anjuman Mosque.

==Parks==
[[File:Panagal Park.jpg|thumb|Panagal Park]]
[[File:Natesan park Chennai.jpg|thumb|Dr.Natesan Park]]
[[File:M g r memorial house t nagar.jpg|thumb|M G R Memorial house T Nagar]]
Being one of the centrally located neighbourhoods with both residential and commercial activities, T. Nagar has several parks and greeneries, many of which are maintained by the [[Corporation of Chennai]]. The 8-acre [[Panagal Park]] is the most prominent park in the locality with all the six arterial streets of the neighbourhood, namely, North Usman Road, South Usman Road, G. N. Chetty Road, Sir Thyagaraya Road (Pondy Bazaar), Venkatanarayana Road, and Doraiswamy Road, converging into it. The 4-acre [[Natesan Park|Dr. Natesan Park]], opened in 1950, is another well-known park located on Venkatanarayana Road. It is the only corporation-maintained park that has a separate tennis court for coaching children. [[Jeeva Park, Chennai|Jeeva Park]] is another well-maintained park in the neighbourhood.

==Neighbourhood newspapers==
*T. Nagar Times – Covers local news from T. Nagar and surrounding localities, and is circulated free of cost every Sunday<ref>{{cite web| url = http://tnagartimes.com| title = T Nagar Times {{!}} Mambalam Newspaper}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.chennaisonline.com/t-nagar/|title=T.Nagar {{!}} Local Newspapers Chennai|newspaper=Local Newspapers Chennai|access-date=2016-11-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.localnewspaper.in|title=Chennai News|last=newspaper|first=local|website=localnewspaper.in|access-date=2016-11-27}}</ref>

==Transport==

===Bus===
[[File:Buses at The T.Nagar Bus Terminus.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Buses at The T.Nagar Bus Terminus]]
T. Nagar is easily accessible from most parts of the city by bus. The T. Nagar bus terminus off Usman Road is a hub for services operating via the commercial district, including routes to Thiruverkadu, Mylapore, Kodambakkam, Avadi, Nungambakkam, Parry's Corner, Ennore, Manali, Tambaram, Poonamallee, Thiruvanmiyur, Ambattur, Pattabiram, Annanagar and Tiruvallur. There are also routes to various places in neighbouring Kanchipuram and Thiruvallur districts.

The T. Nagar bus terminus is spread around 1.95 acres<ref>{{cite news
| title = T. Nagar bus terminus to be modernised
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages = 2
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 3 July 2019
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/t-nagar-bus-terminus-to-be-modernised/article28266323.ece
| access-date = 21 July 2019}}</ref> and is located on South Usman road. On a daily basis 58 buses are operated from the terminus, besides 238 buses from other areas that pass through the terminus every day. The average frequency of buses at the terminus is 7 buses per minute.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Narayanan
| first = Vivek
| title = T.Nagar bus terminus in urgent need of expansion
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages = 2
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 12 December 2019
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/tnagar-bus-terminus-in-urgent-need-of-expansion/article30284539.ece
| access-date = 28 December 2019}}</ref>

Other important bus stops in T.Nagar are [[Panagal Park]], [[Pondy Bazaar]], [[Power House, T. Nagar|Power House]], and Vani Mahal.

==Politics==
{| align="right" class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|+ '''T. Nagar vote by alliance in assembly elections'''
|-
! Year
![[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK)
![[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK)
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0fff0"|'''[[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2006]]'''
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0fff0"|'''48.6%''' ''74,131''
|align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|37.8% ''57,654''
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|'''[[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2001]]'''
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0fff0"|46.5% ''55,376''
|align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|'''48.6%''' ''57,875''
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|'''[[1996 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1996]]'''
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0fff0"|24.1% ''27,463''
|align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|'''67.2%''' ''76,461''
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0fff0"|'''[[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1991]]'''
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0fff0"|'''61.2%''' ''64,460''
|align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|31.5% ''33,147''
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|'''[[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1989*]]'''
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0fff0"|21.5% ''24,920''
|align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|'''43.0%''' ''49,772''
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0fff0"|'''[[1984 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1984]]'''
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0fff0"|'''49.3%''' ''49,038''
|align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|40.3% ''40,154''
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0fff0"|'''[[1980 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1980]]'''
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0fff0"|'''50.6%''' ''42,566''
| align="center" bgcolor="#00ee0" |42.9% ''36,100''
|-
|align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|'''[[1977 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1977]]'''
|align="center" bgcolor="#f0fff0"|29.6% ''22,316''
|align="center" bgcolor="#fff3f3"|'''30.9%''' ''23,346''
|-
|}

===State assembly politics===
{{main|Thiyagaraya Nagar (State Assembly Constituency)}}
T. Nagar is known for voting against the trend, voting against the winning party, on 5 separate occasions, since [[1962 Madras legislative assembly election|1962 assembly elections]]. It has also become a critical swing constituency since it has become increasingly closer in recent years. It is worth noting that in the 2006 election, AIADMK was able to significantly increase their vote share, winning with a margin of 10.8%. This is mostly due to the high satisfaction of the [[J.Jayalalithaa]] government from 2001 to 2006, due to significant development that took place in that time period in the T. Nagar area.
* Note: In 1989, AIADMK was split between [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa faction]] and [[Janaki Ramachandran|Janaki faction]], and only the Jayalalithaa faction is reported in the AIADMK column since they were the highest vote-gainers from the divided faction. The Janaki faction got 8,268, which is about 7.2% of the voters.

===Lok Sabha politics===
[[Thiyagaraya Nagar (State Assembly Constituency)|T. Nagar assembly constituency]] is part of [[Chennai South (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|access-date = 8 October 2008
|work = Tamil Nadu
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060504185928/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date = 4 May 2006
}}</ref>

==Pedestrian plaza==
A {{INR}} 338-million pedestrian plaza was planned in 2013 by the city corporation. It involves provision of a pedestrian-friendly footpath on the 1.45 kilometre-long stretch of the Theyagaraya Road between Panagal Park and Anna Salai.<ref name="TOI_BeginsPlazaWork">{{cite news | last = Kumar | first = Pradeep | title = Chennai Corporation begins work on T Nagar pedestrian plaza | newspaper = The Times of India| location = Chennai
| date = 7 May 2018 | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-corporation-begins-work-on-t-nagar-pedestrian-plaza/articleshow/64061379.cms | access-date = 25 August 2018}}</ref> It will cover 1,450 metres of Thyagaraya Road from Bashyam Road near Panagal Park to [[Anna Salai]]. The plaza will be divided into three stretches with different identities. A 12-metre wide pedestrian space will be developed in the 730-metre stretch from Panagal Park to the Thanikachalam Road junction.<ref name="Hindu_WorkOnPlazaBegins">{{cite news | title = Work on T. Nagar pedestrian plaza begins | newspaper = The Hindu | location = Chennai | date = 8 May 2018 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/work-on-t-nagar-pedestrian-plaza-begins/article23806690.ece | access-date = 25 August 2018}}</ref>

Upon completion, only city buses and motorcycles will be permitted in this area in a 7-metre carriageway. All types of vehicles will be allowed on the 370-m stretch from Thanikachalam Road to the Boag Road junction, where the pedestrian plaza will be only 3.5  metres wide and carriageway will be comparatively wider measuring 15  metres. All vehicles will be permitted on the 350-metre stretch between the Boag Road junction to the Anna Salai junction.<ref name="Hindu_WorkOnPlazaBegins"/>

The proposal for a cycle track has been replaced with a plan to introduce battery-operated cars. A multi-level car parking lot has also been planned. Other facilities in the plaza include seating, public toilet and a children's play area.<ref name="Hindu_WorkOnPlazaBegins"/>

==Future==
In 2013, to address the traffic concerns of the neighbourhood, [[Chennai Corporation]] tied up with real estate advisory firm [[JLL (company)|Jones Lang LaSalle]] to exercise a proposal to redevelop the area, especially the shopping centres.<ref name="ET_TNagarToGetARetailMakeover"/> T. Nagar will also be the site for the [[Smart Cities Mission|Smart City Mission]] in Chennai as per the Government data.<ref>{{cite news|title=T NAGAR will be Chennai's test site for smart city plan|url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/T-NAGAR-will-be-Chennais-test-site-for-smart-city-plan/articleshow/50212255.cms|access-date=17 December 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Shopping in Chennai]]
* [[Economy of Chennai]]
* [[Kannammapet]]
* [[Pondy Bazaar]]

==Location in context==

{{Geographic Location
|title = '''Areas of Chennai'''
|Northwest = [[Kodambakkam]]
|North = [[Nungambakkam]]
|Northeast = [[Nungambakkam]]
|West = [[Mambalam]]
|Centre = T.Nagar
|East = [[Teynampet]]
|Southwest = [[Saidapet]]
|South = [[CIT Nagar]]
|Southeast = [[Nandanam]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{commons|T. Nagar}}

{{Neighborhoods of Chennai}}
{{Areas of Chennai}}
{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Chennai district}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Chennai]]
[[Category:Shopping districts and streets in India]]
[[Category:Retailing in Chennai]]

History of women in the Indian subcontinent

2025-12-18T22:41:54Z

CharliKayser97:

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Women in society sidebar}}
The study of [[women's history]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]] has been a major scholarly and popular field, with many scholarly books and articles, museum exhibits, and courses in schools and universities.

== Ancient and Early Medieval periods ==
[[File:Pastimes15.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Krishna]] at [[Radha|Goddess Radharani's]] feet]]
Women during the [[Vedic period]] enjoyed high status with men in all aspects of life. Works by ancient Indian grammarians such as [[Patanjali]] and [[Katyayana]] suggest that women were educated in the early Vedic period.<ref>''Varttika'' by [[Katyayana]], 125, 2477</ref><ref>Comments to Ashtadhyayi 3.3.21 and 4.1.14 by [[Patanjali]]</ref><ref name="Srivastava2000">{{cite book|author=Gouri Srivastava|title=Women's Higher Education in the 19th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AgHEF9QhJo8C&pg=PA37|year=2000|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-823-3|pages=37–}}</ref> [[Rig Veda|Rig Vedic]] verses suggest that women married at a mature age and were probably free to select their own husbands in a practice called [[swayamvar]] or through [[Gandharva marriage]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The history and culture of the Indian people, volume I, the Vedic age|title-link=The History and Culture of the Indian People|last1=Majumdar|first1=R.C.|last2=Pusalker|first2=A.D.|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|year=1951|editor-last1=Majumdar|editor-first1=R.C.|editor-link1=R. C. Majumdar|location=Bombay|page=394|contribution=Chapter XX: Language and literature|oclc=500545168|author-link1=R. C. Majumdar|editor-last2=Pusalker|editor-first2=A.D.}}</ref> The [[Rig Veda]] and [[Upanishad]]s mention several women sages and seers, notably [[Gargi Vachaknavi]] and [[Maitreyi]] (c. 7th century BCE).<ref>[[H. C. Raychaudhuri]] (1972), ''Political History of Ancient India'', Calcutta: University of Calcutta, p.67–68.</ref>

Originally, women were allowed to undergo initiation and study the Vedas. In the [[Dharmasutra]] of [[Hathras]], it is mentioned that:

{{Quote|In Mahabharata, the story of Draupadi's marriage to 5 men is a case in point. This pointed to the fact that polygamy was matched with polyandry during the Vedic era. Women could select their husbands in an assembly called ''swayamwar''. In this practice, the father of the woman would invite all the men and the woman would select one, and marry him while the court watched. |}}

Also, in the [[Purana]]s, every God was shown in consort of their wives, [[Vishnu]] with [[Lakshmi]] and [[Shiva]] with [[Parvati]]). Idols of god and goddesses were depicted with importance to both genders. Separate temples were set up for goddesses, and within each temple, goddesses were treated and worshipped with as much care and devotion as the gods were. There are also specific practices that endure to this day, in terms of preference of worship.

The book ''Hindu Female Deities as a resource for contemporary rediscovery of the Goddess'' by Gross Rita.M, 1989, says:

{{Quote||text="According to some scholars the positive constructions of femininity found in goddess imagery and in the related imagery of the ''virangana'' or heroic woman have created a cognitive framework, for Hindus to accept and accommodate powerful female figures like "Indira Gandhi and Phoolan Devi, The same would not have been possible in Western religious traditions"}}

[[File:Amrapali_greets_Buddha_Roundel_36_buddha_ivory_tusk.jpg|left|thumb|250px|"[[Amrapali]] greets Buddha", ivory carving, [[National Museum, New Delhi]]. Amrapali was a celebrated ''[[nagarvadhu]]'' (royal [[courtesan]]) of the republic of [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]] in ancient India.]]
In the 6th or 5th century BCE, [[Vatsa#Mrigavati|Queen Mṛgāvatī]] (in [[Sanskrit]]), or Migāvatī (in [[Prakrit]]) of the [[Vatsa]] [[mahajanapada]] ruled as regent while her son [[Udayana (king)|Udayana]] was either a minor or held captive by a rival king, and she earned "the admiration of even experienced ministers."<ref name="Jain 1984 p. 470">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ObUAAAAMAAJ&q=migavati|title=Life in Ancient India: As Depicted in the Jain Canon and Commentaries, 6th Century BC to 17th Century AD|last=Jain|first=J.C.|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|year=1984|page=470|access-date=2018-07-16}}</ref><ref name="Altekar 1956 p. 187">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VYG4K0yYHQgC&pg=PA187|title=The Position of Women in Hindu Civilization, from Prehistoric Times to the Present Day|last=Altekar|first=A.S.|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1956|isbn=978-81-208-0324-4|page=187|access-date=2018-07-16}}</ref>

[[Apastamba]] sutra (c. 4th century BCE)<ref>{{cite book|title=Stridharmapaddhati|last=Tryambakayajvan|publisher=Penguin Books|others=Julia Leslie (translator)|year=1995|isbn=9780140435986|location=New Delhi New York|trans-title=The perfect wife (guide to the duties of women)}}</ref><ref name="Srivastava2000"/> captures some prevalent ideas of the role of women during the post Vedic ages. The Apastamba Sutra shows the elevated position of women that existed during the 4th century BCE:

{{Quote|A man is not allowed to abandon his wife (A 1.28.19).
He permits daughters to inherit (A 2.14.4).
There can be no division of property between a husband and a wife, because they are linked inextricably together and have joint custody of the property (A 2.29.3).
Thus, a wife may make gifts and use the family wealth on her own when her husband is away (A 2.12.16–20).
Women are upholders of traditional lore, and Āpastamba tells his audience that they should learn some customs from women (A 2.15.9; 2.29.11).|}}

[[File:MET_DP-1062-003.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Statue of Dancing Celestial deity (''Devada'') in [[Uttar Pradesh, India]]]]
In the Gupta period instances are not rare of women participating in an administrative job. [[Chandragupta I]], founder of the [[Gupta Empire]], ruled the kingdom jointly with his queen [[Kumaradevi]].<ref>Altekar 1957 p.186</ref> [[Prabhavatigupta]] was the daughter of [[Chandra Gupta II]] of the [[Gupta Empire]] and the wife of [[Rudrasena II]] of the [[Vakataka dynasty]], and performed administrative duties in her kingdom.<ref name="Altekar 1956 p. 187" /> Instances of women of the upper classes extending their phase of activities beyond the domestic circle are provided by the queen and queens regent in Kashmir, Rajasthan, Orissa and Andhra. Institutions were established for co-education. In the work called Amarkosh written in the Gupta era names of the teachers and professors are there and they belonged to the female sex.

In the 2nd century BCE, Queen [[Nayanika]] (or Naganika) was the ruler and military commander of the [[Satavahana Empire]] of the Deccan region (south-central India).<ref name="Altekar 1956 p. 187" /> Another early female ruler in South Asia was Queen [[Anula of Anuradhapura]] ([[Sri Lanka]], 1st century BCE).

Queen Orrisa assumed regency when her son died in the late ninth century and immediately involved herself in military adventuring. Queen Kurmadevi of Mevad commanded her armies on the battlefield in the late twelfth century. Queen [[Didda]] of Kashmir ruled as full sovereign for twenty-two years, and Queen Jawahirabi fought and died at the head of her army.

In [[Sri Lanka]], Queen [[Sugala Devi|Sugula]] led her armies against the southern king, her nephew. When pressed by the royal forces, she guided her forces into the mountains, where she built a number of forts. Sugula held out against the king's army for ten years and is remembered in Sri Lankan history as "Sugula, the rebel queen fearless". Princess [[Zainab Tari]], a member of the [[Soomra dynasty]], ruled over [[Sindh]] in the late 11th century as a regent to his brother Shahabuddin Sanghar.

== Late Medieval and Early Modern period ==
<gallery widths="180" heights="180" class="center">
File:Rudramadevi.jpg|Statue of [[Rudrama Devi]], the warrior-queen of the [[Kakatiya Empire]]
File:Rani Durgavati.jpg|[[Rani Durgavati]] was the queen of [[Garha Kingdom|Gondwana]] from 1550 until 1564 CE. She resisted the forces of Mughal emperor [[Akbar]].
File:Ullal Queen Abbakka Devi.jpg|Statue of warrior-queen [[Abbakka Chowta]] in [[Ullal]]
</gallery>
[[Rudrama Devi]] was a monarch of the [[Kakatiya dynasty]] in the [[Deccan Plateau]] with capital at [[Warangal]] of present-day [[Telangana]] from 1263 until her death. She was one of the few women to rule as monarch in the [[Indian subcontinent]] and promoted a male image in order to do so.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNi9Jc22OHsC&pg=PA37|title=Women in Asia: Restoring Women to History|last1=Ramusack|first1=Barbara N.|last2=Sievers|first2=Sharon L.|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-25321-267-2|page=37}}</ref> [[Akka Mahadevi]] was a prominent figure of the Veerashaiva Bhakti movement of the 12th century Karnataka. Her Vachanas in [[Kannada]], a form of didactic poetry, are considered her most notable contribution to Kannada Bhakti literature. While, a few centuries later, [[Meera]] in northern India, became a leading [[Hindu]] [[Mysticism|mystic]] poet of the [[Bhakti movement]].<ref>Neeti Sadarangani (2004), Bhakti Poetry in Medieval India: Its Inception, Cultural Encounter and Impact, Sarup & Sons, {{ISBN|978-8176254366}}, pages 76–80</ref>

The position of Indian women in society deteriorated during this period.<ref name="nrcw_history">{{cite web|url=http://nrcw.nic.in/index2.asp?sublinkid=450|title=Women in history|website=nrcw.nic.in|publisher=National Resource Center for Women|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619085059/http://nrcw.nic.in/index2.asp?sublinkid=450|archive-date=19 June 2009|access-date=24 December 2006}}</ref><ref name="vedam_towards_gender">{{cite book|last=Mishra|first=R. C.|title=Women in India: towards gender equality|publisher=Authorspress|year=2006|isbn=9788172733063|location=New Delhi}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20101029125524/https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no43902.htm Details.]</ref> [[Jauhar]] which became a custom among Rajputs was performed when they were faced with invaders like Turco-Afghans from the 11th century to avoid being enslaved and lose their honor.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WTaTDAAAQBAJ&q=jauhar+muslim+invasions&pg=PA232|title=India: The Ancient Past: A History of the Indian Subcontinent from c. 7000 BCE to CE 1200|publisher=Routledge|page=232|year=2016|isbn=9781317236733}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=w_VbHItKQjYC&q=jauhar+muslim+invasions&pg=PA189|title=Sati, the Blessing and the Curse: The Burning of Wives in India|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=189, 165|year=1994|isbn=9780195360226}}</ref> During the conquest of [[Sindh]] by [[Muhammad bin Qasim]], Rani Bai and other Rajput women had performed the jauhar.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&q=ranibai+jauhar&pg=PA44|title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century|publisher=Pearson Education India|page=44|year=2011|author=Farooqui Salma Ahmad|isbn=9788131732021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC&q=sindh+qasim+jauhar&pg=PA38|title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India|author=Jaswant Lal Mehta|publisher=Sterling Publishers|page=189|year=1994|isbn=9788120706170}}</ref> It was committed thrice, in [[Chittor Fort]] alone, by many of the wives and children of the Rajput soldiers who died in battles at Chittorgarh Fort. The first time was led by [[Rani Padmini]], wife of [[Ratnasimha]], who was killed in the battle in 1303, and later, by [[Rani Karnavati]] in 1537.<ref name="saigan">{{cite web|url=http://www.saigan.com/heritage/states/rajasthan/chittor.html|title=Indian States and Union Territories|work=Places of Interest in Rajasthan: Chittorgarh |access-date=24 June 2009}}</ref>

The [[zenana]] was a Persian tradition brought in by the invading Muslims. Although originally only a feature of the courts of Muslim dynasties, it was also adopted by Hindu royal families. While separate spaces for women sometimes did exist in the ancient period, they didn't become a norm until the Muslim period. Under [[Akbar]], there was a marked focus on secluding women and the creation of [[harem]]s. This policy of Mughals was also emulated later by others like [[Chakma Circle|Chakma Raj]] and the [[Misl|Sikh kingdoms]] in Punjab.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EeUvCgAAQBAJ&q=india+medieval+age+zenanah&pg=PA7|title=Courtly Indian Women in Late Imperial India|author=Angma Dey Jhalala |publisher=Routledge |year= 2015 |pages= 7–8|isbn=9781317314448}}</ref><ref name="Khan">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wm1FUxqngwAC |title=Purdah and Polygamy: a study in the social pathology of the Muslim society|author=Khan, Mazhar-ul-Haq |publisher=Nashiran-e-Ilm-o-Taraqiyet |year= 1972 |page= 68|quote=The zenana or female portion of a Muslim house}}</ref>

The rights of a Muslim woman were impacted by the custom of [[hijab]] or [[purdah]] in Persian. Despite this, women took part in arts, writing, rites and rode horses while their habits sometimes swayed from the opinion of the ''[[ulama]]''. The hijab and [[burqah]] was a practice in [[West Asia]] and became a part of regal practice under the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and [[Mughal Empire]]. The practice of purdah was later emulated by Hindus in [[North India]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Women in India: A Social and Cultural History - Volume 2|author=Sita Anantha Ramana|publisher=ABC-CLIO |year= 2009 |pages= 2, 5, 9–10}}</ref> The queens often played a part in imperial politics behind the scene. In [[South India]], some communities who adopted Islam have continued their ancestral matrilinear traditions like the [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila]]. [[Ibn Battuta]] in the Muslim principality of [[Honavar|Hannaur]], witnessed 13 schools teaching Muslim women. Both genders were taught by [[mullah]]s, however, lower-classes were more uneducated.<ref>{{cite book|title=Women in India: A Social and Cultural History - Volume 2|author=Sita Anantha Ramana|publisher=ABC-CLIO |year= 2009 |pages= 12–14, 22}}</ref>

<gallery widths="180" heights="180" class="center">
File:Maharani Tarabai of Karvir.jpg|[[Tarabai]], the regent of the [[Maratha Empire]]
File:Velu Nachchiyar 2008 stamp of India.jpg|[[Velu Nachiyar]] was one of the earliest Indian queens to fight against the British colonial power in India.
File:Rani of jhansi.jpg|[[Rani of Jhansi|Lakshmibai, the Rani of Maratha-ruled Jhansi]], one of the principal leaders of the [[Indian rebellion of 1857]]
</gallery>
The observance of purdah was not strict among the Turks. Among the reasons considered for its use are that it represented an elite status during the Muslim period and was also used to guard women and men from looking at each other with lust, and as during this period the rulers and nobility sometimes engaged in debauchery and excesses.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=peT3CwAAQBAJ&q=women+hunting+medieval+india&pg=PA159|title=The Status of Muslim Women in Medieval India|author=Sudha Sharma|publisher=SAGE Publications |year= 2016 |pages= 159–160|isbn=9789351505679}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZU2vCwAAQBAJ&q=purdah+lust&pg=PA79|title=Muslim Women of the British Punjab: From Seclusion to Politics|author=Dushka Sayid|publisher=Springer |year= 1998 |page= 79|isbn=9781349268856}}</ref> Muslim nobility often engaged in lustful debauchery, concubines were not regarded as a shameful act, but a status of wealth.<ref>{{cite book|title=Early Medieval India|author=Awadh Buhari Pandey |publisher=Central Book Depot |year= 1970 |page= 324}}</ref> However, purdah was imposed by sultan [[Firuz Tughlaq]]. Akbar made it a rule that those women roaming without a veil be made a prostitute. He also directed that they should live within their house and travel under the supervision of a male. The upper-class women were better-off due to private education and entertainment. The purdah system became weaker as the Mughal empire declined.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=peT3CwAAQBAJ&q=women+hunting+medieval+india&pg=PA165|title=The Status of Muslim Women in Medieval India|author=Sudha Sharma|publisher=SAGE Publications |year= 2016 |pages= 163–165|isbn=9789351505679}}</ref>
However, there were cases of women often becoming prominent in the fields of politics, literature, education, and religion also during this period.<ref name="nrcw_history" /> [[Razia Sultana]] (1205–1240) became the only woman monarch to have ever ruled [[Delhi]].

