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Jai Varma

2026-05-08T09:48:40Z

ChanteKates:

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jai Varma
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality = 
| other_names = Jayaram (in Telugu),<ref name="T"/> Jayavarma,<ref name="H"/> Jaya Varman<ref name="I"/>
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1999-2008 2019-present
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| parents = [[C. L. Anandan]]
| relatives = [[Disco Shanti]] (sister) [[Lalitha Kumari]] (sister)
}}
'''Jai Varma''' (or '''Jayavarma''') is an Indian actor who works in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films. He is credited as '''Jayaram''' in Telugu films.<ref name="T">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-idenaa.html|title=Inconsequential stuff|work=[[The Hindu]]|via=[[Idlebrain.com]]|first=Gudipoodi|last=Srihari|access-date=3 June 2024|author-link=Gudipoodi Srihari}}</ref>

== Personal life and career ==
Jai Varma is the son of [[C. L. Anandan]] and brother of [[Disco Shanti]] and [[Lalitha Kumari]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=29 March 2005 |title=New Launches |url=http://chennaionline.com/film/Newlaunches/2005/03theekuchi.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050329200416/http://chennaionline.com/film/Newlaunches/2005/03theekuchi.asp |archive-date=29 March 2005 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref><ref name="B"/> In his debut with the Telugu film ''[[Sambayya (film)|Sambayya]]'' (1999), followed by ''Ide Naa Modati Premalekha'' (2001), he was credited as Jayaram. Both films feature his brother-in-law [[Srihari (actor)|Srihari]]. Regarding his performance in the latter film, [[Gudipoodi Srihari]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that he "displays ease in drama and dance".<ref name="T"/> He made his Tamil debut with ''[[Naam (2003 film)|Naam]]'' (2003), which featured his then brother-in-law [[Prakash Raj]] (through Lalitha Kumari) and four other newcomers.<ref name="B">{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/News/20-4-05/jaiverma.htm|title=Behindwoods : Prakash Raj's brother in law|website=Behindwoods|date=20 April 2005}}</ref> Regarding his performance, a critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "Jayavarma, with a robust physique, piercing eyes and convincing expressions, is impressive" and added that "But there is an underlying sincerity about the role, in which Jayavarma shows promise".<ref name="H">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/naam/article28574256.ece|title="Naam"|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 September 2003 |location=Chennai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222065630/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/naam/article28574256.ece|archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref> During the shooting of his next film ''[[Image (film)|Image]]'' (2004), he slipped and fell when trying to save [[Abhinayashree]] and was saved by the director and producer.<ref name="I">{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/location/image.asp|title=On Location: 'Image'|work=Chennai Online|last=Mannath|first=Malini|url-status=dead|date=19 July 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061012144442/http://www.chennaionline.com/location/image.asp|archive-date=12 October 2006}}</ref> Regarding his performance, a critic wrote that he "acquits himself creditably here too, despite the script not aiding him in any way".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/moviereviews/tammov325.asp|title=Image|work=Chennai Online|first=Malini|last=Mannath|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016075000/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/moviereviews/tammov325.asp|archive-date=16 October 2006}}</ref> He played the antagonist in ''[[Seshadri Naidu]]'' starring his brother-in-law [[Srihari]] and produced by Disco Shanthi. A critic from ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' wrote that "Being short and slim, he did not look competitive enough to face Srihari's screen presence".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-seshadrinaidu.html|title=Telugu cinema Review - Seshadri Naidu - Srihari, Nanditha - Posani Krishna Murali|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=23 April 2004|last=jeevi}}</ref> ''[[Theekuchi]]'', which had a delayed release, released to negative reviews with a critic noting that "Hero Jaivarma has struggled to carry the burden and it shows".<ref>{{cite web |date=26 March 2008 |title=Theekuchi |url=http://chennaionline.com/Film/Moviereviews/March08/03article03.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080519114805/http://chennaionline.com/Film/Moviereviews/March08/03article03.aspx |archive-date=19 May 2008 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

After a more than ten year hiatus, he played one of [[Vijay Sethupathi]]'s friends in ''[[Laabam]]'' (2019) and one of his family members in ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]'' (2022).<ref name="Y">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XgfXwDOiFUA|title=Disco Shanti அக்கா தான் அப்பா இறந்த பிறகு Family பாத்துக்கிட்டாங்க 😭😢 Jai Varma Interview | Vikram|date=1 June 2022|work=Behindwoods TV|language=ta|via=YouTube}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{morefootnotes|section|date=April 2025}}
*''Note: all films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
! Notes
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Sambayya (film)|Sambayya]]'' || || rowspan="3" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| 2001 || ''Ide Naa Modati Premalekha'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2003
|''Indiramma''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Naam (2003 film)|Naam]]'' || Ramesh || rowspan="2" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2004 || ''[[Image (film)|Image]]'' || Satish ||
|-
| ''[[Seshadri Naidu]]'' || MLA's son || Telugu ||
|-
|''[[Azhagiya Theeye]]'' || Moorthy || rowspan="5"|Tamil ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Oru Kalluriyin Kathai]]'' || Moorthy ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Theekuchi]]'' || Sakthi ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Laabam]]'' || Pakkiri's friend ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]'' || Sandhanam's family member ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|8915320}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jai Varma}}
[[Category:Actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Patliputra–Narkatiaganj Intercity Express

2026-05-06T20:08:07Z

ChanteKates:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Intercity Express
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[North Eastern Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Patliputra Junction}}
| stops = 12
| end = {{rws|Narkatiaganj Junction}}
| distance = {{convert|370|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 11 hours 55 mins
| frequency = six days in a week
| class = general unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation =
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| other facilities =
| stock = Standard [[Indian Railways]] Coaches
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 25201 / 25202
| speed = {{convert|32.5|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
| map = [[File:(Pataliputra - Narkatiaganj) Intercity Express route map.png|300px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 25201 / 02 '''Intercity Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[North Eastern Railway zone]] that runs between {{rws|Patliputra Junction}} and {{rws|Narkatiaganj Junction}} in [[India]].<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Loco-makes-smooth-trial-run-on-Digha-Sonepur-bridge/articleshow/48406988.cms?from=mdr Loco Makes Smooth Trial on Digha Sonepur Bridge], ''indiatimes.com'', 8 August 2015</ref>

It operates as train number 25201 from {{rws|Patliputra Junction}} to {{rws|Narkatiaganj Junction}} and as train number 25202 in the reverse direction serving the state of [[Bihar]].

==Coaches==
The 25201 / 02 Intercity Express has 13 general unreserved & two SLR (seating with luggage rake) coaches . It does not carry a [[Dining car|pantry car coach]].

As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==
The 25201 {{rws|Patliputra Junction}} - {{rws|Narkatiaganj Junction}} Intercity Express covers the distance of {{convert|235|km|0|abbr=on}} in 7 hours 35 mins (31 km/h) and in 6 hours 25 mins as the 25202 {{rws|Narkatiaganj Junction}} - {{rws|Patliputra Junction}} Intercity Express (37 km/h).

As the average speed of the train is lower than {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per railway rules, its fare doesn't includes a Superfast surcharge.

==Routing==
The 25201 / 02 Intercity Express runs from {{rws|Patliputra Junction}} via {{rws|Sonpur Junction}}, {{rws|Muzaffarpur Junction}}, [[Mehsi railway station]], {{rws|Sagauli Junction}} to {{rws|Narkatiaganj Junction}}.

==Traction==
As the route is going to electrification, a {{rws|Samastipur Junction}} based [[Indian locomotive class WDM-3A|WDM-3A]] diesel locomotive pulls the train to its destination.

== See also ==

* [[Patliputra Junction railway station]]
* [[Narkatiaganj Junction railway station]]
* [[Muzaffarpur - Narkatiaganj Express]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/patliputra-narkatiaganj-intercityexpress-25201/753/10103/565 25201 Intercity Express] at India Rail Info
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/narkatiaganj-pataliputra-intercity-express-25202/754/565/10103 25202 Intercity Express] at India Rail Info

{{Railway lines in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patliputra - Narkatiaganj Intercity Express}}
[[Category:Intercity Express (Indian Railways) trains]]
[[Category:Transport in Patna]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Transport in Narkatiaganj]]

Samaira Rao

2026-04-27T12:06:01Z

ChanteKates:

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Samaira Rao
| image =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2012–present
}}

'''Samaira Rao''' is an Indian actress.<ref>[http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/samaira-rao-judges-personality-contest-jai-hind-college Samaira Rao judges "personality contest" at Jai Hind College]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140413160020/http://topic.ibnlive.in.com/priyanka-chopra/videos/samaira-rao-aaradhya-kapoor-jyoti-sethi-talks-about-debuting-in-bollywood-AJ~yz5SK77s-266.html Samaira Rao, Aaradhya Kapoor & Jyoti Sethi Talks About Debuting in Bollywood]</ref><ref name=":0">[http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/i-have-never-understood-the-concept-of-trps-samaira-rao I have never understood the concept of TRPs –Samaira Rao]</ref> She played roles in the shows ''[[Love Marriage Ya Arranged Marriage]]''<ref name=":0" /> and ''Savitri{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}} ''and she played the role of an agent in the serial ''[[Trideviyaan]] ''on [[SAB TV]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-04 |title=This B-Town actress is actually an undercover agent! |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/this-b-town-actress-is-actually-an-undercover-agent-440478 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=[[ABP Live]] |language=en}}</ref> She is also known for her appearance in the [[Salman Khan]] film ''[[Prem Ratan Dhan Payo]] ''in which she played the role of a personal assistant.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-28 |title=Salman Khan is the most selfless superstar: 'Prem Ratan Dhan Payo' debutante Samaira Rao |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-is-the-most-selfless-superstar-prem-ratan-dhan-payo-debutante-samaira-rao/ |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She had earlier made her debut in [[Bollywood]] with the movie ''[[Isi Life Mein...!|Isi Life Mein]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}''

Samaira was born and brought up in Mumbai. She started her career in modeling with few TV advertisements. She did few small roles on TV, but her main role came in the serial ''[[Love Marriage Ya Arranged Marriage]] ''on Sony TV. After being noticed as the main lead in this serial, Samaira was cast in other serials as main leads.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable"
!No.
!TV Serial Name
!Role
|-
|1
|[[Love Marriage Ya Arranged Marriage]]
|Mansi Anup Sisodiya
|-
|2
|[[Savitri (TV series)|Savitri]]
|Cameo (as Herself)
|-
|3
|[[Trideviyaan]]
|Tanuja "Tanu" Garv Chauhan/Agent Hawa Mahal/Bijli (Duplicate)
|}

==Films==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2010
|''[[Isi Life Mein]]''
|Valerie
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Prem Ratan Dhan Payo]]''
|Sameera
|
|-
|2026
|''[[Ramyaa]]''
|Vaishali
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=nm5300187|name=Samaira Rao}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Samaira}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Herbert Richard Browne

2026-04-25T02:52:01Z

ChanteKates: creating new entry!

{{Short description|Indian Military officer and administrator (1858–1890)}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Captain
| name = Herbert Richard Browne
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| honorific_suffix = B.S.C
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = Political officer of the North Lushai Hills
| status = 
| term_start = 1 May 1890
| term_end = 9 September 1890
| subterm =
| suboffice =
| alongside =
| monarch = [[Queen Victoria]]
| president =
| governor_general = [[Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne|Lord Lansdowne]]
| prime_minister = [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury]]
| successor = [[Robert Blair McCabe]]
| predecessor = ''Position Created''
| pronunciation =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1858|10|11}}
| birth_place = [[Chinsurah subdivision|Chinsurah]], [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]], West Bengal, India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1890|9|9|1858|10|11}}
| death_place = Changsil, [[Cachar]], British Raj
| death_cause = Killed in action ([[Lushai Rising]])
| resting_place = [[Royal Memorial Chapel]]
| parents = [[Henry Browne, 5th Marquess of Sligo]] (Father) Catherine Henrietta Browne (b. Dicken, Mother)
| relatives =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]
| occupation =
| profession = Bengal Staff Corps
| known_for = First political officer of the North Lushai Hills

| allegiance = [[United Kingdom]]
| branch = [[Army]]
| rank = Captain
| unit = [[Shropshire Light Infantry]]{{sfn|Naval & Military Gazette and Weekly Chronicle of the United Service|1883}}
| commands =
| battles = [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]]{{sfn|Evening Mail|1913}} [[Lushai Rising]]
}}

Captain '''Herbert Richard Browne''' ({{langx|Lus|Hmaireka}},{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=39}} {{literal translation|pinched face}}, 11 October 1858 – 9 September 1890) was a British military officer and the first political officer of the North Lushai Hills. Browne was tasked with pacifying the Lushai Hills until he was betrayed by [[Khalkam]] and killed on transit to Changsil.

==Early life==
Herbert Richard Browne was born on 11 October 1858 to [[Henry Browne, 5th Marquess of Sligo]] and Catherine Henrietta Browne in [[Hooghly District]], West Bengal. Herbert was the third oldest child among his nine siblings. He had four brothers, [[George Browne, 6th Marquess of Sligo|George Browne]], [[Arthur Browne, 8th Marquess of Sligo|Arthur Browne]], [[Terence Browne, 9th Marquess of Sligo|Terence Maurice Browne]] and Alfred Eden Browne. His five sisters were Catherine Elizabeth Browne, Edith Hester Charles, Florence Marion Beresford-ash, Norah More and Alice Evelyn Mahon.{{sfn|Horn}}

He would rank lieutenant after becoming a gentleman cadet from the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]. His first assignment was to the [[70th (Surrey) Regiment of Foot]] as the second lieutenant.{{sfn|Dublin Daily Express|1878}} Later on, Browne would join the [[Shropshire Light Infantry]] before being appointed a probationer of the Indian Staff Corps in 1882.{{sfn|London Daily Chronicle|1882}} Browne would also participate in the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]] where he would earn a medal.{{sfn|Bart|1890|p=439}}

==Career==
Herbert Richard Browne was the Assistant Commissioner of Assam since 1883. He was reassigned in May 1890 as the Political Officer of the North Lushai Hills.{{sfn|Reid|1942|p=21}} He was granted a salary of {{currency|1000|INR}} a month.{{sfn|Reid|1942|p=20}} Browne's headquarters were established at Fort Aijal. His responsibilities as a political officer concerned with establishing political influence and control over the unruly Lushai chiefs annexed by the Chin-Lushai expedition.{{sfn|Reid|1942|p=21}} The northern boundaries of Browne's jurisdiction were demarcated as the territory enclosed between the Cachar border, Hill Tipperah border and Manipur River, with an imaginary border for the Southern Lushai Hills demarcated via the Darlung Peak. The Chief Commissioner also prompted Browne to cooperate with Fort Lungleh, Fort Tregear and Fort White by raising concern over the numerical strengths of Lushai tribes.
Browne's first task upon arriving at Fort Aijal was to capture Lengpunga, the chief responsible for the Chengri Valley raid, and recommend suggestions fitting his punishment to the commissioner.{{sfn|Reid|1942|p=22}} The creation of his office also oversaw the office of the Deputy Commissioner of Cachar transferred to him.{{sfn|Reid|1942|p=23}}

As part of his military strategy of pacifying the Lushai Hills Browne committed to reopening the old Changsil bazaar and extended it to Sairang Bazaar and Fort Aijal. As the Lushai Hills were annexed Browne assigned British troops to guard the markets and give merchants confidence to trade with the Lushais instead of assigning and negotiating the responsibility with the chiefs in old policy. To prevent loss of the merchants only five shops were opened in 1890. Five local men were assigned to supervise and set prices of the goods and products in the bazaars. Zou argues that Brown liberalized the trade in the Lushai Hills to rebuild market and trade while maintaining a paternal role of implementing necessary regulations.{{sfn|Zou|2019|p=576}} Browne would subsequently warn the ethnic groups in neighbouring areas such as Manipur to not act hostile towards the Lushais who were now British subjects.{{sfn|Zou|2019|p=577}}

The Western Lushai chiefs who were related to Lengpunga did not wish to supply either labour or taxes to the British administration and opposed the punishment of Lengpunga.{{sfn|Reid|1942|p=23}} Browne held a durbar for the western Lushai chiefs, namely the sons of [[Sukpilal]]. Each chief furthermore brought 20 subjects to the meeting. Browne attempted to discuss peace terms, but the chiefs did not accept them. The meeting was held on the hill of the present day Aizawl Fire brigade while Browne and his officers were in the fortress above Baza (Bagpipe) Hill at the time. The Mizo chiefs suggested that Browne should come to them alone without any soldiers which Browne agreed to. Browne met with 1000 Mizo warriors with rifles lined in front of the Baza Hill fortress. As a result, the street later built there was named "Zarkawt" (a file of warriors).{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=38}} Browne gained the Lushai exonym ''Hmaireka'' due to many Mizo observing that his eyes were fixed on the path before him and rarely looked left or right. Browne was said to sit on a quilt carpet seat.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=39}} Captain Browne held a second Durbar of Chiefs on 14 June 1890 after the first one in May failed, and he declared that Lengpunga's chieftainship would be deposed for four years as punishment for his conduct on the Chengri Valley raid and that he was to be fined 30 guns. Lengpunga was replaced by his son Suaknuna.{{sfn|Reid|1942|p=23}}{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=38}} Browne would subsequently announce the new British policies. Raiding was now prohibited, freedom of movement must be granted to British government employees and military forces and cessation of the chief's right to tax traders and merchants in their territory.{{sfn|Zorema|2007|p=40}} A feast was held with a [[gayal|mithun]] killed as the terms were agreed to.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=39}} Browne allied the western Lushai chief [[Khalkam]] with an oath of fealty with Browne. However, the introduction of taxes and the restrictions on hunting in their territory infuriated Khalkam, who decided to revolt against British rule. Khalkam would hold a meeting with Western Lushai chiefs in his [[Zawlbuk]] and plan an uprising with the support of Thangula, Thamruma, Lenkhunga, Lalrima, Mingthang and Rankupa.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=190}}

==Death==
{{further|Lushai Rising}}
On 9 April 1890, Browne travelled to Changsil outpost from Fort Aijal with a small party of sepoys. Khalkam used his influence to get a subordinate chief, Thansuma, to arrange a war party to ambush his travel while Khalkam's brother Thanruma met with Browne to collect information on his destination to inform the war party.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=59}} On the path two miles away from the Changsil outpost, Browne and his party were at a junction of roads from Fort Aijal and Khalkam's village. The coolies were first to hear the gunshots fired at this position.{{sfn|National Archives of India}} The war party armed with guns and ''daos'' surrounded Browne and attacked. The result of the ambush saw three of Browne's men killed. Browne himself was stabbed in the arm with three severe wounds and excessive bleeding.{{sfn|Reid|1942|p=16}} As a result of this, Browne was mortally wounded.{{sfn|McCall|1949|p=58-59}} One survivor managed to escape the ambush and inform the officials at Changsil. Browne was brought to the Changsil soon after but died within 15 minutes of arrival.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=165}} Thansuma and Lenkhunga were responsible for the murder of Captain Browne, with Khalkam liable for his involvement and conspiracy.{{sfn|Sen|2022|p=1523}}

According to Mizo recounts, the followers of Browne's party were shot first. Chief Saithawma who had been deposed of his chieftainship exclaimed to let a chief fight another chief as he shot Browne who was mounted on his horse. The wounding on Browne led him to fall off his horse. With great difficulty Browne managed to reach Changsil outpost where he died.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=39}} The famous [[Pasalṭha]], [[Khuangchera]] was originally assigned to the ambush but couldn't make it due to following a tradition regarding family matters.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=40}}

Browne's office would be filled by [[Robert Blair McCabe|R.B McCabe]], the deputy commissioner of Lakhimpur whose reputation for pacifying the Ao Nagas was well known and recorded.{{sfn|Reid|1942|p=25}}{{sfn|Chatterjee|2009|p=269}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas |date=1985 |title=British rule in Mizoram |location=New Delhi |publisher=Mittal Publications}}
*{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas |date=2009 |title=Frontier Officers in Colonial Northeast India |location=New Delhi |publisher=Akansha Publishing |isbn=978-81-8370-168-6}}
*{{cite web |last1=Horn |first1=Alasdair |title=Herbert Richard Browne |url=https://records.myheritagelibraryedition.com/research/record-1-222383101-1-518519/herbert-richard-browne-in-myheritage-family-trees |website=MyHeritage |access-date=26 January 2025}}
*{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Subhas |date=1995 |title=Mizo Chiefs and the Chiefdom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YON9iVgsDRUC&dq=mizo+chief&pg=PP17 |location=New Delhi |publisher=M D Publications PVT LTD |isbn=81-85880-72-7}}
*{{cite web |last1=National Archives of India |title=Rising in Lushai Land- Excellent service uncleared by Surgeon H.B. Melville |url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/archives/rising-lushai-land-excellent-service-un-cleared-surgeon-hb-melville |website=Indian Ministry of Culture |publisher=Ministry of Culture |access-date=27 January 2025}}
*{{cite book|last=McCall|first=Anthony Gilchrist|title=Lushai Chrysalis|year=1949|publisher=Luzac|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.16549/mode/2up}}
*{{cite book |last=Reid |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Reid (civil servant)|date=1942 |title=The Lushai Hills: culled from History of the frontier areas bordering on Assam from 1883–1941 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.16551/page/n5/mode/2up |location=Calcutta |publisher=Firma KLM |page=49}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Sen |first1=Anandaroop |date=2022 |title=Insurgent Law: Bengal Regulation III and the Chin-Lushai Expeditions (1872–1898) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/6E08E60BC55AD0A436790CC655A249F8/S0026749X21000366a.pdf/div-class-title-insurgent-law-bengal-regulation-iii-and-the-chin-lushai-expeditions-1872-1898-div.pdf |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=1515–1555 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X21000366 |access-date=18 December 2024}}
*{{cite book |last=Zorema |first=J. |date=2007 |title=Indirect Rule in Mizoram: 1890-1954 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYwpt38dYIIC&dq=bawi+lushai&pg=PR7 |location=New Delhi |oclc=271837683 |ol=48056042M |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-229-5}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Zou |first1=S. Thangboi |date=2019 |title=Riverine bazaars, trade and chiefs in the colonial Lushai Hills |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14631369.2019.1687284 |journal=Asian Ethnicity |volume=22|issue=4 |pages=563–582 |doi=10.1080/14631369.2019.1687284 |access-date=13 November 2024|url-access=subscription }}
*{{cite news |last1=Evening Mail |title=Lord Sligo |work=Evening Mail |date=26 February 1913}}
*{{cite news |last1=Naval & Military Gazette and Weekly Chronicle of the United Service |title=Naval and Military Gazette |work=Naval & Military Gazette and Weekly Chronicle of the United Service |date=3 October 1883}}
*{{cite news |last1=London Daily Chronicle |title=Regimental District |work=London Daily Chronicle |date=3 April 1882}}
*{{cite news |last1=Dublin Daily Express |title=Naval and Military Gazette |work=Dublin Daily Express |date=12 June 1878}}
*{{cite news |last1=Bart |first1=Archibald Douglas Stewart |title=Obituary |work=The London Illustrated News |issue=2685 |date=4 October 1890}}
*{{cite book |last1=Lalthangliana |first1=B. |title=Culture and Folklore of Mizoram |date=2005 |publisher=Publicans Division, Ministry of information and broadcasting |location=India |url=https://archive.org/details/culturefolkloreo00lalt/page/n3/mode/2up |access-date=12 February 2025}}

{{Lushai frontier}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Browne, Herbert Richard}}
[[Category:1858 births]]
[[Category:1890 deaths]]
[[Category:Browne family (Anglo-Irish aristocracy)|Herbert Richard]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers of punitive expeditions in the Lushai Hills]]
[[Category:British military personnel in colonial India]]
[[Category:Younger sons of marquesses]]

Lakhumal Hiranand Hiranandani

2026-04-23T01:02:40Z

ChanteKates:

{{short description|Indian otorhinolaryngologist, social activist and philanthropist}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lakhumal Hiranand Hiranandani
| birth_date = September 1917
| birth_place = [[Thatta]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2013|09|05|1917|09|}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername = Lakhumal Hiranand Khiara
| occupation = [[Otorhinolaryngologist]]
| yearsactive = 1947–2013
| known for = [[Otorhinolaryngology]] Social activism Philanthropy
| spouse = Kanta
| domesticpartner =
| children = Navin Hiranandani [[Niranjan Hiranandani]] [[Surendra Hiranandani]]
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] Dhanvanthari Award [[American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery|AAO-HNS]] Golden Award [[SAARC]] Millenium Award [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry|FICCI]] Lifetime Achievement Award in Healthcare
}}
'''Lakhumal Hiranand Hiranandani''' (1917–2013) was an Indian [[otorhinolaryngologist]], social activist and philanthropist, known for pioneering several surgical procedures which later came to be known as ''Dr. Hiranandani's Operations''.<ref name="Dr LH Hiranandani: A life well lived">{{cite web | url=http://archivehealthcare.financialexpress.com/life/2061-dr-lh-hiranandani-a-life-well-lived | title=Dr LH Hiranandani: A life well lived | publisher=Indian Express | date=8 October 2013 | access-date=7 April 2016}}</ref> He was the founder chairman of ''Hiranandani Foundation Trust'' which runs two schools in India and was reported to have been active in the social movement against [[organ trade]] in India.<ref name="Anand2004">{{cite book|author=Subhadra Anand|title=Dr. L H Hiranandani: Born to Heal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0KHpAAAACAAJ|date=1 January 2004|publisher=Rupa & Company|isbn=978-81-291-0580-6}}</ref> He was a recipient of the ''Golden Award'' of the [[American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery]], the first Indian and the fifth overall to receive the honour.<ref name="Works, Achievements and Accolades">{{cite web | url=http://www.hiranandanihospital.org/content/chairmain.html | title=Works, Achievements and Accolades | publisher=Hiranandani Hospital | date=2016 | access-date=7 April 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414031034/http://www.hiranandanihospital.org/content/chairmain.html | archive-date=14 April 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Bhushan]], in 1972, for his contributions to medicine and society.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2016 |access-date=3 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Lakhumal Hiranand Hiranandani, born as Lakhumal Hiranand Khiara, was born in September 1917, in [[Thatta]], the [[Sindh province]] of [[British India]] (presently in Pakistan) in a family of limited financial means.<ref name="Well known Personalities living in Powai">{{cite web | url=http://www.planetpowai.com/LHhiranandani.htm | title=Well known Personalities living in Powai | publisher=Planet Powai | date=2016 | access-date=7 April 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820170256/http://www.planetpowai.com/LHhiranandani.htm | archive-date=20 August 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref> After his early education in Sindh, he accompanied his family which migrated to Mumbai in 1937, and graduated in medicine in 1942<ref name="Our chairman">{{cite web | url=http://www.hiranandanihospital.org/content/chairmain.html | title=Our Chairman | publisher=Hiranandani Hospital | date=2016 | access-date=7 April 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414031034/http://www.hiranandanihospital.org/content/chairmain.html | archive-date=14 April 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> from Topiwala National Medical College, Mumbai.<ref name="Renowned ENT surgeon Dr L H Hiranandani dies">{{cite web | url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/Renowned-ENT-surgeon-Dr-L-H-Hiranandani-dies/articleshow/22350623.cms | title=Renowned ENT surgeon Dr L H Hiranandani dies | publisher=Mumbai Mirror | date=6 September 2013 | access-date=7 April 2016}}</ref> After doing his internship at the [[King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College]],<ref name="Dr LH Hiranandani: A life well lived" /> he moved to London for further studies from where he secured the degree of FRCS and returned to India to start his career by joining his alma mater, Topiwala National Medical College and ''Bai Yamunabai Laxman Nair Charitable Hospital'', as an honorary ENT surgeon. He served the institution till his superannuation at the age of 58<ref name="Well known Personalities living in Powai" /> after which, associated himself with [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation|Greater Mumbai Municipal Corporation]] when they made him an Emeritus Professor and Advisor to the Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck.<ref name="Association Of Otolaryngologists Of India profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.aoiharyana.com/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=6 | title=Association Of Otolaryngologists Of India profile | publisher=Association Of Otolaryngologists Of India | date=2016 | access-date=7 April 2016 | archive-date=6 June 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606074701/http://www.aoiharyana.com/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=6 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He also worked as a consultant at [[Breach Candy Hospital]] and [[Jaslok Hospital]]<ref name="Association Of Otolaryngologists Of India profile" /> and continued his association with the Topiwala National Medical College as an Emeritus Professor, till the age of 83.<ref name="Well known Personalities living in Powai" />

Hiranandani was married to Kanta and the couple had three sons, Navin Hiranandani, an ENT surgeon and a known medical writer, [[Niranjan Hiranandani]] and [[Surendra Hiranandani]], both entrepreneurs and the founders of ''Hiranandani Group'', one of the leading real estate developers with a number of notable developments such as [[Hiranandani Gardens]] and [[Hiranandani Estate]].<ref name="Niranjan Hiranandani Biography Summary">{{cite web | url=https://www.wattpad.com/111850443-niranjan-hiranandani-biography-summary | title=Niranjan Hiranandani Biography Summary | publisher=Wattpad | date=2016 | access-date=7 April 2016}}</ref>

He died on 5 September 2013, succumbing to age-related illnesses at the age of 96, survived by his wife and the two younger sons;<ref name="Dr LH Hiranandani: A life well lived" /> Navin Hiranandani having preceded him in death.<ref name="Lakhumal Hiranand Hiranandani">{{cite web | url=http://www.vitalstim.co.uk/success_pop_hiranandani.php | title=Lakhumal Hiranand Hiranandani | publisher=Vitalstim | date=2016 | access-date=7 April 2016 | archive-date=9 August 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809222838/http://vitalstim.co.uk/success_pop_hiranandani.php | url-status=dead }}</ref> The story of his life has been documented in the book, ''Dr. L H Hiranandani - Born To Heal'', written by Subhadra Anand.<ref name="Dr. L H Hiranandani Born To Heal">{{cite web | url=http://www.booksatbahri.com/productdetails.aspx?id=50181&colid= | title=Dr. L H Hiranandani Born To Heal | publisher=Bahri and Sons | date=2016 | access-date=7 April 2016}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Hiranandani was credited with several achievements in interventional medical treatment and medical administration.<ref name="Lakhumal Hiranand Hiranandani Bio">{{cite web | url=http://www.in.com/lakhumal-hiranand-hiranandani/biography-167981.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407040754/http://www.in.com/lakhumal-hiranand-hiranandani/biography-167981.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=2016-04-07 | title=Lakhumal Hiranand Hiranandani Bio | publisher=In.com | date=2016 | access-date=7 April 2016}}</ref> He pioneered many new surgical methods in [[otorhynolaryngology]], which collectively came to be known as ''Dr Hiranandani's Operations''. He initiated a treatment protocol for throat cancer, an initiative which was considered outside the purview of an ENT surgeon till then, which, reportedly, integrated head and neck surgeries with ENT.<ref name="Works, Achievements and Accolades" /><ref name="Lakhumal Hiranand Hiranandani Bio" /> At BYL Nair Charitable Hospital, he established an ENT department incorporating head and neck surgeries, reported to be the first time in India an ENT department included head and neck surgical treatment also in its treatment range.<ref name="Well known Personalities living in Powai" /> The department was later named as ''Dr. Hiranandani's Department of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck''.<ref name="Our chairman" /> He also established the ''Post Graduate ENT Hospital'', ''Speech and Audiology School'' and ''Vestibular Research Unit'' at BYL Hospital.<ref name="A Tribute">{{cite web | url=http://nebaoi.org/Journal%20part/Tribute.pdf | title=A Tribute | publisher=North Eastern Branch of the Association of Otolaryngologists of India | date=2016 | access-date=7 April 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424052947/http://nebaoi.org/Journal%20part/Tribute.pdf | archive-date=24 April 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He served as a member of the Advisory Committee of the Government of India for setting up medical colleges in the private sector and it was during his tenure at the committee that 14 medical colleges were established in [[Maharashtra]] and the retirement age of the medical academics of the state was raised from 58 to 65.<ref name="Works, Achievements and Accolades" />

Hiranandani was a member of the ''American Society of Head and Neck Surgery'', the first Indian to be accorded a membership at AHNS.<ref name="Well known Personalities living in Powai" /> He was the author of several articles<ref name="BluestoneKlein2007">{{cite book|author1=Charles D. Bluestone|author2=Jerome O. Klein|title=Otitis Media in Infants and Children|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PyHtINF1OrYC&pg=PA423|year=2007|publisher=PMPH-USA|isbn=978-1-55009-335-3|pages=423–}}</ref><ref name="Diagnosis, Natural History, and Late Effects of Otitis Media with Effusion">{{cite journal | url=http://archive.ahrq.gov/downloads/pub/evidence/pdf/otdiag/otdiagapp.pdf | title=Diagnosis, Natural History, and Late Effects of Otitis Media with Effusion |vauthors=Shekelle P, Takata G, Chan L | journal=Evidence Report/Technology Assessment | issue=55 | pages=1–5 | date=May 2003| pmid=12945555 | pmc=4781261 | doi=10.1037/e439822005-001 }}</ref><ref name="The middle ear mucosa in chronic suppurative otitis media">{{cite journal | url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02994373| title=The middle ear mucosa in chronic suppurative otitis media |author1=D. S. Grewal |author2=N. L. Hiranandani |author3=A. G. Pusalkar | journal=Indian J Otolaryngol | date=June 1982 | volume=34 | issue=2 | pages=1–5 | doi=10.1007/BF02994373| url-access=subscription }}</ref> and two books, ''Histopathological Study of Middle Ear Cleft and its Clinical Applications'' and ''Head and Neck Cancer''.<ref name="A Tribute" /> He was one among the group of ENT surgeons who founded the ''Association of Otolaryngologists of India'' (AOI) and served as its president during which time AOI opened the ''AOI Research and Education Foundation''.<ref name="A Tribute" /> He was instrumental in the creation of 15 research endowments spread across several Indian universities, each valued at {{INR}}100,000 each and personally contributed {{INR}}300,000 towards the corpus fund for the endowments.<ref name="Association Of Otolaryngologists Of India profile" /> His efforts were also reported in the establishment of 20 orations and many awards and prizes for recognising excellence in otorhynolaryngology.<ref name="Well known Personalities living in Powai" /> Besides, he served as an adviser of the [[Union Public Service Commission]] and [[Maharashtra Public Service Commission]].<ref name="Well known Personalities living in Powai" /> After being nominated as the nominee of the Maharashtra state government at the [[Medical Council of India]], he served as the member of its National Board and a member of the executive council from 1990 to 1995. He was also a member of the governing council of the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] (ICMR).<ref name="Association Of Otolaryngologists Of India profile" />

In 1972, when a drought hit Mumbai, Hiranandani abandoned his medical practice to organise medical aid and immunisation camps for the drought-affected people, serving as the Honorary Medical Director.<ref name="Well known Personalities living in Powai" /> The next year, he worked in Bihar and Odisha which were affected by floods and in the aftermath of the [[Bombay riots]] of 1993, he worked for organising medical aid to the injured.<ref name="Our chairman" /> He founded ''Hiranandani Foundation Trust'', and opened the first school under the trust, ''Hiranandani Foundation School'', Powai in 1990, followed by another one at Thane, ''HFS International'', in 1999.<ref name="Well known Personalities living in Powai" /> It is reported that he bequeathed his savings of {{INR}}25 million to the foundation. He also served as a member of the executive committee of the [[University of Mumbai]], when he was appointed to the post in 1991.<ref name="Well known Personalities living in Powai" /> It was in the 1990s, he led a campaign against [[organ trade]] which was known to have assisted in the passing of ''The Transplantation of Human Organs Act, 1994'' which proposed guidelines on organ donation and imposed strict restrictions on [[organ trade]].<ref name="Our chairman" />

==Awards and honours ==
Hiranandani was a member of the ''American Society of Head and Neck Surgery'', the first Indian to be inducted into the society.<ref name="Renowned ENT surgeon Dr L H Hiranandani dies" /> When he was selected for the ''Golden Award'' of the [[American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery]], he became the first Indian and the fifth person to receive the award.<ref name="Our chairman" />

The [[Government of India]] included him the [[Indian honours system|Republic Day Honours]] list for the third highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1972.<ref name="Padma Awards" />

He received the ''Danvanthari Award'' of the ''Dhanvantari Medical Foundation'' in 1988, the first time the award was given to an ENT surgeon.<ref name="Dr LH Hiranandani: A life well lived" />

He was also a recipient of the ''[[SAARC]] Millenium Award'', which he received in 2001.<ref name="DhingraDhingra2014">{{cite book|author1=P. L. Dhingra|author2=Shruti Dhingra|title=Diseases of Ear, Nose and Throat & Head and Neck Surgery|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ByMBgAAQBAJ&pg=PR6|year=2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-81-312-3693-2|pages=6–}}</ref>

A year before his death, he received the ''Lifetime Achievement Award in Healthcare'' from the [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry]] (FICCI) in 2012.<ref name="Padmabhushan Dr. L H Hiranandani receives Lifetime Achievement Award in Healthcare by FICCI">{{cite web | url=http://www.free-press-release.com/news-padmabhushan-dr-l-h-hiranandani-receives-lifetime-achievement-award-in-healthcare-by-ficci-1346314190.html | title=Padmabhushan Dr. L H Hiranandani receives Lifetime Achievement Award in Healthcare by FICCI | publisher=Free Press | date=29 August 2012 | access-date=9 April 2016}}</ref>

Apart from ''Dr. Hiranandani's Department of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck'' at the BYL Nair Charitable Hospital, another institution, [[Dr. L. H. Hiranandani College of Pharmacy]], an institution located in [[Ulhasnagar]], Mumbai, is also named after Hirnanadani.<ref name="DLHHCOP">{{cite web | url=http://www.dlhhcop.org/ | title=DLHHCOP | publisher=DLHHCOP | date=2016 | access-date=9 April 2016}}</ref>

''Dr L H Hiranandani Hospital'' is a 240-bedded multi-specialty hospital built by his sons, in honour of their father.<ref name="Padmabhushan Dr. L H Hiranandani receives Lifetime Achievement Award in Healthcare by FICCI" />

== See also ==
* [[Hiranandani Foundation Schools]]

{{Portal|India|Medicine}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|author=Leslie Morgan Steiner|title=The Baby Chase: How Surrogacy Is Transforming the American Family|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZoPAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA137|date=5 November 2013|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-1-4668-3468-2|pages=137–}}
* {{cite book|author=Subhadra Anand|title=Dr. L H Hiranandani: Born to Heal|date=1 January 2004|publisher=Rupa & Company|isbn=978-81-291-0580-6}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hiranandani, Lakhumal Hiranand}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in medicine]]
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Thatta District]]
[[Category:Indian otolaryngologists]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Indian medical administrators]]
[[Category:King Edward Medical University alumni]]
[[Category:Medical Council of India]]
[[Category:Indian Council of Medical Research]]
[[Category:Indian Sindhi people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Hiranandani family]]
[[Category:Sindhi businesspeople]]

Kutumba Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:29:41Z

ChanteKates: creating a data!

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date = March 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kutumba
| type = SLA
| reservation = SC
| map_image = 222-Kutumba constituency.svg
| constituency_no = 222
| mla = [[Lalan Ram|Lalan Singh]]
| party = {{Party index link|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad]]
| established = 2008
| loksabha_cons = [[Aurangabad (Bihar Lok Sabha constituency)|Aurangabad]]
}}
'''Kutumba''' is an assembly constituency for [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] in [[Aurangabad district, Bihar]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> It comes under [[Aurangabad (Bihar Lok Sabha constituency)]],<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web|url=https://aurangabad.bih.nic.in/election/|title=ELECTION {{!}} Welcome to Aurangabad Bihar {{!}} India|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref><ref name="election2020-1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/polling-booths/kutumba.html|title=Polling Booths in Kutumba Assembly Constituency, Bihar|website=www.elections.in|access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref> along with other assembly constituencies viz Rafiganj, Aurangabad, Gurua, Imamganj and Tikari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/bihar/kutumba-sc.html|title=List of Winning MLA's from kutumba|website=www.mapsofindia.com}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|colspan="4"|{{center|''Until 2008: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
| [[Lalan Ram]]<ref name=election2010>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3903-bihar-2010/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2010 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y}}
|-
| [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]<ref name=election2015>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|rowspan="2" | [[Rajesh Kumar (born 1969)|Rajesh Kumar]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]<ref name=election2020/>
|-
| [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Lalan Ram]]
| {{Full party name with color|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Kutumba<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Kutumba">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Kutumba |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04222.htm |access-date=28 November 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251128170812/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04222.htm |archive-date=28 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Hindustani Awam Morcha
|candidate = Lalan Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:84727}}
|percentage = 48.79
|change = {{increase}}24.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Rajesh Kumar (born 1969)|Rajesh Kumar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:63202}}
|percentage = 36.4
|change = {{decrease}}0.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Shyam Bali Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:6065}}
|percentage = 3.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
|candidate = Ram Janam Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:6022}}
|percentage = 3.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Viramanu Kumar Bhushan
|votes = {{formatnum:2578}}
|percentage = 1.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Prakash Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2549}}
|percentage = 1.47
|change = {{decrease}}1.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2614}}
|percentage = 1.51
|change = {{decrease}}0.35
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:21525}}
|percentage = 12.39
|change = {{increase}}0.39
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:173644}}
|percentage = 63.69
|change = {{increase}}11.69
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Hindustani Awam Morcha
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Kutumba<ref name=election2020 name="election2020-2">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Rajesh Kumar (born 1969)|Rajesh Kumar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:50822}}
|percentage = 36.61
|change = -6.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Hindustani Awam Morcha
|candidate = Sharwan Bhuiya
|votes = {{formatnum:34169}}
|percentage = 24.61
|change = -9.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Lalan Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:20433}}
|percentage = 14.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Sarun Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:11800}}
|percentage = 8.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Krishna Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:3997}}
|percentage = 2.88
|change = -0.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sateyendra Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:2863}}
|percentage = 2.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Harikrishna Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:2304}}
|percentage = 1.66
|change = +0.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vikesh Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:2134}}
|percentage = 1.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ranjeet Sagar
|votes = {{formatnum:1796}}
|percentage = 1.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Anil Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1682}}
|percentage = 1.21
|change = -1.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bhartiya Sarvodaya Party
|candidate = Vikash Kumar Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:1289}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2586}}
|percentage = 1.86
|change = -1.94
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:16653}}
|percentage = 12.0
|change = +3.59
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:138825}}
|percentage = 52.0
|change = +2.63
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Kutumba<ref name="election2015"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Rajesh Kumar (born 1969)|Rajesh Kumar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:51303}}
|percentage = 42.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Hindustani Awam Morcha
|candidate = Santosh Kumar Suman
|votes = {{formatnum:41205}}
|percentage = 34.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Suresh Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:6640}}
|percentage = 5.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Soni Lal Raman
|votes = {{formatnum:4620}}
|percentage = 3.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Sudeshwar Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:3475}}
|percentage = 2.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Munarik Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:1675}}
|percentage = 1.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Sheo Kumar Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:1669}}
|percentage = 1.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = Ganesh Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:1490}}
|percentage = 1.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Loktantrik Sarvjan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ranjeet Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1237}}
|percentage = 1.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:1193}}
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4556}}
|percentage = 3.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:10098}}
|percentage = 8.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:120039}}
|percentage = 49.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{coord|24.62|84.23|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Bihar}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Aurangabad district, Bihar]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Ministry of Animal Husbandry (Maharashtra)

2026-04-19T16:19:24Z

ChanteKates: details - done

{{Short description|Government agency in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox government agency
| native_name_a =
| type = Department
| name = Ministry of Animal Husbandry Department
 [[Government of Maharashtra]]
|native_name = '''मंत्रालय पशुसंवर्धन विभाग, महाराष्ट्र शासन '''
| seal = Seal of Maharashtra.svg
| seal_width = 200
| seal_caption = [[Emblem of Maharashtra|Seal of the state of Maharashtra]]
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| picture =
| picture_caption =
| jurisdiction = {{flagicon|India}} [[Maharashtra]]
| headquarters = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai|Mantralay]], [[Mumbai]]
| minister1_name = '''[[Pankaja Munde]]'''
| minister1_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]]
| deputyminister1_name = '''Vacant, TBD'''
since 29 June 2022
| deputyminister1_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Minister of State]]
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website = {{URL|https://ahd.maharashtra.gov.in/}}
| logo =
| formed =
| employees =
| budget =
| chief1_name = '''Anoop Kumar''', [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| chief1_position = Secretary
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
}}

The '''Ministry of Department of Animal Husbandry''' is a department of [[Government of Maharashtra]] to regulate [[Animal husbandry in India|animal husbandry]] in [[Maharashtra]].

The department is headed by the cabinet level minister. The Minister of State assists cabinet minister. '''[[Pankaja Munde]]''' is current Minister for Husbandry.

==Head office==
{{Infobox political post
| insignia = Seal of Maharashtra (1).svg
| insigniasize = 150px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of India]]
| department = '''Ministry of Animal Husbandry (Maharashtra)'''
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| post = {{big|Minister of Animal Husbandry}} '''मंत्री पशुसंवर्धन विभाग'''
|image=[[File:Pankaja Munde.jpg|100px]]
| incumbent = [[Pankaja Munde]]
| member_of = State Cabinet
| reports_to = '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]''', 
'''[[Maharashtra Legislature]]'''
| seat = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]
| appointer = '''[[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]]''' on the advice of the '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]'''
| termlength = 5 years
| inaugural =
*'''[[Balasaheb Desai]]'''
(1960-1962)
| precursor =
* '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]'''
(2024- 2024)
| deputy =
* '''Vacant, TBD'''
since 29 June 2022
| formation = 1 May 1960
| body =
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| flagborder = yes
| website =
| abbreviation = Cabinet Minister
| incumbentsince = 21 December 2024
}}

==Cabinet Ministers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Animal Husbandry Department
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant|Parashuram Krishnaji Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 May}} 1960
|{{small|07 March}} 1962
!{{ayd|1960|05|01|1962|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)|'''Yashwantrao I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Balasaheb Desai]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Patan, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Patan Constituency No. 261]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 March}} 1962
|{{small|19 November}} 1962
!{{ayd|1962|03|08|1962|11|19}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry|'''Yashwantrao II''']]
|-
|03
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Keshavraoji_Sonawane.png|75px]]
|'''[[Keshavrao Sonawane]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|20 November}} 1962
|{{small|24 November}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|20|1963|11|24}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Kannamwar ministry|'''Kannamwar l''']]
|[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
|-
|04
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant|Parashuram Krishnaji Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Interim Chief Minister)
|{{small|25 November}} 1962
|{{small|04 December}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|25|1962|12|04}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[P. K. Sawant ministry|'''Sawant''']]
|[[P. K. Sawant|Parashuram Krishnaji Sawant]]
|-
|05
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Narendra Mahipati Tidke''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|05 December}} 1963
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
!{{ayd|1963|12|05|1967|03|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao I''']]
|rowspan="6" |[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]] [[Vasantrao Naik]]
|-
|06
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Gopalrao Bajirao Khedkar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Akot Assembly constituency|Akot Constituency No. 28]]- [[Akola District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
!{{ayd|1967|03|01|1969|10|27}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao II''']]
|-
|07
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Narendra Mahipati Tidke''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
!{{ayd|1969|10|27|1972|03|13}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|08
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
!{{ayd|1972|03|13|1973|04|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao III''']]
|-
|09
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''M. B. Popat''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Dhobitalao Constituency No. 160]]- [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
!{{ayd|1973|04|04|1974|03|17}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|10
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Yashwantrao Mohite]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Karad South Assembly constituency|Karad South Constituency No. 260]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
!{{ayd|1974|03|17|1975|02|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|11
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Shankarrao Bajirao Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Indapur Assembly constituency|Indapur Constituency No. 220]]- [[Pune District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
|{{small|16 April}} 1977
!{{ayd|1975|02|21|1977|04|16}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao I''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|12
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantdada Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli Constituency No. 282]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|17 April }} 1977
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
!{{ayd|1977|04|17|1979|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#88CEEB"|[[First Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|13
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
!{{ayd|1978|03|07|1978|07|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="#A3A3FF"|[[Second Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada II''']]
|-
|14
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}"|
|
|'''Narayan Dnyandev Patil''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Kolhapur Constituency No. 273]]- [[Kolhapur District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
|{{small|17 February}} 1980
!{{ayd|1978|07|18|1980|02|17}}
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#66FF66"| [[First Pawar ministry|'''Pawar I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|15
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nilanga Assembly constituency|Nilanga Constituency No. 238]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 June}} 1980
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
!{{ayd|1980|06|09|1982|01|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Antulay ministry|'''Antulay''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]
|-
|16
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Baliram Waman Hiray''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Malegaon Outer Assembly constituency|Dabhadi Constituency No. 74]]- [[Nashik District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
|{{small|02 February}} 1983
!{{ayd|1982|01|21|1983|02|02}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Bhosale ministry|'''Bhosale''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|75px]] [[Babasaheb Bhosale]]
|-
|17
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 February}} 1983
|{{small|05 March}} 1985
!{{ayd|1983|02|07|1985|03|05}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|18
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantdada Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli Constituency No. 282]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|12 March}} 1985
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
!{{ayd|1985|03|12|1985|06|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada IV''']]
|-
|19
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Anantrao Thopte''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhor Assembly constituency|Bhor Constituency No. 203]]- [[Pune District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
!{{ayd|1985|06|03|1986|03|12}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Nilangekar ministry|'''Nilangekar''']]
|rowspan="1"|[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]
|-
|20
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Bhagwantrao Gaikwad''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Kalameshwar Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
!{{ayd|1986|03|12|1988|06|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1"bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao II''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|21
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Datta Meghe]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 15 - [[Wardha District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
!{{ayd|1988|06|26|1990|03|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Pawar ministry|'''Pawar II''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|22
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
|{{small|25 January}} 1991
!{{ayd|1990|03|03|1991|01|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Pawar ministry|'''Pawar III''']]
|-
|23
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Anantrao Thopte''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhor Assembly constituency|Bhor Constituency No. 203]]- [[Pune District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|25 January}} 1991
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
!{{ayd|1991|01|25|1991|06|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|24
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Vilasrao Balkrishna Patil Undhalkar''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Karad South Assembly constituency|Karad South Constituency No. 260]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
|{{small|30 December}} 1991
!{{ayd|1991|06|25|1991|12|30}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sudhakarrao Naik ministry|'''Sudhakarrao''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
|-
|25
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Madhukarrao Pichad''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Akole Constituency No. 213]]- [[Ahmednagar District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|06 March}} 1993
|{{small|18 November}} 1994
!{{ayd|1993|03|06|1994|11|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Pawar ministry|'''Pawar IV''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|26
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Narayan Rane]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kudal Assembly constituency|Malvan Constituency No. 269]]- [[Sindhudurg District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
!{{ayd|1995|03|14|1999|02|01}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Manohar Joshi ministry|'''Joshi''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[File:Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Manohar Joshi]]
|-
|27
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shirdi Assembly constituency|Shirdi Constituency No. 218]]- [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|02|01|1999|05|11}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Narayan Rane ministry|'''Rane''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Narayan Rane]]
|-
|28
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Narayan Rane]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kudal Assembly constituency|Malvan Constituency No. 269]]- [[Sindhudurg District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
|{{small|17 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|05|11|1999|10|17}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|-
|29
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|19 October}} 1999
|{{small|27 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|10|19|1999|10|27}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|30
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''Anand Devkate''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Solapur South Assembly constituency|Solapur South Constituency No. 251]]- [[Solapur District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|27 October}} 1999
|{{small|16 January}} 2003
!{{ayd|1999|10|27|2003|01|16}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|31
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''Anand Devkate''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Solapur South Assembly constituency|Solapur South Constituency No. 251]]- [[Solapur District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 January}} 2003
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2003|01|11|2004|11|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sushilkumar Shinde ministry|'''Sushilkumar''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|-
|32
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2004|11|01|2004|11|09}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|33
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''Anees Ahmed''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur Central Assembly constituency|Nagpur Central Constituency No. 55]]- [[Nagpur District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
|{{small|01 December}} 2008
!{{ayd|2004|11|09|2008|12|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|34
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Ravisheth Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pen Assembly constituency|Pen Constituency No. 191]]- [[Raigad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 December}} 2008
|{{small|06 November}} 2009
!{{ayd|2008|12|08|2009|11|06}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok I''']]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]] [[Ashok Chavan]]
|-
|35
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Nitin Raut.jpeg|75px]]
| '''[[Nitin Raut]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur North Assembly constituency|Nagpur North Constituency No. 57]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 November}} 2009
|{{small|10 November}} 2010
!{{ayd|2009|11|07|2010|11|10}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1"bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok II''']]
|-
|36
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Madhukarrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Tuljapur Assembly constituency|Tuljapur Constituency No. 241]] - [[Dharashiv district|Dharashiv District]] Also Previously Known [[Osmanabad District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 November}} 2010
|{{small|07 June}} 2014
!{{ayd|2010|11|11|2014|07|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Prithviraj Chavan ministry|'''Prithviraj''']]
|rowspan="2"| [[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|80px]] [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|-
|37
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Abdul Sattar (Maharashtra politician)|Abdul Sattar Abdul Nabi]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sillod Assembly constituency|Sillod Constituency No. 104]]- [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar District]] Also Previously Known [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 June}} 2014
|{{small|26 September}} 2014
!{{ayd|2014|07|07|2014|09|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|38
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Eknath Khadse]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Muktainagar Assembly constituency|Muktainagar Constituency No. 20]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|31 October}} 2014
|{{small|04 June}} 2016
!{{ayd|2014|10|31|2016|06|04}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[First Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis I''']]
|rowspan="4" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|39
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Pankja Gopinath Munde.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Pankaja Munde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Parli Assembly constituency|Parli Constituency No. 233]]- [[Beed District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|04 June}} 2016
|{{small|08 July}} 2016
!{{ayd|2016|06|04|2016|07|08}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|40
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}}"|
|
| '''[[Mahadev Jankar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 30 - [[Parbhani District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 July}} 2016
|{{small|12 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2016|07|08|2019|11|12}}
|[[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha]]
|-
|41
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|-
|42
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Balasaheb Thorat]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangamner Assembly constituency|Sangamner Constituency No. 217]]- [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|28|2019|12|30}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|43
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Sunil Kedar.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Sunil Chhatrapal Kedar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|44
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2022|08|14}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|45
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shirdi Assembly constituency|Shirdi Constituency No. 218]]- [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|07|14|2024|11|26}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|46
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|05 December}} 2024
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
!{{ayd|2024|12|05|2024|12|21}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|47
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Pankaja Munde.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Pankaja Munde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 01 - [[Beed District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|}

==Ministers of State ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Deputy Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Minister
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of Animal Husbandry
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant'''''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Dattatray Bharane.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Dattatray Vithoba Bharne]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Indapur Assembly constituency|Indapur Constituency No. 200]]- [[Pune District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
| [[Sunil Chhatrapal Kedar]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant '''''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024'
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2024|11|26}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|
*[[Eknath Shinde]] (2022 - 2022)
*[[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]] (2022 – 2024)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
!colspan="04"| ''''' Vacant'''''
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
| rowspan="1"|[[Pankaja Munde]] (2024 – Present)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-

|}

==List of principal secretary==

{{Empty section|date=July 2022}}

==Animal husbandry in Maharashtra==
Many [[farmers]] in Maharashtra depend on [[animal husbandry]] for their livelihood. In addition to supplying [[milk]], [[meat]], [[Egg (food)|eggs]], wool, their castings (dung) and [[Hide (skin)|hides]], [[animal]]s, mainly [[Cattle|bullocks]], are the major source of power for both farmers and drayers. Thus, animal husbandry plays an important role in the rural economy. The national gross value of output from this sector was 8,123 billion Rupees in FY 2015–16.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Basic Animal Husbandry and Fisheries Statistics 2017|url=https://dahd.nic.in/sites/default/filess/Basic%20Animal%20Husbandry%20and%20Fisheries%20Statistics%202017%20%28English%20version%29_5.pdf}}</ref>

==Organisational structure==
Department is further divided into following sub-departments for ease of administration.<ref name="about">{{Cite web|title=About us|url=https://ahd.maharashtra.gov.in/about-the-department|url-status=live|newspaper=Department of Animal Husbandry, Government of Maharashtra, India|date=12 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709221622/https://ahd.maharashtra.gov.in/about-the-department |archive-date=2021-07-09 |author1=Admin }}</ref>
* Maharashtra Veterinary State Council, Nagpur<ref>{{Cite web|title=महाराष्ट्र राज्य पशुवैद्यक परिषद, नागपूर, भारत|url=https://msvc.maharashtra.gov.in/1035/Home|access-date=2021-07-09|website=msvc.maharashtra.gov.in}}</ref>
* Maharashtra Livestock Development Board Akola<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maharashtra Livestock Development Board|url=https://mldb.maharashtra.gov.in/mldb_contact_us.asp|access-date=2021-07-09|website=mldb.maharashtra.gov.in}}</ref>
* Sheep & Goat Development Corporation, Pune

===Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University===
Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University is an agriculture [[state university (India)|state university]] headquartered from [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]], India. It was established under ''The Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University Act, 1998''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University Act, 1998 |url=http://www.bareactslive.com/MAH/MH015.HTM |website=www.bareactslive.com |access-date=8 February 2021}}</ref> It was officially established on 3 December 2000 by carving seven colleges out of the other four state agriculture universities in Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maharashtra Animal & Fishery Sciences University|url=http://www.mafsu.in/About_Us.aspx|access-date=2021-02-03|website=www.mafsu.in}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Ministry of General Administration (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Information and Public Relations (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Information Technology (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Law and Judiciary Government of Maharashtra|Ministry of Law and Judiciary (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Home Affairs Government of Maharashtra|Ministry of Home Affairs (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Public Works (Excluding Public Undertakings) (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Public Works (Including Public Undertakings) (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Finance (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Planning (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Revenue (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of State Excise (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Special Assistance (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Social Justice (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Forests Department of Maharashtra|Ministry of Forests Department (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Environment and Climate Change (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Energy, New and Renewable Energy Maharashtra|Ministry of Energy (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Water Resources (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Command Area Development (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Public Health (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Housing (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Urban Development (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Rural Development Government of Maharashtra|Ministry of Rural Development (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Labour (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Co-operation (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Marketing (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Transport (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Industries (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Mining Department (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Textiles (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Protocol (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Tourism (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Cultural Affairs (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Marathi Language|Ministry of Marathi Language (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Water Supply (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Soil and Water Conservation (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs Government of Maharashtra|Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Sanitation (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Woman and Child Development Government of Maharashtra|Ministry of Woman and Child Development (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of School Education (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Medical Education (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Higher and Technical Education (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Sports and Youth Welfare (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Ex. Servicemen Welfare (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Agriculture (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer Protection (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Food and Drug Administration (Maharashtra)]]
*Ministry of Animal Husbandry Department (Maharashtra)
*[[Ministry of Dairy Development (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Horticulture (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Fisheries Department (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Ports Development (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Disaster Management (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Relief & Rehabilitation (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Khar Land Development (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Earthquake Rehabilitation (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Employment Guarantee (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Minority Development and Aukaf (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Majority Welfare Development (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Tribal Development (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Vimukta Jati (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Nomadic Tribes (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Other Backward Classes (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Other Backward Bahujan Welfare (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Special Backward Classes Welfare (Maharashtra)]]
*[[Ministry of Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (Maharashtra)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|https://ahd.maharashtra.gov.in/}}


{{Portal bar|Animals|India|Politics}}

[[Category:1960 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government ministries of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Subnational livestock ministries|Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Animal husbandry in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1960]]

Kadayam Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:52:01Z

ChanteKates: creating data!

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kadayam
| type = SLA
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| map_image =
| established = 1957
| district = [[Tenkasi district|Tenkasi]]
| loksabha_cons =
| electors= 93,773
| reservation = None
| abolished= 1962
}}
'''Kadayam''' was former [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in [[Tenkasi district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It exists from 1957 to 1962.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]||[[A. B. Balagan]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]||[[D. S. Athimoolam]]|| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|67.75}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|56.34}}
}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kadayam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. B. Balagan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=46,160 |percentage=67.75% |change=27.74% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. V. Ananthakrishnan |party=Communist Party of India |votes=13,821 |percentage=20.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. J. Thomas |party=Swatantra Party |votes=8,154 |percentage=11.97% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=32,339 |percentage=47.46% |change=31.13% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=68,135 |percentage=75.11% |change= 9.12% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,773 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 11.41% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kadayam<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[D. S. Athimoolam]] |party=Independent politician |votes=33,097 |percentage=56.34% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Balagan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,503 |percentage=40.01% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Thirumalai |party=Independent politician |votes=2,147 |percentage=3.65% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,594 |percentage=16.33% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=58,747 |percentage=65.99% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,030 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coords|8.82|77.37|display=title}}

[[Category:Tenkasi district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 disestablishments in India]]

{{TamilNadu-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

Pandaul Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T14:07:40Z

ChanteKates: made new info...

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Pandaul
| type= SLA
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Madhubani district|Madhubani]]
|loksabha_cons = [[Jhanjharpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jhanjharpur]]
|established = 1977
|abolished = 2010
}}
'''Pandaul''' was a [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Madhubani district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. It was reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]]. The constituency was a part of [[Jhanjharpur Lok Sabha constituency]].
<ref name="commission">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

== Members of Vidhan Sabha ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar Elections and Results 2015 - Latest News and Updates |url=http://www.elections.in/bihar |access-date=2016-06-12 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |''1952-77: Constituency did not exist''
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Siya Ram Yadav
| style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="3" |Kumud Ranjan Jha
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan="3" |Naiyar Azam
|style="background-color:{{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|[[Vinod Narayan Jha]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''2010 onwards: Constituency does not exist''}}
|}
<ref>{{cite web |title=79 - Pandaul Assembly Constituency |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp79.htm |access-date=2011-01-10 |work=Partywise Comparison Since 1977 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Darbhanga Division topics}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhubani district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2010]]
[[Category:2010 disestablishments in India]]
{{coord|26|14|55|N|86|05|57|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=inline,title}}

Khurda Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:27:55Z

ChanteKates: creating new article!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Khurda}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Khurda
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 117
| type = SLA
| map_image = 117-Khurda.svg
| map_caption = Khurda Assembly constituency in [[Khordha district]]
| map_alt =
| division = Central Division
| district = [[Khordha district|Khordha]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bhubaneswar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhubaneswar]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Prasanta Kumar Jagadev]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,50,080{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Khurda''' (Sl. No.: 117) is a [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Khordha district]], [[Odisha]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=117|archive-url= https://archive.today/20140422071340/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=117|url-status= usurped|archive-date= 22 April 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009|work= empoweringindia.org|quote= Constituency: Khurda (117) District: Khordha|accessdate= 22 April 2014}}</ref>

This constituency includes Khordha Municipality, Tangi N.A.C, Tangi block and 14 [[Gram panchayat]]s (Palatotapada, Bajapur, Nijigarhtapanga, Kanpur, Dhaulimuhan, Brajamohanpur, Naranagarh, Godipada, Jankia, Golabaisasan, Orabarasingh, Kuradhamalla, Bangida and Kaipadar) of Khurda block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp59.htm|title= 59 - Khurda Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 22 April 2014}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|46.08}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|48.88}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|45.62}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Independent}}|28.85}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|49.70}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Independent}}|34.84}}
{{bar percent|1998 (bypoll)|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|52.42}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|45.60}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|65.37}}
{{bar percent|1985 (bypoll)|{{party color|Independent}}|50.38}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|67.62}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|48.76}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|35.50}}
}}

Since its formation in 1951, 19 elections were have been held, including 2 bypolls in 1985 and 1998.<ref>{{cite web|title=BY-ELECTIONS OF ODISHA LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/449-450.pdf |accessdate=23 March 2014 }}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

List of members elected from Khurda constituency are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=List of members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |accessdate=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archivedate=2013-12-17 }}</ref><ref name=Candidate>{{cite web|title= Khurda Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/khurda.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 22 April 2014}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name="d318" />
|[[Prasanta Kumar Jagadev]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |url-access=limited |access-date=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|[[Jyotirindra Nath Mitra]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name="Candidate" />
| rowspan="2" |[[Rajendra Kumar Sahoo]]
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":0" />
|{{full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Jyotirindra Nath Mitra]]
|{{full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|{{full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|1998 (bypoll){{efn|Resignation of Prasanna Kumar Patasani on his election to Lok Sabha}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Bye Election: Khurda 1998 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/421 |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|Dillip Srichandan
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Prasanna Kumar Patasani]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|1985 (bypoll){{efn|Resignation of Janaki Ballabh Patnaik}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Bye Election: Khurda 1985 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/1314 |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|{{full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|[[Prasanna Kumar Patasani]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Sudarsan Mohanty
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| rowspan="2" |Benudhar Baliarsingh
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Orissa Jana Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Raja Birkishore Dev
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|Banamali Patnaik
|-
|[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Prananath Pattnaik
|{{full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Madhab Chandra Rautray
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 25th May 2024 in 3rd phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 6th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4th June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref><ref name="d318">{{cite web | title=Khurda Assembly Election Results 2024: Khurda Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share | website=India Today | date=2019-09-12 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/khurda-constituency-result-18117 | access-date=2024-12-31}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Prasanta Kumar Jagadev]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Rajendra Kumar Sahoo]] by a margin of 8,598 votes.<ref name="d318" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Khurda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Prasanta Kumar Jagadev]]
|votes = 80,564
|percentage = 44.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Rajendra Kumar Sahoo]]
|votes = 71,966
|percentage = 39.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kalu Charan Khandeitaray
|votes = 19,284
|percentage = 10.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sonali Sahoo
|votes = 3,435
|percentage = 1.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,233
|percentage = 0.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 8,598
|percentage = 4.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,81,850
|percentage = 72.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Jyotirindra Nath Mitra]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Kalucharan Khandeitaray by a margin of 10,043 votes.<ref name="election2019" />

{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Khurda<ref name="TP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-III) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase3/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%283rd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf|website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=21 April 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Jyotirindra Nath Mitra]]
|votes = 84,553
|percentage = 48.88
|change = {{increase}}3.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kalucharan Khandeitaray
|votes = 74,510
|percentage = 43.07
|change = {{increase}}1.61
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jitendra Pradhan
|votes = 6,467
|percentage = 3.74
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Swagatika Pattanaik
|votes = 4,268
|percentage = 2.47
|change = {{decrease}}5.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,238
|percentage = 0.72
|change = {{up}}0.13
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 10,043
|percentage = 5.81
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,72,991
|percentage = 71.41
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Rajendra Kumar Sahoo]] defeated [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Jyotirindra Nath Mitra]] by a margin of 6,592 votes.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|accessdate=1 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=2014-08-18|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
| title=[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Khurda<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Khurda|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS18117.htm?ac=117|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=1 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014 Constituency: Khurda (117)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=117|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140601113911/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=117|url-status=usurped|archive-date=1 June 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=1 June 2014}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Rajendra Kumar Sahoo]]
|votes = 72,297
|percentage = 45.62
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Jyotirindra Nath Mitra]]
|votes = 65,388
|percentage = 41.46
|change = {{increase}}19.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dillip Srichandan
|votes = 12,202
|percentage = 7.70
|change = {{decrease}}2.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 932
|percentage = 0.59
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,597
|percentage = 4.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,58,478
|percentage = 74.16
|change = 12.98
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,13,691
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Independent
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Independent politician|Independent]] candidate [[Rajendra Kumar Sahoo]] defeated [[Independent politician|Independent]] candidate [[Jyotirindra Nath Mitra]] by a margin of 3,235 votes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=3235 |accessdate=16 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=2013-05-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Khurda<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = [[Rajendra Kumar Sahoo]]
|votes = 36,407
|percentage = 28.85
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Independent
|candidate = [[Jyotirindra Nath Mitra]]
|votes = 33,172
|percentage = 26.29
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dillip Srichandan
|votes = 27,197
|percentage = 21.55
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sk. Abdul Bari
|votes = 12,474
|percentage = 9.88
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Sivaji Patnaik]]
|votes = 11,181
|percentage = 8.86
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,235
|percentage = 2.56{{efn|% of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,26,208
|percentage = 61.18{{efn|2004 Voter turnout was 65.51%}}
|change = {{down}}3.53
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,06,289
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Independent
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Khordha district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coords|20.19|85.62|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Khordha district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

Murud Shrivardhan Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:24:55Z

ChanteKates: made - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Murud Shrivardhan
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 50,585
| mla = Dighe Bhaskar Narayan
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}
Murud Shrivardhan Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Dighe Bhaskar Narayan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Murud Shrivardhan <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dighe Bhaskar Narayan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,430 |percentage = 62.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Virkud Moreshwar Govind |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 5,976 |percentage = 21.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dalvi Madhukar Yeshwant |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 4,282 |percentage = 15.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,454 |percentage = 41.37% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 27,688 |percentage = 54.74% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 27,688}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,585 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]][[Constituencies established in 1951]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Kollidam, Mayiladuthurai

2026-04-06T05:50:37Z

ChanteKates: creating pg!