The [[Gondi people|Gond]] [[Rani Durgavati]] (1524–1564) ruled for fifteen years before losing her life in a battle with Mughal emperor [[Akbar]]'s general Asaf Khan in 1564. [[Chand Bibi]] defended [[Ahmednagar Sultanate|Ahmednagar]] against the powerful [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] forces of Akbar in the 1590s. [[Jehangir]]'s wife [[Nur Jehan]] effectively wielded imperial power, and was recognised as the real power behind the Mughal throne. The Mughal princesses Jahanara and Zebunnissa were well-known poets, and also influenced the ruling powers. [[Abbakka Chowta]] was the first [[Tulu people|Tuluva Queen]] of [[Ullal]] who fought the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] in the latter half of the 16th century. [[Shivaji]]'s mother, [[Jijabai]], was queen regent because of her ability as a warrior and an administrator. [[Tarabai]] was another female [[Maratha]] ruler. [[Keladi Chennamma]] fought against [[Bijapur Sultanate]] and defying Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]]. [[Onake Obavva]] was a woman who fought the forces of [[Hyder Ali]] single-handedly with a [[pestle]] (''Onake'')<ref name="jasmine">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6_Aci8KA7JEC&q=obavva&pg=PA112|title=Jasmine and Coconuts: South Indian Tales|last1=Cathy Spagnoli|first1=Paramasivam Samanna|year=1999|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9781563085765|edition=1999|location=Englewood, USA|access-date=10 September 2012}}</ref> in the kingdom of [[Chitradurga]]. [[Mai Sukhan]], with her small [[Sikh]] forces, strongly defended the town of [[Amritsar]] against external forces. While, [[Velu Nachiyar]], was one of the earliest Indian queens to fight against the British colonial power in India. [[Kittur Chennamma]] was the [[Rani]] of [[Kittur]], who led an armed force against the [[British East India Company]] in 1824 in defiance of the [[doctrine of lapse]] in an attempt to maintain Indian control over the region, but was defeated in the third war and died imprisoned. In South India, many women administered villages, towns, and divisions, and ushered in new social and religious institutions.<ref name="kamat_medieval_karnataka">{{cite web|url=http://www.kamat.com/jyotsna/women.htm|title=Status of women in medieval Karnataka (blog)|last=Kamat|first=Jyotsana|date=January 2006|website=kamat.com|publisher=Kamat's Potpourri|access-date=24 December 2006}}</ref> [[Rani of Jhansi|Lakshmibai, the Rani of Maratha-ruled Jhansi]], one of the principal leaders of the rebellion who earlier had lost her kingdom as a result of the [[Doctrine of Lapse]].

== British rule ==
{{See also|Sarojini Naidu#Women's_movement}}<gallery widths="180" heights="180" class="center">
File:Anandibai gopalrao joshi.jpg|alt=Anandibai Joshi, was the first Indian female physician.|[[Anandibai Joshi]] was the first Indian female [[physician]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=McNeill|first1=Leila|title=This 19th Century "Lady Doctor" Helped Usher Indian Women into Medicine|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/19th-century-lady-doctor-ushered-indian-women-medicine-180964613/|publisher=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]|date=24 August 2017}}</ref>
File:Pandita Ramabai Sarasvati 1858-1922 front-page-portrait.jpg|[[Pandita Ramabai]] was a [[reform movement|social reformer]], and a pioneer in the education and emancipation of women in India.
</gallery>
During the [[British Raj]], many reformers such as [[Ram Mohan Roy]], [[Dayanand Saraswati]], [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]] and [[Jyotirao Phule]] fought for the betterment of women. [[Peary Charan Sarkar]], a former student of Hindu College, Calcutta and a member of "Young Bengal", set up the first free school for girls in India in 1847 in Barasat, a suburb of Calcutta (later the school was named Kalikrishna Girls' High School).

While this might suggest that there was no positive British contribution during the Raj era, that is not entirely the case. Missionaries' wives such as Martha Mault née Mead and her daughter Eliza Caldwell née Mault are rightly remembered for pioneering the education and training of girls in south India. This practice was initially met with local resistance, as it flew in the face of tradition. Raja Rammohan Roy's efforts led to the abolition of Sati under [[Governor-General]] [[Lord William Bentinck|William Cavendish-Bentinck]] in 1829. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar's crusade for improvement in the situation of widows led to the [[Widow Remarriage Act]] of 1856. Many women reformers such as [[Pandita Ramabai]] also helped the cause of women.

<gallery widths="180" heights="180" class="center">
File:The Rajpootnee Bride.jpg|An image of a [[Rajput]] bride
File:Raja Ravi Varma, Lady Playing the Swarabat.jpg|A [[Nair]] lady playing [[swarabat]]
File:Bengali Girls' School, Calcutta (LMS, 1869, p.12).jpg|alt=London Mission Bengali Girls' School, Calcutta (LMS, 1869, p. 12).|London Mission Bengali Girls' School, Calcutta ([[London Missionary Society|LMS]], 1869, p. 12)<ref name="Fruits-LMS">{{cite book|editor1-last=London Missionary Society |title=Fruits of Toil in the London Missionary Society |date=1869 |publisher=John Snow & Co. |location=London |page=12 |url=https://archive.org/details/fruitsoftoilinth17115gut |oclc=746963117 |access-date=12 September 2016}}</ref>
</gallery>
[[Kittur Chennamma]], queen of the princely state Kittur in Karnataka,<ref>{{cite book|title=Saraswati English Plus|publisher=New Saraswati House|page=47}}</ref> led an armed rebellion against the British in response to the [[Doctrine of lapse]]. [[Rani Lakshmi Bai]], the Queen of [[Jhansi]], led the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] against the British. She is now widely considered as a national hero. [[Begum Hazrat Mahal]], the co-ruler of [[Awadh]], was another ruler who led the revolt of 1857. She refused deals with the British and later retreated to Nepal. The [[Begum of Bhopal|Begums of Bhopal]] were also considered notable female rulers during this period. They were trained in [[martial art]]s. [[Chandramukhi Basu]], [[Kadambini Ganguly]] and [[Anandi Gopal Joshi]] were some of the earliest Indian women to obtain a degree.

In 1917, the first women's delegation met the Secretary of State to demand women's political rights, supported by the Indian National Congress. The All India Women's Education Conference was held in Pune in 1927, it became a major organisation in the movement for social change.<ref name="infochange_women">{{cite news|last=Madhok|first=Sujata|title=Women: Background & Perspective|work=InfoChange India|url=http://www.infochangeindia.org/WomenIbp.jsp|access-date=24 December 2006|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724121920/http://www.infochangeindia.org/WomenIbp.jsp|archive-date=24 July 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Status of women in India|last=Nelasco|first=Shobana|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|year=2010|isbn=9788184502466|location=New Delhi|page=11}}</ref> In 1929, the Child Marriage Restraint Act was passed, stipulating fourteen as the minimum age of marriage for a girl.<ref name="infochange_women" /><ref>Ambassador of Hindu Muslim Unity, Ian Bryant Wells</ref>{{full citation needed|date=March 2014}} [[Mahatma Gandhi]], himself a victim of [[child marriage]] at the age of thirteen, he later urged people to boycott child marriages and called upon young men to marry child widows.<ref name="kamat_gandhi_status">{{cite web|url=http://www.kamat.com/mmgandhi/gwomen.htm|title=Gandhi and status of women (blog)|last=Kamat|first=Jyotsana|date=19 December 2006|website=kamat.com|publisher=Kamat's Potpourri|access-date=24 December 2006}}</ref>

== Post-Independence (1947 CE – present) ==
{{Multiple image
| align =
| direction =
| total_width = 200
| image1 = Sirimavo Bandaranaike, Prime Minister of Ceylon 1960 (cropped).PNG
| caption1 = [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]], former [[Prime Minister of Sri Lanka]] and [[List of elected and appointed female heads of state and government|first female head of government]] in the world
| image2 = Indira Gandhi (on stamp).jpg
| caption2 = [[Indira Gandhi]], former [[Prime Minister of India]]
| image3 = Benazir Bhutto.jpg
| caption3 = [[Benazir Bhutto]], former [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]
| perrow = 2
| caption_align = center
| footer_align = center
| footer = Women have served as the head of state or government in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh.
| image4 = Sheikh Hasina in New York - 2018 (44057292035) (cropped).jpg
| caption4 = [[Sheikh Hasina]], former [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh]]
}}

Women have served as heads of state and government in India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Bangladesh. This includes:

*[[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]], former [[Prime Minister of Sri Lanka]]
*[[Indira Gandhi]], former [[Prime Minister of India]]
*[[Benazir Bhutto]], former [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]
*[[Khaleda Zia]], former [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh]]
*[[Chandrika Kumaratunga]], former [[President of Sri Lanka]]
*[[Pratibha Patil]], former [[President of India]]
*[[Sheikh Hasina]], former [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh]]
*[[Droupadi Murmu]], current [[President of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Women in India]]
[[Category:Women in Pakistan]]
[[Category:History of women in India|*]]
[[Category:History of women in Pakistan]]

Hemidactylus tamhiniensis

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CharliKayser97: added first stub initial version

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{Speciesbox
| status =
| genus = Hemidactylus
| species = tamhiniensis
| authority = Khandekar, Thackeray, & Agarwal, 2021
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Hemidactylus tamhiniensis''''', the '''Tamhini giant rock gecko''' or '''basalt giant rock gecko''', is a species of [[gecko]]. It is [[endemic]] to [[India]].<ref name=RDB>{{NRDB species|genus=Hemidactylus|species=tamhiniensis}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q109974765}}

[[Category:Hemidactylus]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2021]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
{{Hemidactylus-stub}}

Gabriel (1794 ship)

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CharliKayser97: created first data initial version...

{{short description|British ship}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=
|image_caption=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|country=Great Britain
|flag={{shipboxflag|Kingdom of Great Britain|civil}}
|name=''Gabriel''
|namesake=
|owner=Hamilton & Co.
|builder=Gabriel Gillett, Calcutta, [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=128-9}}{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=112}}
|launched=24 September 1794{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=112}}
|laid_down=
|yard_number=
|fate=Wrecked 8 September 1801
|notes=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|type=
|tons_burthen=815,{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=128-9}} or 815{{small|{{frac|14|94}}}},{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=128-9}} or 867,{{Sfnp|House of Commons|1814|p=76}} or 878{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=112}} ([[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]])
|length=
|beam=
|draught=
|propulsion=Sail
|speed=
|complement=
|armament=20 × 6-pounder guns + 2 × 18-pounder [[carronades]]<ref name=LR1797/>
|notes=Two decks; teak-built
}}
}}

'''''Gabriel''''' was a country ship launched in 1794 at Calcutta. She traded east of the [[Cape of Good Hope]], except for at least two voyages for the British [[East India Company]] (EIC). She wrecked in 1801 during the British military expedition to the Red Sea.

==Career==
''Gabriel'' was built to carry cotton. She had a forecastle and poop, with beams and waterways laid for the orlop deck. However, these were not planked as storage of cotton was easier if the lowest deck had not been laid.{{sfnp|Bulley|2000|p=28}}{{efn|Phipps has a detailed breakdown of the cost of construction for ''Gabriel''. Materials (including lumber), accounted for 77.4% of the total cost of 115,538 sicca rupees, and labor accounted for 22.6%. Fully fitted out for sea her cost was 125,000 sicca ruppes.{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=128-9}} At approximately 10 sicca rupees per pound sterling, the construction cost would have been £12,500.}}

Between 1794 and 1795 ''Gabriel'' was engaged in local trade.

Captain John Caise sailed from [[Diamond Harbour]] on 16 January 1796, bound for England under charter to the EIC. ''Gabriel'' was at [[Sagar Island|Saugor]] on 13 February, and reached [[Saint Helena|St Helena]] on 27 June. By 26 November she was at Crookhaven, and she arrived at [[The Downs (ship anchorage)|The Downs]] on 11 December.<ref name=BL>[http://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:IAMS045-001115023 British Library: ''Gabriel''.]</ref> On 25 February 1797 she was admitted to the Registry of Great Britain.{{Sfnp|House of Commons|1814|p=76}} ''Gabriel'' enters ''[[Lloyd's Register]]'' in 1897 with Carrs, master, and Hamilton, owner.<ref name=LR1797>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015004281278?urlappend=%3Bseq=152 ''Lloyd's Register'' (1797), Seq.№247.]</ref>

On 11 September 1797 ''Gabriel'' was on her way to India when she was caught up in a gale. She put into Torbay, having lost her anchor and having had her galleries stove in.<ref>''[[Lloyd's List]]'' [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c3049069?urlappend=%3Bseq=155 №2957.]</ref>

Between 29 July and 1798, ''Gabriel'', under the command of Captain William Turnbull, made a voyage to Bengal.{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=112}}

On 9 February 1799 Captain Turnbull sailed from Bengal for England. ''Gabriel'' reached St Helena on 10 May, and by 17 July was "toward England".<ref name=BL/>

In 1800 she was again in local trade in India.{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=112}}

==Fate==
The British government used ''Gabriel'' as a transport to support General Sir [[Sir David Baird, 1st Baronet|David Baird's]] expedition to the Red Sea, which in turn had the objective of supporting General Sir [[Ralph Abercrombie]] at the [[Battle of Alexandria (1801)|battle of Alexandria]].

{{main|Transport vessels for the British expedition to the Red Sea (1801)}}

''Lloyd's List'' reported on 25 May 1802 that ''Gabriel'' had been lost in the Red Sea.<ref>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c2735020?urlappend=%3Bseq=297 ''Lloyd's List'' №4258.]</ref> She had been wrecked on 8 September 1801 in the Strait of Jubal at the entrance to the Gulf of Suez. Captain Turnbull and the crew of 100 men, and 42 women and 46 children, dependents of the [[61st (South Gloucestershire) Regiment of Foot|61st Regiment of Foot]], were all saved.<ref name=AA>''Asiatic Annual Register'' (1803), p. 16.</ref>

The crew and passengers sailed in the ship's boats to [[El Qoseir|Cosseir]]. There Turnbull arranged for an Arab dhow to take the women and children to Jeddah.<ref name=AA/>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==Citations==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite book |last=Bulley |first=Anne |year=2000 |title=The Bombay Country Ships, 1790–1833 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0700712366}}
* {{cite book |last=Hackman |first=Rowan |year=2001 |title=Ships of the East India Company |location=Gravesend, Kent |publisher=World Ship Society |isbn=0-905617-96-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Phipps|first=John|year=1840|title=A Collection of Papers Relative to Ship Building in India ...: Also a Register Comprehending All the Ships ... Built in India to the Present Time ...|publisher=Scott}}
* {{cite book |author=((House of Commons, Parliament, Great Britain)) |year=1814 |title=Minutes of the Evidence Taken Before the Select Committee on Petitions Relating to East-India-Built Shipping |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |ref={{SfnRef|House of Commons|1814}}}}

{{1801 shipwrecks}}

[[Category:1794 ships]]
[[Category:British ships built in India]]
[[Category:Ships of the British East India Company]]
[[Category:Age of Sail merchant ships of England]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1801]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks in the Red Sea]]

Sacred Heart Church, Hosur

2025-12-12T23:01:42Z

CharliKayser97: made a data.

{{Short description|Roman Catholic Church in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Infobox church
| name = Sacred Heart Church
| coordinates = {{coord|12.72332|77.82365|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| fullname =
| native_name = தூய இருதய ஆண்டவர் ஆலயம்
| native_name_lang = ta

| image = Sacred Heart Church, Hosur.jpg
| caption = 

| location = [[Hosur]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]

| denomination = [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]
| cult = [[Catholic devotions]]
| founded date = 1977
| founder = Fr. Johannes G
| membership = 800 Families
| status = [[Parish church]]
| functional status = Active
| architectural type = [[Church (building)|Church]]
| style = [[Medieval architecture|Medieval]]
| groundbreaking = 2009
| completed date = 2012
| tradition = [[Latin liturgical rites|Latin rites]]
| parish = [[Hosur]]
| deanery = [[Hosur]]
| archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore|Pondicherry and Cuddalore]]
| diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dharmapuri|Dharmapuri]]
| episcopalarea = [[Catholic Bishops' Conference of India|TNBC]]
| district = [[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]]
| archbishop = [[Francis Kalist]]
| bishop = Lawrence Pius Dorairaj
| priest = Fr. M. George
}}

'''Sacred Heart Church''' is a [[Roman Catholic]] [[Parish church]] located in [[Hosur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It falls under the jurisdiction of the [[Diocese of Dharmapuri]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharmapuri Diocese |url=https://dharmapuridiocese.org/parishes/lists.html |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=dharmapuridiocese.org |archive-date=2022-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028150618/https://dharmapuridiocese.org/parishes/lists.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The church serves as a spiritual and community center for the Catholic population in and around South East Hosur.

==History==
Before 1960, there is no record of any Christian or Catholic presence in Hosur. As the town developed industrially, people from Tamil Nadu, [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], and other parts of India migrated to Hosur for employment and settlement. Among these migrants were several Catholic families.<ref>{{cite web |website=catholictamil.com |language=ta |title=931 தூய இருதய ஆண்டவர் ஆலயம், ஓசூர் |url=https://www.church.catholictamil.com/p/931.html |location=Kanyakumari, India |series=Alayam Arivoom |access-date=24 October 2025|collaboration=Fr. M. George and Fr. M. Alex|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251203095812/https://www.church.catholictamil.com/p/931.html |archive-date=3 December 2025}}</ref>

==Formation of the Parish==
Initially, the spiritual needs of the Catholics in Hosur were served by the priests from [[Our Lady of Good Health Church, Mathigiri|Mathigiri Parish]].<ref>{{cite web |website=catholiconline.in |language=en |title=Sacred Heart Church, Hosur, Krishnagiri |url=https://catholiconline.in/sacred-heart-church-hosur-krishnagiri/ |location= |series=Churches in Tamilnadu |access-date=24 October 2025|collaboration=}}</ref> To provide a permanent place of worship, T. C. Joseph, then parish priest of [[Mathigiri]], purchased 0.50 cents of land on Denkanikottai Road on 18 March 1975. Under the supervision of priest Johannes Gopu, assistant parish priest of Mathigiri, a church was built on the site in 1977 and dedicated to the Sacred Heart of Jesus by [[Michael Bosco Duraisamy|Michael Bosco]], [[Diocese of Salem|Bishop of Salem]].<ref>{{cite web |website=salemdiocese.org |language=en |title=Salem Diocese History of Bishop |url=https://salemdiocese.org/history |location=Salem, Tamil Nadu India |series= |access-date=24 October 2025|collaboration=}}</ref>

In June 1979, Hosur was established as an [[Parish|independent parish]] with [[Onnalvadi]] and [[Chennathur]] as its sub-stations. The first parish priest was Rev. Fr. A. Joseph, who resided in the sacristy until a proper [[Clergy house|presbytery]] was constructed.