{{coord|11.33065|N|79.72036|E|display=title}}
{{Distinguish|Kollidam River|text=[[Kollidam River]] is the northern distributary of the Kaveri River}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kollidam
| other_name = Koḷḷiṭam
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Kollidam river.jpg
| image_caption = Kollidam river
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.33065|N|79.72036|E|display=inline}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 609102
| area_code = 91 4364
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = '''TN-82'''
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
}}

'''Kollidam''' (also spelled ''Koḷḷiṭam'' in Tamil), formerly known as '''Coleroon''' is a [[panchayat town]] and headquarters of the ''[[Kollidam block|Kollidam revenue block]]'' in the [[Mayiladuthurai district]], in the [[India|Indian]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The name derived from the settlement named after the [[Kollidam River]], the northern distributary of the river [[Kaveri|Cauvery]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Where is Kollidam, Tamil Nadu, India on Map Lat Long Coordinates |url=https://www.latlong.net/place/kollidam-tamil-nadu-india-18467.html |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=www.latlong.net}}</ref>

This place is on the border of the Mayiladuthurai district and [[Cuddalore district]]. The town is located 7km from the mouth of river [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=About District {{!}} Mayiladuthurai District, Government of Tamilnadu {{!}} India |url=https://mayiladuthurai.nic.in/about-district/ |access-date=2025-11-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>
== Etymology ==
The name Kollidam is derived from the [[Kollidam River]], which flows adjacent to the settlement. The town is understood to have developed near the river crossing and irrigation point, and was subsequently named after the watercourse.<ref name=":0" />

== Administration ==
Kollidam functions as a panchayat town within the Kollidam Block, an administrative division consisting of multiple village panchayats. It serves as the local center for revenue, rural development, and administrative services.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Way2News Tamil |url=https://tamil.way2news.com/25-new-town-panchayats/ |access-date=2025-11-16 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=தினமலர் |title=16 மாநகராட்சிகள், 41 நகராட்சிகள் விரிவாக்கம் புதிதாக 13 நகராட்சிகள், 25 பேரூராட்சி உருவாக்கம் |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-news/expansion-of-16-corporations-and-41-municipalities-creation-of-13-new-municipalities-and-25-town-panchayats-/3819929 |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=www.dinamalar.com |language=ta}}</ref>

== Geography ==
The panchayat town is located in the Cauvery delta region and agriculture is the main occupation. Kollidam is located at a distance of 235 km from [[Chennai]], and 31 km from [[Mayiladuthurai|Mayladuthurai]]. The language being spoken is [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. The nearest railway station is [[Kollidam railway station]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=The|first=Hindu|date=2025-01-06|title=Protest in Kollidam against merger of village panchayats to form town panchayat|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/protest-in-kollidam-against-merger-of-village-panchayats-to-form-town-panchayat/article69068641.ece|access-date=2025-11-16|work=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== References ==
<references />

== See also ==

* [[Kollidam railway station]]

== External links ==
{{Mayiladuthurai district}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in Mayiladuthurai district]]

Rising Star (Indian TV series)

2026-04-03T21:26:31Z

ChanteKates: made data

{{short description|Indian reality television show}}
{{About|Indian series|international franchise broadcast in a number of countries|Rising Star (franchise)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Rising Star India.jpg
| genre = [[Reality competition|Reality]] [[Talent show]]
| creator = [[Keshet Media Group]]
| based_on = Live singing
| developer = Screenz Cross Media LTD
| writer =
| director =
| creative_director =
| presenter = {{plainlist|
* [[Raghav Juyal]] {{small|(season 1)}}
* [[Meiyang Chang]] {{small|(season 1)}}
* [[Ravi Dubey]] {{small|(season 2)}}
* [[Aditya Narayan]] {{small|(season 3)}}
}}
| starring =
| judges = {{plainlist|
* [[Shankar Mahadevan]] {{small|(season 1—3)}}
* [[Monali Thakur]] {{small|(season 1—2)}}
* [[Diljit Dosanjh]] {{small|(season 1—3)}}
* [[Neeti Mohan]] {{small|(season 3)}}
}}
| theme_music_composer = Sylas McGriff
| opentheme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 73
| list_episodes =
| producer = Vipul D. Shah
| location = Film City, [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime =
| company = [[Keshet Broadcasting]] Optimystix Entertainment
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2017|02|04|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2019|06|08|df=y}}
| network =
| channel = [[Colors TV]]
}}

'''''Rising Star''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language version of the international franchise series ''[[Rising Star (franchise)|Rising Star]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2016/10/colors-will-bring-rising-stars-indian-version-in-early-2017/|title=Colors will bring Rising Star's Indian version in early 2017|publisher=Best Media Info|date=17 October 2016 |accessdate=18 October 2016}}</ref> a reality television singing competition. The show premiered on 4 February 2017 on [[Colors TV]]. Its third and final season ended on 8 June 2019.<ref name="Shankar Mahadevan to judge the Indian version of Rising Star">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/latest-hindi-movie-news-bollywood-movies-news-updates/bollywood/news/Shankar-Mahadevan-to-judge-the-Indian-version-of-Rising-Star/articleshow/54892565.cms|title=Shankar Mahadevan to judge the Indian version of Rising Star|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 October 2016|accessdate=18 October 2016}}</ref>

This is the first reality television show in India which involves live audience voting.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} Votes can be sent through Colors TV app (season 1) and [[Voot]] app.(season 2-3)

Playback singer and music director [[Shankar Mahadevan]], actor-singer [[Diljit Dosanjh]] and playback singer [[Monali Thakur]] formed the trio of experts. [[Monali Thakur|Monali]] was later replaced by [[Neeti Mohan]] in the third season of the show. This show marked Dosanjh's television debut.<ref name="Shankar Mahadevan to judge the Indian version of Rising Star" /><ref>{{cite magazine|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/rising-star-premieres-tonight-diljit-dosanjh-monali-thakur-shankar-mahadevan-lifetv-958959-2017-02-04|title=Rising Star, India's first LIVE singing reality show premieres tonight; full details inside|magazine=India Today|date=4 February 2017 |access-date=4 February 2017}}</ref>

==Hosts==
The first season of the show was hosted by singer-actor [[Meiyang Chang]] and dancer-choreographer [[Raghav Juyal]]. Television actor [[Ravi Dubey]] took over as host for the second season and was replaced by actor-singer [[Aditya Narayan]] in the third season.

==Format==
In contrast to other singing competition TV shows which feature a cast of celebrity judges, ''Rising Star'' features a cast of celebrity experts and considers the viewers at home the judges.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thewrap.com/abc-rising-star-judges-explain-why-this-singing-competition-will-be-different/|title=ABC's 'Rising Star' Judges Explain Why This Singing Competition Will Be Different|work=[[The Wrap]]|date=3 June 2014 |accessdate=10 June 2014}}</ref> During each performance, the audience at home is able to decide in real time whether or not a contestant is sent through to the next round by using a mobile voting app.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2014/tv/news/abc-rising-star-trailer-promo-you-are-the-judge-1201210296/|title=ABC's 'Rising Star' Trailer: You're the Judge of the New Singing Competition|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=3 June 2014 |accessdate=10 June 2014}}</ref>

While the viewers are considered the "judges", the expert panelists also may influence the vote, but with continuously decreasing percentage votes over the total public vote and not exceeding 5% of the total voting power.

=== Auditions===
The auditions are the first round where the acts are individually called to perform. As a reportage of the announced performer is shown, viewers are invited to register for voting for that specific act. Following a countdown of three seconds, the candidate has to start performing behind a screen called "the wall".

With the start of the performance, the voting kicks in. Registered voters have the option of voting just "yes" or "no". Non-votes are also considered "no" votes. If an expert votes "yes", another 5% is added to the tally of the contestant. The contestants also see random photos of voters in their favour. The faces of panelists voting "yes" are also shown in larger frames.

Once the contestant reaches 80% of "yes" votes, the wall is raised and the contestant goes to the next round of the competition.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://insidetv.ew.com/2014/06/03/rising-star-trailer/|title='Rising Star' trailer: Ludacris is tired of waiting for results|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|accessdate=10 June 2014}}</ref>

===Duels===
Contestants who make it through the auditions are paired by the judges to face off in a duel. The first contestant sings with the wall up and sets the benchmark for the second contestant. The second contestant sings with the wall down. If the second contestant betters the first contestant's vote total, the wall rises and the second contestant was through to the next round while the first contestant is eliminated; if the second contestant fails to raise the wall, the second contestant is eliminated and the first contestant goes through.

==Series overview==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Season
! style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan="2" | Episodes
! colspan="2" | Original Broadcast
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" | First Aired
! style="padding: 0 8px" | Last Aired
|-
|style="background:red"|
|align="center"| '''[[Rising Star (Indian season 1)|1]]'''
|align="center"| 23
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2017|2|4}}
|align="center"| {{end date|df=yes|2017|4|23}}
|-
|style="background:black"|
|align="center"| '''[[Rising Star (Indian season 2)|2]]'''
|align="center"| 25
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2018|1|20}}
|align="center"| {{end date|df=yes|2018|4|15}}
|-
|style="background:skyblue"|
|align="center"| '''[[Rising Star (Indian season 3)|3]]'''
|align="center"| 24
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2019|3|16}}
|align="center"| {{end date|df=yes|2019|6|8}}
|}

;Color key
{{plainlist|
: {{Color box|#d0f0c0|border=darkgray}} [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
: {{Color box|#dda0dd|border=darkgray}} [[Monali Thakur]]
: {{Color box|pink|border=darkgray}} [[Neeti Mohan]]
: {{Color box|#CCCCFF|border=darkgray}} [[Diljit Dosanjh]]
}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; line-height:16px;" width="100%"
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Season
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Premiere
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Final
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Winner
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | 1st Runner-up
!2nd
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Host(s)
! colspan="3" scope="col" width="20%" | Experts (Chair's Order )
|-
!Runner-up
! width="05%" | 1
! width="05%" | 2
! width="05%" | 3
|-
! scope="row" |[[Rising Star India (Season 1)|1]]
| 4 February 2017
| 23 April 2017
| bgcolor="cyan" |Bannet Dosanjh
| bgcolor="pink" |[[Maithili Thakur]]
|bgcolor="pink" |Ankita Kundu
|[[Raghav Juyal]] [[Meiyang Chang]]
| rowspan="3" style="background:#d0f0c0" | [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| rowspan="2" style="background:#dda0dd" | [[Monali Thakur]]
| rowspan="3" style="background:#CCCCFF" | [[Diljit Dosanjh]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[Rising Star India (Season 2)|2]]
| 20 January 2018
| 15 April 2018
| bgcolor="cyan"|[[Hemant Brijwasi]]
| bgcolor="cyan"|[[Rohanpreet Singh]]
|bgcolor="pink" |[[Vishnumaya Ramesh]]
| [[Ravi Dubey]]
|-
! scope="row" |[[Rising Star India (Season 3)|3]]
| 16 March 2019
| 8 June 2019
| bgcolor="cyan"|Aftab Singh
| bgcolor="cyan"|Diwakar Sharma
|bgcolor="cyan" |Sanjay Satish
| rowspan="1"|[[Aditya Narayan]]
| rowspan="1" style="background:pink" |[[Neeti Mohan]]
|}

*Bannet Dosanjh became India's first Rising Star, winning Rs. 20 lakhs and the opportunity to sing in a movie under [[Vishesh Films]] banner. [[Maithili Thakur]] and Ankita Kundu were declared the first and second runners up respectively.
*Hemant Brijvasi was adjudged as the winner of the second season. Rohanpreet Singh and Vishnumaya Ramesh were the first and second runners up respectively.
*Aftab Singh was adjudged as the winner of the third season. Diwakar Sharma and Sanjay Satish were the first and second runners up respectively.

== Production ==
On 16 October 2016, ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' reported that [[Viacom18]] had signed a licensing deal with Keshet International for the format rights to ''Rising Star''. The show began airing on Colors TV from 4 February 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2016/tv/asia/viacom18-takes-india-format-rights-to-rising-star-from-keshet-1201890401/|title=Viacom18 Takes India Format Rights to 'Rising Star' From Keshet|newspaper=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=16 October 2016|accessdate=18 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/viacom18-takes-india-format-rights-rising-star-keshet-003058151.html|title=Viacom18 Takes India Format Rights to 'Rising Star' From Keshet|newspaper=[[Yahoo!]]|date=17 October 2016|accessdate=18 October 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Rising Star India}}
{{Colors Programmes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rising Star (Indian TV series)}}
[[Category:Rising Star (Indian TV series)| ]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Music competitions in India]]
[[Category:Indian singing talent shows]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Rising Star (franchise)]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on non-Indian television series]]
[[Category:Television series by Optimystix Entertainment]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series endings]]

Alipurduar

2026-03-25T16:19:31Z

ChanteKates: basic update structure based on references

{{About|the municipality in West Bengal, India|its namesake district|Alipurduar district}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Alipurduar
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/3
| caption_align = center}}

| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.489|N|89.527|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Alipurduar district|Alipurduar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipality
| governing_body = [[Alipurduar Municipality]]
| leader_title1 = Chairman
| leader_name1 = Prasenjit Kar ([[Trinamool Congress|AITC]])<ref name="Dpendra Nath Lahiri">{{cite web | url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/local-18/alipurduar-prosenjit-kar-took-oath-as-the-chairman-of-alipurduar-municipality-766313.html | title=Alipurduar News- আলিপুরদুয়ার পৌরসভার চেয়ারম্যান পদে শপথ নিলেন প্রসেনজিত্‍ কর | work=Dpendra Nath Lahiri | date=22 March 2022 | access-date=22 March 2022}}</ref>
| leader_title2 = Vice-Chairman
| leader_name2 = Mampi Adhikary ([[Trinamool Congress|AITC]])
| leader_title3 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha MP]]
| leader_name3 = [[Manoj Tigga]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| leader_title4 = [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
| leader_name4 = [[Suman Kanjilal]] ([[Trinamool Congress|AITC]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Alipurduar City|date=22 November 2017|url=https://www.alipurduarmunicipality.in/about-us/|access-date=26 November 2020|archive-date=10 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110114710/https://www.alipurduarmunicipality.in/about-us/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 8.98
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 93
| population_total = 127,342
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census"/>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 736121, 736122 & 736123
| area_code = 03564
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-70/[[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-69
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Alipurduars Lok Sabha constituency|Alipurduars]]
| website = {{URL|www.alipurduarmunicipality.in}}
| footnotes =
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Alipurduars Assembly constituency|Alipurduars]]
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=10 March 2019|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614062657/https://wb.gov.in/404-page.aspx?aspxerrorpath=%2Fportal%2Fweb%2Fguest%2F404-page.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=10 March 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = English<ref name="wblangoff"/>
}}
'''Alipurduar''' ({{IPA|bn|alipurduar}}), is a city in the [[Indian state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is the headquarters of the [[Alipurduar district]] and [[Alipurduar railway division]] of [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|NFR]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alipurduar District {{!}} Government of West Bengal {{!}} India |url=https://alipurduar.gov.in/ |access-date=23 April 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to North East Frontier Railway / Indian Railways Portal |url=https://nfr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,592,593,599 |access-date=23 April 2025 |website=nfr.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref> It is situated in the Western [[Dooars]] natural region,<ref>{{Cite web |title=West Bengal Tourism |url=https://wbtourism.gov.in/district/detail/Alipurduar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206225942/https://wbtourism.gov.in/district/detail/Alipurduar |archive-date=6 February 2025 |access-date=23 April 2025 |website=wbtourism.gov.in |language=en}}</ref> on the banks of [[Kaljani River]] in the foothills of the [[Himalayas]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guha |first=Mistushree |date=31 October 2024 |title=Alipurduar {{!}} পালটেছে নদীর গতিপথ, ক্রমশ সংকীর্ণ ঘাট চিন্তায় ছটপুজো কমিটি |url=https://uttarbangasambad.com/the-course-of-the-river-has-changed-the-chathapujo-committee-is-worried-about-the-increasingly-narrow-ghats/ |access-date=23 April 2025 |website=Uttarbanga Sambad |language=en-US}}</ref> The city is a gateway to [[Bhutan]].<ref>[https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/bhutan-reopens-all-four-border-gates/cid/1888413 Alipurduar, the gateway of Bhutan.]</ref>

==Etymology==
Alipurduar's name originates from Colonel Hedayat Ali Khan, a British officer who fought in the 1865 [[Duar War|Bhutan War]] and was stationed there, combined with "Duar" (or Door), representing its role as a gateway to the [[Dooars]] region of the Himalayas.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Sushmita |date=21 March 2026 |title=Alipurduar Name History {{!}} আলিপুরদুয়ারের শিকড়ের সন্ধানে: ‘আলি’ আসলে কে? ইতিহাস না কি নিছক জনশ্রুতি? |url=https://uttarbangasambad.com/alipurduar-name-history-history-and-origin-of-alipurduar-city-name-mystery |work=Uttarbanga Sambad |lang=bn |access-date=21 March 2026}}</ref>

==Geography==
===Location===
Alipurduar is located at {{coord|26.489|N|89.527|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
Alipurduar district is covered by two maps. It is an extensive area in the eastern end of the [[Dooars]] in West Bengal. It is undulating country, largely forested, with numerous rivers flowing down from the outer ranges of the [[Himalayas]] in Bhutan. It is a predominantly rural area with 79.38% of the population living in the rural areas. The district has 1 municipal town and 20 census towns, and that means that 20.62% of the population lives in the urban areas. The scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, taken together, form more than half the population in all the six community development blocks in the district. There is a high concentration of [[tribal]] people (scheduled tribes) in the three northern blocks of the district.<ref name="handbook">{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Jalpaiguri |work = Tables 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 29 June 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 29 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Jalpaiguri, Series 20, Part XIIA| work= Census of India 2011, page 13 Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 18 June 2020}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{See also|List of cities in West Bengal}}
In the 2011 census, Alipurduar [[Urban Agglomeration]] had a population of 127,342, out of which 64,898 were males and 62,444 were females. The 0–6 years population was 10,545. Effective literacy rate for the 7+ population was 89.16 per cent.<ref name="2011 census">{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title = Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 |access-date = 21 October 2011 }}</ref>

{{as of|2001}} [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Alipurduar had a population of 73,047. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Alipurduar has an average literacy rate of 78%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 54% of the males and 46% of females literate. 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.

===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages spoken in Alipurduar Town (2011)<ref name="Census2011_lang">{{cite web |title=C-16: Population by mother tongue |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX |website=he Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India |access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref>
|label1= [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|value1= 88.56
|color1 = green
|label2= [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|value2 = 8.97
|color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Bhojpuri language | Bhojpuri]]
|value3 = 0.6
|color3 = yellow
|label4 = [[ Marwari language| Marwari]]
|value4 = 0.44
|color4 = grey
|label5 = [[ Nepali language | Nepali]]
|value5 = 0.3
|color5 = pink
|label6 = Others
|value6 = 1.13
|color6 = white
}}

[[Bengali language|Bengali]] is the official and most commonly spoken langauge of the city, followed a sizeable number of [[Hindi]] speakers.<ref name="Census2011_lang"/>

==Transport==
===Railways===
Two main railway stations: [[New Alipurduar railway station|New Alipurduar]] (NOQ) and [[Alipurduar Junction railway station|Alipurduar Junction]] (APDJ) serves the city of Alipurduar. From these stations, multiple trains all across India are available.

===Roadways===
The city is well connected to all parts of India, via roadways, [[National Highway 17 (India)|National Highway 17]] and [[National Highway 27 (India)|National Highway 27]] runs through the city. Multiple and frequent Buses, cabs, taxis etc are available to nearby cities like [[Siliguri]], [[Guwahati]], [[Bongaigaon]], [[Cooch Behar]] etc.

===Airways===
The nearest commercial airport is [[Cooch Behar Airport]] in [[Cooch Behar]] around 30 kilometres road distance from Alipurduar, and [[Bagdogra Airport|Bagdogra International Airport]] in [[Siliguri]] around 150 kilometres away from the city, Apart from these there is [[Hasimara Air Force Station]] nearby in [[Hasimara]].

==Education==
=== Schools ===


* [[Stepping Stone Model School]] (ICSE Board)
* [[Techno India Group Public School]] (CBSE Board)
* [[McWilliam Higher Secondary School]]
* [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]]
* [[St. Xavier's School]] (ICSE Board)

=== Colleges ===


* [[Alipurduar University]]
* [[Alipurduar Mahila Mahavidyalaya]] (affiliated with [[University of North Bengal]])
* [[Vivekananda College, Alipurduar]] (affiliated with [[University of North Bengal]])
* [[Industrial Training Institute]] (ITI), [[Birpara]]
* [[Nani Bhattacharya Smarak Mahavidyalaya]], [[Jaigaon]]
* [[Birpara College]], [[Birpara]]
* [[Alipurduar Government Engineering and Management College]]
* [[Falakata College]], [[Falakata]]
* [[Sahid Kshudiram Mahavidyalaya]], [[Uttar Kamakhyaguri]]
* [[Samuktala Sidhu Kanhu College]]
* [[Falakata Polytechnic]]
* [[Lilabati Mahavidyalaya]]
* [[Pijushkanti Mukherjee Mahavidyalaya]]

{{OSM Location map
|width=450| height=390| zoom=10
|coord={{coord|26|40|0|N|89|19|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places and tea estates in the western portion of Alipurdar subdivision (including Madarihat-Birpara, Falakata and Alipuduar I CD blocks) in Alipurduar district''' CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, NP: national park/ wildlife sanctuary, TE: tea estate Abbreviations used in names – TG for Tea Garden (town/village), TE for Tea Estate Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|26|31|31|N|89|32|36|E}}| label-pos1=left|label1= Alipurduar Railway Junction| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Alipurduar Railway Junction]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|26|31|12|N|89|33|36|E}}| label-pos2=bottom|label2=Bholar Dabri| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Bholar Dabri]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|26|32|24|N|89|32|24|E}}| label-pos3=left|label3=Chechakhata| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Chechakhata]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|26|31|48|N|89|12|0|E}}| label-pos4=left|label4=Falakata| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Falakata]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|26|41|55|N|89|4|57|E}}| label-pos5=bottom|label5=Jagijhora Barabak| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Jagijhora Barabak]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|26|36|52|N|89|8|36|E}}| label-pos6=left|label6=Jateswar| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Jateswar]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|26|42|0|N|89|17|0|E}}| label-pos7=top|label7=Madarihat| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Madarihat]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|26|32|37|N|89|11|40|E}}| label-pos8=top|label8=Parangarpar| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Parangarpar]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|26|33|21|N|89|32|5|E}}| label-pos9=top|label9=Paschim Jitpur| numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Paschim Jitpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|26|43|10|N|89|4|39|E}}| label-pos10=top|label10= Sisha Jumrha| numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Sisha Jumrha]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|26|30|0|N|89|30|0|E}}| label-pos11=left|label11=Birpara| numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Birpara]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|26|27|30|N|89|31|37|E}}| label-pos12=right|label12=Alipurduar| numbered12=M| mark-title12= Alipurduar (M) |shape-color12=black| label-size12=13|label-color12=black 
|mark-coord13={{coord|26|43|40|N|89|8|11|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Birpara TG| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Birpara Tea Garden]] (R)|shape-color13= #A42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|26|28|35|N|89|24|20|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14=Pachkalguri| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Pachkalguri]] (R)|shape-color14= #A42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|26|49|48|N|89|18|36|E}}| label-pos15=right|label15=Totopara| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Totopara]] (R)|shape-color15= #A42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|26|29|54|N|89|22|32|E}}| label-pos16=left|label16=Sonapur| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Sonapur, Alipurduar]] (R)|shape-color16= #A42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|26|39|35|N|89|15|27|E}}| label-pos17= left |label17= Aryaman TE | numbered17=TE| mark-title17= [[Aryaman Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color17=#87A96B
|mark-coord18={{coord|26|39|27|N|89|16|34|E}}| label-pos18=bottom|label18=Jaldapara |labela18= National| labelb18= Park| numbered18=NP| mark-title18= [[Jaldapara National Park]] (NP)| shape-color18=#228B22
|mark-coord19={{coord|26|33|0|N|89|16|0|E}}| label19= Khairbari |labela19= Reserved |labelb19= Forest| label-color19 = #C42222 | label-angle19=0| label-pos19=top| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none
|mark-coord20={{coord|26|46|20|N|89|16|30|E}}| label20= Titi |labela20= Reserved |labelb20= Forest| label-color20 = #C42222 | label-angle20=0| label-pos20=top| label-size20=10| mark-size20=0| mark-title20 =none
|mark-coord21={{coord|26|46|50|N|89|19|0|E}}|label21= Torsha River| label-color21 = #77A1CB| label-angle21=95| label-pos21=top| label-size21=10| mark-size21=0| mark-title21=none
|mark-coord22={{coord|26|29|0|N|89|6|0|E}}|label22= Jaldhaka River| label-color22 = #77A1CB| label-angle22=30| label-pos22=top| label-size22=10| mark-size22=0| mark-title22=none
|mark-coord23={{coord|26|47|2|N|89|6|20|E}}| label-pos23=right|label23=Bandapani TG| numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Bandapani Tea Garden]] (R)|shape-color23= #A42222
|mark-coord24={{coord|26|46|5|N|89|6|17|E}}| label-pos24=right|label24=Dheklapara TG| numbered24=R| mark-title24= [[Dheklapara Tea Garden]] (R)|shape-color24= #A42222
|arc-coordA={{coord|26|52|30|N|89|15|30|E}}|arc-textA= BHUTAN| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=0 | arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=1.5}}

{{OSM Location map
|width=450| height=380| zoom=10
|coord={{coord|26|38|0|N|89|37|0|E}}| float=right|caption='''Places and tea estates in the eastern portion of Alipurdar subdivision (including Kalchini, Kumargram and Alipuduar II CD blocks) in Alipurduar district''' CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, A: Air Force Station, NP: national park/ wildlife sanctuary, TE: tea estate, H: historical site Abbreviations used in names – TG for Tea Garden (town/village), TE for Tea Estate Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|26|50|20|N|89|22|48|E}}| label-pos1=left|label1= Jaigaon | numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Jaigaon]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|26|29|1|N|89|48|55|E}}| label-pos2=top|label2=Laskarpara| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Laskarpara]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|26|49|40|N|89|22|20|E}}| label-pos3=bottom|label3=Mechiabasti| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Mechiabasti]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|26|32|37|N|89|41|0|E}}| label-pos4=left|label4=Samuktala| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Samuktala]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|26|28|48|N|89|32|24|E}}| label-pos5=bottom|label5=Sobhaganj| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Sobhaganj]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|26|28|48|N|89|43|48|E}}| label-pos6=left|label6=Uttar Kamakhyaguri| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Uttar Kamakhyaguri]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|26|40|48|N|89|26|24|E}}| label-pos7=left|label7=Uttar Latabari| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Uttar Latabari]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|26|28|2|N|89|48|55|E}}| label-pos8=bottom|label8=Dakshin Rampur| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Dakshin Rampur]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|26|42|50|N|89|21|47|E}}| label-pos9=right|label9=Uttar Satali| numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Uttar Satali]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|26|45|0|N|89|21|0|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Hasimara| numbered10=A| mark-title10=[[Hasimara]] (A)|shape-color10=#AA6666
|mark-coord11={{coord|26|29|35|N|89|31|37|E}}| label-pos11=right|label11=Alipurduar| numbered11=M| mark-title11= Alipurduar (M) |shape-color11=black| label-size11=13|label-color11=black 
|mark-coord12={{coord|26|42|3|N|89|26|58|E}}| label-pos12=right|label12=Kalchini| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Kalchini, Alipurduar]] (R)|shape-color12= #A42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|26|30|38|N|89|37|45|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Jashodanga| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Jashodanga]] (R)|shape-color13= #A42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|26|42|25|N|89|36|40|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14=Jayanti| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Jayanti, Alipurduar]] (R)|shape-color14= #A42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|26|37|0|N|89|49|45|E}}| label-pos15=left|label15=Kumargram| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Kumargram, Alipurduar]] (R)|shape-color15= #A42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|26|36|50|N|89|31|48|E}}| label-pos16=left|label16=Rajabhatkhawa| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Rajabhatkhawa]] (R)|shape-color16= #A42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|26|46|0|N|89|30|13|E}}| label-pos17=bottom|label17=Raimatang| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Raimatang]] (R)|shape-color17= #A42222
|mark-coord18={{coord|26|37|40|N|89|24|35|E}}| label-pos18=right|label18=Uttar Mandabari| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Uttar Mandabari]] (R)|shape-color18= #A42222
|mark-coord19={{coord|26|40|25|N|89|49|34|E}}| label-pos19= left |label19= Kumargram TE | numbered19=TE| mark-title19= [[Kumargram and Sankos Tea Estates]] (TE)| shape-color19=#87A96B
|mark-coord20={{coord|26|39|47|N|89|51|19|E}}| label-pos20= left |label20= Sankos TE | numbered20=TE| mark-title20= [[Kumargram and Sankos Tea Estates]] (TE)| shape-color20=#87A96B
|mark-coord21={{coord|26|45|17|N|89|34|49|E}} | label-pos21=bottom|label21= Buxa Fort| numbered21=H| mark-title21= [[Buxa Fort]] (H) |shape-color21=#AA6666
|mark-coord22={{coord|26|39|0|N|89|34|48|E}}| label-pos22=bottom|label22=Buxa |labela22= Tiger| labelb22= Reserve| numbered22=NP| mark-title22= [[Buxa Tiger Reserve]] (NP)| shape-color22=#228B22
|mark-coord23={{coord|26|38|0|N|89|21|35|E}}| label-pos23=bottom|label23=Chilapata |labela23= Forest| numbered23=NP| mark-title23= [[Chilapata Forests]] (NP)| shape-color23=#228B22
|mark-coord24={{coord|26|46|50|N|89|19|0|E}}|label24= Torsha River| label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24=95| label-pos24=top| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24=none
|mark-coord25={{coord|26|34|40|N|89|24|0|E}}|label25= Kaljani River| label-color25 = #77A1CB| label-angle25=100| label-pos25=top| label-size25=10| mark-size25=0| mark-title25=none
|mark-coord26={{coord|26|33|30|N|89|28|50|E}}|label26= Dima River| label-color26 = #77A1CB| label-angle26=70| label-pos26=top| label-size26=10| mark-size26=0| mark-title26=none
|mark-coord27={{coord|26|39|0|N|89|38|0|E}}|label27= Jayanti River| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=55| label-pos27=top| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27=none
|mark-coord28={{coord|26|39|0|N|89|52|0|E}}|label28= Sakos River| label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=85| label-pos28=top| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28=none
|mark-coord29={{coord|26|33|0|N|89|47|20|E}}|label29= Raydak River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=110| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29=none
|mark-coord30={{coord|26|33|0|N|89|49|40|E}}|label30= Chikjora River| label-color30 = #77A1CB| label-angle30=85| label-pos30=top| label-size30=10| mark-size30=0| mark-title30=none
|mark-coord31={{coord|26|33|0|N|89|45|0|E}}| label31= Raydak |labela31= Forest | label-color31 = #C42222 | label-angle31=0| label-pos31=top| label-size31=10| mark-size31=0| mark-title31 =none
|mark-coord32={{coord|26|45|50|N|89|34|30|E}}| label32= Buxa Hill Forest | label-color32 = #C42222 | label-angle32=0| label-pos32=top| label-size32=10| mark-size32=0| mark-title32 =none
|mark-coord33={{coord|26|43|45|N|89|23|30|E}}| label-pos33=right|label33=Madhu TG| numbered33=R| mark-title33= [[Madhu Tea Garden]] (R)|shape-color33= #A42222
|arc-coordA={{coord|26|37|0|N|89|54|0|E}}|arc-textA= ASSAM| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=80| arc-gapA=6.5| arc-radiusA=0.4
|arc-coordB={{coord|26|50|0|N|89|34|0|E}}|arc-textB= BHUTAN| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=0| arc-gapB=6.5| arc-radiusB=0.5}}
{{clear}}
Note: The map presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

== See also ==
* [[Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
* [[Alipurduar district]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.alipurduarmunicipality.in Official website of Alipurduar Municipality]
* [http://www.alipurduar.org Official website of Alipurduar district] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626122737/http://www.alipurduar.org/ |date=26 June 2015 }}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Alipurduar}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Alipurduar district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Alipurduar district]]
[[Category:Cities in West Bengal]]

Shilpa Shetty

2026-03-25T07:39:21Z

ChanteKates: add citations after review and added references per standard format

{{short description|Indian actress and film producer (born 1975)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shilpa Shetty
| image = Shilpa Shetty snapped at a press conference (cropped).jpg
| caption = Shetty in 2023
| birth_name = Ashwini Shetty
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1975|06|08}}
| birth_place = [[Mangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
| other_names = Shilpa Shetty Kundra
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|model|television personality}}
| years_active = 1993–present
| works = [[Shilpa Shetty filmography|Full list]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Raj Kundra]]|2009}}
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Shamita Shetty]] (sister)
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Shilpa Shetty|Full list]]
}}

'''Shilpa Shetty Kundra''' (born '''Ashwini Shetty''',<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kapoor |first1=Reena |title=Here's why Shilpa Shetty's changed her name |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141207/entertainment-bollywood/article/shilpa-shetty%E2%80%99s-real-name-ashwini |access-date=22 October 2020 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=7 December 2014 |language=en |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408091609/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141207/entertainment-bollywood/article/shilpa-shetty%E2%80%99s-real-name-ashwini |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=What is Shilpa Shetty's real name? |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/real-name-of/article/what-is-shilpa-shettys-real-name/226744 |access-date=22 October 2020 |work=Times Now |date=11 May 2018 |language=en |archive-date=1 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201092626/https://www.timesnownews.com/real-name-of/article/what-is-shilpa-shettys-real-name/226744 |url-status=live }}</ref> 8 June 1975<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/happy-birthday-shilpa-shetty-her-10-pics-with-husband-raj-kundra-son-viaan-and-daughter-samisha-that-are-just-perfect/story-CIlhGaoWISoDDtiP01ttcN.html |title=Happy birthday Shilpa Shetty: Her 10 pics with husband Raj Kundra |website=Hindustan Times |date=8 June 2020 |access-date=22 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="Indian Express">{{cite news |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/happy-birthday-shilpa-shetty-these-throwback-photos-is-a-gift-for-shilpa-fans-4694281/lite/ |title=Happy birthday Shilpa Shetty: A stylish star, a mother and an inspiration, here are all the roles she plays to perfection she is the mother of a 5-year-old Y.Vishwa of Hyderabad |access-date=8 June 2017 |date=8 June 2017 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |quote=...and thus we celebrate her 42nd birthday... |archive-date=8 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608105926/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/happy-birthday-shilpa-shetty-these-throwback-photos-is-a-gift-for-shilpa-fans-4694281/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref>) is an Indian actress who works primarily in [[Bollywood|Hindi]] films. She made her screen debut in the thriller ''[[Baazigar]]'' (1993) which gained her first nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]]. Shetty had intermittent success in the rest of the decade, such as in the action films ''[[Main Khiladi Tu Anari]]'' (1994) and ''[[Jaanwar (1999 film)|Jaanwar]]'' (1999).<ref>{{cite news |title=Shilpa Shetty celebrates '25 years of Main Khiladi Tu Anari' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shilpa-shetty-celebrates-25-years-of-main-khiladi-tu-anari-shares-a-video-on-her-instagram/articleshow/71268035.cms |access-date=9 April 2020 |work=Times of India |agency=Bennett, Coleman and Company Limited |date=24 September 2019 |archive-date=16 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216125235/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shilpa-shetty-celebrates-25-years-of-main-khiladi-tu-anari-shares-a-video-on-her-instagram/articleshow/71268035.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

The romantic drama ''[[Dhadkan (2000 film)|Dhadkan]]'' (2000) marked a turning point in Shetty's career. This was followed by roles in ''[[Indian (2001 film)|Indian]]'' (2001) and ''[[Rishtey (2002 film)|Rishtey]]'' (2002), which earned her a second Filmfare nomination for Best Supporting Actress. Shetty received praise for playing a woman with [[AIDS]] in the drama ''[[Phir Milenge (2004 film)|Phir Milenge]]'' (2004) and a woman in an unhappy marriage in the ensemble drama ''[[Life in a... Metro]]'' (2007). The former earned her a nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]]. She subsequently appeared in the action thriller ''[[Dus]]'' (2005) and the sports drama ''[[Apne]]'' (2007), and gained attention for the song "Shut Up & Bounce" from ''[[Dostana (2008 film)|Dostana]]'' (2008). This was followed by a hiatus from acting.

In 2006, she ventured into [[reality television]] by judging the dance reality show ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]''. In early 2007, Shetty joined the [[Celebrity Big Brother (British TV series) series 5|fifth series]] of the UK reality show ''[[Celebrity Big Brother (British TV series)|Celebrity Big Brother]]'', ultimately winning the series. During her stay, Shetty received international media coverage and attention for the [[Celebrity Big Brother (British series 5) racism controversy|racism she endured]] from several of her housemates. Her win was followed by a spot hosting the [[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 2|second season]] of the Indian version of the show, ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss]]'' in 2008. Shetty has since appeared as a judge on several dance and music reality-competition shows, including ''[[Zara Nachke Dikha]]'' (2010), ''[[Nach Baliye]]'' (2012–2020) and ''[[Super Dancer]]'' (2016–2021). She returned to acting in 2021 with the comedy film ''[[Hungama 2]]'' and has since starred in the action series ''[[Indian Police Force (TV series)|Indian Police Force]]'' (2024).

In addition to her screen work, Shetty is a celebrity endorser for various brands and products, and she has been vocal about personal issues such as [[feminism]], [[vegetarianism]] and [[animal rights]].<ref name="brands">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Karuna |title=What continues to make Shilpa Shetty Kundra relevant for brands |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/advertising/brands/article/what-continues-to-make-shilpa-shetty-kundra-relevant-for-brands/articleshow/74165546.cms |access-date=9 April 2020 |work=Business Insider |agency=Axel Springer SE |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410074605/https://www.businessinsider.in/advertising/brands/article/what-continues-to-make-shilpa-shetty-kundra-relevant-for-brands/articleshow/74165546.cms |archive-date=10 April 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="feminism">{{cite web |title=Have Bollywood Celebs Finally Embraced Feminism? |url=https://www.tatacliq.com/que/have-bollywood-celebs-finally-embraced-feminism/ |publisher=Tata Cliq |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922104027/https://www.tatacliq.com/que/have-bollywood-celebs-finally-embraced-feminism/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="animal rights">{{cite web |title=Shilpa Shetty Kundra Honoured With PETA's 'Hero to Animals' Award |url=https://www.petaindia.com/media/bollywoods-shilpa-shetty-kundra-honoured-petas-hero-animals-award/ |publisher=PETA |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=31 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831113301/https://www.petaindia.com/media/bollywoods-shilpa-shetty-kundra-honoured-petas-hero-animals-award/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="animal hero">{{cite news |title=Shilpa Shetty wins PETA's 'Hero To Animals' Award |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/shilpa-shetty-wins-petas-hero-to-animals-award-854218 |access-date=9 April 2020 |work=ABP News |agency=ABP Group |date=17 December 2017 |archive-date=16 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316201012/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/shilpa-shetty-wins-petas-hero-to-animals-award-854218 |url-status=live }}</ref> Shetty has worked with [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals|PETA]] since 2006 as part of an advertising campaign against the use of wild animals in circuses. She is also a fitness enthusiast and she launched her own Yoga DVD in 2015. She is involved in several fitness campaigns such as the [[Fit India Movement]], launched by the Government of India. Shetty was awarded the [[Champions of Change (award)|Champions of Change Award]] for her work on the [[Swachh Bharat Mission]] cleanliness campaign. From 2009 to 2015, she was a part-owner of the [[Indian Premier League]] team [[Rajasthan Royals]].

== Early life ==
Shetty was born in [[Mangalore]], [[Karnataka]], into a [[Tulu language|Tulu]]-speaking [[Bunt (community)|Bunt]] family.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://filmychef.com/shilpa-shetty-biography/amp |title=Shilpa Shetty Biography |website=Filmy Chef |access-date=22 October 2020 |archive-date=17 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717120317/https://filmychef.com/shilpa-shetty-biography/amp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mangalorean.com/hey-kudla-niklekh-pura-namaskara-im-coming-to-launch-mother-child-centre-at-kmc-actress-shilpa-shetty/ |title=Hey Kudla Niklekh Pura Namaskara in coming to launch mother child centre at KMC actress Shilpa Shetty |website=Mangalorean.com |date=24 September 2019 |access-date=17 July 2020 |archive-date=17 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717120050/https://www.mangalorean.com/hey-kudla-niklekh-pura-namaskara-im-coming-to-launch-mother-child-centre-at-kmc-actress-shilpa-shetty/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2013 |title=I am a full on Bunt: Shilpa Shetty |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/I-am-a-full-on-Bunt-Shilpa-Shetty/articleshow/26347687.cms |access-date=16 July 2020 |work=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404104430/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/I-am-a-full-on-Bunt-Shilpa-Shetty/articleshow/26347687.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Her mother, Sunanda, and late father, Surendra Shetty, were [[Manufacturing|manufacturers]] of tamper-proof water caps for the [[pharmaceutical]] industry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raghuram |first=M. |date=19 April 2010 |title=Bunts feel at home wherever they are |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-bunts-feel-at-home-wherever-they-are-1373019 |access-date=16 July 2020 |website=DNA India |language=en |archive-date=18 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718061525/https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-bunts-feel-at-home-wherever-they-are-1373019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Her younger sister, [[Shamita Shetty]], is also an actress. She was educated at St. Anthony's Girls' High School in [[Chembur]] and at [[Ramniranjan Anandilal Podar College of Commerce & Economics|Podar College]] in [[Matunga]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vibhute |first1=Kranti |title=Mumbai: Chembur's St Anthony's Girls' school to extend premises |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-chembur-s-st-anthony-s-girl-s-school-to-extend-premises-2697817 |work=DNA India |date=19 December 2018 |language=en |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108141028/https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-chembur-s-st-anthony-s-girl-s-school-to-extend-premises-2697817 |url-status=live }}</ref> A trained [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer, she was the captain of the volleyball team at her school.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/fitness-a-way-of-life-for-shilpa-shetty-who-was-a-state-level-volleyball-player-once/story-nf1BrqxIjx7dIAUdzQqzVO.html |title=Fitness a way of life for Shilpa Shetty who was a state-level volleyball player once |date=10 June 2018 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |access-date=25 May 2019 |archive-date=25 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525090513/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/fitness-a-way-of-life-for-shilpa-shetty-who-was-a-state-level-volleyball-player-once/story-nf1BrqxIjx7dIAUdzQqzVO.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1991, after completing her tenth-grade exams, Shetty began her career as a model with a [[Limca]] television commercial and subsequently featured in several other commercials and advertisements, following which she began receiving offers for film roles. Shetty continued to pursue her career as a model until she became an actress.<ref name="bbcprofile" />

== Career ==
{{see also|Shilpa Shetty filmography}}

=== Early success and career fluctuations (1993–1999) ===
In September 1992, Shetty signed for and began working on her first film – the romantic drama ''Gaata Rahe Mera Dil,'' to be directed by Dilip Naik which tells the story of a girl involved in a love triangle between two men (played by brothers [[Ronit Roy]] and [[Rohit Roy]]).<ref>{{cite journal |title=[[Screenindia|Screenindia Weekly]] – On Location |journal=Gaata Rahe Mera Dil Launch |date=27 September 1992}}</ref> However, the film went unreleased, which meant that Shetty's debut release was her next film, [[Abbas–Mustan|Abbas-Mustan]]'s thriller ''[[Baazigar]]'', alongside [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Kajol]]. Inspired by the [[Hollywood (film industry)|Hollywood]] film ''[[A Kiss Before Dying (1956 film)|A Kiss Before Dying]]'' (1956), the film featured Shetty in the supporting role of Seema Chopra, a girl who is murdered by her revenge-seeking boyfriend, played by Khan. ''Baazigar'' proved to be a major box office hit and finished up as the [[List of Bollywood films of 1993|fourth-highest-grossing film of the year]].<ref name=":10">{{cite web |publisher=Box Office India |title=Box office analysis |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/1994.htm |access-date=23 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206183759/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/1994.htm  |archive-date=6 December 2006}}</ref> Both the film as well as Shetty's performance received critical appreciation; Shetty received nominations for [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] at the annual [[Filmfare Awards]] ceremony.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368610.cms |title=Filmfare nomination for Shetty |work=The Times of India |access-date=23 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629145801/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368610.cms |archive-date=29 June 2012}}</ref>

In 1994, Shetty had three film releases.<ref name=":10" /> Her first release that year was the action drama ''[[Aag (1994 film)|Aag]]'', in which she played her first leading role. Co-starring [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] and debutant [[Sonali Bendre]], the film saw Shetty portray Bijli, a village belle who is actually an undercover policewoman assigned to arrest a murderer (played by Govinda) at any cost. ''Aag'' emerged as a moderate box office success and fetched mixed critical reviews, as did Shetty's performance. Shetty next starred alongside [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Raageshwari Loomba|Raageshwari]] and [[Shakti Kapoor]] in the action comedy ''[[Main Khiladi Tu Anari]]''. In the film, Shetty played the dual roles of Mona (a cabaret dancer and a gangster's girlfriend) and her look-alike Basanti (a humble village girl). The film, which marked Shetty's first of many collaborations with Kumar, proved to be a super hit at the box office, becoming the [[List of Hindi films of 1994#Highest-grossing films|sixth-highest-grossing film of the year]] with revenues of {{INRConvert|138.4|m}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Main Khiladi Tu Anari - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3074 |access-date=13 July 2025 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> Both the film as well as Shetty's performance received major critical acclaim; the success of ''Main Khiladi Tu Anari'' proved to be a breakthrough for Shetty.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=200&catName=MTk5NA==|title=Box Office 1994|publisher=BoxOfficeIndia.Com|access-date=21 March 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404040854/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=200&catName=MTk5NA%3D%3D&PHPSESSID=dfc0170bd04e78fc807ed337537b9c9f|archive-date=4 April 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://sportsgrindentertainment.com/michael-j-fox-birthday-how-the-back-to-the-future-actors-films-inspired-shah-rukh-khan-akshay-kumar-mohanlal-suriya-movies-latesly-exclusive/|title = Michael J Fox Birthday: How the 'Back to the Future' Actor's Films Inspired Shah Rukh Khan, Akshay Kumar, Mohanlal, Suriya Movies! (LatesLY Exclusive)|date = 9 June 2021|access-date = 31 May 2025|archive-date = 17 October 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211017052040/https://sportsgrindentertainment.com/michael-j-fox-birthday-how-the-back-to-the-future-actors-films-inspired-shah-rukh-khan-akshay-kumar-mohanlal-suriya-movies-latesly-exclusive/|url-status = dead}}</ref> Her third and final release that year was the romantic drama ''[[Aao Pyaar Karen (1994 film)|Aao Pyaar Karen]]'' opposite [[Saif Ali Khan]]. The film, which narrates the love story of a wealthy man and his maid (played by Khan and Shetty respectively), underperformed at the box office.<ref name=":10" />

Shetty starred in ''[[Haathkadi (1995 film)|Hathkadi]]'' (1995), where she was working alongside actors such as [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] and [[Madhoo]], but it failed at the box office. The following year, she made her [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film debut with ''[[Mr. Romeo]]'', opposite [[Prabhu Deva]] and [[Madhoo]]. The film was a sleeper musical hit at the box office and she also earned [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu]] nomination for her performance as a mermaid in the successful film ''[[Sahasa Veerudu Sagara Kanya]]'' (1996), opposite [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmfare.com/site/october97/south3e.htm |title=Best Actress |publisher=Filmfare |date=5 July 1998 |access-date=15 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980705062035/http://www.filmfare.com/site/october97/south3e.htm |archive-date=5 July 1998 }}</ref> The year 1997 proved to be one of the busiest in her career, as she appeared in five films, beginning with ''[[Insaaf (1997 film)|Insaaf]]'', ''[[Zameer: The Awakening of a Soul]]'', and ''[[Prithvi (1997 film)|Prithvi]]'', all of which failed commercially. Her first major Bollywood film of that year was the action thriller ''[[Auzaar]]'', where she portrayed the character of Prathna Thakur alongside actors [[Salman Khan]] and [[Sanjay Kapoor]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2023 |title=26 Years of 'Auzaar': Sanjay Kapoor shares old picture with Salman Khan and Shilpa Shetty |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/26-years-of-auzaar-sanjay-kapoor-shares-old-picture-with-salman-khan-and-shilpa-shetty-23272815 |access-date=13 July 2025 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> She also starred in the Telugu comedy ''[[Veedevadandi Babu]]'', directed by [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]], which performed averagely but was later regarded by ''[[The Times of India]]'' as one of the funniest films of all time in Tollywood.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 June 2019 |title=Happy Birthday Shilpa Shetty Kundra: Successful Telugu films of the popular actress |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-shilpa-shetty-kundra-successful-telugu-films-of-the-popular-actress/articleshow/69701599.cms |access-date=13 July 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In 1998, she had three release, ''[[Pardesi Babu]]'', alongside [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] and [[Raveena Tandon]], for which she received critical acclaim and won the [[Bollywood Movie Award – Best Supporting Actress|Bollywood Movie Award for Best Supporting Actress]] for her performance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bollywood Awards {{!}} Bollywood Fashion Awards {{!}} Bollywood Music Awards |url=http://www.bollywoodawards.com/winba9.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102124901/http://www.bollywoodawards.com/winba9.php |archive-date=2 November 2013 |access-date=13 July 2025 |website=www.bollywoodawards.com}}</ref> That year, she also made her [[Kannada]] film debut with [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|Ravichandran]]’s romantic drama ''[[Preethsod Thappa]]'', which is considered one of his notable musical hits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/5805F4FB55F4323965256940004D0DAC?OpenDocument|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214151044/http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/5805F4FB55F4323965256940004D0DAC?OpenDocument|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 February 2008|title=Preethsod Thappa|work=The Hindu|date=13 November 1998|access-date=20 June 2023|first=Jyothi|last=Raghuram}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 January 2019 |title=From 'Premaloka' to 'Ranadheera': Ravichandran's top 5 musical hits |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/from-premaloka-to-ranadheera-ravichandrans-top-5-musical-hits/photostory/67470867.cms |access-date=13 July 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She appeared in ''[[Jaanwar (1999 film)|Jaanwar]]'' (1999) alongside Akshay Kumar and [[Karishma Kapoor]], playing a mother who is separated from her child.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=205&catName=MTk5OQ== |title=Box Office 1999 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=14 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404040915/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=205&catName=MTk5OQ%3D%3D&PHPSESSID=dfc0170bd04e78fc807ed337537b9c9f |archive-date=4 April 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film was a box office success, and [[Sukanya Verma]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' stated, "Shilpa is appealing as the grieved mother".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/dec/24jaan.htm|title=A mindless affair|first=Sukanya|last=Verma|publisher=Rediff|date=24 December 1999|access-date=23 March 2021}}</ref> That year also saw her feature in the widely popular item number "Main Aayi Hoon U.P. Bihar Lootne," choreographed by Ahmed Khan for the action crime film ''[[Shool]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2023 |title=शिल्पा शेट्टी ने हंसी-मजाक में शूट किया गाना? 'यूपी-बिहार' में मचा था गदर, कोरियोग्राफर ने कहा था- ' खुद से कुछ लटके झटके मार ले' |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/bollywood-shilpa-shetty-opened-up-about-making-of-song-main-aayi-hun-up-bihar-lootne-after-24-years-reveal-choreographer-ahmed-khan-said-kuch-latke-jhatke-maar-le-7845493.html |access-date=13 July 2025 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref> Bella Jaisinghani of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "''Shool''<nowiki/>'s USP is Shilpa Shetty's song 'Main Aayi Hoon U.P. Bihar Lootne.'"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Violent drama |url=http://www.expressindia.com/fe/daily/19991109/fle07047.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014144220/http://www.expressindia.com/fe/daily/19991109/fle07047.html |archive-date=14 October 2012 |access-date=13 July 2025 |website=www.expressindia.com}}</ref>

=== Critical acclaim and commercial success (2000–2006) ===
[[File:Shilpa Shetty 2007.jpg|thumb|Shetty at [[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Awards 2007]]|left|343x343px]]

In 2000, Shetty received acclaim for her role in [[Dharmesh Darshan]]'s musical romantic drama ''[[Dhadkan (2000 film)|Dhadkan]]'', where she played a young woman forced for an arrange marriage opposite Akshay Kumar and [[Suniel Shetty]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.easterneye.biz/5-best-movies-of-shilpa-shetty-on-completing-25-years-in-the-hindi-cinema-industry/|title=5 best movies of Shilpa Shetty on completing 25 years in the Hindi cinema industry|last=Azad|first=Tasnim|date=13 November 2018|website=EasternEye|language=en-GB|access-date=1 July 2019}}</ref> A loose adaptation of [[Emily Brontë]]’s ''[[Wuthering Heights]]'', the film earned {{INRConvert|264.7|m}} and emerged as a moderate success at the box office.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |publisher=Box Office India |title=Box office analysis |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/2000.htm.asp |access-date=23 January 2007}} {{dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Her performance earned her several Best Actress nominations at various award ceremonies, including the [[IIFA Award for Best Actress|IIFA Awards]]. Padmaraj Nair of ''[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]'' remarked, "Shilpa gets the best role of her career and doesn't disappoint".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nair |first1=Padmaraj |title=Dhadkan: The good ol' 60s revisited |url=http://www.expressindia.com/screen/20000818/freview.htm |website=Screen |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010207175455/http://www.expressindia.com/screen/20000818/freview.htm#dha |archive-date=7 February 2001 |date=August 2000}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' wrote, “The life of the enterprise is undoubtedly Shilpa Shetty, who looks good, delivers her lines effectively, and emotes with utmost conviction.”<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=11 August 2000 |title=Dhadkan Review 2.5/5 {{!}} Dhadkan Movie Review {{!}} Dhadkan 2000 Public Review {{!}} Film Review |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dhadkan-2/critic-review/dhadkan-2-movie-review/ |access-date=13 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref> She was also seen alongside [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] in [[Vyjayanthi Movies]]’ ''[[Azad (2000 film)|Azad]]'', which ran for 100 days in theatres and became a profitable venture in Telugu cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |last=T2BLive.Com |date=19 February 2019 |title=Tollywood Top 10 Box Office Collection Movies In 2000 - T2BLive |url=https://t2blive.com/tollywood-top-10-box-office-collection-movies-in-2000/ |access-date=13 July 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref> However, her other release that year failed at the box office.