==Growth and Development==

Under the leadership of successive parish priests, the church and community expanded:

* 1985 – Fr. I. Mariasusai purchased land and established St. Mary’s Nagar, a residential colony, along with a chapel and a church bell. Land was also purchased in [[Bagalur, Hosur|Bagalur]] (1.25 acres for a church and 3 acres for a school), and Bagalur was later formed as a sub-parish.
* 1989–1991 – During the tenure of Fr. S. Francis Xavier, the Our Lady of Perpetual Help Church at [[Onnalvadi]] was consecrated.
* Fr. M. Dominic improved the main church with mosaic flooring, a belfry, and roofing for the [[Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Hosur|Sipcot St. Joseph’s Church]].
* N. S. Irudayanathan expanded the presbytery.
* Fr. S. Henry George purchased 1.5 acres of land for a cemetery and built a presbytery at Onnalvadi.
* Subsequently, Bagalur ({{date|10 April 1999}}), Sipcot ({{date|12 July 2000}}), and Onnalvadi ({{date|30 August 2002}}) became independent parishes.

==Construction of the New Church==

Under the leadership of Fr. R. Arul Raj, and with the cooperation of the local Catholic community, a new and larger church was planned. The old church and presbytery were demolished to make way for new structures, including a presbytery, main church, and a Chapel of Our Lady of Health.

The foundation stone for the new church was blessed and laid on {{date|6 September 2009}} by [[Joseph Anthony Irudayaraj |Joseph Anthony Irudayaraj SDB.]], Bishop of Dharmapuri. The completed church was inaugurated on {{date|20 August 2012}} by '''Lawrence Pius''', the next Bishop of Dharmapuri.

Fr. R. Arul Raj also purchased 1 acre of land in Divine Nagar, where he built the '''St. Teresa of the Child Jesus Church''' and a community hall, later elevated as a separate parish.

In November 2023, Rev. Fr. M. George constructed a chapel in the cemetery to facilitate funeral services and prayer gatherings.

==Religious Congregations and Educational Service==
[[Franciscan Servants of Mary|The Franciscan Servants of Mary]] (FSM) from Mathigiri began their mission in Hosur in 1962 by opening a nursery school. Initially, the sisters traveled daily from Mathigiri but later built small huts to reside locally. In 1965, the school was upgraded to '''St. John Bosco Primary School''', and in 1976, a new convent building was constructed. Then this school was later upgraded to Middle School in 1979; High School in 1998; Higher Secondary School in 2006. In addition to educational work, the FSM sisters run a hostel for working women in Hosur
.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 January 2023 |title=Annual Festival at St. John Bosco School, Hosur |website =www.maalaimalar.com |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/news/district/annual-festival-at-st-john-bosco-school-hosur-562451 |trans-title=ஓசூர் புனித ஜான் போஸ்கோ பள்ளியில் ஆண்டு விழா |work= |language=ta |location=Hosur |publisher=Malai Malar |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref>

'''The Little Sisters of Jesus''' established their convent in Hosur in 1982 for church service.<ref>{{cite web |website=lsjc.in |language=en |title=Converts of Little Sisters of Jesus |url=http://lsjc.in/houses//DIR/22368 |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Hosur]]
* [[Our Lady of Good Health Church, Mathigiri]]
* [[Sacred Heart Church, Madagondapalli]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Roman Catholic Diocese of Dharmapuri}}

[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Churches in Krishnagiri district]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in the Diocese of Dharmapuri]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic churches completed in 2015]]

National Highway 110 (India)

2025-12-08T14:19:36Z

CharliKayser97: minor fixed section for clarity and updated info per sources

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox road
|country=IND
|type = NH
|route = 110
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=320|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3
|title=National Highway 110|text= Map of National Highway '''110''' in red}}
| map_custom = yes
|length_km = 76
|direction_a =
|direction_b =
|terminus_a = [[Siliguri]]
|terminus_b = [[Darjeeling]].
|previous_type =NH
|next_type =NH
|previous_route=10
|next_route=10
|states = [[West Bengal]] :{{convert|76|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|destinations= [[Kurseong]]
|junction =
}}

'''National Highway 110''' (NH 110), formerly known as NH 55 and popularly called the Hill Cart Road, is a 77 kilometre-long national highway in West Bengal, India, that links [[Siliguri]] to [[Darjeeling]]. This highway passes through [[Sukna, Darjeeling|Sukna]], [[Tindharia]], [[Kurseong]], [[Sonada]] and [[Ghum, West Bengal|Ghoom]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nhai.org/Doc/project-offer/Highways.pdf |format = PDF |title = NH wise Details of NH in respect of Stretches entrusted to NHAI |access-date = 2009-02-28 |publisher = [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI) |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090225142615/http://www.nhai.org/Doc/project-offer/Highways.pdf |archive-date = 25 February 2009 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-08 |title=Draft Environmental Impact Assessment Report for the Proposed expansion of Civil Enclave of Bagdogra International Airport to Enhance the Passenger Handling Capacity up to 10 MPPA at Bagdogra, Dist: Darjeeling, West Bengal |url=https://www.wbpcb.gov.in/files/Fr-01-2024-01-28-31EIA_AAI_010224.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251208092500/https://www.wbpcb.gov.in/files/Fr-01-2024-01-28-31EIA_AAI_010224.pdf |archive-date=2025-12-08 |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=West Bengal Pollution Control Board}}</ref>

== Route ==
The highway begins at Darjeeling More in Siliguri. It ascends to Darjeeling, covering a distance of approximately 77 kilometres. The 32km stretch between Kurseong and Darjeeling is exclusively served by NH 110, passing through urban locations like [[Jorebunglow Sukhiapokhri (community development block)|Jorebangla]], Ghoom, Rongbull, and Sonada.<ref name=":0" /> The road traverses densely populated areas, where encroachment from houses and shops has reduced the scope for widening in many narrow sections.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=Anti-encroachment drives in north Bengal: Axe on illegal structures in n Siliguri and Kurseong |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/anti-encroachment-drives-in-north-bengal-axe-on-illegal-structures-in-n-siliguri-and-kurseong/cid/2038957 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240919103754/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/anti-encroachment-drives-in-north-bengal-axe-on-illegal-structures-in-n-siliguri-and-kurseong/cid/2038957 |archive-date=2024-09-19 |access-date=2025-12-08 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[National Highways Development Project]]
* [[Transport in Bihar]]

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
*[http://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/3214645 NH 110 on OpenStreetMap]

{{Highways in India}}
{{National and State Highways in West Bengal}}
{{IND NH10 sr}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:National Highway 110}}
[[Category:Transport in Siliguri]]
[[Category:National highways in West Bengal]]
[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:Transport in Darjeeling]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

Bachi Karkaria

2025-12-07T14:57:00Z

CharliKayser97: done

{{Short description|Indian journalist}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}

'''Bachi Karkaria''' is an Indian journalist and columnist. She has served as an editor at ''[[The Times of India]]'' and has also helped create new brands for the [[The Times Group|Bennett Coleman & Co Ltd]] media group. She is best known for her [[Satire|satirical]] column called ''Erratica'' in the newspaper<ref name="Erratica">[http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/erratica/], The Times of India website. Retrieved 2 August 2010.</ref> and as the author of the best selling title ''Dare To Dream: A Life of M.S. Oberoi''.<ref>[http://businesstoday.intoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&Itemid=1&task=view&id=13448&sectionid=16&issueid=72&page=archieve Best selling business books of the decade]</ref>

She also writes a relationships [[advice column]] called ''Giving Gyan'' for ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]'',<ref name="Giving Gyan Bachi Karkaria">{{cite web |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=9&contentid=2009010720090107020604668903cfa1d |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-07-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091118165004/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=9&contentid=2009010720090107020604668903cfa1d |archive-date=18 November 2009 |df=dmy-all }}, Mumbai Mirror website. Retrieved 2 August 2010.</ref> a city tabloid for the Times of India group. She is a regular panellist on [[television news]] programs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x14jx1t|title=The Newshour Debate: Guilty of rape and murder - Part 2 - video dailymotion|website=Dailymotion|date=11 September 2013 |language=en|access-date=2019-05-25}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=St Pauls Institute of Communication Education|title=Bachi Karkaria teaches 'reporting your city' at St Pauls Institute of Communication Education.|date=2014-03-04|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ntjKIbR30Ak |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/ntjKIbR30Ak |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live|access-date=2019-05-25}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Karkaria was the first Indian on the board of the World Editors Forum, is a recipient of the US-based Mary Morgan-Hewitt Award for Lifetime Achievement, and a Jefferson Fellow of the [[East–West Center|East West Centre]], [[Honolulu]]. She is on the advisory boards of the [[National AIDS Control Organisation]] and the India AIDS Initiative of the [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]].<ref name="Speaker Profile: Bachi Karkaria">[http://www.milkeninstitute.org/events/gcprogram.taf?function=bio&EventID=GC07&SPID=2468], Milken Institute website. Retrieved 2 August 2010.</ref>

== Education, early career and personal life ==
Born into a Parsi family, Karkaria graduated in 1965 with honours in English Literature from [[Loreto College, Calcutta]], and then received a diploma in journalism from the [[University of Calcutta]] and was awarded a gold medal. She then joined her family newspaper. Later, she moved to the ''[[The Illustrated Weekly of India|Illustrated Weekly]]'' under [[Khushwant Singh]] and subsequently joined the ''Times of India''. In 1975, the Times Group sent her to undertake a course in advanced journalism at the [[Thomson Foundation]], [[Cardiff]], Wales.

== Career as a journalist ==

=== Urban issues ===
In the 1980s, when city issues were still considered a lower form of journalism, Karkaria wrote stories for ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'', [[Calcutta]], on urban agenda. Returning to [[Mumbai]], she edited the Saturday edition of ''The Metropolis'', launched the ''[[Bombay Times]]'' and was instrumental in the dramatic turnaround of the [[Bangalore]] edition of the ''Times of India''. Having stagnated at No.4 for 10 years up to 1996, by mid-1997, the edition had shot up to No.1, and has steadily increased its lead since then. The Bangalore model became the template for all the other editions of the ''Times of India'', including the premier Mumbai and [[Delhi]] editions.

In 2000, the Mumbai [[Tabloid (newspaper format)|tabloid]] ''[[Mid-Day]]'' created the post of Editorial Director for her, a recognition of her reputation. This new position provided Karkaria with valuable experience in Internet and radio journalism, to add to her expertise in print. Returning to the ''Times of India'', as resident editor, [[Delhi]], she weaned the paper away from its political dependence. As a result of her recognition, she was eventually appointed as National Metro Editor of the ''Times of India'' in 2004.

=== HIV/AIDS and gender ===
Much of Karkaria's work is devoted to [[public health]], specifically HIV/AIDS. Her investigative and analytical stories have set policy agendas.

Her closely researched pieces in the ''Times of India'' provide the [[social epidemiology]] of the Indian epidemic over the past 15 years: the plight of marginalised communities caught between life and livelihood, the denial of policy makers, AIDS as the new medical pariah, and the contamination in blood products. Her white-knuckle investigative series on the last-mentioned resulted in their being taken off the shelves, and the subsequent formulation of a new safety policy. The corpus of her work explained the complex nature and implications of HIV/AIDS, gave it a human face, challenged official apathy, demanded [[accountability]] and exposed dangerous [[hypocrisy]].

Karkaria has participated in international AIDS conferences at [[San Francisco]], [[Berlin]], [[Chiang Mai]], [[Yokohama]] and [[Barcelona]], and is familiar with the major global players in halting the [[pandemic]]. Apart from being appointed to the advisory board of the India AIDS Initiative of the [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]], she served on the first legal, ethical and social committee of India's apex AIDS organisation, the [[National AIDS Control Organisation|NACO]], and is now again on its advisory board. She has monitored the work of International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) and the progress of India's recent vaccine trials. Both, the US-based [[Mary Morgan Hewitt]] Lifetime Achievement Award and the Media India Award, 1992, made special mention of the commitment and uniformly high standard of her AIDS reportage and analysis.

Karkaria's attention shift to gender began almost as an act of obligation. Appointed the first woman assistant editor of Calcutta's hoary newspaper in 1980, ''The Statesman'', she felt honour-bound to start writing on issues which this patriarchal daily had written about with condescension or simply dismissed as inconsequential. In the decade that she worked here, she put [[gender]] sharply on the agenda, a fact acknowledged in [[media studies]] such as the one conducted by Kalpana Sharma and Ammu Joseph which used her work as an example of how a committed and responsible woman in a senior editorial position can bring about seminal change in editorial policy and practice.

At ''The Statesman'', she was the first to expose the travesty of women in so-called custodial protection: rape victims, women who were falsely certified as [[lunatic]]s to get them conveniently out of the way in property disputes, or even those who were just [[destitute]]. The scourge of [[dowry death]]s, the ingrained gender prejudice of the police force which prevented the registering of cases, and actual [[custodial rape]] all became regular subjects of her editorials and special comment pieces.

Later, when urbanisation became the thrust of her own writing and the papers she edited, she made sure to include the impact of fast-changing cities on health, gender and indeed the delicate web of human relationships. She has always given equal if not more weight to what she classifies as 'Intrastructure', not just Infrastructure.

Her women-centered column, ''Differences'', ran for several years in ''[[The Sunday Times (India)|The Sunday Times]]'', and then in Mid-Day.

=== Population ===
Her gender writing dovetailed into her work on population at ''The Statesman''. She gave it a sharp profile by writing an editorial or a signed piece on the multiple and complex issues at least once a week. Among the most hard-hitting was a series on the global politics of [[infant formula]] food titled 'Making Suckers of the Third World'. She was the first to point out the flaws of a 'target-driven' approach, and can claim to have coined the now widely used term, '[[foeticide]]', when she began strongly condemning the snowballing practice of turning [[amniocentesis]] from a medical tool into a weapon of gender [[genocide]] in the mid-1980s.

A decade later when she had moved to the ''Times of India'', she was commissioned by the [[Population Council]] to co-author the document on the country's new [[Reproductive health]] policy. Combining her extensive and insightful understanding with her communication skills she demystified the policy, making it accessible to its governmental, quasi-official and NGO 'customers'.

As a professional, she brings to the table an ability to see the big picture, connect the dots, and drill down to the details. She can distill the essence from a vast pool of data, extract the facts from the hype. She also knows how to tell a story with both style and substance.

== Career as an author ==
''Dare to Dream'', a best-selling biography of the legendary hotelier MS Oberoi; Mumbai Masti, a richly illustrated book, in collaboration with designer Krsna Mehta, capturing the city's quirky soul; The Cake That Walked, on Flurys, Calcutta's iconic tea-room on the legendary [[Park Street, Kolkata|Park Street]], plus Erratica and Your Flip Is Showing, collections of her columns and other articles. She has written the corporate biographies of the Times of India Group and of [[Larsen & Toubro]], India's global engineering giant. She has contributed insightful essays to books documenting India's social transformation. She has scripted a documentary on AIDS for the acclaimed film-maker, [[Shyam Benegal]]. ''The Rummy Game'', her adaptation of D L Coburn's Pulitzer prize-winning play, ''The Gin Game'' was a critical and commercial success and traveled to Europe and the US as a fund-raiser for local charities. She also wrote ''In Hot Blood: The Nanavati Case that shook India'' that was released on May 15, 2017.<ref>{{Cite book|isbn=978-9386228277|title=In Hot Blood: The Nanavati Story that Shook India|last1=Karkaria|first1=Bachi J.|year=2017|publisher=Juggernaut }}</ref>

== Career as a media trainer ==
She has carried her passion for cities into her new avatar as a media trainer. It began with the World Editors Forums Master Classes for Editors in Emerging Economies in [[Hanoi]] and [[Cairo]]. This led to her being invited by Egypt's [[USAID]]-funded Media Development Project to help set up the [[Alexandria]] edition of the Al Youm group, and a couple of years later, in 2008, to conduct a refresher program for them, as well as widen the horizons and upgrade the skills of other local papers. She is now a designated media trainer for the Times Group, and lends her expertise to other media houses and J schools. She was one of the two people who developed the curriculum of the Times Media Training Centre, Mumbai, and she conducted the entire Reporting module.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karkaria, Bachi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Parsi people]]
[[Category:The Times of India journalists]]
[[Category:Loreto College, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Indian women columnists]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:Indian satirical columnists]]
[[Category:Women writers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Journalists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Nadar estate

2025-12-03T11:47:28Z

CharliKayser97: put up basic info initial version

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
'''Poraiyar Nadar's estate''' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: பொறையார் நாடார் எஸ்டேட்), popularly known as Nadar estate was one of the largest zamindari estate in the erstwhile [[Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)|Tanjore district]] of [[Madras Presidency]], British India. Headquartered in the village of Poraiyar, [[Mayiladuthurai district]] (Previously [[Thanjavur district]]), Nadar's estate covered a total area of 7000 acres in the [[Cauvery]] delta region.

== History ==
The patriarch of the Nadar estate was Vellaiya Nadar, he was an ''abkari'' contractor, he established several distillery industries across South India, following Vellaiya Nadar, the Poraiyar Nadar estate remained as one of the biggest distillers of British India for more than a century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Baker |first1=C. J. |title=South India : Political Institutions and Political Change 1880?1940 |date=1975 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited |isbn=9781349027484 |pages=26–72–73}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Washbrook |first1=D. A. |title=The emergence of provincial politics : the Madras Presidency, 1870-1920 |date=1976 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge [England] |isbn=9780521053457 |pages=114–115-}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Poraiyar Nadar Estate |url=https://nadars.in/en/the-history-of-poraiyar-nadar-estate/ |website=Nadars.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Thacker's Indian Directory: Including Burma and Ceylon 1937-1938 |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/thackers-indian-directory-including-burma-and-ceylon-1937-1938 |website=Indian Culture}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Asylum Press Almanack And Directory Of Madras And Southern India 1918 |date=1918 |pages=1477–78 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.83800/page/n1493/mode/2up}}</ref>

Porayar Nadar estate's V. Thavasumuthu Nadar bought the Ariyalur Zamin in the court auction and became the Zamindar of Ariyalur.<ref>{{cite book |title=Madras District Gazetteers: Statistical Appendix for Trichinopoly District |publisher=Superintendent, Government Press |page=146}}</ref> Poraiyar Nadar Estate has held the title of Zamindar of Ariyalur for half a century.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Asylum Press Almanack And Directory Of Madras And Southern India 1919 |date=1919 |page=1596 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.83807/page/n1613/mode/2up}}</ref>

Thavasumuthu Nadar was a philanthropist, he desired to develop education in his rural area, established Thavasumuthu Nadar Higher Secondary School in 1882 in Poraiyar.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ayyar |first1=KN Krishnaswami |title=Statistical Appendix And Supplement To The Revised District Manual (1906) For Tanjore District |date=1933 |page=201 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.358943/page/n225/mode/2up}}</ref> He helped to construct the [[Government Raja Mirasdar Hospital|Raja Mirasdar Hospital]] in Thanjavur in 1878.<ref>{{cite book |last1=புலவர் |first1=செ. இராசு |title=தஞ்சை மராட்டியர் கல்வெட்டுகள் |date=1987 |isbn=81-7090-077-8 |page=41}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Srinivasan |first1=G. |title=Royals, landlords behind RMH ophthalmology department |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/140319/royals-landlords-behind-rmh-ophthalmology-department.html |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en |date=14 March 2019}}</ref>

Nadar estate showed an active interest in the administrative affairs of Hindu temples, In 1889, V. Ponnusamy Nadar of Nadar estate was elected to the Kumbakonam Temple Committee, which administered Hindu temples in the taluks of Kumbakonam, Mayavaram and Shiyali.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Baker |first1=Christopher John |last2=D. A |first2=Washbrook |title=South India : political institutions and political change, 1880-1940 |date=1975 |publisher=Macmillan Co. of India |location=Delhi |isbn=9780033390675 |pages=29–38 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Washbrook |first1=D. A. |title=The emergence of provincial politics : the Madras Presidency, 1870-1920 |date=1976 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge [England] |isbn=9780521053457 |pages=115–187–188 }}</ref>

The most well known among the Nadar estate was [[T. Rattinasami Nadar|Rao Bahadur T. Rathinasamy Nadar]], he established the first Sangam for the [[Nadar (caste)|Nadar]] community, the [[Nadar Mahajana Sangam]] in 1910.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hardgrave |first1=Robert L. |title=The Nadars of Tamilnad : the political culture of a community in change |date=2006 |publisher=Ajay Kumar Jain for Manohar Publishers & Distributours |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788173047015 |page=131}}</ref><ref name="Lucy Carroll">{{cite journal | title=Colonial Perceptions of Indian Society and the Emergence of Caste(s) Associations| author=Lucy Carroll| journal=The Journal of Asian Studies| date=Feb 1978| volume=37 | issue = 2| pages=234–235| doi=10.2307/2054164| jstor=2054164| s2cid=146635639}}</ref> During the Congress party's main agitational period, from inception in 1885 to early 1890s, T. Ratnaswami Nadar was one of its financiers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Baker |first1=C. J. |title=South India : Political Institutions and Political Change 1880?1940 |date=1975 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited |location=[Place of publication not identified] |isbn=978-1-349-02748-4 |page=200}}</ref>

T. Rathnaswamy Nadar also played a vital role in the development of [[Tharangambadi|Tranquebar]] region by bringing in the railway line for the town.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lazar |first1=Prof. P. Maria |title=Tales of Tranquebar |pages=26}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sivasubramaniyan |first1=A |title=Thamizhaga Varalatril Tharangampadi |publisher=New Century Book House |isbn=9788123430508 |page=10}}</ref> To honor his services, the British Government conferred [[Rao Bahadur]] Award to him 1911.<ref>{{cite book |last1=John |first1=Murray |title=The Historical Record of The Imperial Visit to India-1911 |page=364}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Who's who in India (lives and photographs of the recipients of honors on 12th December 1911) |page=113}}</ref>

In 1906, Nadar estate's T. Guruswami Nadar built the hostel building for Kumbakonam Arts and Science College and dedicated it to the memory of his father V. Thavsasmuthu Nadar and named the hostel as "Queen Victoria" to commemorate her Golden Jubilee.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hostel of Government College for Men - Main Building |url=http://nmma.nic.in/nmma/builtDetail.do?refId=3812&state=33 |website=Nmma.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Poraiyar Nadar Estate's Philanthropy Services |url=https://nadars.in/en/poraiyar-nadar-estates-philanthropy-services/ |website=Nadars.in}}</ref>

T.V. Balagurusamy Nadar of Nadar estate was one of the founder-director of [[Tamilnad Mercantile Bank Limited|Tamilnad Mercantile Bank]] (then known as Nadars Bank ltd) in 1921.<ref>{{cite web |title=Founder Directors of TMB |url=https://www.tmb.in/management.aspx |website=Tamilnad Mercantile Bank Official Website}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Zamindari estates]]
[[Category:Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Indian feudalism]]
[[Category:Mayiladuthurai district]]

Terai Arc Landscape

2025-11-21T07:38:14Z

CharliKayser97: made new post.