Shetty played a police inspector's wife opposite [[Sunny Deol]] in the 2001 action ''[[Indian (2001 film)|Indian]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 November 2020 |title=Muhurat Of Sunny Deol's Action Film Indian (2001) - Bollywood Flashback |url=https://lehren.com/exclusive/bollywood-flashback/muhurat-of-sunny-deols-action-film-indian-2001/69833/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927230055/https://lehren.com/exclusive/bollywood-flashback/muhurat-of-sunny-deols-action-film-indian-2001/69833/ |archive-date=27 September 2021 |access-date=13 July 2025 |work=Latest Bollywood & Hollywood Entertainment, News, Celebrity Gossip, Lifestyle, Originals, Regional & COVID Updates {{!}} Lehren |language=en-US |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film grossed {{INRConvert|540|m}} worldwide, becoming the [[List of Hindi films of 2001|fourth highest-grossing Hindi film of the year]], although her performance received a mixed response.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=660|title=Indian - Movie|website=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=27 October 2022|archive-date=27 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027185918/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=660|url-status=live}}</ref>

Shetty had six releases in 2002, with only starred ''[[Rishtey (2002 film)|Rishtey]]'' opposite [[Anil Kapoor]], being a box office success.<ref name="bo">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/rishtey#.Vge0qN_tmko |title=Rishtey box office|website=Boxofficeindia.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927190142/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/rishtey |date=27 September 2015|archive-date=27 September 2015}}</ref> Her comic performance as an eccentric fisherwoman was appreciated and she received her second nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress, in addition to nominations for Best Comedian as well.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |work=The Times of India |title=Filmfare nomination for Shetty |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368744.cms |access-date=23 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708193340/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368744.cms |archive-date=8 July 2012}}</ref>

Shetty's first release of 2004 was the police drama ''[[Garv: Pride and Honour]]'', in which she portrayed a Muslim orphan and disillusioned [[table dance]]r starring opposite [[Salman Khan]].<ref name="rediffheart" /> According to Shetty, she chose to do the film because she liked the subject. Later that year, she received widespread critical acclaim for her performance in ''[[Phir Milenge (2004 film)|Phir Milenge]]'', in which she played a successful city high-flyer who contracts HIV from [[unprotected sex]] and becomes a [[social stigma|social outcast]] as a result opposite Salman Khan and [[Abhishek Bachchan]]. The film, based on 1993's ''[[Philadelphia (film)|Philadelphia]]'', was perceived to have tackled a [[Taboo|social taboo]] as yet unaddressed by Bollywood.<ref name="bbcprofile">{{cite news |publisher=BBC |title=Profile: Shilpa Shetty |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6272561.stm |access-date=2 March 2007 |date=17 January 2007 |first=Monica |last=Chadha |archive-date=28 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228153646/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6272561.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> The film earned Shetty a [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] nomination and provided an impetus for her HIV-related charity work ([[#HIV-AIDS|see below]]. Taran Adarsh noted: "''Phir Milenge'' belongs to Shetty completely. She delivers, what can be rightly called, the performance of her career."<ref>{{cite web |work=indiafm.com |title=Shetty shines in Phir Milenge |url=http://www.indiafm.com/movies/review/7176/index.html |access-date=23 January 2007 |archive-date=26 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070426042718/http://www.indiafm.com/movies/review/7176/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This marked a break from the previous trend of superficial song-and-dance items in favour of roles that have a greater depth of character.<ref name="rediffheart" />

Shetty's first film of 2005 was ''[[Dus]]'', an action thriller. Although it received average returns at the box office,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Box Office India |title=Box office analysis |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/2005.htm |access-date=23 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070120111710/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/2005.htm  |archive-date=20 January 2007}}</ref> Shetty stated that she had taken the role to reinvent herself by portraying the rather unconventional character of an anti-terrorist squad member.<ref name="rediffheart" /> She then starred opposite [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] in the Kannada film ''[[Auto Shankar (film)|Auto Shankar]]''. The film was a major box office success and it earned her the name "The [[Gabbar Singh (character)|Gabbar Singh]] of the South" due to her villainous role in the film.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghos |first1=Debjani |title=Shilpa's ode to Gabbar Singh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/shilpa-s-ode-to-gabbar-singh/story-kZpyo6ALtCHW7JVFBubAHM.html |access-date=10 May 2020 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |agency=HT Media Ltd |date=17 June 2015 |archive-date=12 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412111944/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/shilpa-s-ode-to-gabbar-singh/story-kZpyo6ALtCHW7JVFBubAHM.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Make way for Shilpa, The Big Don |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/sep/10shilpa.htm |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> She also earned nomination for [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinegoer.com/archives/september2006/filmfarewinners.htm |title=53rd Annual South Filmfare Awards Winners |access-date=2 May 2007 |date=9 September 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429030243/http://www.cinegoer.com/archives/september2006/filmfarewinners.htm |archive-date=29 April 2007 }}</ref> In the same year, she starred in the film ''[[Fareb (2005 film)|Fareb]]'' with her younger sister Shamita Shetty. Shetty had one release in 2006, the much delayed ''[[Shaadi Karke Phas Gaya Yaar]]''. The film was a box office flop, but she got good reviews for her role as a not entirely likeable wife.<ref>{{cite web |work=indiafm.com |title=Shaadi Karke Phas Gaya Yaar |url=http://www.indiafm.com/movies/review/11637/index.html |access-date=25 January 2007 |archive-date=24 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070124115720/http://www.indiafm.com/movies/review/11637/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2006, she also became a judge alongside [[Farah Khan]] and [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] on ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jul/08fareb.htm|title=Hot women, thanda film|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>

=== Further recognition and ''Celebrity Big Brother'' (2007–2009) ===
In January 2007, Shetty was a contestant and the subsequent winner of the British reality television series ''[[Celebrity Big Brother (British series 5)|Celebrity Big Brother 5]]''.<ref name="BB7">{{cite web |work=Metro |location=UK |title=Bollywood star in Celebrity Big Brother |date=3 January 2007 |url=http://www.metro.co.uk/fame/article.html?in_article_id=31455&in_page_id=7&in_a_source= |access-date=3 January 2007 |archive-date=13 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113073442/http://www.metro.co.uk/fame/article.html?in_article_id=31455&in_page_id=7&in_a_source= |url-status=dead }}</ref> She was the first Indian celebrity included in the show. Reportedly paid [[Rupee|Rs.]]31.5 m ([[Pound sterling|£]]367,500&) for her participation,<ref name="moneyforBB7">{{cite web |work=gg2.net |title=Lots of money for BB7 |url=http://www.gg2.net/viewnews.asp?nid=2164&tid=top_stories&catid=Top%20Stories |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718193619/http://www.gg2.net/viewnews.asp?nid=2164&tid=top_stories&catid=Top%20Stories |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 July 2011 |access-date=3 January 2007}}</ref> she said to presenter [[Davina McCall]], "I just want every Indian to be extremely proud that I'm in here".<ref>{{cite web |work=breakingnews.iol.ie |title=Sixth to enter house |url=http://breakingnews.iol.ie/entertainment/story.asp?j=206033392&p=zx6x34x98 |access-date=3 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926233546/http://breakingnews.iol.ie/entertainment/story.asp?j=206033392&p=zx6x34x98 |archive-date=26 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> As for her participation, she stated: "I have zero expectations. The only thing I really hope to keep is my self-respect and my dignity."<ref name="bbprofile">{{cite web |publisher=Channel 4 |title=Housemates |url=http://www.channel4.com/entertainment/tv/microsites/B/bb7_celebrity/housemates/housemate_news.jsp?id=9 |access-date=5 January 2007 |archive-date=5 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105221805/http://www.channel4.com/entertainment/tv/microsites/B/bb7_celebrity/housemates/housemate_news.jsp?id=9 |url-status=live }}</ref> Her sister Shamita told ''The Times of India'' that this "is the boldest decision Shilpa has taken so far."<ref>{{cite news |work=The Times of India |title='This is Shilpa's boldest decision' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/City_Supplements/Lucknow_Times/This_is_Shilpas_boldest_decision/articleshow/1100529.cms |access-date=13 January 2007 |date=8 January 2007 |archive-date=12 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012160158/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/City_Supplements/Lucknow_Times/This_is_Shilpas_boldest_decision/articleshow/1100529.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> During her stay on the show, Shetty instructed [[Celebrity Big Brother 5 (UK)#Contestants|fellow housemates]] [[Carole Malone]] and [[Ken Russell]] in [[meditation]]<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Channel 4 |title=The Universal Om |url=http://www.channel4.com/entertainment/tv/microsites/B/bb7_celebrity/news/newsstory.jsp?id=1059&articleMask=1&housemateId=9 |access-date=5 January 2007 |archive-date=12 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012170916/http://www.channel4.com/entertainment/tv/microsites/B/bb7_celebrity/news/newsstory.jsp?id=1059&articleMask=1&housemateId=9 |url-status=live }}</ref> and flirted with [[Dirk Benedict]]<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Channel 4 |title=Flirt Alert |url=http://www.channel4.com/entertainment/tv/microsites/B/bb7_celebrity/news/newsstory.jsp?id=1109&articleMask=1&housemateId=9 |access-date=10 January 2007 |archive-date=12 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012170922/http://www.channel4.com/entertainment/tv/microsites/B/bb7_celebrity/news/newsstory.jsp?id=1109&articleMask=1&housemateId=9 |url-status=live }}</ref> but tempers started to fray by Day 7 as a [[clique]] formed in the house disapproving of Shilpa's presence.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Channel 4 |title=The Fit Controller |url=http://www.channel4.com/entertainment/tv/microsites/B/bb7_celebrity/news/newsstory.jsp?id=1137&articleMask=1&housemateId=9 |access-date=10 January 2007 |archive-date=12 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012170926/http://www.channel4.com/entertainment/tv/microsites/B/bb7_celebrity/news/newsstory.jsp?id=1137&articleMask=1&housemateId=9 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Channel 4 |title=Mountain out of a Molehill |url=http://www.channel4.com/entertainment/tv/microsites/B/bb7_celebrity/news/newsstory.jsp?id=1203&articleMask=1&housemateId=9 |access-date=14 January 2007 |archive-date=12 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012170940/http://www.channel4.com/entertainment/tv/microsites/B/bb7_celebrity/news/newsstory.jsp?id=1203&articleMask=1&housemateId=9 |url-status=live }}</ref> Following a worldwide controversy that publicised her as a target of racist bullying within the house, Shetty won the contest after gaining 63% of the public vote and described the experience as "incredible and overwhelming". She further thanked the public for "a fantastic opportunity to make my country proud".<ref>{{cite news |publisher=BBC |title=Shetty wins Celebrity Big Brother |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6308443.stm |access-date=30 January 2007 |date=29 January 2007 |archive-date=10 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310174200/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6308443.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2008, Shetty began hosting the [[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 2|second season]] of the reality television series ''[[Bigg Boss]]'', the Indian version of the international reality television series ''[[Big Brother (franchise)|Big Brother]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/bigg-boss-season-2-gets-bigger-on-colors/345818/0|title=Bigg Boss gets bigger|date=7 August 2008 |publisher=The Financial Express|access-date=10 October 2008}}</ref>

2007 proved to be another successful year for Shetty. Her first release, ''[[Life in a... Metro]]'', received widespread critical acclaim and became the first Bollywood film to premiere at [[Leicester Square]], [[London]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=CNN-IBN |title=Shilpa's World Premiere in London |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/showbiz/05_2007/pics-shilpas-big-day-in-london-40046.html |access-date=1 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610003431/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/showbiz/05_2007/pics-shilpas-big-day-in-london-40046.html |archive-date=10 June 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Metro follows the six individual lives|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/27950.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061228150953/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/27950.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 December 2006|access-date=17 January 2007|website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> She portrayed a woman in an unhappy marriage opposite [[Kay Kay Menon]] and [[Shiney Ahuja]]. Shetty's performance was widely appreciated: [[Rajeev Masand]] noted: "It's a terrific performance and unquestionably Shetty's best to date".<ref>{{cite web |author=Masand, Rajeev |publisher=CNN-IBN |title=Masand's verdict: Metro |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/masands-verdict-metro/40402-8-p1.html |access-date=29 December 2007 |archive-date=27 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227012639/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/masands-verdict-metro/40402-8-p1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Raja Sen stated, "This is Shilpa's best-ever performance, nuanced and real, raw enough to feel".<ref>{{cite web |last=Sen |first=Raja |title=There's Something About Metro |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/11metro.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=9 March 2014 |date=11 May 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212080134/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/11metro.htm |archive-date=12 December 2013}}</ref> The film was a [[Sleeper hit|surprise commercial success]] at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=214&catName=MjAwNw== |title=Box Office 2008 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=22 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014132441/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=214&catName=MjAwNw%3D%3D |archive-date=14 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Her second release, alongside three Deols ([[Dharmendra]], Sunny and [[Bobby Deol|Bobby]]), the family drama ''[[Apne]]'', was also a major box office success. She played Sunny's wife in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apne – Movie – Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=227 |website=boxofficeindia.com |access-date=1 June 2021 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516021701/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=227|url-status=live }}</ref> In 2008, Shetty had a special dance appearance in ''[[Dostana (2008 film)|Dostana]]''. Following this, she took a hiatus from acting in films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2008 |title=Shilpa to do a song with Abhishek, John |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/shilpa-to-do-a-song-with-abhishek-john-news-bollywood-kkftGxhhdgdsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314191124/http://www.sify.com/movies/shilpa-to-do-a-song-with-abhishek-john-news-bollywood-kkftGxhhdgdsi.html |archive-date=14 March 2017 |access-date=14 March 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

===Television judge and intermittent acting work (2010–present)===
[[File:Shilpa.Shetty.jpg|thumb|Shetty in 2013|287x287px]]

Shetty starred in the unreleased 2010 Indo-Chinese drama ''[[The Desire (2010 film)|The Desire]]'', a film rescued during production by her mother, who stepped in when its producer abandoned the project unfinished. Alongside [[Sajid Khan (director)|Sajid Khan]] and [[Terence Lewis (choreographer)|Terrence Lewis]], Shetty was featured as a talent judge for the dance reality show ''[[Nach Baliye 5|Nach Baliye]]'' (seasons 5, 6 and Shriman v/s Shrimati), from 2012 to 2014. In March 2014, Shetty began hosting the reality television show ''Soney Ka Dil'', which she also co-produced along with Kundra. The show format is based on featuring ordinary people who have contributed their extraordinary help to others in need.<ref>{{cite news |work=TellyTRP.in |title=Shilpa Shetty to Producer and Host a New Show Called Soney Ka Dil |url=http://www.tellytrp.in/2014/03/shilpa-shetty-to-come-up-with-new-show-called-soney-ka-dil.html |access-date=16 March 2014 |date=15 March 2014 |archive-date=16 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316082314/http://www.tellytrp.in/2014/03/shilpa-shetty-to-come-up-with-new-show-called-soney-ka-dil.html |url-status=usurped }}</ref> The same year, Shetty became a film producer with the action film ''[[Dishkiyaaoon]]'', a box-office flop.<ref name=":5">{{cite web |title=First Look: Shilpa Shetty's production 'Dishkiyaaoon' starring Sunny Deol, Harman Baweja |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/first-look-shilpa-shettys-production-dishkiyaaoon-starring-sunny-deol-harman-baweja/1182387/ |date=14 October 2013 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=23 November 2013 |archive-date=19 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219022056/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/first-look-shilpa-shettys-production-dishkiyaaoon-starring-sunny-deol-harman-baweja/1182387 |url-status=live }}</ref> Since early 2016, she has been judging the dance reality show [[Super Dancer]] on [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony Entertainment]] channel along with co-judges [[Geeta Kapoor]] and [[Anurag Basu]].

Shetty's only appearance on-screen during her break was in the 2014 film ''[[Dishkiyaoon]]'', where she appeared in the song 'Tu Mere Type Ka Nahi Hai'. She made her comeback to films after 14 years, with the 2021 film ''[[Hungama 2]]'' which received widely negative reviews.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/hungama-2-shilpa-shetty-and-paresh-rawal-are-ready-for-a-laugh-riot-with-meezan-and-pranitha-subhash-1631101-2019-12-24 |title=Shilpa Shetty and Paresh Rawal are ready for a laugh riot with Meezaan Jafri and Pranitha Subhash |date=24 December 2019 |magazine=India Today |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-date=24 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224085621/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/bollywood/story/hungama-2-shilpa-shetty-and-paresh-rawal-are-ready-for-a-laugh-riot-with-meezan-and-pranitha-subhash-1631101-2019-12-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022, she appeared in ''[[Nikamma]]'' alongside [[Abhimanyu Dassani]] and [[Shirley Setia]].<ref>{{cite news |last=IANS |date=1 August 2019 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/im-ready-to-take-that-plunge-again-says-shilpa-shetty-on-her-comeback-film-nikamma-2254621.html |title=I'm ready to take that plunge again, says Shilpa Shetty on her comeback film 'Nikamma' |work=News 18 |access-date=21 August 2019 |archive-date=21 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821035826/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/im-ready-to-take-that-plunge-again-says-shilpa-shetty-on-her-comeback-film-nikamma-2254621.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She then starred in the 2023 female-led comedy ''[[Sukhee]]'' opposite [[Amit Sadh]] and [[Chaitanya Choudhry]], where she played a wife who takes a break from her life to reunite with her friends.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sukhee Movie Review : These midlife musings of a middle-class housewife are heartfelt but scattered |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/sukhee/movie-review/103854438.cms |access-date=11 February 2024 |first=Renuka |last=Vyavahare |date=22 September 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Shetty expanded to web with [[Rohit Shetty]]'s 2024 series ''[[Indian Police Force (web series)|Indian Police Force]]'', joining as the first female cop in his Cop universe.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shilpa Shetty to make her OTT debut with Rohit Shetty's 'Indian Police Force' alongside Sidharth Malhotra |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shilpa-shetty-make-ott-debut-rohit-shettys-indian-police-force-alongside-sidharth-malhotra/ |date=23 April 2022 |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=23 April 2022 |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423073954/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/bollywood/shilpa-shetty-make-ott-debut-rohit-shettys-indian-police-force-alongside-sidharth-malhotra/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Trisha Bhattacharya of ''[[India Today]]'' noted, "Tara played by Shilpa Shetty was a quirky casting pick! Initially, her lines felt a tad forced, but as the show rolled on, it just became better."<ref>{{cite web|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reviews/story/indian-police-force-review-sidharth-malhotras-web-series-is-riveting-yet-cliched-rohit-shetty-shilpa-shetty-prime-video-january-19-2490586-2024-01-19|title=Indian Police Force' Review: Sidharth Malhotra's web series is riveting yet cliched|date=19 January 2024 |access-date=19 January 2024|archive-date=19 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119024144/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reviews/story/indian-police-force-review-sidharth-malhotras-web-series-is-riveting-yet-cliched-rohit-shetty-shilpa-shetty-prime-video-january-19-2490586-2024-01-19|url-status=live}}</ref> Shetty will next return to Kannada films after 18 years, with ''[[KD - The Devil]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Daithota |first=Madhu |title=Shilpa Shetty back in Sandalwood as Satyavathi in KD |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/shilpa-shetty-back-in-sandalwood-as-satyavathi-in-kd/articleshow/98901582.cms?from=mdr |access-date=22 March 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322084428/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/shilpa-shetty-back-in-sandalwood-as-satyavathi-in-kd/articleshow/98901582.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2023 |title=Shilpa Shetty returns to Kannada cinema after gap of 18 years with Dhruva Sarja's KD |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/shilpa-shetty-returns-to-kannada-cinema-after-gap-of-18-years-with-dhruva-sarjas-kd-8512016/ |access-date=22 March 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322084428/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/shilpa-shetty-returns-to-kannada-cinema-after-gap-of-18-years-with-dhruva-sarjas-kd-8512016/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Off-screen work ==
[[File:Shilpa Shetty Grand Finale Nach Baliye 5.jpg|thumb|Shetty on the set of ''[[Nach Baliye 5]]'' as judge|237x237px]]
In February 2006, Shetty lent support to a BBC World Service Trust television show designed to tackle the problem of [[HIV-AIDS]] in India.<ref name="bbcaids">{{cite news |publisher=BBC |title=Bollywood stars in BBC Aids show |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4697030.stm |access-date=4 January 2007 |date=9 February 2006 |archive-date=15 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070115181055/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4697030.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> According to reports, she participated in order to show solidarity with HIV-AIDS sufferers.<ref name="bbcaids" /> According to Shetty, the issue was particularly close to her heart as she had portrayed an HIV-positive sufferer in her 2004 film ''[[Phir Milenge (2004 film)|Phir Milenge]]''. Speaking about the film and HIV in general, Shetty said: "Why not a film on HIV positive patients? It is a social stigma in our society. We made this film to highlight this problem ... This film will bring about social awareness about AIDS in our country. It is high time we talked about this in our society".<ref name="rediffheart" />

In March 2006, various sources reported Shetty's joining [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals|PETA]] as part of an [[advertising campaign]] against the use of wild [[animals in circuses]].<ref name=":3">{{cite news |title=Distress call from tinsel town 'tigress' |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/02/stories/2006050202730200.htm |access-date=2 January 2007 |location=Chennai, India |date=2 May 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060513090839/http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/02/stories/2006050202730200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=13 May 2006}}</ref> According to a PETA India press release, Shetty is a long-time PETA supporter and has assisted the campaign by posing for photographs in a figure-hugging tiger costume. She explained that her crouching in a cage was uncomfortable during the photoshoot, but that her discomfort was insignificant compared to the pain suffered by the creatures. "These once dignified animals only leave their cages, which are barely larger than the size of their bodies, for a few minutes each day to be forced into the ring to perform tricks which make no sense and are upsetting to them. The best way to help animals suffering in circuses is to boycott the circus".<ref name=":4">{{cite web |work=petaindia.com |title=Shilpa Shetty Speaks Up About Cruelty To Animals in Circuses |url=http://www.petaindia.com/newsnew/NewsItem.asp?id=2996 |access-date=2 January 2007 |archive-date=14 December 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214114623/http://www.petaindia.com/newsnew/NewsItem.asp?id=2996 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Shetty revealed in a later interview that she felt strongly about this cause and that she was appalled to hear of the cruel treatment suffered by such animals. "I thought I should stop that. If I can make a little difference to their lives, why not go for it?"<ref name="rediffheart">{{cite web |work=Rediff.com |title=Shilpa Shetty on matters close to her heart |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2004/jun/30shilpa.htm |access-date=2 January 2007 |archive-date=10 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310121308/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2004/jun/30shilpa.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Shetty holds a [[Black belt (martial arts)|black belt]] in [[karate]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2015 |title=10 Bollywood actresses who are trained in martial arts |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/10-bollywood-actresses-who-are-trained-in-martial-arts-277876.html |access-date=22 October 2020 |website=The Times of India |language=en-IN |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027155449/https://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/10-bollywood-actresses-who-are-trained-in-martial-arts-277876.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She launched her fitness [[Yoga]] DVD in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rakshit |first=Nayandeep |date=28 July 2015 |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shilpa-shetty-kundra-to-launch-an-express-yoga-dvd-2108578 |title=Shilpa Shetty Kundra to launch an express Yoga DVD ! |newspaper=DNA |language=en-US |access-date=9 December 2016 |archive-date=11 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111233409/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shilpa-shetty-kundra-to-launch-an-express-yoga-dvd-2108578 |url-status=live }}</ref> In February 2009, Shetty and [[Raj Kundra]] became part owners of the [[Indian Premier League]] franchise cricket team [[Rajasthan Royals]] by paying approximately US$15.4 million for an 11.7% stake. Shetty also co-owns the Indian chain of spas and salon called Iosis.<ref>{{cite news |title=10 Bollywood stars who made it big as entrepreneurs |url=http://www.businesstoday.in/photos/in-the-news/10-bollywood-stars-who-made-it-big-as-entrepreneurs/1173.html#photo2 |access-date=27 March 2017 |publisher=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |archive-date=28 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328195655/http://www.businesstoday.in/photos/in-the-news/10-bollywood-stars-who-made-it-big-as-entrepreneurs/1173.html#photo2 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, The Indian government selected Shetty as a brand ambassador of the [[Swachh Bharat Mission]], a campaign to improve sanitation throughout India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Government ropes in Shilpa Shetty as Swachh Bharat brand ambassador |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/government-ropes-in-shilpa-shetty-as-swachh-bharat-brand-ambassador/articleshow/57328754.cms |access-date=23 April 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=24 February 2017 |archive-date=27 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527151548/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/government-ropes-in-shilpa-shetty-as-swachh-bharat-brand-ambassador/articleshow/57328754.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> On 20 January 2020, she received the [[Champions of Change (award)|Champions of Change]] award for her work in that campaign.<ref>{{cite news |last=ANI |date=20 January 2020 |title=Shilpa Shetty gets 'Champions of Change' award for Swachh Bharat Abhiyan |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/shilpa-shetty-gets-champions-of-change-award-for-swachh-bharat-abhiyan-120012001570_1.html |work=Business Standard India |access-date=23 April 2022 |archive-date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426095143/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/shilpa-shetty-gets-champions-of-change-award-for-swachh-bharat-abhiyan-120012001570_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2021, edible oils and food products company [[B.L. Agro Industries]] announced her as the brand ambassador for their food offerings brand ''Nourish'' under categories pulses, dry fruits and flours.<ref>{{cite news |title=BL Agro ropes in Shilpa Shetty as brand ambassador for Nourish - ET BrandEquity |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/marketing/bl-agro-ropes-in-shilpa-shetty-as-brand-ambassador-for-nourish/81445774 |work=Economic Times |date=11 March 2021 |access-date=18 December 2024}}</ref> In 2023, she invested Rs 2.25 crore in ''[[Shark Tank India]]'' fame WickedGud.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2023 |title=Shilpa Shetty invests Rs 2.25 crore in Shark Tank fame WickedGud |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/sme-sector/shilpa-shetty-invests-rs-2-25-crore-in-shark-tank-fame-wickedgud/articleshow/100247530.cms |access-date=6 August 2023 |website=Economic Times |language=en |archive-date=11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811035735/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/sme-sector/shilpa-shetty-invests-rs-2-25-crore-in-shark-tank-fame-wickedgud/articleshow/100247530.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She has also been an early investor of MamaEarth, an Indian cosmetic brand.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deva |first=Pranati |date=1 November 2023 |title=Mamaearth IPO: How does Shilpa Shetty's return compare with Katrina Kaif's Nykaa profit? |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/ipo/shilpa-shetty-likely-to-earn-massive-return-from-mamaearth-ipo-how-does-it-compare-with-alia-katrinas-nykaa-profit-11698823419590.html |access-date=1 January 2024 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101092345/https://www.livemint.com/market/ipo/shilpa-shetty-likely-to-earn-massive-return-from-mamaearth-ipo-how-does-it-compare-with-alia-katrinas-nykaa-profit-11698823419590.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Manohar |first=Asit |date=26 October 2023 |title=Shilpa Shetty set to earn ₹15.65 crore as Mamaearth IPO hits market |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/ipo/shilpa-shetty-set-to-earn-rs-15-65-crore-as-mamaearth-ipo-hits-market-11698307818888.html |access-date=1 January 2024 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101092347/https://www.livemint.com/market/ipo/shilpa-shetty-set-to-earn-rs-15-65-crore-as-mamaearth-ipo-hits-market-11698307818888.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Shetty owns a restaurant in Mumbai named INKA.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khurana |first1=Mallika |date=27 March 2025 |title=Shilpa Shetty Brings INKA, Mumbai's New Restaurant, Serving Peruvian-Asian Flavours & Exquisite Cocktails |url=https://curlytales.com/shilpa-shetty-brings-inka-mumbais-new-restaurant-serving-peruvian-asian-flavours-exquisite-cocktails/ |work=Curly Tales |access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref>

==Legal issues and controversies==
=== Obscenity charge ===
In April 2006, a [[Madurai]] court<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lahoreherald.com/shilpa-shetty-acquitted-from-obscenity-case/ |title=Court acquitted actress Shilpa Shetty in a 2007 obscenity case |date=26 January 2021 |website=Lahore Herald |language=en-US |access-date=11 February 2023 |archive-date=11 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211134700/https://lahoreherald.com/shilpa-shetty-acquitted-from-obscenity-case/ |url-status=live |author=Web Desk }}</ref> issued non-bailable warrants against Shetty and actress [[Reema Sen]] for "posing in an obscene manner" in photographs published by a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] newspaper.<ref name="inrediff">{{cite web |last=PTI |date=21 April 2006 |work=Rediff.com |title=Non-bailable warrants against Shilpa Shetty, Reema Sen |url=https://in.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/21shilpa.htm |access-date=3 January 2007 |archive-date=26 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070126110300/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/21shilpa.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The report stated that the two actresses had failed to comply with earlier summonses, hence the issuance of the warrants.<ref name="inrediff" /> The petitioner submitted that the paper had published "very sexy and medium blow-ups" in its December 2005 and January 2006 issues, and alleged that these violated the Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act 1986, Young Persons (Harmful Publications) Act 1956, and the [[Indian Penal Code]] Section 292 (Sale of Obscene Books). The petitioner further demanded that the images be confiscated under the terms of the Press and Registration of Book Act 1867.<ref name="inrediff" /> The district court granted anticipatory bail to actress [[Shilpa Shetty]], her husband [[Raj Kundra]] in a cheating case filed by a textile firm owner. [[Criminal defense lawyer|Defence lawyer]] [[Aniket Nikam]] told the court that the accused had no intention to cheat, adding that BDTV had already paid Rs 1 crore to the complainant and only Rs 24 lakh were due.<ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=20 May 2017 |title=Anticipatory bail for Shilpa Shetty, Raj Kundra in cheating case |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/May/20/anticipatory-bail-for-shilpa-shetty-raj-kundra-in-cheating-case-1607188.html |access-date=26 November 2025 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Shetty responded that she had not received any court summons and also discounted the charges. She further claimed that the pictures were freeze-frame shots from a recent film that only exposed her [[navel]]. "As far as my photographs go, what is obscene about it? If navel-showing is obscenity, then our traditional Indian outfit – the traditional [[sari]] – should be banned in the first place."<ref>{{cite news |work=The Times of India |title='If navel is obscene, let's ban saris' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-times/if-navel-is-obscene-lets-ban-saris/articleshow/1504414.cms |access-date=4 January 2007 |first1=Afsana |last1=Ahmed |first2=Smrity |last2=Sharma |date=25 April 2006 |archive-date=9 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109123958/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-times/If-navel-is-obscene-lets-ban-saris/articleshow/1504414.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2007, outgoing [[Chief Justice]] Y.K. Sabharwal confirmed that Shetty had written to him requesting that he enunciate guidelines against frivolous [[lawsuits]] against the artists, but he had refused her plea on the grounds that she should have filed a formal [[petition]] instead of writing a [[Letter (message)|letter]].<ref>{{cite news |work=The Telegraph |location=Kolkota, India |title=Top judge snubs Shilpa's plea |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070114/asp/nation/story_7260510.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120912132621/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070114/asp/nation/story_7260510.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 September 2012 |access-date=16 January 2007 |first=Our |last=Legal |date=14 January 2007}}</ref>

=== Target of racism ===
{{Main|Celebrity Big Brother (British series 5) racism controversy}}

During her stay on ''[[Celebrity Big Brother (British series 5)|Celebrity Big Brother 5]]'', Shetty was the target of [[racism]] and [[bullying]] by some other housemates, chiefly [[Jade Goody]], [[Jo O'Meara]] and [[Danielle Lloyd]].<ref name="bbcracism">{{cite news |publisher=BBC |title=Anger over Big Brother 'racism' |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6265127.stm |access-date=17 January 2007 |date=16 January 2007 |archive-date=17 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070117190243/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6265127.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> After correcting Goody's mother, who mispronounced Shetty's name as 'Shiwpa', Shetty was mocked for her Indian [[Accent (sociolinguistics)|accent]] and was branded "The Indian" and was referred to as a "dog" by Lloyd. Referring to Shetty, O'Meara generalised that all Indians were thin because they were "sick all the time" as a result of undercooking their food, following their belief that Shetty had undercooked a chicken,<ref name="How the Big Brother row erupted">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6271161.stm |title=How the Big Brother row erupted |date=17 January 2007 |work=BBC News |access-date=17 January 2007 |archive-date=20 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070120224532/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6271161.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> which had given O'Meara diarrhoea.<ref name="bbchowrow">{{cite news |publisher=BBC |title=How the Big Brother row erupted |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6271161.stm |access-date=18 January 2007 |date=17 January 2007 |archive-date=20 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070120073145/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6271161.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Lloyd also mentioned that she disliked Shetty touching her food because she did not "know where her hands have been".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6265127.stm |title=Anger over Big Brother 'racism' |date=16 January 2007 |work=BBC News |access-date=9 February 2009 |archive-date=25 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225091423/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6265127.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

After Shetty had attempted to dispose of the left-over [[chicken soup]] down the toilet and had caused a blockage, housemate [[Jack Tweed]] suggested that she should pick the bones out with her teeth<ref name="bbchowrow" /> and allegedly referred to her as a "fucking [[List of ethnic slurs|Paki]]",<ref>{{cite news |work=The Times of India |title=Big Brother has a Big Mouth |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/City_Supplements/Calcutta_Times/Big_Brother_has_a_Big_Mouth/articleshow/1186065.cms |access-date=15 January 2007 |date=14 January 2007 |archive-date=12 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012160152/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/City_Supplements/Calcutta_Times/Big_Brother_has_a_Big_Mouth/articleshow/1186065.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> although show producers denied this and stated that the word used was "[[cunt]]".<ref name="guardiandiplo">{{cite news |work=The Guardian |title=Racism, ratings and reality TV: now Big Brother creates a diplomatic incident |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/jan/18/bigbrother.politics |access-date=18 January 2007 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070120145029/http://politics.guardian.co.uk/foreignaffairs/story/0,,1992924,00.html  |archive-date=20 January 2007 |first1=Owen |last1=Gibson |first2=Vikram |last2=Dodd |first3=Randeep |last3=Ramesh |url-status=live |date=18 January 2007}}</ref><ref name="guardianracism">{{cite news |work=The Guardian |title=Big Brother racism complaints soar |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/jan/16/bigbrother.broadcasting |access-date=17 January 2007 |location=London |first=Leigh |last=Holmwood |date=16 January 2007 |archive-date=20 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070120174238/http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0%2C%2C1991561%2C00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> During a fierce argument, Goody told Shetty that she needed to "spend a day in the slums", although the media falsely reported this as "go back to the slums".<ref>{{cite news |publisher=BBC |title=Shetty fears Big Brother 'racism' |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6273677.stm |access-date=3 February 2007 |date=18 January 2007 |archive-date=20 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070120224401/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6273677.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Claiming that she did not know Shilpa's surname, Goody referred to her as "Shilpa Fuckawallah", "Shilpa Daroopa", and "Shilpa [[Poppadom]]", later claiming that they were non-racist references to Indian food.<ref name="bbcnotracist">{{cite news |publisher=BBC |title=Rows 'not racist', say housemates |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6277301.stm |access-date=4 February 2007 |date=18 January 2007 |archive-date=20 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070120224441/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6277301.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=The Guardian |title=Beauty and the beastliness: a tale of declining British values |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/jan/19/broadcasting.comment |access-date=3 February 2007 |location=London |first=Stuart |last=Jeffries |date=19 January 2007 |archive-date=21 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070121110739/http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0%2C%2C1994220%2C00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Lloyd had opined that Shetty's English-speaking skills were lacking and said she should "fuck off home".<ref name="bbcquotes">{{cite news |publisher=BBC |title=Big Brother controversy in quotes |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6282883.stm |access-date=3 February 2007 |date=20 January 2007 |archive-date=3 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203051801/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6282883.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Shilpa Shetty, Daniel Lloyd at Life In A Metro Premiere In London's Empire Leicester Square (5).jpg|thumb|[[Danielle Lloyd]] (left) and Shetty (right) at ''[[Life in a... Metro]]'' premiere at [[London]]'s [[Leicester Square Theatre|Leicester Square]], 2007.]]
Shetty had been reduced to tears on several occasions, telling fellow housemate [[Ian Watkins (Steps)|Ian Watkins]]: "I feel like I'm losing my dignity."<ref name="bbchowrow" /> After the show, Goody stated that she understood her comments appeared as racist and apologised for any offence caused.<ref name="Jade apology">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6400689.stm |title=Jade Goody says sorry to Indians |date=27 February 2007 |work=BBC News |access-date=19 September 2008 |archive-date=23 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080823084422/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6400689.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> On 14 February 2007, Shetty said "Jade and Danielle did apologise. And I've forgiven them. Anyone, who knows me, knows I forgive and forget easily." On 17 February 2007, Shetty said that she wanted to forgive Jo O'Meara, but she and other ''Celebrity Big Brother'' contestants had difficulty contacting her.<ref name="I forgive Jade">{{cite web |last=Elias |first=Laura |url=http://www.entertainmentwise.com/news/44410/shilpa-shetty-i-forgive-cancerstricken-jade |title=Shilpa Shetty: 'I Forgive Cancer-Stricken Jade' |date=21 August 2008 |publisher=Entertainment Wise |access-date=18 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213175826/http://www.entertainmentwise.com/news/44410/shilpa-shetty-i-forgive-cancerstricken-jade |archive-date=13 February 2010}}</ref> After Goody apologised to Shetty for her behaviour, Tweed stated that he was very disappointed with Goody for apologising, and called Shetty a "[[wikt:dick|dick]]" after previously describing her as a "[[wanker]]". Shetty speculated that she might be a victim of racism,<ref name="Shilpavictim">{{cite news |publisher=BBC |title=Channel 4 denies Brother 'racism' |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6272585.stm |access-date=18 January 2007 |date=18 January 2007 |archive-date=1 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201075629/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6272585.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> but later retracted it by claiming: "People say things in anger."<ref name="bbcnotracist" />  In May 2007, Lloyd attended the premiere of Shetty's film ''Life in a... Metro'' in London, in which the two were photographed together.

The screening of the racial comments on UK television resulted in national and international media coverage, responses from the UK and Indian governments,<ref name="Metro Backlash">{{cite web |url=http://www.metro.co.uk/news/article.html?in_article_id=33530&in_page_id=34&expand=true |title=Big Brother backlash |last=Taylor |first=Joel |date=17 January 2007 |publisher=Metro |access-date=18 September 2008}}</ref> and the show's suspension during the 2008 season.<ref name="CBB cancelled">{{cite news |last1=Conlan |first1=Tara |last2=Tryhorn |first2=Chris |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/aug/24/channel4.bigbrother |title=Channel 4 rests Celebrity Big Brother |date=24 August 2007 |work=The Guardian |access-date=18 August 2008 |location=London |archive-date=5 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141005142804/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/aug/24/channel4.bigbrother |url-status=live }}</ref> Many agencies and corporations cancelled their contracts with the housemates accused of racism, citing the allegations as the reason for the terminations. Also, many sponsors of the ''Big Brother'' series cancelled<ref name="no crowd no shock">{{cite web |last1=Martin |first1=Allison |last2=Methven |first2=Nicola |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/tm_headline=no-crowd-no-shock%2D%2D-no-reality%26method=full%26objectid=18505500%26siteid=94762-name_page.html |title=No crowd no shock.. no reality |date=20 January 2007 |work=Daily Mirror |access-date=20 January 2007 |archive-date=29 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629152929/http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/tm_headline%3Dno-crowd-no-shock---no-reality%26method%3Dfull%26objectid%3D18505500%26siteid%3D94762-name_page.html |url-status=live }}</ref> or suspended<ref name="Big Brother sponsor suspends deal Sky">{{cite web |url=http://news.sky.com/skynews/article/0,,30000-1247956,00.html |title=Big Bro Sponsor Pulls Out |date=18 January 2007 |publisher=Sky News |access-date=28 January 2007 |archive-date=25 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825032454/http://news.sky.com/skynews/article/0,,30000-1247956,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> their sponsorship of the show. After conducting an investigation, [[Ofcom]] ruled that Channel 4 had breached the Ofcom code of conduct, and statutory sanctions were placed on the network.<ref name="Sanctions">{{cite news |last=Conlan |first=Tara |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/may/24/bigbrother.channel4 |title=Channel 4 forced to air Big Brother apologies |date=24 May 2007 |work=The Guardian |access-date=18 September 2008 |location=London |archive-date=3 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003125201/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/may/24/bigbrother.channel4 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Richard Gere kissing incident ===
On 15 April 2007, the American actor [[Richard Gere]] hugged and kissed Shetty repeatedly on the cheek during an AIDS-awareness event.<ref name="a kiss">{{cite news |title=Shilpa Shetty questioned over Gere kiss |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1564407/Shilpa-Shetty-questioned-over-Gere-kiss.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1564407/Shilpa-Shetty-questioned-over-Gere-kiss.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |date=27 September 2007 |last=Holt |first=Richard |newspaper=The Telegraph |access-date=29 October 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In response, a number of protesters, including members of the Hindu nationalist political party [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2007 |title=Shiv Sainiks storm Shilpa Shetty's movie sets in Mumbai |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/shiv-sainiks-storm-shilpa-shetty-s-movie-sets-in-mumbai/story-OyNX0T0XXU10BBujPhogEP.html |access-date=22 October 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=4 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804151846/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/shiv-sainiks-storm-shilpa-shetty-s-movie-sets-in-mumbai/story-OyNX0T0XXU10BBujPhogEP.html |url-status=live }}</ref> beat burning the [[effigy|effigies]] of Gere with sticks.<ref name="protests over a kiss">{{cite web |publisher=Yahoo! News |title=Kissing Incident |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070416/od_nm/india_gere_aids_dc |access-date=16 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070418170020/http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070416/od_nm/india_gere_aids_dc  |archive-date=18 April 2007}}</ref> The protests occurred in a variety of cities, including [[Varanasi]], [[Bhopal]], [[Kanpur]], [[Indore]], [[Delhi]] and [[Mumbai]].<ref name="The Hindu" /> Others set fire to glamour shots of Shetty. Some groups demanded an apology from her and threatened to ban her movies in the state.<ref name="apology demanded">{{cite web |work=Rediff.com |title=Shilpa: I will not apologize |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/apr/16shilpa.htm |access-date=16 April 2007 |archive-date=19 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070419132951/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/apr/16shilpa.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Shiv Sena leaders denied involvement in the protests, but Shiv Sena member of Parliament [[Sanjay Raut]] observed that the protests are "just a manifestation of the anger of the general public" and that there was "nothing wrong with expressing contempt at such an act".<ref>{{cite web |work=Daily News and Analysis |title=Protest over Shilpa-Gere kiss justified: Sena |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1091336 |access-date=22 April 2007 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200149/http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1091336 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Shetty responded to these protests by saying, "I understand this (kissing) is his (Gere's) culture, not ours. But this was not a big thing or so obscene for people to overreact in such a manner. I struggle to understand these people's sentiments, but mainly I do not want a foreigner to take bad memories from here."<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news |work=The Hindu |title=Shilpa, Gere's kissing triggers an outcry |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200704162068.htm |access-date=22 April 2007 |location=Chennai, India |date=16 April 2007 |archive-date=21 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070421235823/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200704162068.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 26 April 2007, an Indian court in Rajasthan issued a warrant for Shetty and Gere's arrest.<ref name="Arrest Warrant">{{cite web |work=accesshollywood.com |title=Indian Court Issues Arrest Warrant for Richard Gere |url=http://www.accesshollywood.com/news/ah5051.shtml |access-date=26 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070428080818/http://www.accesshollywood.com/news/ah5051.shtml  |archive-date=28 April 2007}}</ref> A two-judge bench of the Supreme Court headed by the Chief Justice of India subsequently dismissed the suit and suspended the arrest warrants.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7295797.stm South Asia | Richard Gere cleared of obscenity] . BBC News (14 March 2008). Retrieved 23 December 2013.</ref> While the charge against Gere was dropped soon after the incident, the charge against Shetty was not formally dismissed until January 2022.<ref name="guardian-25jan2022">{{cite news |title=Bollywood star cleared of obscenity over 2007 Richard Gere kiss |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/jan/25/indian-court-clears-shilpa-shetty-of-2007-obscenity-charges |access-date=25 January 2022 |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=25 January 2022 |archive-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125115106/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/jan/25/indian-court-clears-shilpa-shetty-of-2007-obscenity-charges |url-status=live }}</ref> Gere has since expressed regret for causing any offence and Shetty has said: "so much has been blown out of proportion".<ref name="BBC News">{{cite news |work=International Version |title=Shetty questioned over Gere kiss |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7016745.stm |access-date=28 September 2007 |date=27 September 2007 |archive-date=12 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112093305/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7016745.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Other cases===
In August 2025, [[Mumbai police]] have filed a case against Shilpa Shetty and her husband [[Raj Kundra]] for reportedly stealing ₹60.4 crore from a businessman in a loan-cum-investment deal in their old company (now defunct), Best Deal TV Private Limited.<ref>{{cite web |title=Actor Shilpa Shetty, Raj Kundra Fraud Charges: ₹60 Crore Investment Deal |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/bollywood/shilpa-shetty-raj-kundra-fraud-charges-60-crore |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Case filed against Shilpa Shetty, Raj Kundra for alleged ₹60 crore fraud |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/case-filed-against-shilpa-shetty-raj-kundra-for-alleged-60-crore-fraud/article69931509.ece#:~:text=Mumbai%20Police%20have%20registered%20a,(August%2014%2C%202025). |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=14 August 2025}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
[[File:Photos-Shilpa-Shetty-at-Bastian-in-Lower-Parel-3 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Shetty with her husband [[Raj Kundra]] in 2020]]
Having worked with [[Akshay Kumar]] in ''Main Khiladi Tu Anari'' (1994), Shetty began dating him on the set of ''Insaaf'' (1997), the latter having just broken up with actress [[Raveena Tandon]].<ref name="bbcprofile" /> Shetty spoke openly about her relationship with Kumar. The Indian media speculated that she had got engaged, and reported that Kumar wanted Shetty to quit films and settle down. Shetty had stated, however, that she had no plans to marry. The couple broke up in 2000 while filming ''Dhadkan''.<ref name=":2" />

In February 2009, Shetty got engaged to [[Raj Kundra]], with whom she was co-owner of the Indian Premier League (IPL) cricket team [[Rajasthan Royals]]. The two married on 22 November 2009.<ref name=":6">[http://www.shilpashettylive.com/blog/index.php/2009/11/26/shilpa-shetty-kundra/254 I am officially Shilpa Shetty Kundra now!!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091202002511/http://www.shilpashettylive.com/blog/index.php/2009/11/26/shilpa-shetty-kundra/254 |date=2 December 2009 }} 26 November 2009</ref><ref name=":9">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Thank-god-Ill-marry-only-once-Shilpa/articleshow/5281437.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811044718/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-30/news-interviews/28103353_1_shilpa-shetty-kundra-wedding-receptions-mediterranean-cruise |url-status=live |archive-date=11 August 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Thank god, I'll marry only once: Shilpa |date=30 November 2009}}</ref> Shetty gave birth to a son on 21 May 2012.<ref name=":7">[http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/report-shilpa-shetty-gives-birth-to-a-baby-boy/20120521.htm Shilpa Shetty gives birth to a baby boy – Rediff.com Movies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614072813/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/report-shilpa-shetty-gives-birth-to-a-baby-boy/20120521.htm |date=14 June 2012 }}. Rediff.com (21 May 2012). Retrieved 23 December 2013.</ref> The couple had a second child, a girl, on 15 February 2020 via [[surrogacy]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/B80Uq2RB3yj/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/theshilpashetty/2248513019380726947 |archive-date=23 December 2021 |url-access=subscription |title=Shilpa Shetty Kundra on Instagram: "{{!}} {{!}}Om Shri Ganeshaya Namah{{!}}{{!}} Our prayers have been answered with a miracle... With gratitude in our hearts, we are thrilled to announce the…" |website=Instagram |language=en |access-date=27 February 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/shilpa-shetty-and-raj-kundra-welcome-a-baby-girl-39174.html |title=Shilpa Shetty and Raj Kundra welcome a baby girl |website=filmfare.com |date=21 February 2020 |language=en |access-date=11 April 2020 |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411064728/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/shilpa-shetty-and-raj-kundra-welcome-a-baby-girl-39174.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Artisty and legacy ==
Shetty established herself as one of the extremely beautiful leading actresses of the 90s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/aishwarya-karisma-to-preity-90s-bollywood-actresses-then-and-now |title=Shilpa, Karisma to Sonali: 90s Bollywood actresses, then and now |website=Free Press Journal |access-date=28 August 2019 |archive-date=8 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608041942/https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/aishwarya-karisma-to-preity-90s-bollywood-actresses-then-and-now |url-status=live }}</ref> Nayanika Das of ''[[Filmfare]]'' termed Shetty the "most vivacious and hard-working" actress.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://m.filmfare.com/features/as-shilpa-shetty-kundra-turns-a-year-older-we-share-the-secrets-to-her-zestful-lifestyle-54378.amp |title=Shilpa Shetty Kundra - Secrets to her zestful lifestyle |work=Filmfare |access-date=12 September 2022 |archive-date=19 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219063445/https://m.filmfare.com/features/as-shilpa-shetty-kundra-turns-a-year-older-we-share-the-secrets-to-her-zestful-lifestyle-54378.amp |url-status=live}}</ref> Shetty has appeared in ''[[Forbes India]]''{{'s}} [[Forbes Celebrity 100|Celebrity 100]] list from 2012 to 2016 and 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/celebprofile2015/shilpa-shetty/1519/165 |title=Shilpa Shetty - Forbes |work=Forbes India |access-date=21 December 2016 |archive-date=19 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219063445/https://www.forbesindia.com/celebprofile2015/shilpa-shetty/1519/165 |url-status=live}}</ref> She ranked at 58th position with an estimated annual income of {{INRConvert|126|m}} in her debut.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2012-celebrity-100/1395/1 |title=2012 Celebrity 100 |work=Forbes India |access-date=22 December 2013 |archive-date=19 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219063445/https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2012-celebrity-100/1395/1 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, she ranked 75th with an estimated annual income of {{INRConvert|22.6|m}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2019-celebrity-100/1819/1 |title=2019 Celebrity 100 |work=Forbes India |access-date=29 December 2020 |archive-date=19 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219063445/https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2019-celebrity-100/1819/1 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Shilpa S K Manish M B'day Bash.jpg|thumb|Shetty in 2016|314x314px]]

''[[Rediff.com]]'' named Shetty the "Most Powerful Actress" of 2007.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://specials.rediff.com/yearend/2007/dec/18yrpoweractress11.htm |title=The most powerful actresses of 2007 |work=Rediff.com |access-date=20 December 2018 |archive-date=19 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219063445/https://specials.rediff.com/yearend/2007/dec/18yrpoweractress11.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> The actress is also known for her dancing skills.<ref>{{cite web |title=Madhuri Dixit to Shilpa Shetty, Bollywood actresses known for their thumkas |work=Zee News |accessdate=26 July 2023 |date=22 March 2023 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/madhuri-dixit-to-shilpa-shetty-bollywood-actresses-known-for-their-thumkas-2586765.html/amp |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810233110/https://zeenews.india.com/people/madhuri-dixit-to-shilpa-shetty-bollywood-actresses-known-for-their-thumkas-2586765.html/amp |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[Times of India|Times' Most Desirable Women]] list, she was placed 10th in 2009 and 27th in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=Times 50 Most Desirable Women |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-09/news-interviews/28375785_1_nicole-faria-vidya-balan-preity-zinta |date=9 January 2011 |access-date=31 December 2011 |archive-date=1 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701172424/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-09/news-interviews/28375785_1_nicole-faria-vidya-balan-preity-zinta |work=The Times of India |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2009, she ranked 8th in ''[[Maxim (India)|Maxim]]''{{'s}} "Hot 100" list.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/bipasha-is-hottest-of-em-all-362515-2009-09-10/1 |title=Bipasha is hottest of 'em all! |work=India Today |access-date=19 November 2012 |archive-date=19 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219063445/https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/bipasha-is-hottest-of-em-all-362515-2009-09-10/1 |url-status=live}}</ref> Shetty is a celebrity endorser for brands and products such as [[Pantene]], [[Yakult]], [[Emami|Kesh King]], Mamaearth, B Natural and Fast & Up.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yakult Danone India names Shilpa Shetty as brand ambassador |work=Economic Times |date=28 March 2017 |access-date=20 November 2021 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/advertising/yakult-danone-india-names-shilpa-shetty-as-brand-ambassador/articleshow/57876111.cms |archive-date=11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811034408/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/advertising/yakult-danone-india-names-shilpa-shetty-as-brand-ambassador/articleshow/57876111.cms |url-status=live |last1=Laghate |first1=Gaurav }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shilpa Shetty Kundra reveals the secret to everyday glow with Mamaearth |work=Economic Times |accessdate=25 February 2023 |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/shilpa-shetty-kundra-reveals-the-secret-to-everyday-glow-with-mamaearth/98178905 |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230122/https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/amp/news/advertising/shilpa-shetty-kundra-reveals-the-secret-to-everyday-glow-with-mamaearth/98178905 |url-status=live }}</ref> Shetty was placed 59th in "Google Top 100 Most Searched Asians" list of 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Google Top 100 Most Searched Asians Full List: Sidhu Moose Wala at 3, Lata Mangeshkar at 5 |work=India Today |date=29 June 2022 |accessdate=26 October 2022 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/google-top-100-most-searched-asians-full-list-sidhu-moose-wala-at-3-lata-mangeshkar-at-5-1968151-2022-06-29 |archive-date=15 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715143404/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/celebrities/story/google-top-100-most-searched-asians-full-list-sidhu-moose-wala-at-3-lata-mangeshkar-at-5-1968151-2022-06-29 |url-status=live }}</ref> Shetty has also received the [[Rajiv Gandhi]] Award in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rajiv Gandhi awards presented to achievers|url=http://sify.com/cities/mumbai/fullstory.php?id=14509427|date=13 August 2007|accessdate=23 January 2008|website=[[Sify]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080112044136/http://sify.com/cities/mumbai/fullstory.php?id=14509427|archive-date=12 January 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[Times of India]]''{{'}}s placed her in its "50 Beautiful Faces" list and ''Rediff.com'' placed her in "Best Dressed Woman" list.<ref>{{cite web |title=Photos - 50 Beautiful Faces: 100 years of Indian Cinema |work=Times of India |access-date=28 December 2021 |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/movies/100-yrs-of-indian-cinema/50-beautiful-faces-100-years-of-indian-cinema/morphshow/19693243.cms |archive-date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126093439/https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/movies/100-yrs-of-indian-cinema/50-beautiful-faces-100-years-of-indian-cinema/morphshow/19693243.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/02sld7.htm |title=Bollywood's best dressed women |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |work=Rediff.com |access-date=23 November 2021 |archive-date=17 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117013436/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/02sld7.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

In February 2007, Shetty attended a reception at the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] by invitation of [[Keith Vaz]] MP to meet with then Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]]. She was also invited to meet [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] at Marlborough House in London in March 2007. Shetty was the subject of a [[Sky One]] documentary entitled ''The Real Shilpa Shetty'', produced by British television production company [[Twofour]]. The large number of commercial offers that Shilpa received after winning ''[[Celebrity Big Brother 5 (UK)|Celebrity Big Brother 5]]'' themselves became a reason for controversy with an increasing number of accusations about her riding the "racism" wave to commercial gain.<ref>{{cite web |work=Bollyrock.com |title=Shilpa Shetty To Milk Britons Dry |url=http://www.bollyrock.com/?p=13 |access-date=20 December 2018 |date=1 July 2007 |archive-date=11 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911001820/http://www.bollyrock.com/?p=13 |url-status=live }}</ref> She was on the cover of the first issue of ''[[OK!|OK! Magazine]]'' in India.<ref>{{cite web |work=Yahoo! |title=Shilpa on the cover of OK Magazine |url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/060517/24/64b4o.html |access-date=16 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209010948/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/060517/24/64b4o.html  |archive-date=9 December 2006}}</ref> In 2007, she also modelled at the [[Wills Lifestyle India Fashion Week]].<ref>[http://in.specials.yahoo.com/willslifestyleindiafashionweek/ Shilpa Shetty models for Wills Lifestyle Fashion Week]. Yahoo! {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009181715/http://in.specials.yahoo.com/willslifestyleindiafashionweek/ |date=9 October 2007 }}</ref> In 2019 the actress, who has long been the poster girl for [[Physical fitness|fitness]], launched a holistic wellness app, The Shilpa Shetty app,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shilpa Shetty Fitness App{{!}} Yoga Body, Mind, Nutrition & Diet |url=https://www.theshilpashetty.com/ |access-date=22 October 2020 |website=www.theshilpashetty.com |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030161724/https://www.theshilpashetty.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> which features yoga routines, functional [[training]], special regimes (for women who are pregnant, struggling with menstrual cramps and so on), and daily nutrition charts for each program. "I think lifestyle modifications are the need of the hour. There's something for everyone on the app. You can do the workouts within the comfort of your home, without any equipment," Shilpa says.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Shilpa Shetty App: Download the best yoga app, available on both Google Play and IOS. |url=https://www.theshilpashetty.com/download-app |access-date=22 October 2020 |website=theshilpashetty.com |language=en |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927202134/https://www.theshilpashetty.com/download-app |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2009, Shetty was among the 10 recipients of the [[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA]]-[[FICCI|FICCI Frames]] Awards for the "Most Powerful Entertainers of the Decade".<ref>{{cite news|title=Big B, SRK bag most powerful entertainer awards at FICCI-Frames|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/big-b-srk-bag-most-powerful-entertainer-awards-at-ficci-frames/article1-380635.aspx|date=18 February 2009|accessdate=11 August 2015|author=IANS|work=Hindustan Times}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Shetty has received an [[Honorary Doctorate]] from the [[University of Leeds]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodmantra.com/news/shilpa-shetty-conferred-with-doctorate-from-leeds-university-in-uk/1645/|title=Now she is Dr. Shilpa Shetty|access-date=9 August 2023|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060946/http://www.bollywoodmantra.com/news/shilpa-shetty-conferred-with-doctorate-from-leeds-university-in-uk/1645/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Shilpa Shetty}}

Shetty has received four [[Filmfare Awards]] nominations: [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]] for ''Baazigar'', [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] for ''Baazigar'' and ''Rishtey'', and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] for ''Phir Milenge''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nominees of the 50th Filmfare Awards |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1021384,curpg-2.cms |accessdate=22 September 2012 |newspaper=Filmfare Awards |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120709222922/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1021384,curpg-2.cms |archivedate=9 July 2012}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|display=Shilpa Shetty|wikt=no|c=Shilpa Shetty|commonscat=yes|n=Shilpa Shetty|q=no|s=no|author=no|b=no|voy=no|v=no|d=Q270665|species=no|species_author=no|m=no|mw=no|position=right}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|shilpa-shetty}}
* {{IMDb name|792908}}

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
|title=''[[Celebrity Big Brother (British TV series)|Celebrity Big Brother UK]]'' winner
|years=[[Celebrity Big Brother (British series 5)|Series 5 (2007)]]
|before=[[Chantelle Houghton]]
|after=[[Ulrika Jonsson]]
}}
{{S-end}}

{{ZeeCineAwardBestSupportingActorFemale}}
{{Big Brother UK}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shetty, Shilpa}}
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[[Category:Tulu businesspeople]]

Sunil (actor)

2026-03-15T18:22:06Z

ChanteKates:

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1974)}}
{{distinguish|Sunil (Kannada actor)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sunil
| image = Sunil Telugu Film Actor.jpg
| birthname = Indukuri Sunil Varma<ref name="hmtv" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kavirayani|first=Suresh|date=2017-09-09|title=Testing time for Sunil Varma|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/090917/testing-time-for-sunil-varma.html|access-date=2020-09-04|website=Deccan Chronicle|archive-date=7 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407125359/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/090917/testing-time-for-sunil-varma.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|2|28|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sunil turns into SI Ramaraju for "Colour Photo"; first look out|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sunil-turns-into-si-ramaraju-for-colour-photo-first-look-out/articleshow/74376359.cms|access-date=2020-09-13|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926022739/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sunil-turns-into-si-ramaraju-for-colour-photo-first-look-out/articleshow/74376359.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="hmtv" />
| birth_place = [[Bhimavaram]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India<ref name=":0" />
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor| comedian}}
| yearsactive = 1996{{ndash}}present
| works = [[Sunil filmography|Full list]]
| children = 2
| spouse = {{marriage|Sruthi|2002}}
}}
'''Indukuri Sunil Varma''' (born 28 February 1974), known mononymously as '''Sunil''', is an Indian actor primarily known for his work in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films, with occasional appearances in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] films. He has appeared in over 180 films, predominantly in comedic roles,<ref name="hmtv">{{cite web |last1=Srikanth |first1=S |date=28 February 2020 |title=అందాల రాముడు సునీల్ కు పుట్టినరోజు జేజేలు! |trans-title=Birthday wishes to Andala Ramudu Sunil |url=https://www.hmtvlive.com/movies/tollywood-comedian-actor-sunil-birthday-special-40514 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230152404/https://www.hmtvlive.com/movies/tollywood-comedian-actor-sunil-birthday-special-40514 |archive-date=30 December 2022 |access-date=28 June 2022 |website=[[HMTV]] |language=te}}</ref> and has received three [[Nandi Awards]] and two [[Filmfare Awards South]]. During the 2000s, he was regarded as one of Telugu cinema's leading comedians, recognised for his distinctive laugh and comedic timing.

Sunil transitioned to lead roles with ''[[Andala Ramudu (2006 film)|Andala Ramudu]]'' (2006)<ref name="hmtv" /> and went on to star in several commercially successful films, including ''[[Maryada Ramanna]]'' (2010), ''[[Poola Rangadu (2012 film)|Poola Rangadu]]'' (2012), and ''[[Tadakha]]'' (2013).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-07 |title=Sunil Not Interested In Comedian Roles Anymore? |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/entertainment/comedian-hero-villain-sunil-has-done-it-all-122424 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822231435/https://english.sakshi.com/news/entertainment/comedian-hero-villain-sunil-has-done-it-all-122424 |archive-date=22 August 2020 |access-date=2020-09-04 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi Post]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="mr">{{Cite news |date=2010-07-29 |title=I am basking in the success of Maryada Ramanna, says director |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/I-am-basking-in-the-success-of-Maryada-Ramanna-says-director/article16214328.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018061935/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/I-am-basking-in-the-success-of-Maryada-Ramanna-says-director/article16214328.ece |archive-date=18 October 2020 |access-date=2020-09-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> However, his career saw a decline in the late 2010s as his focus on lead roles resulted in multiple unsuccessful films.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |date=28 October 2020 |title=The Rise, Fall and Resurrection of Telugu Actor Sunil, Who Stars in Colour Photo |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/the-rise-fall-and-resurrection-of-telugu-actor-sunil-who-stars-in-colour-photo-ss-rajamouli-allu-arjun |access-date=5 December 2023 |archive-date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205035234/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/the-rise-fall-and-resurrection-of-telugu-actor-sunil-who-stars-in-colour-photo-ss-rajamouli-allu-arjun |url-status=live }}</ref> In recent years, he experienced a resurgence by taking on versatile supporting roles, antagonistic roles, and returning to comedic roles.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |date=16 August 2023 |title=Sunil's Comic Charm Attracts Tamil Directors |url=https://english.tupaki.com/entertainment/suniltamiloffers-1310090 |access-date=5 December 2023 |archive-date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205035239/https://english.tupaki.com/entertainment/suniltamiloffers-1310090 |url-status=live }}</ref> He played an antagonist in commercially successful films such as ''[[Colour Photo]]'' (2020), ''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]'' (2021), and its sequel ''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]'' (2024). His Tamil film credits include ''[[Maaveeran (2023 film)|Maaveeran]]'' (2023), ''[[Mark Antony (2023 film)|Mark Antony]]'' (2023) and ''[[Good Bad Ugly]]'' (2025).

==Career==
Sunil started his career in 1996 as an [[extra (acting)|extra]] in the film ''[[Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi]]''. However, his scenes did not make it to the final cut of the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugustop.com/sunil-villain-role-pawan-kalyan-movie-%e0%b0%b8%e0%b1%81%e0%b0%a8%e0%b1%80%e0%b0%b2%e0%b1%8d|title=పవన్ కళ్యాణ్ సినిమాలో సునీల్ విలన్ గా నటించాడట.. కానీ…|first=Raja|last=Shekar|date=7 February 2021|website=TeluguStop.com|access-date=11 June 2022|archive-date=30 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230152412/https://telugustop.com/sunil-villain-role-pawan-kalyan-movie-%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D|url-status=live}}</ref> His career began on a slow note with movies like ''Second Hand'' (which was stopped from production), and ''Peruleni Cinema''. ''Prema Katha'' and ''Swayamvaram'' were his first real opportunities in the industry. ''[[Pape Naa Pranam]]'' was the first film he acted in. ''[[Nuvve Kavali]]'' was the first film to give him recognition.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/sunil.html|title=Sunil - Telugu Cinema interview - Telugu film actor|website=www.idlebrain.com|access-date=17 October 2007|archive-date=22 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422105620/http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/sunil.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2010, Sunil starred in [[S. S. Rajamouli]]-directed ''[[Maryada Ramanna]]'', which was a commercial success.<ref name="mr" /> A reviewer from ''[[Sify]]'' noted that: "Sunil would no longer look like a comedy hero. His dances are simply superb."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/maryada-ramanna-review-telugu-14950743.html|title=Maryada Ramanna|website=[[Sify]]|archive-date=2 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702175320/http://www.sify.com/movies/maryada-ramanna-review-telugu-14950743.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Sunil was then cast in the lead role in ''[[Poola Rangadu (2012 film)|Poola Rangadu]]'', directed by [[Veerabhadram Chowdary]] which was released across 450 theatres worldwide. The film received positive reviews.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}} He was the [[antagonist]] in the film ''[[Colour Photo]]'' (2020), which brought him critical acclaim.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Success meet: Actor Sunil shares experience of working with 'Colour Photo' cast|url=https://www.ap7am.com/lv-338928-success-meet-actor-sunil-shares-experience-of-working-with-colour-photo-cast|access-date=2020-11-26|website=ap7am.com|language=en|archive-date=30 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230152402/https://www.ap7am.com/lv-338928-success-meet-actor-sunil-shares-experience-of-working-with-colour-photo-cast|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The 2021 film ''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]'' saw Sunil in an unusual role of a serious gangster Mangalam Seenu, very different from the comedy roles he usually plays.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sunil as 'Mangalam Srinu' looks intense in Allu Arjun's 'Pushpa'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sunil-as-mangalam-srinu-looks-intense-in-allu-arjuns-pushpa/articleshow/87565787.cms|access-date=2022-01-07|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111155622/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sunil-as-mangalam-srinu-looks-intense-in-allu-arjuns-pushpa/articleshow/87565787.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The success of the film brought him many offers to play negative roles and he starred in the Tamil film ''[[Maaveeran (2023 film)|Maaveeran]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/sunil-becomes-part-of-one-more-tamil-film.html|title=Sunil becomes part of one more Tamil film|date=21 January 2023|work=123telugu|access-date=14 July 2023|archive-date=14 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714173824/https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/sunil-becomes-part-of-one-more-tamil-film.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Sunil hails from [[Bhimavaram]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.<ref name=":0" /> Sunil celebrated his 40th birthday for a noble cause donating to a blind school and spending time with them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinesiren.com/sunil-celebrates-birthday-in-a-noble-way-inspired-by-a-kid/|title=Sunil spends his birthday at Devnar Blind School|publisher=Cinesiren|access-date=28 February 2013|archive-date=2 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302025323/http://cinesiren.com/sunil-celebrates-birthday-in-a-noble-way-inspired-by-a-kid/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Director [[Trivikram Srinivas]] and Sunil have been friends since their days in Bhimavaram. They, along with director [[Gunasekhar]], were roommates in [[Punjagutta]] during their struggling days. As of 2016, Trivikram rents the room as a memory.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-30|title=ఆయనో స్టార్‌ డైరెక్టర్‌.. ఇప్పటికీ రూ.ఐదు వేల అద్దె కడుతూ..|url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/director-trivikram-srinivas-still-pays-room-rent-panjagutta-house-1391708|website=Sakshi|language=te|access-date=28 June 2022|archive-date=20 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520162710/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/director-trivikram-srinivas-still-pays-room-rent-panjagutta-house-1391708|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 February 2016|title=ఆ గది పంజాగుట్టలో ఉంది...|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/sunil-trivikram-still-paying-rent-for-that-room/articleshow/51050453.cms|access-date=2022-02-16|website=Samayam Telugu|language=te|archive-date=27 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927152130/https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/sunil-trivikram-still-paying-rent-for-that-room/articleshow/51050453.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Accolades==

=== [[Filmfare Awards South]] ===
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Comedian – Telugu|Best Comedian – Telugu]] – ''[[Pedababu (2004 film)|Peda Babu]]'' (2004)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/filmfareawards2005.html|title=Filmfare awards for South India - Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam & Kannada - Telugu Cinema|website=www.idlebrain.com|access-date=11 August 2014|archive-date=18 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318222420/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/filmfareawards2005.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor - Telugu|Best Supporting Actor - Telugu]] – ''[[Tadakha]]'' (2013)<ref>[[61st Filmfare Awards South]]</ref>

=== [[Nandi Awards]] ===
* [[Nandi Award for Best Male Comedian|Best Male Comedian]] – ''[[Nuvvu Nenu]]'' (2001)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=4 January 2018|title=Actor Sunil to ditch hero role for next film, return to comedy|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/actor-sunil-ditch-hero-role-next-film-return-comedy-74182|access-date=4 September 2020|website=[[The News Minute]]|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410232355/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/actor-sunil-ditch-hero-role-next-film-return-comedy-74182|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Best Male Comedian – ''[[Andhrudu]]'' (2005)<ref name=":1" />
* [[Nandi Special Jury Award|Special Jury Award]] – ''[[Maryada Ramanna]]'' (2010)<ref name=":1" />

=== [[South Indian International Movie Awards]] ===

* [[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actor (Telugu)]] – ''[[Tadakha]]'' (2013)

=== [[Santosham Film Awards]] ===

* [[Santosham Best Comedian Award]] - ''[[Aravinda Sametha Veera Raghava]]'' (2018)

==Filmography==
{{Main|Sunil filmography}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1198628}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu}}{{Nandi Award Best Male Comedian}}
{{Nandi Special Jury Award}}
{{SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sunil}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Actors from West Godavari district]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:People from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:CineMAA Awards winners]]
[[Category:Santosham Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Telugu comedians]]
[[Category:Artists from Andhra Pradesh]]

Junoon (1994 TV series)

2026-03-13T02:01:20Z

ChanteKates: revised

{{short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox television
| director = A.Salam
| producer = Prem Krishan
| company = [[Cinevistaas Limited]]
| writer =
| open_theme = A.Salam
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| runtime = 30 minutes
| language = Hindi
| genre =
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 510
| first_aired = {{start date|1994}}
| last_aired = {{end date|1998}}
| channel = [[DD National]]
}}
'''''Junoon''''' ({{Translation|Craze}}) is a television series produced by [[Cinevistaas Limited]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2000/02/20/stories/202042nc.htm|title=Cinevista Communications -- A good commercial break|website=www.thehindubusinessline.com|access-date=2016-07-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19960131-as-soaps-explode-it-is-boomtime-for-scribes-835196-1996-01-30|title=As soaps explode, it is boomtime for scribes|website=The Hindu|date=31 January 1996|access-date=2016-07-02|archive-date=18 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818044719/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/as-soaps-explode-it-is-boomtime-for-scribes/1/283860.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The series was first broadcast on [[DD National]] in 1994. It aired for five years, totaling 510 episodes and setting a record for the longest-running prime time program on Doordarshan. The series revolves around the rivalry between the patriarchs of two well-known families, Rajvansh and Dhanraj, who lead their professional and personal lives with animosity towards each other.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jan31/sunday/filmtv.htm|title=Tribuneindia... Film and tv|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=2016-07-02|archive-date=23 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023020419/http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jan31/sunday/filmtv.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Awaasthi |first=Kavita |date=7 October 2016 |title=Junoon: Archana Puran Singh, Kitu Gidwani relive memories of the 1994 show |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/junoon-archana-puran-singh-and-kitu-gidwani-relive-memories-of-the-hit-1994-show/story-lDxB56dXcvrOG42z2fwgZI.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=22 February 2025 |archive-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422173040/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/junoon-archana-puran-singh-and-kitu-gidwani-relive-memories-of-the-hit-1994-show/story-lDxB56dXcvrOG42z2fwgZI.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==
===Main===
* [[Parikshit Sahni]] as Bharat Kumar Rajvansh/Rai Bahadur Sumer's father
* [[Beena Banerjee]] as Deepavati Rajvansh, Sumer's mother
*[[Ravindra Kapoor]] as Thakur Diwan and friend of Bharat Kumar Rajvansh
*[[Kishori Shahane]] as Chandni and biological mother of Sumer Rajvansh
*[[Sarita Joshi]] as Ranibai, Chandni's mother
* [[Lalit Tiwari]] as Freedom fighter Arun Chakravorty, Rekha's father
* [[Saeed Jaffrey]] as Vinayak Shankar, Reema's father
* [[Farida Jalal]] as Gauri, Reema's mother
* [[Neena Gupta]] as Reema Shankar, Sumer's sister
* [[Mangal Dhillon]] as Sumer Rajvansh
* [[Archana Puran Singh]] as Rekha Chakravorty, Arun's daughter
*[[Kavin Dave]] as Vishal Rajvansh, Sumer Rajvansh's son
* [[Dina Pathak]] as Savitri Dhanraj, Aditya's grandmother
* Vishnu Sharma as Lala Jagdish Prakash, Savitri's relative, Aditya's and Dhanraj's properties caretaker after Brijbhushan's death
* [[Benjamin Gilani]] as Brijbhushan Dhanraj, Aditya's Father
* [[Smita Jaykar]] as Anuradha Dhanraj, Aditya's mother
*[[Suresh Chatwal]] as Manmohan Dhanraj, Aditya's uncle
* [[Shashi Puri]] as Aditya Dhanraj

===Recurring===
* [[Navin Nischol]] as Justice Rameshwar Bhatnagar, Nalini's father
* [[Tanuja Samarth]] as Advocate Pratibha Mathur, Justice Bhatnagar's wife, Nalini's mother
*[[Anant Mahadevan]] as Advocate Vrinal Modi, Pratibha Mathur Friend and Advocate.
* [[Kiran Juneja]] as Advocate Nalini Mathur, Justice Bhatnagar, and Pratibha's daughter
* [[Vijayendra Ghatge]] as Advocate Neil Bhatia, Nalini's colleague, Criminal lawyer Aditya's Lawyer, Mini's ex-husband
* Sudha Chopra as Nirmala Bhatia, Neil's mother
* [[Shubha Khote]] as Dr.D'souza
*[[Dinesh Kaushik]] as Ketan
* [[Pankaj Berry]] as Mr Visham Agrawal, Mini's father
*[[Shivraj]] as Ramdas, servant of Mr Visham Agarwal
* [[Kitu Gidwani]] as Mini Agrawal
* [[Tom Alter]] as Don Keshav Kalsi/KK/Collector in British Raj
* [[Sudhir Dalvi]] as Nana Nagarkar, a crime lord, Sumer's syndicate, and KK's God-father in crime
* [[Vinod Kapoor]] as Advocate of Keshav Kalsi and Nana Nagarkar
* [[Gavin Packard]] as Masita
* [[Shagufta Ali]] as Farheen (Masita's girlfriend)
* [[Parmeet Sethi]] as Bobby (KK's stepbrother)
* [[Deepika Amin|Deepika Deshpande]] as Vibha, Bobby's lover
* [[Mohan Gokhale]] as Jay (KK's stepbrother)
* [[Kalpana Iyer]] as Parvati (KK's mother)
* [[Ajit Vachani]] as Shergill, Parvati's husband
*[[Virendra Razdan]] as Mr. Adhikari, Sumer's Solicitor
* [[Ranjeet]] as Pathan Sherkhan, Henchman of Saudagar Singh
* [[Puneet Issar]] as Saudagar Singh (From episode no 125)
*[[Rama Vij]] as Wife of Saudagar Singh (Dead), only comes in her dreams.
* [[Rajesh Khattar]] as ACP Wajahad Ali, Inspector investigating Seema Dhanraj's murder case, KK's enemy.
* [[Neelima Azeem]] as Shabana, Wajahad Ali's wife.
* [[Ravi Jhankal]] as Manish Mahajan
*[[Sheela David]] as Kajri, Manish Mahajan's wife.
* [[Shiva Rindani]] as Mukhtyar (From episode no 126)
* [[Hemant Birje]] as Ujagar
*[[Chandrashekhar (actor)|Chandrashekhar]] as Justice Habibuddin
*[[Neelam Mehra]] as Sister Maria of St. Peter Orphanage
*[[Vijay Kashyap]] as Ramamurthy Iyer, PT teacher of the children boarding hostel
*[[Kunika]] as Dancer (Only in Episode 124)
*[[Ahmed Khan (actor)]] as Police Commissioner AK Malhotra
*[[Harshada Khanvilkar]] as Secretary of Sumer Rajvansh

==See also==
*''[[Tiger (TV series)|Tiger]]''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:DD National original programming]]
[[Category:1994 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows based on British novels]]
[[Category:1999 Indian television series endings]]

{{India-tv-prog-stub}}

Prayagraj Rambagh railway station

2026-03-09T06:06:41Z

ChanteKates: made new info...