{{Short description|Indo-Nepalese trans-border ecosystem}}
[[File:Terai Arc Landscape.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Terai Arc Landscape]]

The '''Terai Arc Landscape''' ('''TAL''') is composed of 14 [[India]]n and [[Nepal]]ese trans-border [[protected area|protected ecosystem]]s of the [[Terai]] ([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] for "lowlands") and nearby foothills of the [[Himalayas]].<ref name=missouri.edu/><ref name=wwf-india>{{cite web|title=Terai Arc Landscape|url=http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/critical_regions/terai_arc_landscape/|publisher=WWF India|accessdate=23 February 2013}}</ref> and encompassing 14 protected areas of Nepal and India. The area spans approximately 12.3 million acres (5 million hectares) and includes Nepal's [[Bagmati River]] to the east and India's [[Yamuna River]] to the west.<ref name=missouri.edu/>
The TAL is home to many endangered mammals including the [[Bengal tiger]] (of which it has one of the world's highest densities),<ref name=missouri.edu>{{cite web|title=The Terai Arc Landscape Bengal Tigers in the Himalayas' Shadow|url=http://tigers.missouri.edu/files/Terai_Arc2004.pdf|publisher=missouri.edu|accessdate=23 February 2013|archive-date=16 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316135707/http://tigers.missouri.edu/files/Terai_Arc2004.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=wwf-india/> the [[Indian rhinoceros]], the [[gaur]], the wild [[Asian elephant]], the [[hispid hare]], the [[sloth bear]], the [[South Asian river dolphin]] and the [[chital]], as well as over 500 species of birds, many endangered. Examples of birds are the endangered [[Bengal florican]], the [[sarus crane]], and the [[black stork]].<ref name=gov.np.terai-arc>{{cite web|title=Terai Arc Landscape (TAL)|url=http://www.dnpwc.gov.np/terai-arc-landscape-tal.html|publisher=Government of Nepal - Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation|accessdate=23 February 2013|archive-date=2 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102205420/http://www.dnpwc.gov.np/terai-arc-landscape-tal.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Ranitaal1.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Ranitaal Lake in Shuklaphanta National Park]]
[[File:Grus antigone Luc viatour.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The Sarus crane, one of the endangered species in the TAL]]
The rivers and wetlands of the TAL are rich and diverse [[ecosystem]]s with many [[endemic]] species that support, besides birds and mammals, a wide range of fish, amphibians, and fresh water crustaceans.<ref name=gov.np.terai-arc/> However, the area faces many challenges to the wildlife.<ref name=wwfindia.org2>{{cite web|title=TAL - Challenges and interventions|url=http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/critical_regions/terai_arc_landscape/challenges_interventions/|publisher=wwfindia.org|accessdate=24 February 2013}}</ref> Of the 14 protected areas within the TAL, none is large enough, by itself, to sustain a population of tigers over time. If the protected areas were to be linked by wildlife corridors, individual tigers would be able to move from area to area, furthering its ability to survive long-term.<ref name=missouri.edu/> TAL is densely populated and its welfare is of critical importance to its human and animal life.<ref name=wwf-terai-nepal>{{cite web |title=Terai Arc Landscape (TAL), Nepal |url=http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/how_we_work/conservation/species_programme/species_people/our_solutions/tal_nepal/|publisher=WWF Global |accessdate=23 February 2013}}</ref> Its approximately three million people are among the world's poorest (50% live below the poverty live) and generally subsist on the land.<ref name=missouri.edu/> As of the beginning of 2013, the Indian government will give a donation to farmers who grow flowers in the Terai.<ref name=timesofindia>{{cite news|last=Agarwal|first=B. C. |title=Farming of flowers grows in Terai belt |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Farming-of-flowers-grows-in-Terai-belt/articleshow/18360068.cms|accessdate=23 February 2013 |newspaper=Times of India|date=2013}}</ref>

== Protected areas within the Terai Arc Landscape ==
The following are [[protected area]]s within the boundaries of the TAL:<ref name=missouri.edu/>
===Shuklaphanta National Park===
{{excerpt|Shuklaphanta National Park}}

===Bardia National Park===
{{excerpt|Bardia National Park}}

===Banke National Park===
{{excerpt|Banke National Park}}

===Blackbuck Conservation Area===
{{excerpt|Blackbuck Conservation Area}}

===Chitwan National Park===
{{excerpt|Chitwan National Park}}

===Parsa National Park===
{{excerpt|Parsa National Park}}

===Jim Corbett National Park===
{{excerpt|Jim Corbett National Park}}

===Rajaji National Park===
{{excerpt|Rajaji National Park}}

===Pilibhit Tiger Reserve===

[[File:Rocket, A Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) on the pakki patri area at Pilibhit tiger reserve.jpg|thumb|Rocket, a [[Bengal tiger]] on the pakki patri area at [[Pilibhit Tiger Reserve]]]]

{{excerpt|only=paragraphs|Pilibhit Tiger Reserve}}

===Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary===
{{excerpt|Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary}}

===Dudhwa National Park===
{{excerpt|Dudhwa National Park}}

===Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary===
{{excerpt|Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary}}

===Suhelva Sanctuary===
{{excerpt|Suhelva Sanctuary}}

===Valmiki National Park===
{{excerpt|Valmiki National Park}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

{{Coord missing|India|Nepal}}

[[Category:Protected areas of Nepal]]
[[Category:Protected areas of India]]

Nirpat Singh

2025-11-13T21:38:15Z

CharliKayser97: started a biography

{{short description|Maharaja of Panna from 1849 to 1870}}
{{infobox royalty
| title = [[Maharaja]] [[Mahendra]]
| succession = [[Maharaja]] of [[Panna State|Panna]]
| reign = {{circa|1849}}{{Sndash}}{{Avoid wrap|8 November 1893}}
| predecessor = Harbans Rai
| successor = [[Rudra Pratap Singh (ruler)|Rudra Pratap Singh]]
| death_date = 9 June 1870
| dynasty = [[Bundela]]
| full name = Nirpat Singh Ju Deo
| house = [[Panna State|Panna]]
| father = [[Kishor Singh]]
}}
'''Nirpat Singh''' was the [[Maharaja]] of [[Panna State|Panna]] from 1849 until his death in 1870.

==Biography==
He was born to [[Kishor Singh]] and, after the death of his elder brother, Harbans Rai, in 1849, succeeded him on the throne of [[Panna State|Panna]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Department |first=India Foreign and Political |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Central_Indian_Agency/icwkAQAAIAAJ |title=Central Indian Agency |date=1909 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |pages=18–19 |language=en}}</ref> Although he was the rightful successor to his brother, the British government refused to recognize him until he abolished the practice of [[Sati (practice)|sati]] across his territories.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Solomon |first=R. V. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Indian_States/47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |date=2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |pages=606–614 |language=en}}</ref> Accordingly, he banned [[Sati (practice)|sati]] in [[Panna State|Panna]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Daly |first=Hugh |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Memoirs_of_General_Sir_Henry_Dermot_Daly/_LUcAAAAMAAJ? |title=Memoirs of General Sir Henry Dermot Daly ... |date=1905 |publisher=J. Murray |pages=294 |language=en}}</ref> When he was granted ruling powers, he proved to be an excellent administrator.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> During the revolt of 1857, he remained loyal to the British and assisted them in securing the [[Kalinjar Fort|Kalinjar fort]] and clearing [[Damoh]] of rebels.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Purushotam Vishram Mawjee |url=https://archive.org/details/DurbarAlbum1/ |title=(1911) Imperial durbar album of the Indian princes, chiefs and zamindars, Vol. I. |date=1911 |pages=141}}</ref> For his services, the British government awarded him a [[Khalat|khilat]] worth Rs. 20,000, an eleven-gun salute, and the [[Simariya, Panna|Simariya]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=India |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_collection_of_treaties_engagements_and/fTK25ExhPzUC |title=A collection of treaties, engagements, and sunnuds relating to India and neighbouring countries, compiled by C.U. Aitchison, revised and continued by A.C. Talbot. [With] An index, compiled by M. Belletty. revised |date=1892 |pages=17 |language=en}}</ref> In 1862, the British government granted him the right of adoption, and in 1869, he was given the personal title of [[Mahendra]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />

On 9 June 1870, while out shooting, he was killed by a tiger.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Pradesh (India) |first=Madhya |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Madhya_Pradesh/EyILAQAAIAAJ |title=Madhya Pradesh: District Gazetteers |last2=Krishnan |first2=V. S. |date=1994 |publisher=Government Central Press |pages=72 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lethbridge |first=Sir Roper |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Golden_Book_of_India_A_Genealogical/zykYAAAAYAAJ |title=The Golden Book of India. A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated, of the Indian Empire. With an Appendix for Ceylon |date=1900 |publisher=S. Low, Marston & Company |pages=230 |language=en}}</ref> His son, [[Rudra Pratap Singh (ruler)|Rudra Pratap Singh]], succeeded him on the throne of [[Panna State|Panna]].<ref name=":0" />

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:1870 deaths]]
[[Category:Rajas of Panna]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from British India]]

Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Second Film

2025-11-02T13:11:55Z

CharliKayser97: put up initial info needs work

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{refimprove|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film award
| name = Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Second Film
| image =
| alt =
| caption = ''[[Bhonga]]'' is the recent winner in 2018
| awarded_for = Best film in Marathi cinema
| sponsor =
| firstawarded = 1962
| lastawarded = 2024
| reward =
| former name =
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder = ''[[Jaggu Ani Juliet]]''
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner =
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner = ''Suvaasini'' (1962)
| award3_type = Last winner
| award3_winner =
| website =
| previous =
| next =
}}
The '''Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Film''' is an award presented annually at the [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]] of India to the best film in [[Marathi cinema]]. The awards are managed directly by the [[Government of Maharashtra|Maharashtra Government]] under the [[Ministry of Cultural Affairs (Maharashtra)|Department of Cultural Affairs]] of the [[Government of Maharashtra]].

The inaugural award was named as "Baburao Painter Award for Best Feature Film" and was awarded to ''Suvasini'', directed by [[Raja Paranjape]].

==Winners==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="2%" | Year
! width="12%" | Film
! width="18%" | Director
! width="2%" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|1962
|''Suvaasini''
| rowspan="2" |[[Raja Paranjape]]
|
|-
|1963
|''Ha Maaza Marg Ekala''
|
|-
|1964
|''Pahu Re Kiti Vaat''
|[[Raja Thakur]]
|
|-
|1965
|''[[Sawaal Majha Aika!]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Anant Mane]]
|
|-
|1966
|''Kela Ishaara Jaata Jaata''
|
|-
|1967
|''Kaka Mala Vachva''
|[[Raja Paranjape]]
|
|-
|1968
|''[[Aamhi Jato Amuchya Gava]]''
|Kamlakar Torne
|
|-
|1969
|''Mukkam Post Dhebewadi''
|Madhukar Pathak
|
|-
|1970
|''Warnecha Wagh''
|Vasant Painter
|
|-
|1971
|''[[Shantata! Court Chalu Aahe]]''
|[[Satyadev Dubey]]
|
|-
|1972
|''Bholibhadi''
|[[Rajdutt]]
|
|-
|1973
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | '''No Award Ceremony'''
|-
|1974
|''Kartiki''
|Datta Mane
|
|-
|1975
|''[[Samna (film)|Samna]]''
|[[Jabbar Patel]]
|
|-
|1976
|''[[Tumcha Aamcha Jamala]]''
|[[Dada Kondke]]
|
|-
|1977
|''[[Bala Gau Kashi Angai]]''
| rowspan="2" |Kamlakar Torne
|
|-
| 1978
| ''Bhairu Pehelwan Ki Jai''
|
|-
|1979
|''[[Ashtavinayak (film)|Ashtavinayak]]''
|[[Rajdutt]]
|
|-
|1980
|''[[Sinhasan]]''
|[[Jabbar Patel]]
|
|-
|1981
|''Gondhalat Gondhal''
|V.K. Naik
|
|-
| 1982
| ''[[Ek Daav Bhutacha]]''
| [[Ravi Namade]]
|
|-
|1983
|''[[Gupchup Gupchup]]''
|V.K. Naik
|
|-
|1984
|''[[Mumbaicha Faujdar]]''
|[[Rajdutt]]
|
|-
|1985
|''Deva Shappath Khara Sangen''
|Bhaskar Jadhav
|
|-
|1986
|''Tuzya Vachun Karmena''
|Damu Kenkre
|
|-
|1987
|''[[Gammat Jammat]]''
|[[Sachin Pilgaonkar|Sachin]]
|
|-
|1988
|''Nashibwan''
|[[N. S. Vaidya]]
|
|-
|1989
|''Aatmavishwas''
| rowspan="2" |[[Sachin Pilgaonkar|Sachin]]
|
|-
|1990
|''[[Eka Peksha Ek]]''
|
|-
|1991
|''Vedh''
|Pradip Berlekar
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=technology |first=WorthITT-Talent meets |date=2019-06-17 |title=Chaukat Raja: Accepting Children with Developmental Delay |url=https://medium.com/@worthittsocial/chaukat-raja-accepting-children-with-developmental-delay-fb2d728b0d95 |access-date= |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|1992
|''Aapli Mansa''
|[[Sanjay Surkar]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinemas of India, Videos, Festival Participation & Awards, National Award, Regional Cinema, Independent Cinema, Art House Cinema, Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda |url=https://www.nfdcindia.com/cinemasofindia/home-video-05.htm |access-date= |website=www.nfdcindia.com}}</ref>
|-
|1993
|''[[Savat Mazi Ladki]]''
|[[Smita Talwalkar]]
|
|-
|1994
|''Varsa Laxmicha''
|Madhukar Pathak
|
|-
|1995
|''[[Bangarwadi]]''
|[[Amol Palekar]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=1996-12-21 |title=THE HINDU ONLINE : The cream of Indian cinema |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/960113/03/1226a.html |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961221151607/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/960113/03/1226a.html |archive-date=21 December 1996 }}</ref>
|-
|1996
|''[[Putravati]]''
|Bhaskar Jadhav
|
|-
|1997
|''[[Sarkarnama]]''
|[[Shrabani Deodhar]]
|
|-
|1998
|''Ratra Aarambh''
|Ajay Phansekar
|
|-
|1999
|''[[Bindhaast]]''
|[[Chandrakant Kulkarni]]
|
|-
|2000
|''[[Astitva]]''
|[[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
|
|-
|2001
|''Ek Hoti Vadi''
|Ajay Phansekar
|
|-
|2002
|''[[Vastupurush]]''
|[[Sumitra Bhave–Sunil Sukthankar]]
|
|-
|2003
|''[[Not Only Mrs. Raut]]''
|[[Gajendra Ahire]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=rediff Entertainment |title=Shwaas: India's entry for Oscars |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/sep/24shwas.htm |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2004
|''[[Savarkhed Ek Gaon]]''
|[[Rajiv Patil]]
|
|-
|2005
|''[[Kaydyacha Bola]]''
|[[Chandrakant Kulkarni]]
|
|-
|2006
|''[[Restaurant (2006 film)|Restaurant]]''
|[[Sachin Kundalkar]]
|
|-
|2007
|''Aevdhese Aabhal''
|Bipin Nadkarni
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Jogwa]]''
|[[Rajiv Patil]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-21 |title='Harishchandrachi Factory' India's entry for Oscars - Times Of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Harishchandrachi-Factory-Indias-entry-for-Oscars/articleshow/5033889.cms |access-date= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321053045/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-20/india/28076656_1_marathi-film-paresh-mokashi-foreign-film-category |archive-date=21 March 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|2009
|''[[Jhing Chik Jhing]]''
|Nitin Nandan
|
|-
|2010
|''Dhoosar''
| [[Amol Palekar]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011
|''[[Deool]]''
| [[Umesh Vinayak Kulkarni]]
|
|-
|''[[Balgandharva (film)|Balgandharva]]''
|[[Ravi Jadhav]]
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Tukaram (film)|Tukaram]]''
| [[Chandrakant Kulkarni]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-04-07 |title=Kaksparshthefilm {{!}} Awards |url=http://www.kaksparshthefilm.com/awards.php |access-date= |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407093640/http://www.kaksparshthefilm.com/awards.php |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|2013
|''[[Pitruroon]]''
| [[Nitish Bharadwaj]]
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Elizabeth Ekadashi]]''
| [[Paresh Mokashi]]
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Double Seat]]''
| [[Sameer Vidwans]]
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Dashakriya]]''
| Sandeep Patil
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Muramba]]''
|Varun Narvekar
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Bandishala]]''
| Milind Lele
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Miss U Mister]]''
|Sameer Joshi
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Baaplyok]]''
|[[Makarand Mane]]
|
|-
|2021
|''Frame''
|Vikram Patwardhan
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Pondicherry (film)|Pondicherry]]''
|[[Sachin Kundalkar]]
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=जगताप |first=नामदेव |title=राज्य चित्रपट पुरस्कार सोहळा; हिंदी, मराठी सिनेसृष्टीतील कलाकारांचा सन्मान; पाहा संपूर्ण यादी |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/maharashtra-state-film-awards-diamond-jubilee-held-in-mumbai-see-all-winners-list-kajol-bhimrao-panchale-anupam-kher-mukta-barve-bollywood-news-1375148 |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Jaggu Ani Juliet]]''
|[[Mahesh Limaye]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* {{IMDb event|0015478|Maharashtra State Film Awards}}

[[Category:Maharashtra State Film Awards|Second Film]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1962]]

2024–25 Kerala Premier League

2025-10-31T05:44:45Z

CharliKayser97:

{{Short description|12th season of Kerala Premier League}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox football league season
| image =
| competition = [[Kerala Premier League]]
| season = 2024–25
| dates = 27 January – 11 May 2025
| winners = [[Muthoot Football Academy|Muthoot FA]]
| promoted =
| matches =
| total goals =
| league topscorer =
| highest scoring =
| biggest win =
| longest wins = [[KSEB]] (7 games)
| longest unbeaten = [[KSEB]] (10 games)
| longest winless = [[St. Joseph's College, Devagiri|Devagiri College]] (13 games)
| longest losses =
| prevseason = [[2023–24 Kerala Premier League|2023–24]]
| nextseason = [[2025–26 Kerala Premier League|2025–26]]
}}

The '''2024–25 Kerala Premier League''' was the twelfth season of the [[Kerala Premier League]], which is the highest level of the [[Indian State Leagues|state league system]] and fifth of the overall [[Indian football league system]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Blasters, Gokulam to kick-off Kerala Premier League on Jan 27 |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2025/01/24/kerala-premier-league-season-12.html |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref>

Muthoot FA won the league title.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muthoot FA emerge Kerala Premier League champions |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2025/05/11/kerala-premier-league-final-muthoot-fa-vs-kerala-police.html |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=Muthoot FA emerge Kerala Premier League champions |language=en}}</ref>

==Changes from last season==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!{{Increase}} '''Corporate entry'''
|-
|
* [[Inter Kerala FC]]<ref>https://athleticindia.com/inter-kerala-fc-building-a-football-dream-for-the-state-2/</ref>
|}

{| class="wikitable"
!Withdrew
|-
|
* [[Sports Academy Tirur|SAT]]
|-
!{{Decrease}} Relegated to KPL 2
|-
|
* [[BASCO FC]]
* [[FC Areekode]]
* [[Little Flower FA]]
* [[LUCA SC]]
* [[MK Sporting Club]]
* [[Sports Authority of India|SAI Kollam]]
|-
|}

==Teams==
[http://keralafa.com/kerala-premier-league/ KFA]
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Team
!Head coach
!Captain
!City
!Sponsor
|-
|1
|[[St. Joseph's College, Devagiri|Devagiri College]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Niyaz Rahman]]
|[[Vishnu Prakash]]
|[[Kozhikode]]
|[[Hykon]]
|-
|2
|[[FC Kerala]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Assis Kunjivappu]]
|[[Jithu TR]]
|[[Thrissur]]
|Premiere
|-
|3
|[[Golden Threads FC]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Shiju Rajan]]
|[[Subi (footballer)|Subi]]
|[[Kochi]]
|[[Wayna Water]]
|-
|4
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC Reserves and Academy|Gokulam Kerala B]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Varun Mehta (footballer)|Varun Mehta]]
|[[Bibin Boban]]
|[[Kozhikode]]
|[[CSB Bank]]
|-
|5
|[[Inter Kerala FC]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Britto Clemmy]]
|[[Shem Marton Eugene]]
|[[Kothamangalam]]
|
|-
|6
|[[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy|Kerala Blasters B]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Noel Joseph]]
|[[Ebin Das]]
|[[Kochi]]
|[[Medhaa]]
|-
|7
|[[Kerala Police Football Team|Kerala Police]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Siddik VV]]
|[[Sanju G]]
|[[Trivandrum]]
|[[Off Road Nilambur]]
|-
|8
|[[Kerala United FC]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Liandala Sena Fanai]]
|[[Craig Mangkhanlian]]
|[[Manjeri]]
|[[YELO]]
|-
|9
|[[KSEB]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Sanushraj Palanickal]]
|[[Eldhose George]]
|[[Trivandrum]]
|[[KSEB]]
|-
|10
|[[Kovalam Football Club|Kovalam]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Rajesh Mohanan]]
|[[Manoj M]]
|[[Kovalam]]
|[[Adani Group]]
|-
|11
|[[Muthoot Football Academy|Muthoot FA]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Othallo Tabia]]
|[[Bavijith TK]]
|[[Kochi]]
|[[Muthoot Pappachan Group]]
|-
|12
|[[Parappur FC]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Sanjoy Kumar Dey]]
|[[Anto V]]
|[[Parappur]]
|[[Jos Alukkas]]
|-
|13
|[[Real Malabar FC]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Rajeev Raj]]
|[[Fahis]]
|[[Kondotty]]
|[[EDEX]]
|-
|14
|[[Wayanad United]]
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Daison Cheriyan]]
|[[Muhammed Ameen (football coach)|Muhammed Ameen]]
|[[Kalpetta]]
|[[SKAMPILO]]
|-
|}

===Number of teams by region===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!No. of teams
![[Districts of Kerala|Districts]]
!Team(s)
|-
| rowspan="1"|4
| align="left" |[[Ernakulam]]||[[Golden Threads FC|Golden Threads]], [[Inter Kerala FC|Inter Kerala]], [[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy|Kerala Blasters B]], [[Muthoot Football Academy|Muthoot FA]]
|-
| rowspan="1"|3
| align="left" |[[Trivandrum]]||[[Kerala Police (football team)|Kerala Police]], [[Kovalam Football Club|Kovalam]], [[KSEB]]
|-
| rowspan="3"|2
| align="left" |[[Malappuram]]|| [[Kerala United FC|Kerala United]], [[Real Malabar FC|Real Malabar]]
|-
| align="left" |[[Kozhikode]]||[[St. Joseph's College, Devagiri|Devagiri College]], [[Gokulam Kerala FC Reserves and Academy|Gokulam Kerala B]]
|-
| align="left" |[[Thrissur]]||[[FC Kerala]], [[Parappur FC]]
|-
| rowspan="1"|1
| align="left" |[[Wayanad]]||[[Wayanad United]]
|-
|}

==Venues==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Stadium
!Capacity
!Location
|-
|[[Malappuram District Sports Complex Stadium|Payyanad Stadium]]
|30,000
|[[Manjeri]]
|-
|[[Kozhikode Corporation EMS Stadium|EMS Stadium]]
|50,000
|[[Kozhikode]]
|-
|Govt. Boys HSS Ground
|1,000
|[[Kunnamkulam]]
|-
|}

==League table==

<onlyinclude>
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update=complete
|source=[https://theawayend.co/kerala-premier-league/ The Away End]


|team_order= KSEB, KP, MFA, WUFC, GTFC, KUFC, GKFC, KFC, KBFC, RMFC, PFC, IKFC, FCK, SJC


|result1=SF |result2=SF |result3=SF |result4=SF|result13=R|result14=R


|win_SJC=0 |draw_SJC=5 |loss_SJC=8 |gf_SJC=15 |ga_SJC=35
|win_FCK=3 |draw_FCK=1 |loss_FCK=9 |gf_FCK=14 |ga_FCK=43
|win_GTFC=7 |draw_GTFC=3 |loss_GTFC=3 |gf_GTFC=28 |ga_GTFC=19
|win_GKFC=5 |draw_GKFC=3 |loss_GKFC=5 |gf_GKFC=19 |ga_GKFC=16
|win_IKFC=3 |draw_IKFC=2 |loss_IKFC=8 |gf_IKFC=16 |ga_IKFC=21
|win_KBFC=4 |draw_KBFC=3 |loss_KBFC=6 |gf_KBFC=22 |ga_KBFC=24
|win_KP=8 |draw_KP=4 |loss_KP=1 |gf_KP=21 |ga_KP=13
|win_KUFC=6 |draw_KUFC=1 |loss_KUFC=6 |gf_KUFC=16 |ga_KUFC=15
|win_KSEB=9 |draw_KSEB=3 |loss_KSEB=1 |gf_KSEB=27 |ga_KSEB=12
|win_KFC=5 |draw_KFC=1 |loss_KFC=7 |gf_KFC=20 |ga_KFC=24
|win_MFA=8 |draw_MFA=3 |loss_MFA=2 |gf_MFA=32 |ga_MFA=10
|win_PFC=4 |draw_PFC=0 |loss_PFC=9 |gf_PFC=16 |ga_PFC=21
|win_RMFC=3 |draw_RMFC=6 |loss_RMFC=4 |gf_RMFC=19|ga_RMFC=23
|win_WUFC=7 |draw_WUFC=3 |loss_WUFC=3 |gf_WUFC=23 |ga_WUFC=12


|name_SJC=[[St. Joseph's College, Devagiri|Devagiri College]]
|name_FCK=[[FC Kerala]]
|name_GTFC=[[Golden Threads FC|Golden Threads]]
|name_GKFC=[[Gokulam Kerala FC (Reserves)|Gokulam Kerala B]]
|name_IKFC=[[Inter Kerala FC|Inter Kerala]]
|name_KBFC=[[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy|Kerala Blasters B]]
|name_KP=[[Kerala Police (football team)|Kerala Police]]
|name_KUFC=[[Kerala United FC|Kerala United]]
|name_KSEB=[[KSEB]]
|name_KFC=[[Kovalam Football Club|Kovalam]]
|name_MFA=[[Muthoot Football Academy|Muthoot FA]]
|name_PFC=[[Parappur FC Kerala|PFC Kerala]]
|name_RMFC=[[Real Malabar FC|Real Malabar]]
|name_WUFC=[[Wayanad United FC|Wayanad United]]

|show_limit=5|class_rules=1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored


|res_col_header=Qualification
|col_SF=green1 |text_SF=Advance to Semi-finals
|col_R =red1|text_R=Relegation to the [[Kerala Premier League 2|2025–26 Kerala Premier League 2]]
}}</onlyinclude>

==Fixtures and results==
{{#invoke:sports results|main
|update = complete
|source=[https://theawayend.co/kerala-premier-league/ The Away End]
|matches_style = FBR


|team1=SJC |team2=FCK |team3=GTFC |team4=GKFC |team5=IKFC |team6=KBFC |team7=KP |team8=KUFC |team9=KSEB |team10=KFC |team11=MFA |team12=PFC |team13=RMFC |team14=WUFC


|name_SJC=[[St. Joseph's College, Devagiri|Devagiri College]]
|name_FCK=[[FC Kerala]]
|name_GTFC=[[Golden Threads FC|Golden Threads]]
|name_GKFC=[[Gokulam Kerala FC (Reserves)|Gokulam Kerala 'B']]
|name_IKFC=[[Inter Kerala FC|Inter Kerala]]
|name_KBFC=[[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy|Kerala Blasters B]]
|name_KP=[[Kerala Police (football team)|Kerala Police]]
|name_KUFC=[[Kerala United FC|Kerala United]]
|name_KSEB=[[KSEB]]
|name_KFC=[[Kovalam Football Club|Kovalam]]
|name_MFA=[[The Muthoot Group|Muthoot FA]]
|name_PFC=[[Parappur FC Kerala|PFC Kerala]]
|name_RMFC=[[Real Malabar FC]]
|name_WUFC=[[Wayanad United FC]]




|match_SJC_FCK=1-2
|match_SJC_GTFC=2-6
|match_SJC_GKFC=0-2
|match_SJC_IKFC=1-4
|match_SJC_KBFC=2-2
|match_SJC_KP=1-1
|match_SJC_KUFC=0-1
|match_SJC_KSEB=2-2
|match_SJC_KFC=2-2
|match_SJC_MFA=2-4
|match_SJC_PFC=0-4
|match_SJC_RMFC=2-2
|match_SJC_WUFC=0-3


|match_FCK_SJC=2-1
|match_FCK_GTFC=2-2
|match_FCK_GKFC=0-4
|match_FCK_IKFC=2-1
|match_FCK_KBFC=0-4
|match_FCK_KP=1-4
|match_FCK_KUFC=2-6
|match_FCK_KSEB=1-4
|match_FCK_KFC=1-3
|match_FCK_MFA=0-6
|match_FCK_PFC=1-0
|match_FCK_RMFC=2-4
|match_FCK_WUFC=0-4


|match_GTFC_SJC=6-2
|match_GTFC_FCK=2-2
|match_GTFC_GKFC=5-2
|match_GTFC_IKFC=2-1
|match_GTFC_KBFC=1-0
|match_GTFC_KP=2-3
|match_GTFC_KUFC=2-1
|match_GTFC_KSEB= 2-2
|match_GTFC_KFC=1-0
|match_GTFC_MFA=0-1
|match_GTFC_PFC=2-1
|match_GTFC_RMFC=2-2
|match_GTFC_WUFC=1-2


|match_GKFC_SJC=2-0
|match_GKFC_FCK=4-0
|match_GKFC_GTFC=2-5
|match_GKFC_IKFC=1-2
|match_GKFC_KBFC=0-1
|match_GKFC_KP=0-0
|match_GKFC_KUFC=1-0
|match_GKFC_KSEB=1-1
|match_GKFC_KFC=3-1
|match_GKFC_MFA=0-0
|match_GKFC_PFC=2-1
|match_GKFC_RMFC=1-2
|match_GKFC_WUFC=2-3


|match_IKFC_SJC=4-1
|match_IKFC_FCK=1-2
|match_IKFC_GTFC=1-2
|match_IKFC_GKFC=2-1
|match_IKFC_KBFC=2-2
|match_IKFC_KP=0-2
|match_IKFC_KUFC=0-1
|match_IKFC_KSEB=0-1
|match_IKFC_KFC=1-2
|match_IKFC_MFA=1-4
|match_IKFC_PFC=1-2
|match_IKFC_RMFC=1-1
|match_IKFC_WUFC=2-0


|match_KBFC_SJC=2-2
|match_KBFC_FCK=4-0
|match_KBFC_GTFC=0-1
|match_KBFC_GKFC=1-0
|match_KBFC_IKFC=2-2
|match_KBFC_KP=1-3
|match_KBFC_KUFC=0-2
|match_KBFC_KSEB=0-2
|match_KBFC_KFC=1-2
|match_KBFC_MFA=0-4
|match_KBFC_PFC=5-2
|match_KBFC_RMFC=5-3
|match_KBFC_WUFC=1-1


|match_KP_SJC=1-1
|match_KP_FCK=4-1
|match_KP_GTFC=3-2
|match_KP_GKFC=0-0
|match_KP_IKFC=2-0
|match_KP_KBFC=3-1
|match_KP_KUFC=2-0
|match_KP_KSEB=0-5
|match_KP_KFC=1-0
|match_KP_MFA=2-1
|match_KP_PFC=2-1
|match_KP_RMFC=0-0
|match_KP_WUFC=1-1


|match_KUFC_SJC=1-0
|match_KUFC_FCK=6-2
|match_KUFC_GTFC=1-2
|match_KUFC_GKFC=0-1
|match_KUFC_IKFC=1-0
|match_KUFC_KBFC=2-0
|match_KUFC_KP=0-2
|match_KUFC_KSEB=0-2
|match_KUFC_KFC=2-0
|match_KUFC_MFA=0-3
|match_KUFC_PFC=2-0
|match_KUFC_RMFC=1-1
|match_KUFC_WUFC=0-1


|match_KSEB_SJC=2-2
|match_KSEB_FCK=4-1
|match_KSEB_GTFC=2-2
|match_KSEB_GKFC=1-1
|match_KSEB_IKFC=1-0
|match_KSEB_KBFC=2-0
|match_KSEB_KP=5-0
|match_KSEB_KUFC=2-0
|match_KSEB_KFC=3-1
|match_KSEB_MFA=2-1
|match_KSEB_PFC=1-0
|match_KSEB_RMFC=2-0
|match_KSEB_WUFC=0-4


|match_KFC_SJC=2-2
|match_KFC_FCK= 3-1
|match_KFC_GTFC=0-1
|match_KFC_GKFC=1-3
|match_KFC_IKFC=2-1
|match_KFC_KBFC= 2-1
|match_KFC_KP=0-1
|match_KFC_KUFC=0-2
|match_KFC_KSEB=1-3
|match_KFC_MFA=2-5
|match_KFC_PFC=0-2
|match_KFC_RMFC=4-1
|match_KFC_WUFC=2-1


|match_MFA_SJC=4-2
|match_MFA_FCK=6-0
|match_MFA_GTFC=1-0
|match_MFA_GKFC=0-0
|match_MFA_IKFC=4-1
|match_MFA_KBFC=4-0
|match_MFA_KP=1-2
|match_MFA_KUFC=3-0
|match_MFA_KSEB=1-2
|match_MFA_KFC=5-2
|match_MFA_PFC=2-0
|match_MFA_RMFC=0-0
|match_MFA_WUFC=1-1


|match_PFC_SJC=4-0
|match_PFC_FCK=0-1
|match_PFC_GTFC=1-2
|match_PFC_GKFC=1-2
|match_PFC_IKFC=2-1
|match_PFC_KBFC=2-5
|match_PFC_KP=1-2
|match_PFC_KUFC=0-2
|match_PFC_KSEB=0-1
|match_PFC_KFC=2-0
|match_PFC_MFA=0-2
|match_PFC_RMFC=3-1
|match_PFC_WUFC=0-2


|match_RMFC_SJC=2-2
|match_RMFC_FCK=4-2
|match_RMFC_GTFC=2-2
|match_RMFC_GKFC=2–1
|match_RMFC_IKFC=1-1
|match_RMFC_KBFC=3-5
|match_RMFC_KP=0-0
|match_RMFC_KUFC=1-1
|match_RMFC_KSEB=0-2
|match_RMFC_KFC=1-4
|match_RMFC_MFA=0-0
|match_RMFC_PFC=1-3
|match_RMFC_WUFC=2-0


|match_WUFC_SJC=3-0
|match_WUFC_FCK=4-0
|match_WUFC_GTFC=2-1
|match_WUFC_GKFC=3-2
|match_WUFC_IKFC=0-2
|match_WUFC_KBFC=1-1
|match_WUFC_KP=1-1
|match_WUFC_KUFC=1-0
|match_WUFC_KSEB=4-0
|match_WUFC_KFC=1-2
|match_WUFC_MFA=1-1
|match_WUFC_PFC=2-0
|match_WUFC_RMFC=0-2
}}

==Knockout stage==
<onlyinclude>{{4TeamBracket
|RD1-seed1=2
|RD1-team1=Kerala Police
|RD1-score1=1
|RD1-seed2=4
|RD1-team2=Wayanad Utd
|RD1-score2=0
|RD1-seed3=1
|RD1-team3=KSEB
|RD1-score3=0
|RD1-seed4=3
|RD1-team4=Muthoot FA
|RD1-score4=1

|RD2-seed1=2
|RD2-team1=Kerala Police
|RD2-score1=1
|RD2-seed2=3
|RD2-team2=Muthoot FA
|RD2-score2=2
}}</onlyinclude>
===Final===
{{Football box
|date=11 May 2025
|team1=Kerala Police
|score=1–2
|team2=Muthoot FA
|report=
|goals1 = * Sujil NS {{goal|54}}
|goals2 =
* Devadath S {{goal|45}}
* Abith KB {{goal|65}}
|stadium = [[EMS Corporation Stadium]], [[Kozhikode]]
}}

==Statistics==
===Top scorers===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Team
!Goals<ref name="Kerala Footy Updates">{{cite web |title=Kerala Footy Updates |url=https://keralafootyupdates.medium.com/kerala-premier-league-2024-25-goalscorers-c9c9d28ad9e4}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |1
| align="left" |[[Muhammad Ajsal]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy|Kerala Blasters B]]
| rowspan="3" |6
|-
| align="left" |[[Arjun V]]
| align="left" |[[KSEB]]
|-
| align="left" |[[Sajeesh E]]
| align="left" |[[Kerala Police (football team)|Kerala Police]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |4
| align="left" |[[Rupam Roy]]
| align="left" |[[PFC Kerala]]
| rowspan="2" |5
|-
| align="left" |[[Mahesh K]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Real Malabar FC]]
|-
| rowspan="1" |6
| align="left" |[[Piyush Sikarwar]]
| align="left" |[[PFC Kerala]]
| rowspan="1" |4
|-
| rowspan="10" |7
| align="left" |[[Muhammed Shafeeq]]
| align="left" |[[Kovalam Football Club|Kovalam]]
| rowspan="10" |3
|-
| align="left" |[[Amal KA]]
| align="left" |[[FC Kerala]]
|-
| align="left" |[[Vishnu CV]]
| align="left" |[[Golden Threads]]
|-
| align="left" |[[Arun Lal M]]
| align="left" |[[Wayanad United]]
|-
| align="left" |[[Shijin Thadayouse]]
| align="left" |[[Gokulam Kerala FC (Reserves)|Gokulam Kerala B]]
|-
| align="left" |[[Nandhu Krishna]]
| align="left" |[[Gokulam Kerala FC (Reserves)|Gokulam Kerala B]]
|-
| align="left" |[[Nijo Gilbert]]
| align="left" |[[KSEB]]
|-
| align="left" |[[Ebin Das]]
| [[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy|Kerala Blasters B]]
|-
| align="left" |[[Ajay Krishnan]]
| align="left" |[[The Muthoot Group|Muthoot FA]]
|-
| align="left" |[[Devdath S]]
| align="left" |[[The Muthoot Group|Muthoot FA]]
|}

===Hat-tricks===
{| class="wikitable"
!Player
!For
!Against
!style="text-align:center" | Result
!Date
!Ref
|-
|[[Sajeesh E]]
|[[Kerala Police (football team)|Kerala Police]]
|[[Golden Threads FC|Golden Threads]]
| align="center" style="background:#CCFFCC;" | 3-2
|{{dts|2025|02|10|format=dmy}}
|
|-
|[[Mahesh K]]
|[[Real Malabar FC|Real Malabar]]
|[[FC Kerala]]
| align="center" style="background:#CCFFCC;" | 4-2
|{{dts|2025|02|23|format=dmy}}
|
|-
|[[Nandu Krishna]]
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC Reserves and Academy|Gokulam Kerala B]]
|[[FC Kerala]]
| align="center" style="background:#CCFFCC;" | 4-0
|{{dts|2025|03|19|format=dmy}}
|
|-
|[[Muhammad Ajsal]]
|[[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy|Kerala Blasters B]]
|[[Real Malabar FC|Real Malabar]]
| align="center" style="background:#CCFFCC;" | 5-3
|{{dts|2025|03|21|format=dmy}}
|
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[2024–25 Indian Super League]] (Tier I)
**[[2024–25 I-League]] (Tier II)
**[[2024–25 I-League 2]] (Tier III)
**[[2024–25 I-League 3]] (Tier IV)
**[[2024–25 Indian State Leagues]] (Tier V)
**[[2025 Super Cup (India, April)|2024–25 Super Cup]]
**[[2024 Durand Cup]]
*'''Women'''
**[[2024–25 Indian Women's League]]
**[[Indian Women's League 2|2024–25 Indian Women's League 2]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
<noinclude>{{2024–25 in Indian football}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:2024-25 Kerala Premier League}}

[[Category:Kerala Premier League seasons]]
[[Category:2024–25 in Indian football leagues]]
[[Category:2024–25 in Indian football]]
</noinclude>

Sitarganj

2025-10-28T11:20:31Z

CharliKayser97: further enhance structure after review and fixed typos for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sitarganj
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = File:Sitarganj Main Chowk.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Sitarganj Main Chowk
| pushpin_map = India Uttarakhand#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.93|N|79.70|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttarakhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Udham Singh Nagar district|Udham Singh Nagar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 298
| population_total = 148266
| population_as_of = 2021
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Native
| demographics1_info2 = [[Tharu languages|Tharu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 262405
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 05948
| registration_plate = UK 06
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 805[[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website = {{URL|sitarganj.com}}|
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sitarganj''' is a city and a [[municipal board]] in [[Udham Singh Nagar district]] in the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of Uttarakhand.

==Geography==
Sitarganj is located at {{Coord|28.93|N|79.70|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/39/Sitarganj.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Sitarganj]</ref> It has an average elevation of 298 metres (978 feet).{{cn|date=April 2025}}

Sitarganj comes under the Terai Agro Climatic zone of [[Uttarakhand]].{{cn|date=April 2025}}

[[Coca-Cola]] plans to set up a bottling plant in Sitarganj in 70 acres of land that will be provided by the Uttarakhand government.<ref>{{cite news|title=Coca Cola to set up plant in Uttarakhand's Sitarganj|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/coca-cola-to-set-up-plant-in-uttarakhands-sitarganj/articleshow/52927847.cms|access-date=7 December 2016|work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2021}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2021: Data from the 2021 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Sitarganj Tehsil had a population of 148266 in which 21893 population lives in main city.. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. The SC and ST population is 14.3% and 13.1% respectively. In Sitarganj, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.{{As of|2021}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2021: Data from the 2021 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Sitarganj has a low proportion of primary and secondary schools than the district aggregate, but still Sitarganj has an average literacy rate of 76%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: with male literacy of 79%, and female literacy being 66%.
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Sitarganj
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|orange|66}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|33}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jains]]|pink|0.7}}
{{bar percent|Others†|black|0.3}}
|caption=Distribution of religions 
†Includes [[Sikh]]s (0.2%), [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] (<0.2%).
}}

==References==

{{Reflist}}
{{Udham Singh Nagar district}}
{{Municipalities of Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Udham Singh Nagar district]]

Buxar subdivision

2025-10-22T03:32:51Z

CharliKayser97: created a post needs work...