{{short description|Railway Station in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Prayagraj Rambagh
| type = [[Regional rail]] and [[Light rail]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|100px]]
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Rambag, [[Prayagraj district]], Uttar Pradesh
| country = {{flagu|India}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|25.4460|N|81.8289|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline}}
| map_type = India#India Uttar Pradesh
| elevation = {{convert|316.804|m|ft|1}}
| line = [[Prayagraj-Mau-Gorakhpur main line]] Prayagraj City–Howrah line
| other =
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 7
| tracks = 9
| parking = Available
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = PRRB
| zone = [[North Eastern Railway Zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Varanasi}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]]
| status = Active
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
}}
'''Prayagraj Rambagh railway station'''<ref>{{cite news |last1=ANI |title=4 railway stations in Uttar Pradesh's Prayagraj get new names |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/railway-stations-uttar-pradesh-prayagraj-renamed-1648577-2020-02-21 |access-date=22 February 2020 |work=India Today |date=21 February 2020 }}</ref> is situated in the Rambagh area of [[Prayagraj]] in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It also serves as a Terminal station of [[Prayagraj]] serving alongside the main [[Howrah–Prayagraj–Mumbai line]]. Due to huge rush at [[Prayagraj Junction railway station|Prayagraj Junction]] the railway will develop as a high facilitated terminal.

==History==
The [[Prayagraj-Mau-Gorakhpur main line]] was constructed as a {{track gauge|1000mm}}-wide [[metre-gauge]] line by the Bengal and North Western Railway between 1899 and 1913. It was converted to {{track gauge|1676mm}}-wide {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] in 1993–94.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Railway stations in Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Prayagraj district]]
[[Category:Varanasi railway division]]

{{UttarPradesh-railstation-stub}}

Sikyong

2026-03-07T18:51:46Z

ChanteKates:

{{Short description|Head of government of the Central Tibetan Administration}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=November 2021}}
{{Expert needed|Tibet|reason=the history of the office especially Kalön Tripa|date=November 2021}}
}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Head
| body = the Central Tibetan Administration
| native_name = {{lang|bo|སྲིད་སྐྱོང༌}}
| insignia = Emblem of Tibet.svg
| insigniasize =
| insigniacaption = Emblem of Tibet
| insigniaalt =
| flag =
| flagsize =
| flagalt =
| flagborder =
| flagcaption =
| image = Penpa Tsering 2023.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| imagecaption =
| incumbent = [[Penpa Tsering]]
| acting =
| incumbentsince = 21 May 2021
| department = [[Central Tibetan Administration]]
| style = [[Excellency|His Excellency]]
| type =
| status =
| abbreviation =
| member_of = [[Kashag|Cabinet]]
| reports_to =
| residence = [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamsala]], [[India]]
| seat =
| nominator =
| appointer = Direct popular vote
| appointer_qualified =
| termlength = Five years
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument =
| precursor =
| formation = 1907 {{small|(as Kalön Tripa)}} 8 August 2011 {{small|(as Sikyong)}}
| first =
| last =
| abolished =
| superseded_by =
| succession =
| unofficial_names =
| deputy =
| salary =
| website = {{URL|http://www.tibet.net}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''{{lang|bo-Latn|Sikyong}}''' ({{bo |t = སྲིད་སྐྱོང༌ |w = srid-skyong |l = ˈsícóŋ}}) is the political leader of the [[Central Tibetan Administration]], a [[Tibet]]an exile organisation in India also known as the Tibetan [[government-in-exile]] based on the 2011 Charter of Tibetans-in-exile. The title was created in 2012 after the [[14th Dalai Lama]] decided not to assume any political and administrative authority as the head of the Tibetan Administration for Tibetans-in-exile.

The current Sikyong is [[Penpa Tsering]]. The Sikyong is the political leader of the [[Kashag]], part of the executive branch of the Central Tibetan Administration. This office should not be confused with the "[[List of modern political leaders of Tibet#TAR Government Chairmen|Chairman of the People's Government of the Tibet Autonomous Region]]" ({{lang|zh|西藏自治区人民政府主席}}) appointed by the Communist government in Beijing.

The first directly elected [[Kalön]] Tripa was [[Lobsang Tenzin]], the [[Samdhong Rinpoche]], who was elected August 20, 2001.<ref>Donovan Roebert, ''Samdhong Rinpoche: Uncompromising Truth for a Compromised World'' ([[World Wisdom]], 2006) {{ISBN|978-1-933316-20-8}} (On August 20, 2001, Venerable Professor Samdhong Rinpoche was elected Kalon Tripa (Prime Minister) of the Tibetan Government in Exile, receiving 84.5% of the popular exile vote.)</ref>

Before 2011, the Kalön Tripa position was subordinate to the [[14th Dalai Lama]]<ref>[https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/t100000_.html The Charter of Tibetans in-Exile], Article 20 of the [[Constitution of Tibet]], retrieved 2010-03-19.</ref> who presided over the government in exile from its founding.<ref>[https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/t100000_.html The Charter of Tibetans in-Exile], Articles 19, 30, & 31 of the Constitution of Tibet, retrieved 2010-03-19.</ref> In 2011, the Dalai Lama announced that his political authority would be transferred to the Sikyong.<ref>Dean Nelson [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/tibet/8688087/Lobsang-Sangay-profile.html Lobsang Sangay: profile], The Telegraph, 08 Aug 2011</ref>

== Kalön Tripa ==
On September 20, 2012, the 15th Tibetan Parliament-in-Exile unanimously voted to change the title of Kalön Tripa to ''Sikyong'' in Article 19 of the Charter of the Tibetans in exile and relevant articles.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=32159&t=1 |title=Tibetan Parliament changes 'Kalon Tripa' to 'Sikyong' |access-date=2012-09-24 |archive-date=2019-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502163748/http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=32159&t=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Dalai Lama had previously referred to the Kalon Tripa as Sikyong, and this usage was cited as the primary justification for the name change. According to ''Tibetan Review'', "Sikyong" translates to "political leader".<ref name="TR">{{cite news |url = http://www.tibetanreview.net/news.php?id=11207 |title = Kalon Tripa to be now referred to as Sikyong |date = 2012-09-22 |accessdate = 2012-12-11 |publisher = Tibetan Review |url-status = dead |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131017051755/http://www.tibetanreview.net/news.php?id=11207 |archivedate = 2013-10-17 }}</ref> The online Dharma Dictionary translates sikyong (''srid skyong'') as "secular ruler; regime, regent".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php/srid_skyong|title = Srid skyong - Rangjung Yeshe Wiki - Dharma Dictionary}}</ref>


==''Kalön Tripa''==
===Tibet===
{{see also|Tibet (1912–1951)}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan=2| {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! rowspan=2| Portrait
! rowspan=2| Name {{small|(birth–death)}}
! colspan=3| Term of office
! rowspan=2| [[Dalai Lama]]
! rowspan=2| {{Abbr|Ref.|Refences}}
|-
! Took office
! Left office
! Time in office
|-
| rowspan=4| 1
| [[File:Wangchuk_Gyalpo_Tsarong.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Tsarong Wangchuk Gyalpo]]''' {{small|(1903–{{circa|1912}})}}
| 1903
| 1912
| {{age in years|1903|1912}} years
|rowspan=4|[[13th Dalai Lama]] {{small|(1879–1933)}}
|-
| [[File:Chankyim Trekhang Thupten Shakya.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Chankhyim Trekhang Thupten Shakya]]''' {{small|(?–{{circa|1920}})}}
| 1907
| 1920
| {{age in years|1907|1920}} years
|
|-
| [[File:Paljor Dorje Shatra.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Paljor Dorje Shatra]]''' {{small|({{circa|1860}}–{{circa|1926}})}}
| 1907
| 1923
| {{age in years|1907|1923}} years
|
|-
| [[File:Hastings House Calcutta 1910 (Sholkhang).jpg|80px]]
| '''{{ill|Sholkhang Dhondup Phuntsog|fr|Sholkhang}}''' {{small|(1862–1926)}}
| 1907
| 1926
| {{age in years|1907|1926}} years
|
|-
| 2
| [[File:Langdun Kunga Wangchuk 6.jpg|80px]]
| '''{{ill|Langdun|fr}}''' {{small|(1906–1980)}}
| 1926
| 1940
| {{age in years|1926|1940}} years
| [[13th Dalai Lama]] {{small|(1879–1933)}} [[14th Dalai Lama]] {{small|(1937–1950)}}
|
|-
| rowspan=2| 3
| [[File:本珠仓·洛桑扎西.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Lobsang Tashi]]''' {{small|(1897–1966)}}
| 1950
| 27 April 1952
| {{age in years|1950|1952}} years
| rowspan=2| [[14th Dalai Lama]] {{small|(1937–1950)}}
|
|-
| [[File:鲁康娃·泽旺饶登.jpg|80px]]
| '''{{ill|Lukhangwa|fr}}''' {{small|(1895–1966)}}
| 1950
| 27 April 1952
| {{age in years|1950|1952}} years
|
|}

==''Kashag''{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan=2| {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! rowspan=2| Portrait
! rowspan=2| Name {{small|(birth–death)}}
! colspan=3| Term of office
! rowspan=2| [[Dalai Lama]]
! rowspan=2| {{Abbr|Ref.|Refences}}
|-
! Took office
! Left office
! Time in office
|-
| 1
| [[File:No image.png|80px]]
| '''[[Jangsa Tsangy]]'''
| 1959
| 1960
| {{age in years|1959|1960}} years
| rowspan=13| [[14th Dalai Lama]] {{small|''in exile'' (1950–present)}}
|
|-
| 2
| [[File:Shokhang.jpg|80px]]
| '''{{ill|Surkhang Wangchen Gelek|fr}}''' {{small|(1910–1977)}}
| 1960
| 1964
| {{age in years|1960|1964}} years
|
|-
| 3
| [[File:No image.png|80px]]
| '''{{ill|Gyurme Sonam Topgyal|fr}}''' {{small|(1896–1967)}}
| 1965
| 1967 †
| {{age in years|1965|1967}} years
|
|-
| 4
| [[File:No image.png|80px]]
| '''{{ill|Garang Lobsang Rigzin|fr}}''' {{small|(1905–?)}}
| 1970
| 1975
| {{age in years|1970|1975}} years
|
|-
| 5
| [[File:Kundeling Dzasa Woser Gyaltsen.jpg|80px]]
| '''{{ill|Kundeling Woeser Gyaltsen|lt=Kunling Woeser Gyaltsen|fr}}''' {{small|(1915–2001)}}
| 1975
| 1980
| {{age in years|1975|1980}} years
|
|-
| 6
| [[File:No image.png|80px]]
| '''{{ill|Wangdue Dorjee|fr}}''' {{small|(1919–1994)}}
| 1980
| 1985
| {{age in years|1980|1985}} years
|
|-
| 7
| [[File:Voa Juchen Thupten Namgyal 480.jpg|80px]]
| '''{{ill|Juchen Thupten Namgyal|fr}}''' {{small|(1929–2011)}}
| 1985
| 1990
| {{age in years|1985|1990}} years
|
|-
| 8
| [[File:No image.png|80px]]
| '''{{ill|Kalsang Yeshi|fr}}''' {{small|(born 1941)}}
| 1990
| 1991
| {{age in years|1990|1991}} years
|
|-
| 9
| [[File:Gyalo Thondup.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Gyalo Thondup]]''' {{small|(1928–2025)}}
| 1991
| 1993
| {{age in years|1991|1993}} years
|
|-
| 10
| [[File:Tenzin Tethong.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Tenzin Tethong]]''' {{small|(born 1947)}}
| 1993
| 1996
| {{age in years|1993|1996}} years
|
|-
| 11
| [[File:Sonam Topgyal (cropped).jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Sonam Topgyal]]''' {{small|(1940–2012)}}
| April 1997
| 5 September 2001
| {{age in years and months|1997|04|1|2001|09|05}}
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Jay |first1=Sophie |title=Former Tibetan prime minister, Sonam Topgyal, dies in Dharamshala |url=https://www.thetibetpost.com/en/news/exile/3134-tibets-former-prime-minister-sonam-topgyal-dies-in-dharamshala |access-date=24 November 2021 |work=thetibetpost.com |publisher=Tibet Post International |date=31 December 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 12
| [[File:Samdhong Rinpoche Lobsang Tenzin crop.JPG|80px]]
| '''[[Lobsang Tenzin]]''' {{small|(born 1937)}}
| 5 September 2001
| 8 August 2011
| {{ayd|2001|09|05|2011|08|08}}
|
|-
| 13
| [[File:Lobsang Sangay, Tibetan Prime Minister.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Lobsang Sangay]]''' {{small|(born 1968)}}
| 8 August 2011
| 20 September 2012
| {{ayd|2011|08|08|2012|09|20}}
|
|}

==''Sikyong''==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan=2| {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! rowspan=2| Portrait
! rowspan=2| Name {{small|(birth–death)}}
! colspan=3| Term of office
! rowspan=2| [[Kashag|Cabinet]]<ref name=Cabinet>{{cite web |title=The Kashag (Cabinet) |url=https://tibet.net/about-cta/executive/ |website=Central Tibetan Administration |access-date=24 November 2021}}</ref>
! rowspan=2| Elected
! rowspan=2| {{Abbr|Ref.|Refences}}
|-
! Took office
! Left office
! Time in office
|-
! rowspan="2"| 1
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Lobsang Sangay, Tibetan Prime Minister.jpg|80px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Lobsang Sangay]]''' {{small|(born 1968)}}
| rowspan="2"| 20 September 2012
| rowspan="2"| 21 May 2021
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|2012|09|20|2021|05|21}}
| [[14th cabinet (Tibet)|14th cabinet]]
| [[2011 Central Tibetan Administration general election|2011-12]]
| rowspan="2"|
|-
| [[15th cabinet (Tibet)|15th cabinet]]
| [[2016 Central Tibetan Administration general election|2016-17]]
|-
! rowspan="2"| 2
| rowspan="2"|
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Penpa Tsering]]''' {{small|(born 1967)}}
| rowspan="2"| 21 May 2021
| rowspan="2"| ''Incumbent''
| rowspan="2"| {{ayd|2021|05|21}}
| [[16th cabinet (Tibet)|16th cabinet]]
| {{endash}}
| rowspan="2"|
|-
| [[17th cabinet (Tibet)|17th cabinet]]
| [[2021 Central Tibetan Administration general election|2021-22]]
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[2021 Central Tibetan Administration general election]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
; Speech/transcription
* [https://tibet.net/penpa-tsering-sworn-in-as-the-sikyong-of-16th-kashag/ Penpa Tsering sworn in as the Sikyong of 16th Kashag]
* [https://www.vifindia.org/transcriptions-paper/2011/09/6-7/Seminar-on-Tibet-in-the-Aftermath-of-Devolution-of-Political-Authority Key note address by Dr. Lobsang Sangay, Kalon Tripa, Tibetan Government in Exile on 06 September 2011 at the VIF Seminar on Tibet]

; Elections
* [http://kalontripa.org/ Kalon Tripa election in 2011]
* [http://www.tibetsociety.com/content/view/164 Kalön Tripa 2011 election results]

{{Central Tibetan Administration}}
{{Prime Ministers of Tibet}}
{{Tibetan elections}}

[[Category:Central Tibetan Administration]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Tibet| ]]

Prem Kahani (1937 film)

2026-03-07T07:05:51Z

ChanteKates: Refined content and updated sections

{{About||the 1975 film starring [[Rajesh Khanna]]|Prem Kahani (1975 film)|the 2009 film|Prem Kahani (2009 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Prem Kahani
| image = Prem Kahani (1937 Hindi film).png
| caption = Song book cover
| alt = Song book cover with title in three languages showing the key crew of the film
| director = [[Franz Osten]]
| producer = [[Himanshu Rai]]
| writer = [[Niranjan Pal]]
| starring = [[Ashok Kumar]] N.M. Joshi Mayadevi Vimala Devi Madhurika Devi
| music = [[Saraswati Devi (music director)|Saraswati Devi]]
| cinematography = Joseph Wirsching
| editing = Dattaram Pai
| studio = [[Bombay Talkies]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1937}}
| runtime = 87 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
[[File:Prem Kahani, 1937.webm|thumb|''Prem Kahani'']]
'''''Prem Kahani''''' (English: "Love Story") is a [[List of Bollywood films of 1937|1937]] Indian [[Bollywood|Hindi]] film, by [[Franz Osten]] and starring [[Ashok Kumar]], N.M. Joshi, Mayadevi, Vimala Devi, Madhurika Devi and others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiancine.ma/CKM/info |title=Film related information on |publisher=Indiancine.ma |date=1937-05-14 |access-date=2014-06-03}}</ref>

==Plot==
Two widowed neighbours thwart a love match when they try to arrange marriages for their respective children.

==Cast==

*N. M.Joshi as Father
*Bilqis as Mother
*Aloka as Ratanbai, the daughter
*M.Nazir as Chandrakanta
*Kamta Prasad as [[Hindu priest|Priest]]
*Tarabai Solanki as Heera
*Saroj Borkar as Shanti
*Maya Devi as Maya
*[[Ashok Kumar]] as Jagat
*[[P.F. Pithawala|P.F.Pithawala]] as Bhagwandas
*Vimala Devi as Ramla
*Chandraprabha as Ms. Prabha
*Manohar Ghatwai as Motilal
*Sunita Devi as Ms. Indira
*Mumtaz Ali as Mr. Sharma
*Madhurika Devi as Usha
*Ahteramuddin

==Production==
[[Bombay Talkies]] produced two films in 1937, ''[[Jeevan Prabhat]]'' and ''Prem Kahani''. This is also Bombay Talkies' eighth film since the studio was founded in 1934.

Khorshed Minocher-Homji aka [[Saraswati Devi (music director)|Saraswati Devi]], one of the few female composers of Hindi cinema, composed music for this film.

Writer [[Niranjan Pal|Niranjan Pal's]] original title for the English-language story and screenplay was ''Touchstone'' or ''Marriage Market'', indicating a shorthand version of the film's theme. The verse that Pal uses as a mood reference for one of the songs in the film is from [[Arthur W. Ryder|Arthur Ryder]]'s 1912 translation of [[Kalidasa]]’s ''[[Kumarasambhava]]'' or ''The Birth of the War-God''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/kalidasatranslat00kali |title=Ryder's Kumarasambhava translation at |date=2011-06-30 |access-date=2014-06-03}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Prem Kahani (1937 film)|Prem Kahani}}
* {{IMDb title|0029436|Prem Kahani}}
* [https://indiancine.ma/CKM/player/00:00:00.440 Watch ''Prem Kahani'' film entirely annotated with archival material at Indiancine.ma]

{{Franz Osten}}

[[Category:1937 films]]
[[Category:1937 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1937 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films about arranged marriage]]
[[Category:Films about Indian weddings]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Bombay Talkies films]]

{{1930s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Central Bus Station Kumbakonam

2026-03-06T22:10:25Z

ChanteKates: Adding new stub w/ infobox

{{Short description|Bus station in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Kumbakonam Central Bus Station / Arignar Anna Moffusil Bus Station
| cta_header =
| type =
| style =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| rr =
| mr =
| address = John Selvaraj Nagar, [[Kumbakonam]], [[Thanjavur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]{{snd}}612001.
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|10.9590|79.3878|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation =
| line =
| other =
| structure =
| platform = 4 (60 bays)
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks =
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = Yes
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{Start date and age|1992|df=y}}{{citation needed|date=December 2015}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| accessible = {{Access icon|20px}}
| code = KUM ([[State Express Transport Corporation|SETC]]) KUM ([[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]])
 KUM ([[Pondicherry Road Transport Corporation ( Pondicherry)|PRTC]])
| owned = Kumbakonam Municipal corporation
| operator = [[Department of Transport (Tamil Nadu)]]
| zone = [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation|TNSTC Kumbakonam Division]] 454/TAJ
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers = 50,000 per day
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = 2,500 Bus trips/day
| map_locator =
| route_map =
| map_state =
}}

'''Central Bus Station''', popularly known as '''Central Bus Stand''' or '''Arignar Anna Moffusil Bus Stand''' is one of the main [[bus terminus]] of [[Kumbakonam]], a town in [[Thanjavur district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], India. The bus terminus is classified as "A" category bus station. The other bus stand is Town bus stand.

The prominent Mahamaham tank is 3 km away from the Central Bus Station. There are two bus stands one for mofussil services and one for town services opposite to moffusil bus stand. In future Kumbakonam need a Integrated bus stand at Chennai bypass road considering the four laning of Thanjavur Kumbakonam Vikravandi NH 36. The present bus stand is well inside the town as it was proposed in 1980s and started to function from 1989.

==Services==

Around 1,500 Bus trips are start, end or passes through the Bus terminus every day.{{Citation needed|date=March 2020}}

==Routes==

{| class ="wikitable"
|-
!Platform!!Destination
|-
!1
|[[Chennai]], [[Tirupati]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Mysuru]] (SETC Buses), [[Vadalur]], [[Panruti]], [[Tindivanam]], [[Ariyalur]], [[Viluppuram]], [[Neyveli]], [[Tiruvannamalai]], [[Vellore]], [[Virudhachalam]], [[Cuddalore]], [[Jayankondam]], [[Arani, Tiruvannamalai|Arani]], [[Anaikarai]], [[Sethiyathope]], [[kallakurichi]], [[Tirupati]], [[Vikravandi]], [[Ulundurpet]] and Karnataka state buses (KSRTC)
|-
|-
!2
|[[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[Mayiladuthurai]], [[Chidambaram]], [[Mannargudi]], [[Pattukkottai]], [[Peravurani]], [[Sirkazhi]], [[Manalmedu]], [[Vaitheeswarankoil]], [[Muthupet]], [[Needamangalam]], [[Poompuhar]] and Pondicherry state Buses towards Pondicherry (PRTC).
|-
|-
!3
|[[Thanjavur]], [[Trichy]], [[Erode]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Tiruppur]], [[Karur]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Dindigul]], [[Palani]], [[Theni]], [[Pollachi]], [[Kodaikanal]], [[Edappadi]], [[Kumili]], [[Ooty]], [[Oddanchatram]], [[Namakkal]], [[Palladam]], [[Pudukkottai]], [[Madurai]], [[Karaikudi]], [[Ramanathapuram]], [[Cumbum, Tamil Nadu|Cumbum]], [[Periyakulam]], [[Udumalaipettai]], [[Hosur]], [[Rameswaram]], [[Paramakudi]], [[Kamuthi]], [[Tiruchendur]], [[Tuticorin]], [[Tirunelveli]], [[Tenkasi]], [[Sivakasi]], [[Virudhunagar]], [[Rajapalayam]], [[Kovilpatti]], [[Aruppukkottai]], [[Nagercoil]], [[Trivandrum]], [[Sankari]], [[Guruvayur]] and Kerala state buses (KSRTC)
|-
|-
!4
|[[Thiruvarur]], [[Nagapattinam]], [[Vedaranyam]], [[Karaikal]], [[Thirunallar]], [[Nannilam]], [[Kudavasal]], [[Velankanni]], [[Thiruthuraipoondi]] and Pondicherry state Buses towards Karaikal (PRTC)
|}

==Connections==
The terminus is about {{Convert|200|m||abbr=}} away from Kumbakonam Town Bus stand and about {{Convert|1000|m||abbr=}} away from [[Kumbakonam railway station]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://distancebetween2.com/kumbakonam_railway_station/kumbakonam_bus_stand|title=Distance between Kumbakonam Railway Station and Kumbakonam Bus Stand is 0 KM / 0.4 miles|website=distancebetween2.com|access-date=2019-01-10}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Kumbakonam railway station]]
* [[Transport in Thanjavur]]
* [[Transport in Tamil Nadu]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Bus stations in Tamil Nadu]]

Ginkgo biloba

2026-03-06T12:48:16Z

ChanteKates: updated citations for accuracy and added references

{{Short description|Species of tree}}
{{About|the tree|the Goethe poem|Gingo biloba}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2025}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=3}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Speciesbox
| fossil_range = {{Geological range|51.5|0}}Early [[Eocene]] ([[Ypresian]]) – [[Holocene|Present]]<ref name=Mustoe>{{cite journal |last1=Mustoe |first1=G.E. |year=2002 |title=Eocene Ginkgo leaf fossils from the Pacific Northwest |journal=Canadian Journal of Botany |volume=80 |pages=1078–1087 |doi=10.1139/b02-097 |issue=10 |bibcode=2002CaJB...80.1078M }}</ref>
| image = GINKGOBAUM-2.jpg
| image_caption =
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Sun, W. |date=1998 |title=''Ginkgo biloba'' |volume=1998 |article-number=e.T32353A9700472 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T32353A9700472.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| status2 = {{TNCStatus}}
| status2_system = TNC
| status2_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.158473/Ginkgo_biloba |website=explorer.natureserve.org |access-date=31 March 2022}}</ref>
| genus = Ginkgo
| species = biloba
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| synonyms = {{Specieslist
|Ginkgo macrophylla|K.Koch
|Pterophyllus salisburiensis|J.Nelson, nom. illeg.
|Salisburia adiantifolia|Sm., nom. illeg.
|Salisburia biloba|(L.) Hoffmanns.
|Salisburia ginkgo|Rich., nom. illeg.
|Salisburia macrophylla|Reyn.
}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="WCSP_334053">{{citation |title=Ginkgo biloba|work=[[World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:262125-1 |access-date=1 July 2024}}</ref>
}}

'''''Ginkgo biloba''''', commonly known as '''ginkgo''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ɪ|ŋ|k|oʊ|,_|ˈ|ɡ|ɪ|ŋ|k|ɡ|oʊ}} {{respell|GINK|oh|,_-|goh}}),<ref name="MWDef">{{cite web |title=Ginkgo: Definition & Meaning |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ginkgo |website=www.merriam-webster.com |access-date=2 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="CambridgeDef">{{cite web |title=ginkgo |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/ginkgo |website=dictionary.cambridge.org |access-date=2 July 2021}}</ref> also known as the '''maidenhair tree''',<ref>{{PLANTS |id=GIBI2 |taxon=Ginkgo biloba |access-date=19 January 2016}}</ref> and often misspelled "gingko" (see [[#Etymology|Etymology]] below) is a species of [[gymnosperm]] tree native to [[East Asia]]. It is the last living species in the order [[Ginkgoales]], which first appeared over 290 million years ago. [[Fossil|Fossils]] similar to the living species, belonging to the genus ''[[Ginkgo]]'', extend back to the [[Middle Jurassic]] epoch about 170 million years ago.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021"/> The tree was cultivated early in [[human history]], remains commonly planted, and is widely regarded as a [[living fossil]].

''G. biloba'' is a long-lived, [[Disease resistance|disease-resistant]], [[Dioecy|dioecious]] tree with unique fan-shaped [[Leaf|leaves]], capable of [[Cloning|clonal reproduction]], and known for its striking yellow autumn foliage and resilience in disturbed environments. It was known historically as "silver fruit" or "white fruit" in [[Chinese language|Chinese]] and called "ginkgo" due to a centuries-old transcription error. It is closely related to [[Cycad|cycads]] and characterized by unique [[Seed|seeds]] that resemble [[Apricot|apricots]] but are not true [[Fruit|fruits]].

''G. biloba'', once widespread but thought [[Extinction|extinct]] in the wild for centuries, is now commonly cultivated in East Asia, with some genetically diverse populations possibly representing rare wild survivors in [[southwestern China]]'s mountainous regions. Some ''G. biloba'' trees have survived extreme events like the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|Hiroshima atomic bomb]]. Others show extreme longevity; ''G. biloba'' specimens have been measured in excess of 1,600 years, and the largest living trees are estimated to exceed 3,500 years.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Xiang |first1=Zhun |last2=Del Tredici |first2=Peter |last3=Xiang |first3=Yinghai |last4=Xiang |first4=Bixia |title=The Li Jiawan Grand Ginkgo King |journal=Arnoldia |date=January 2009 |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=26–30 |doi=10.5962/p.251035 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/382140568 |access-date=9 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Avis-Riordan |first1=Katie |title=Ginkgo biloba: The tree that outlived the dinosaurs |url=https://www.kew.org/read-and-watch/ginkgo-biloba-maidenhair-tree-kew-gardens |publisher=Kew Gardens |access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Malsbury |first1=Erin |title=How the Ginkgo biloba achieves near-immortality |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/how-ginkgo-biloba-achieves-near-immortality |website=www.science.org |publisher=Science |access-date=3 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Today, it is widely planted in [[City|cities]] worldwide for its [[pollution]] tolerance and ornamental value.

''G. biloba'' can pose health risks including potential [[Carcinogen|carcinogenicity]], [[Allergy|allergic reactions]], poisoning from seeds due to [[ginkgotoxin]], [[Drug interaction|drug interactions]], and [[Adverse effect|adverse effects]] such as [[bleeding]] and [[Neurology|neurological]] symptoms, especially with excessive or improper use. ''G. biloba'' [[wood]] is valued for its durability and used in [[Craft|crafts]] and [[sake]]-making, while its seeds are popular in [[Asian cuisine]] despite health risks. Ginkgo-based products are widely marketed for [[Nootropic|cognitive]] benefits, although clinical research shows limited medical effectiveness except possibly for [[dementia]], with approval in the [[European Union]] but not by the [[United States]] [[Food and Drug Administration]].

==Description==
[[File:Ginkgo biloba JPG1a.jpg|thumb|''G. biloba'' in [[Tournai]], [[Belgium]]]]

Ginkgos are large trees, normally reaching a height of {{convert|20|–|35|m|ft|0|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ansari |first1=Abid A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1N76DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA236 |title=Plant Biodiversity: Monitoring, Assessment and Conservation |last2=Gill |first2=Sarvajeet Singh |last3=Abbas |first3=Zahid Khorshid |last4=Naeem |first4=M. |date=2016-12-23 |publisher=CABI |isbn=978-1-78064-694-7 |language=en}}</ref> with some specimens in China being over 40 meters (131 feet).<ref>{{cite web |title=25 Interesting Facts about Ginkgo Biloba |date=19 August 2024 |url=https://factbud.com/25-interesting-facts-about-ginkgo-biloba/ |publisher=Factbud.com |access-date=9 July 2025}}</ref> The tree has an angular [[crown (botany)|crown]] and long, somewhat erratic branches, and is usually deep-rooted and resistant to wind and snow damage. Young trees are often tall and slender, and sparsely branched; the crown becomes broader as the tree ages. A combination of resistance to disease, insect-resistant wood, and the ability to form [[aerial root]]s and sprouts makes ginkgos durable, with some specimens estimated to be more than 3,500 years old.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ginkgo – Ginkgo biloba – The University of Alabama Arboretum {{!}} The University of Alabama |url=https://arboretum.ua.edu/whats-growing-on/ginkgo-ginkgo-biloba/ |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=arboretum.ua.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Avis-Riordan |first1=Katie |title=Ginkgo biloba: The tree that outlived the dinosaurs |url=https://www.kew.org/read-and-watch/ginkgo-biloba-maidenhair-tree-kew-gardens |publisher=Kew Gardens |access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Malsbury |first1=Erin |title=How the Ginkgo biloba achieves near-immortality |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/how-ginkgo-biloba-achieves-near-immortality |website=www.science.org |publisher=Science |access-date=3 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

===Leaves===
[[File:Ginkgo Biloba Leaves - Black Background.jpg|thumb|upright|Leaves in summer]]
[[File:GinkgoLeaves.jpg|thumb|upright|Leaves in autumn]]

The [[leaves]] are unique among seed plants, being fan-shaped with veins radiating out into the leaf blade, sometimes bifurcating (splitting), but never [[anastomosing]] to form a network.<ref name="More on Morphology">{{cite web |url=https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/seedplants/ginkgoales/ginkgomm.html |title=More on Morphology of the Ginkgoales |website=www.ucmp.berkeley.edu |access-date=12 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001017225748/http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/seedplants/ginkgoales/ginkgomm.html |archive-date=17 October 2000 }}</ref> Two veins enter the leaf blade at the base and fork repeatedly in two; this is known as [[dichotomous venation]]. The leaves are usually {{convert|5|–|10|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}}, but sometimes up to {{convert|15|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}} long. The old common name, ''maidenhair tree'', derives from the leaves resembling [[pinnation|pinnae]] of the maidenhair fern, ''[[Adiantum capillus-veneris]]''. Ginkgos are prized for their autumn foliage, which is a deep [[saffron yellow]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Meyer |first=Jeffrey G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nERh9pS5r5MC&pg=PA113 |title=The Tree Book: A Practical Guide to Selecting and Maintaining the Best Trees for Your Yard and Garden |date=2004 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-7432-4974-4 |page=113 |language=en}}</ref>

The species is [[heterophyllous]] (two types of leaves); those on the long shoots are thicker, have higher rates of photosynthesis, higher vein density and leaf hydraulic conductance, while those on the short shoots are better at handling drought.<ref>[https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/14/3/535 Hydraulic and Economical Traits in Short- and Long-Shoot Leaves of Ginkgo biloba Males and Females]</ref> Leaves of long shoots are also usually notched or lobed, but only from the outer surface, between the veins. They are borne both on the more rapidly growing branch tips, where they are alternate and spaced out, and also on the short, stubby spur shoots, where they are clustered at the tips. Leaves are green both on the top and bottom<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bio.brandeis.edu/fieldbio/emmae24/Ginkgoaceae/ginkgo.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040823040332/http://www.bio.brandeis.edu/fieldbio/emmae24/Ginkgoaceae/ginkgo.html |archive-date=23 August 2004 |title=Ginkgo Tree |website=www.bio.brandeis.edu |access-date=18 July 2016 }}</ref> and have stomata on both sides.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://prezi.com/clwhmur-nprv/ginkgo-tree/ |title=Ginkgo Tree |website=prezi.com |access-date=18 July 2016}}</ref> During autumn, the leaves turn a bright yellow and then fall, sometimes within a short space of time (one to fifteen days).<ref>{{cite web |title=PlantsMap |url=https://www.plantsmap.com/organizations/25638/plants/110024 |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Plants Map |language=en}}</ref> Leaves of the [[cultivar]] 'Tubifolia' have funnel-shaped leaves.<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.xs4all.nl/~kwanten/culttubifolia.htm | last= Kwant | first= Cor | title= The Ginkgo Pages | date= n.d. | access-date=October 22, 2002 }}</ref>

===Branches===
Ginkgo branches grow in length by growth of shoots with regularly spaced leaves, as seen on most trees. From the [[axil]]s of these leaves, "spur shoots" (also known as short shoots) develop on second-year growth. Short shoots have short [[internode (botany)|internode]]s (they may grow only one to two centimeters in several years) and their leaves are usually unlobed. They are short and knobby, and are arranged regularly on the branches except on first-year growth. Because of the short internodes, leaves appear to be clustered at the tips of short shoots, and reproductive structures are formed only on them (seeds and leaves are visible on short shoots). In ginkgos, as in other plants that possess them, short shoots allow the formation of new leaves in the older parts of the crown. After a number of years, a short shoot may change into a long (ordinary) shoot, or vice versa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brenner |first1=Eric D. |last2=Katari |first2=Manpreet S. |last3=Stevenson |first3=Dennis W. |last4=Rudd |first4=Stephen A. |last5=Douglas |first5=Andrew W. |last6=Moss |first6=Walter N. |last7=Twigg |first7=Richard W. |last8=Runko |first8=Suzan J. |last9=Stellari |first9=Giulia M. |last10=McCombie |first10=W. R. |last11=Coruzzi |first11=Gloria M. |date=2005-10-15 |title=EST analysis in Ginkgo biloba: an assessment of conserved developmental regulators and gymnosperm specific genes |journal=BMC Genomics |volume=6 |article-number=143 |doi=10.1186/1471-2164-6-143 |doi-access=free |issn=1471-2164 |pmc=1285361 |pmid=16225698}}</ref>

[[File:Ginkgo biloba MHNT.BOT.2010.13.1.jpg|thumb|''G. biloba'' trunk cross-section]]

Ginkgo prefers full sun and grows best in environments that are well-watered and well-drained. The species shows a preference for disturbed sites; in the "semiwild" stands at [[Tianmu Mountain]]s, many specimens are found along stream banks, rocky slopes, and cliff edges. Accordingly, ginkgo retains a prodigious capacity for vegetative growth. It is capable of sprouting from embedded buds near the base of the trunk ([[lignotuber]]s, or basal chichi) in response to disturbances, such as soil erosion. Old specimens are also capable of producing aerial roots on the undersides of large branches in response to disturbances such as crown damage; these roots can lead to successful clonal reproduction upon contacting the soil. These strategies are evidently important in the persistence of ginkgo; in a survey of the "semiwild" stands remaining in [[Tianmu Mountain|Tianmushan]], 40% of the specimens surveyed were multi-stemmed, and few saplings were present.<ref name=royer>{{cite journal |first1=Dana L. |last1=Royer |first2=Leo J. |last2=Hickey |first3=Scott L. |last3=Wing |year=2003 |title=Ecological conservatism in the 'living fossil' ''Ginkgo'' |journal=Paleobiology |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=84–104 |doi=10.1666/0094-8373(2003)029<0084:ECITLF>2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=19865243 |issn=0094-8373}}</ref>{{rp|86–87}}

=== Reproduction ===
''Ginkgo biloba'' is [[dioecy#In botany|dioecious]], with separate [[sexes]], some trees being [[female]] and others being [[male]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pendarvis |first1=Murray P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UcRKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA362 |title=Exploring Biology in the Laboratory, 3e |last2=Crawley |first2=John L. |date=2018-02-01 |publisher=Morton Publishing Company |isbn=978-1-61731-756-9 |language=en}}</ref> Male plants produce small [[conifer cone|pollen cones]] with [[sporophyll]]s, each bearing two [[microsporangium|microsporangia]] spirally arranged around a central axis. Sex conversion, wherein certain branches of a tree change sexes, has been observed.{{r|nagata2016}} This phenomenon is difficult to research because of its rarity, as well as the practice of [[grafting]] female branches onto otherwise male trees that was common in 19th century Europe.{{r|osgf2017}}
Female plants do not produce cones. Two [[ovule]]s are formed at the end of a stalk.
====Pollination====
Fertilization of the ovule occurs through [[anemophily|wind pollination]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jin |first1=Biao |last2=Jiang |first2=Xiaoxue |last3=Wang |first3=Di |last4=Zhang |first4=Lei |last5=Wan |first5=Yinglang |last6=Wang |first6=Li |date=September 2012 |title=The behavior of pollination drop secretion in Ginkgo biloba L. |journal=Plant Signaling & Behavior |language=en |volume=7 |issue=9 |pages=1168–1176 |doi=10.4161/psb.21122 |issn=1559-2324 |pmc=3489653 |pmid=22899081|bibcode=2012PlSiB...7.1168J }}</ref> via [[motility|motile]] sperm, as in cycads, ferns, mosses, and algae. The sperm are large (about 70–90 micrometres)<ref name=Press>{{cite book |author=Vanbeek, A. |title=Ginkgo Biloba (Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Industrial Profiles) |publisher=CRC Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-90-5702-488-7 |page=37}}</ref> and are similar to the sperm of cycads, which are slightly larger. ''Ginkgo'' sperm were first discovered by the Japanese botanist [[Sakugoro Hirase]] in 1896.<ref name="ogura">{{cite journal |author=Ogura, Y. |url=http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/fo47/ginkgo/ogura.htm |title=History of Discovery of Spermatozoids In ''Ginkgo biloba'' and ''Cycas revoluta'' |journal=Phytomorphology |volume=17 |pages=109–114 |date=1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926052738/http://www1.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/fo47/ginkgo/ogura.htm |archive-date=26 September 2015}}</ref> The sperm have a complex multi-layered structure, which is a continuous belt of basal bodies that form the base of several thousand flagella which have a cilia-like motion. The flagella/cilia apparatus pulls the body of the sperm forwards. The sperm have only a tiny distance to travel to the archegonia, of which there are usually two or three. Two sperm are produced, one of which successfully fertilizes the ovule. Fertilization of ginkgo ovules, and development of the embryos, occurs just before or after they fall from the tree in early autumn <ref name="More on Morphology"/><ref name="Lab IX"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Holt |first1=B. F. |last2=Rothwell |first2=G. W. |title=Is Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgoaceae) Really an Oviparous Plant? |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=84 |issue=6 |pages=870–872 |year=1997 |doi=10.2307/2445823 |pmid=21708639 |jstor=2445823 |bibcode=1997AmJB...84..870H |doi-access=free}}</ref>.

==== Fruiting and Dispersal ====
After fertilization, one or both ovules develop into [[fruit]]-like structures containing seeds. The fruits are 1.5–2 cm long, with a soft, fleshy, yellow-brown outer layer (the [[sarcotesta]]) that is attractive in appearance, but contains [[butyric acid]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Raven |first=Peter H. |author2=Ray F. Evert |author3=Susan E. Eichhorn |year=2005 |title=Biology of Plants |edition=7th |location=New York |publisher=W. H. Freeman and Company |isbn=978-0-7167-1007-3 |pages=429–430}}</ref> (also known as butanoic acid) and smells foul like [[rancidification|rancid]] [[butter]] or [[vomit]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Plotnik |first=Arthur |year=2000 |title=The Urban Tree Book: An Uncommon Field Guide for City and Town |edition=1st |location=New York |publisher=Three Rivers Press |isbn=978-0-8129-3103-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/urbantreebook00arth/page/202 202] |url=https://archive.org/details/urbantreebook00arth/page/202}}</ref> when fallen. Beneath the sarcotesta is the hard [[sclerotesta]] (the "shell" of the seed) and a papery [[endotesta]], with the [[nucellus]] surrounding the female [[gametophyte]] at the center.<ref name="Lab IX">{{cite web |url=https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/IB181/VPL/CorCon/CorCon2.html |title=Lab IX – Ginkgo, Cordaites, Conifers (2) |website=ucmp.berkeley.edu}}</ref>

Despite its perception by humans as foul, the fruit odor is attractive to certain small mammals that eat the fruit and disperse the seeds: these include the gray squirrel <ref>{{cite web |website=University of California Museum of Plants |url=https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/seedplants/ginkgoales/ginkgolh.html| title=Ginkgoales: Life History and Ecology}}</ref> and, in East Asia, the palm civet and the raccoon dog <ref>{{cite journal |last=Del Tredici |first=Peter|date=17 August 2024 |title=The Ginkgo—Covid connection |journal=Plants People Planet |url= https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ppp3.10545 |doi=10.1002/ppp3.10545}}</ref>. The sclerotesta resists digestion, and so the seeds are passed intact into feces, which thus provide a dispersal mechanism.
{{multiple image
|align = none
|image1 = Ginkgo biloba male flower.jpg
|caption1 = Pollen cones
|image2 = Ginkgo biloba female flower.jpg
|caption2 = Ovules
}}

=== Genome ===
Chinese scientists published a draft [[genome]] of ''Ginkgo biloba'' in 2016.<ref name="Guan-2016">{{cite journal |last1=Guan |first1=Rui |last2=Zhao |first2=Yunpeng |last3=Zhang |first3=He |last4=Fan |first4=Guangyi |last5=Liu |first5=Xin |last6=Zhou |first6=Wenbin |last7=Shi |first7=Chengcheng |last8=Wang |first8=Jiahao |last9=Liu |first9=Weiqing |date=1 January 2016 |title=Draft genome of the living fossil Ginkgo biloba |journal=GigaScience |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=49 |doi=10.1186/s13742-016-0154-1 |pmid=27871309 |pmc=5118899 |issn=2047-217X |doi-access=free }}</ref> The tree has a large genome of 10.6 billion [[DNA]] [[nucleobase]] "letters" (the human genome has three billion) and about 41,840 predicted [[gene]]s<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-38057741 |title=Ginkgo 'living fossil' genome decoded |date=21 November 2016 |newspaper=BBC News |language=en-GB |access-date=23 November 2016}}</ref> which enable a considerable number of antibacterial and chemical defense mechanisms.<ref name="Guan-2016"/> 76.58% of the assembled sequence turned out to be repetitive sequences.<ref>[https://gigascience.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13742-016-0154-1 Draft genome of the living fossil Ginkgo biloba – GigaScience]</ref>

In 2020, a study in China of ginkgo trees up to 667 years old showed little effects of aging, finding that the trees continued to grow with age and displayed no genetic evidence of [[senescence]], and continued to make [[phytochemical]]s indefinitely.<ref name=cnn>{{cite news |last=Hunt |first=Katie |date=January 14, 2020 |title=Some trees can live for more than 1,000 years and scientists may have figured out why |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/14/asia/ginkgo-trees-secret-longevity-scn/index.html |access-date=January 19, 2020}}</ref>

=== Phytochemicals ===
Extracts of ginkgo leaves contain [[phenolic acid]]s, [[proanthocyanidin]]s, [[glycoside#Flavonoid glycosides|flavonoid glycoside]]s, such as [[myricetin]], [[kaempferol]], [[isorhamnetin]], and [[quercetin]], and the [[terpene]] trilactones [[ginkgolide]]s and [[bilobalide]]s.<ref name="drugs">{{cite web |url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/ginkgo-biloba.html |title=Ginkgo biloba |publisher=Drugs.com |date=19 December 2023 |access-date=13 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Journal of Chromatography A |year=2002 |volume=967 |issue=1 |pages=21–55 |title=Chemical analysis of Ginkgo biloba leaves and extracts |vauthors=van Beek TA |doi=10.1016/S0021-9673(02)00172-3 |pmid=12219929}}</ref><ref name="vb2">{{cite journal |journal=J Chromatogr A |year=2009 |volume=1216 |issue=11 |pages=2002–2032 |doi=10.1016/j.chroma.2009.01.013 |pmid=19195661 |title=Chemical analysis and quality control of Ginkgo biloba leaves, extracts, and phytopharmaceuticals |vauthors=van Beek TA, Montoro P|url=https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/chemical-analysis-and-quality-control-of-ginkgo-biloba-leaves-ext }}</ref> The leaves also contain unique ginkgo [[biflavone]]s, [[alkylphenol]]s, and [[polyprenol]]s.<ref name=vb2/>

== Taxonomy ==
[[Carl Linnaeus]] described the species in 1771, the [[species name|specific epithet]] ''biloba'' derived from the [[Latin]] ''bis'', "twice" and ''loba'', "lobed", referring to the shape of the leaves.<ref>{{cite book |author=Simpson DP |title=Cassell's Latin Dictionary |publisher=Cassell Ltd. |year=1979 |edition=5 |location=London |page=883 |isbn=978-0-304-52257-6}}</ref> Two names for the species recognise the botanist [[Richard Anthony Salisbury|Richard Salisbury]], a placement by Nelson as ''Pterophyllus salisburiensis'' and the earlier ''Salisburia adiantifolia'' proposed by [[James Edward Smith (botanist)|James Edward Smith]]. The epithet of the latter may have been intended to denote a characteristic resembling ''[[Adiantum]]'', the genus of maidenhair ferns.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://imaginatorium.org/sano/ginkgo2.htm |title=Ginkgo Origins |last=Chandler |first=Brian |year=2000 |website=Ginkgo pages |access-date=22 November 2010}}</ref>

The scientific name ''Ginkgo'' is the result of a spelling error that occurred three centuries ago. ''[[Kanji]]'' typically have multiple pronunciations in Japanese, and the characters 銀杏 used for ''ginnan'' can also be pronounced ''ginkyō''. [[Engelbert Kaempfer]], the first [[Western world|Westerner]] to investigate the species in 1690, wrote down this pronunciation in the notes that he later used for the ''Amoenitates Exoticae'' (1712) with the "awkward" spelling "ginkgo".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xp5Zy0O01I0C |author=Engelbert Kaempfer |title=Amoenitates exoticae politico-physico-medicae |date=1721 |publisher=Meyer |location=Lengoviae |language=la}}</ref> This appears to be a simple error of Kaempfer; taking his spelling of other Japanese words containing the syllable "kyō" into account, a more precise [[Romanization of Japanese|romanization]] following his writing habits would have been "ginkio" or "ginkjo".<ref name=michel/> Linnaeus, who relied on Kaempfer when dealing with Japanese plants, adopted the spelling given in Kaempfer's "Flora Japonica" (''Amoenitates Exoticae'', p. 811). Kaempfer's drawing can be found in Hori's article.<ref>Hori (2001). pp. 31-2.</ref>

===Classification===
The relationship of ginkgo to other plant groups remains uncertain. It has been placed loosely in the divisions [[Spermatophyta]] and [[Pinophyta]], but no consensus has been reached. Since its seeds are not protected by an [[ovary (botany)|ovary]] wall, it can morphologically be considered a [[gymnosperm]]. The apricot-like structures produced by female ginkgo trees are technically not [[fruit]]s, but are seeds that have a shell consisting of a soft and fleshy section (the [[sarcotesta]]), and a hard section (the [[sclerotesta]]). The sarcotesta has a strong smell that most people find unpleasant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaikumar |first=Devika |date=2008-05-15 |title=Wake Up and Smell the Ginkgos |url=https://arboretum.harvard.edu/stories/wake-up-and-smell-the-ginkgos/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=Arnold Arboretum |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Šamec |first1=Dunja |last2=Karalija |first2=Erna |last3=Dahija |first3=Sabina |last4=Hassan |first4=Sherif T. S. |date=2022-05-23 |title=Biflavonoids: Important Contributions to the Health Benefits of Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) |journal=Plants |language=en |volume=11 |issue=10 |page=1381 |doi=10.3390/plants11101381 |doi-access=free |issn=2223-7747 |pmc=9143338 |pmid=35631806 |bibcode=2022Plnts..11.1381S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Duara |first=Nigel |date=2009-10-05 |title=Smell has some cities ripping out ginkgo trees |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/smell-has-some-cities-ripping-out-ginkgo-trees/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=The Seattle Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

The ginkgo is classified in its own [[division (botany)|division]], the Ginkgophyta, comprising the single class Ginkgoopsida, order Ginkgoales, family [[Ginkgoaceae]], genus ''[[Ginkgo]]'' and is the only [[extant taxon|extant species]] within this group. It is one of the best-known examples of a [[living fossil]], because Ginkgoales other than ''G. biloba'' are not known from the fossil record after the [[Pliocene]].<ref name=ZhouZheng>{{cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Zhiyan |last2=Zheng |first2=Shaolin |title=Palaeobiology: The missing link in Ginkgo evolution |journal=Nature |volume=423 |issue=6942 |pages=821–822 |year=2003 |pmid=12815417 |doi=10.1038/423821a |bibcode=2003Natur.423..821Z |s2cid=4342303}}</ref><ref name="ucmp">{{cite web
|url=https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/seedplants/ginkgoales/ginkgofr.html
|title=Ginkgoales: Fossil Record
|access-date=3 June 2008
|author1=Julie Jalalpour |author2=Matt Malkin |author3=Peter Poon |author4=Liz Rehrmann |author5=Jerry Yu |year=1997
|publisher=[[University of California, Berkeley]]
}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Ginkgo yimaensis.jpg|Extinct ''[[Ginkgo yimaensis]]''<ref name=Bego>Approximate reconstructions by B. M. Begović Bego and Z. Zhou, 2010/2011. Source: B.M. Begović Bego, (2011). Nature's Miracle ''Ginkgo biloba'', Book 1, Vols. 1–2, pp. 60–61.</ref>
File:Ginkgo apodes.jpg|Extinct ''[[Ginkgo apodes|G. apodes]]''<ref name=Bego/>
File:Ginkgo cranei.jpg|Extinct ''[[Ginkgo adiantoides]]'', or possibly a new US taxon, ''[[Ginkgo cranei|G. cranei]]''<ref name=Bego/>
File:Ginkgo biloba (new form).jpg|Extant ''G. biloba''<ref name=Bego/>
</gallery>

===Phylogeny===
[[File:Baiera.jpg|thumb|A digital recreation of ''Baiera'' made from diverse images of fossils and academic descriptions]]

''Ginkgo biloba'' is a [[living fossil]], with fossils recognisably related to modern ginkgo from the early [[Permian]] ([[Cisuralian]]), with likely oldest record being that of ''Trichopitys'' from the earliest Permian ([[Asselian]]) of France, over 290 million years old.<ref name="Zhou-2009">{{cite journal |last=Zhou |first=Zhi-Yan |date=March 2009 |title=An overview of fossil Ginkgoales |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1871174X0900002X |journal=Palaeoworld |language=en |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.1016/j.palwor.2009.01.001 |quote=|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The closest living relatives of the [[clade]] are the [[cycads]],<ref name=royer/>{{rp|84}} which share with the extant ''G. biloba'' the characteristic of [[motility|motile]] sperm.

Such plants with leaves that have more than four [[leaf#Veins|veins]] per segment have customarily been assigned to the taxon ''Ginkgo'', while the taxon ''[[Baiera]]'' is used to classify those with fewer than four veins per segment. ''[[Sphenobaiera]]'' has been used for plants with a broadly wedge-shaped leaf that lacks a distinct leaf stem.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Unverfärth |first1=Jan |last2=McLoughlin |first2=Stephen |last3=Möllmann |first3=Magali |last4=Bomfleur |first4=Benjamin |date=2022-10-02 |title=Sphenobaiera insecta from the Upper Triassic of South Australia, with a clarification of the genus Sphenobaiera (fossil Ginkgophyta) and its delimitation from similar foliage genera |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23818107.2022.2076259 |journal=Botany Letters |language=en |volume=169 |issue=4 |pages=442–453 |doi=10.1080/23818107.2022.2076259 |bibcode=2022BotL..169..442U |issn=2381-8107}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Yongdong |last2=Guignard |first2=Gaëtan |last3=Thévenard |first3=Frédéric |last4=Dilcher |first4=David |last5=Barale |first5=Georges |last6=Mosbrugger |first6=Volker |last7=Yang |first7=Xiaoju |last8=Mei |first8=Shengwu |date=2005 |title=Cuticular anatomy of Sphenobaiera huangii (Ginkgoales) from the Lower Jurassic of Hubei, China |url=https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3732/ajb.92.4.709 |journal=American Journal of Botany |language=en |volume=92 |issue=4 |pages=709–721 |doi=10.3732/ajb.92.4.709 |pmid=21652450 |issn=0002-9122}}</ref>

====Rise and decline====
[[File:Ginkgo biloba MacAbee BC.jpg|thumb|''Ginkgo biloba'' leaf from the [[Eocene]] epoch from the [[McAbee Fossil Beds]], [[British Columbia]]]]

Fossils attributable to the genus ''Ginkgo'' first appeared in the [[Middle Jurassic]]. The genus ''Ginkgo'' diversified and spread throughout [[Laurasia]] during the [[Jurassic]] and [[Early Cretaceous]].<ref name="Zhou-2009"/>

The Ginkgophyta declined in diversity as the Cretaceous progressed, and by the [[Paleocene]], ''[[Ginkgo adiantoides]]'' was the only ''Ginkgo'' species left in the [[Northern Hemisphere]], while a markedly different (and poorly documented) form persisted in the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. Along with that of ferns, cycads, and cycadeoids, the species diversity in the genus ''Ginkgo'' drops through the Cretaceous, at the same time the flowering plants were on the rise; this supports the hypothesis that, over time, flowering plants with better adaptations to disturbance displaced ''Ginkgo'' and its associates.<ref name=royer/>{{rp|93}}

At the end of the [[Pliocene]], ''Ginkgo'' fossils disappeared from the fossil record everywhere except in a small area of [[South Central China|central China]], where the modern species survived.

====Limited number of species====
[[File:Fossil Plant Ginkgo.jpg|thumb|Fossil ''Ginkgo'' leaves from a [[Jurassic]] period [[geological formation|formation]] in [[Scarborough, North Yorkshire|Scarborough]], UK]]

It is doubtful whether the Northern Hemisphere fossil species of ''Ginkgo'' can be reliably distinguished. Given the slow pace of evolution and morphological similarity between members of the genus, there may have been only one or two species existing in the Northern Hemisphere through the entirety of the [[Cenozoic]]: present-day ''G. biloba'' (including ''G. adiantoides'') and ''[[Ginkgo gardneri|G. gardneri]]'' from the [[Paleocene]] of [[Scotland]].<ref name=royer/>{{rp|85}}

At least morphologically, ''G. gardneri'' and the Southern Hemisphere species are the only known post-Jurassic taxa that can be unequivocally recognised. The remainder may have been [[ecotype]]s or [[subspecies]]. The implications would be that ''G. biloba'' had occurred over an extremely wide range, had remarkable genetic flexibility and, though [[evolution|evolving]] genetically, never showed much [[speciation]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhao |first1=Yun-Peng |last2=Fan |first2=Guangyi |last3=Yin |first3=Ping-Ping |last4=Sun |first4=Shuai |last5=Li |first5=Ning |last6=Hong |first6=Xiaoning |last7=Hu |first7=Gang |last8=Zhang |first8=He |last9=Zhang |first9=Fu-Min |last10=Han |first10=Jing-Dan |last11=Hao |first11=Ya-Jun |last12=Xu |first12=Qiwu |last13=Yang |first13=Xianwei |last14=Xia |first14=Wenjie |last15=Chen |first15=Wenbin |date=2019-09-13 |title=Resequencing 545 ginkgo genomes across the world reveals the evolutionary history of the living fossil |journal=Nature Communications |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=4201 |doi=10.1038/s41467-019-12133-5 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=6744486 |pmid=31519986|bibcode=2019NatCo..10.4201Z }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gong |first1=Wei |last2=Chen |first2=Chuan |last3=Dobes |first3=Christoph |last4=Fu |first4=Cheng-Xin |last5=Koch |first5=Marcus A. |date=2008 |title=Phylogeography of a living fossil: pleistocene glaciations forced Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae) into two refuge areas in China with limited subsequent postglacial expansion |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1055790308002194 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=1094–1105 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2008.05.003 |issn=1095-9513 |pmid=18554931|bibcode=2008MolPE..48.1094G |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

While it may seem improbable that a single species may exist as a contiguous entity for many millions of years, many of the ginkgo's life-history parameters fit: Extreme longevity; slow reproduction rate; (in Cenozoic and later times) a wide, apparently contiguous, but steadily contracting distribution; and (as far as can be demonstrated from the fossil record) extreme ecological conservatism (restriction to disturbed streamside environments).<ref name=royer/>{{rp|91}}

====Adaptation to a single environment====
Given the slow rate of evolution of the genus, ''Ginkgo'' possibly represents a pre-[[angiosperm]] strategy for survival in disturbed streamside environments. ''Ginkgo'' evolved in an era before flowering plants, when [[fern]]s, [[cycad]]s, and [[Bennettitales|cycadeoids]] dominated disturbed streamside environments, forming low, open, shrubby canopies. ''Ginkgo''{{'s}} large seeds and habit of "bolting" – growing to a height of 10 meters before elongating its side branches – may be adaptations to such an environment.