{{Short description|Administrative subdivision in Buxar district, Bihar, India}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Buxar subdivision
| native_name =
| settlement_type = Sub-division
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.5788833|83.9772230|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Buxar district]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Buxar]]
| area_total_km2 = 1703
| population_total = 779022
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Hindi, Urdu
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 802101 (Buxar H.O.).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://buxar.nic.in/public-utility/post-office/ |title=Post Office |publisher=Buxar district official website |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref>
| registration_plate = BR-44
| timezone1 = IST
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
}}

'''Buxar subdivision''' is an administrative sub-division of [[Buxar district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. The subdivision's administrative headquarters is the town of [[Buxar]]. As per the [[2011 census of India|2011 Census of India]] (DCHB / PCA), the subdivision comprises four community development blocks — Buxar, Itarhi, Chausa and Rajpur — and had a combined population of 779,022 in 2011 (sum of block populations from Census 2011).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/263|title=Bihar - Series 11 - District Census Handbook, Buxar (Parts A & B)|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref>

==Geography==
Buxar subdivision lies in the western part of Buxar district, on the alluvial Gangetic plain. The Ganges (Ganga) river forms the district's (and the subdivision's northern) boundary in parts and influences local drainage and soil patterns; the Karmanasa also drains parts of the district near Chausa. The terrain is largely flat lowland with fertile alluvial soils and is intensively cultivated. Low-lying areas adjacent to the Ganges are prone to seasonal flooding during the monsoon; groundwater and surface-water conditions are discussed in central government hydrogeological studies of the district.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cgwb.gov.in/old_website/District_Profile/Bihar/Buxar.pdf|title=District ground water information — Buxar District|publisher=Central Ground Water Board (Ministry of Jal Shakti), Government of India|accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref>

==Administration==
Buxar subdivision is one of two sub-divisions in Buxar district and contains the following community development (CD) blocks as listed on the district's official portal:
* '''Buxar'''
* '''Itarhi'''
* [[Chausa]]
* [[Rajpur]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://buxar.nic.in/blocks-and-circles/ |title=Blocks and Circles |publisher=Buxar district official website |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref>

Each block is administered by a Block Development Officer (BDO) and the subdivision is administered by the Sub-Divisional Magistrate (SDM) based at [[Buxar]].

==Demographics==
According to the 2011 Census of India (District Census Handbook and Primary Census Abstract), the combined population of the four blocks forming Buxar subdivision was 779,022 in 2011 (sum of CD block populations: Buxar, Itarhi, Chausa and Rajpur). The subdivision shows characteristics typical of the district: a majority rural population, high dependence on agriculture, and literacy and sex-ratio figures close to district averages. District-level figures (for context) — total district population 1,706,352; average literacy 70.14%; [[Human sex ratio|sex ratio]] 922 — are provided in the District Census Handbook and district statistical summaries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/263|title=District Census Handbook, Buxar (Part A & B) — Census of India 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://buxar.nic.in/statistics/ |title=Statistics (Census-2011) |publisher=Buxar district official website |accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref>

===Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes===
Block-level data in the DCHB/PCA show the proportion of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] within each block; the district contains a notable SC population and a smaller ST population (see the DCHB / PCA tables for exact figures by block).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/263|title=Buxar District — DCHB (PCA & Village/Town Directory)|publisher=Census of India|accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref>

==Economy==
The economy of Buxar subdivision is predominantly agricultural. Major crops and cropped area, irrigation patterns and land-use statistics are reported in the District Census Handbook and in the Central Ground Water Board report for Buxar; irrigation infrastructure (canals and tube wells), cropped area, and cropping intensity are important features of the local rural economy. Small-scale agro-based and service activities are also present in the subdivision towns and market centres.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/263|title=District Census Handbook, Buxar — Village & Town Directory (Part A) and Primary Census Abstract (Part B)|publisher=Census of India|accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cgwb.gov.in/old_website/District_Profile/Bihar/Buxar.pdf|title=Buxar district ground water profile|publisher=Central Ground Water Board|accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref>

==Transport==
The subdivision is served by road and rail links centred on the district headquarters town of [[Buxar]] and nearby towns (for example, Dumraon in the neighbouring sub-division). National and state highways and a network of district roads connect the subdivision to neighbouring districts and to Patna. Railway connections on the East Central Railway network provide freight and passenger services; bus and other road transport services link the block headquarters and villages to the district headquarters. Administrative documents and the DCHB provide lists of main roads and transport facilities in the district and blocks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/263|title=District Census Handbook, Buxar — transport and amenities data|publisher=Census of India|accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://state.bihar.gov.in/transport/|title=Transport Department — Government of Bihar|publisher=Government of Bihar|accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref>

==Education and public services==
The District Census Handbook (Part A — Village & Town Directory) lists educational and health facilities (primary and secondary schools, primary health centres, sub-centres and hospitals) available in block towns and villages. The subdivision's public services are provided through block-level and district-level networks — primary schools and health sub-centres in villages, community health centres and secondary schools at block headquarters, and district hospitals/administrative offices at Buxar town. For precise institution-level counts and locations consult the DCHB village/town directory and the district portal's health and education directories.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/263|title=District Census Handbook (Village & Town Directory), Buxar|publisher=Census of India|accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://buxar.nic.in/|title=Welcome to Buxar — Official District Website|publisher=Buxar district official website|accessdate=29 August 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Buxar district]]
* [[Buxar]]
* [[Chausa]]
* [[Rajpur, Buxar|Rajpur]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://buxar.nic.in/ Official website of Buxar district]

[[Category:Subdivisions of Buxar district]]

Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role

2025-09-10T16:58:50Z

CharliKayser97:

{{Distinguish|ITA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox award
| name = [[Indian Telly Awards|Indian Telly Award]] for Best Actor in a Negative Role | image = Karan Grover.jpg
|image_size =
| image_upright =
| caption = The 2023 recipient: [[Karan Grover]]
| awarded_for = Best performance by a male actor in a negative role on television
| presenter = [http://www.indiantelevision.com IndianTelevision.com]
| country = {{Flagicon|India}} [[India]]
| year = 2002 (for performances in TV shows in [[2001 in television|2001]])
| holder =* [[Karan Grover]] for [[Udaariyaan]] (Popular)
| website = [http://www.indiantellyawards.com Indian Telly Awards]
}}

'''Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role''' is an [[award]] given by Indiantelevision.com as part of its annual [[Indian Telly Awards]] for TV serials, to recognize a male actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a negative role.

The award was first awarded in 2002. Since 2010, the award has been separated in two categories, '''Jury Award''' and '''Popular Award'''. Jury award is given by the chosen jury of critics assigned to the function while Popular Award is given on the basis of public voting.

==Superlatives==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|- style="height:4.5em;"
! style="width:350px;"|[[wikt:superlative|Superlative]]
! colspan="2" style="width:600px;"|Popular
! colspan="2" style="width:600px;"|Overall (Popular + Jury)
|- style="height:4.5em;"
| style="width:350px;"|Actor with most awards
| style="width:500px;"|[[Mohnish Bahl]]
| style="width:100px;"|2
| style="width:500px;"|[[Mohnish Bahl]] [[Anupam Shyam]]
| style="width:100px;"|2
|- style="height:4.5em;"
|Actor with most nominations
| style="width:500px;"|[[Chetan Hansraj]]
| style="width:100px;"|4
| style="width:500px;"|[[Chetan Hansraj]] [[Anupam Shyam]]
| style="width:100px;"|4
|- style="height:4.5em;"
|Actor with most nominations (without ever winning)
| style="width:500px;"|[[Chetan Hansraj]]
| style="width:100px;"|4
| style="width:500px;"|[[Chetan Hansraj]]
| style="width:100px;"|4
|- style="height:4.5em;"
|}

== List of winners (Popular)==

===2000s===
*'''2001''' ''Not Awarded''
*'''2002''' '''[[Govind Namdev]]''' - '''''[[Sarhadein]]''''' as '''Kedarnath'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2002 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k2/winners.htm|access-date=2013-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025256/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k2/winners.htm|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2002 Popular Awards nominees|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k2/personality.htm|access-date=2013-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016115836/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k2/personality.htm|archive-date=2013-10-16|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Rajeev Mehta]] – ''[[Ek Mahal Ho Sapno Ka]]'' as Sameer Nanavati
**[[Aasif Sheikh]] – ''[[Mehndi Tere Naam Ki]]'' as Raj
**[[Prashant Narayanan]] – ''[[Shagun]]'' as Sumer
**[[Rajendranath Zutshi]] – ''Bazaar'' as Subrat
*'''2003''' '''[[Mohnish Bahl]]''' - '''''[[Devi (TV series)|Devi]]''''' as '''Vikram''' (tied with) '''[[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]]''' - '''''[[Kehta Hai Dil]]''''' as '''Mayor Sahab''' <ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2003 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k3/winners.htm|access-date=2013-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915081219/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k3/winners.htm|archive-date=2018-09-15|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2003 Popular Awards nominees|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k3/pop_nominee.htm|access-date=2013-12-10|archive-date=2013-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016115839/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k3/pop_nominee.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Hiten Tejwani]] – ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' as Karan
**[[Pracheen Chauhan]] – ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]'' as Subroto Basu
**[[Rajeev Paul]] – ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]'' as Deven Garg
**[[Murli Sharma]] – ''[[Virasaat (Sahara One)|Virasaat]]''
*'''2004''' '''[[Shabbir Ahluwalia]]''' - '''''[[Kahiin To Hoga]]''''' as '''Rishi'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2004 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k4/winners_pop.htm|access-date=2013-12-10|archive-date=2018-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917175611/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k4/winners_pop.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2004 Popular Awards nominees|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k4/nominee.htm|access-date=2013-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016123453/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k4/nominee.htm|archive-date=2013-10-16|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]] – ''[[Kehta Hai Dil]]'' as Mayor Sahab
**[[Akashdeep Saigal]] – ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' as Ansh Gujral
**[[Mohnish Bahl]] – ''[[Devi (TV series)|Devi]]'' as Vikram
**[[Rituraj Singh (actor)|Rituraj Singh]] – ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]'' as Sanjay Doshi
** Vinay Jain – ''[[Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin]]'' as Aryan
*'''2005''' '''[[Akashdeep Saigal]]''' - '''''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''''' as '''Ansh Gujral'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2005 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/winners.htm|access-date=2013-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917175616/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/winners.htm|archive-date=2018-09-17|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2005 Popular Awards nominees|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/pop_nom.htm|access-date=2013-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025305/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/pop_nom.htm|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Shabbir Ahluwalia]] – ''[[Kahiin To Hoga]]'' as Rishi
**[[Rahil Azam]] – ''[[Yeh Meri Life Hai]]'' as Ashmit
**[[Alyy Khan]] – ''[[List of programs broadcast by STAR One|Guns & Roses]]''
**[[Chetan Hansraj]] – ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]'' as Saasha
*'''2006''' '''[[Mohnish Bahl]]''' - '''''[[Ek Ladki Anjaani Si]]''''' as '''Veer''' <ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2006 Popular Awards winners|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/nov/nov296.htm|access-date=2013-12-10|archive-date=2006-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205121438/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/nov/nov296.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2006 Popular Awards nominees|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k6/nominees.htm|access-date=2013-12-10|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213148/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k6/nominees.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Aman Verma (actor)|Aman Verma]] – ''[[Viraasat (2006 TV series)|Viraasat]]'' as Rishabh Lamba
**[[Vikas Sethi]] – ''[[Kahiin To Hoga]]'' as Swayam
**Puneet Sachdev – ''[[Bhabhi (TV series)|Bhabhi]]'' as Vishwa
**[[Karanvir Bohra]] – ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]'' as Prem
*'''2007''' '''[[Ronit Roy]]''' - '''''[[Kasamh Se]]''''' as ''' Aparajit Dev'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2007 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k7/winners-list.htm|access-date=2013-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722173647/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k7/winners-list.htm|archive-date=2012-07-22|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2007 Popular Awards nominees|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k7/popular07.htm|access-date=2013-12-10|archive-date=2018-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911073650/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k7/popular07.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Akashdeep Saigal]] – ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' as Eklavya
**[[Aman Verma (actor)|Aman Verma]] – ''[[Viraasat (2006 TV series)|Viraasat]]'' as Rishabh Lamba
**[[Raqesh Bapat]] – ''[[Saat Phere: Saloni Ka Safar]]'' as Neel
**[[Chetan Hansraj]] – ''[[Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan]]'' as Bhimdev
**[[Rajesh Khera]] – ''[[Left Right Left (TV series)|Left Right Left]]'' as Major Bhargav
*'''2008''' Jatin Shah – '''''[[Kasturi (2007 TV series)|Kasturi]]''''' as '''Ronak'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2008 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k8/winners2008.htm|access-date=2013-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911083458/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k8/winners2008.htm|archive-date=2018-09-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2008 video|url=http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x7w1y3_31-december-indian-telly-awards-200_shortfilms}}</ref>
**[[Satyajit Sharma]] – ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'' as Vasant
**[[Chetan Hansraj]] – ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]'' as Saasha
**[[Faisal Raza Khan]] – ''Parrivaar'' as Swapnil
**[[Indraneil Sengupta]] – ''[[Maayka]]'' as Tushar
*'''2009''' '''[[Sudesh Berry]]''' - '''''[[Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Hi Kijo]]''''' as '''Loha Singh'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2009 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k9/winners/winners.htm|access-date=2013-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211052223/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k9/winners/winners.htm|archive-date=2012-02-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2009 Popular Awards nominees|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k9/nomination/nominee_list.htm|access-date=2013-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115061924/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k9/nomination/nominee_list.htm|archive-date=2016-01-15|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Harsh Chhaya]] – ''[[Ladies Special]]'' as Karan
**[[Vikram Gokhale]] – ''[[Jeevan Saathi]]'' as Vikramaditya Rathod
**[[Mahesh Manjrekar]] – ''[[Monica Mogre|Monica Mogre Case Files]]'' as Deep Raj Mathur
**[[Aditya Redij]] – ''[[Na Aana Is Des Laado]]'' as Raghav

=== 2010s===

*'''2010''' '''[[Anupam Shyam]]''' - '''''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]]''''' as '''Thakur Sajjan Singh''' <ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2010 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k10/winners.php|access-date=2013-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016040245/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k10/winners.php|archive-date=2013-10-16|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Sudesh Berry]] – ''[[Mata Ki Chowki]]'' as Sheel Kumar
**[[Sachal Tyagi]] – ''[[Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Hi Kijo]]'' as Ranvijay
**[[Indresh Malik]] – ''[[12/24 Karol Bagh]]'' as Rajeev Bhalla
**[[Rajendra Gupta]] – ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'' as Mahavir Singh
**[[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]] – ''[[Mera Naam Karegi Roshan]]'' as Kunwar Kuldeep Singh
*'''2011''' '''No Award'''
*'''2012''' '''[[Karanvir Bohra]]''' - '''''[[Dil Se Di Dua... Saubhagyavati Bhava?]]''''' as '''Viraj Dobriyal'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2012 Popular Awards winners |url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k11/poll/winners.php |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702115232/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k11/poll/winners.php |archivedate=2 July 2012 }}</ref>
**Vikramjeet Virk – ''[[Shobha Somnath Ki]]'' as Gajnavi
**[[Aman Verma (actor)|Aman Verma]] – ''[[Na Aana Is Des Laado]]'' as Bhanu Pratap
**[[Abhaas Mehta]] – ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?]]'' as Shyam Jha
**[[Anupam Shyam]] – ''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]]'' as Thakur Sajjan Singh
*'''2013''' '''[[Mahesh Shetty]]''' - '''''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]''''' as '''Siddhanth Amarnath Kapoor (Sid)''' <ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2013 Popular Awards winners |url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k13/poll/winners.php#PO4 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425010425/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k13/poll/winners.php |archivedate=2015-04-25 }}</ref>
**[[Kiran Karmarkar]] – ''[[Uttran]]'' as Tej Singh Baldev Singh Bundela
**[[Abhaas Mehta]] – ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?]]'' as Shyam Jha
**[[Varun Badola]] – ''[[Phir Subah Hogi]]'' as Thakur Vikram Singh
**Krip Suri – ''[[Savitri (TV series)|Savitri]]'' as Rahu Kaal
**[[Rajendranath Zutshi]] – ''[[Madhubala - Ek Ishq Ek Junoon]]'' as Balraj Choudhary
*2014 '''[[Praneet Bhat]]''' - '''''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]''''' as '''[[Shakuni]]'''<ref name="Telly awards 2014 Popular">{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2014 Popular Awards nominees and winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/tellyawards/nominees/winners|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420095547/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/tellyawards/nominees/winners|archivedate=2016-04-20}}</ref>
**[[Arpit Ranka]] – ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' as [[Duryodhana]]
**[[Manish Wadhwa]] – ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon? Ek Baar Phir]]'' as Niranjan Agnihotri
**[[Vishwajeet Pradhan]] – ''Ek Boond Ishq'' as Rudra Pratap Singh
**[[Mohit Malik]] – ''[[Doli Armaano Ki]]'' as Samrat Singh Rathore
* '''2015''' Sai Ballal – '''[[Udaan (2014 TV series)|Udaan]]''' as '''Kamal Narayan'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/indian-telly-awards-2015-winners-list/|title=Indian Telly Awards 2015 Winners List|last=Team|first=Indicine|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-17}}</ref>
**[[Avinesh Rekhi]] – [[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap|Bharat Ka Veer Putra Maharana Pratap]] as [[Akbar]]
**[[Aarya Babbar]] – [[Sankat Mochan Mahabali Hanumaan|Sankatmochan Mahabali Hanuman]] as [[Ravana|Raavan]]
**[[Daya Shankar Pandey]] – [[Badii Devrani|Badi Devrani]] as Bilasi
**[[Harsh Chhaya]] – [[Ajeeb Daastaan Hai Ye|Ajeeb Dastaan Hai Ye]] as Samrat
*'''2016''' '''Not Awarded'''
*'''2017''' '''Not Awarded'''
*'''2018''' '''Not Awarded'''
*'''2019''' '''[[Rajesh Khattar]]''' - '''[[Bepannah]]''' as '''Harshvardhan Hooda'''<ref name=":0" />
**[[Sanjay Gagnani]] – [[Kundali Bhagya]] as Prithvi Malhotra
**[[Abhinav Shukla]] – [[Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka]] as Rajdeep Thakur
**[[Rajat Tokas]] – [[Naagin 3]] as Vikrant
** [[Rushiraj Pawar]] – [[RadhaKrishn]] as Ayan
**[[Saurabh Raj Jain]] – [[Chandragupta Maurya (2018 TV series)|Chandragupta Maurya (2018)]] as [[Mahapadma Nanda]]
**[[Rahil Azam]] – [[Tu Aashiqui]] as Jayant Dhanrajgir
** Sanjay Swaraj – [[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2018 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2018)]] as Naveen Babu
**[[Nikitin Dheer]] – [[Naagin 3]] as Hukum
**[[Ankit Mohan]] – [[Naagin 3]] as Yuvraj Sehgal

=== 2020s ===

*'''2023''' '''[[Karan Grover]]''' - '''[[Udaariyaan]]''' as '''Angad Maan'''

== Jury Award ==

=== 2010s===
*'''2010''' '''[[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]]''' - '''''[[Mera Naam Karegi Roshan]]''''' as '''Kunwar Kuldeep Singh''' <ref>{{cite news|title= 10th Indian Telly Awards Main Event 2010 Part 3
|url=http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xg70wb_10th-indian-telly-awards-main-event-2010-part-3_shortfilms}}</ref>

*'''2011''' '''No Award'''
*'''2012''' '''[[Anupam Shyam]]''' - '''''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]]''''' as '''Thakur Sajjan Singh''' <ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2011 Jury Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k13/poll/personality_awards.php|access-date=2013-12-10|archive-date=2018-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227212416/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k13/poll/personality_awards.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Sushant Singh]] – ''[[Gulaal (TV series)|Zindgi Ka Har Rang ... Gulaal]]'' as Dushyant
**[[Vishwajeet Pradhan]] – ''[[Maryada: Lekin Kab Tak?]]'' as Brahmanand Jhaakar
**Sumit Arora – ''[[Pavitra Rishta]]'' as Dharmesh Jaipurwala
**[[Sooraj Thapar]] – ''[[Chandragupt Maurya]]'' as Dhanananda
*'''2013''' '''[[Kiran Karmarkar]]''' - '''''[[Uttran]]''''' as '''Tej Singh Baldev Singh Bundela''' <ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2013 Jury Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k11/poll/winner_detail.php?catstat=0&category=PO|access-date=2013-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822002543/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k11/poll/winner_detail.php?catstat=0&category=PO|archive-date=2015-08-22|url-status=dead}}</ref>
** [[Anupam Shyam]] – ''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]]'' as Sajjan Singh
**[[Varun Badola]] – ''[[Phir Subah Hogi]]'' as Vikram Singh
**Mithil Jain – ''[[Junoon - Aisi Nafrat Toh Kaisa Ishq]]'' as Lakhan Singh
**[[Mahesh Shetty]] – ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]'' as Siddhanth Amarnath Kapoor (Sid)
*'''2014''' '''[[Kishor Kadam]]''' - '''''[[24 (Indian TV series)]]''''' as '''Ravinder'''<ref name="Telly awards 2014 Jury">{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2014 Jury Awards nominees/winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/tellyawards/2014/index/pages/personality-jury|access-date=2014-11-02|archive-date=2014-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106031229/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/tellyawards/2014/index/pages/personality-jury|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Ajinkya Deo]] – ''[[24 (Indian TV series)]]'' as Kartik Chandrashekhar
**[[Rahul Singh (actor)|Rahul Singh]] – ''[[24 (Indian TV series)]]'' as Vikrant Maurya
**Pradip Kabra – ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap ]]'' as Shams Khan
**[[Vishwajeet Pradhan]] – ''Ek Boond Ishq'' as Rudra Pratap Singh / Kalavati
*'''2019 [[Mukul Dev]] – [[21 Sarfarosh - Saragarhi 1897]]''' as '''Gul Badshah'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/indian-telly-awards-2019-winners-list-divyanka-tripathi-hina-khan-nakuul-mehta-5636869/|title=Indian Telly Awards 2019: Complete list of winners|date=2019-03-21|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-09-22}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Telly Awards}}
{{Indian Telly Award Best Negative Actor}}

[[Category:Indian Telly Awards]]

Lambwali

2025-08-25T13:21:39Z

CharliKayser97: put up a bio w/ refs - done

{{Short description|Village in Faridkot, Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lambwali
| other_name = ਲੰਬਵਾਲੀ
| settlement_type = Village
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.476213|74.987698|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
| government_type = Sarpanch
| governing_body = Gram panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 2719
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Census of India 2011 (Punjab) |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3ca9c267dad0305d1a6308d2a0cf1c39c/uploads/2016/09/2018052293.pdf |website=cdn.s3waas.gov.in |page=68}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code = 151202
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kotkapura]]
| website =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Gram panchayat]]
}}
'''Lambwali''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਲੰਬਵਾਲੀ) is a village located in [[Faridkot district]] of [[Punjab]] State.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lambwali · Punjab, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Lambwali,+Punjab/@30.4763984,74.9828482,16z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x3910b4a0884a0071:0x341e585ede9ffbb6!8m2!3d30.4760317!4d74.9895503!16s/g/1thq87k7?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDYxMS4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw== |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=Lambwali · Punjab, India |language=en}}</ref> The Village has a population of 2719 of which 1472 are males while 1247 are females as per the population census of 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lambwali Village Population - Jaitu - Faridkot, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35623-lambwali-punjab.html |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> The total geographical area of the village is about 643 hectares with 508 households.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Directorate of census operations Punjab |first=District Census Handbook |title=Census of India 2011 |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3ca9c267dad0305d1a6308d2a0cf1c39c/uploads/2016/09/2018052293.pdf |website= |page=68}}</ref> The postal code of the village is 151202.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GPS LAMBWALI {{!}} District Faridkot,Governmnet of Punjab {{!}} India |url=https://faridkot.nic.in/public-utility/gps-lambwali/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Villages in Faridkot district]]

ISKCON Temple, Vrindavan

2025-07-21T02:36:03Z

CharliKayser97: added some place w/ refs.

{{Short description|Radha Krishna Temple in Vrindavan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = ISKCON Temple, Vrindavan
| image = Vrindavan, India (21178969102).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates_footnotes=
| other_names =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Mathura district]]
| location = [[Vrindavan]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = {{bulleted list|[[Radha Krishna]]|[[Krishna]] [[Balarama]]|[[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Gaura]] [[Nityananda|Nitai]]}}
| festivals= [[Janamashtami]], [[Radhashtami]], [[Gaura Purnima]], [[Holi]]
| architecture = [[Hindu architecture]]
| temple_quantity = 3
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = 1977
| website = {{url|https://iskconvrindavan.com/}}
|native_name=Sri Sri Krishna Balarama Temple|tradition=[[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]]}}
'''ISKCON Vrindavan''', also called '''Sri Krishna Balaram Mandir''', is one of the major [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON]] temples in the world. It is a [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Gaudiya Vaishnava]] temple located in the city of [[Vrindavan]], [[Mathura district]], in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/janmashtami-2018-from-mathura-to-mumbai-how-devotees-celebrate-lord-krishnas-birth-at-11-temples-across-india-1862795.html|title=Janmashtami 2018: From Mathura to Mumbai, How Devotees Are Celebrating Lord Krishna's Birth at Temples Across India|access-date=17 July 2020}}</ref> The temple is dedicated to the Hindu gods [[Krishna]] and [[Balarama]]. The other deities of temple are [[Radha Krishna]] and [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Gauranga]] [[Nityananda]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anand |first=D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EsvSwdUgQYcC&q=radha+purana |title=Krishna: The Living God of Braj |date=1992 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-280-2 |pages=103 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Iskcon Vrindavan.jpg|thumb|Radha Shyamsundar at ISKCON Vrindavan]]
[[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]], founder–''[[acharya]]'' of the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]], inaugurated the Krishna Balaram Mandir and installed deities (''[[murti]]s'') of [[Krishna]]–[[Balaram]], [[Radha]]–[[Krishna|Shyamasundar]], the ''[[gopi]]s'' [[Lalita (gopi)|Lalita Devi]] and Vishakha Devi, and [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Gaura]]–[[Nityananda|Nitai]] on [[Ram Navami]] (April 20) 1975.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ISKCON® |title=Founder |url=https://iskconvrindavan.com/home/founder |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=ISKCON VRINDAVAN |language=en}}</ref>

==Deities==
[[File:Radha Syamasundar Vrindavan Radhastami 2004.jpg|thumb|''[[Radha Krishna|Radha Shyamasundar]]'' at the temple on [[Radhashtami]]]]

The presiding deities of the temple are [[Krishna]] and [[Balarama]] at the central altar. On the right altar are [[Radha Krishna]] as Sri Sri Radha Shyamsundar with the gopis [[Lalita (gopi)|Lalita]] and Vishakha. On the left altar are [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] with [[Nityananda]], and ISKCON founder [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]] and his guru [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.radha.name/images-gallery/india-holy-places/vraja/krishna-balarama-mandir-iskcon |title= Krishna Balarama Mandir- ISKCON |access-date= 23 December 2014 |publisher= www.radha.name}}</ref>

Near the temple, at the entrance to the complex, is the ''[[samadhi (shrine)|samadhi mandir]]'' of Prabhupada, built of white [[marble]].

== Festivals ==

* [[Krishna Janmashtami]] - Birth anniversary of [[Krishna]]
* [[Radhashtami]] - Birth anniversary of [[Radha]]
* Balarama Purnima - Birth anniversary of [[Balarama]]
* [[Gaura-purnima]] - Birth anniversary of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]
* Nityananda trayodashi - Birthday anniversary of [[Nityananda]]
* [[Gopashtami]] - Festival dedicated to pastimes of Krishna with Cows
* [[Holi]] - Festival of love and colours, Major festival associated with pastimes of Radha Krishna
* [[Sharad Purnima]] - Festival associated with the [[raslila|maharaas]] of [[Radha Krishna]] and [[gopis]].
* [[Kartik Purnima]] - Festival associated with raslia of Radha-Krishna and gopis.
* Chaturmaas
* Kartik Damodar Maas - Kartik month celebration which is believed to be the most auspicious month for the worship of Radha Krishna
* [[Diwali]] - Major Hindu festival dedicated to [[Sita]] [[Rama]] (another form of Radha Krishna)
* Appearance and disappearance days (birth and death days) of Vaishnava ''acharyas'' and saints.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Vrindavan-India0005.JPG|ISKCON Temple, Vrindavan
File:Sri Krishna Balaram Temple, Vrindavan.JPG|Outer appearance of temple
File:Krishna Balaram Mandir (2010).jpg|Entrance of ISKCON Temple, Vrindavan
File:Sri Krishna Balaram Mandir Vrindavan 11.jpg|Alley inside temple
File:Sri Krishna Balaram Mandir Vrindavan 38.jpg|Inside area of temple
File:At Krishna Balaram Mandir, Vrindavan, India, 2015-03-15.jpg|24 hours kirtan is performed inside the temple
File:Banke bihari (481).JPG|Deities of temple - Gaura Nitai
File:Banke bihari (489).JPG|Deities of temple - Radha Shyamsundar
File:Krishna Balarama12.jpg|Deities of temple- Krishna Balram
File:Vrindavan 27 (cropped).JPG|Wall art of Radha Krishna inside temple
File:Vrindavan 28.JPG|Wall art of Radha Krishna on swing inside the temple
File:Samadhi Mandir, Srila Prabhupad, ISKCON, Vrindavan.jpg|Samadhi temple of Srila Prabhupada, founder of ISKCON temple, Vrindavan
File:Radha Krishna at Iskcon Vrindavan.jpg|Idols of Radha Krishna inside temple museum
File:Vrinda Devi.jpg|Idol of goddess Vrinda inside temple museum
File:Sri Krishna Balaram Mandir Vrindavan 09.jpg|Statues of Krishna Balram outside temple museum
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Prem Mandir Vrindavan]]
*[[Banke Bihari Temple]]
*[[Radha Rani Temple]], [[Barsana]]
*[[Radha Raman Temple]]
*[[Nandmahar Dham]]
*[[Radha Damodar Temple, Vrindavan]]
*[[Radha Madan Mohan Temple, Vrindavan]]
*[[Radha Krishna Vivah Sthali, Bhandirvan]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.24hourkirtan.com/ Krishna-Balaram Mandir 24-hour Kirtan official web site]
* [http://vrindavan.tv Live video Darshan From ISKCON Vrindavan Temples] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126111004/https://vrindavan.tv/ |date=26 January 2020 }}
* [http://www.iskconvrindavan.com/ ISKCON Vrindavan official website]

{{ISKCON}}
{{Krishna}}
{{Agra Division topics}}
{{Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh}}

{{Coord|27.5724194544|N|77.6777527878|E|source:ruwiki_region:IN_type:landmark|format=dms|display=title}}

[[Category:International Society for Krishna Consciousness temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Mathura district]]
[[Category:Vrindavan]]

{{india-hindu-temple-stub}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:ISKCON Vrindavan}}

Kodigehalli, Bengaluru East

2025-05-17T11:44:10Z

CharliKayser97: added a details nd citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kodigehalli, Bengaluru East
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.0883054|N|77.7360352|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bangalore]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Bangalore East (Taluk)|Bangalore East]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 152
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 562129
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 080
| registration_plate = KA 53
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Legislative Assembly]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Mahadevapura Assembly constituency]]<ref name="174_Mahadevapura">{{cite web|url=https://ceo.karnataka.gov.in/uploads/56331647503263.pdf|title="174-Mahadevapura : BLO Details"|accessdate=2025-02-24}} </ref>
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kodigehalli''' is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], India. It is located in the [[Bangalore East (Taluk)|Bangalore East]] taluka of the [[Bangalore Urban district]], approximately 12 km from [[Krishnarajapuram]] and about 14 km from [[Hoskote]]. According to 2009 statistics, the village is administered by the gram panchayat of [[Mandur, Bengaluru East|Mandur]].<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder|title=2011 census of India Village: Kodigehalli|accessdate=2025-02-24}}</ref><ref name="Map">{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kodigehalli,+Karnataka+562129/@13.0883054,77.7360352,1360m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x3bae1aca6c3ff5db:0xe0ef70484bca0b98!8m2!3d13.0887285!4d77.7409162!16s%2Fg%2F1hf_ck2tz?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDIyNC4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D|title=Kodigehalli Map|accessdate=2025-02-23}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
Based on data from the [[2011 census of India]], Kodigehalli (village code 613093) covers an area of 105.45 hectares. The village has a population of 152 residents, comprising 71 males and 81 females. Its overall literacy rate is 44.08%, with male literacy at 39.44% and female literacy at 48.15%. The village comprises approximately 38 houses, and its postal code is 562129.<ref name="census_2011"/>

==Facilities==
Kodigehalli has below basic types of facilities.

* Samudhaya Bhavana

==Places of Worship==
* Bhasaveshwara Swamy Temple

==See also==
* [[Hancharahalli]]
* [[Kattugollahalli]]
* [[Huskur, Bengaluru East|Huskur]]
* [[Thirumenahalli, Bengaluru East|Thirumenahalli]]
* [[Raghuvanahalli, Bengaluru East|Raghuvanahalli]]

==References==
===Sources===
{{reflist}}
===Notes===
*Census of India, 1981: District census handbook. A. Village & town directory ; B. Village & townwise primary census abstract, Publisher: University of Minnesota, Contributor:India. Director of Census Operations, Karnataka
*The Mysore Gazette, 1962

==External links==
* [https://bengaluruurban.nic.in/en/ bengaluruurban.nic]

{{Settlements in Bangalore Urban district}}
{{Bangalore Urban district}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kodigehalli, Bengaluru East}}
[[Category:Villages in Bengaluru Urban district]]

{{Bangalore-geo-stub}}

Sultan Karim

2025-04-04T00:41:16Z

CharliKayser97: added section also and added references

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1994)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Sultan Karim
| image =
| country =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1994|11|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| batting =
| bowling =
| role =

| club1 =
| year1 =
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 =
| year2 =
| clubnumber2 =

| date = 20 September 2018
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1159949.html Cricinfo
}}
'''Sultan Karim''' (born 17 November 1994) is an Indian [[cricket]]er.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1159949.html |title=Sultan Karim |accessdate=20 September 2018 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[List A cricket|List A]] debut for [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]] in the [[2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy]] on 20 September 2018.<ref name="LA">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1156808.html |title=Plate Group, Vijay Hazare Trophy at Vadodara, Sep 20 2018 |accessdate=20 September 2018 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut for Manipur in the [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy]] on 1 November 2018.<ref name="FC">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1156953.html |title=Plate Group, Ranji Trophy at Kolkata, Nov 1-4 2018 |accessdate=1 November 2018 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[Twenty20]] debut for Manipur in the [[2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]] on 24 February 2019.<ref name="T20">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1157126.html |title=Group A, Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy at Krishna, Feb 24 2019 |accessdate=24 February 2019 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=1159949}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karim, Sultan}}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Imphal]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Manipur cricketers]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1994-stub}}

Dokyala Shot

2025-02-06T10:06:55Z

CharliKayser97: cleaned up structure for accuracy and fixed typos based on references

{{short description|Marathi language thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date = October 2019}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Dokyala Shot
| image = This_is_a_poster_for_Movie_Dokyala_Shot.jpg
| caption =
| director = Shivkumar Parthasarathy
| producer = Viva Inen [[Uttung Hitendra Thakur]]
| writer =
| story = Shivkumar Parthasarathy
Varun Narvekar
| starring = [[Suvrat Joshi]] [[Prajakta Mali]] Omkar Govardhan Rohit Haldikar Ganesh Pandit
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Viva Inen
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|03|01}}
| runtime = 122 min
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Dokyala Shot''''' is a 2019 [[Marathi-language]] [[thriller film]] directed by Shivkumar Parthasarathy and produced by [[Uttung Hitendra Thakur]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/first-poster-of-dokyala-shot-out/articleshow/66810670.cms|title=First poster of Dokyala Shot out - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2020-01-19}}</ref> A Marathi boy suffers a head injury which results in him losing his memory. After the accident, his friends find out that he has no clue about his impending marriage. This movie is a remake of the Tamil film ''[[Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom]]'' (2012), and is based on the incidents that occurred in the life of the film's cameraman premiere. The directorial debut film is based on a true story.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/photofeatures/upcoming-marathi-movies-to-look-forward-to/dokyala-shot-bts-director-shivkumar-parthasarathy-shares-an-interesting-moment-from-the-film-set/photostory/67769931.cms|title='Dokyala Shot' BTS: Director Shivkumar Parthasarathy shares an interesting moment from the film set - Upcoming Marathi movies to look forward to|website=The Times of India|access-date=2020-01-19}}</ref> The film was released on 1 March 2019 to critical acclaim.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://marathistars.com/reviews/dokyala-shot-review-a-nonsensical-laugh-riot-that-both-hits-misses/|title=Dokyala Shot Review: A Nonsensical Laugh Riot that Both Hits & Misses!|last=Salvi|first=Abhay|date=2019-03-01|website=MarathiStars|access-date=2020-01-19}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[Suvrat Joshi]] as Abhijit<ref name=":0" />
* [[Prajakta Mali]] as Subbulakshmi<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lokmat.com/reviews/marathi-cinema/dokyala-shot-movie-review/|title=Dokyala shot movie review : निव्वळ टाईमपास असलेला 'डोक्याला शॉट'|last=author/online-lokmat|date=2019-02-28|website=Lokmat|access-date=2020-01-19}}</ref>
* Omkar Govardhan as Chandu<ref name=":0" />
* Rohit Haldikar as Bhajji<ref name=":1" />
* Ganesh Pandit as Ganesh<ref name=":1" />

== Release ==
The first look poster was released on 26 November 2019, in which Suvrat Joshi, Prajakta Mali, Rohit Haldikar, Ganesh Pandit and Omkar Govardhan appeared.<ref name=":2" /> Music and trailer was launched by Riteish Deshmukh and Kailash Kher in presence of cast and crew.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://glamgold.com/dokyala-shot-music-and-trailer-launched-by-riteish-deshmukh-and-kailash-kher/|title=DOKYALA SHOT music and trailer launched by Riteish Deshmukh and Kailash Kher|last=Vipul|date=2019-02-14|website=GlamGold|access-date=2020-01-19}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film a rating of three out of five stars and stated that "It's been a long time since a Marathi film that made you roll with laughter released. Dokyala Shot achieves a lot without having big stars in it and the film definitely warrants a watch".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/dokyala-shot/movie-review/68216169.cms|title=Dokyala Shot Review {3/5}: The film achieves a lot without having big stars in it and definitely warrants a watch|via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|tt9390200}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2010s Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Marathi remakes of Tamil films]]

{{Marathi-film-stub}}

Umarga

2024-12-17T01:24:51Z

CharliKayser97: small expand page to improve readability further and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Umarga
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =

| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17|50|24|N|76|37|18|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Osmanabad district|Osmanabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = State government and central government
| governing_body = Nagar Palika
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 572
| population_total = 35,477
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=598261 |title=Census of India: Search Details |access-date=11 May 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924124239/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=598261 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics2_title1 =
| demographics2_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 413 606
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Osmanabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Osmanabad]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Umarga-Lohara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Umarga]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Assembly Constituencies-Post delimitation: Maharashtra: Osmanabad District|publisher=National Informatics Centre, Government of India|url=http://gisserver1.nic.in/ecimaps/ECIPDF/Mah_Maps/Osmanabad.pdf|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505190604/http://gisserver1.nic.in/ecimaps/ECIPDF/Mah_Maps/Osmanabad.pdf|archivedate=5 May 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| website = Npomerga.org.in
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MH]]
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
}}
'''Umarga/Omerga''' is a town with a [[municipal council#India|municipal council]] in the [[Osmanabad district]] in the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of Maharashtra. It is an administrative headquarter of the [[Umarga Taluka|Umarga Tehsil]].

==Geography==
The town of Umarga is situated near [[National Highway 65 (India)|National highway 65]] Pune-Solapur-Hyderabad-Machilipatnam.

==Demographics==

In the 2011 census, the town of Umarga had a population of 35,609.<ref name="NPR-2011-Umarga">{{Cite web|title=NPR Report: Maharashtra: Osmanabad: Umarga|year=2011|publisher=National Population Register, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/NprStateReport.aspx?stcd=27&distcd=29&tslcode=008}}</ref> The official language is [[Marathi language|Marathi]].<ref>''The Dynasties of the Kanarese Districts of the Bombay Presidency'' (1894) J.F. Fleet, Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency (Vol-1, Part-II, Book-III) {{ISBN|81-206-0277-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=4&pages=701#page/382/mode/1up|title=Kanarese|website=DSAL The Record News}}</ref>

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Umarga
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|orange|76}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|10}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhists]]|red|9.6}}
{{bar percent|[[Christians]]|blue|0.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jains]]|pink|3.7}}
{{bar percent|Others†|black|0.3}}
|caption=Distribution of religions 
†Includes [[Sikh]]s (0.2%), [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] (<0.2%).
}}

==Industrial park==
Umarga has a [[Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation]] industrial park of 2500 hectares.{{cn|date=December 2024}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Osmanabad district topics}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Osmanabad district]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject India/Indian cuisine personal user awards

2024-10-03T15:52:47Z

CharliKayser97: made a entry

{{Shortcut|WP:ICPUA|WP:INDPUA|WP:KITCHEN}}
[[File:Kitchen of WikiProject India logo.jpg|center|700px]]

<div class="center">([[Wikipedia:WikiProject India|Project]] • [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_India/Members|Members]] • [[Wikipedia:Notice_board_for_India-related_topics|Noticeboard]] • [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Collaborations of the month|Collaboration of the month]] • [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/New articles|New articles]] • [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/India|Deletion sorting]])</div>