Modern-day ''G. biloba'' grows best in environments that are well-watered and drained,<ref name=royer/>{{rp|87}} and the extremely similar fossil ''Ginkgo'' favored similar environments: The sediment record at the majority of fossil ''Ginkgo'' localities indicates it grew primarily in [[disturbance (ecology)|disturbed environments]], such as along streams.<ref name=royer/> ''Ginkgo'', therefore, presents an "ecological paradox" because while it possesses some favorable traits for living in disturbed environments (clonal reproduction) many of its other life-history traits are the opposite of those exhibited by modern plants that thrive in disturbed settings (slow growth, large seed size, late reproductive maturity).<ref name=royer/>{{rp|92}}

===Etymology===
The older Chinese name for this plant is 銀果, meaning "silver fruit", pronounced ''yínguǒ'' in Mandarin or ''Ngan-gwo'' in Cantonese. The current commonly used names are 白果 ({{transliteration|zh|bái guǒ}}), meaning 'white fruit', and {{lang|zh|銀杏}} ({{transliteration|zh|yínxìng}}), meaning 'silver [[apricot]]'. The name 銀杏 was translated into [[Japanese language|Japanese]] as イチョウ ({{transliteration|ja|ichou}}) or ぎんなん ({{transliteration|ja|ginnan}}) and into [[Korean language|Korean]] as 은행 ({{transliteration|ko|eunhaeng}}). 銀杏 had been particular terminology used during the [[Song dynasty]] for [[Tributary system of China|tributary]] reasons in place of the then contemporary 鴨脚 ("duckfeet", from its leaves) in northeast China where it commonly grew.<ref name="Hori-2001">T. Hori, "A historical survey of Ginkgo biloba based on Japanese and Chinese classical literatures", ''Plant Morphology'' (2001). 38–9. {{Quote|1. "[[Mei Yaochen|梅堯臣]]の故郷宣城では鴨脚が栽培されていた。 2. 梅堯臣 (1002-1060)と [[Ouyang Xiu|欧陽修]] (1007-1072)が生きた 11世紀、イチョウの木は「鴨脚」、実は「鴨脚子」と呼ばれていたが、入[[Tribute|貢]]のため、実の形態から「銀杏」と改称した。}}</ref>

The genus name is regarded as a misspelling of the [[On'yomi|Japanese pronunciation]] {{Transliteration|ja|gin kyō}} ({{IPA|ja|ɡiŋkʲoː|}}) reading the aforementioned [[kanji]] {{Nihongo2|銀杏}}<ref name="Coom94">{{Citation|last=Coombes|first=Allen J.|title=Dictionary of Plant Names|year=1994|location=London|publisher=Hamlyn Books|isbn=978-0-600-58187-1}}</ref> found in [[Chinese herbology]] literature such as {{lang|zh|日用本草}} (Daily Use [[Materia Medica]]) (1329) and ''[[Compendium of Materia Medica]]'' {{lang|zh|本草綱目}} published in 1578.<ref>Hori (2001), p. 32.</ref>

Despite its spelling, which is due to a complicated etymology including a transcription error, "ginkgo" is usually pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ɪ|ŋ|k|oʊ}}, which has given rise to the common alternative spelling "gingko". The [[spelling pronunciation]] {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|ɪ|ŋ|k|g|oʊ}} is also documented in some dictionaries.<ref name="oxford">{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/ginkgo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182209/https://www.lexico.com/definition/ginkgo |archive-date=22 March 2020 |title=ginkgo |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster |ginkgo}}</ref>

[[Engelbert Kaempfer]] first introduced the spelling ''ginkgo'' in his book {{Langx|la|Amoenitatum Exoticarum|label=none}} of 1712.<ref name=Kaempfer>{{cite book
| last = Kaempfer | first = Engelbert | author-link = Engelbert Kaempfer
| date = 1712
| title = Amoenitatum exoticarum
| location = [[Lemgo]]viae
| publisher = Typis & impensis Henrici Wilhelmi Meyeri, aulae Lippiacae typographi
| pages = 811–813
| language = la
| url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/55640517
}} (with illustration)</ref> It is considered that he may have misspelled "Ginkjo" or "Ginkio" (both consistent with his treatment of Japanese {{Transliteration|ja|kyō}} in the same work) as "Ginkgo". This misspelling was included by Linnaeus in his book {{Langx|la|Mantissa plantarum II|label=none}}<ref>See page 131 of Car. a Linné ''Mantissa plantarum'': Generum editionis VI. et specierum editionis II, available at [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/137335#page/181/mode/1up]</ref> and has become the name of the tree's genus.<ref name=michel>{{cite web |last=Michel |first=Wolfgang |title=On Engelbert Kaempfer's 'Ginkgo' |pages=1–5 |publisher=Kyushu University |location=Fukuoka |year=2011 |orig-date=2005 |url=https://catalog.lib.kyushu-u.ac.jp/opac_download_md/2898/Ginkgo_biloba2_revised_2011.pdf}}</ref><ref name=oxford/> The specific epithet {{Langx|la|biloba|label=none}} is New Latin for "two-lobed".

==Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Ginkgo tree in Green-Wood Cemetery (23299p).jpg|thumb|A ginkgo tree in New York during autumn]]
Although ''Ginkgo biloba'' and other species of the genus were once widespread throughout the world, its habitat had shrunk by two million years ago.

For centuries, it was thought to be extinct in the wild,<ref name="Penguin">{{cite book |last1=Usher |first1=Carol |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vl4jAtACVQsC&pg=PA70 |title=Eyewitness Companions: Trees: Identification, Forests, Historic Species, Wood Types |last2=White |first2=John |last3=Ridsdale |first3=Colin |date=2005-10-17 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-7566-4865-7 |language=en}}</ref> but is now a common tree cultivated throughout eastern China, Korea, and Japan. Many municipalities in China, Korea and Japan use ginkgos as street trees, and ginkgo leaves are the emblem of prominent educational institutions such as the [[University of Tokyo]] and [[Sungkyunkwan University]] in South Korea. Despite their widespread habitat, high [[genetics|genetic uniformity]] exists among ginkgo trees, with some Chinese scholars suggesting that ginkgo trees in these areas may have been planted and preserved by Chinese monks over about 1,000 years.<ref name="Shen et al.">{{cite journal |last1=Shen |first1=L |last2=Chen |first2=X-Y |last3=Zhang |first3=X |last4=Li |first4=Y-Y |last5=Fu |first5=C-X |last6=Qiu |first6=Y-X |title=Genetic variation of Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae) based on cpDNA PCR-RFLPs: inference of glacial refugia |journal=Heredity |volume=94 |issue=4 |pages=396–401 |year=2004 |pmid=15536482 |doi=10.1038/sj.hdy.6800616 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A study demonstrates a greater genetic diversity in [[Southwestern China]] populations, supporting glacial refugia in mountains surrounding the eastern [[Tibetan Plateau]], where several old-growth candidates for wild populations have been reported.<ref name="Shen et al."/><ref name="Tang et al.">{{cite journal |last1=Tang |first1=CQ |last2=al |first2=et |title=Evidence for the persistence of wild Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgoaceae) populations in the Dalou Mountains, southwestern China |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=99 |issue=8 |pages=1408–1414 |year=2012 |doi=10.3732/ajb.1200168 |pmid=22847538 |title-link=Dalou Mountains |bibcode=2012AmJB...99.1408T |doi-access=free}}</ref> Whether native ginkgo populations still exist has not been demonstrated unequivocally, but there is genetic evidence that these Southwestern populations may be wild, as well as evidence that the largest and oldest ''G. biloba'' trees may be older than surrounding human settlements.<ref name="Shen et al."/>

Where it occurs in the wild, Ginkgo is found infrequently in deciduous forests and valleys on acidic [[loess]] (i.e. fine, silty soil) with good drainage. The soil it inhabits is typically in the pH range of 5.0 to 5.5.<ref name=florachina>{{cite book |last=Fu |first=Liguo |author2=Li, Nan |author3=Mill, Robert R. |contribution =Ginkgo biloba |year=1999 |title=Flora of China |editor-last=Wu |editor-first=Z. Y. |editor2=Raven, P.H. |editor3=Hong, D.Y. |volume=4 |page=8 |place=Beijing |publisher=Science Press; St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press |contribution-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200005235}}</ref> While cultivated specimens can survive in a variety of environments (such as a subtropical climate),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hartman Prehistoric Garden |url=https://zilkergarden.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Hartman-Prehistoric-Garden-Misc.-Info.pdf}}</ref> the wild ginkgo is native to areas with a mostly temperate climate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lin |first1=Han-Yang |last2=Li |first2=Wen-Hao |last3=Lin |first3=Chen-Feng |last4=Wu |first4=Hao-Ran |last5=Zhao |first5=Yun-Peng |date=2022 |title=International Biological Flora: Ginkgo biloba |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1365-2745.13856 |journal=Journal of Ecology |language=en |volume=110 |issue=4 |pages=951–982 |doi=10.1111/1365-2745.13856 |bibcode=2022JEcol.110..951L |issn=1365-2745}}</ref>

==Cultivation==
[[File:Gingko biloba JPG2b.jpg|thumb|''Ginkgo biloba'' in [[Morlanwelz-Mariemont]] Park, [[Belgium]]]]
Ginkgo has long been cultivated in China. It is common in the southern third of the country.<ref name="florachina"/> Some planted trees at temples are believed to be over 1,500 years old. The first record of Europeans encountering it is in 1690 in [[Japanese garden|Japanese temple gardens]], where the tree was seen by the German botanist [[Engelbert Kaempfer]]. Because of its status in [[Buddhism]] and [[Confucianism]], the ginkgo has also been widely planted in Korea and in Japan since the 14th century;<ref>{{cite web |author=Roger Cohn |title=The life story of the oldest tree on Earth (interview of Peter Crane) |publisher=Yale Environment 360, Yale School of the Environment |date=1 May 2013 |access-date=3 September 2021 |url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/peter_crane_history_of_ginkgo_earths_oldest_tree}}</ref> in both areas, some naturalization has occurred, with ginkgos seeding into natural forests. Ginkgo has been commonly cultivated in North America for over 200 years and in Europe for close to 300, but during that time, it has never become significantly [[naturalisation (biology)|naturalized]].<ref name=USflora>{{cite book |last=Whetstone |first=R. David |contribution=Ginkgo biloba |year =2006 |title=Flora of North America |volume =2 |contribution-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200005235 |place=New York & Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>

''G. biloba'' is also commonly manually planted in cities across the United States and Europe. This species is highly tolerant to pollution and serves as a visually appealing, shade-providing tree in many cities and gardens.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Lukun |last2=Liu |first2=Jiamin |last3=Liu |first3=Jing |last4=Wei |first4=Haiyan |last5=Fang |first5=Yaqin |last6=Wang |first6=Daju |last7=Chen |first7=Ruidun |last8=Gu |first8=Wei |date=2023-05-01 |title=Revealing the long-term trend of the global-scale Ginkgo biloba distribution and the impact of future climate change based on the ensemble modeling |journal=Biodiversity and Conservation |language=en |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=2077–2100 |doi=10.1007/s10531-023-02593-z |bibcode=2023BiCon..32.2077W |s2cid=257939546 |issn=1572-9710}}</ref>

Many intentionally planted ginkgos are male [[cultivar]]s grafted onto plants propagated from seed, because the male trees will not produce the malodorous seeds. The popular cultivar 'Autumn Gold' is a clone of a male plant.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ginkgo biloba 'Autumn Gold' (m) |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/92071/ginkgo-biloba-autumn-gold-(m)/details |website=RHS Gardening |publisher=[[Royal Horticultural Society]] |access-date=1 August 2025}}</ref>

The disadvantage of male ''Ginkgo biloba'' trees is that their pollen is highly allergenic. They have an OPALS ([[Ogren Plant Allergy Scale]]) rating of 7 (out of 10), whereas female trees, which can produce no [[pollen]], have an OPALS allergy scale rating of 2.<ref name=Ogren2000>{{cite book |last=Ogren |first=Thomas Leo |title=Allergy-Free Gardening |date=2000 |publisher=Ten Speed Press |location=Berkeley, California |isbn=978-1-58008-166-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/allergyfreegarde00thom/page/112 112] |url=https://archive.org/details/allergyfreegarde00thom/page/112}}</ref>

Female cultivars include 'Liberty Splendor', 'Santa Cruz', and 'Golden Girl', the latter so named because of the striking yellow color of its leaves in the fall; all female cultivars release zero pollen.<ref name=Ogren2000/>

Many cultivars are listed in the literature in the [[UK]], of which the compact 'Troll' has gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref name=RHSPF>{{cite web
|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/210450/i-ginkgo-biloba-i-troll/details
|title=RHS Plantfinder – ''Ginkgo biloba'' 'Troll' |access-date=2 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf |title=AGM Plants – Ornamental |date=July 2017
|page=43 |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society |access-date=2 March 2018}}</ref>

Ginkgos adapt well to the urban environment, tolerating pollution and confined soil spaces.<ref name="Gilman">{{cite web |title=''Ginkgo biloba'' 'Autumn Gold' |author1=Gilman, Edward F. |author2=Dennis G. Watson |year=1993 |publisher=[[US Forest Service]] |url=https://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/GINBILB.pdf |access-date=29 March 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410060540/http://hort.ufl.edu/trees/GINBILB.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2008}}</ref> They rarely have disease problems, even in urban conditions, and are attacked by few insects.<ref name=Boland>{{cite book |author=Boland, Timothy |author2=Laura E. Coit |author3=Marty Hair |url=https://archive.org/details/michigangardener0000bola |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/michigangardener0000bola/page/199 199] |quote=ginkgo tree disease. |title=Michigan Gardener's Guide |publisher=[[Cool Springs Press]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-930604-20-9}}</ref><ref name="SULIS">{{cite web |url=http://www.sustland.umn.edu/design/insect.htm |title=Examples of Plants with Insect and Disease Tolerance |website=SULIS - Sustainable Urban Landscape Information Series |publisher=[[University of Minnesota]] |access-date=29 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313232532/http://www.sustland.umn.edu/design/insect.htm |archive-date=13 March 2008}}</ref>

Ginkgos are popular subjects for growing as miniature landscapes known as ''[[penjing]]'' and ''[[bonsai]]'';<ref name="Ma-Ke_Ginkgo biloba">{{cite web |first=Mark |last=D'Cruz |title=Ma-Ke Bonsai Care Guide for Ginkgo biloba |date=15 April 2020 |publisher=Ma-Ke Bonsai |url=https://www.makebonsai.com/post/maiden-hair-tree |access-date=2021-02-04}}</ref> they can be kept artificially small and tended over centuries. The trees are easy to propagate from seed.

===Hiroshima===
Extreme examples of the ginkgo's tenacity may be seen in [[Hiroshima]], Japan, where six trees growing between {{convert|1 and 2|km|mi|frac=4|abbr=off}} from the [[atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki#Hiroshima|1945 atom bomb explosion]] were among the few living [[organism]]s in the area to survive the blast. Although almost all other plants (and animals) in the area were killed, the ginkgos, though charred, survived and were soon healthy again, among other ''[[hibakujumoku]]'' (trees that survived the blast).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seeds from Hiroshima atomic bomb 'survivor trees' planted at Oxford Botanic Garden |url=https://www.obga.ox.ac.uk/article/seeds-from-hiroshima-atomic-bomb-survivor-trees-planted-at-oxford-botanic-garden |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=www.obga.ox.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref>

The six trees are still alive. They are marked with signs at {{nihongo|Housenbou|報専坊}} temple (planted in 1850), [[Shukkei-en]] (planted about 1740), Jōsei-ji (planted 1900), at the former site of Senda Elementary School near Miyukibashi, at the [[Myōjin-shō|Myōjōin temple]], and an [[Edo period]]-cutting at Anraku-ji temple.<ref>{{cite web |title=A-bombed Ginkgo trees in Hiroshima, Japan |url=https://kwanten.home.xs4all.nl/hiroshima.htm |website=The Ginkgo Pages}}</ref>

===1000-year-old ginkgo at Tsurugaoka Hachimangū===
[[File:Ginkgo-reborn-2.jpg|thumb|upright|The stump of the ancient fallen ginkgo which has produced new shoots in recent{{When|date=October 2025}} years]]
At the [[Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū|Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū's]] shrine in the city of [[Kamakura]], [[Kanagawa Prefecture]], Japan, an ancient ginkgo tree stands beside the stone entry staircase. According to legend, the tree has stood there since the founding of the shrine circa 1063.<ref name=GreatGinkgo>{{cite web |title=10-The Great Ginkgo大銀杏 |url=http://www.tsurugaoka-hachimangu.jp/precinct_guide/the_great_ginkgo.html |website=Tsurugaoka Hachimangu |access-date=5 May 2018 |archive-date=5 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505135232/http://www.tsurugaoka-hachimangu.jp/precinct_guide/the_great_ginkgo.html }}</ref> The tree is nicknamed ''kakure-ichō'' (hiding ginkgo), because of an [[Edo period]] legend in which [[shōgun]] [[Minamoto no Sanetomo]] was assassinated in 1219 by his nephew, [[Kugyō (priest)|Kugyō]], who had hidden behind the tree to ambush the shōgun.<ref name=GreatGinkgo/>

Modern scholarship has established that ginkgos arrived from China in the 14th century, and a 1990 tree-ring measurement indicated the ''kakure-ichō's'' age to be about 500 years.<ref>Hori (2001). p. 36</ref>

On 10 March 2010, the tree blew down in a storm, but the stump has since sprouted vigorously.<ref name=GreatGinkgo/>

===1,400-year-old ginkgo tree at Gu Guanyin===

The grounds of the Buddhist temple at Gu Guanyin in the [[Zhongnan Mountains]] feature a ginkgo tree reputed to be 1,400 years old.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Genetic Elixir of Life Helps Millennia-Old Ginkgo Trees Escape Death |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/thousands-year-old-ginkgo-trees-genetic-elixir-life-180974004/ |website=Smithsonian Magazine |access-date=7 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=This Buddhist temple's 1,400-year-old ginkgo tree is dropping a sea of yellow |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/news/this-buddhist-temple-s-1-400yearold-ginkgo-tree-is-dropping-a-sea-of-yellow-a6749676.html |website=The Independent |date=27 November 2015 |access-date=7 October 2023}}</ref> The tree itself is a popular tourist attraction.

==Toxicity==
Since 2016, ''G. biloba'' extract is classified as a possible human [[carcinogen]] ([[IARC group 2B|group 2B]]) by the [[International Agency for Research on Cancer]].<ref>{{cite web |title=IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans |url=https://monographs.iarc.who.int/list-of-classifications/ |access-date=27 April 2023 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref>

When eaten in large quantities or over a long period, the seeds may cause poisoning by [[ginkgotoxin]] (4'-O-methylpyridoxine, MPN), as found in a few [[case report]]s.<ref name="Azuma">{{cite journal |last1=Azuma |first1=Fumika |last2=Nokura |first2=Kazuya |last3=Kako |first3=Tetsuharu |last4=Kobayashi |first4=Daisuke |last5=Yoshimura |first5=Teruki |last6=Wada |first6=Keiji |date=2020-06-15 |title=An Adult Case of Generalized Convulsions Caused by the Ingestion of Ginkgo biloba Seeds with Alcohol |journal=Internal Medicine |volume=59 |issue=12 |pages=1555–1558 |doi=10.2169/internalmedicine.4196-19 |issn=0918-2918 |pmc=7364239 |pmid=32132337}}</ref><ref name="kajiyama">{{cite journal |last1=Kajiyama |first1=Y. |last2=Fujii |first2=K. |last3=Takeuchi |first3=H. |last4=Manabe |first4=Y. |date=2 February 2002 |title=Ginkgo seed poisoning |journal=Pediatrics |volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=325–327 |doi=10.1542/peds.109.2.325 |pmid=11826216}}</ref> A heat-stable compound not destroyed by cooking, MPN may cause convulsions, which were alleviated by treatment with [[pyridoxine]] [[phosphate]] (vitamin B6), according to limited studies.<ref name="Azuma" /><ref name="kajiyama" />

Some people are sensitive to the chemicals in the [[sarcotesta]], the outer fleshy coating. These people should handle the seeds with care, wearing disposable gloves, when preparing them for consumption. The symptoms are allergic contact [[dermatitis]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lepoittevin |first1=J.-P. |last2=Benezra |first2=C. |last3=Asakawa |first3=Y. |year=1989 |title=Allergic contact dermatitis to Ginkgo biloba L.: relationship with urushiol |journal=Archives of Dermatological Research |volume=281 |issue=4 |pages=227–30 |doi=10.1007/BF00431055 |pmid=2774654 |s2cid=24855206}}</ref><ref name="pmid14979519">{{cite journal |last1=Schötz |first1=Karl |year=2004 |title=Quantification of allergenic urushiols in extracts ofGinkgo biloba leaves, in simple one-step extracts and refined manufactured material ([[EGb-761|EGb 761]]) |journal=Phytochemical Analysis |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |bibcode=2004PChAn..15....1S |doi=10.1002/pca.733 |pmid=14979519}}</ref> or [[blister]]s similar to that caused by contact with [[poison ivy]].<ref name="Mayo">{{cite web |title=Ginkgo |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements-ginkgo/art-20362032 |access-date=26 December 2020 |publisher=Mayo Clinic}}</ref>

[[Side effect]]s of using ginkgo supplements may include increased risk of bleeding, [[gastrointestinal discomfort]], [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], [[diarrhea]], headaches, dizziness, heart [[palpitation]]s, and restlessness.<ref name="drugs" /><ref name="nccih">{{cite web |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/ginkgo |date=1 August 2020 |title=Ginkgo |publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health |access-date=19 February 2021}}</ref> Although use of [[dietary supplement#Quality and safety|standardized]] ''Ginkgo biloba'' leaf extracts in moderate amounts appears to be safe,<ref name="nccih" /> excessive use may have undesirable effects, especially in terms of [[drug interaction]]s.<ref name="drugs" /> The dosing of [[anticoagulant]]s, such as [[warfarin]] or antiplatelet medication, may be adversely affected by using ginkgo supplements.<ref name="nccih" /><ref name="drugs" />

According to a [[systemic review]], the effects of ginkgo on [[pregnant]] women may include increased [[bleeding time]], and there is inadequate information about safety during [[lactation]].<ref name="drugs" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dugoua |first1=JJ |last2=Mills |first2=E |last3=Perri |first3=D |last4=Koren |first4=G |date=2006 |title=Safety and efficacy of ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) during pregnancy and lactation |journal=The Canadian Journal of Clinical Pharmacology |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=e277-84 |pmid=17085776}}</ref>

Ginkgo [[pollen]] may produce [[allergic reaction]]s.<ref name="drugs" /> ''Ginkgo biloba'' leaves and [[sarcotesta]] contain ginkgolic acids<ref>{{cite journal |author=Xian-guo |display-authors=et al |year=2000 |title=High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Study of Ginkgolic Acid in the Leaves and Fruits of the Ginkgo Tree (Ginkgo biloba) |journal=Journal of Chromatographic Science |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=169–173 |doi=10.1093/chromsci/38.4.169 |pmid=10766484 |doi-access=free}}</ref> {{ndash}} which are highly [[allergen]]ic {{ndash}} long-chain alkylphenols, such as [[bilobol]] or [[adipostatin A]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tanaka |first1=A |last2=Arai |first2=Y |last3=Kim |first3=SN |last4=Ham |first4=J |last5=Usuki |first5=T |year=2011 |title=Synthesis and biological evaluation of bilobol and adipostatin A |journal=Journal of Asian Natural Products Research |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=290–296 |doi=10.1080/10286020.2011.554828 |pmid=21462031 |bibcode=2011JANPR..13..290T |s2cid=25305504}}</ref> (bilobol is a substance related to [[anacardic acid]] from [[cashew nut]] shells and [[urushiol]]s present in [[poison ivy]] and other ''[[Toxicodendron]]'' spp.)<ref name="drugs" /><ref name="pmid14979519" /> Individuals with a history of strong allergic reactions to poison ivy, mangoes, cashews and other alkylphenol-producing plants are more likely to experience an allergic reaction when consuming non-standardized ginkgo-containing preparations.<ref name="drugs" /> The level of these allergens in standardized pharmaceutical preparations from ''Ginkgo biloba'' was restricted to 5 [[parts per million|ppm]] by the [[Commission E]] of the former Federal German Health Authority. Overconsumption of seeds from ''Ginkgo biloba'' can deplete [[vitamin B6|vitamin B6]].<ref name="Kobayashi2019">{{cite journal |last1=Kobayashi |first1=Daisuke |year=2019 |title=Food poisoning by Ginkgo seeds through vitamin B6 depletion (article in Japanese) |journal=Yakugaku Zasshi |volume=139 |issue=1 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1248/yakushi.18-00136 |issn=0031-6903 |pmid=30606915 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="WadaIshigaki1985">{{cite journal |last1=Wada |first1=Keiji |last2=Ishigaki |first2=Seikou |last3=Ueda |first3=Kaori |last4=Sakata |first4=Masakatsu |last5=Haga |first5=Masanobu |year=1985 |title=An antivitamin B6, 4'-methoxypyridoxine, from the seed of Ginkgo biloba L. |journal=Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin |volume=33 |issue=8 |pages=3555–3557 |doi=10.1248/cpb.33.3555 |issn=0009-2363 |pmid=4085085 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Uses ==
The wood of ''Ginkgo biloba'' is used to make furniture, chessboards, carving, and casks for making [[saké]]; the wood is fire-resistant and slow to decay.<ref name="Penguin"/>

===Culinary===
[[File:Ginkgo biloba 007.jpg|thumb|Close-up of Ginkgo tree bearing ripe, fruit-like sarcotestae]]
[[File:Ginkgo Seed.JPG|thumb|Ginkgo 'seeds' (sclerotestae) with sarcotesta removed]]
[[File:Ginkgo and coconut dessert.jpg|thumb|Ginkgo seeds served with boiled coconut flesh as a dessert in Thailand]]

Despite the health risks in certain cases, the nut-like kernels of the seeds are esteemed in Asia, and are a traditional ingredient in [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese food]]. Ginkgo nuts are used in ''[[congee]]'', and are often served at special occasions such as weddings and the [[Chinese New Year]] (as part of the vegetarian dish called [[Buddha's delight]]). Japanese cooks add ginkgo seeds (called ''ginnan'') to dishes such as ''[[chawanmushi]]'', and cooked seeds are often eaten along with other dishes. Grilled ginkgo nuts with salt are also a popular item at [[izakaya]]s as a snack with beer and other Japanese food.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://wattention.com/a-taste-of-shun-nuts-over-ginko/ | title=A Taste of Sh旬n: Going Nuts for Ginkgo | date=3 April 2018 }}</ref> In Korea, ginkgo nuts are stir-fried and eaten, or are used to garnish foods such as [[Sinseollo|sinseonro]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Seong-woo |title=은행(銀杏) Fruit of the Ginkgo tree |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0042928 |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]] |language=ko}}</ref>

===Research and safety ===
Although [[extract]]s of ''G. biloba'' leaf are often marketed as cognitive enhancers, there is no evidence for effects on memory or attention in healthy people.<ref name=nccih/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Laws KR, Sweetnam H, Kondel TK |title=Is ''Ginkgo biloba'' a cognitive enhancer in healthy individuals? A meta-analysis |journal=Hum Psychopharmacol |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=527–533 |date=1 November 2012 |pmid=23001963 |doi=10.1002/hup.2259 |s2cid=6307491 |type=Meta-analysis}}</ref> [[Systematic review]]s have shown there is no evidence for effectiveness of ginkgo extract in treating [[high blood pressure]],<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Xiong XJ, Liu W, Yang XC, etal |title=''Ginkgo biloba'' extract for essential hypertension: A systemic review |journal=Phytomedicine |volume=21 |issue=10 |pages=1131–1136 |date=September 2014 |pmid=24877716 |doi=10.1016/j.phymed.2014.04.024 |type=Systematic review |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[menopause]]-related cognitive decline,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Clement |first1=YN |last2=Onakpoya |first2=I |last3=Hung |first3=SK |last4=Ernst |first4=E |title=Effects of herbal and dietary supplements on cognition in menopause: a systematic review |journal=Maturitas |date=March 2011 |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=256–263 |doi=10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.12.005 |pmid=21237589 |type=Systematic review}}</ref> [[tinnitus]],<ref name="Hilton-2013">{{cite journal |last1=Hilton |first1=MP |last2=Zimmermann |first2=EF |last3=Hunt |first3=WT |title=''Ginkgo biloba'' for tinnitus |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |date=28 March 2013 |volume=2013 |issue=3 |article-number=CD003852 |pmid=23543524 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003852.pub3 |s2cid=205171459 |type=Systematic review|doi-access=free |pmc=11669941 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sereda |first1=Magdalena |last2=Xia |first2=Jun |last3=Scutt |first3=Polly |last4=Hilton |first4=Malcolm P |last5=El Refaie |first5=Amr |last6=Hoare |first6=Derek J |title=''Ginkgo biloba'' for tinnitus |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |date=16 November 2022 |volume=2022 |issue=11 |article-number=CD013514 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD013514.pub2|pmid=36383762 |pmc=9668350 }}</ref> post-[[stroke]] recovery,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Zeng X, Liu M, Yang Y, Li Y, Asplund K |title=''Ginkgo biloba'' for acute ischaemic stroke |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=4 |article-number=CD003691 |year=2005 |volume=2005 |pmid=16235335 |pmc=6991933 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003691.pub2 |type=Systematic review}}</ref> or [[altitude sickness]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Seupaul |first1=RA |last2=Welch |first2=JL |last3=Malka |first3=ST |last4=Emmett |first4=TW |title=Pharmacologic prophylaxis for acute mountain sickness: A systematic shortcut review |journal=Annals of Emergency Medicine |date=April 2012 |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=307–317.e1 |pmid=22153998 |doi=10.1016/j.annemergmed.2011.10.015|s2cid=205542308 }}</ref>

''G. biloba'' and its extracts are not [[approved drug|approved as a drug]] in the United States and do not have sufficient [[evidence-based medicine|clinical evidence]] for uses as a therapy, according to a 2023 review.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Nguyen |first1=Tran |title=''Ginkgo biloba'' |date=3 July 2023 |work=StatPearls |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541024/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=31082068 |last2=Alzahrani |first2=Talal}}</ref> The United States [[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]] concludes that despite extensive research, ginkgo has not been conclusively proved as effective for any health condition, including dementia, cognitive decline, or other disorders for which it is commonly marketed.<ref name=nccih/>

A 2021 umbrella review concluded that ''G. biloba'' may be useful and safe for improving cognitive function and daily living activities in people with [[Alzheimer's disease]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=F |last2=Liu |first2=H |last3=Shi |first3=X |last4=Ai |first4=Y |last5=Liu |first5=Q |last6=Cheng |first6=Y |title=The Efficacy and Safety of Alzheimer's Disease Therapies: An Updated Umbrella Review. |journal=Journal of Alzheimer's Disease|date=2022 |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=1195–1204 |doi=10.3233/JAD-215423 |pmid=34924395|s2cid=245311001 }}</ref> A 2018 review concluded that 22- to 24-week treatment with a ''G. biloba'' extract improved behavioral and psychological symptoms of [[dementia]], and reduced caregiver distress compared to [[placebo]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Savaskan |first1=Egemen |last2=Mueller |first2=Heiko |last3=Hoerr |first3=Robert |last4=von Gunten |first4=Armin |last5=Gauthier |first5=Serge |date=2018-03-01 |title=Treatment effects of ''Ginkgo biloba'' extract EGb 761 on the spectrum of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |journal=International Psychogeriatrics |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=285–293 |doi=10.1017/S1041610217001892 |issn=1741-203X |pmid=28931444}}</ref> A 2017 overview of systematic reviews concluded that ''G. biloba'' extract may modestly improve cognitive function and daily living in dementia when taken at doses over 200 mg per day for at least 22 weeks.<ref name="Yuan2017">{{cite journal |last1=Yuan |first1=Qiuju |last2=Wang |first2=Chong-wen |last3=Shi |first3=Jun |last4=Lin |first4=Zhi-xiu |title=Effects of ''Ginkgo biloba'' on dementia: An overview of systematic reviews |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |date=January 2017 |volume=195 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2016.12.005 |pmid=27940086}}</ref> A 2016 systematic review concluded that ''G. biloba'' extract reduced [[tardive dyskinesia]] symptoms in people with [[schizophrenia]] and is generally safe.<ref name="Zheng">{{cite journal |last1=Zheng |first1=W. |last2=Xiang |first2=Y.-Q. |last3=Ng |first3=C. |last4=Ungvari |first4=G. |last5=Chiu |first5=H. |last6=Xiang |first6=Y.-T. |title=Extract of ''Ginkgo biloba'' for tardive dyskinesia: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |journal=Pharmacopsychiatry |volume=49 |issue=3 |date=2016-03-15 |issn=0176-3679 |pmid=26979525 |doi=10.1055/s-0042-102884 |pages=107–111|s2cid=36484519 }}</ref>

In 2014, the [[Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products]] of the [[European Medicines Agency]] concluded that powdered ginkgo leaf extract is effective and safe for improving cognitive function and [[quality of life]] in people with mild dementia, and licensed it as a medicine in [[Member state of the European Union|member states of the EU]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=''Ginkgo folium'' - herbal medicinal product|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/herbal/ginkgo-folium |access-date=20 May 2025 |date=14 December 2014|publisher=European Medicines Agency|language=en}}</ref>

===FDA warning letters===
Over the period 2021–2023, the US FDA issued [[FDA warning letter|warning letters]] to manufacturers of ginkgo [[dietary supplement]]s for false advertising about [[health claim]]s and misbranding of their products as non-approved drugs.<ref name="fda-warn">{{cite web |title=FDA warning letters (search 'gingko') |url=https://www.fda.gov/inspections-compliance-enforcement-and-criminal-investigations/compliance-actions-and-activities/warning-letters |publisher=US Food and Drug Administration |access-date=27 September 2025 |date=2025}}</ref>

===Traditional medicine===
Ginkgo has been used in [[traditional Chinese medicine]] since at least the 11th century CE.<ref name="Crane2013">{{cite book |last1=Crane |first1=Peter R. |title=Ginkgo: The Tree That Time Forgot |date=2013 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven |isbn=978-0-300-21382-9 |page=242 |quote=According to some sources, the medicinal use of ginkgo dates back to 2800 B.C.… However, the first undisputed written records of ginkgo come much later… Ginkgo first appears in copies of the Shen Nung pharmacopeia around the eleventh and twelfth centuries.}}</ref> Ginkgo seeds, leaves, and nuts have traditionally been used to treat various ailments, such as dementia, asthma, bronchitis, and kidney and bladder disorders. However, there is no conclusive evidence that ginkgo is useful for any of these conditions.<ref name="drugs" /><ref name="nccih" /><ref name="Faran1997">{{cite book |last1=Faran |first1=Mina |last2=Tcherni |first2=Anna |title=Medicinal herbs in Modern Medicine (ṣimḥei marpé bir'fū'ah ha-modernīt) |volume=1 |publisher=Akademon (Hebrew University of Jerusalem) |date=1997 |location=Jerusalem |pages=77–78 |language=he |oclc=233179155 |isbn=965-350-068-6}}, s.v. ''Ginkgo biloba''</ref>

==In culture==
[[File:PrefSymbol-Tokyo.svg|thumb|upright|Symbol of [[Tokyo]], Japan's capital, representing a ginkgo leaf]]
The ginkgo leaf is the symbol of the [[Urasenke]] school of [[Japanese tea ceremony]]. The tree is the official tree of the Japanese capital of [[Tokyo]], and the symbol of Tokyo is a ginkgo leaf. Since 1948, the badge of [[Tokyo University]] has been two ginkgo leaves (designed by Shoichi Hoshino), which became the university logo in 2004 with a redesign.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ja/about/public-relations/b01_05_01.html |title=東大マーク |website=東京大学}}</ref> The logo of [[Osaka University]] has been a simplified ginkgo leaf since 1991 when designer [[Ikko Tanaka]] created it for the university's sixtieth anniversary.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.osaka-u.ac.jp/en/guide/name-logo |title= The University of Osaka |author=  |publisher= osaka-u.ac.jp |access-date=October 27, 2025}}</ref>

In professional [[sumo]], wrestlers ranked in the two highest divisions ({{Transliteration|ja|[[jūryō]]}} and {{Transliteration|ja|[[makuuchi]]}}) wear an elaborate [[chonmage|topknot]] called {{Nihongo|{{Transliteration|ja|[[Glossary of sumo terms#ōichōmage|ōichōmage]]}}|大銀杏髷||{{lit|ginkgo-leaf topknot}}}} because it resembles the leaf of the ginkgo tree.<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Cuyler PL |date=1979 |title=Sumo: From rite to sport |url=https://archive.org/details/sumofromritetosp0000cuyl/mode/2up |url-access=registration |publisher=Weatherhill|location=New York |isbn=978-0-8348-0145-5|page=139}}</ref>

Ginkgo is an official tree of [[Seoul]] since 1971, designated by the [[Seoul Metropolitan Government]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tree, Flower & Bird - |url=https://english.seoul.go.kr/seoul-views/seoul-symbols/4-tree-flower-bird/ |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=Official Website of the |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Ginkgo Tree Ginkgo biloba Trunk Bark 2000px.jpg|Trunk bark
File:Ginkgo-biloba-male.JPG|Ginkgo pollen-bearing cones
File:Ginko bud.jpg|Bud in spring
File:GingkoFruitingTwigSpring.jpg|Ovules ready for fertilization
File:Ginkgo embryo and gametophyte.jpg|Female gametophyte, dissected from a seed freshly shed from the tree, containing a well-developed embryo
File:Ginkgo biloba0.jpg|Immature ginkgo ovules and leaves
File:Gingko fg01.jpg|Autumn leaves and fallen seeds
File:GinkgoSaplings.jpg|A forest of saplings sprout among last year's seeds
File:2014-11-02 12 06 44 Ginkgo during autumn at the Ewing Presbyterian Church Cemetery in Ewing, New Jersey.jpg|Ginkgo tree in autumn
File:Shojokoji - Kanagawa - 2025 12 1.ogg|thumbtime=8|A large ginkgo tree at a temple in [[Kanagawa prefecture|Kanagawa]], [[Japan]]
File:Ginko biloba leaves.jpg|Ginkgo biloba leaves
File:HUEB in Fall.jpg|Several golden ginkgos in Hebei, China
File:03-Stack 176 Ginkgo 40x obj leaf print.jpg|Leaf print showing sunken stomata on leaf underside
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[André Michaux]], introduced the ginkgo to [[North America]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Huxley |first1=Anthony |title=He Gave Us the Gingko |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/08/09/books/he-gave-us-the-gingko.html |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=17 August 2015 |date=1987-08-09}}</ref>
* ''[[Bartheletia paradoxa]]'', a unique species of fungus that grows exclusively on ''Ginkgo'' leaves
* [[Ginkgo Petrified Forest State Park]] in central [[Washington (state)|Washington]], United States
* [[Herbalism]]
* [[List of edible seeds]]

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=nagata2016>
{{cite journal
|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjapbot/91/suppl/91_91_suppl_10725/_article
|journal=The Journal of Japanese Botany
|volume=91
|last1=Nagata
|last2=Hasebe
|last3=Toriba
|last4=Taneda
|last5=Crane
|title=Sex Conversion in Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgoaceae)
|doi=10.51033/jjapbot.91_suppl_10725
|pages=120–127
|year=2016
}}
</ref>

<ref name=osgf2017>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.osgf.org/blog/2017/11/7/blandy-ginkgo
|title=Ginkgo: A Sexual Curiosity
|website=Oak Spring Garden Foundation
|access-date=2024-10-21
|date=2017-11-07
}}
</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Wikispecies|Ginkgo biloba}}
{{Commons}}
{{Scholia|topic}}
* [https://www.conifers.org/gi/Ginkgoaceae.php Ginkgoopsida, Ginkgoales, Ginkgoaceae, Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo) description], The Gymnosperm Database
* [https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ginkgo+biloba ''Ginkgo biloba'' information], [[Plants for a Future]] Plant Database
* [https://uses.plantnet-project.org/en/Ginkgo_biloba ''Ginkgo biloba''], PlantUse English

{{Nuts}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q43284}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ginkgo|biloba]]
[[Category:CYP3A4 inhibitors]]
[[Category:Dioecious plants]]
[[Category:Edible plants]]
[[Category:Endangered plants]]
[[Category:Endemic flora of China]]
[[Category:Extant Ypresian first appearances]]
[[Category:Flora of Zhejiang]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Plants used in bonsai]]
[[Category:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine]]
[[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Trees of China]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1771]]
[[Category:Trees]]
[[Category:Drought-tolerant trees]]
[[Category:Trees of temperate climates]]

James La Touche

2026-03-05T20:43:35Z

ChanteKates:

{{Short description|Irish civil servant (1844–1921)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sir James La Touche
| image = Digges_Latouche.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = James John Digges La Touche
| birth_date = {{birth date|1844|12|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Dublin]], Ireland
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1921|10|05|1844|12|16|df=yes}}
| death_place = Dublin, Ireland
| resting_place =
| other_names =
| known_for =
| relations =
| spouse = Julia Mary Rothwell
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Colonial administrator in [[British Raj|British India]]
}}

'''Sir James John Digges La Touche''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCSI}} (16 December 1844 – 5 October 1921) was an Irish civil servant in [[British Raj|British India]], where he spent most of his career in the [[North-Western Provinces]].

==Early life and education==
La Touche was born in [[Dublin]], the son of William Digges La Touche and Louisa L'Estrange. He was of [[French Huguenot]] ancestry.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Burke |first1=Bernard |title=A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry of Ireland |date=1899 |publisher=Harrison & Sons |page=246 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ha0EAAAAIAAJ&dq=James+La+Touche+burke%27s+landed+gentry++William+Digges+La+Touche&pg=PA246 |access-date=29 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref> He was educated at [[Trinity College Dublin]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Buckland |first1=Charles Edward |title=Dictionary of Indian Biography |date=1906 |publisher=S. Sonnenschein |page=245 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wvMRAAAAYAAJ&dq=trinity+college+dublin+james+la+touche+son+of+wm+1844&pg=PA245 |access-date=29 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career in India==
He joined the [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]] in 1867, and spent four years in [[Ajmir Province]] and four years in [[British rule in Burma|Upper Burma]], before moving to the North-Western Provinces. In that province he served as a member of the Board of Revenue and Chief Secretary, and in 1897 acted as Lieutenant-Governor for six months, after the breakdown in health of [[Anthony Patrick MacDonnell|Sir Anthony MacDonnell]] following the combat with the famine that year.<ref name=TT09091901>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Indian Lieutenant-Governorships |date=9 September 1901 |page=2 |issue=36555}}</ref>

He was a Member of the [[Viceroy's Executive Council|Council of the Viceroy of India]], and was in November 1901 appointed [[List of Lieutenant-Governors of the North-Western Provinces and Chief Commissioners of Oudh|Lieutenant-Governor of the North-Western Provinces and Chief Commissioner of Oudh]].<ref name=TT09091901 /> In March 1902 the province was renamed the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], and the former commissionership was abolished. La Touche continued as [[List of Lieutenant-Governors of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Lieutenant-Governor of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]] until December 1906.

The following year he was appointed a Member of the Council of the Secretary of State for India.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The New Members of the India Council |date=30 August 1907 |page=6 |issue=38425}}</ref>

La Touche was appointed a Companion of the [[Order of the Star of India]] (CSI) in the [[1896 New Year Honours|1896 New Year Honours list]] on 1 January 1896, and promoted to a Knight Commander (KCSI) in the [[1901 Birthday Honours]] list on 9 November 1901.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27374 |date=9 November 1901 |page=7287 |supp=y}}</ref>

[[Latouche Road, Kanpur|Latouche Road]] in [[Kanpur]] and [[Latouche Road, Lucknow|Latouche Road]] in [[Lucknow]] are named in his honour.

He retired in 1906 and returned to Ireland.<ref name="death">{{cite news |title=Death of Sir James La Touche |work=[[The Belfast News-Letter]] |publisher= |date=6 October 1921|page= 5}}</ref>

==Family==
La Touche married, in [[Bombay, India|Bombay]] in 1873, Julia Mary Rothwell, daughter of Thomas Wade Rothwell.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Peerage and Baronetage, the Privy Council, Knightage, and Companionage |date=1913 |publisher=Harrison & Sons |page=2347 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GBhBAQAAMAAJ&dq=Sir+James+John+Digges+La+Touche,+KCSI+(16+December+1844&pg=PA2347 |access-date=29 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref> They had one child, Louisa France "Lola" Digges La Touche (1879 – 31 March 1884), who died age 5 on the steamship ''Assam'' returning from India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Deaths. |work=Dublin Daily Express |date=10 April 1884 |page=1}}</ref>

He died at his home, 53 [[Raglan Road, Dublin]], aged 77.<ref name="death"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-gov}}
{{Succession box| title=[[List of Lieutenant-Governors of the North-Western Provinces and Chief Commissioners of Oudh|Lieutenant-Governor of the North-Western Provinces and Chief Commissioner of Oudh]] | before=[[Anthony Patrick MacDonnell|Sir Anthony Patrick MacDonnell]] | after=Office abolished | years=1901-1902}}
{{Succession box| title=[[List of Lieutenant-Governors of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Lieutenant-Governor of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]] | before=New office | after=[[John Prescott Hewett|Sir John Prescott Hewett]] | years=1902-1906}}
{{end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:La Touche, James}}
[[Category:1844 births]]
[[Category:1921 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Irish colonial officials]]
[[Category:La Touche family|James]]

Aa Okkadu

2026-03-03T21:54:58Z

ChanteKates: basic add article per sources and improved wording based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aa Okkadu
| image = Aa Okkadu Poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = N. S. Murthy (Dakshin Srinivas)
| writer = N. S. Murthy (Dakshin Srinivas)
| starring = [[Suresh Gopi]] [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] [[Madhurima]]
| producer = Ganesh Indukuri
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| editing = M. R. Varma
| cinematography = Kamalakar
| released = {{Film date|2009|06|5|df=y}}
| country = India
| runtime =
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}

'''''Aa Okkadu''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Telugu]]-language [[Action film|action]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] film starring [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]], and [[Madhurima]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ajay in and as 'Aa Okkadu' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/Feb/23/ajay-in-and-as-aa-okkadu-27884.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=15 May 2012 |language=en}}</ref> The film is directed by N S Murthy and was released by Tolly 2 Holly Films on 5 June 2009.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090521221553/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/47051.html Indiaglitz.com ‘Aa Okkadu’ announces release date] at IndiaGlitz, 19 May 2009</ref> [[Mani Sharma]] composed the music.<ref>[http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-aaokkadu.html Idlebrain.com Aa Okkadu music launch] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511095223/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-aaokkadu.html |date=11 May 2009 }} at Idlebrain.com, 8 May 2009</ref><ref name=":IB">{{cite web | url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-aaokkadu.html | title=Aa Okkadu review - Telugu cinema Review - Ajay & Madhurima | access-date=25 March 2022 | archive-date=12 December 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212020742/http://idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-aaokkadu.html | url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' categorised this film as one of the commercially unsuccessful films of 2009.<ref>{{cite news |title=2009 the year of big flops & small hits |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2009/Dec/29/2009-the-year-of-big-flops--small-hits-117158.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=15 May 2012 |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
Sri Krishna ([[Suresh Gopi]]) is a successful criminal lawyer. Bujji ([[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]]) works under Sri Krishna. Dr. Pavitra ([[Madhurima]]) is a psychiatrist who works in a mental hospital. Sri Krishna and Pavitra are disciples of a godman. Pavitra has a family dispute with her brother-in-law and he dies under suspicious circumstances. Slowly a few people associated with Pavitra are killed and the needle of suspicion turns towards Pavitra. The rest of the film is all about who did it.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Suresh Gopi]] as [[Advocate|Adv.]] Sri Krishna
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Bujji
* [[Nyra Banerjee]] as [[Psychiatrist|Dr.]] Pavithra
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Police Officer
* [[Sai Srujan Pelluri]] as Soori
* [[Vijayachander]] as Judge
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]]
* [[M. S. Narayana]]
* [[Anupama Kumar]] as Sri Krishna's wife
* [[Jenny (actor)|Jenny]]
* [[Master Bharath]]
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Swamy
* Sasidhar Kosuri as Police Officer
* [[Rachana Maurya]] (Item song "Moothimeediki")
}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Aa Okkadu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cover =
| released = 2009
| recorded =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 21:24
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The music was composed by [[Mani Sharma]]. In an audio review of the film by ''[[Telugucinema.com]]'', a critic rated the soundtrack three-and-a-half out of five and wrote that "At the outset, the album might seem to offer nothing new but Mani Sarma's careful handling of orchestration and tuning stand out on repeated hearing".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090602125920/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/audioreviews/aaokkadu_audio.php Audio review] at [[Telugucinema.com]], 30 May 2009</ref>
{{Track listing
| total_length = 21:24
| headline = Track-List
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Radhaa Maanasa
| lyrics1 = Veda Vyas
| extra1 = Dr. Naarayan
| length1 = 4:39

| title2 = Moothimeediki
| lyrics2 = [[Bhaskarabhatla]]
| extra2 = [[Suchitra]]
| length2 = 4:32

| title3 = Ooruko Manasaa
| lyrics3 = [[Ananta Sriram]]
| extra3 = [[Vijay Yesudas]]
| length3 = 4:06

| title4 = Adedole
| lyrics4 = [[Bhaskarabhatla]]
| extra4 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], Jyotsna
| length4 = 3:57

| title5 = Padalemuraa
| lyrics5 = [[Sahithi]]
| extra5 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], Rahul
| length5 = 4:28
}}

== Reception ==
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain]]'' rated the film two and one-fourth out of five and wrote that "On a whole, ''Aa Okkadu'' is a well-intended effort that has gone wrong due to inefficient screenplay and uninteresting narration."<ref name=":IB" />

A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote that "Director Murthy has succeeded in holding the suspense till the end but the comedy sequences do not blend well with the main story. Many of the plots lack logic too. Even Mani Sharma's music fails to impress."<ref>{{cite news |title=Aa Okkadu: Suspense sans sequence |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/aa-okkadu-suspense-sans-sequence/articleshow/22128629.cms |work=Bangalore Mirror |date=5 June 2009 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|3402708}}

[[Category:2009 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]

{{2000s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Amara Kaaviyam

2026-03-03T03:29:10Z

ChanteKates: refine lead to improve readability based on references

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by Jeeva Shankar}}
{{for|the 1981 Tamil film|Amara Kaaviyam (1981 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Amara Kaaviyam
| image = Amara Kaaviyam.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Jeeva Shankar]]
| producer = [[Arya (actor)|Arya]]
| writer = Jeeva Shankar
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Sathya (Tamil actor)|Sathya]]
*[[Miya (actress)|Miya]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Ghibran]]
| cinematography = Jeeva Shankar
| editing = [[Sathish Suriya]]
| studio = {{plainlist|
*[[The Show People]]
*Vignesh Pictures
}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|09|05}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross =
}}
'''''Amara Kaaviyam''''' ({{Translation|Immortal epic}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic thriller]] film written and directed by [[Jeeva Shankar]] and produced by [[Arya (actor)|Arya]]. The film stars Arya's younger brother [[Sathya (Tamil actor)|Sathya]] and [[Miya (actress)|Miya]]. The movie features a successful soundtrack composed by [[Ghibran]]. It opened to positive reviews in September 2014. The film was remade in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] in 2020 as ''[[Love Story (2020 film)|Love Story]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2019 |title=Love Story Actor Bonny Sengupta Will Be Next Featured In A Murder Mystery |url=https://www.spotboye.com/bengali/bengali-news/love-story-actor-bonny-sengupta-will-be-next-featured-in-a-murder-mystery/5d80baa9def098574f7b270f |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126035824/https://www.spotboye.com/bengali/bengali-news/love-story-actor-bonny-sengupta-will-be-next-featured-in-a-murder-mystery/5d80baa9def098574f7b270f |archive-date=26 November 2020 |access-date=2020-10-11 |website=[[SpotboyE]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The movie begins with Jeeva being taken to court, where he recalls his past. In 1988, at the beginning of his 12th grade, his friend Balaji falls in love with their classmate Karthika. Jeeva talks to Karthika but learns that she is actually in love with him. The next day, he accepts her love. Jeeva's father died when he was young, and his mother remarried. Once, when Jeeva and Karthika are out, they are caught by the police, and both their families are informed. Later, when Jeeva goes to apologize to Karthika's parents, he is hit by her father. Meanwhile, Karthika's father applies for a transfer. Jeeva and Karthika promise that they will not meet until their last exam. On the last day, Karthika leaves but gives a letter to Balaji and tells him to give it to Jeeva, but Balaji does not give it and tries to convince Jeeva that Karthika does not love him anymore.

Jeeva and Karthika try to meet each other but in vain. Finally, Jeeva learns Karthika's whereabouts, and they meet. When he meets her, he ends up in a fight with her friend. He goes to her home and asks her if she still loves him. She says no but later feels she should talk to him and marry him the way he asked her as proof, but fate has other plans. The next day when she meets him, he stabs her before she can say anything and later realizes she is still in love with him. He tries to save her, but she dies in his arms. The scene returns to the present, where Jeeva escapes from the police to find Karthika's grave, then jumps off a cliff. The movie ends with Jeeva and Karthika united in heaven, and their names are written on the bark of the tree by Jeeva when they first met.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Sathya (Tamil actor)|Sathya]] as Jeeva
*[[Miya (actress)|Miya]] as Karthika
*[[Ananth Nag (Tamil actor)|Ananth Nag]] as Balaji
*[[Thambi Ramaiah]] as Gnanam
*[[Sudeepa Pinky]] as Karthika's sister
*Aroul D. Shankar as Chandrasekhar, Jeeva's stepfather
*Rindhuravi as Jeeva's mother
*Vaidyanathan as Karthika's father
*Elizabeth as Karthika's mother
*[[Supergood Subramani]] as [[Convenience store|Corner shop]] owner
*Ashok Pandian as Judge
}}

== Production ==
Following the critical and commercial success of his previous project ''[[Naan (2012 film)|Naan]]'' (2012), director [[Jeeva Shankar]] wrote a new script titled ''Amara Kaaviyam'', a college love story set in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinema News – Movie Reviews – Movie Trailers |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/93481.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623092804/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/93481.html |archive-date=23 June 2013 |access-date=30 August 2017 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> Madhan of Escape Artistes Motion Pictures was to produce the film, while [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] was announced as the music composer.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jeeva to team up with Yuvan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Jeeva-to-team-up-with-Yuvan/articleshow/19879591.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113183806/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-04/news-interviews/39026337_1_film-jeeva-shankar-madhan |archive-date=13 January 2014 |access-date=30 August 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Adharvaa]] was announced to play the lead role but consequently opted out during pre-production stages, and the production house dropped the film.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Atharvaa in Jeeva Shankar's next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Atharvaa-in-Jeeva-Shankars-next/articleshow/20012520.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225134016/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-12/news-interviews/39202964_1_film-naan-atharvaa |archive-date=25 December 2013 |access-date=30 August 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Jeeva Shankar replaced him with [[Sathya (Tamil actor)|Sathya]] in September 2013 with Sathya's brother, [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] producing the film under his production house, The Show People.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Naan' Jeeva Shankar's next film has been titled Amara Kaaviyam |url=https://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/exclusive-arya-planns-with-naan-jeeva-shankar-naan-jeeva-shankar-21-08-13.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203045816/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/exclusive-arya-planns-with-naan-jeeva-shankar-naan-jeeva-shankar-21-08-13.html |archive-date=3 February 2014 |access-date=30 August 2017 |website=behindwoods.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Sathya replaces Atharvaa in Jeeva Shankar's next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Sathya-replaces-Atharvaa-in-Jeeva-Shankars-next/articleshow/22588136.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224123127/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-15/news-interviews/42062722_1_actor-sathya-atharvaa-next-film |archive-date=24 December 2013 |access-date=30 August 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Malayalam actress [[Miya (actress)|Miya]] was signed to play the female lead role, making her debut in Tamil films. The film began production in October 2012 in [[Ooty]], with costume designer Sai preparing clothes for the film's 1980s backdrop.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Miya will pair opposite Arya's brother, Sathya in Amara Kaaviyam |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-13/miya-will-pair-opposite-aryas-brother-sathya-in-amara-kaaviyam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127140846/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-13/miya-will-pair-opposite-aryas-brother-sathya-in-amara-kaaviyam.html |archive-date=27 November 2013 |access-date=30 August 2017 |website=behindwoods.com}}</ref> Mia said that she played a school girl named Karthika in the film, a "very cute character", going on to add that she had to act in a lot of emotional scenes and that she would be seen mostly in the school uniform costume and the [[half saree]]. She had shot for 45 days in [[Ooty]], with most of her scenes being shot in a set.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Amarakaaviyam will be a visual treat: Mia George |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Amarakaaviyam-will-be-a-visual-treat-Mia-George/articleshow/41091777.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910140945/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Amarakaaviyam-will-be-a-visual-treat-Mia-George/articleshow/41091777.cms |archive-date=10 September 2017 |access-date=30 August 2017 |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> Sathya played a school boy named Jeeva, a character that required him to shed more than 10 kg, with the actor stating that the film was an "intense love story...on the lines of ''[[Kaadhal Kondein]]'' (2003), ''[[7G Rainbow Colony]]'' (2004), and ''[[Kaadhal]]'' (2004)".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Betting on this teenage romance |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/betting-on-this-teenage-romance/article6365154.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203205459/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/betting-on-this-teenage-romance/article6365154.ece |archive-date=3 December 2014 |access-date=30 August 2017 |website=Thehindu.com}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Main|Amara Kaaviyam (soundtrack)}}
The film's score and soundtrack were composed by [[Ghibran]].<ref name="times">{{Cite news |title=Director wanted five melodious songs from Ghibran |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Director-wanted-five-melodious-songs-from-Ghibran/articleshow/40788645.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910140936/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Director-wanted-five-melodious-songs-from-Ghibran/articleshow/40788645.cms |archive-date=10 September 2017 |access-date=30 August 2017 |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> The soundtrack album features six tracks, with lyrics written by [[Madhan Karky]], Parvathy, P. Vetriselvan and Asmin. The album was released at Sathyam Cinemas on 27 June 2014 by actresses [[Trisha Krishnan]] and [[Nayantara]] while director [[Bala (director)|Bala]] and actresses [[Pooja Umashankar]], [[Lekha Washington]] and, [[Rupa Manjari]] were also present.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2014-06-30 |title=Nayanthara, Trisha praise Arya |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/Jun/30/nayanthara-trisha-praise-arya-630421.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130075958/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/Jun/30/nayanthara-trisha-praise-arya-630421.html |archive-date=2025-01-30 |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
The satellite rights of the film were sold to [[STAR Vijay]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2015 |title=Amara Kaaviyam Tamil Movie Premier On STAR Vijay – 2nd October 2015 At 11.00 A.M |url=http://www.satelliterights.com/amara-kaaviyam-movie-premier-on-vijay-tv/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214020522/http://www.satelliterights.com/amara-kaaviyam-movie-premier-on-vijay-tv/ |archive-date=14 February 2019 |access-date=30 September 2015 |publisher=Satellite Rights}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
The film received mixed reviews .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seshagiri |first=Sangeetha |title='Amara Kaaviyam' Review Round up: Fails to Impress |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/amara-kaaviyam-review-round-fails-impress-608414 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830193103/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/amara-kaaviyam-review-round-fails-impress-608414 |archive-date=30 August 2017 |access-date=30 August 2017 |website=Ibtimes.co.in}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "the movie moves at snail pace and the second half of the movie wanders aimlessly before convoluting in a tragic climax. Had the director tweaked his screenplay a little and had made it tight, Amara Kaaviyam would have lived up to its title".<ref name="sify">{{Cite web |title=Review |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/amara-kaaviyam-review-tamil-15058249.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908063753/http://www.sify.com/movies/amara-kaaviyam-review-tamil-15058249.html |archive-date=8 September 2014 |access-date=30 August 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''Behindwoods'' rated the film 2.75 out of 5 and noted that "Amara Kaviyam has brilliant music, great visuals, good acting, wish it had left little more impact".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amara Kaaviyam (aka) Amara Kaviyam review |url=https://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/amara-kaaviyam/amara-kaaviyam-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818081359/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/amara-kaaviyam/amara-kaaviyam-review.html |archive-date=18 August 2015 |access-date=30 August 2017 |website=behindwoods.com}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' noted that "Amara Kaaviyam, though fleetingly good, isn’t the thriller that it should have been, and isn’t the romance it intended to be".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amara Kaaviyam review – Teen ache trauma |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/amara-kaaviyam-review-teen-ache-trauma/article6386126.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205133136/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/amara-kaaviyam-review-teen-ache-trauma/article6386126.ece? |archive-date=5 December 2014 |access-date=30 August 2017 |website=Thehindu.com}}</ref> ''[[Rediff]]'' wrote "Director Jeeva Sankar has attempted to portray an intense love story and he does succeed to some extent".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review: Amara Kaaviyam does not warm your heart |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-amara-kaaviyam-does-not-warm-your-heart-south/20140905.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830193315/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-amara-kaaviyam-does-not-warm-your-heart-south/20140905.htm |archive-date=30 August 2017 |access-date=30 August 2017 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|3646292}}
{{The Show People}}

[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2010s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ghibran Vaibodha]]
[[Category:Indian coming-of-age films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:2010s coming-of-age films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic thriller films]]

Missing on a Weekend

2026-03-02T10:06:15Z

ChanteKates: details

{{EngvarB|date=May 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Missing on a Weekend
| image = Missing On A Weekend.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Abhishek Jawkar]]
| writer = Abhishek Jawkar
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Rajesh Patange]]
* [[Sebastian Joseph]]
* Abhishek Jawkar}}
| starring =
| cinematography =
| editing = Abhishek Jawkar
| music = [[Nakash Aziz]], Om Jha, Superbia
| studio = The Red Bulb Studios & Adept Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2016|08|26|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = }}

'''''Missing on a Weekend''''' is an Indian investigating thriller film directed by Abhishek Jawkar and produced by Rajesh Patange, Sebastian Joseph and Abhishek Jawkar.

==Premise==
''Missing on a Weekend'' is an investigating crime story based in Goa. Police Inspector Ali Ansari ([[Pavan Malhotra]]) from CBI has been transferred to Goa to take charge of the current ugly undercover crime space which has troubled the tourism capital of India.

Ansari has now got a new case in the midst of all the chaos, where one guy, Laksh ([[Karan Hariharan]]) has been found unconscious on Calangute beach. He is brutally hurt on his head and has lost a substantial part of his memory. After the brief investigation, police get to know his whereabouts in Goa. As the police team reaches the resort where Laksh and his six other friends from Delhi are staying, they found one of his friend dead in one toilet of a cottage and all other friends are missing.

Now, Ansari is left with only one suspect-cum-victim-cum survivor, Laksh, who hardly remembers anything that has happened.<ref>{{cite web|title=Abhishek Jawkar: 'Missing On A Weekend', 'Singer Hariharan's son joins Bollywood with 'Missing On A Weekend'|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/singer-hariharan-s-son-joins-bollywood-with-missing-on-a-weekend/story-Fw8wG1tINNtijDAAjyfFCN.html|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|accessdate=20 May 2016|date=20 May 2016}}</ref>

==Release Date==
'Missing On A Weekend' was supposed to hit screens on 1 July, but issues from the censors and Goa Tourism (PR) kept a hold on the release.

CBFC asks for 50 cuts in Missing On A Weekend<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/cbfc-asks-for-50-cuts-in-missing-on-a-weekend/story-xxSHkgsXwdmT4AiHFWwqNK.html|title=CBFC asks for 50 cuts in Missing On A Weekend|date=1 July 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

‘Missing on a Weekend’ gets release date after censor trouble. The film was finally released on 26 August 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/life-style/celebrity/desi-news/bollywood/missing-on-a-weekend-gets-release-date-after-censor-trouble-1.1868527|title='Missing on a Weekend' gets release date after censor trouble|last=IANS|date=26 July 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Karan Hariharan]] as Laksh Kumar
*[[Pavan Malhotra]] as Inspector Ali Ansari
*[[Jyotii Sethi]] as Reeha Banerjee
*Dishank Arora as Sub Inspector Ajay Kondse
*[[Mahsa Kooshesh]] as Tanisha Sehgal
*Shiva Dagar as Rishab Singh
*Akash Bathija as Prince Chawla
*Siddhant Mahajan as Himanshu Malik
*Khushboo Kamal as Smriti Yadav
*Nikhil Punamiya as news reporter
*[[Dibyendu Bhattacharya]] in a special appearance as Mukhtaar
*Madan Maruti Gadekar as Alvin Lobo
*Charul Bawsar as Shama, Ali's wife
*Akshay Raj as drug peddler
*Ashish Warang as Police Commissioner
*Marina Stankovic as foreigner
*[[Maryam Zakaria]] as dancer (Bairi song)
*Chandni Sharma as dancer (Parda Hata song)
*Abhinav Sharma as bar-tender
*Sanjeev Dhuri as doctor
*Omesh Bolke as fisherman

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|5759540}}
* [http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/maryam-zakaria-to-sizzle-in-an-item-number-for-missing-on-a-weekend-2819654/ Maryam Zakaria to sizzle in an item number for ‘Missing On A Weekend’ ]
* Director: 'Missing On A Weekend' has no similarities with 'Talaash' [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Director-Missing-On-A-Weekend-has-no-similarities-with-Talaash/articleshow/52491015.cms]

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language thriller films]]

Pakistani English

2026-03-02T04:14:11Z

ChanteKates: quick fix

{{distinguish|Urdish}}
{{Short description|Varieties of the English language used in Pakistan}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date = March 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}

{{Infobox language
| name = English (Pakistan)
| nativename =
| image = Quaid-i-Azam's Will at Islamia College Peshawar.jpg
| states = [[Pakistan]]
| region = [[South Asia]]
| speakers = 108 million
| date = 2022
| ref = <ref name=e25>[https://www.ethnologue.com/country/PK/status Pakistan] in {{e25}}</ref>
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Germanic languages|Germanic]]
| fam3 = [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]
| fam4 = [[Ingvaeonic languages|Ingvaeonic]]
| fam5 = [[Anglo-Frisian languages|Anglo-Frisian]]
| fam6 = [[English language|English]]
| fam7 = [[South Asian English]]
| ancestor = [[Old English]]
| ancestor2 = [[Middle English]]
| ancestor3 = [[Early Modern English]]
| ancestor4 = [[Modern English]]
| script = [[Latin script|Latin]] ([[English alphabet]]) [[Unified English Braille]]
| nation = {{PAK}}
| minority =
| agency =
| iso1 = en
| iso2 = eng
| iso3 = eng
| isoexception = dialect
| lingua =
| ietf = en-PK
| map =
| mapcaption =
| glotto = paki1244
| notice = IPA
}}
{{English language}}
'''Pakistani English''' or '''English (Pakistan)''' ('''Paklish''', '''Pinglish''', '''PakEng''', '''en-PK'''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-02-21|title=Tongue-in-cheek: Not in my backside|url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/881972/tongue-in-cheek-not-in-my-backside|access-date=2020-07-16|website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-07-14|title=English as lingua franca: A linguistic imperialism?|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1028971|access-date=2020-07-16|website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|language=en}}</ref>) is a group of [[English language|English-language]] [[Variety (linguistics)|varieties]] spoken in [[Pakistan]] and among the [[Pakistani diaspora]].<ref>McArthur, Tom, 1998. [http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O29-PAKISTANIENGLISH.html "Pakistani English."] in ''Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language''. Retrieved 6 June 2009.</ref> English is the primary language used by the [[government of Pakistan]], alongside [[Urdu]], on the national level. While being spoken natively by only a small percentage of the population,<ref>{{Cite web |title=People of Pakistan |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Pakistan/People |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=Britannica |language=en |quote=With the exception of this educated elite, English is spoken fluently by only a small percentage of the population.}}</ref> it is the primary language used in education, commerce, administration, and the legal and judicial systems.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mariam |first1=Durrani |title=Banishing Colonial Specters: Language Ideology and Education Policy in Pakistan |url=https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1233&context=wpel |publisher=University of Pennsylvania |date=2012}}</ref>

It was first recognised as a distinct variety of [[South Asian English]] and designated in the 1970s and 1980s.<ref name="Hashmi1978, 1987">{{cite book| last =Hashmi| first =Alamgir| title =''Preface''. Pakistani Literature: The Contemporary English Writers| orig-year =1978| year =1987| publisher =World University Service / Gulmohar Press| location =New York / Islamabad}}</ref> Pakistani English, similar and related to [[Indian English]], is slightly different from other varieties of English in respect to vocabulary, accent, and other features.

==History==
Although [[British rule in India|British rule in the Subcontinent]] lasted for almost two hundred years, the areas which lie in what is now Pakistan were amongst the last to be annexed: [[Sindh]] in 1842, [[Punjab]] (which initially included the [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|North-West Frontier Province]]) in 1849, and parts of [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Baluchistan]], including Quetta and the outer regions in 1879, while the rest of the Baluchistan region became a [[princely state]] within the [[British Empire]]. As a result, British English had less time to become part of local culture though it did become part of elite culture as it was used in elite schools and in higher education, as in the rest of Subcontinent.<ref name="Rahman2002">{{cite book| last =Rahman| first =Tariq| title =Language, Ideology and Power: Language-learning among the Muslims of Pakistan and North India|year =2002| publisher =Oxford University Press| location =Karachi}}</ref> The colonial policies which made English a marker of elite status and the language of power—being used in such domains of power as the civil service, the officer corps of the armed forces, the higher judiciary, universities, prestigious newspapers, radio and entertainment—were due to British policies<ref name="Rahman1996">{{cite book| last =Rahman| first =Tariq| title =Language and Politics in Pakistan| year =1996| publisher =Oxford University Press| location =Karachi}}</ref>{{rp|22–58}} and the continuation of these policies by [[Government of Pakistan|Pakistani Governments]].<ref name="Rahman2002"/>{{rp|288–323}} The roots of Pinglish in Pakistan can be traced back to the 19th century, when [[Syed Ahmad Khan|Sir Syed Ahmad Khan]] encouraged the Muslims to learn English and utilize it as a medium of resistance against the British.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-05-13|title=English Words Used in Urdu|language=en-US|work=UrduPod101.com Blog|url=https://www.urdupod101.com/blog/2021/05/13/english-loanwords-in-urdu/|access-date=2021-09-23}}</ref> In 1947 upon Pakistan's establishment, English became the de facto [[official language]], a position which was formalised in the [[Constitution of Pakistan]] of 1973. Together with [[Urdu]], the two languages are concurrently the official [[Languages of Pakistan|languages of the country]]. English language continues as the language of power and is also the language with the maximum [[cultural capital]] of any language used in Pakistan.<ref name="Rahman2007">{{cite book| last =Rahman| first =Tariq| title =Language Policy, Culture, and Identity in Asian Contexts| editor1-last =Tsui| editor1-first =Amy B.| editor2-last =Tollefson| editor2-first =James W.| year =2007| publisher =Lawrence Erlbaum| location =Mahwah, New Jersey| pages =219–239| chapter =The Role of English in Pakistan}}</ref> It remains much in demand in higher education in [[Pakistan]].<ref name="Mansoor2005">{{cite book| last =Mansoor| first =Sabiha| title =Language Planning in Higher Education: A Case Study of Pakistan| year =2005| publisher =Oxford University Press| location =Karachi}}</ref>

The term ''Pinglish'' was first recorded in 1999, being a blend of the words [[Pakistani]] and [[English language|English]], with the 'e' changed to 'i' to better represent pronunciation. Another colloquial [[portmanteau word]] is ''Paklish'' (recorded from 1997).<ref>Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity. ''English World-wide'', 39(1): 29. DOI: 10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam</ref>

==Relationship with Indian English==
{{See also|Indian English}}
Pakistani English (PE) shares many similarities with [[Indian English]], but since the [[partition of India]], there have been some very obvious differences. Rahman argues that PE is an [[language transfer|interference variety]] of English created by the use of the features of [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Pashto]], [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] and other languages spoken in Pakistan. He further divides PE into Anglicised English, which is very similar to the speech and writing of the speakers of British Standard English (BSE), [[acrolect]] PE, which is used by Pakistanis educated in English-medium schools, mesolectal PE, which is used by ordinary, Urdu-educated Pakistanis and [[basilect]] PE, which is used by people of little formal education, such as guides and waiters.<ref name="Rahman1990">{{cite book| last =Rahman| first =Tariq| title =Pakistani English: The linguistic description of a non-native variety of English| year =1990| publisher =National Institute of Pakistan Studies| location =Islamabad}}</ref>

Words and expressions of PE have been noted by a number of scholars,<ref name="Baumgardner">{{cite journal | last =Baumgardner| first =Robert | title =Utilising Pakistani Newspaper English to Teach Grammar | journal =World Englishes | year =1987 | volume =6 | issue =3 | pages =241–252 | doi=10.1111/j.1467-971x.1987.tb00204.x}}</ref> including unique idioms and colloquial expressions as well as accents. Also, like Indian English, Pakistani English has preserved many phrases that are now considered antiquated in Britain.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tharoor |first1=Shashi |title=How the Woosters captured Delhi |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/jul/20/classics.pgwodehouse |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=20 July 2002 |location=London}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=August 2021}}

==Use in Pakistan==
Urdu and English are Pakistan's official languages. Many street signs, shop signs, business contracts and other activities use English. All documents used by government and court also include English,<ref>[http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk//judgment.htm A judgment of the Supreme Court.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120231122/http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk//judgment.htm |date=20 November 2008 }}</ref> despite a 2015 order by [[Supreme Court of Pakistan|Pakistan's Supreme Court]] to replace English at an official level with Urdu.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2015-07-28 |title=Why Pakistan Is Replacing English With Urdu |url=https://time.com/3975587/pakistan-english-urdu/ |access-date=2023-05-18 |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref>

English is most taught to Pakistani students in private schools, and in many cases the medium of instruction is also in English. Although there are also many public schools that teach in the local languages and Urdu,<ref>{{cite web |title=EDUCATION SYSTEM PROFILES Education in Pakistan |url=https://wenr.wes.org/2020/02/education-in-pakistan |website=World Education Services |date=25 February 2020 |quote=English has been the main language of instruction at the elementary and secondary levels since colonial times. It remains the predominant language of instruction in private schools but has been increasingly replaced with Urdu in public schools. Punjab province, for example, recently announced that it will begin to use Urdu as the exclusive medium of instruction in schools beginning in 2020. Depending on the location and predominantly in rural areas, regional languages are used as well, particularly in elementary education. The language of instruction in higher education is mostly English, but some programs and institutions teach in Urdu.}}</ref> there is a huge emphasis on English as a second language especially in standardised testing.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.multilingual-matters.net/jmmd/018/0145/jmmd0180145.pdf |title=Multilingual-matters.net |access-date=17 August 2008 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927231254/http://www.multilingual-matters.net/jmmd/018/0145/jmmd0180145.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> At college and university level, all instructions are typically in English.<ref>[http://www.uelowermall.edu.pk/pdfs/research_paper_02.pdf UElowermall.edu.pk] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910040106/http://www.uelowermall.edu.pk/pdfs/research_paper_02.pdf |date=10 September 2008 }}</ref>

Pakistan boasts a large English language press and media. All of Pakistan's major dailies are published in or have an edition in English. State-run [[PTV World]] is a major English Language News Channel in the country, while previously [[Dawn News]] and [[Tribune 24/7]] were other English language news channels with one later switching its language to [[Urdu]] and the other was shut down. [[Indus News]] is now another major English language news channel in Pakistan. [[Code-switching]] (the concurrent use of more than one language, or language variety, in conversation) is common in urban areas of Pakistan and almost all conversations in whatever language have a present English component. The language of pleading in all courts of Pakistan is also English.

==Literature==
{{main|Pakistani English literature}}

==Grammar==
The role of English within the complex multilingual society of Pakistan is far from straightforward: it is used across the country by speakers with various degrees of proficiency; the grammar and phraseology may mimic that of the speaker's first language. While Pakistani speakers of English use idioms peculiar to their homeland (often literal translations of words and phrases from their native languages), this is far less common in proficient speakers, and grammar tends to be quite close to that of [[Standard English]] but exhibiting some features of [[American English]].

==Phonology==
Pakistani English [[phonology]] follows that of [[British English]]. It may be [[rhotic and non-rhotic accents|rhotic or non-rhotic]]. Rahman provides a broad introduction to the phonology of Pakistani English.<ref name="Rahman1990"/>{{rp|21–40}}

Some common features of PE are:

===Consonants===
* {{IPAc-en|t}} in almost all regions of Pakistan is realised as {{IPAblink|ʈ}} and {{IPAc-en|d}} is realised as {{IPAblink|ɖ}}.
* Most PE speakers can not distinguish well between {{IPAc-en|v}} and {{IPAc-en|w}}, pronouncing them both as {{IPAblink|ʋ}}.
* The quality of {{IPAslink|ɹ}} sound in PE is usually {{IPAblink|ɾ}}.
* Most, if not all, PE speakers do not aspirate their voiceless plosives {{IPA|/p t k/}}.
* PE does not have {{IPAblink|ɫ}} ([[velarization|velarised]] L)
* PE speakers use {{IPA|[}}{{IPA link|ŋ}}{{IPA link|ɡ}}{{IPA|]}} before vowels in some words where standard Englishes (GenAmE and SSBE) would use {{IPAblink|ŋ}}, for example, ''"singer"'' is pronounced {{IPA|[ˈsiŋɡər]}}
* PE speakers use {{IPAblink|ŋ}} after consonants in words where standard Englishes would use {{IPA|[}}{{IPA link|ŋ}}{{IPA link|ɡ}}{{IPA|]}}, so ''"English"'' is pronounced {{IPA|[ˈiŋliʃ]}} rather than {{IPA|[ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ]}}.
* The dental fricatives {{IPAc-en|θ}} and {{IPAc-en|ð}} are realised as dental stops i.e. {{IPAblink|t̪ʰ}} and {{IPAblink|d̪}} respectively.

===Vowels and diphthongs===
* The vowel quality of {{IPAc-en|iː}} is something closer to {{IPAblink|i}}
* {{IPAc-en|əʊ}} in PE is realised as {{IPAblink|oː}}
* The BATH vowel {{IPAc-en|ɑː}} is realised as or {{IPAblink|ä̝}}
* {{IPAc-en|uː}} is realised as {{IPAblink|uː}}
* The vowel in THOUGHT group (J. C. Wells Lexical sets) is realised by virtually all PE speakers as {{IPAblink|ä̝}}

==Influences==
Pakistani English is heavily influenced by Pakistan's languages as well as the English of other nations. In addition the area which is now Pakistan was home to the largest garrisons of the British Indian Army (such as Rawalpindi and Peshawar) and this, combined with the post-partition influence of the [[Pakistan Military]], has ensured that many military terms have entered the local jargon.<ref name="Rahman1990"/>{{rp|76–78}}

The type of English taught (and preferred) is [[British English]]. The heavy influence and penetration of American culture through television, films and other media has brought in great influences of American English.

===Vocabulary and colloquialisms===
{{refimprove|section|date=June 2022}}
Pakistani English contains many unique terms,{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} as well as terms which are utilised somewhat differently in Pakistan. For instance, "{{lang|en-PK|chips}}" is used for [[potato chip]]s as well as for [[French fries]] (usage of these terms is common in the UK) and "{{lang|en-PK|lemon}}" is used for both lime and lemon.<ref name="Rahman1990"/>{{rp|69–71}}
* "{{lang|en-PK|italic=yes|Uncle / Aunty}}" – Respectful way of addressing anyone who is significantly older than oneself: "Uncle, please give way".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-02-13|title=Indians use 'Aunty' and 'Uncle' as terms of respect all over the world|url=https://www.stabroeknews.com/2016/02/13/opinion/letters/indians-use-aunty-uncle-terms-respect-world/|access-date=2021-09-23|website=Stabroek News|language=en-US}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=A 'letter to the editor' is not a reliable source|date=September 2021}}
* Use of ''double'' and ''triple'' for numbers occurring twice or three times in succession (this is also in usage in the UK), especially for a phone number: for example, a phone number 2233344 would be pronounced as "double two, triple three, double four"; however the phone number 2222555 would be pronounced as "double two, double two, triple five".
* ''Shopper'' means a shopping bag, rather than a person who is shopping, the latter is referred to as a customer.
* ''Petrol pump'' — This term used to refer to a petrol station (gas station).
* ''Opening/closing an object'' refers to turning something on or off; this is due to the verbs for to open and to close being the same as the verbs for to turn on and to turn off in Pakistani languages.
* ''"Alphabet"'' - can be used to refer to a single letter and ''"alphabets"'' can refer to a group of two or more letters.{{cn|date=June 2022}}
* The use of "''much''" to emphasize the extent/magnitude of something. e.g. ''very much true'' instead of that's very true and ''too much difficult'' instead of very difficult.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1945341 |title = Still very much a rivalry despite India’s hat-trick of wins over Pakistan}}</ref>
* ''Light'' – The term "light" has an additional meaning, referring to electricity. When the power goes out or comes back after an outage, one might say "Light has gone" or "Light's back."
* ''Numbers'' – Often used in place of "marks" in an exam.
* ''His/her meter has turned'' or ''-is high'' means that the person has lost his/her temper. Usually used for a sudden outburst, one which is construed as unreasonable.
* ''Got no lift'' – received no attention or assistance from someone.
* ''In-Charge'' – a casual as well as formal title given to unit, group or division heads.
* ''Same to same'' – an expression to indicate something is exactly the same as some other thing.
* ''On parade'' – being at work or at a set activity. Usually (though not always) in the context of starting something for the first time. For example, ''I have been hired by the company, on parade from next Monday''.
* ''Become a direct Sergeant'' – be promoted out of turn/ given responsibility and authority very early. Often in the context that a person is out of his/her depth. For example, ''no wonder that team has failed so badly, leader was a direct Sergeant''. Usually "Sergeant" is replaced by "Havildar" the equivalent rank in the [[Pakistan Army]]. Also used for upwardly mobile, ambitious or [[nouveau riche]].
* ''Miss'' is used to address or refer to female teachers, whatever their marital status, e.g. ''Yes, I have done my homework, Miss.'' Less commonly used to refer to women colleagues or subordinates. (Usage is also common in the UK)
* ''Madam'' is used to address and refer to females in positions of authority, usually a superior, e.g. ''Madam has ordered me to get the figures for last year's sales.'' Can also be used as a noun, e.g. ''She is the madam of that department'' meaning she is the head of the department, without it being derogatory.
* ''Sir'' is used for a male superior, often combined with their name or used as a noun. E.g. ''Is Sir in?'' or ''Sir Raza wants to see you in his office as soon as possible''.
* ''Well left'' – avoided artfully, often a tricky situation; from [[cricket]], the term "well left" is applied when a batsman chose not to play a potentially dangerous delivery, e.g. ''I well left that offer, it could have caused many problems.''
* ''Threw/Received a googly'' – an unexpected situation arose, a person was surprised, often unpleasantly, e.g. ''had just settled down and then got the googly about the transfer''. From [[googly]], a delivery in cricket.
* ''Yorker'' – a sudden, dangerous and potentially devastating situation; similar use to [[googly]], but usually has a certain amount of danger attached to it. ''My mother's heart attack while we were hiking in the mountains hit like a [[yorker]], we were far from any medical help''. Also used in a similar manner; ''[[Bouncer (cricket)|bouncer]]''. All three terms are derived from actual [[cricket]] deliveries, cricket being a popular sport in the country.
* ''Hit [[middle stump]]'' – did an action in such a manner that there is little room for further action, or a decisive blow, e.g. ''Really hit middle stump last year on that contract''. Also derived from cricket.
* ''Master Sahib'', contracted to ''Ma'Sahib'' – used to refer to a master craftsman. The term is now used more frequently to refer to tailors and carpenters.
* ''Drinking a cigarette/cigar'' – smoking a cigarette. This is due to the verbs for smoking being the same as the verbs for drinking in Pakistani languages.
* ''Elder'' – used as a comparative adjective in the sense of ''older''. For example, "I am elder to you", instead of "I am older than you."
* ''Even'' – ''as well/also/too'': "Even I didn't know how to do it." This usage of ''even'' is borrowed from native grammatical structure.
* ''Graduation'' – completion of a bachelor's degree (as in the UK): "I did my graduation at Presidency College" ("I earned my [[bachelor's degree]] at Presidency College"), whereas in the United States it refers to completion of Highschool, Master's or PhD as well.{{dubious|date=December 2011}}
* ''Paining'' – ''hurting'' would be correct in Standard American and British: "My head is paining."
* ''Shirtings and suitings'' – the process of making such garments; a suffix in names of shops specialising in men's formal/business wear.
* ''Timings'' – hours of operation; scheduled time, such as ''office timings'' or ''train timings'', as opposed to the standard usage such as "The timing of his ball delivery is very good."
* ''[[Gentry]]'' – generalised term for social class – not specifically 'high social class'. The use of 'good', 'bad', 'high' and 'low' prefixed to 'gentry' is common.
* ''[[mutton]]'' – [[goat meat]] instead of [[Lamb (food)|sheep meat]].

Words unique to (i.e. not generally well known outside South Asia) and/or popular in Pakistan include those in the following by no means exhaustive list:
* ''straight fire'' to describe shooting a firearm aimed directly at someone as opposed to warning shots aimed away from the target.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahiwal tragedy: Who permitted police straight fire at people, asks LHC CJ |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/423140-sahiwal-tragedy-who-permitted-police-straight-fire-at-people-asks-lhc-cj |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-04 |title=Straight fire by police in Karak to stop our jalsa: PTI |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1811147 |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Report |first=Dawn |date=2025-01-10 |title=Traders shoot at customs raiding team |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1884186 |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref>
* ''batchmate'' or ''batch-mate'' (not classmate, but a schoolmate of the same grade)
* ''compass box'' for a box holding mathematical instruments like compasses, divider, scale, protractor etc.; also widely referred to as a "geometry box"
* ''cousin-brother'' (male [[Cousin chart|first cousin]]) and ''cousin-sister'' (female first cousin)
* ''overhead bridge'' (bridge meant for pedestrians)
* ''flyover'' (overpass or an over-bridge over a section of road or train tracks)
* ''godown'' (warehouse)
* ''godman'' somewhat pejorative word for a person who claims to be divine or who claims to have supernatural powers
* ''gully'' to mean a narrow lane or alley (from the Hindi word "gali" meaning the same).
* ''long-cut'' (the opposite of "short-cut", in other words, taking the longest route).
* ''mugging/cramming'' or ''mugging up'' (memorising, usually referring to learning "by rote", as used in British English and having nothing to do with street crime, that the expression might also mean in British/American English).
* ''nose-screw'' (woman's nose-ring)
* ''[[wikt:prepone|prepone]]'' (The "opposite" of postpone, that is to change a meeting to be earlier). Many dictionaries have added this word.
* ''[[tiffin]] box'' for lunch box. The word is also commonly used to mean a between-meal snack.
* ''BHK'' is real-estate terminology for "Bedroom, Hall and Kitchen", used almost exclusively in housing size categorisation. "Hall" refers to the living room, which is highlighted separately from other rooms. For instance, a 2BHK apartment has a total of three rooms – two bedrooms and a living room.
* ''co-brother'' indicates relationship between two men who are married to sisters, as in "He is my co-brother"
* ''co-inlaws'' indicates relationship between two sets of parents whose son and daughter are married, as in "Our co-inlaws live in Karachi."
* ''co-sister'' indicates relationship between two women who are married to brothers, as in "She is my co-sister"
* ''boss'' is a term used to refer to a male stranger such as shopkeeper: "Boss, what is the cost of that pen?"
* ''[[vote-bank]]'' is a term commonly used during the elections in Pakistan, implying a particular bloc or community of people inclined to cast their votes for a political party that promises to deliver policies favouring them.
* ''pant'' – Trousers
* ''Mess'' – A dining hall, especially used by students at a dormitory. "Mess" is also used in reference to eateries catering primarily to a working class population. Originated from the military term of similar meaning.
* ''[[Eve teasing]]'' – Verbal sexual harassment of women.
* ''"Where are you put up?"'' means 'Where are you currently staying?".
* "''Out of station''": "out of town". This phrase has its origins in the posting of army officers to particular "stations" during the days of the [[East India Company]].
* "''acting pricey''": playing "hard to get", being snobbish.
* "''[[passing out|pass out]]''" is meant to graduate, as in "''I passed out of the university in 1995''". In American/British English, this usage is limited to graduating out of military academies.
* "''tight slap''" to mean "hard slap".
* ''Time-pass'' – Doing something for leisure but with no intention or target/satisfaction, procrastination, pastime.
* ''Time-waste '' – Something that is a waste of time; procrastination. Presumably not even useful for leisure.
* ''Pindrop silence'' – Extreme silence (quiet enough to hear a pin drop).
* ''chargesheet:'' n. formal charges filed in a court; v. to file charges against someone in court
* redressal: n. redress, remedy, reparation
* "Hill Station" – mountain resort.
* "stepney" refers to a [[spare tyre]]. The word is a [[genericised trademark]] originating from the ''Stepney Spare Motor Wheel'', itself named after Stepney Street, in [[Llanelli]], Wales.<ref>{{cite web |title=Walter Davies |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southwest/halloffame/innovators/walterdavies.shtml |publisher=BBC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215164144/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southwest/halloffame/innovators/walterdavies.shtml |archive-date=15 February 2012}}</ref>
* Cooling glasses – sunglasses
* "cent per cent", "cent percent" – "100 percent/100 per cent" as in "He got cent per cent in math/maths".
* "loose motion" – [[diarrhoea]]
* "''papers''" – Examination or tests in any educational institution.
* "''expire''" – To die, especially in reference to one's family member.
* "''bunking''" – To skip class without permission, compare UK ''bunking off''
* "''carrying''" – to be pregnant, as in "She is carrying".
* "pressurise" – to put pressure on someone, to influence.
* "club" or "clubbing" – To merge or put two things together. "Just club it together."
* "cantonment" – permanent military installation.
* "taking an exam/test" as opposed to "taking/writing an exam", a phrase more commonly used in the US and Canada. ("giving a test" is used to refer to a person who is going to conduct the test)
* "register" as opposed to "notebook", a phrase more commonly used in the US.
* "copy" is used for notebook.
* "lady finger" is used for [[okra]].

Words which are considered archaic in some varieties of English, but are still in use in Pakistani English:
* ''Curd'' – ''yogurt''
* ''Dicky/Dickey/Digy'' – the trunk of a car (also ''obs'' "dicky seat" UK).<ref>dicky, dickey, n., Oxford English Dictionary, 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2009</ref>
* ''In tension'' – being concerned or nervous. Phrased another way, "He is taking too much tension". Found in eighteenth-century British English.<ref>1756 BURKE Subl. & B. IV. iii, "An unnatural tension of the nerves"</ref>
* ''Into'' – ''multiplied by'', as in ''2 into 2 equals 4'', rather than ''2 times 2 is 4'', which is more common in other varieties of English. The use of ''into'' dates back to the fifteenth century, when it had been common in British English.<ref name="OEDintoX">multiply, v., Oxford English Dictionary, 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2009</ref>
* ''[[ragging]]'' – also used in public schools in the UK, [[hazing]] (US).
* Use of ''thrice'', meaning "three times", is common in Pakistani English.
* Use of the phrases ''like nothing'' or ''like anything'' to express intensity. For example, "These people will cheat you like anything". Such usage was part of colloquial English language in seventeenth century Britain and America.<ref name="OEDlikeanything">like, a., adv. (conj.), and n.2, Oxford English Dictionary, 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2009</ref><ref name="AmericanLikeAnything">http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=like%20anything Reference.com. Retrieved 1 July 2009</ref>
* Word pairs "up to" and "in spite" compounded to "upto" and "inspite" respectively.
* ''Over'' – to speak frankly. "Don't be too over with me."
* ''Weeping'' – crying.

===Numbering system===
The [[Indian numbering system]] is preferred for digit grouping, although the Western grouping system is far more widely used in Pakistan. When written in words, or when spoken, numbers less than 100,000 are expressed just as they are in Standard English. Numbers including and beyond 100,000 are expressed in a subset of the Pakistani numbering system. Thus, the following scale is used:

{| class="wikitable"
! In digits (Western system) !! In digits (Indian system) !! In words (Standard English) !! In words (Pakistani English)
|-
| colspan="2" | 10 || colspan="2" | ten
|-
| colspan="2" | 100 || colspan="2" | one hundred
|-
| colspan="2" | 1,000 || colspan="2" | one thousand
|-
| colspan="2" | 10,000 || colspan="2" | ten thousand
|-
| 100,000 || {{formatnum:1,00,000}} || one hundred thousand || one [[Lakh|lac/lakh]] (from lākh {{nq|لاکھ}})
|-
| 1,000,000 || {{formatnum:10,00,000}} || one million || ten [[Lakh|lac/lakh]] (from lākh {{nq|لاکھ}})
|-
| 10,000,000 || {{formatnum:1,00,00,000}} || ten million || one [[crore]] (from karoṛ {{nq|کروڑ}})
|-
| 1,000,000,000 || {{formatnum:1,00,00,00,000}} || one billion || one {{not a typo|arab}} (from {{not a typo|arab}} {{nq|ارب}})
|-
| 100,000,000,000 || {{formatnum:1,00,00,00,00,000}} || one hundred billion || one kharab (from kharab {{nq|کھرب}})
|}

Larger numbers are generally expressed as multiples of the above.<ref>[http://bsl.co.in/india/news/investors-lose-rs-44-lakh-crore-in-four-days/416306/ "Investors lose Rs 4.4 lakh crore in four days"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316003619/http://bsl.co.in/india/news/investors-lose-rs-44-lakh-crore-in-four-days/416306/ |date=16 March 2012 }}, Business Standard</ref><ref>[http://smartinvestor.in/market/story-31563-storydet-Corporate_chiefs_getting_crores_in_salaries_100_and_counting.htm "Back Corporate chiefs getting crores in salaries: 100 and counting!"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901151139/http://smartinvestor.in/market/story-31563-storydet-Corporate_chiefs_getting_crores_in_salaries_100_and_counting.htm |date=1 September 2014 }}, SmartInvestor.in</ref>

===Medical terms===
Often the cause of undesirable confusion.
* ''Viral Fever'': [[Influenza]]
*''Flu:'' Common Cold
* ''Sugar'': Diabetes
* ''Jaundice'': Acute Hepatitis. While standard medical terminology uses jaundice for a symptom (yellow discolouration of skin), in Pakistan the term is used to refer to the illness in which this symptom is most common.
* ''[[Allopathy]]'', used by homoeopaths to refer to conventional medicine.

===Food===
* ''[[Brinjal]]'': [[aubergines]] / [[eggplant]]
* ''[[Capsicum]]'': called chili pepper, red or green pepper, or sweet pepper in the UK and US; capsicum in Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and India; [[bell pepper]] in the US, Canada, and the Bahamas; and paprika in the US and some other countries.
* ''Curds'': [[Yogurt]]
* ''Sooji'': [[Semolina]]
* ''Pulses'', ''[[dal]]'': [[Legume|pulses]], e.g. [[lentils]]
* ''[[Karahi]]'', ''kadai'': wok
* ''[[Sago]]'': [[tapioca]], Yuca in US
* ''Ladyfinger, bhindi'': [[okra]]
* ''Sabzi'': greens, green vegetables

==See also==
* [[Urdish]]
* [[Bangladeshi English]]
* [[Sri Lankan English]]
* [[Indian English]]
* [[Commonwealth English]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [[Alamgir Hashmi|Hashmi, A.]] (1989). "Prolegomena to the Study of Pakistani English and Pakistani Literature in English". ''Pakistani Literature'' (Islamabad), 2:1 1993.
* {{Cite book
| last =Crystal
| first =David
| author-link =David Crystal
| title =The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language
| orig-year =1995
|url=http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521530334
| access-date =20 July 2006
| edition =Second
|date=3 August 2003
| publisher =[[Cambridge University Press]]
| location =Cambridge, UK
| isbn =0-521-53033-4
}}
* {{Cite journal| first1 = T.| last1 = Rahman| title = The use of words in Pakistani English| journal = English Today| volume = 7| issue = 2| pages = 32–38| year = 1991| doi = 10.1017/S0266078400005514 | s2cid = 145522537}}
* {{Cite book
| last =Nelson
| first =Cecil L.
| title =World Englishes in Asian contexts
| year =2006
| publisher =Hong Kong University Press
| isbn =962-209-756-1
}}
* [[Ahmar Mahboob|Mahboob, A.]] (2009). English as an Islamic Language: a case study of Pakistani English. World Englishes, 28(2):175–189. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090628140917/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122379815/abstract Link to abstract]
* [[Ahmar Mahboob|Mahboob, A.]] (2008). Pakistani English: morphology and syntax. In R. Mesthrie, B. Kortmann, & E. Schneider (Eds), A Handbook of Varieties of English: Africa, South and Southeast Asia (Vol. 4). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. [http://www.reference-global.com/doi/abs/10.1515/9783110208429.2.578{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Link to abstract]
* [[Ahmar Mahboob|Mahboob, A.]] & Ahmar, N. (2008). Pakistani English: phonology. In R. Mesthrie, B. Kortmann, & E. Schneider (Eds), A Handbook of Varieties of English: Africa, South and Southeast Asia (Vol. 4). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. [http://www.reference-global.com/doi/abs/10.1515/9783110208429.1.244{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Link to abstract]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* Hartford, B. & [[Ahmar Mahboob|Mahboob, A.]] (2004). Models of discourse in the letter of complaint. ''World Englishes'', 23(4): 585 – 600. [https://archive.today/20130105150920/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118783596/abstract Link to abstract]
* {{cite journal|last=Riaz|first=Mehvish|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1294937.pdf|title=Deviation from the standard pronunciation of English: 350 words in Pakistani English |via=[[Education Resources Information Center]]|doi=10.52462/jlls.32|issn=1305-578X|journal=[[Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies]]|volume=17|issue=1|pages=493-511|year=2021}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070711201500/http://www.urdustudies.com/pdf/22/09HKhalique.pdf The Urdu-English Relationship and Its Impact on Pakistan's Social Development] Claims "the current portion of the population that is functional in verbal and written English is less than two percent."
{{Navboxes
|title =Articles Related to Pakistani English
|list =
{{English dialects by continent}}
{{English official language clickable map}}
{{Languages of Pakistan}}
}}

[[Category:Pakistani English| ]]
[[Category:Languages attested from the 1970s]]
[[Category:Languages of Pakistan]]
[[Category:English-language dialects]]
[[Category:Languages of the Pakistani diaspora]]

Mir Sarwar

2026-02-16T19:04:56Z

ChanteKates: refined layout to improve readability per sources

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mir Sarwar
| image =
| image_upright =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| citizenship =
| occupation = Actor, writer, director and producer
| known_for = ''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]'', ''[[Hai Tujhe Salaam India]]''
}}

'''Mohammad Sarwar Mir''' is an Indian actor who appears in Hindi films. He is known for his roles in films such as ''[[Kesari (2019 film)|Kesari]], [[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]'', and ''[[Jolly LLB 2]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mir Sarwar: Akshay Kumar sir is the most disciplined star in Bollywood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/mir-sarwar-akshay-kumar-sir-is-the-most-disciplined-star-in-bollywood/articleshow/68355086.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |date=14 March 2019 |access-date=27 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bukhtiyar |first=Idrees |date=13 April 2024 |title='Bajrangi Bhaijaan' gave me an identity in Bollywood: Mir Sarwar |url=https://thepatriot.in/show-reel/bajrangi-bhaijaan-gave-me-an-identity-in-bollywood-mir-sarwar-47797 |work=The Patriot |access-date=27 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mathews |first=Anna |date=3 July 2021 |title=Bollywood actor Mir Sarwar in M-Town Rahman starrer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/bollywood-actor-mir-sarwar-in-m-town-rahman-starrer/articleshow/84094366.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |access-date=27 January 2026}}</ref>

==Career==
Born in a [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] family,<ref name="Tribune_2019" /> Sarwar started his career with directors [[M. K. Raina]] and Bapi Bose in [[Delhi]]. He was part of three National School of Drama workshops. He moved to Mumbai permanently in late 2014, before being cast in two high-profile films, ''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]'' (2015) and ''[[Phantom (2015 film)|Phantom]]'' (2015). In the former, he played the father of the lost Pakistani girl Shahida, who is guided by [[Salman Khan]]'s character back to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/bollywood-offers-a-more-serene-destination-for-talents-from-kashmir/18085199 |title=Bollywood offers a more serene destination for talents from Kashmir |work=mid-day.com |access-date=21 April 2017 |date=19 March 2017}}</ref>

Sarwar also worked on the production of ''[[Kashmir Daily]]'', a self-financed Kashmiri film venture. He is involved in making Kashmiri films and contributes to the industry's projects without charging a fee in order to encourage film making among local residents.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thereel.scroll.in/832388/against-the-odds-a-movie-about-kashmir-by-kashmiris-with-the-message-if-i-can-so-can-others |title=Against the odds, a movie about Kashmir by Kashmiris with the message 'If I can, so can't others' |first=Rayan |last=Naqash |work=scroll.in |date=2 April 2017 |access-date=21 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="chronicling" /> Mir has recently directed the film ''BED NO.17'' in Srinagar and the film will be screened in several film festivals.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/-bed-no-17-to-head-for-int-l-film-festivals/606830.html |title='Bed No.17' to head for int'l film festivals |date=18 June 2018}}</ref> In 2017, Sarwar worked on the production of [[Mani Ratnam]]'s Tamil film ''[[Kaatru Veliyidai]]'' and shot for the film in Hyderabad and Ladakh.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-mani-ratnams-energy-level-very-inspiring-mir-sarwar-372779 |title=Mani Ratnam's energy level very inspiring: Mir Sarwar |work=indiatvnews.com |access-date=21 April 2017 |date=16 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/110217/mir-sarwar-in-kaatru-veliyidai.html |title=Mir Sarwar in Kaatru Veliyidai |date=11 February 2017 |work=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=21 April 2017}}</ref> He successfully auditioned for the film, with date clashes meaning he opted out of his role in ''[[Naam Shabana]]'' for the opportunity.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/mar/14/left-naam-shabana--for-kaatru-veliyidai--mir-sarwar-1581005.html |title=Left Naam Shabana for Kaatru Veliyidai: Mir Sarwar |work=The New Indian Express |date=14 March 2017 |access-date=21 April 2017}}</ref>

''Kedarnath'' was released on 7 December 2018. In 2019 he appeared in the films ''[[Kesari (2019 film)|Kesari]]'', ''[[Notebook (2019 film)|Notebook]]'' and ''[[Hamid (film)|Hamid]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=M. Amir |date=7 March 2019 |title=Three releases this month, Kashmiri actor comes of age in Bollywood |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/news-detail-739320 |work=The Tribune |access-date=28 January 2025}}</ref> After ''Kesari'', ''[[Panipat (film)|Panipat]]'', ''[[Chanakya (2019 film)|Chanakya]]'', ''[[Jai Hind (2019 film)|Jai Hind]]'' and some web series like ''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]]'', ''[[Bard of Blood]]'', ''[[Bhram]]'' and ''[[Special Ops (Indian TV series)|Special Ops]]'' released.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kesari first look poster out: Akshay Kumar looks fierce as a turbaned warrior |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/kesari-first-look-poster-out-akshay-kumar-looks-fierce-as-a-turbaned-warrior-2140525.html |work=Zee News |date=12 September 2018 |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref>

Sarwar played the protagonist in ''Half Widow'',<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramnath |first1=Nandini |date=6 January 2020 |title=In Kashmiri film 'Half Widow', a missing husband and a dilemma: should she hold on or let go? |url=https://scroll.in/reel/948974/in-kashmiri-film-half-widow-a-missing-husband-and-a-dilemma-should-she-hold-on-or-let-go |work=Scroll.in |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref> ''Kashmir Daily'',<ref name="chronicling">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kashmiri-film-chronicling-a-journalist-s-fight-against-drug-abuse-screened-in-srinagar/story-tJ6iNlUgaKtiCK0gnOpWAJ.html |title=Kashmiri film chronicling a journalist's fight against drug abuse screened in Srinagar |date=20 March 2017 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=21 April 2017}}</ref> and ''Lihaaf''.<ref name="Tribune_2019">{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=M, Aamir |date=25 June 2019 |title=Shot in old Srinagar, 'Lihaaf' set for premier in Germany |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/shot-in-old-srinagar-lihaaf-set-for-premier-in-germany-792947 |work=The Tribune |access-date=30 January 2025}}</ref> He played the negative lead in [[Dharma Productions]]' ''Kesari'' (2019).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mir-sarwar-akshay-kumar-sir-is-undoubtedly-the-fittest-actor-today/articleshow/68456272.cms |title=Mir Sarwar:Akshay Kumar is undoubtedly the fittest actor today |date=18 March 2019}}</ref> Recently Sarwar wrote and directed the prayer song "Ya Khuda" in the COVID-19 lockdown, which had most of the veteran actors on J&K.<ref>{{cite news |last=Khan |first=M. Amir |date=11 June 2020 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/in-covid-times-valley-artistes-release-song-of-hope-ya-khuda-97698 |title=In Covid times, Valley artistes release song of hope 'Ya Khuda' |work=Tribune |access-date=11 February 2024}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
!class=unsortable| Notes
|-
|rowspan="2"|2015 || ''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]'' || Rauf
|rowspan="6"|[[Bollywood|Hindi]] ||
|-
|| ''[[Phantom (2015 film)|Phantom]]'' || Sajid Mir ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2016 || ''[[Dishoom]]'' || Hadeed ||
|-
|| ''Dil Patang'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="8"|2017 || ''[[Jolly LLB 2]]'' || Inspector Baig ||
|-
|| ''[[Jagga Jasoos]]'' || Shooter ||
|-
|| ''[[Kaatru Veliyidai]]'' || Muzaffar Khan || [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] ||
|-
|| ''[[Daddy (2017 film)|Daddy]]'' ||Samaad Khan
|rowspan="4"|Hindi ||
|-
|| ''[[Poster Boys (2017 film)|Poster Boys]]'' ||
||
|-
|| ''[[Ittefaq (2017 film)|Ittefaq]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[2016 The End]]'' || Michael / Kashmiri ||
|-
|''[[Bose: Dead/Alive]]''|| Rehmat Khan/Talwar || English, Hindi ||
|-
|rowspan="9"|2018 || ''[[Kashmir Daily]]'' || Hussain Durrani || [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Kashmiri cinema|Kashmiri]] ||
|-
|| ''[[Half Widow]]'' || Khalid || [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Kashmiri cinema|Kashmiri]] ||
|-
|| ''[[Aiyaary]]'' || Lt.Col Hari Nath
|rowspan="4"|Hindi ||
|-
|| ''[[Bioscopewala]]'' || Zadran ||
|-
|| ''[[Gaalib]]'' || Nazir Ahmed ||
|-
| ''[[Vishwaroop II]]'' || rowspan="2"| ||
|-
| ''[[Vishwaroopam II]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
|| ''Lateef to Laden'' || Crush India
|rowspan="6"|Hindi ||
|-
|| ''[[Kedarnath (film)|Kedarnath]]'' || Bashir ||
|-
| rowspan="6"|2019 || ''[[Kesari (2019 film)|Kesari]]'' || Khan Masud ||
|-
|| ''[[Hamid (film)|Hamid]]'' || Abbass ||
|-
| ''[[Notebook (2019 film)|Notebook]]'' || Imran's father ||
|-
| ''[[Panipat (film)|Panipat]]'' || Imad-ul-Mulk ||
|-
| ''[[Jai Hind (2019 film)|Jai Hind]]''
|
| [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/jai-hind-pawan-singh-shares-the-new-poster-of-his-upcoming-film/articleshow/70364202.cms |title='Jai Hind': Pawan Singh shares the new poster of his upcoming film |last=TNN |date=24 June 2019 |work=The Times of India |access-date=29 July 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Chanakya (2019 film)|Chanakya]]''
| Abdul Salim
| [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2020
| ''Pawan Putra''
|
| Bhojpuri ||
|-
| ''[[Laxmii]]''

|Abdul Chacha
| Hindi
|
|-
|[[Vanguard (film)|''Vanguard'']]
|Kalasu
|English, Mandarin
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |2021
| ''[[State of Siege: Temple Attack]]''
| Bilal Naikoo
| Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Shershaah]]''
| Hyder
| Hindi
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shershaah-the-sidharth-malhotra-and-kiara-advani-starrer-to-hit-the-theatres-on-july-2-2021/articleshow/81121879.cms |title='Shershaah': The Sidharth Malhotra and Kiara Advani starrer to hit the theatres on July 2, 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=20 February 2021 |access-date=20 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Hai Tujhe Salaam India]]''
|Pradhan
|Hindi
|
|-
|rowspan="4" |2023
| ''[[Mission Majnu]]''
|A.Q.Khan
|Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Lafzon Mein Pyaar]]''
| Narendra
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Samara (2023 film)|Samara]]'' || Ramanujam || Malayalam
|
|-
|''[[Hukus Bukus]]''
|Coach Khalid
|Hindi
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Phullwanti]]''
|Badshah
|Marathi
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2025
|''[[Hari Hara Veera Mallu]]''
|Jatt King
|Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Songs of Paradise]]''
|Bashir
|Hindi
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Saba Azad to play Raj Begum in Danish Renzu's Songs Of Paradise - Exclusive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/saba-azad-to-play-raj-begum-in-danish-renzus-songs-of-paradise-exclusive/articleshow/94440093.cms |work=The Times of India |date=25 September 2022 |access-date=5 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Baramulla (film)|Baramulla]]''
|Ansari
|Hindi
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
|-
|2018||''[[Bose: Dead/Alive]]''||Rehmat Khan/Bhagat Singh
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019||''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]]''||Faizan
|-
|''[[Bhram]]''||Elder Yakub
|-
|2020||''[[Special OPS]]''||Hamid
|-
|2024||''[[Ranneeti: Balakot & Beyond]]''||Hammad Wadhera
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025 ||''[[Black Warrant (TV series)|Black Warrant]]'' || Maqbool Bhatt
|-
|''[[Tanaav]]'' ||Idris Lone
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm6661769}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarwar, Mir}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Kashmiri actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

S. Radha Krishna

2026-02-14T16:56:28Z

ChanteKates: brief adjusted citations for accuracy and fixed typos to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian film producer}}
{{For|other persons named Radha Krishna|Radha Krishna (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = S. Radha Krishna
| image =
| caption = Chinna Babu
| birth_name = Suryadevara Radhakrishna
| birth_place = [[Guntur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| birth_date =
| occupation = [[Film producer]]
| yearsactive = 2012–present
| known_for =
| children = Haarika Haasini (daughters)
| relatives = S. Naga Vamsi (nephew)
}}
'''Suryadevara Radha Krishna''', also known as '''S. Radha Krishna''' or '''Chinna Babu''', is an [[Indian film]] producer known for his works in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{cite news|title=A..Aa audio gets good response |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/young-old-and-even-families-are-in-love-with-a-aa-producer-radha-krishna/articleshow/52572461.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 May 2016|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=19 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819030251/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/young-old-and-even-families-are-in-love-with-a-aa-producer-radha-krishna/articleshow/52572461.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He produces films under his production house, [[Haarika and Hassine Creations|Haarika & Hassine Creations]]. Even though his other production house, Sithara Entertainments, is his own, his nephew, Suryadevara Naga Vamsi, mainly produces the films under the banner, while he presents them.

He made his film debut in 1988 by producing ''Aathmakatha'', a Telugu remake of [[Mahesh Bhatt]]'s 1985 film ''[[Janam (1985 film)|Janam]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=S. Radha Krishna Interview – 2016 |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/radhakrishna-chinababu-a-aa.html |publisher=idlebrain.com |date=3 June 2016|access-date=3 June 2016|archive-date=6 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606154200/http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/radhakrishna-chinababu-a-aa.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/aaa-simple-tale-effectively-told/article8681944.ece |title=A...Aa review: Simple tale, effectively told |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |first1=Sangeetha Devi |last1=Dundoo |date=2 June 2016 |access-date=3 June 2016 |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629105958/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/A%E2%80%A6Aa-Simple-tale-effectively-told/article14382440.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Yellapantula |first=Suhas |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/A..Aa-Review-Please-welcome-Samantha-the-actress/2016/06/02/article3462836.ece1 |title=A..Aa Review: Please welcome Samantha the actress |publisher=The New Indian Express |access-date=3 June 2016 |archive-date=5 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605132010/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/A..Aa-Review-Please-welcome-Samantha-the-actress/2016/06/02/article3462836.ece1 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Years later, he associated with producer [[D. V. V. Danayya|DVV Danayya]], where he presented ''[[Julayi]]'' (2012),<ref>{{cite web |title=Nithiin's A.. Aa.. launched |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150924/entertainment-tollywood/article/nithiin%E2%80%99s-aa-launched |publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=25 September 2015|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=5 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605013147/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150924/entertainment-tollywood/article/nithiin%E2%80%99s-aa-launched|url-status=live}}</ref> while Radha Krishna presented ''[[Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu]]'' (2012) and ''[[Naayak]]'' (2013). He then went on to form a long association with [[Trivikram Srinivas]] from ''[[Julayi]]'' (2012) and later produced his ''[[S/O Satyamurthy]]'' (2015), ''[[A Aa]]'' (2016), ''[[Agnyaathavaasi]]'' (2018), ''[[Aravinda Sametha Veera Raghava]]'' (2018), and ''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]'' (2020).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.belvoireagle.com/entertainment/babu-bangaram-movie-audio-launch-date-confirmed-venkatesh-20781.html |title=Babu Bangaram Movie Audio Launch Date confirmed: Venkatesh |date=14 April 2016|access-date=8 June 2016|archive-date=25 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160725103101/http://www.belvoireagle.com/entertainment/babu-bangaram-movie-audio-launch-date-confirmed-venkatesh-20781.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Production company==
{{Infobox company
| name = Haarika and Hassine Creations
| logo =
| logo_size = 250px
| trading_name = Haarika & Hassine Creations
| type = Privately held company
| parent =
| owner = S. Radha Krishna
| foundation = {{Start date and age|2012}} in [[Hyderabad]], Andhra Pradesh, India
| location_city = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| location_country = India
| key_people = S. Radha Krishna Suryadevara Naga Vamsi Mamtha
| subsid = Sithara Entertainments
| industry = Entertainment
| products = Films
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| homepage = {{Official url}} [https://youtube.com/@HaarikaHassine YouTube Channel]
}}

Haarika and Hassine Creations ([[Trade name|d.b.a]] Haarika & Hassine Creations) is an [[Cinema of India|Indian film]] [[production company]] based in [[Hyderabad]]. It was established by S. Radha Krishna in 2012. The company also has a subsidiary production company named Sithara Entertainments.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2022 |title=Haarika and Hassine Creations, Sithara Entertainments complete a successful decade in cinema, release a video thanking everyone for their support |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/haarikahassine-10years.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811215534/http://idlebrain.com/news/today/haarikahassine-10years.html |archive-date=11 August 2022 |access-date=25 May 2023 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

The company's debut production was ''[[Julayi]]'' starring [[Allu Arjun]], [[Ileana D'Cruz]], [[Sonu Sood]], [[Rajendra Prasad]] and directed by [[Trivikram Srinivas]]. Upon release, the film received positive reviews, and was commercially successful.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 August 2015 |title=Julayi movie's one week collections |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/julayi-movies-one-week-collections/articleshow/15529270.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 July 2023 |archive-date=5 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105215950/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/julayi-movies-one-week-collections/articleshow/15529270.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The film has garnered the [[Nandi Award for Best Popular Feature Film]].<ref name=":1" /> It was remade into Tamil titled as ''[[Saagasam]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2016 |title=Action in 'Saagasam' a notch higher than original film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/action-in-saagasam-a-notch-higher-than-original-film/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507173535/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/action-in-saagasam-a-notch-higher-than-original-film/ |archive-date=7 May 2016 |access-date=25 May 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

The company's second production was 2015 Telugu film ''[[S/O Satyamurthy]]'' collaborating with both Trivikram and Allu Arjun for the second time.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 November 2013 |title=Trivikram's next is with Allu Arjun? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Trivikrams-next-is-with-Allu-Arjun/articleshow/25176762.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409225322/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Trivikrams-next-is-with-Allu-Arjun/articleshow/25176762.cms |archive-date=9 April 2019 |access-date=25 May 2023 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In 2016, they produced ''[[A Aa]]'', directed by Trivikram and starring [[Nithiin]] and [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 June 2021 |title=A Aa: Nithiin and Samantha Akkineni's film completes 5 years of its release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/a-aa-nithiin-and-samantha-akkinenis-film-completes-5-years-of-its-release/articleshow/83175544.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216150552/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/a-aa-nithiin-and-samantha-akkinenis-film-completes-5-years-of-its-release/articleshow/83175544.cms |archive-date=16 February 2023 |access-date=25 May 2023 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

In 2018, the company produced 2 films directed by Trivikram. ''[[Agnyaathavaasi]]'' starring [[Pawan Kalyan]] and ''[[Aravinda Sametha Veera Raghava]]'' starring [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] and [[Pooja Hegde]]. ''Aravinda Sametha'' received positive response and was a blockbuster.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2018 |title=Aravindha Sametha crosses the 100 cr mark at box office |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/aravindha-sametha-crosses-rs-100-cr-mark-at-box-office-beats-rangasthalam-bharat-ane-nenu/story-WYNt60q4PErt7h82pNhYBJ.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231123800/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/aravindha-sametha-crosses-rs-100-cr-mark-at-box-office-beats-rangasthalam-bharat-ane-nenu/story-WYNt60q4PErt7h82pNhYBJ.html |archive-date=31 December 2022 |access-date=25 May 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> The film was nominated for [[SIIMA Award for Best Film – Telugu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2019 |title=Vijay Sethupathi, Nimisha Sajayan and others nominated for SIIMA awards: See full list |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-sethupathi-nimisha-sajayan-and-others-nominated-siima-awards-see-full-list-105684 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120140235/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-sethupathi-nimisha-sajayan-and-others-nominated-siima-awards-see-full-list-105684 |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=25 May 2023 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> The film collected 195 cores in box office worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hooli |first=Shekhar H. |date=29 October 2018 |title=Aravinda Sametha 18-day box office collection: Jr NTR film turns fifth all-time highest Telugu film |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/aravinda-sametha-18-day-box-office-collection-jr-ntr-film-turns-fifth-all-time-highest-telugu-film-784269 |access-date=25 May 2023 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en |archive-date=4 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704022020/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/aravinda-sametha-18-day-box-office-collection-jr-ntr-film-turns-fifth-all-time-highest-telugu-film-784269 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The company's 2020 film ''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]'' starring Allu Arjun, Pooja Hegde and [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] became one of the [[List of highest-grossing Telugu films|highest grossing Telugu films of all time]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2021 |title=Top South Indian films at Indian box office – Allu Arjun's Pushpa Sixth |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/top-south-indian-films-indian-box-office-allu-arjuns-pushpa-sixth-978865 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924060625/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/top-south-indian-films-indian-box-office-allu-arjuns-pushpa-sixth-978865 |archive-date=24 September 2022 |access-date=25 May 2023 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref> The film received positive response from both critics and audience and won [[SIIMA Award for Best Film – Telugu]] and [[Sakshi Excellence Awards]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=19 September 2021 |title=SIIMA: Soorarai Pottru, Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo win big, K Viswanath honoured with Lifetime Achievement Award |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/mohanlal-dhanush-manju-warrier-samantha-akkineni-among-big-winners-at-siima-2021-7519773/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923163929/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/mohanlal-dhanush-manju-warrier-samantha-akkineni-among-big-winners-at-siima-2021-7519773/ |archive-date=23 September 2022 |access-date=25 May 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The company then produced ''Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo'''s Hindi remake, titled ''[[Shehzada (2023 film)|Shehzada]]'' directed by [[Rohit Dhawan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2021 |title=Shehzada: Kartik Aryan to Star in Hindi Remake of Allu Arjun's Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/shehzada-kartik-aryan-to-star-in-hindi-remake-of-allu-arjuns-ala-vaikunthapurramuloo-3960977.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428171134/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/shehzada-kartik-aryan-to-star-in-hindi-remake-of-allu-arjuns-ala-vaikunthapurramuloo-3960977.html |archive-date=28 April 2023 |access-date=25 May 2023 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}

=== Haarika and Hassine Creations ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of S. Radha Krishna film credits as producer
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1988 || ''Aathma Katha'' || rowspan="7" | Telugu || Executive producer
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Julayi]]'' || Presented by [[DVV Danayya]]
|-
| 2015 || ''[[S/O Satyamurthy]]'' ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[A Aa]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018 || ''[[Agnyaathavaasi]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Aravinda Sametha Veera Raghava]]'' ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]'' || Co-produced with [[Allu Aravind]]
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Shehzada (2023 film)|Shehzada]]'' || Hindi || Co-produced with [[Bhushan Kumar]], [[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]], [[Aman Gill]], [[Allu Aravind]], [[Kartik Aaryan]]
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Guntur Kaaram]]''
| rowspan="2" | Telugu ||
|-
| 2026 || {{Pending film|Adarsha Kutumbam House No 47}} || Filming
|}

=== Awards and nominations ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of S. Radha Krishna awards and nominations
|-
! scope="col" | Ceremony
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Nominee
! scope="col" | Result
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{ref heading}}
|-
|[[Nandi Awards]]
|2012
|[[Nandi Award for Best Popular Feature Film|Best Popular Feature Film]]
|''[[Julayi]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2017 |title=Nandi Awards: Here's the complete list of winners for 2012 and 2013 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/nandi-awards-here-s-the-complete-list-of-winners-for-2012-and-2013/story-98h1g3ETtYipb4qGVgcgaM.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115020236/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/nandi-awards-here-s-the-complete-list-of-winners-for-2012-and-2013/story-98h1g3ETtYipb4qGVgcgaM.html |archive-date=15 January 2020 |access-date=25 May 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Gaddar Telangana Film Awards|Gaddar Awards]]
|2020
|[[Gaddar Telangana Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film (Gold)]]
|''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]''
|{{won}}
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|2013
| rowspan="3" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film – Telugu]]
| ''Julayi''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|2017
|''[[A Aa]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Awards South 2017 Telugu Nominations | Filmfare |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2017/telugu/nominations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706042525/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2017/telugu/nominations |archive-date=6 July 2019 |access-date=25 May 2023 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Awards South 2022 Telugu Nominations | Filmfare |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/telugu/nominations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210054818/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/telugu/nominations |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=25 May 2023 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|2013
| rowspan="4" |[[SIIMA Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film – Telugu]]
|''Julayi''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2013 |title=Dhanush, Shruti Haasan win top laurels at SIIMA awards |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/357056/dhanush-shruti-haasan-win-top.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411064842/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/357056/dhanush-shruti-haasan-win-top.html |archive-date=11 April 2023 |access-date=25 May 2023 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''A Aa''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2017 |title=SIIMA awards 2017 nominations announced |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/siima-awards-2017-nominations-announced-news-malayalam-rgbjE9ecgbbif.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703235835/http://www.sify.com/movies/siima-awards-2017-nominations-announced-news-malayalam-rgbjE9ecgbbif.html |archive-date=3 July 2017 |access-date=1 January 2020 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Aravinda Sametha Veera Raghava]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2019 |title=SIIMA Awards 2019: Here's a complete list of nominees |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/siima-awards-2019-heres-a-complete-list-of-nominees/articleshow/70287216.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801183932/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/siima-awards-2019-heres-a-complete-list-of-nominees/articleshow/70287216.cms |archive-date=1 August 2019 |access-date=25 May 2023 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo''
|{{won}}
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|[[Sakshi Excellence Awards]]
|2021
|[[Popular Movement of the Revolution|Most Popular Movie]]
|''Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo''
|{{won}}
|{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}
|}

=== Sithara Entertainments ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Sithara Entertainments film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016 || ''[[Babu Bangaram]]'' || rowspan="10" | Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Premam (2016 film)|Premam]]'' || Remake of ''[[Premam]]''
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Sailaja Reddy Alludu]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019 || ''[[Jersey (2019 film)|Jersey]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Ranarangam]]'' ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Bheeshma (2020 film)|Bheeshma]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021 || ''[[Rang De]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Varudu Kaavalenu]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022 || ''[[DJ Tillu]]'' || Co-produced by Fortune Four Cinemas
|-
| ''[[Bheemla Nayak]]'' || Remake of ''[[Ayyappanum Koshiyum]]''
|-
| ''[[Jersey (2022 film)|Jersey]]'' || Hindi || Co-produced by [[Allu Aravind]], [[Dil Raju]], and Aman Gill; Remake of ''[[Jersey (2019 film)|Jersey]]''
|-
| ''[[Swathi Muthyam (2022 film)|Swathi Muthyam]]''
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|Co-produced by Fortune Four Cinemas
|-
|rowspan="4" |2023
|''[[Butta Bomma (film)|Buttabomma]]''
|Co-produced by Fortune Four Cinemas; Remake of ''[[Kappela]]''
|-
| {{ubl | ''[[Vaathi]]'' | ''[[Vaathi|Sir]]''}} || {{br list | Tamil | Telugu}} || rowspan="12" | Co-produced by Fortune Four Cinemas and Srikara Studios
|-
| ''[[Mad (film)|Mad]]''
| rowspan="12" |Telugu
|-
|''[[Aadikeshava]]''
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024
|''[[Tillu Square]]''
|-
|''[[Gangs of Godavari]]''
|-
|''[[Lucky Baskhar]]''
|-
| rowspan="4" |2025
|''[[Daaku Maharaaj]]''
|-
|''[[Mad Square]]''
|-
|''[[Kingdom (2025 film)|Kingdom]]''
|-
|''[[Mass Jathara]]''
|-
| rowspan="9" |2026
|''[[Anaganaga Oka Raju]]''
|-
|''[[Funky (film)|Funky]]''
|-
|{{Pending film|Lenin}}
|Co-produced by [[Annapurna Studios]]
|-
|{{Pending film|[[Suriya 46]]}}
|Tamil
| rowspan="8" |Co-produced by Fortune Four Cinemas and Srikara Studios
|-
|{{Pending film|Alcohol}}
| rowspan="7" |Telugu
|-
|{{Pending film|Epic - First Semester}}
|-
|{{Pending film|Magic}}
|-
|{{Pending film|VISA - Vintara Saradaga}}
|-
|<abbr>''M''</abbr><abbr>''ad Juniors †''</abbr>
|-
|TBA
|{{Pending film|Takshakudu}}
|-
|TBA
|{{Pending film|Vayuputra}}
|-
|}
=== Awards and nominations ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Sithara Entertainments awards and nominations
|-
! scope="col" | Ceremony
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Nominee
! scope="col" | Result
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{ref heading}}
|-
|rowspan="2" |[[Gaddar Telangana Film Awards|Gaddar Awards]]
|2019
|[[Gaddar Telangana Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film (Silver)]]
|''[[Jersey (2019 film)|Jersey]]''
|{{won}}
|
|-
|2024
|[[Gaddar Telangana Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film (Bronze)]]
|''[[Lucky Baskhar]]''
|{{won}}
|
|-
|[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[68th Filmfare Awards South|2024]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film - Telugu]]
|''[[DJ Tillu]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|[[National Film Awards]]
|[[67th National Film Awards|2021]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Telugu Feature Film|Best Telugu Feature Film]]
|''Jersey''
|{{won}}
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|2021
|rowspan="2" |[[SIIMA Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film - Telugu]]
|''Jersey''
|{{won}}
|
|-
|2023
|''[[DJ Tillu]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|}
; As presenter
{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of film credits as presenter
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu]]'' || rowspan="3" | Telugu || rowspan="2" | Produced by [[DVV Danayya]]
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Naayak]]''
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Lovers (2014 film)|Lovers]]'' || Produced by Suryadevara Naga Vamsi and B. Mahendra Babu under Mayabazar Movies
|}

;As distributor
{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of film credits as distributor
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="1" |2023
|''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]''
| rowspan="1" |Tamil
| rowspan="2" |Distributed Telugu dubbed version only
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Bramayugam]]''
|Malayalam
|-
|''[[Devara: Part 1]]''
|Telugu
|Distributed in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
|''[[Retro (film)|Retro]]''
|Tamil
| rowspan="2" |Distributed Telugu dubbed version only
|-
|''[[War 2 (film)|War 2]]''
|Hindi
|-
|''[[They Call Him OG]]''
|Telugu
|Distributed in Ceded
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishna, S. Radha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film people from Guntur district]]
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Gaddar Telangana Film Awards winners]]

Honnuhole

2026-02-10T21:47:45Z

ChanteKates: small fixed page as per guidelines and fixed typos

{{Short description|River in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
The '''Honnuhole River''' (also '''Honnu Holae''' and '''Suvarnavathi''') is a [[tributary]] of the [[Kaveri River]] in [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It arises south of [[Kollegal]] near the town of [[Yelandur]] and flows into the Kaveri just northwest of the town of [[Kollegal]].

{{coord|12|10|22|N|77|04|23|E|display=title}}
{{Hydrology of Karnataka|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Rivers of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Geography of Chamarajanagar district]]

{{Karnataka-geo-stub}}
{{India-river-stub}}

Dushyanth Ramkumar

2026-02-10T07:40:13Z

ChanteKates: Adding some bio v1

{{Short description|Indian actor and film producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dushyanth Ramkumar
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| othername = Junior Sivaji
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1983|1|1}}
| yearsactive = 2003–present
| occupation = Actor, film producer
| spouse = {{marriage|Abiramidevi|2011|}}
| children = 2
| parents = [[Ramkumar Ganesan]] (father)
| relatives = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] (grandfather) [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] (uncle) [[Vikram Prabhu]] (cousin)
}}

'''Dushyanth Ramkumar''' (born 1 January 1983) is an Indian actor and film producer working in [[Tamil language]] films, who made his debut in ''[[Success (2003 film)|Success]]'' (2003). After appearing in a couple of films, he has worked as an executive producer for [[Sivaji Productions]]. He is the son of [[Ramkumar Ganesan]] and grandson of the actor [[Sivaji Ganesan]]. He is now acting in South Indian Tamil TV soaps such as ''Devathai'', of for which he is one of the producers.