{{TOC center}}

== Veg cuisine ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"}}
|-
! Code to type !! Result
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Aloo gobi|1=}}</nowiki> ||
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Aloo gobi.jpg|280px|left]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''A plate of Aloo gobi for you'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Here is one plate of '''[[Aloo gobi]]''' for you. ''Aloo gobi'' is a curry made from [[potato]] and [[cauliflower]]s and it is popular in [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], and [[Pakistan]]. Thank you. 
[[User:Titodutta]] ([[User talk:Titodutta|talk]]) 17:07, 19 May 2022 (UTC) For more [[Indian cuisine|Indian dishes]], visit the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Indian cuisine personal user awards#top|Kitchen of WikiProject India]].
|}
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Baingan Bharta|1=}}</nowiki> || {{Baingan Bharta}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Dal makhani|1=}}</nowiki> ||
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Dal_Makhni_%26_Shahi_Paneer.jpg|280px|left]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''A plate of Dal makhani for you'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Here is a plate of '''[[Dal makhani]]''' for you. Dal makhani a lentil dish originating from the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent. Hope you'll like it. Thank you. 
[[User:Titodutta]] ([[User talk:Titodutta|talk]]) 17:07, 19 May 2022 (UTC) For more [[Indian cuisine|Indian dishes]], visit the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Indian cuisine personal user awards#top|Kitchen of WikiProject India]].
|}
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Dosa|1=}}</nowiki> ||
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Dosai Chutney Hotel Saravana Bhavan.jpg|280px|left]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''A plate of Dosa for you'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Here is a plate of '''[[Dosa (food)|Dosa]]''' for you. ''Dosa'' is a South Indian food and is a fermented crepe or pancake made from rice batter and black lentils. Hope you'll like it. Thank you. 
[[User:Titodutta]] ([[User talk:Titodutta|talk]]) 17:07, 19 May 2022 (UTC) For more [[Indian cuisine|Indian dishes]], visit the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Indian cuisine personal user awards#top|Kitchen of WikiProject India]].
|}
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Idli|1=}}</nowiki> ||
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Idli Sambar.JPG|280px|left]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''A plate of Idli for you'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Here is a plate of '''[[Idli]]''' for you. Idli is a south Indian food which became popular throughout India over time. Generally Idli is served with ''sambar'' and ''chutney''. The earliest mention of Idli can be found in a writing called [[Vaddaradhane]] by [[Shivakotiacharya]] written in around 920 A.D. Thank you. 
[[User:Titodutta]] ([[User talk:Titodutta|talk]]) 17:08, 19 May 2022 (UTC) For more [[Indian cuisine|Indian dishes]], visit the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Indian cuisine personal user awards#top|Kitchen of WikiProject India]].
|}
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Khichdi|1=}}</nowiki> ||
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Khichuri-Edit.jpg|230px|left]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''A plate of Khichdi for you'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Here is one plate of '''[[khichdi]]''' for you. ''Khichdi'' is an Indian [[comfort food]] made from [[rice]] and [[lentil]]s and was the inspiration for the [[Anglo-Indian]] dish [[kedgeree]]. Khichdi is also thought to be the inspiration for the popular Egyptian dish, [[Kushari]]. Thank you. 
[[User:Titodutta]] ([[User talk:Titodutta|talk]]) 17:08, 19 May 2022 (UTC) For more [[Indian cuisine|Indian dishes]], visit the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Indian cuisine personal user awards#top|Kitchen of WikiProject India]].
|}
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Makki di roti Sarson da saag|1=}}</nowiki> ||
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Saagroti.jpg|280px|left]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''Makki di Roti Sarson da saag for you'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Look, here I have brought [[Makki di roti]] with [[Sarson da saag]] for you. Makki di roti is bread made from [[Cornmeal|corn flour]] and Sarson da saag is a curry made from [[Brassica juncea|mustard]] leaves with spices. Thank you. 
[[User:Titodutta]] ([[User talk:Titodutta|talk]]) 17:08, 19 May 2022 (UTC) For more [[Indian cuisine|Indian dishes]], visit the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Indian cuisine personal user awards#top|Kitchen of WikiProject India]].
|}
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Mixed vegetable biryani|1=}}</nowiki> ||
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Mixed vegetable biryani (side).JPG|300px|left]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''A plate of Mixed vegetable biryani for you'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Here is a plate of '''[[Biryani|Mixed vegetable biryani]]''' for you. Biryani is a rice-based dish made with spices, rice (usually [[basmati]]), and mixed with chicken, mutton etc. But, the plate being served is vegetable biryani. Thank you. 
[[User:Titodutta]] ([[User talk:Titodutta|talk]]) 17:08, 19 May 2022 (UTC) For more [[Indian cuisine|Indian dishes]], visit the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Indian cuisine personal user awards#top|Kitchen of WikiProject India]].
|}
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:North Indian thali|1=}}</nowiki> ||
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Vegetarian Curry.jpeg|320px|left|upright]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''A North Indian ''thali'' (meal) for you'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Here is a North Indian ''thali'' (meal) for you. In this meal rice is served with ''[[naan]]'', ''[[dal|daal]]'', ''[[raita]]'', ''[[shahi paneer]]'', and [[salad]]. Hope you'll like this North Indian ''thali''. Thank you. 
[[User:Titodutta]] ([[User talk:Titodutta|talk]]) 17:08, 19 May 2022 (UTC) For more [[Indian cuisine|Indian dishes]], visit the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Indian cuisine personal user awards#top|Kitchen of WikiProject India]].
|}
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Upma|1=}}</nowiki> ||
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Upma.jpg|280px|left]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''A plate of Upma for you'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Here is a plate of '''Upma''' for you. Upma is a common [[South India]]n breakfast dish, cooked as a thick porridge from dry roasted [[semolina]]. Various seasonings and/or vegetables are often added during the cooking, depending on individual preferences. Thank you. 
[[User:Titodutta]] ([[User talk:Titodutta|talk]]) 17:08, 19 May 2022 (UTC) For more [[Indian cuisine|Indian dishes]], visit the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Indian cuisine personal user awards#top|Kitchen of WikiProject India]].
|}
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Uttapam|1=}}</nowiki> ||
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Mini Uttappam.jpg|280px|left]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''A plate of Uttapam for you'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Here is a plate of '''[[Uttapam]]''' for you. Uttapam is a type of dosa from South India. Unlike a typical dosa, which is crisp and crepe-like, uttapam is thicker, with toppings. Hope you'll like it. Thank you. 
[[User:Titodutta]] ([[User talk:Titodutta|talk]]) 17:08, 19 May 2022 (UTC) For more [[Indian cuisine|Indian dishes]], visit the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Indian cuisine personal user awards#top|Kitchen of WikiProject India]].
|}
|}


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== Non-veg cuisine ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"}}
|-
! Code to type !! Result
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Butter chicken|1=}}</nowiki> || {{Butter chicken}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Chicken biryani|1=}}</nowiki> || {{Chicken biryani}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Chicken curry|1=}}</nowiki> || {{Chicken curry}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Chital Macher Muitha|1=}}
</nowiki> || {{Chital Macher Muitha}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Egg curry|1=}}</nowiki> ||
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Egg curry.jpg|280px|left]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''A plate of Egg curry for you'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Here is a plate of '''Egg curry''' for you. ''Egg curry'' is a popular non-veg dish of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Hope you'll like it. 
[[User:Titodutta]] ([[User talk:Titodutta|talk]]) 17:08, 19 May 2022 (UTC) For more [[Indian cuisine|Indian dishes]], visit the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Indian cuisine personal user awards#top|Kitchen of WikiProject India]].
|}
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Fried fish|1=}}</nowiki> ||
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Fried Rohu in Bangladesh.jpg|280px|left]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''A plate of Fried fish for you'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Here is a plate of '''[[Machh bhaja|Fried fish]]''' for you. Fried fish is a popular non-veg food in South East Asia, specially in [[India]], and [[Bangladesh]]. In [[Bengali language|Bengali]] fried fish is called ''Machh bhaja''. Thank you. 
[[User:Titodutta]] ([[User talk:Titodutta|talk]]) 17:08, 19 May 2022 (UTC) For more [[Indian cuisine|Indian dishes]], visit the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Indian cuisine personal user awards#top|Kitchen of WikiProject India]].
|}
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Keema|1=}}</nowiki> ||
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Paubhajiindia.jpg|280px|left]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''A plate of Keema for you'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Here is a plate of '''[[Keema]]''' for you. ''Keema'' is a traditional South Asian meat dish. It is typically minced mutton curry with peas or potatoes. Keema can be made from almost any meat, can be cooked by stewing or frying, and can be formed into [[kabab]]s. Thank you. 
[[User:Titodutta]] ([[User talk:Titodutta|talk]]) 17:08, 19 May 2022 (UTC) For more [[Indian cuisine|Indian dishes]], visit the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Indian cuisine personal user awards#top|Kitchen of WikiProject India]].
|}
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Mutton Masala|1=}}</nowiki> ||
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Mutton Masala.jpg|280px|left]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''A plate of Mutton Masala for you'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Here is a plate of '''Mutton Masala curry''' for you. Mutton Masala is a popular food is South East Asia, specially in [[India]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]. Thank you. 
[[User:Titodutta]] ([[User talk:Titodutta|talk]]) 17:09, 19 May 2022 (UTC) For more [[Indian cuisine|Indian dishes]], visit the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Indian cuisine personal user awards#top|Kitchen of WikiProject India]].
|}
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Panta Ilish|1=}}</nowiki> ||
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Panta_Ilish.jpg|280px|left]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''A plate of Panta Ilish for you'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Here is one plate of '''[[Panta bhat|Panta Ilish]]''' for you. ''Panta Ilish'' is a popular Bengali [[comfort food]] — a traditional platter of leftover rice soaked in water with fried [[Hilsa]], supplemented with dried fish (''shutki''), pickles (''achar''), lentils (dal), green chillies and onion — a popular dish for the ''[[Pohela Boishakh]]'' festival. Thank you. 
[[User:Titodutta]] ([[User talk:Titodutta|talk]]) 17:09, 19 May 2022 (UTC) For more [[Indian cuisine|Indian dishes]], visit the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Indian cuisine personal user awards#top|Kitchen of WikiProject India]].
|}
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Rogan Josh|1=}}</nowiki> ||
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Rogan Josh.JPG|280px|left]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''A plate of Rogan Josh for you'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Here is a plate of '''[[Rogan josh|Rogan Josh]]''' for you. Rogan Josh is an aromatic mutton dish of Persian origin. Rogan (روغن) means "oil" in Persian, while Josh (جوش) means "heat, hot, boiling, or passionate". Rogan Josh thus means cooked in oil at intense heat. Another interpretation of the name Rogan Josh is derived from the word "Rogan" meaning "red color" (the same Indo-European root that is the source of the French "rouge" and the Spanish "rojo") and "Josh" meaning passion or heat. Thank you. 
[[User:Titodutta]] ([[User talk:Titodutta|talk]]) 17:09, 19 May 2022 (UTC) For more [[Indian cuisine|Indian dishes]], visit the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Indian cuisine personal user awards#top|Kitchen of WikiProject India]].
|}
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Shami kebab|1=}}</nowiki> ||
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:4th October 2012 Shami Kebab.jpg|300px|left]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''A plate of Shami kebab for you'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Here is a plate of '''[[Shami kebab]]''' for you. is a popular Iranian and Indian variety of [[kebab]], also found in [[Pakistan]]i and [[Bangladeshi]]i cuisine. It is composed of a small patty of minced meat, (usually [[goat meat|chevon]] in India, but occasionally lamb or mutton), with ground chickpeas, egg to hold it together, and spices. Thank you. 
[[User:Titodutta]] ([[User talk:Titodutta|talk]]) 17:09, 19 May 2022 (UTC) For more [[Indian cuisine|Indian dishes]], visit the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Indian cuisine personal user awards#top|Kitchen of WikiProject India]].
|}
|-
|<nowiki>{{subst:Shorshe Ilish|1=}}</nowiki> ||
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Shorshe Ilish.jpg|280px|left]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''A piece of Shorshe Ilish for you'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Here is a piece of '''Shorshe Ilish''' for you. ''Shorshe Ilish'', a Bengali dish made of ''[[Hilsa]]'' fish and it is mostly popular in Eastern India and [[Bangladesh]]. Thank you. 
[[User:Titodutta]] ([[User talk:Titodutta|talk]]) 17:09, 19 May 2022 (UTC) For more [[Indian cuisine|Indian dishes]], visit the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Indian cuisine personal user awards#top|Kitchen of WikiProject India]].
|}
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Tandoori chicken|1=}}</nowiki> ||
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Tandoorimumbai.jpg|280px|left]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''A plate of Tandoori chicken for you'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Here is a plate of '''Tandoori chicken''' for you. Tandoori chicken is a popular Indian dish consisting of [[Chicken (food)|roasted chicken]] prepared with yogurt and spices. The name comes from the type of cylindrical clay oven, a [[tandoor]], in which the dish is traditionally prepared. Thank you. 
[[User:Titodutta]] ([[User talk:Titodutta|talk]]) 17:09, 19 May 2022 (UTC) For more [[Indian cuisine|Indian dishes]], visit the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Indian cuisine personal user awards#top|Kitchen of WikiProject India]].
|}
|}


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== Snacks ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"}}
|-
! Code to type !! Result
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Bhelpuri|1=}}</nowiki> || {{Bhelpuri}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Chana Masala|1=}}</nowiki> || {{Chana Masala}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Dum Aloo|1=}}</nowiki> ||
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:A dish of dum aloo.jpg|280px|left]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''A plate of Dum Aloo for you'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Here is a plate of '''[[Dum Aloo]]''' for you. In Bengali, it is called ''Aloor dum''. ''Dum Aloo'' is a popular dish in countries of the Indian Subcontinent, specially in [[India]], [[Bangladesh]]. Hope you'll like it. Thank you. 
[[User:Titodutta]] ([[User talk:Titodutta|talk]]) 17:09, 19 May 2022 (UTC) For more [[Indian cuisine|Indian dishes]], visit the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Indian cuisine personal user awards#top|Kitchen of WikiProject India]].
|}
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Ghugni|1=}}</nowiki> ||
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Ghugni image.jpg|280px|left]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''A plate of Ghugni for you'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Here is a dish of '''[[Ghugni]]''' for you. ''Ghugni'' is a popular dish of eastern Indian states like [[West Bengal]], [[Assam]], [[Tripura]] and [[Bangladesh]]. Hope you'll like it. Thank you. 
[[User:Titodutta]] ([[User talk:Titodutta|talk]]) 17:09, 19 May 2022 (UTC) For more [[Indian cuisine|Indian dishes]], visit the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Indian cuisine personal user awards#top|Kitchen of WikiProject India]].
|}
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Panipuri|1=}}</nowiki> ||
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:A Plate of Panipuri.JPG|280px|left]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''A plate of Panipuri for you'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Here is a plate of spicy '''[[Panipuri]]''' for you. Panipuri is also known as "Golgappa", "Phuchka" etc. and it is a popular snack in South East Asia and soecially in countries like [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]]. Thank you. 
[[User:Titodutta]] ([[User talk:Titodutta|talk]]) 17:09, 19 May 2022 (UTC) For more [[Indian cuisine|Indian dishes]], visit the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Indian cuisine personal user awards#top|Kitchen of WikiProject India]].
|}
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Papri Chaat|1=}}</nowiki> ||
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Bhalla Papri Chaat with saunth chutney.jpg|250px|left]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''A plate of Papri Chaat for you'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Here is a plate of '''[[Papri chaat|Papri Chaat]]''' for you. Papri Chaat, Paapri Chaat or Papdi Chaat is a Pakistani and north Indian fast food. Chaat, an Indo-Aryan word which literally means lick, is used to describe a range of snacks and fast food dishes; papri refers to crisp fried dough wafers made from refined white flour and oil. Thank you. 
[[User:Titodutta]] ([[User talk:Titodutta|talk]]) 17:10, 19 May 2022 (UTC) For more [[Indian cuisine|Indian dishes]], visit the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Indian cuisine personal user awards#top|Kitchen of WikiProject India]].
|}
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Pav Bhaji|1=}}</nowiki> ||
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Pav bhaji.jpg|280px|left]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''A plate of Pav Bhaji for you'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Here is a plate of '''[[Pav Bhaji]]''' for you. Pav Bhaji is a [[Maharashtra|Maharashtrian]] fast food which became popular in all over India. Pav bhaji consists of bhaji (a thick potato-based curry) garnished with [[coriander]], chopped [[onion]], and a dash of lemon and lightly toasted pav. The pav is usually buttered on all sides. Thank you. 
[[User:Titodutta]] ([[User talk:Titodutta|talk]]) 17:10, 19 May 2022 (UTC) For more [[Indian cuisine|Indian dishes]], visit the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Indian cuisine personal user awards#top|Kitchen of WikiProject India]].
|}
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Samosa|1=}}</nowiki> ||
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Samosachutney.jpg|280px|left]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''A plate of Samosa for you'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Here is a plate of '''[[Samosa]]''' for you. Samosa is fried or baked pastry with a savory filling, such as spiced potatoes, onions, peas, lentils. This is a popular refreshment food in countries of the Indian Subcontinent, specially in [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Pakistan]]. Thank you. 
[[User:Titodutta]] ([[User talk:Titodutta|talk]]) 17:10, 19 May 2022 (UTC) For more [[Indian cuisine|Indian dishes]], visit the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Indian cuisine personal user awards#top|Kitchen of WikiProject India]].
|}
|-
|}


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== Desserts ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"}}
|-
! Code to type !! Result
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Bebinca|1=}}</nowiki> ||
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Bebinca com gelado.jpg|280px|left]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''A plate of Bebinca with ice cream for you'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Here is a plate of '''[[Bebinca]]''' with ice cream for you. Traditional Bebinca has 16 layers, but you can make as many as you like The ingredients include plain flour, sugar, ''[[ghee]]'' (clarified butter), egg yolk, [[coconut milk]] and almond slivers to garnish. Thank you. 
[[User:Titodutta]] ([[User talk:Titodutta|talk]]) 17:10, 19 May 2022 (UTC) For more [[Indian cuisine|Indian dishes]], visit the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Indian cuisine personal user awards#top|Kitchen of WikiProject India]].
|}
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Chutney|1=}}</nowiki> || {{Chutney}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Gajar Ka Halwa|1=}}</nowiki> ||
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Gajar Ka Halwa.JPG|280px|left]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''A plate of Gajar Ka Halwa for you'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Here is a plate of '''[[Gajar Ka Halwa]]''' for you. Gajar Ka Halwa is a sweet dessert pudding associated mainly with [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. It is made by placing grated carrot in a jar containing a specific amount of water, milk and sugar and then cooked, stirring regularly. It is often served with a garnish of almonds and pistachios. Thank you. 
[[User:Titodutta]] ([[User talk:Titodutta|talk]]) 17:10, 19 May 2022 (UTC) For more [[Indian cuisine|Indian dishes]], visit the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Indian cuisine personal user awards#top|Kitchen of WikiProject India]].
|}
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Gulab jamun|1=}}</nowiki> ||
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:1 Gulab Jamun Mithai Sweets of India cropped.jpg|280px|left]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''A bowl of Gulab jamun for you'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Here is a bowl of '''[[Gulab jamun]]''' for you. Gulab jamun is a popular cheese-based [[dessert]], similar to a dumpling, popular in countries of the Indian Subcontinent such as [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Nepal]] and [[Bangladesh]]. Thank you. 
[[User:Titodutta]] ([[User talk:Titodutta|talk]]) 17:10, 19 May 2022 (UTC) For more [[Indian cuisine|Indian dishes]], visit the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Indian cuisine personal user awards#top|Kitchen of WikiProject India]].
|}
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Jalebi|1=}}</nowiki> ||
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Jalebi 2.jpg|260px|left]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''A plate of Jalebi for you'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Here is a plate of '''[[Jalebi]]''' for you. Jalebi is a sweet popular in countries of the Indian Subcontinent, specially in [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]]. Hope you'll like it. Thank you. 
[[User:Titodutta]] ([[User talk:Titodutta|talk]]) 17:10, 19 May 2022 (UTC) For more [[Indian cuisine|Indian dishes]], visit the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Indian cuisine personal user awards#top|Kitchen of WikiProject India]].
|}
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Mitha Dahi|1=}}</nowiki> ||
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Mishti Doi.jpg|280px|left]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''A cup of Mitha Dahi for you'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Here is a cup of '''[[Mitha Dahi]]''' for you. Mitha Dahi is a fermented sweet [[Yogurt|dahi]] or sweet [[yogurt]] and mainly poplar in Bengal. Hope you'll like it. Thank you. 
[[User:Titodutta]] ([[User talk:Titodutta|talk]]) 17:10, 19 May 2022 (UTC) For more [[Indian cuisine|Indian dishes]], visit the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Indian cuisine personal user awards#top|Kitchen of WikiProject India]].
|}
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Pantua|1=}}</nowiki> ||
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Pantua - Kolkata 2011-09-20 5431.JPG|280px|left]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''A bowl of Pantua for you'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Here is one bowl '''[[pantua]]''' for you. Pantua is a sweet popular in countries of the Indian Subcontinent, specially in [[India]], [[Bangladesh]]. It is also known as ''Ledikeni''. Thank you. 
[[User:Titodutta]] ([[User talk:Titodutta|talk]]) 17:10, 19 May 2022 (UTC) For more [[Indian cuisine|Indian dishes]], visit the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Indian cuisine personal user awards#top|Kitchen of WikiProject India]].
|}
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Rasgulla|1=}}</nowiki> ||
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Rasagolla.JPG|280px|left]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''A plate of Rasgulla for you'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Here is a plate of '''[[Rasgulla]]''' for you. Rasgulla is a cheese-based, syrupy sweet dish popular in the Indian subcontinent particularly in the Indian states of [[West Bengal]] and [[Odisha]]. The dish is made from ball shaped dumplings of chhena (an Indian cottage cheese) and semolina dough, cooked in light syrup made of sugar. Thank you. 
[[User:Titodutta]] ([[User talk:Titodutta|talk]]) 17:10, 19 May 2022 (UTC) For more [[Indian cuisine|Indian dishes]], visit the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Indian cuisine personal user awards#top|Kitchen of WikiProject India]].
|}
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Sandesh|1=}}</nowiki> ||
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Sandesh - Kolkata 2011-09-20 5432 Cropped.JPG|250px|left]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''A plate of Sandesh for you'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Here is a plate of '''[[Sandesh (confectionery)|Sandesh]]''' for you. Sandesh is an Indian dessert made with [[milk]] and [[sugar]]. There are different varieties of ''sandesh'' like ''naram pak'', ''kara pak'' etc. Thank you. 
[[User:Titodutta]] ([[User talk:Titodutta|talk]]) 17:10, 19 May 2022 (UTC) For more [[Indian cuisine|Indian dishes]], visit the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Indian cuisine personal user awards#top|Kitchen of WikiProject India]].
|}
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Papad|1=}}</nowiki> ||
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Papadsbangalore.jpg|280px|left]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''A plate of Papad/Papadum for you'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Here is a plate of '''[[Papadum|Papad]]''' for you. Papad is a thin, crisp disc-shaped Indian food typically based on a seasoned dough made from black gram (urad flour), fried or cooked with dry heat. Flours made from other sources such as lentils, chickpeas, rice, or potato, can be used. In South India it is called '''Papadum'''. Thank you. 
[[User:Titodutta]] ([[User talk:Titodutta|talk]]) 17:11, 19 May 2022 (UTC) For more [[Indian cuisine|Indian dishes]], visit the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Indian cuisine personal user awards#top|Kitchen of WikiProject India]].
|}
|}


{{Top of page}}

== Drinks ==
=== Non-alcoholic ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"}}
|-
! Code to type !! Result
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Lassi|1=}}</nowiki> || {{Lassi}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Aamras|1=}}</nowiki> || {{Aamras}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Rooh Afza|1=}}</nowiki> || {{Rooh Afza}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Sharbat|1=}}</nowiki> || {{Sharbat}}
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Thandai|1=}}</nowiki> || {{Thandai}}
|}


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== Miscellaneous ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"}}
|-
! Code to type !! Result
|-
| <nowiki>{{subst:Paan Banaras wala|1=}}</nowiki> ||
{| style="border: 1px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7;"
|rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Paan, (betel leaves) being served with silver foil, India.jpg|300px|left]]
|rowspan="2" |
|style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''Paan (Banaras wala) for you'''
|-
|style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Here I have brought [[Varanasi|Banaras]] ''wala'' '''[[Paan]]''' for you. If you eat this, it will open your ''bandh akal ka tala''. Paan is a stimulating, psychoactive preparation of [[betel leaf]] combined with areca nut and/or cured tobacco. is chewed and finally spat out or swallowed. It has many variation 
[[User:Titodutta]] ([[User talk:Titodutta|talk]]) 17:11, 19 May 2022 (UTC) For more [[Indian cuisine|Indian dishes]], visit the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Indian cuisine personal user awards#top|Kitchen of WikiProject India]].
|}
|}

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