==Career==
Producer Issaki Sundar saw Dushyanth at the [[Sivaji Productions]] office and offered him the opportunity to make his acting debut. After initially rejecting the offer, he ultimately agreed after consulting with his uncle [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] and cousin [[Vikram Prabhu]].<ref name="rediff">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2003/sep/02junior.htm|title='They can call me Junior, not Sivaji'|work=rediff.com|accessdate=2014-03-01}}</ref> Dushyanth was also credited as Junior Sivaji during the production of the film. The film was named ''Success'', after the first on-screen dialogue of Sivaji from the film ''[[Parasakthi (1952 film)|Parasakthi]]'' (1952).<ref name="sify">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=13248392&cid=2408|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040428011821/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=13248392&cid=2408|url-status=dead|archive-date=2004-04-28|title=Welcome to Sify.com|website=[[Sify]]|accessdate=2014-03-01}}</ref><ref name="hindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/01/27/stories/2003012700180204.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031104040121/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/01/27/stories/2003012700180204.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2003-11-04|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Enter junior Sivaji|date=2003-01-27|accessdate=2014-03-01}}</ref> The film opened to mixed reviews, with a critic noting: "the movie surprises us with a nice turn of events. It definitely energizes the movie and gets us interested again. Looking back on the first half after this, we realize that the movie has actually been quite clever in setting up stock characters, but in a slightly different way that makes the twist surprising."<ref name="reocities">{{cite web|url=http://www.reocities.com/bbreviews/2003/success.html|title=bbreviews/2003/success|publisher=reocities.com|accessdate=2014-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301234110/http://www.reocities.com/bbreviews/2003/success.html|archive-date=1 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Another reviewer noted: "To sum up, ''Success'' is not the right film for Jr. Ganesan to be successful."<ref name="allindiansite">{{cite web|url=http://kollywood.allindiansite.com/success.html|title=AllIndianSite.com - Success - It's All About movie|publisher=kollywood.allindiansite.com|accessdate=2014-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301233506/http://kollywood.allindiansite.com/success.html|archive-date=1 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> His second film was ''[[Machi (film)|Machi]]'' (2004), with a reviewer noting: "Dushyanth as the ‘hero' has improved leaps and bounds from Success, in dialogue delivery and expressions."<ref>{{cite web |title=Machie |url=http://movies.bizhat.com/review_machie.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011012218/http://movies.bizhat.com/review_machie.php |archive-date=11 October 2014 |access-date=2017-12-17 |website=BizHat.com}}</ref> He has since not been seen in films as an actor.

He worked extensively on the sets of Sivaji Productions' ''[[Aasal]]'' as a producer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-ramkumar/20100115.htm#3|title = Meet the Boss of Sivaji productions}}</ref> In 2015, he set up Eshan Productions and began his first film ''[[Meen Kuzhambum Mann Paanaiyum]]'' (2016), as an individual producer.

In May 2022, Dushyanth announced plans of making an acting comeback, and signed on to appear in a film titled ''Shooting Star'' by M. J. Ramanan.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2022/05/13/dushyanth-vivek-prasannas-shooting-star-to-have-surprise-elements | title=Dushyanth, Vivek Prasanna's Shooting Star to have surprise elements }}</ref>

==Personal life==
He is the son of actor-producer [[Ramkumar Ganesan]] and grandson of [[Sivaji Ganesan]]. His uncle [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] and cousin [[Vikram Prabhu]] are leading actors in Tamil films. He married Abirami in a ceremony in November 2011. He has three brothers Shivakumar, Dharshan and Rishyan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/events/30456.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109021056/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/Events/30456.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 November 2011|title = Tamil Cinema News | Tamil Movie Reviews | Tamil Movie Trailers - IndiaGlitz Tamil}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===As actor===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Success (2003 film)|Success]]'' || Ganesh||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Machi (film)|Machi]]'' || Karthik ||
|-
|2023||''[[Theerkadarishi]]'' ||Vikram||
|-
|}

===As producer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Film
!Notes
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Meen Kuzhambum Mann Paanaiyum]]'' ||
|-
| TBA ||''[[Jagajala Killadi]]'' ||
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramkumar, Dushyanth}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]

Navina Bole

2026-02-08T18:05:07Z

ChanteKates: data

{{Short description|Indian television actress}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Navina Bole
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = [[Actress]], [[Model (person)|Model]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Karran Jeet|2017|2024|end=divorce}}
| children = 1
}}
'''Navina Bole''' is an Indian television [[actress]]. She is known for playing the role of Diya Bhushan in ''[[Miley Jab Hum Tum]]'' (2008), Priya in ''[[Jeannie Aur Juju]]'' (2014) and Tia in ''[[Ishqbaaz|Ishqbaaaz]]'' (2016). {{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

==Career==
Navina Bole was born in Mumbai. She received a degree in commerce and trained as a [[Bharat Natyam]] dancer. {{better source needed|date=May 2021}}

She started her career with modeling before appearing in television commercials for brands including [[Fair & Lovely (cosmetics)|Fair & Lovely]], Dabur Vatika, Fair one, Chevrolet, Reliance, and Nokia. She has also done music videos for Jagjit Singh, Ghulam Ali, Abida Parveen, Amaan & Ayaan Ali Bangash, DJ Jayanta Pathak & DJ Taral. {{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

==Personal life==
Navina Bole dated actor-producer Karran Jeet and became engaged to him on 22 January 2017. They married in March 2017.<ref>{{cite web
| author = Neha Maheshwri
| title = Navina Bole to get engaged on January 22
| work = The Times of India
| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/navina-bole-to-get-engaged-on-january-22/articleshow/56156149.cms
| date = 25 December 2016
| accessdate = 2016-12-25 }}</ref>

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1998
| ''[[C.I.D. (India TV series)|C.I.D.]]''
| Various characters
|
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Ssshhhh...Phir Koi Hai]]''
| Episode 19: Kamra No. 13 as Koena (Ghost)
|
|-
| 2006
|''Solhah Singaarr''
|
|
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai]]''
| Dolly Rashvanjsh
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Bhaago KK Aaya]]''
|
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Miley Jab Hum Tum]]''
| Diya Bhushan
|
|-
|2009
|''[[Yahaaan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli]]''
|Karishma
|
|-
|2009
|''[[Sajan Re Jhoot Mat Bolo]]''
|Sonia
|
|-
| 2010
|''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]''
|Various characters
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Ram Milaayi Jodi]]''
|
|
|-
| 2011
|''[[Love U Zindagi]]''
|Manju
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Surya The Super Cop]]''
|
|
|-
| 2011
|''[[Hi! Padosi... Kaun Hai Doshi?]]''
|
|
|-
|2011
| ''[[Mrs. Kaushik Ki Paanch Bahuein]]''
| Pushpa Dwivedi
|
|-
|2011
|''[[Piya Ka Ghar Pyaara Lage]]''
|Vibha Rokre
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Savdhaan India]]''
|Madhubala / Ritu (episodic role)
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Na Bole Tum... Na Maine Kuch Kaha]]''
|Koyal
|
|-
|2012
| ''[[Shobha Somnath Ki]]''
| Kausar Jahan
|<ref>Tahseen, Ismat (2011)"[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Navina-Bole-is-losing-it/articleshow/9968115.cms Navina Bole is losing it!]", ''[[Times of India]]'', 14 September 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2014</ref>
|-
|2012
|''[[Teri Meri Love Stories]]''
|Sonia
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Kya Huaa Tera Vaada]]''
|
|<ref name="Bhop">Bhopatkat, Tejashree (2012) "[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Navina-Bole-joins-SAB-TVs-Jeanie-Aur-Juju/articleshow/16966263.cms Navina Bole joins SAB TV’s Jeanie Aur Juju]", ''[[Times of India]]'', 26 October 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2014</ref>
|-
|2012
|''[[Jeannie Aur Juju]]''
|Priya
|<ref name="Bhop" />
|-
|2014
| ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''
|Meetu (Abhi's fan/girlfriend)
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Baal Veer]]''
|Katelli and Nokilli
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]''
|Dimple
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Yam Hain Hum]]''
|Meneka
|
|-
| 2014
|''[[Badi Door Se Aaye Hai]]''
|Nisha
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Fear Files]]''
|Episode 32 as Yakshini (Ghost)
|<ref>Kamal, Anwesha (2015) "[https://www.indiaforums.com/article/navina-bole-and-arjun-aneja-to-feature-on-fear-files_75956]", ''India Forums'', 20 July 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2025</ref>
|-
| 2015
|''[[The Great Indian Family Drama]]''
|Various characters
|
|-
| 2015
|''[[Sumit Sambhal Lega]]''
|Natasha
|
|-
|2015
|''Boyz''
|Ms. Chatterjee
|
|-
| 2016
|''[[Ishqbaaaz]]''
|Tia
|
|-
| 2017-2020
|''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]''
|Dr. Monica / Dr. Sara
|<ref>{{cite web
| title = Navina Bole joins Taarak Mehta ka Ooltah Chashmah
| work = Bollywood Hungama
| date = 6 August 2020
| url = https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-navina-bole-come-back-show-jethalals-psychiatrist/}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
|''[[Ali Baba]]''
|Afrasiya (Chapter 1)
|
|-
| 2022-2023
| ''Parshuram''
| Devi [[Renuka]]
|
|-
| 2023
|''[[Tere Ishq Mein Ghayal]]''
| Anita
|
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2023
|''Honeymoon Suite Room No. 911''
| Sanjana
|[[ALTT]] ||
|-
|2024
|''Raseeli Raatien''
|
|[[ALTT]] ||
|-
|2025
|''Raseeli Bhabhi''
|
|[[ALTT]] ||
|-
|2025
|''Ek Anjaan Rishtey Ka Guilt 4''
|
|Shemaroome ||
|-
|2025
|''V3 - The Secrets Unfold''
|Vidya
|[[ImaxxTV]] ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm4861527/ Navina Bole] on [[IMDb]]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bole, Navina}}
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]

Rajmata Jijabai Trophy

2026-02-06T15:45:44Z

ChanteKates:

{{about|the women's competition|the men's competition|Santosh Trophy}}
{{Short description|Indian women's professional football league}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox football tournament
| name = Rajmata Jijabai Trophy
| image = National Football Championship.svg
| caption =
| organiser = [[All India Football Federation|All India Football Federation (AIFF)]]
| founded = {{start date and age|1991}}
| abolished =
| region = India
| number of teams = {{ubl|Group stage: 31|Final round: 10}}
| related comps = [[Football at the National Games of India|National Games]]
| current champions = [[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]] (24th title)
| most successful team = [[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]] (24 titles)
| broadcasters = {{URL|https://ssen.co/|SSEN}} SportsKPI ([[YouTube]])
| motto =
| website = [https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-women-nfc Senior Women's NFC]
| current = [[2025–26 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2025–26]]
}}

The '''Senior Women's National Football Championship for Rajmata Jijabai Trophy''', or simply the '''Rajmata Jijabai Trophy''',{{efn|renamed since the [[2023–24 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2023–24]] season}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Senior Women's NFC named Rajmata Jijabai Maharaja National Football Championship|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/senior-womens-nfc-named-rajmata-jijabai-maharaja-national-football-championship|date=4 March 2024|work=AIFF}}</ref> is a [[Women's association football|women's football]] tournament contested by [[List of Indian state football associations|state associations]] and government institutions in India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hero Senior Women's NFC|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-women-nfc|access-date=2021-12-05|website=www.the-aiff.com|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205090839/https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-women-nfc|url-status=live}}</ref> The first edition was held in 1991 and is organized by the [[All India Football Federation]] to crown the national women's football champion each year. It is based on a league and knockout format.

== Format ==
The format consists of zonal group stages where all the state teams participate. It is followed by the final round.<ref>{{Cite web|title=76th Hero Sr Men’s NFC for Santosh Trophy, Hero Sr Women’s NFC to be conducted in new formats |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/76th-hero-sr-mens-nfc-for-santosh-trophy-hero-sr-womens-nfc-to-be-conducted-in-new-formats |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>

When the number of teams is known, those are divided into eight groups with equal number of teams. The preliminary qualifying league will be played on a single leg league basis. The eight winners move on to the two quarter final leagues. That is played as a single leg league, with the best two teams of each group qualifying for the semi-finals stage. From there on it is a knock out format with single leg matches.
Tie breakers in the league stages are:

# Superior number of points in all matches
# Superior number of points in bilateral matches of tied teams
# Superior goal difference
# Superior number of goal scored
# Drawing of lots

==Participants==
===Current teams===
The following teams participate in the tournament as states, union territories and institutions.
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Andaman and Nicobar women's football team|Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
* [[Andhra Pradesh women's football team|Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Arunachal Pradesh women's football team|Arunachal Pradesh]]
* [[Assam women's football team|Assam]]
* [[Bihar women's football team|Bihar]]
* [[Chandigarh women's football team|Chandigarh]]
* [[Chhattisgarh women's football team|Chhattisgarh]]
* [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu women's football team|Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu]]
* [[Delhi women's football team|Delhi]]
* [[Goa women's football team|Goa]]
* [[Gujarat women's football team|Gujarat]]
* [[Haryana women's football team|Haryana]]
* [[Himachal Pradesh women's football team|Himachal Pradesh]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir women's football team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Jharkhand women's football team|Jharkhand]]
* [[Karnataka women's football team|Karnataka]]
* [[Kerala women's football team|Kerala]]
* [[Ladakh women's football team|Ladakh]]
* [[Lakshadweep women's football team|Lakshadweep]]
* [[Madhya Pradesh women's football team|Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Maharashtra women's football team|Maharashtra]]
* [[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]
* [[Meghalaya women's football team|Meghalaya]]
* [[Mizoram women's football team|Mizoram]]
* [[Nagaland women's football team|Nagaland]]
* [[Odisha women's football team|Odisha]]
* [[Pondicherry women's football team|Pondicherry]]
* [[Punjab women's football team|Punjab]]
* [[Rajasthan women's football team|Rajasthan]]
* [[Railways women's football team|Railways]]
* [[Sikkim women's football team|Sikkim]]
* [[Tamil Nadu women's football team|Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Telangana women's football team|Telangana]]
* [[Tripura women's football team|Tripura]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh women's football team|Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Uttarakhand women's football team|Uttarakhand]]
* [[West Bengal women's football team|West Bengal]]
{{div col end}}

===Defunct teams===
* [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu women's football team|Daman and Diu]] (until 2022/23)
* [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu women's football team|Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] (until 2022/23)

==Results==

The following is the list of winners and runners-up from every edition of the Championship<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-womchamp.html|title=India – List of Women Champions|publisher=Rsssf|date=2009-12-21|access-date=2010-10-09|archive-date=9 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709072836/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-womchamp.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! Season
! Year
! Host
!style="background:gold"|Winner
! Score
!style="background:silver"|{{nobr|Runner-up}}
|-
| 1st || 1991–92 || [[Imphal]] || '''[[West Bengal women's football team|Bengal]]''' ||   || [[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]
|-
| 2nd || 1992–93 || [[Medininagar|Daltonganj]] || '''[[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]''' || 4–0 || [[West Bengal women's football team|Bengal]]
|-
| 3rd || 1994–95 || [[Haldia]] || '''[[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]''' || 1–0 || [[West Bengal women's football team|Bengal]]
|-
| 4th || 1995–96 || [[Jorhat]] || '''[[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]''' || 6–5 {{pso}} || [[West Bengal women's football team|Bengal]]
|-
| 5th || 1996–97 || [[Haldia]] || '''[[West Bengal women's football team|Bengal]]''' || 1–0 || [[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]
|-
| 6th || 1997–98 || [[Barasat]] || '''[[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]''' || 2–1 || [[West Bengal women's football team|Bengal]]
|-
| 7th || 1998–99 || [[Shillong]] || '''[[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]''' || 1–0 || [[West Bengal women's football team|Bengal]]
|-
| 8th || 1999–00 || [[Diphu]] || '''[[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]''' ||1–0 || [[West Bengal women's football team|Bengal]]
|-
| 9th || 2000–01 || [[Sudhar|Gurusar Sadhar]] || '''[[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]''' || 1–0 || [[West Bengal women's football team|Bengal]]
|-
| 10th || 2001–02 || [[Siliguri]] || '''[[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]''' || 3–0 || [[Odisha women's football team|Orissa]]
|-
| 11th || 2002–03 || [[Chennai]] || '''[[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]''' || 2–0 || [[West Bengal women's football team|Bengal]]
|-
| 12th || 2003–04 || [[Bhopal]] || '''[[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]''' || 0–0 {{pso|6–5}} || [[West Bengal women's football team|Bengal]]
|-
| 13th || 2004–05 || [[Imphal]] || '''[[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]''' || 3–0 || [[West Bengal women's football team|Bengal]]
|-
| 14th || 2005–06 || [[Rourkela]] || '''[[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]''' || 2–0 || [[Kerala women's football team|Kerala]]
|-
| 15th || 2006–07 || [[Rourkela]] || '''[[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]''' || 2–1 || [[West Bengal women's football team|West Bengal]]
|-
| 16th || 2007–08 || [[Haldia]] || '''[[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]''' || 4–1 || [[Odisha women's football team|Orissa]]
|-
| 17th || 2008–09 || [[Neyveli]] || '''[[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]''' || 2–0 || [[West Bengal women's football team|West Bengal]]
|-
| 18th || 2009–10 || [[Imphal]] || '''[[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]''' || 1–0 || [[Odisha women's football team|Orissa]]
|-
| 19th || 2010–11 || [[Bhilai]] || '''[[Odisha women's football team|Orissa]]''' || 5–0 || [[West Bengal women's football team|West Bengal]]
|-
| 20th || [[2013–14 Senior Women's National Football Championship|2013–14]] || [[Golaghat]] || '''[[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]''' || 3–1 || [[Odisha women's football team|Orissa]]
|-
| 21st || [[2015–16 Senior Women's National Football Championship|2015–16]] || [[Jabalpur]] || '''[[Railways women's football team|Railways]]''' || 3–3 {{pso|4–3}} || [[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]
|-
| 22nd || 2016–17 || [[Jalandhar]] || '''[[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]''' || 3–1<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/IndianFootball/status/871729429353025536 |title=Manipur beat Railways to win the Womens National Football Championship |website=twitter.com |date=5 June 2017 |access-date=5 June 2017 |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011123940/https://twitter.com/IndianFootball/status/871729429353025536 |url-status=live }}</ref> || [[Railways women's football team|Railways]]
|-
| 23rd || [[2017–18 Senior Women's National Football Championship|2017–18]] || [[Cuttack]] || '''{{nobr|[[Tamil Nadu women's football team|Tamil Nadu]]}}''' || 2–1<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=8770 |title=TAMIL NADU CREATE HISTORY BY WINNING THEIR FIRST SENIOR WOMEN’S NFC |website=aiff.com |date=14 February 2018 |access-date=14 February 2018 |archive-date=15 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215030422/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=8770 |url-status=live }}</ref> || [[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]
|-
| 24th || [[2018–19 Senior Women's National Football Championship|2018–19]] || [[Cuttack]] || '''[[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]''' || 2–1<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/upcoming-fixtures.htm?tnmt_id=131|title=Fixtures & Results|website=aiff.com|access-date=2 April 2019|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403004124/https://www.the-aiff.com/upcoming-fixtures.htm?tnmt_id=131|url-status=live}}</ref> || [[Odisha women's football team|Odisha]]
|-
| 25th || [[2019–20 Senior Women's National Football Championship|2019–20]] || [[Pasighat]] || '''[[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]''' || 1–0 || [[Railways women's football team|Railways]]
|-
| 26th || [[2021–22 Senior Women's National Football Championship|2021–22]] || [[Kozhikode]] || '''[[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]''' || 0–0 {{pso|2–1}} || [[Railways women's football team|Railways]]
|-
| 27th || [[2022–23 Senior Women's National Football Championship|2022–23]] || [[Ludhiana]] || '''[[Tamil Nadu women's football team|Tamil Nadu]]''' || 2–1 || [[Haryana women's football team|Haryana]]
|-
| 28th || [[2023–24 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2023–24]] || [[Kolkata]] || '''[[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]''' || 2–0 || [[Haryana women's football team|Haryana]]
|-
| 29th || [[2024–25 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2024–25]] || [[Narayanpur district|Narayanpur]] || '''[[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]''' || 1–0 || [[Odisha women's football team|Odisha]]
|-
| 30th || [[2025–26 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2025–26]] || [[Narayanpur district|Narayanpur]] || '''[[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]''' || 1–0 || [[West Bengal women's football team|West Bengal]]
|}

==Performance by teams==
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Team !! Wins !! {{nobr|Runners-up}} !! {{nobr|Last win}}
|-
| [[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]] || 24 || 4 || 2025–26
|-
| {{nobr|[[West Bengal women's football team|Bengal/West Bengal]]}} || 2 || 14 || 1996–97
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu women's football team|Tamil Nadu]] || 2 || 0 || 2022–23
|-
| [[Odisha women's football team|Odisha/Orissa]] || 1 || 6 || 2010–11
|-
| [[Railways women's football team|Railways]] || 1 || 3 || 2015–16
|-
| [[Haryana women's football team|Haryana]] || 0 || 2 || –
|-
| [[Kerala women's football team|Kerala]] || 0 || 1 || –
|}

==See also==
*[[Football in India]]
*[[Sport in India]]
*[[History of Indian football]]
*[[Indian football league system]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/senior-women-nfc}}

{{Rajmata Jijabai Trophy}}
{{Football in India}}

[[Category:Rajmata Jijabai Trophy| ]]
[[Category:Women's football competitions in India]]
[[Category:All India Football Federation competitions]]

Raja Ranichi Ga Jodi

2026-01-25T08:37:13Z

ChanteKates: made details

{{Short description|2019 Indian Marathi language TV series}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Raja Rani Chi Ga Jodi.jpeg
| image_size =
| genre = [[Soap opera]] [[Drama]]
| network = [[Colors Marathi]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| screenplay = [[Chinmay Mandlekar]] '''Dialogues''' Prasad Kumthekar
| producer = Vinod Lavekar Nikhil Sheth
| director = Swapnil Varake Vinod Lavekar
| company = Potadi Entertainment
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| composer = [[Rohan-Rohan]]
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| first_aired = {{start date|2019|12|18|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2022|11|12|df=y}}
| num_episodes = 841
}}

'''''Raja Ranichi Ga Jodi''''' ({{translation|Like a Pair of King and Queen}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] television series which aired on [[Colors Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='Raja Ranichi Ga Jodi' to celebrate Sanjeevani and Ranjit's wedding soon - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/raja-ranichi-g-jodi-to-celebrate-sanjeevani-and-ranjits-wedding-soon/articleshow/73554157.cms|access-date=2022-06-26|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It starred Maniraj Pawar and Shivani Sonar in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Raja Ranichi Ga Jodi to air Holi special episode - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/raja-ranichi-g-jodi-to-air-holi-special-episode/articleshow/81686500.cms|access-date=2022-06-26|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It premiered from 18 December 2019 and ended on 12 November 2022 completing 841 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Raja Ranichi Ga Jodi TV show completes a year; team celebrates on the set - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/raja-ranichi-g-jodi-tv-show-completes-a-year-team-celebrates-on-the-set/articleshow/79810135.cms|access-date=2021-01-26|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The show is written by [[Chinmay Mandlekar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marathi TV shows Raja Ranichi Ga Jodi and He Mann Baware to air fresh episodes soon - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/marathi-tv-shows-raja-ranichi-ga-jodi-and-he-mann-baware-to-air-fresh-episodes-soon/articleshow/76961863.cms|access-date=2021-01-26|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Sanjivani lives with her parents and her two elder sisters. The eldest of which is married and pregnant, but stays in the house along with her husband. Her father Panjabrao has lots of debt hanging over his head. He is a miser and cunning man who tries to exploit money from people, even from Sanjivani's in-laws. He took a loan from Aabasaheb Dhale-Patil for his middle daughter Swarangi's foreign education, but Aabasaheb makes an agreement with Panjabrao that after his daughter Swarangi returns from foreign, she has to marry his younger son Ranjit Dhale-Patil, who is an IPS Officer.

At the same time, Sanjivani is running her own secret business with her friend Moni called "Kalyani Papad Udyog" to help her family financially. Ranjit catches Sanjivani while breaking the traffic rules. She lies and tells him that her brother is in hospital. Actually, Ranjit is on the way to meet her elder sister Swarangi for discussion of marriage. Ranjit gets to know that Sanjivani and Swarangi are sisters and they do not have a brother. After some days, Sanjivani and Ranjit are compelled to marry under circumstances. Their marriage ends up in a pickle when it is found out that Sanjivani was not of legal age when she got married at 17, and that the year of her true birthdate of 18 September 2002 was fraudulently falsified to 2001 by her father for that reason.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Maniraj Pawar as Ranjit Shivajirao Dhale-Patil
* Shivani Sonar as Sanjivani Panjabrao Bandal / Sanjivani Ranjit Dhale-Patil

=== Recurring ===
* [[Shubhangi Gokhale]] as Kusumavati Shivajirao Dhale-Patil (Aaisaheb); Shivajirao's widow; Ajit, Ranjit, Sujit's mother and Baby Maushi's elder sister
* Kalyani Chaudhari as Kalyani Panjabrao Bandal; Sanjivani's mother
* Shrikant Yadav as Panjabrao Rajvardhan Bandal; Sanjivani's father
* Rashmi Joshi as Swarangi Panjabrao Bandal; Sanjivani's sister
* Shweta Kharat / Aishwarya Shinde as Monika Sudamrao Latthe / Monika Sujit Dhale-Patil (Moni); Sanjivani's friend and Sujit's second wife
* Shruti Atre as Rajashree Ajit Dhale-Patil (Vahinisaheb); Dadasaheb's second wife
* Gargi Phule-Thatte as Lilavati Shelamkar (Baby Maushi); Ajit, Ranjit and Sujit's aunt and Kusumavati's younger sister
* Apurva Kadam as Sajiri Panjabrao Bandal; Sanjivani's sister
* Ajay Purkar / Shailesh Korade as Ajit Shivajirao Dhale-Patil (Dadasaheb); Shivajirao and Kusumavati's elder son; Ranjit & Sujit's brother; Avantika's widower; Rajashree's husband and Jadoo's biological father
* Parth Ghatge as Sujit Shivajirao Dhale-Patil; Ranjit's brother
* Ankita Nikrad as Aparna More / Aparna Sujit Dhale-Patil; Sujit's first wife
* Vidya Sawale as Inspector Gulab Shyamrao Bhosale

== Adaptations ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightBlue;"|Language
!style="background:LightBlue;"|Title
!style="background:LightBlue;"|Original release
!style="background:LightBlue;"|Network(s)
!style="background:LightBlue;"|Last aired
!style="background:LightBlue;"|Notes
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''Raja Ranichi Ga Jodi'' राजा राणीची गं जोडी
| 18 December 2019
| [[Colors Marathi]]
| 12 November 2022
| Original
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''Sillunu Oru Kaadhal'' சில்லுனு ஒரு காதல்<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sillunu Oru Kaadhal to premiere on January 4 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/sillunu-oru-kaadhal-to-premiere-on-january-4/articleshow/79430756.cms|access-date=2022-06-26|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
| 4 January 2021
| [[Colors Tamil]]
| 28 October 2022
| rowspan="3"| Remake
|-
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| ''Sorath Ni Mrs. Singham'' સોરઠની મિસિસ સિંઘમ<ref>{{Cite web|title=Popular Marathi TV show Raja Ranichi Ga Jodi to be remade in Gujarati as 'Sorath Ni Mrs Singham' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/popular-marathi-tv-show-raja-ranichi-g-jodi-to-be-remade-in-gujarati-as-sorath-ni-mrs-singham/articleshow/88190199.cms|access-date=2022-06-26|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
| 24 January 2022
| [[Colors Gujarati]]
| 4 November 2023
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Mera Balam Thanedaar]]'' मेरा बालम थानेदार<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shagun Pandey And Shruti Choudhary To Play Leads In The Upcoming Show, ‘Mera Balam Thanedaar’ - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shagun-pandey-and-shruti-choudhary-to-play-leads-in-the-upcoming-show-mera-balam-thanedaar/articleshow/105318824.cms|access-date=2023-12-21|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
| 3 January 2024
| [[Colors TV]]
| 20 December 2024
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt12867838}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/raja-rani-chi-ga-jodi/1971002301 ''Raja Ranichi Ga Jodi''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Colors Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series endings]]

Ramalingeshwara group of temples, Avani

2026-01-23T12:19:32Z

ChanteKates: made new bio

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ramalingeshwara group of temples
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Hindu temple
| image_skyline = Ramalingeshwara group of temples (rear view of shrines) at Avani.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Ramalingeshwara (Rameshvara) group in [[Kolar district]]
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kolar District]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Dravidian tower over shrine in Ramalingeshwara group of temples at Avani.JPG|thumb|upright|Dravidian superstructure (''[[shikhara]]'') at Ramalingeshwara group of temples, Avani]]
The '''Ramalingeshwara group of temples''' (also spelt ''Ramalingeshvara'' or ''Ramalingesvara'' and sometimes referred to as ''Rameshvara'' group), situated in [[Avani, Kolar|Avani]] town of the Kolar district, [[Karnataka]] state, India, is constructed in the ''[[Dravidian architecture|dravida style]]''. According to the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI), the temple is an ornate 10th-century [[Nolamba dynasty]] construction which was partially renovated later by the Chola dynasty.The Vijayanagara kings built the main Mandapam and Rajagopuram.<ref name="assign">{{cite web |url=http://asibengalurucircle.org/kolar-1.html|title=Ramalingeshwara temple and inscriptions|work=Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle |publisher=ASI Bengaluru Circle|access-date=19 Dec 2013}}</ref> The temple is protected by the Archaeological Survey of India as a monument of national importance.<ref name="monument">{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_karnataka_bangalore.asp|title=Alphabetical List of Monuments - Karnataka -Bangalore, Bangalore Circle, Karnataka|work=Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Center for the Arts|access-date=19 Jan 2013}}</ref>

==History==
Avani is a place of great antiquity. According to the ASI, an inscription here dated 399 A.D. refers to it. Later inscriptions call it the "[[Bodhgaya|Gaya]] of the south". Legend has it that Avani was the abode of the Hindu saint [[Valmiki]] (author of the epic [[Ramayana]]) and that the Hindu god Rama visited Avani during his return to [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]] from [[Lanka]]. According to the legend, Rama's sons [[Lava (Ramayana)|Lava]] and [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusha]] were born here on an existing hill (called "Lava-Kusha betta" in native Kannada) a short distance from the temple complex.<ref name="assign"/>

According to the art historian Madhusudan Dhaky, Nolamba temple constructions exist in the region historically known as "Nolambavadi", a region to the east of Gangavadi (a region in south Karnataka) but west of Andhradesa (modern Andhra Pradesh). He dates the temple to the early 10th century.<ref name="nolamba">Dhaky (1977), p6</ref> According to the art historian James Harle, the earliest structure within the walled enclosure (''[[prakara]]'') may actually be what is known as the Shatrugnalineshwara shrine (or "Shatrugneshvara") and was built by the [[Western Ganga dynasty]] of [[Talakad]] (based on an Ganga inscription on the premises). This was soon followed by the Lakshmanalingeshwara shrine. According to Harle, this is the earliest example of a group of shrines with an outer wall enclosure in the Karnataka state.<ref name="rameshvara">Harle (1986), p183</ref>

==Temple plan==
The temple complex comprises four major shrines, one each for [[Rama]], [[Lakshmana]], [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]] and [[Shatrughna]]. There are other minor shrines, such as those for [[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]] and [[Sugriva]].<ref name="shrine">Garg (1992), p827</ref> The Ramalingeshwara temple (or "Rameshvara") consists of a sanctum (''[[garbhagriha]]''), a [[vestibule (architecture)|vestibule]] (''[[antarala]]'') and a hall (''navaranga'') with decorative pillars. The base (''adhishthana'') of the temple comprises [[molding (architecture)|moldings]] articulated with ''[[Kirtimukha]]'' and lions in [[relief]]. The outer walls have [[pilaster]]s surmounted by ''dravida'' towers (''[[shikhara]]'').<ref name="assign"/>

The Lakshmanalingeshwara temple (or "Lakshmaneshvara") which houses the largest ''[[linga]]'' (universal symbol of the god Shiva) has on a wall, a depiction of the noted 10th-century saint Tribhuvanakarta holding a ''[[rudraksha]]'' (sacred beads) necklace. The pillars in the hall (as well as in the Bharatalingeshwara or Bharateshvara shrine) have several relief sculptures and the ceiling has a fine sculpture of Uma-Mahesvara (Shiva with consort [[Parvati]]) surrounded by an ensemble of ''[[ashtadikpala]]s'' (''ashta'' - "eight", ''dik'' - "directions", ''pala'' - "guardian"; guardians in eight directions).<ref name="assign"/>

There is a shrine for Parvati also in this group. The external decorative elements for all shrines include five moldings ornamented with [[frieze]]s of elephants, lions, ''[[Yali (Hindu mythology)|yali]]'', ''[[Makara (Hindu mythology)|makara]]'' (imaginary beast) above which are wall pilasters and reliefs of ''[[yaksha]]s'', ''dvarapalas''(door or gate keepers), images of Shiva, [[Bhairava]], [[Bhairavi]], [[Vishnu]] and [[Ganesha]].<ref name="assign"/>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Entrance to a shrine in Ramalingeshwara group of temples at Avani.JPG|Entrance to the Ramalingeshwara shrine at Ramalingeshwara group of temples, Avani
File:Ceiling sculptures in Ramalingeshwara group of temples at Avani.JPG|Ceiling sculptures at Ramalingeshwara group of temples, Avani
File:Ramalingeshwara group of temples, view no. 1 at Avani.JPG|A view in the Ramalingeshwara group of temples, Avani
File:Ramalingeshwara group of temples, view no. 2 at Avani.JPG|A view of the Ramalingeshwara group of temples, Avani
File:Ramalingeshwara group of temples, view no. 3 at Avani.JPG|Entrance to Lakshmanalingeshwara temple in the Ramalingeshwara group of temples, Avani
File:Shrine wall and porch pillar relief in Ramalingeshwara group of temples at Avani.JPG|Wall and porch pillar relief in the Ramalingeshwara group of temples, Avani
File:Shrine wall relief and baluster entrance in Ramalingeshwara group of temples at Avani.JPG|Wall relief and ''yali'' [[baluster]] entrance to shrine in the Ramalingeshwara group of temples, Avani
File:Relief of Uma and Maheshvara in Ramalingeshwara group of temples at Avani.JPG|A ceiling relief of in the Ramalingeshwara group of temples, Avani
File:Nandi (bull) at Shatrugnalingeshwara shrine in Ramalingeshwara temple complex at Avani.JPG|Nandi (bull) facing Shatrugnalingeshwara shrine in the Ramalingeshwara group of temples, Avani
File:Ornate pillar in a navaranga in Ramalingeshwara group of temples at Avani.JPG|Pillared ''navaranga'' hall in the Ramalingeshwara group of temples, Avani
File:Inscription_on_walls_of_Avani_Temple,_Kolar.jpg|Stone inscriptions on the wall of Ramalingeshwara group of temples, Avani</gallery>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|1}}

== References ==
* {{cite book |last= Garg|first=Ganga Ram|title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World, Volume 3|year=1992|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-7022-376-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Harle|first=James C.|title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent|orig-year=1986|year=1994|publisher=Penguin Books, Yale University Press|location=Yale|isbn=0 30006217 6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl}}
*{{cite book |last= Dhaky|first=Madhusudan A.|title=The Indian Temple Forms in Karṇāṭa Inscriptions and Architecture|orig-year=1977|year=1996|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-8170170655}}
* {{cite web |url=http://asibengalurucircle.org/kolar-1.html|title=Ramalingeshwara temple and inscriptions|work=Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle |publisher=ASI Bengaluru Circle|access-date=19 Dec 2013}}
* {{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_karnataka_bangalore.asp|title=Alphabetical List of Monuments - Karnataka -Bangalore, Bangalore Circle, Karnataka|work=Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Center for the Arts|access-date=19 Jan 2013}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Ramalingeshwara group of temples, Avani}}

{{HinduMythology}}

{{Hindu temples in Karnataka}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Kolar district]]
[[Category:10th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Architecture of the Nolambas]]

Rohit Khandelwal

2026-01-23T10:26:25Z

ChanteKates: made new entry...

{{short description|Indian model, actor and television personality}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox pageant titleholder
| name = Rohit Khandelwal
| image = Rohit Khandelwal at Femina Miss India 2018 cropped.jpg
| caption = Khandelwal at [[Femina Miss India 2018]]
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] (now in [[Telangana]]), [[India]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Hyderabad boy Rohit Khandelwal announced Mr. India 2016|url=http://bollyspice.com/hyderabad-boy-rohit-khandelwal-announced-provogue-personal-care-mr-india-2015/|work=bollyspice.com|access-date=17 January 2015}}</ref>
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1989|8|19}}
| height =
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Model (person)|Model]]|[[actor]]|[[television personality]]}}
| title = [[Mister World 2016]] Mister World Asia & Oceania Mister World Multimedia [[Mr India 2015]]
| competitions = [[Mr India 2015]] (Winner) [[Mister World 2016]] (Winner) (Mister World Asia & Oceania) (Mister World Multimedia)
| alma_mater = Aurora Degree College<ref name="journey">{{cite web|title=The amazing journey of Mr India 2015 Rohit Khandelwal|url=http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/mr-india/photos/the-amazing-journey-of-mr-india-2015-rohit-khandelwal/eventshow/48249505.cms|date=28 July 2015|work=indiatimes.com|access-date=17 January 2016}}</ref>
| years_active = 2012–present
}}

'''Rohit Khandelwal''' (born 19 August 1989)<ref name="Telegraph"/><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Kark |first1=Manisha |date=19 August 2021 |title=Birthday Special: Five unmissable music videos of Mister World 2016 Rohit Khandelwal |url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/mr-india/birthday-special-five-unmissable-music-videos-of-mister-world-2016-rohit-khandelwal/articleshow/85455801.cms |magazine=Femina |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref> is an Indian actor, model, tv host and beauty pageant titleholder who the winner of [[Mr India 2015]] and the first ever Indian and [[Asian people|Asian]] to be crowned [[Mister World 2016]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Rohit Khandelwal becomes first Indian, Asian to clinch Mr World title |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/people/story/rohit-khandelwal-mr-world-2016-indian-asian-lifest-330224-2016-07-20 |access-date=4 June 2023 |magazine=India Today |date=20 July 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rohit Khandelwal declared Mr India 2015|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/491219/rohit-khandelwal-declared-mr-india.html|work=Deccan Herald|access-date=17 January 2016|date=24 July 2015}}</ref>

==Early life==
Khandelwal was born in [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] (now [[Telangana]]). He is a [[Marwari people|Marwari]] with family roots in [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/10-things-know-rohit-khandelwal-070525915.html |title=10 things you should know about Rohit Khandelwal, first Indian to win Mr World title |date=20 July 2016 |work=Yahoo News |access-date=30 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/man-of-the-world/cid/1322667 |title=Man of the world |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |date=18 September 2016 |access-date=25 April 2019}}</ref> He is a graduate from Aurora Degree College and worked as a ground staff for [[SpiceJet]] and then as a technical support assistant for [[Dell Computers]].<ref name="journey"/>

== Career ==
His first [[television advertisement]] was a jewellery advertisement with [[Kareena Kapoor]]. Later he appeared in other advertisements.<ref name="journey"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Provogue Mr India 2015 Rohit Khandelwal has an old connection with Kareena Kapoor who was a guest on the event|url=http://www.filmymonkey.com/bollywood/2015/07/25/provogue-mr-india-2015-rohit-khandelwal-has-an-old-connection-with-kareena-kapoor-who-was-a-guest-on-the-event/|publisher=filmymonkey.com|author=Shruti Shrivastava|work=Filmy Monkey |date=25 July 2015|access-date=17 January 2016}}</ref>

He made his television show debut in episode 76 of ''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]'', an Indian television series that presented dramatisation of love stories and aired on [[Bindass]]. Later he played role of Bhuvan, the leader of handloom weavers on the television series ‘’Million Dollar Girl’’, which was televised by [[Channel V]]. Growing up in [[Hyderabad]], he was not fluent in Hindi so he had to take Hindi diction classes to learn the language.<ref name="journey"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Shuddh Hindi was tough: Rohit Khandelwal|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150130/entertainment-tvmusic/article/shuddh-hindi-was-tough-rohit-khandelwal|publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |author=Sanchita Dash|date=31 January 2015|access-date=17 January 2016}}</ref>

In 2015, he won the [[Mr India 2015]] contest held on 23 July 2015 at Club Royalty in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]. He also won two special awards at the contest, "Stay-On Mr Active" and "Provogue Personal Care Best Actor".<ref name="IE_July2015">{{cite news |title=Rohit Khandelwal is Provogue Personal Care Mr India 2015 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/rohit-khandelwal-is-provogue-personal-care-mr-india-2015/ |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |agency=IANS |date=25 July 2015 |access-date=17 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="Rohit1">{{cite news|title=Mr India 2015: Rohit Khandelwal Bags Title; Complete List Of Winners|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/mr-india-2015-rohit-khandelwal-bags-title-complete-list-winners-photos-640323|work=IB Times|first=Ankita|last=Mehta|date=24 July 2015|access-date=17 January 2015}}</ref>

In 2016, he passed down his Mr India crown to [[Vishnu Raj Menon]] who was announced as [[Mr India 2016]] by [[Hrithik Roshan]] who attended as main guest to the gala event which was held in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="India 2016">{{cite web | agency=Press Trust of India | title=Vishnu Raj Crowned Mr India World 2016 | website=News18 | date=26 November 2016 | url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/vishnu-raj-crowned-mr-india-world-2016-1316021.html | access-date=6 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="Sharma 2016">{{cite web | last=Sharma | first=Bulbul | title=Guest of honour Hrithik turns heads at Mr. India Pageant 2016! | website=PINKVILLA | date=25 November 2016 | url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/photos/367164/guest-honour-hrithik-turns-heads-mr-india-pageant-2016 | access-date=6 July 2019}}</ref>

== Mr World 2016 ==
Khandelwal became the first Asian to win the title of [[Mister World]] on 19 July 2016 at Southport Theatre, Floral Hall, The Promenade, Southport. The competition saw 47 participants from around the world. Khandelwal received a cash prize of $50,000. He also competed for various sub-titles at the pageant, including Mr. World Multimedia Award, Mr. World Talent, Mobstar People's Choice Awards and Mr. World Sports Event, winning Mr. World Multimedia Award.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 August 2016 |title=Rohit Khandelwal becomes the first Indian to win Mr World Title |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/53297930.cms |access-date=4 August 2016 |publisher=ET Panache |issue=20*7*2016 |agency=Economic Times}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2011
|''The Journey''
|Siddarth
|Short film
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Chalti Rahe Zindagi]]''
|Akash
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chalti Rahe Zindagi Movie Review: A poignant reminder of the pandemic's challenges |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/chalti-rahe-zindagi/ottmoviereview/112024369.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=27 September 2025}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|rowspan="2"|2014
|''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]''
|Veer
|Episodic appearance
|
|-
|''Million Dollar Girl''
|Bhuvan
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumari |first1=Rashmi |title=The amazing journey of Rohit Khandelwal |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2016-07-26/The-amazing-journey-of-Rohit-Khandelwal/244624 |access-date=13 August 2022 |work=[[The Hans India]] |date=26 July 2016 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2015
|''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]''
|Chris
|Episodic appearance
|
|-
|''[[MTV Big F]]''
|Varun Kohli
|Episode: "Pati, Patni aur Pilot"
|<ref>{{Cite web|title =MTV Big F Season 1, Episode 7: Pati, Patni aur Pilot.|url =https://www.voot.com/shows/big-f/1/361321/pati-patni-aur-pilot/361335|work=Voot
|accessdate = 10 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]''
|Sreedhar
|Season 6, Episode 19
|
|}

===Music videos===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Singer(s)
!Ref.
|-
|2021
|''Rihaee''
|[[Yasser Desai]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Rohit Khandelwal and Prachi Desai impress fans with their heart-wrenching love track Rihaee |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/entertainment/rohit-khandelwal-and-prachi-desai-impress-fans-with-their-heart-wrenching-love-track-rihaee/ |access-date=13 August 2022 |work=Lokmat |date=23 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''Jo Mujhe Deewana Karde''
|[[Tulsi Kumar]], Manan Bhardwaj

|<ref>{{cite news |title='I am satisfied with the way my music career is shaping up,' reveals Tulsi Kumar |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/i-am-satisfied-with-the-way-my-music-career-is-shaping-up-reveals-tulsi-kumar |access-date=13 August 2022 |work=Free Press Journal |date=8 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''Heer Ranjha''
|Rito Riba
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=शिवांगी जोशी का नया गाना 'हीर रांझा' हुआ रिलीज, Rito Riba की आवाज का चला जादू, आपने देखा VIDEO? |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/entertainment/shivangi-joshi-and-rohit-khandelwal-new-song-heer-ranjha-out-indian-idol-rito-riba-song-video-dvy |access-date=2 November 2022 |website=Prabhat Khabar |date=18 October 2022 |language=hi}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{Instagram|id=rohit_khandelwal77}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-ach}}
{{S-bef|before={{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Nicklas Pedersen (Mister World)|Nicklas Pedersen]] }}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mister World]]
|years=[[Mister World 2016|2016]]}}
{{S-aft|after={{flagicon|England}} Jack Heslewood }}
{{S-bef|before={{flagicon|India}} [[Prateik Jain]] }}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mister World|Mister World - Asia and Oceania]]
|years=[[Mister World 2016|2016]]}}
{{S-aft|after={{flagicon|Philippines}} Jody Baines Saliba }}
{{S-bef|before={{flagicon|Netherlands}} Demian Overduijn }}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mister World|Mister World - Multimedia Award]]
|years=[[Mister World 2016|2016]]}}
{{S-aft|after={{flagicon|Nepal}} Akshay Rayamajhi }}
{{S-bef|before=[[Prateik Jain]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mr India World]]
|years=[[Mr India 2015|2015]]}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Vishnu Raj Menon]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Mister India (beauty pageant)}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khandelwal, Rohit}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Marwari people]]
[[Category:Mister World winners]]
[[Category:Indian male models]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian beauty pageant winners]]
[[Category:Beauty pageant contestants from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Male beauty pageant winners]]

Nausheen Ali Sardar

2026-01-12T04:48:26Z

ChanteKates: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{short description|Indian television actress}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2009}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nausheen Ali Sardar
| image = Nausheen Ali Sardar at the Premiere of Ash Chandler's play at The Comedy Store 10.jpg
| birth_place = Mumbai, India
| occupation = [[Actress]], [[Model (person)|model]], [[television presenter]]
| yearsactive = 1998–present
}}

'''Nausheen Ali Sardar''' is an Indian [[television actress]] and [[Model (person)|model]]. She has appeared in many television shows and [[Bollywood]] movies. She was born in [[Mumbai]], India.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sardar|first=Nausheen Ali|date=30 January 2020|title=Nausheen Ali Sardar SHOCKED That Wikipedia Says She's MARRIED And Demands PROOF To Correct It! - EXCLUSIVE|work=SpotBoyE|url=https://www.spotboye.com/television/television-news/nausheen-ali-sardar-shocked-that-wikipedia-says-she-s-married-and-demands-proof-to-correct-it-exclusive/5e327bcb8ee95c626732c287}}</ref> Nausheen is remembered for her debut show ''[[Kkusum]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kkusums-nausheen-ali-sardar-reunites-with-former-co-star-anuj-saxena/articleshow/65102774.cms|title=Kkusum's Nausheen Ali Sardar reunites with former co-star Anuj Saxena|work=The Times of India |date=23 July 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/nausheen-ali-sardar-aka-kkusum-to-make-a-comeback-on-tv-will-soon-enter-serial-ganga/articleshow/53167760.cms|title=Nausheen Ali Sardar aka Kkusum to make a comeback on TV, will soon enter serial Ganga|work=The Times of India |date=12 July 2016 }}</ref>

Sardar has also appeared in television reality shows and music albums. She is one of the Indian actresses who have been featured in [[Cinema of Pakistan|Pakistani movies]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1060418/asp/calcutta/story_6113652.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060522135541/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060418/asp/calcutta/story_6113652.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 May 2006|title=Fear is his factor|work= The Telegraph, India|accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/news/06/mar/07music.asp|title=Nausheen Ali Sardar to feature in a Music Video!|work=Glamsham|access-date=2018-10-05}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Nausheen's mother is [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]], and her father is [[Punjabis|Punjabi]].<ref name="Aug2018HT">{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/kkusum-s-nausheen-ali-sardar-reacts-to-trolls-on-her-pics-everyone-uses-filters-why-can-t-i/story-EQtUeFhWPZJuu3E17R5f1H.html |title=Kkusum's Nausheen Ali Sardar reacts to trolls on her pics: Everyone uses filters, why can't I? |last=Mukherjee |first=Shreya |date=13 August 2018 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=17 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Nausheen grew up in a Catholic society and studied at St. Aloysius High School, Chapel Road, [[Bandra]] West, and then went on to H.R. Commerce college.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nausheen Ali Sardar's spiritual high |work=DNA India |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-nausheen-ali-sardar-s-spiritual-high-1725306 |accessdate=12 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Sardar|first=Nausheen Ali|date=26 February 2021|title=Nausheen Ali Sardar: A fat bank balance is not important when it comes to finding a life partner|work=Times Of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/nausheen-ali-sardar-a-fat-bank-balance-is-not-important-when-it-comes-to-finding-a-life-partner/articleshow/81222735.cms}}</ref> Nausheen is a commerce graduate.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

==Career==
Nausheen made her Bollywood debut in 2009 with ''[[Three: Love, Lies, Betrayal]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nausheen readies for her maiden venture in Bollywood|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/nausheen-readies-for-her-maiden-venture-in-b/508352/|publisher=Indian Express|accessdate=2011-03-17|date=28 August 2009}}</ref>

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Series
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Saturday Suspense]]''
| Sanjana Suri (Episode 70)
| Episodic Role
|-
| 2001–2004
| ''[[Kkusum]]''
| Kusum Deshmukh / Kusum Abhay Kapoor / Kusum Siddharth Kanwar
| Lead Role
|-
| 2003
| ''Hai Na Bolo Bolo'' (Musical Game show)
| Host / Singer<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web | title = Nausheen Ali Sardar| author = UNKNOWN |url = https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030202/spectrum/tv.htm }}</ref>
| [[Reality Show]]
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Ana (2004 TV series)|Ana]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/june/june121.htm|title=MUMBAI: The Indo-Pak relations angle. It started out as a somewhat unique experience during this year's Zee Cine Awards in Dubai. It gathered further steam during Ficci Frames 2004 when it was announced that cooperative efforts would extend to TV software and films....|date=2004-06-14|website= Indian Television Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-07-24}}</ref>
| Madeha
| Lead Role
|-
| 2004–2005
| ''Kaal Chakra''
| Rashmi Rajan Thakur / Nisha Thakur / Tanya Thakur
| triple Lead Role
|-
| 2006
| ''Fear Factor India''<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web | title = Nausheen Ali Sardar| author = UNKNOWN |url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/1060418/asp/calcutta/story_6113652.asp |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060522135541/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060418/asp/calcutta/story_6113652.asp |url-status = dead |archive-date = 22 May 2006 }}</ref>
| Contestant
| [[Reality Show]]
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Sinndoor Tere Naam Ka]]''
| Sudeepa Sengupta
| Supporting Role
|-
| 2007–2008
| ''[[Meri Doli Tere Angana]]''
| Suhana
| Negative Role
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Kuchh Is Tara]]''
| Kusum Abhay Kapoor (Episode 51)
| Episodic Role
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Mr. & Ms. TV]]''
| Contestant
| [[Reality Show]]
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Mano Ya Na Mano (2006 TV series)|Mano Ya Na Mano]]''
| Manasi (Episode 5)
| Episodic Role
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]]''
| Sarjana Ajeet Singh (Season 3 – Episode 1)
| Episodic Role
|-
| 2011–2012
| ''[[Beend Banoongaa Ghodi Chadhunga]]''
| Santosh Poddar
| Supporting Role
|-
| 2013
| ''[[The Adventures of Hatim]]''
| Queen Ruda
| Episodic Role
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Savdhaan India]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Nausheen-Ali-Sardaar-Anuj-Sharma-in-Savdhaan-India/articleshow/34483530.cms|title=Nausheen Ali Sardaar & Anuj Sharma in Savdhaan India|date=2014-05-01|website= Times Of India Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-03-04}}</ref>
| Chandni (Episode 673)
| Episodic Role
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Gangaa]]''
| Rahat Sameer Mirza
| Supporting Role
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Aladdin – Naam Toh Suna Hoga]]''
| Mallika
| Cameo Role
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Barsatein – Mausam Pyaar Ka]]''
| Malini Sehgal / Malini Viren Khanna
| rowspan="2"| Supporting Role
|-
| 2024–2025
| ''[[Vasudha (2024 TV series)|Vasudha]]''
| Chandrika Singh Chauhan
|-
|}

== Web Series ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Channel
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Class of 2020]]''
| Hina
| [[ALT Balaji]]
|-
|}

==Filmography==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=March 2025}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year!! Film !! Role
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Mein Ek Din Laut Kay Aaoon Ga]]'' || Sherry
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Three: Love, Lies, Betrayal]]'' || Anjali Dutt
|-
| 2010 || ''Do Dilon Ke Khel Mein'' || Esha
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Murder at Teesri Manzil 302]]'' ||
|}

== Music Videos==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Song
! Album
! Singer
|-
| Pehle Toh Kabhi Kabhi Gham tha<ref name="indiantelevision.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/y2k2/actor/kkusum.htm|title="I don't act, I just feel" : Nausheen Ali Sardar|work=Indian Television Dot Com |date=13 August 2002|publisher=|accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref>
| Dil Ke Tukde Hazaar Huye
| [[Altaf Raja]]
|-
| Ocean Queen<ref name="indiantelevision.com"/>
| Ocean Queen
| [[Remo Fernandes]]
|-
|}

==Awards and recognition==
*2006 : Nausheen won the Sony Entertainment Awards for the Most Popular Actress on Television in the year 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k6/index_pop.htm|title=The Indian Telly Awards 2006 : India's most coveted and credible awards for performance on TV - on screen and off screen|website=tellyawards.indiantelevision.com|accessdate=3 October 2018|archive-date=9 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009172505/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k6/index_pop.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Bollywood}}
*[[List of Indian film actresses]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Nausheen Ali Sardar}}
*{{IMDb name|1655529}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sardar, Nausheen Ali}}
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1968 births]]

All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna

2026-01-08T16:18:21Z

ChanteKates: Article updated with improved flow

{{short description|Medical college & research institute in India}}
{{cleanup|reason=Lead does not summarize article, needs history section to sort other sections|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox university
| name = All India Institute of Medical Sciences Patna
| logo = Aiimspatnamain.png
| image = All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna logo.png
| image_size = 250px
| motto = {{lang|sa|sarve santu nirāmayāḥ}} {{small|([[Sanskrit]])}}
| mottoeng = Let all be healthy
| established = {{start date and age|16 July 2012}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[medical school]]
| endowment =
| president = Dr. Radha Krishan Dhiman
| director = [[Brigadier (India)|Brig.]] (Dr.) Raju Agarwal
| academic_staff = 229 ({{small|2024}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| students = 671 ({{small|2022}})<ref name=nirf_stud>{{cite web|title=NIRF 2022|url=https://aiimspatna.edu.in/document/NIRF_DATA_AIIMS_PATNA.pdf|publisher=AIIMS Patna}}</ref>
| undergrad = 538 ({{small|2022}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| postgrad = 133 ({{small|2022}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| doctoral =
| city = [[Patna]]
| state = [[Bihar]]
| country = India
| coor = {{Coord|25|33|46.45|N|85|2|20.92|E|region:IN-BR_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]] {{Convert|66.6|acre|ha}}
| colours =
| nickname =
| website = {{URL|https://aiimspatna.edu.in/|AIIMS Patna}}
}}

'''All India Institute of Medical Sciences Patna''' ('''AIIMS Patna'''), previously '''Jaya Prakash Narayan All India Institute of Medical Sciences''' ('''JPNAIIMS'''),<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-04-12/patna/31330487_1_jpnaiims-core-committee-pil/|title=HC forms panel for early completion of JPNAIIMS|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 April 2014|access-date=8 April 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204031215/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-12/patna/31330487_1_jpnaiims-core-committee-pil/|archive-date=4 February 2014}}</ref> is a [[medical college]] and [[medical research]] [[public university|public institute]] located in [[Phulwari Sharif]], [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], India. It is one of the [[Institutes of National Importance]] in India. It started operating on 16 July 2012 after a series of observations by the [[Patna High Court]].<ref>[http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120608/jsp/bihar/story_15495125.jsp#.T9jnQxctjAI/ Study, health cradles plod on slo-mo track- Bottlenecks in IIT, CUB & JPNAIIMS projects prevent relief to students and patients] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006120146/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120608/jsp/bihar/story_15495125.jsp|date=6 October 2014 }}</ref> The institute operates autonomously under the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]. Its foundation was laid by [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]] on 3 January 2004, during his tenure as vice-president.<ref name="indiatimes1"/> {{As of|2018}}, it became fully functional.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}

==History==
In 2004, the central government decided to set up new AIIMS at [[Rishikesh]], [[Bhopal]], [[Patna]], [[Jodhpur]], [[Bhubaneswar]] and [[Raipur]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120516/jsp/bihar/story_15491949.jsp#.T9jn7BctjAI/ |title=Six NRIs in first batch of faculty for health hub |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |date=16 May 2012 |access-date=8 April 2014 |location=Calcutta, India |first=Sumi |last=Sukanya |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201192039/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120516/jsp/bihar/story_15491949.jsp#.T9jn7BctjAI/ |archive-date=1 February 2014 }}</ref> Though the foundation stone for the {{INR}} 350-crore project (2004 estimate) was laid in 2004 during [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]'s tenure,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/bihar/bihar-has-much-to-thank-atal-bihari-for-252597|title=Bihar has much to thank 'Atal Bihari' for|access-date=19 August 2018|archive-date=19 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819114531/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/bihar/bihar-has-much-to-thank-atal-bihari-for-252597|url-status=dead}}</ref> the project was delayed owing to the power shift at the centre, and its cost escalated from {{INRConvert|3.35|b}} to {{INRConvert|8.5|b}}. As of 2015, AIIMS Patna had been under construction for more than eight years.<ref name="Archived copy">{{cite news |last1=Nagarajan |first1=Rema |title=New AIIMS: Quantity, not quality? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/New-AIIMS-Quantity-not-quality/articleshow/46731948.cms |access-date=12 January 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 March 2015}}</ref>

The official state of AIIMS Patna was set through an ordinance, which allowed six AIIMS—like institutes to become operational from September 2012.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/education/article3827681.ece | location=New Delhi, India | work=The Hindu | first=Anand | last=Raj | title=Bill on AIIMS-like institutes introduced in Lok Sabha | date=27 August 2012 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> This was replaced by the ''All-India Institute of Medical Sciences (Amendment) Bill, 2012'', which was passed in the [[Lok Sabha]] in August of that year<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/services/education/lok-sabha-nod-to-aiims-bill/articleshow/15994154.cms | location=New Delhi, India | work=The Economic times | first=Anand | last=Raj | title=Lok Sabha nod to AIIMS bill | date=30 August 2012 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> and in the [[Rajya Sabha]] in September.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gov Bill passed in Par amid din|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/parliament-nod-to-aiims-bill-amid-uproar/997686/|access-date=4 September 2012 | work=indianexpress.com|date=4 September 2012}}</ref>

AIIMS-P doubled the intake of students into its [[MBBS]] course to 100 in 2013 from 50 in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|author=Anisha Anand, TNN |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-04/news/39740118_1_mbbs-course-jpnaiims-main-campus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627115838/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-04/news/39740118_1_mbbs-course-jpnaiims-main-campus |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 June 2013 |title=JPNAIIMS to double MBBS intake to 100|date=4 June 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 September 2013}}</ref> In May 2018, a blood bank and eight new departments were inaugurated.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/bihar/aiims-opens-blood-bank-230240|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514215129/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/bihar/aiims-opens-blood-bank-230240|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 May 2018|title=AIIMS opens blood bank}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/minister-inaugurates-eight-new-departments-at-aiims-patna/articleshow/64150427.cms|title=Minister inaugurates eight new departments at AIIMS-Patna|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> In August 2018, an emergency and trauma centre, eight modular operation theatres and an additional 250 beds at the inpatient department (IPD) were inaugurated.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/union-minister-inaugurates-aiims-patna-trauma-centre/articleshow/65297135.cms|title=Union minister inaugurates AIIMS-Patna trauma centre|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/bihar/aiims-rolls-out-hi-tech-facilities-for-patients-250402|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807063628/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/bihar/aiims-rolls-out-hi-tech-facilities-for-patients-250402|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 August 2018|title=AIIMS rolls out hi-tech facilities for patients}}</ref> AIIMS Patna drone will now fly at a speed of 120 km, has the ability to send medicines up to a radius of 200 km in case of disaster and flood.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 8, 2024 |title=AIIMS Patna drone will now fly at a speed of 120 km send medicines up to radius of 200 km |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/patna-aiims-drone-fly-at-a-speed-of-120-km-send-medicines-in-case-of-disaster-and-flood-asj |work=Prabhat Khabar}}</ref>

==Location==
[[File: aiimspatnamain.png|thumb|300x300px|All India Institute of Medical Science - Patna, Campus Building.|alt=]]
AIIMS Patna is located in Patna (on [[NH-139]]), near Walmi institute at Phulwari Sharif. It is spread over '''134 acres''', comprising the main medical college campus on 100 acres and residential campus on 34 acres.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.business-standard.com/generalnews/news/mbbs-classes-begin-at-aiims-patna/60719/ | location=Patna, India | work=Business Standard| title=MBBS classes begin at AIIMS Patna | date=25 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Govt-acting-on-acute-encephalitis-syndrome-outbreak-Jitan-Ram-Manjhi/articleshow/36452965.cms |title=Govt acting on acute encephalitis syndrome outbreak: Jitan Ram Manjhi - the Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=14 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615064710/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Govt-acting-on-acute-encephalitis-syndrome-outbreak-Jitan-Ram-Manjhi/articleshow/36452965.cms |archive-date=15 June 2014 }}</ref>

==Hospital==
AIIMS Patna hospital comprises OPD block, IPD block, Trauma and Emergency block and a separate AYUSH and PMR building having state of art infrastructure. {{As of|2023}}, AIIMS Patna has 1331 beds, 28 functional modular operating theatres, 12 functional super speciality and 18 functional speciality.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ministry of Health and Family Welfare |title=Annual Report |page=2 |edition=2019-2020 |url=http://pmssy-mohfw.nic.in/files/Annual%20Report_50320_19-20.pdf}}</ref> AIIMS Patna has a 30,000-kilo litre capacity oxygen tank installed at its premises.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/bihar-covid-19-2nd-wave-drives-aiims-patna-s-oxygen-requirement-by-4-times-101620275628922.html|title=Bihar: Covid-19 2nd wave drives AIIMS Patna's oxygen requirement by 4 times|date=6 May 2021 }}</ref>

==Academics==
AIIMS Patna started its operations on 25 September 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=AIIMS-Patna still faces birth pangs on second foundation day|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/AIIMS-Patna-still-faces-birth-pangs-on-second-foundation-day/articleshow/43356432.cms|access-date=4 September 2014|work=Times of India|date=4 September 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203002300/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/AIIMS-Patna-still-faces-birth-pangs-on-second-foundation-day/articleshow/43356432.cms|archive-date=3 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Six AIIMS-like institutes to start operation by mid-Sept|url=http://dailypioneer.com/nation/92468-six-aiims-like-institutes-to-start-operation-by-mid-sept.html|access-date=4 September 2012|work=Daily pioneer|date=4 September 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907235817/http://dailypioneer.com/nation/92468-six-aiims-like-institutes-to-start-operation-by-mid-sept.html|archive-date=7 September 2012}}</ref> [[AIIMS New Delhi]], has been mentoring the two new [[AIIMS]] in Patna and [[AIIMS Bhubaneswar|Bhubaneswar]], [[Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research|PGI Chandigarh]] has been mentoring AIIMS coming up in [[AIIMS Rishikesh|Rishikesh]] and Jodhpur, while [[Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research|JIPMER Puducherry]] has been overseeing the AIIMS in [[AIIMS Bhopal|Bhopal]] and [[AIIMS Raipur|Raipur]].<ref>{{cite news|title=AIIMS docs land top job but have nowhere to go|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/AIIMS-docs-land-top-job-but-have-nowhere-to-go/articleshow/10048641.cms|access-date=20 September 2011|date=20 September 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417221915/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-20/delhi/30179377_1_medical-institutes-pradhan-mantri-swasthya-medical-colleges|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=17 April 2012}}</ref>

Medical college comprises various pre-clinical, para-clinical and clinical departments. Each department has its own seminar rooms and well-equipped labs. There are four lecture theatres in the college building, all of them are equipped with centralised air conditioning, projectors, and many other facilities. It also comprises e-class rooms for conducting various seminars.
The batch of 2012 started at AIIMS Patna on 25 September 2012, with 50 medical students admitted to the institute.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Patna/First-batch-begins-at-AIIMS/Article1-935369.aspx |title=First batch begins at AIIMS |work=Hindustan Times|date=25 September 2012 |access-date=27 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029211101/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Patna/First-batch-begins-at-AIIMS/Article1-935369.aspx |archive-date=29 October 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Free-GGSH-from-encroachment-HC/articleshow/16104276.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095042/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-01/patna/33534716_1_jpnaiims-patna-dm-shashi-bhushan-kumar | url-status=live | archive-date=2 February 2014 | location=New Delhi, India | first=Anand | last=Raj | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Free GGSH from encroachment: HC | date=31 August 2012}}</ref> To start with, AIIMS Patna imparted training in four subjects to the first MBBS students– [[anatomy]], [[physiology]], [[biochemistry]], and community medicine.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jai Prakash Naryan All India Institute of Medical Sciences starts its first MBBS batch|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-26/patna/34101159_1_patna-high-court-mbbs-community-medicine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228041143/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-26/patna/34101159_1_patna-high-court-mbbs-community-medicine|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 December 2013|access-date=26 September 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 September 2012}}</ref>

17 super speciality areas including cardiology, cardiothoracic vascular surgery, neurology, neurosurgery, psychiatry, gastroenterology, nephrology (with dialysis), endocrinology and nuclear medicine have already been set up under the [[Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana]] in AIIMS Patna.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/this-aiims-has-no-emergency-services-blood-bank-mortuary-or-cardiac-opd-patna-4744980/|title=This AIIMS has no emergency services, blood bank, mortuary or cardiac OPD|date=11 July 2017 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713141944/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/this-aiims-has-no-emergency-services-blood-bank-mortuary-or-cardiac-opd-patna-4744980/|archive-date=13 July 2017}}</ref>

== Rankings ==
{{Infobox India university ranking|NIRF_O_2024=99|NIRF_M_2024=26|type=University
}}
The [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) ranked it 26th among Medical colleges<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF 2024 Medical ranking |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/MedicalRanking.html}}</ref> in India and 99th overall in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 NIRF Ranking |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref> It is ranked 20th as per India Today 2024 Medical rankings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India today 2024 medical ranking |url=https://bestcolleges.indiatoday.in/rankings/medical}}</ref>

== Hostels ==
AIIMS is a residential university. AIIMS Patna has hostels for all the undergraduates, postgraduates students but not for senior residents.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}

==Patna High Court's directives on AIIMS Patna==
[[File:Aiimspatnaopd.png|300px|right|thumb|AIIMS Patna OPD]]
In April 2012, the [[Patna High Court]] constituted a three-member core committee comprising representatives from the centre, the state and the AIIMS to speed up construction work of the super-specialty hospital.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

Shashi Bhushan, the financial advisor to AIIMS Patna had said: "The medical college is expected to start functioning from July this year for which appointment of professors is on"., but now the college will start in September 2012 and hospital by 2013.<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Chandigarh/City-doctor-to-head-Raipur-AIIMS/SP-Article1-885372.aspx/ City doctor to head Raipur AIIMS]{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> AIIMS Patna would be governed by the [[AIIMS]] Act until the Union government made a separate law for the upcoming hospital. The Patna high court on 18 July issued a directive that the doctors of trauma and emergency wards of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna (AIIMS Patna) join at [[Guru Gobind Singh Hospital]], Patna City, by 25 July 2012.The court also directed the Union government to ensure that doctors of seven super speciality departments of AIIMS Patna are appointed and join their duty by 25 August. These departments include gastroenterology, cardiology, nephrology, pathology and radiology.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140201234115/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-19/patna/32746441_1_jpnaiims-shashi-bhushan-kumar-protection-of-public-rights 'Join Guru Gobind hospital by July 25']</ref> Patna high court on 1 August 2012 ordered notional deputation of the Patna DM Sanjay Kumar Singh to the upcoming hospital as its deputy director/joint director/director of AIIMS Patna, until the central government sends a deputy director or joint director or director to take this responsibility. The DM will now on oversee the affairs related to the AIIMS Patna and its development as a super speciality hospital. Bihar government had released a cheque for {{INR}} 53.4 million to the [[Guru Gobind Singh Hospital]] at Patna City for development of infrastructure for the emergency ward and trauma centre of AIIMS Patna.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095023/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-02/patna/33000487_1_jpnaiims-patna-dm-shashi-bhushan-kumar Patna DM to head JPNAIIMS]</ref> The Patna High court directed the DM on 31 August 2012, to hold a meeting with the AIIMS Patna director and superintendent of [[Guru Gobind Singh Hospital]](GGSH), Patna City, to set modalities of super speciality treatment at the hospital. This arrangement will continue until the AIIMS Patna is completed.Patna High Court ordered on 27 September 2012, to start round-the-clock construction of the AIIMS Patna hospital building by deploying more workers and other resources to ensure its early completion.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-27/patna/34127023_1_ggsh-jpnaiims-patna-hc | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095159/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-27/patna/34127023_1_ggsh-jpnaiims-patna-hc | url-status=dead | archive-date=2 February 2014 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Patna HC orders round-the-clock work on Jai Prakash Narayan All India Institute of Medical Sciences | date=27 September 2012}}</ref> [[Patna High Court]] on 29 January 2013 directed the [[Bihar]] government to constitute a team of auditors to audit the utilization of Rs 1.50 billion by M/s B L Kashyap and Company for the construction of the hospital building of AIIMS Patna.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Audit-expenses-of-Rs-150-crore-on-Jaya-Prakash-Narayan-AIIMS-Patna-HC/articleshow/18230662.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095144/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-29/patna/36615378_1_government-hospitals-justice-vikash-jain-construction-work | url-status=live | archive-date=2 February 2014 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Audit expenses of Rs 150 crore on Jaya Prakash Narayan AIIMS, Patna: HC | date=29 January 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences]]
* AIIMS Darbhanga
* [[List of medical colleges in India]]
* [[Government Medical College and Hospital, Chapra]]
* [[Sri Krishna Medical College and Hospital]]
* [[Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Muzaffarpur]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==

* {{official website|http://aiimspatna.org/}}

{{All India Institutes of Medical Sciences |state=expanded}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Memorials to Jayaprakash Narayan]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Bihar]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2004]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2012]]
[[Category:All India Institutes of Medical Sciences|Patna]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in India]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in India]]

History and culture of Thrippunithura

2026-01-05T08:49:16Z

ChanteKates: creating a entry!

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{lead rewrite|date=March 2024}}
There are many stories that describe the origin of the word Thripunithura. Some latter day [[Sanskrit]] enthusiasts ascribe the origin of the name to "Poorna Veda Puri" - the town of [[Vedas]] in its entirety. Another possible origin to name comes from the meaning "the land on the shores of Poorna river".

Other stories play on the pun of "Pooni" or "Pooneeram", which means quiver. One of the stories tells about [[Arjuna]], one of the [[Pandava|Pandavas]], once visited [[Vishnu|Lord Vishnu]], and was given an idol, which Arjuna carried in his "pooni" (quiver). While searching for a place to install it, he met Lord Ganapati and sought help. Ganapati found this place and the idol was installed. Another story of the same variety is as follows. At the end of ''[[Dvapara Yuga]]'', the period of [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]], the Lord himself presented an idol to Arjuna, one of the Pandavas, and asked him to install it in a proper place. He kept the idol in a bag used to keep arrows, which was called '''Pooneeram''' in local language. When he reached the place, he shouted '''Pooneeram Thura''' means 'open the bag' in local language. Thus the name Poonithura has come, according to this story.

When the Kings of erstwhile cochin Dynasty made this place their capital, the area where the palaces and the fort are constructed came to known as '''Thiru Poonithura''' as the word "Thiru" shows respect. It became Thripunithura

==Bigger Temples==
[[File:Thrippunithura-Elephants5 crop.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Caparison]]ed elephants during [[Sree Poornathrayesa temple]]]]

===Sree Poornathrayesa Temple===

{{Main|Sree Poornathrayesa temple}}
Thripunithura is also known as the Land of temples. The famous [[Sree Poornathrayesa temple]] is one of the famous temples in our India.Sree Poornathrayeesa, the deity of Poornathrayeesa temple, is in the form of "Santhana Gopala Moorthy" as told in the Bhagavatha. It is believed those worship him truly, will be blessed with children.It is also believed that the temple Thantri's family, (belonging to puliyannoor mana) is the next generations of the Brahmana of the Santhana Gopalam story.

===Thamaramkulangara Sree Dharma Sastha temple===

{{Main|Thamaramkulangara Sree Dharma Sastha temple}}

Thamaramkulangara Sree Dharma Sastha temple is among the most prominent temples in Tripunithura. The deity is Lord Ayyapa in the form of Dharmasastha. According to anecdotes Lord Dharma Sastha of Chamravattom (in Malappuram District) followed one of his Priests from Morakkala Mana who had shifted to Tripunithura. Lord Sastha assumed the form of a lizard and came with the priest comfortably by sitting on his traditional umbrella made up of palm leaves. Though the temple is owned by Uranma Devaswom Board, almost all the affairs are managed by
Thamaramkulangara Ayyappa Seva Samithy (TASS), a voluntary organization led by local people. The main festival of the temple is 5 day 'Makaravilaku' festival culminating on Makar Sankranthi in Zodiac calendar (around 15 January).

===Muthukulangara Temple===

The main deity in ''Muthukulangara Santhana Gopala Sree Krishna Swami Temple'' is ''Maha Vishnu'' in the form of Santhana Gopala. It is situated in Eroor. There is a legend behind the temple which makes it more special to married women who want nice babies.<ref>[http://www.muthukulangaratemple.com/ website of Muthukulangara Temple]</ref> It is said that wife of a Brahmin at Puliyannur Illam in Thripunithura, was not lucky enough to have a live baby. Whenever she delivered, the child will die. The Brahmin prayed to Arjuna the great warrior of 'pancha-pandavas' to save his 10th child. Arjuna promised him to save the child. Even in the presence of Arjuna, the child vanished after the birth. Arjuna tried to trace the way child vanished and they both, the Brahmin and Arjuna went to Vaikundam the place of Lord Vishnu. There they saw Bhagawan and Lakshmidevi surrounded by the deceased ten babies of the Brahmin. Vishnu handed over two idols and the babies to Arjuna. The place where they get down is known as Muthukulangara and Arjuna placed one idol at the point they landed and later that was realised as Muthukulengara Santhanagopla Khsetram. This is one of the famous temples with daily " Thanthri Pooja".

=== Poonithura Sree Subrahmanya Swami Temple===

The main deity in ''SREE SUBRAHMANYAN(BALA MURUKAN)''
and other upa devathas in the Nalambalam are
Sree Ganapathy, Sree Bhadrakali and Nagaraja-Nagayakshi
and Hidumban also there. Location of the Temple is at
Poonithura near Gandhi Square, Jawahar Road.

==List of other temples==
[[File:ചക്കംകുളങ്ങരശിവക്ഷേത്രം.jpg|upright|thumb|Chakkamkulangara Temple]]
*Pishari Kovil Temple(Shariyil Temple)
*Kannankulangara Temple
*Kannanthrikovil Temple
* Kannankulagara sri balavinayaka temple
*Kodankulangara Temple
*[[Chakkamkulangara Siva Temple]]
*Ayani Temple
*Airettil Temple
*Pavamkulangara Temple
*Tharmekkavu Temple
*Thevarakkavu Temple
*Anthimahakalan Temple
*puthankulangara siva temple
*Adampillykavu Temple
*Palliparambukavu Temple
*[[Maramkulangara Krishna Temple]]
*Puthiyakavu Bhagawati Temple
*Nadakkavu Temple
*Muthukulangara Temple
*Sree Rama Temple
* Mukkottil Devi Temple
* Poonithura Sree Subrahmanya Swami Temple
* Poonithura Kottaram Sree Krishna Temple
* Thammandi Temple
* Pottayil Temple
* Mathoor Baghavathy Temple
* Thuruthy Baghavathy Temple
* Sree Bhuvaneswary Temple
* Mutturuthy Baghavathy Temple

==Churches==
Thrippunithura is said to be having the presence of Christian faithful belonging to the Syrian Christian tradition from ancient times. Saint Mary's Jacobite Syrian Church (Nadamel Pally)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nadamel Church – nadamelchurch.org|url=https://nadamelchurch.org/|access-date=2020-08-11|language=en-US}}</ref> is the oldest Christian Church in Thrippunithura. The Church was established in A.D. 1175. It is believed that a prominent Landlord of the region, namely ''Valamthuruthy Bhattathirippad'' donated a huge stretch of land to the local Christian families for the purpose building a Church. The Church came to be known as ''Nadamel Church'' as it was required to climb stairs (''Nada'' in Malayalam) to reach the building. Following the arrival of European stream of Christianity, professed by the Portuguese, a split occurred in the parish and resulted in the formation of Saint Mary's Forane Church. Many other prominent Churches stand in the peripherals of Thrippunithura town. This includes St. George's Jacobite Cathedral ([[Karingachira Church]] Pally),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.st.georgechurch.org/ |title=St. George Jacobite Syrian Church, Cochin, India |accessdate=2010-10-04 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505012256/http://www.st.georgechurch.org/ |archivedate=2010-05-05 }}</ref> St. Mary's Forane Church<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tripunithurachurch.com/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=9 July 2022 |archive-date=11 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111042611/http://tripunithurachurch.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and many other churches. Thrippunithura is also divine with [[mosque]]s including one adjacent to the Municipal Market complex and in ''Pettah''.

==History==
The 'Raja nagari' or the royal city is one of the most prominent centers of traditional Kerala cultural heritage. The erstwhile rulers of [[Kingdom of Cochin]] were great patrons of art. This made fine arts and architecture flourish under them in many ways. The town is also a prominent centre of learning for classical arts like [[Carnatic music]], [[Kathakali]] and [[Mohiniyattam]] besides [[percussion]] instruments like [[mridangam]], [[chenda]] and [[maddalam]]. Much of this is facilitated by the [[RLV College of Music and Fine Arts|RLV College]] of Music and Institute of Fine Arts was established here in 1956.<ref>[http://www.kerala.gov.in/dept_collegiate/list.htm officialwebsite of kerala.gov.in] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080810221656/http://www.kerala.gov.in/dept_collegiate/list.htm |date=2008-08-10 }}</ref> Another center of learning is Kalmandalam. Tripunithura also has many dedicated centers for stage performances and promotion of art.

The Kalikotta Palace, adjacent to the Sree Poornathrayesa Temple is an important cultural focal point for this small town with many eastern classical musical programs being conducted on the premises.

The culture and surprisingly many aspects of the life of a typical person here is intrinsically bound to temples and surroundings. In the current 'modern' age fine arts and art forms are still promoted and sustained by temples in and around Tripunithura.

[https://web.archive.org/web/20120827051424/http://www.keralarealinfo.com/ Tripunithura] is the place where the legendary artiste couple of Kathakali maestro [[Kalamandalam Krishnan Nair]] and Mohiniyattam doyenne [[Kalamandalam Kalyanikutty Amma]] lived for long. kJ Yesudas is another famous artist who learned music in Tripunithura.

Tripunithura is also a prominent center of Ayurveda. One of the three [[Ayurveda]] colleges in Kerala is located at Puthiyakaavu near Tripunithura town. It also has attached hospital to it.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mguniversity.edu/ernakulamdist.htm |title=official website of M.G.University |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-date=15 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615213213/http://www.mguniversity.edu/ernakulamdist.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
One of the famous celebration "Atha Chamayam" takes place in this town during [[Onam]] festival.

==History of Poornathrayesa Temple==

According to local folklore, it is said that Arjuna and Krishna requested Lord Ganesha to go ahead of them and select an appropriate place for the idol to be consecrated. Lord Ganesha travelled far and wide and finally reached a divine place which was the seat of the Vedas in its entirety[3] known as 'Poorna Veda Puri' which later became Tripunithura. Lord Ganesha was so pleased with the place that He chose a holy spot and seated there Himself. When Arjuna reached Tripunithura, he saw that Lord Ganesha has seated himself down in the place where he was to keep Lord Vishnu's idol. He requested Lord Ganesha to kindly move from there so that he may install the idol there. Lord Ganesha said that He could not move from there. As he could not place the idol anywhere on the ground other than at the appointed spot, Arjuna had no other choice and it is said that he gave Lord Ganesha a kick which caused Lord Ganesha to turn southwards and placed the idol there. The Poornathrayesa Temple is the only temple where Lord Ganesha faces southwards. All other temples traditionally have the idols facing the east and/or the west. This temple grew into the beautiful and magnificent Sree Poornathrayesa Temple we see today.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:History of Kochi]]

Shukteerth

2025-12-06T11:47:45Z

ChanteKates: started a details...

{{Multiple issues|
{{orphan|date=August 2024}}
{{refimprove|date=August 2024}}
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{{Short description|Pilgrimage town located in Muzaffarnagar district, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Shukratal
| other_name = Shukteerth
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| coordinates = {{Coor title dms|29|29|20.83|N|77|59|24.03|E|scale:3125}}
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh # India
}}

'''Shukteerth''', also known as Shukratal, is a historically and religiously significant pilgrimage town located in [[Muzaffarnagar district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shukarteerath – Shukartaal {{!}} Official Website of Muzaffarnagar {{!}} India |url=https://muzaffarnagar.nic.in/tourist-place/shukarteerath-shukartaal/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> Situated roughly 28 kilometers from Muzaffarnagar city, Shukteerth is primarily known for its association with the Hindu epic.

According to tradition, Shukteerth is the place where Sage [[Shukdev]] narrated the sacred Bhagavad Purana ([[Srimad-Bhagavatam]]) to Maharaja [[Parikshit]], the grandson of [[Arjuna]] and son of [[Abhimanyu]], approximately 5,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-22 |title=शुकतीर्थ में सीएम योगी आदित्यनाथ ने किया 254 करोड़ की योजनाओं का उद्घाटन - DAINIK JANWANI |url=https://dainikjanwani.com/cm-yogi-adityanath-inaugurated-schemes-worth-254-crores-in-shukteerth/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> A large banyan tree, revered as the [[Akshayavat]] (undying tree), is believed to be the site where this recitation occurred. Devotees believe the tree possesses the unique characteristic of never shedding its leaves.

The main temple complex in Shukteerth houses the Shukdev Temple, dedicated to Sage Shukdev, and features beautifully carved idols of both Shukdev and King Parikshit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=अयोध्या, देवीपाटन और शुक तीर्थ के विकास को बनेगी परिषद, योगी सरकार ने पेश किए 6 विधेयक, 3 पास |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/lucknow/politics/uttar-praesh-council-to-be-formed-for-the-development-of-ayodhya-devipatan-and-shuk-teerth/articleshow/105616572.cms |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref> Additionally, a prominent landmark is the Hanuman Temple, known for enshrining one of the tallest outdoor statues of Lord Hanuman in the region, measuring 72 feet tall.<ref>{{Cite web |title=शुकतीर्थ में सूख गई बाण गंगा की धारा, संतों में रोष - शुकतीर्थ में सूख गई बाण गंगा की धारा, संतों में रोष - Uttar Pradesh Muzaffarnagar Common Man Issues News |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/muzaffarnagar-shukteerth-22651820.html |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Muzaffarnagar district]]

Tourist attractions in Mangaluru

2025-11-27T07:27:05Z

ChanteKates: started article

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}

[[File:Mangalore Tourist Map.png|thumb|A schematic map showing the tourist attractions in Mangaluru city.]]
The city of [[Mangaluru]] is proclaimed as the gateway to [[Karnataka]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/blogs/india/d-p-satish/mangalore-diary-highrises-malls-beautiful-bunt-women-11027-745311.html|title=D P Satish's Blog : Mangalore Diary: Highrises, malls & beautiful Bunt women|website=News18|access-date=2016-12-03}}</ref> and lies nestled between the blue waters of the [[Arabian Sea]] and the green, towering hills of the [[Western Ghats]]. The 184 square km city is spread out over the backwaters of the two rivers, [[Netravati River|Netravati]] and [[Gurupura River|Gurpura]].

== Beaches ==
The city has the benefit of numerous golden-sand beaches:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nativeplanet.com/mangalore/|title=Mangalore Tourism - The Gateway to Karnataka|website=www.nativeplanet.com|access-date=2016-11-26}}</ref>
*'''[[Panambur Beach]]''': It is credited as one of the cleanest and most neatly maintained beaches in India and attracts a large number of tourists.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.trayaan.com/2014/12/panambur-beach-evening-sunset-in-mangalore-mangaluru-coastal-karnataka.html#.WDmHTtV97IU|title=An evening at Panambur Beach|date=2014-12-22|newspaper=Trayaan|access-date=2016-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.panamburbeach.com/about-panambur-beach/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018120904/http://www.panamburbeach.com/about-panambur-beach/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=18 October 2012|title=About Panambur Beach|date=2012-07-19|newspaper=Panambur Beach|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-26}}</ref>
* '''[[Tannirbhavi Beach|Thannirbhavi beach]]:''' This is the second most crowded beach after [[Panambur Beach]]. Tannirbhavi beach has some basic facilities like [[Lifeguard|life guards]], proper toilets, a parking lot, a couple of small eateries and some concrete benches. One can take a [[Ferry]] ride across [[Gurupura River|Gurupur river]] from [[Sultan Battery (Mangalore)|Sultan Battery]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.trayaan.com/2014/01/tannirbavi-beach-evening-sunset-in-mangalore-coastal-karnataka.html|title=An evening at Tannirbavi Beach|date=2014-01-26|newspaper=Trayaan|access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref>
*[[File:Beach near Mangalore.jpg|thumb|176x176px| Tannirbhavi Beach]]'''[[NITK Beach|NITK beach]]:''' This beach is situated in [[Surathkal]]. A [[lighthouse]] is located close to the beach.
* '''[[Someshwar Beach|Someshwara beach]]:''' The beach, located in [[Ullal]], has large rocks called ''Rudra Shile'' or ''Rudra Paadhe''. ''Rudra'' is [[Lord Shiva]] and ''Shile'' or ''Paadhe'' means rock in [[Tulu language]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.karnataka.com/mangalore/someshwara-beach/|title=Someshwara Beach {{!}} Mangalore Beach {{!}} Ullal|date=2011-12-02|newspaper=Karnataka.com|language=en-US|access-date=2016-12-12}}</ref>
* '''[[Mukka Beach|Mukka beach]]:''' Situated 20 km from [[Mangalore]], one can find a variety of [[Seashell|shells]] on this beach. Mukka beach is covered with the golden sands and tall [[Pine|pine trees]] with an old [[Lighthouse|light house]] situated on this beach.
* '''[[Sasihithlu Beach]]:''' This beach has hosted the Indian Open of Surfing tournament in 2016<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Mangaluru-to-host-Karnatakas-first-ever-surfing-festival/articleshow/52453430.cms|title=Mangaluru to host Karnataka's first ever surfing festival|date=14 February 2020|access-date=1 January 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]
}}</ref> and 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/news/state/mangaluru-surf-it-like-sasihithlu-pristine-beach-in-mangaluru-is-hosting-2nd-edition-of-indian-open-of-surfing/articleshow/58845683.cms|title=Mangaluru: Surf it like Sasihithlu: Pristine beach in Mangaluru is hosting 2nd edition of Indian Open of Surfing|date=26 May 2017|access-date=14 February 2020|publisher=[[Bangalore Mirror]]
}}</ref>

== Places of worship ==
Temples and religious buildings in Mangaluru include:
[[File:Kudroli Gokarnath Temple.jpg|thumb|248x248px|[[Gokarnanatheshwara Temple]]|left]]'''[[Mangaladevi Temple|Mangaladevi temple]]:''' The temple is dedicated to Hindu god [[Shakti]] in the form of [[Mangaladevi]]. The city is named after the presiding deity, Mangaladevi. As per another legend, the temple is believed to have been built by [[Parashurama]], one of the ten [[avatar]]s of Hindu god [[Vishnu]] and later expanded by Kundavarman.
* '''[[Kadri Manjunath Temple|Kadri Manjunatha temple]]:'''It is located at Kadri, It is said to be built during the 10th or 11th century and Buddhism was practised here till the 10th century AD. The idol of Lord Manjunathaswamy of the temple is called as oldest of the South Indian Temples. There is a natural spring at an elevated location at the back of the temple. It is called Gomukha. The water from this spring is let into 9 ponds of different sizes adjacent to it.
*[[File:Shiva Statue, Kudroli.JPG|thumb|186x186px|Shiva Statue, [[Gokarnanatheshwara Temple]]]]'''[[St. Aloysius Chapel|St Aloysius Chapel]]:''' The chapel built by Jesuit Missionaries in 1880 and its interiors painted by the Italian Jesuit [[Antonio Moscheni]] in 1899, is an architectural marvel that could stand comparison with the chapels of Rome. The interior of the chapel decorated with paintings by Antonio Moscheni (1854 –1905) that cover almost all of the walls, which is unusual in chapels in India. The paintings are preserved by a recognized board of the nation which maintains and restores all historic artefacts.
* '''[[Our Lady of Rosary Cathedral, Mangalore|Rosario Cathedral]]:''' [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore]], dedicated to [[Our Lady of the Rosary]] built by the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] in 1568. Desecrated and destroyed by samba in 1784, the church was reconstructed in 1813.
[[File:Dharmasthala 1.jpg|thumb|188x188px|[[Dharmasthala Temple]]]]
*[[File:Rosario Cathedral.jpg|thumb|188x188px|Rosario Cathedral|left]]'''[[Milagres Church (Mangalore)|Church of Our Lady of Miracles]]:''' Also known as Milagres church is a historic [[Roman Catholic Church]] situated in the [[Hampankatta]] locality of [[Mangalore]]. The church was built in 1680 by Bishop [[Thomas de Castro]], a [[Theatines|Theatine]] from [[Divar]], [[Goa]]. After Tipu was killed by the British during the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] on 4 May 1799, the [[Mangalorean Catholics]] were freed from Captivity and most subsequently returned to Mangalore. Among the returnees was a baker Lawrence Bello, who built a chapel to replace the demolished church.
*'''[[Dharmasthala Temple|Dharmasthala Sri Manjunatha Temple]]:''' This is an 800-year-old<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiatoday.com/itoday/20020617/offtrack.shtml|title=India Today|website=www.indiatoday.com|access-date=2016-12-12}}</ref> religious institution in the temple town of [[Dharmasthala]] 75 km away from Mangalore. The deities of the temple are [[Shiva]], who is referred to as Mañjunatha, [[Ammavaru]], the [[tirthankara]] [[Chandraprabha]] and the protective [[Deva (Hinduism)|gods]] of [[Jainism]], Kalarahu, Kalarkayi, Kumarasvami and Kanyakumari.

== Parks ==
* '''[[Kadri Park|Kadri park]]:''' It is located in [[Kadri, Mangalore|Kadri gudde]] (meaning hill in [[Tulu language|Tulu]]). It is the largest park within the city limits of Mangaluru.
* '''[[Tagore Park|Tagore park]]:''' It is located at Light House Hill Road in Mangaluru.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/spruce-up-mangalore-tagore-park-officials-told/article5220375.ece
|title=Spruce up Mangalore Tagore Park, officials told
|date=10 October 2013
|access-date= 29 December 2018
|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* '''[[Tannirbavi Tree Park|Tannirbavi Tree park]]:''' It is located near [[Tannirbhavi Beach|Thannirbhavi beach]] in Mangaluru.

== Museums ==
[[File:Seemanthi Bai Government Museum Bejai Mangaluru - 2.jpg|thumb|[[Srimanthi Bhai Memorial Government Museum|Srimanthi Bhai Government Museum Bejai Mangaluru]]]]
*'''[[Srimanthi Bhai Memorial Government Museum|Srimanthi Bai Memorial Government Museum]]:''' Established in 1960, this museum is located just a kilometer east of the KSRTC bus stand, also known as ''Bejai Museum'' which houses a variety of antiquities including wooden carvings of divinities such as [[Bhairava]] and [[Hanuman]], stone sculptures dating back to 13th century, porcelain and an outstanding bronze bell with a miniature Lakshmi shrine. It also exhibits materials of art, archaeology, ethnology, palm leaf photographs, paper paintings, manuscripts, sculptures, oil paintings, metal objects and paper manuscripts.
*'''[[Aloyseum]]:''' The museum houses several items with historic significance including the first car of Mangaluru and Mangaluru's first electric generator dating back to 1930, the Old Missal with the size of a broadsheet newspaper, animal and fish bones, skulls, horns and skins, mineral specimen, old radios, telegraphic equipment, antique telephone sets, manuscripts on palm leaves, Portuguese statues, an old pulpit from Cordel Church, copies of paintings by old European masters, swords, daggers and other weapons, postal stamps, coins and medals, priestly vestments dating back to 1878.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.coastaldigest.com/index.php/news/52036-all-new-aloyseum-is-here|title=All new 'Aloyseum' is here|last=saf|newspaper=Coastaldigest.com|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-26}}</ref>
*'''[[Manjusha Museum|Manjusha Car Museum]]:''' Located to the south of the [[Dharmasthala Temple]], it houses a vast collection of objects, antiques, paintings, artifacts, temple chariots collected from temples across Karnataka, and also vintage and classic cars. Terracotta coins from the Mauryan period are still preserved in the museum, which dates around 1st century BC.

== Historical places ==
*[[File:Sultan Battery 2163.JPG|left|thumb|190x190px|Sultan Battery watch tower built by Tipu]]
*[[File:1000-Pillar-Temple-Moodbidri-Left-Side-View.JPG|thumb|189x189px|[[Saavira Kambada Basadi|Savira Kambada Basadi]] ''(1000 Pillar Temple)'', [[Moodabidri|Moodbidri]]]][[File:Pilikula Heritage Village 05.jpg|thumb|191x191px|Pilikula Heritage Village]]'''[[Sultan Battery (Mangalore)|Sultan Battery]]:''' The Sultan Battery [[Watchtower|watch tower]], constructed in 1784 by [[Tipu Sultan]] is situated in Boloor,4 km from the [[Statebank, Mangalore|centre]] of Mangaluru city. If one climbs to the top of the watch tower by stairs, he can get a panoramic view of [[Arabian Sea]] which leaves nature lovers in boundless joy. One can take the ferry ride by paying small amount across the [[Gurupura River|Gurupur river]] and reach [[Tannirbhavi Beach]].
*'''[[Saavira Kambada Basadi]]:''' Built by the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar]] ruler Devaraya Wodeyar in 1430, this historical temple is situated 34 km northeast of Mangalore in the town of Moodabidri. Moodabidri is noted for its eighteen Jain temples but Saavira Kambada Temple is considered the finest among them.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.trayaan.com/2013/07/thousand-pillared-jain-temple-tribhuvana-tilaka-choodamani-basadi-in-moodubidri-near-mangalore.html|title=Thousand pillared Jain Temple in Moodabidri|date=2013-07-04|newspaper=Trayaan|access-date=2016-12-01}}</ref>

== Amusement parks ==
* '''Manasa Amusement & Water Park:''' Manasa Amusement & Water Park is located within a 370 Acres tourism project of District administration “Pilikula Nisargadhama”, an eco-educational tourist park at Vamanjoor, just 12 km from Mangalore City. It is a 15 minutes drive from city centre.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pilikula.com/amusement_park.html|title=Manasa Amusement & Water Park :: FAQ|website=pilikula.com/|access-date=2021-08-09}}</ref>
* '''Pilikula Theme Park:''' Pilikula has a theme park which attempts to showcase the rich native heritage and coastal culture of the people of Dakshina Kannada district and is one of the one-stop educational and recreational destinations in India.

== Nature ==
[[File:Pilikula Botanical Garden in Mangalore.jpg|thumb|[[Pilikula Nisargadhama|Pilikula Botanical Garden]] in Mangaluru]]
[[File:Wolves.jpg|thumb|192x192px|Pilikula Zoo]]
* '''Adyar falls:''' Adyar waterfalls at the outskirts at about 12 km drive from the city. There are two waterfalls here at a distance of about 200 meters on two extreme ends of the hillock. These waterfalls can be enjoyed only up to October–November.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=264116|title=Weekend getaway: Plan a day's outing to Adyar waterfalls|website=www.daijiworld.com|access-date=2016-11-26}}</ref>
* '''Karinja Cliff:''' Karinja Cliff is a popular tourist spot in [[Bantwal]] 40 km away from Mangaluru with people visiting this cliff to enjoy the fresh air, lush green.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rcmysore-portal.kar.nic.in/temples/KarinjeshwaraTemple/Waytothetemple.htm|title=Mahathobhara Shree Karinjeshwara Temple, Karinja, Bantwal, D.K|website=rcmysore-portal.kar.nic.in|access-date=2016-11-26}}</ref>
* '''[[Pavoor Uliya]]:''' It is an Island, located just 12 km away from Mangalore [http://wikimapia.org/17156751/Pavoor-Uliya <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>]. The island has 35 houses with a chapel [[:File:Infant Jesus Chapel, Pavoor Uliya (2).jpg|[3]]]. [[Netravati River|Netravathi River]] has been surrounded by four sides. During Summer a temporary wooden bridge connects to the outer world.

== Garden ==
[[File:Pilikula-Lake-Garden-3.jpg|thumb|right|[[Araucaria columnaris|New Caledonia Pine tree]] beside the lake at the Pilikula Botanical Garden (Arboretum)]]
* '''Pilikula Arboretum:''' An [[arboretum]] (a garden comprising woody species of plants, i.e. trees and shrubs) extending over an area of 35 hectares has been established at [[Pilikula Nisargadhama]] where about 60,000 [[seedling]]s belonging to 236 taxa of flowering plants of [[Western Ghats]], spread over 60 families have been planted randomly as well as family clusters. They include 70 taxa endemic to the Western Ghats region. The arboretum has a focus on the conservation of the plants of the Western Ghats. It not only contains a number of [[threatened species]], but also a few Re-discovered species that were considered to be extinct earlier. The arboretum also includes 6 acres devoted to medicinal plants with more than 460 varieties, often visited by students of botany and [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] medicine.

== Wildlife ==
* '''Pilikula Zoo:''' The speciality of this zoo is that the wild animals are not kept in cages. They are in the open. However, there are partitions like wide trenches or wire mesh, in order to avoid direct contact with visitors. There are tigers, leopards, bears and other wild animals inside the park.

== Planetarium ==
[[File:Swami Vivekananda Planetarium - Mangalore - Dome.jpg|thumb|Dome of the Swami Vivekananda 3D Planetarium in Mangaluru]]
* '''[[Swami Vivekananda Planetarium]]:''' Situated at Pilikula, it is the 1st 3D Planetarium in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/661383/reach-stars-3d-hybrid-planetarium.html |title=Reach for the stars at this 3D hybrid Planetarium in Pilikula |date=24 February 2018 |publisher=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=18 April 2018}}</ref>

== Shopping ==
* '''[[Hampankatta]]:''' This place is the heart of the city, as most of the public utilities are located here the locality boasts the most buzzing commercial activity in the city.
* '''[[City Centre, Mangalore|City Centre Mall]]:''' City Centre encompasses over 850,000 sq ft of retail space. The mall boasts a wide diversity of outlets spreading across five floors with over 149 retail stores and services.
* '''[[Forum Fiza Mall]]:''' It is the largest mall in Mangaluru, located on [[Pandeshwar]] road in Mangaluru, 1 km away from the [[Mangalore Central railway station]]. Many of the Indian and international brands are available and have outlets in this mall.

== Library ==
* '''City Central Library:''' This is located close to [[St. Aloysius College (Mangalore)|St Aloysius college]]. This library is run by the [[Mangaluru City Corporation]]. There are several branches of city central library within the city.

== Eateries ==
* [[Ideal Ice Cream]]
* [[Pabbas]]
[[File:Sharada altar.jpg|thumb|180x180px|The idol of [[Navratri|Sharada]] installed during [[Mangaluru Dasara]].]]

== Festivals ==
* [[Mangaluru Dasara]]''':''' It is a ten-day festival at Kudroli Temple attracts thousands of devotees from various states of India who visit Mangaluru to witness Dasara and the century-old Sri Gokarnatheswara temple which shimmers with a golden glow. The [[Mangaladevi Temple|Mangaladevi temple]] from which the city inherited its name. It is yet another temple which attracts devotees from all over India during Navaratri. ''"Mangalore Sharadotsava"'' or ''"[[Saraswati|Sharada]] Mahotsava"'' is the 9 days celebration during the Navaratri in Sri Venkatramana Temple, Dongarekeri.

== Around Mangalore ==
[[File:St Mary's Island rocks.JPG|thumb|180x180px|A view of basaltic rock formation in [[St. Mary's Islands|St. Mary's Island]]]]
[[File:Gomateshwara Statue, Karkala.jpg|thumb|241x241px|Gomateshwara Statue, [[Karkala]]]]
There are also tourist attractions in towns farther from the city including [[Karkala]], [[Kundapur]], [[Kasaragod]] and the temple town [[Udupi]]. The neighbouring town of [[Udupi]], is an important ''Teerthasthal'' (pilgrimage place) with its historical Krishna Temple is the cultural center of [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.udupipages.com/art-culture/index.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127083027/http://www.udupipages.com/art-culture/index.php|url-status=usurped|archive-date=27 January 2012|title=Art & Culture Udupi {{!}} Folk dance {{!}} Yakshagana {{!}} Kambala {{!}} Bhutha Kola|website=www.udupipages.com|access-date=2016-11-26}}</ref> Mangalore shares its border with [[Kerala]] in the south. A distance of 50 km away from Mangalore is a town in Kerala, [[Kasaragod]] which still shares cultural links with [[Mangalore]] and is often named as land of Lords and Forts.
* Bahubali Gomateshwara monolith is the 12.8 metre or 42 feet tall monolith of Bahubali, the Gommateshwara. Built in 1432 CE, this 583-year-old monolith in Karkala is the second largest monolith of Gommateshwara. This is about 51 km away from [[Mangalore]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.trayaan.com/2015/04/bahubali-gommateshwara-monolith-karkala-udupi-karnataka-jain-historical-monument.html|title=Bahubali Gomateshwara monolith of Karkala|date=2015-04-16|newspaper=Trayaan|access-date=2016-12-12}}</ref>
* [[Udupi Sri Krishna Matha]] is a famous [[Hindu]] temple dedicated to god [[Krishna]].
*[[File:Bekalfort 1.jpg|thumb|183x183px|Staircase inside the [[Bekal Fort|Bekal fort]]]][[St. Mary's Islands|St. Marys island]], are a set of four small islands in the [[Arabian Sea]] off the coast of [[Malpe]] in [[Udupi]], [[Karnataka]], India. They are known for their distinctive geological formation of columnar basaltic lava.
* Mookambika Temple, [[Kollur, Udupi district|Kollur]]
* St. Lawrence church, [[Karkala]].
* [[Malpe beach]]
* [[Maravanthe beach]]
* [[Bekal Fort]] is the largest fort in [[Kerala]], situated at Bekal village in [[Kasaragod district]], [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|North Kerala]] and it is 67 km from [[Mangalore]] spreading over 40 acres (160,000 m2).
* [[Chandragiri Fort, Kerala|Chandragiri Fort]] built in the 17th century, is in [[Kasaragod District]] of [[Kerala]], south [[India]]. This large squarish fort is 150 feet (46 m) above sea level and occupies an area of about seven acres.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikivoyage|Mangalore}}
{{Commons category-inline|Visitor attractions in Mangalore}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Mangalore| ]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in India by populated place|Mangalore]]

Composite armour

2025-11-14T22:00:43Z

ChanteKates: basic fix intro for consistency and corrected details

{{short description|Type of vehicle armour}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2009}}
{{stack|
[[File:Soviet T-64.JPEG|thumb|250px|The Soviet [[T-64]] was the first mass-produced tank with composite armour]]
[[File:Leclerc-openphotonet PICT5993.JPG|thumb|250px|The [[Leclerc tank]] is equipped with [[Non-explosive reactive armor|NERA]] (Non-explosive reactive armour)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tanks-encyclopedia.com/modern/France/AMX-56_Leclerc.php |title=Leclerc Main Battle Tank |website=www.tanks-encyclopedia.com |access-date=27 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202051921/http://www.tanks-encyclopedia.com/modern/France/AMX-56_Leclerc.php |archive-date=2 February 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>]]
[[File:Leopard 2 A5 der Bundeswehr.jpg|thumb|250px|Depending on the operating state, the [[Leopard 2]] has various extended armour elements such as bomb protection for the top, cage armour, extended mine protection (A6M) or additional armour in the form of composite armour [[MEXAS]] or [[Advanced Modular Armor Protection|AMAP]]]]
[[File:Plasan SandCat.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Plasan SandCat]] light (5t) military vehicle featuring integrated composite armoured body]]
[[File:Add-on kit.png|thumb|250px|Vehicle add-on armour kit manufactured by [[Composhield]]]]
[[File:Challenger2-Bergen-Hohne-Training-Area-2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The [[British Army]]'s [[Challenger 2]] [[main battle tank]] uses [[Chobham armour]].]]
[[File:IDET2007 composite armor ballistic test.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Ceramic-aramid composite laminate armour, ballistic test results]]
[[File:IDET2007 ceramic armor tiles.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Ceramic tiles for the [[ATF Dingo]]]]
[[File:IDET2007 ceramic armor tiles SICADUR.jpg|thumb|right|250px|SICADUR [[silicon carbide]] tiles for vehicles (e.g. [[Mowag Piranha]])]]
[[File:STANAG Composite Armor.png|thumb|right|250px|Composite ceramic armor tested in accordance with STANAG 4569 requirements.]]
}}
'''Composite armour''' is a type of [[vehicle armour]] consisting of layers of different materials such as [[metal]]s, [[plastics]], [[ceramic]]s or [[air]]. Most composite armours are lighter than their all-metal equivalent, but instead occupy a larger volume for the same resistance to penetration. It is possible to design composite armour stronger, lighter and less voluminous than traditional armour, but the cost is often prohibitively high, restricting its use to especially vulnerable parts of a vehicle. Its primary purpose is to help defeat [[high-explosive anti-tank]] (HEAT) projectiles.

HEAT had posed a serious threat to armoured vehicles since its introduction in [[World War II]]. Lightweight and small, HEAT projectiles could nevertheless penetrate hundreds of millimetres of the most resistant [[rolled homogeneous armour|steel armours]]. The capability of most materials for defeating HEAT follows the "density law", which states that the penetration of [[shaped charge]] jets is proportional to the square root of the shaped charge liner [[density]] (typically [[copper]]) divided by the square root of the target density. On a weight basis, lighter targets are more advantageous than heavier targets, but using large quantities of lightweight materials has obvious disadvantages in terms of mechanical layout. Certain materials have an optimal compromise in terms of density that makes them particularly useful in this role.<ref name=xm60>[http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=AD524050&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf Evaluation of Siliceous Cored Armor for the XM60 Tank] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605071506/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=AD524050&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf |date=June 5, 2011 }}</ref>

==History==
Some early [[Ironclad warship|ironclads]] used armor composed of multiple layers of thinner armor bolted or welded together. The results were greatly less effective for a given overall thickness than a single plate, but was done because making thicker plates or plates with different metallurgical properties through their thickness (for example [[Harvey armor]]) was prohibitively expensive or too technically challenging. [[Teak]] was used to sandwich layers that could not be easily fitted together, or provide a backing to catch splinters.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Armor for Ships of War|author=P. R. Alger|year=1895 |journal = Proceedings of the US Naval Institute|volume =21|url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1895/october/armor-ships-war}}</ref>

During WWII, in an effort to provide protection against the [[German Army (1935–1945)|German Army’s]] [[Panzerfaust]] anti-tank weapon, an [[M4 Sherman|M4A3]] was fitted with an armor “kit” incorporating a mixture of quartz gravel, asphalt and wood flour known as “HCR2.” This add-on armor was successfully live-fire tested in September 1945 against both the German Panzerfaust and 76mm High-Velocity Armor Piercing (HVAP) ammunition.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warford |first=James M. |title=ARMOR Magazine Jul-Aug 1999, p.16 |url=https://www.benning.army.mil/armor/eARMOR/content/issues/1999/JUL_AUG/ArmorJulyAugust1999web.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125193549/https://www.benning.army.mil/armor/eARMOR/content/issues/1999/JUL_AUG/ArmorJulyAugust1999web.pdf|archive-date=2017-01-25 }}</ref> Aside from this early test, the first serious development began as part of the [[US Army]]'s [[T95 Medium Tank|T95]] experimental series from the mid-1950s. The T95 featured ''siliceous-cored armour'' which contained a plate of [[fused silica]] glass between rolled [[steel]] plates. The stopping power of glass exceeds that of steel armour on a thickness basis and in many cases glass is more than twice as effective as steel on a thickness basis. Although the T95 never entered production, a number of its concepts were used on the [[M60 Patton]], and during the development stage (as the XM60) the siliceous-cored armour was at least considered for use, although it was not a feature of the production vehicles.<ref name=xm60/>

The first widespread use of a composite armour appears to have been on the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[T-64]]. It used an armour known as ''[[combination K]]'', which apparently is [[glass-reinforced plastic]] sandwiched between inner and outer steel layers. Through a mechanism called [[thixotropy]], the [[resin]] changes to a fluid under constant pressure, allowing the armour to be [[moulded]] into curved shapes. Later models of the T-64, along with newer designs, use a [[boron carbide]]-filled resin [[aggregate (composite)|aggregate]] for greatly improved protection{{citation needed|date=September 2016}} . The Soviets also invested heavily in [[reactive armour]], which allowed them some ability to control quality, even after production.

Among NATO nations and allies, the most common type of [[composite material|composite]] armour today is [[Chobham armour]],{{citation needed|date=September 2016}} first developed and used by the British in the experimental [[FV 4211 tank]], which was based on [[Chieftain tank]] components. Chobham uses multiple non-explosive reactive armour plates (NERA), which sandwich a layer of elastomer (like rubber) between two plates of steel armour. This was shown to dramatically increase the resistance to HEAT projectiles, even in comparison to other composite armour designs. Chobham was such an improvement that it was soon used on the new U.S. [[M1 Abrams]] [[main battle tank]] (MBT) as well. The need to mount multiple angled plates, along with an outer steel layer to protect the armour array, gives the [[Challenger 2|Challenger]] and Abrams their "slab sided" look.

The Soviets/Russians had a similar composite armour to the West's own "NERA", with rubber sandwiches between plates of steel.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=T-72B MBT – The First Look at Soviet Special Armor |url=https://tankandafvnews.com/2015/06/12/t-72b-turret-armor-exposed/ |journal=Journal of Military Ordnance |date=12 June 2015 |pages=4–8}}</ref> This armour was confirmed to be inside the T-72B's "Super Dolly Parton" armour, but is suspected to be inside the T-80A as well, since it is unlikely the Soviets would put worse armour in their "premier" tank.

==Design==
Chobham armour defeats HEAT warheads by disrupting the high speed jet generated by the warhead. The outer steel "burster" plate detonates the shell and protects the composite array from the blast, increasing the armour's multi hit abilities. After making it through the burster plate, the jet penetrates into the first NERA plate, and begins to compress the elastomer. The elastomer quickly reaches maximum compression and rapidly expands, pushing the two steel plates in opposite directions. It is the movement of the steel plates that disrupts the jet, both by feeding more material into the jet's path, and introducing lateral forces to break the jet apart. The effectiveness of the system was amply demonstrated in [[Desert Storm]], where not a single [[British Army]] Challenger tank was lost to enemy tank fire. (However, one was destroyed by friendly fire on March 25, 2003, killing two crew members after a [[High-explosive squash head|HESH]] projectile detonated on the commander's hatch causing high-velocity fragments to enter the [[gun turret|turret]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/C2384518-7EBA-4CFF-B127-E87871E41B51/0/boi_challenger2_25mar03.pdf |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121026065214/http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/C2384518-7EBA-4CFF-B127-E87871E41B51/0/boi_challenger2_25mar03.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-10-26 |title=UK Ministry of Defence : Army Board of Inquiry Report |access-date=2016-07-06 }}</ref>) Chobham-type armour is currently in its third generation and is used on modern western tanks such as the [[Challenger 2 tank|British Challenger 2]] and the American [[M1 Abrams]]. The Abrams is also unique in its usage of [[Depleted uranium|depleted uranium armour]] plates in conjunction with composite armour, increasing overall vehicle protection. The Leopard 2A4 is similar in its use of tungsten inserts.

==Use==
All modern third-generation main battle tanks use composite armour arrays in their construction. While many of these vehicles feature the composite armour permanently integrated with the vehicle, the Japanese [[Type 10]] and [[Type 90 Kyū-maru]] MBTs, French [[Leclerc tank|Leclerc]], Iranian [[Karrar (tank)|Karrar]], Turkish [[Altay (tank)|Altay]], Indian [[Arjun (tank)|Arjun]], Italian [[Ariete]] and Chinese [[Type 96 tank|Type 96]]/98 and [[Type 99 tank|Type 99]] tanks use a modular composite armour, where sections of the composite armour can be easily and quickly switched out or upgraded with armour modules. The adoption of modular composite armour design facilitates far more efficient and easier upgrades and exchanges of the armour.

Soviet/Russian main battle tanks such as [[T-90]]s, [[T-80]]Us and the Chinese Type 96/99s use composite armour in tandem with [[reactive armour#Explosive reactive armour|explosive reactive armour]] (ERA), making it hard for shaped charge munitions such as HEAT projectiles and missile warheads to penetrate the frontal and a portion of their side armour. The most advanced versions of these armours such as the [[Kontakt-5|Relikt]] and [[Kontakt-5]] armour provide protection not only against shaped charges but also [[kinetic energy penetrator]]s by using the explosive force to shear the projectile apart.

Applique armour has also been used in conjunction with composite armour to provide increased amounts of protection and to supplant existing composite arrays on a vehicle. The German [[Leopard 2A5]] featured distinctive arrowhead laminated armour modules that was mounted directly onto the turret composite arrays, increasing protection markedly above the previous 2A4 model.

Composite armour has since been applied to smaller vehicles, right down to [[jeep]]-sized automobiles. Many of these systems are applied as upgrades to existing armour, which makes them difficult to place around the entire vehicle. Nevertheless, they are often surprisingly effective; upgrades with [[MEXAS]] ceramic armour to Canadian [[M113 armored personnel carrier|M113s]] were carried out in the 1990s, after it was realized that it would offer more protection than newly built [[Infantry Fighting Vehicles|IFVs]] like the [[M2 Bradley]].{{citation needed|date=December 2010}}

==Improvised==
{{No citations|date=October 2025}}
In 2004, American [[Marvin Heemeyer]] used an ''ad hoc'' composite armour on his [[Komatsu Limited|Komatsu D355A]] [[bulldozer]] ("which he called the MK Tank and in popular culture, the Killdozer") used in a rampage in response to a dispute with the city he lived in over a zoning issue. The armour, at some places a {{convert|1|ft|cm|sigfig=2}} thick, consisted of a layer of [[concrete]] sandwiched between layers of [[steel]], successfully rendering the vehicle impervious to [[small arms]] fire and small explosives used by law enforcement in an attempt to stop the vehicle.

==See also==
*[[Advanced Modular Armor Protection]] (AMAP)
*[[Chobham armour]]
*[[Combination K]]
*[[Compound armour]]
*[[Kanchan armour]]
*[[MEXAS]]
*[[Plastic composite (disambiguation)|Plastic composite]]
*[[Pykrete]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Composite Armour}}
[[Category:Vehicle armour]]
[[Category:Composite materials|Armour, Composite]]

Bilaspur

2025-10-25T06:28:24Z

ChanteKates:

{{wikt|Bilaspur}}
'''Bilaspur''' may refer to:

==Places in India==

* [[Bilaspur, Bihar]], a village in Mairwa community development block
* [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh]]
** [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh]], administrative headquarters of the district
** [[Bilaspur Lok Sabha constituency]], a parliamentary constituency
** [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency]], a legislative assembly constituency
** [[Bilaspur Junction railway station]]
* [[Bilaspur, Haryana]], a town in Yamunanagar district, Haryana
* [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh]]
** [[Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh]], a city and a municipal council in Bilaspur district
** [[Bilaspur (Himachal Pradesh Assembly constituency)]], a legislative assembly constituency
** [[Bilaspur State]], one of the princely states of India, also known as Kahlur
** [[Bilaspur State (1950–54)]], a state within the Union of India from 1950 to 1956
* [[Bilaspur, Madhya Pradesh]], a village in Umaria district
* [[Bilaspur, Ganjam]], a village in Ganjam district of Odisha
* [[Bilaspur, Punjab]], a village in Moga district of Punjab, India
* [[Bilaspur, Tripura Assembly constituency]], a former legislative assembly constituency in Tripura
* [[Bilaspur, Rampur]], a town in Rampur district, Uttar Pradesh
* [[Bilaspur, Gautam Buddh Nagar]], a village in Gautam Buddh Nagar district, Uttar Pradesh
* [[Bilaspur, Uttar Pradesh]], a town in Muzaffarnagar district, Uttar Pradesh
** [[Bilaspur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency]]
** [[Bilaspur Road railway station]]

==Other uses==
* [[Bilaspur Airport]], located at the village of Chakarbhatta, outside of Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh
* [[Bilaspur University]], Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh
* Bilaspur, a fictional village in Bihar in the 1997 film ''[[Mrityudand]]''

==See also==
* [[Bilaspuri]], Indo-Aryan language spoken in Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh
* [[Bilaspur Assembly constituency (disambiguation)]]
* [[Bilaspur district (disambiguation)]]

{{disambig|geodis}}

Dhanapur, Gauriganj

2025-09-19T20:30:50Z

ChanteKates: Adding a pg added tags

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dhanapur
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Dhanāpur
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Gauriganj block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Dhanapur (#250) in Gauriganj CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.179942|N|81.632063|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here |title=Geonames Search}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ayodhya division|Ayodhya]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Amethi district|Amethi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
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| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.10
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 953
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Dhanapur''' is a village in [[Gauriganj, India|Gauriganj]] block of [[Amethi district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Sultanpur, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=181–98 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0948_PART_A_DCHB_SULTANPUR.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> As of 2011, it has a population of 953 people, in 159 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has one primary school and no healthcare facilities and does not host a permanent market or weekly [[haat]].<ref name="Census 2011"/> It belongs to the [[nyaya panchayat]] of [[Semuai]].<ref name="Census 1991"/>

The [[1951 Census of India|1951 census]] recorded Dhanapur as comprising 2 hamlets, with a total population of 282 people (139 male and 143 female), in 64 households and 61 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1951">{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1951: District Census Handbook Uttar Pradesh (49 - Rae Bareli District) |date=1955 |location=Allahabad |pages=96–7 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/843/1/52301_1951_SUL.pdf |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 157 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1951"/> 9 residents were literate, all male.<ref name="Census 1951"/> The village was listed as belonging to the [[pargana]] of [[Amethi]] and the [[thana]] of Gauriganj.<ref name="Census 1951"/>

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Dhanapur as comprising 2 hamlets, with a total population of 265 people (124 male and 141 female), in 69 households and 69 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (44 - Sultanpur District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=xl-xli |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1035/1/22847_1961_SUL.pdf |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 298 acres.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Dhanapur as having a population of 415 people, in 101 households, and having an area of 118.17 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=90–1 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1311/1/28684_1981_SUL.pdf |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were listed as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

The [[1991 Census of India|1991 census]] recorded Dhanapur as having a total population of 532 people (279 male and 253 female), in 115 households and 112 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1991">{{cite book |title=Census 1991 Series-25 Uttar Pradesh Part-XII B Village & Townwise Primary Census Abstract District Census Handbook District Raebareli |date=1992 |pages=xxiv-xxviii, 114–5 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1413/1/37121_1991_SUL.pdf |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was listed as 118.00 hectares.<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of the 0-6 age group numbered 92, or 17% of the total; this group was 49% male (45) and 51% female (47).<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of [[scheduled caste]]s numbered 175, or 33% of the village's total population, while no members of [[scheduled tribes]] were recorded.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The [[literacy rate]] of the village was 27.5% (116 men and 5 women, counting only people age 7 and up).<ref name="Census 1991"/> 127 people were classified as main workers (120 men and 7 women), while 0 people were classified as marginal workers; the remaining 405 residents were non-workers.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The breakdown of main workers by employment category was as follows: 33 cultivators (i.e. people who owned or leased their own land); 94 agricultural labourers (i.e. people who worked someone else's land in return for payment); 0 workers in livestock, forestry, fishing, hunting, plantations, orchards, etc.; 0 in mining and quarrying; 0 household industry workers; 0 workers employed in other [[manufacturing]], processing, service, and repair roles; 0 [[construction worker]]s; 0 employed in trade and commerce; 0 employed in transport, storage, and communications; and 0 in other services.<ref name="Census 1991"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Amethi district}}

[[Category:Villages in Amethi district]]

Khatiya

2025-08-16T18:37:43Z

ChanteKates: creating details!

{{Short description|Village in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Khatiya
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| pushpin_relief = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|23.654455834670635|N|68.67443916416588|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kutch district|Kutch]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]
| parts = Lakhpat
| government_type =
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| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Native
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 370627
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Khatiya''', also known as Khatia, is a village in Gujarat, India.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VMOqEAAAQBAJ |title=Kalyana Mitra: Volume 1: Archaeology |date=2023-02-01 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |language=}}</ref> It is located in Lakhpat taluka of [[Kutch district|Kutch]] district.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kuriakose |first=Ronnie |date=2024-06-06 |title=Unearthing the past |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2024/Jun/06/unearthing-the-past |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It is close to the India-Pakistan border.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2023-10-05 |title=The mysteries of a mass graveyard of early Indians |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66562257 |access-date=2024-08-11 |work=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Khatiya has received international attention in recent years due to archaeological finds pertaining to the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-22 |title=Kerala University asst prof wins Chinese Academy of Social Sciences award for discovery of Harappan cemetery in Kutch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/kerala-university-asst-prof-wins-chinese-academy-award-discovery-harappan-cemetery-kutch-9078777/ |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2024-04-08 |title=Lakhpat settlement sheds light on smaller Harappan sites |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/lakhpat-settlement-sheds-light-on-smaller-harappan-sites/articleshow/109118549.cms |access-date=2024-08-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Archaeological excavations==
In 2018, a mass burial site with about 500 graves along with many artifacts were unearthed in Khatiya. No signs of nearby settlements were found around the necropolis, which puzzled archaeologists.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-22 |title=At a Kutch Harappan graveyard, team works to unlock a mystery: Life and times of those buried |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/kutch-harappan-graveyard-team-works-to-unlock-a-mystery-life-and-times-of-those-buried-8623304/ |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-04 |title=Near Kutch Harappan graveyard, remains of a skeleton and the key to a puzzle |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/long-reads/kutch-harappan-graveyard-findings-9250132/ |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, remains of a settlement were found in Padta Bet which is situated about 1.5 km from Khatiya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=A 500-Grave Kutch Necropolis Leads To 5,700-Year-Old Harappan Settlement |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/juna-khatiya-padta-bet-a-500-grave-kutch-necropolis-leads-to-5-700-year-old-harappan-settlement-5393247 |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=George |first=Sarath Babu |date=2024-04-03 |title=Archaeological excavation reveals 5,200-year-old Harappan settlement in Kachchh, Gujarat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/archaeological-excavation-reveals-5200-year-old-harappan-settlement-in-kachchh-gujarat/article68023406.ece |access-date=2024-08-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Most burial pits had 5 to 6 pots recovered from them but one had 62. The burial structures, made from sandstone and shale, had boulders of basalt used as covering in some. Clay was used to bind the building materials.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-08 |title=Gujarat's Harappan necropolis reveal death rituals of 5,000 years ago |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarats-harappan-necropolis-reveal-death-rituals-of-5000-years-ago/articleshow/96821787.cms |access-date=2024-08-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The burial site at Juna Khatiya has yielded one intact male human skeleton plus other partly preserved skeletal remains including skull fragments, bones and teeth. Many burial artifacts such as bangles, beads made of shell, ceramic vessels, bowls, dishes, pots, small pitchers, beakers, clay pots, water cups, bottles and jars were also unearthed.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-03-12 |title=5,000-year-old human skeleton found in Kutch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/5000-year-old-human-skeletons-found-in-kutch/articleshow/68367314.cms |access-date=2024-08-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The excavation of settlement site at the hillock of Padta Bet has yielded remains of a circular structure and other rectangular structures of varying sizes and made of locally available sandstone and shales. According to [[Rajesh S. V.]], one of the leaders of the archaeological team, the presence of pottery, artifacts, and animal bone fragments are indicative of the occupation of Harappan people in the region from the Early Harappan to Late Harappan periods circa 3200 BCE to 1700 BCE, and the evidence of ceramics also indicate the presence of Early Harappan, Classical Harappan, and Late Harappan type.<ref name=":4" />

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Kutch district]]

Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role

2025-07-24T17:32:45Z

ChanteKates:

{{Short description|Award given by indiantelevision.com for best supporting female actress}}
{{Distinguish|ITA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox award
| name = [[Indian Telly Awards|Indian Telly Award]] for Best Actress in a Supporting Role | image = KetkiDave.jpg
|image_size =200
| image_upright =
| caption = The 2025 recipient: [[Ketki Dave]]
| awarded_for = Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role on Television
| presenter = [http://www.indiantelevision.com IndianTelevision.com]
| country = [[India]]
| year = 2004
| holder = *'''2025''' '''[[Ketki Dave]]''' – '''[[Pushpa Impossible]] as Kunjbala Parikh'''
| website = [http://www.indiantellyawards.com Indian Telly Awards]
}}

'''Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female''' is an [[award]] given by [https://www.indiantelevision.com/ Indiantelevision.com] as part of its annual [[Indian Telly Awards]] for TV serials, to recognize a female actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a Supporting Role.

The award was first awarded in 2004. Since 2010, the award has been separated in two categories, '''Jury Award''' and '''Popular Award'''. Winner of Jury award is chosen by the jury of critics assigned to the function while Popular Award is given on the basis of public voting.

== List of winners (Popular) ==

===2000–2009===
*'''2001''' ''Not Awarded''
*'''2002''' ''Not Awarded''
*'''2003''' ''Not Awarded''
*'''2004''' '''[[Geetanjali Tikekar]]''' – '''''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]''''' as '''Aparna Basu'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2004 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k4/winners_pop.htm|access-date=2013-12-03|archive-date=2018-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917175611/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k4/winners_pop.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2004 Popular Awards nominees|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k4/nominee.htm|access-date=2013-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016123453/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k4/nominee.htm|archive-date=2013-10-16|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Aruna Irani]] – ''[[Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand]]'' as Teji
**[[Sudha Shivpuri]] – ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' as Baa
**[[Tina Parekh]] – ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]'' as Shruti
**[[Poonam Narula]] – ''[[Kkusum]]'' as Mahi
*'''2005''' '''[[Gauri Pradhan Tejwani]]''' – '''''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''''' as '''Nandini'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2005 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/winners.htm|access-date=2013-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917175616/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/winners.htm|archive-date=2018-09-17|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2005 Popular Awards nominees|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/pop_nom.htm|access-date=2013-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025305/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/pop_nom.htm|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Tina Parekh]] – ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]'' as Shruti
**[[Suvarna Jha]] – ''[[Kaisa Ye Pyar Hai]]'' as Mishti
**[[Shweta Gulati]] – ''[[Remix (TV series)|Remix]]'' as Tia
**[[Mauli Ganguly]] – ''[[List of programs broadcast by Zee TV|Sarrkkar..Risshton Ki Ankahi Kahani]]'' as Kritika
*'''2006''' '''[[Tina Parekh]]''' – '''''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]''''' as '''Mukti'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2006 Popular Awards winners|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/nov/nov296.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2006 Popular Awards nominees|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k6/nominees.htm|access-date=2013-12-03|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213148/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k6/nominees.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Surveen Chawla]] – ''[[Kahiin To Hoga]]'' as Charu
**[[Aruna Irani]] – ''[[Vaidehi (2006 TV series)|Vaidehi – Ek Aur Agni Pareeksha]]'' as Sitadevi
**[[Vaishnavi Mahant]] – ''[[Ek Ladki Anjaani Si]]'' as Meera Sachdeva
**[[Neena Gupta]] – ''[[Saat Phere: Saloni Ka Safar|Saat Phere]]'' as Manno Bhabhi
*'''2007''' '''[[Lubna Salim]]''' – '''''[[Baa Bahoo Aur Baby]]''''' as '''Leela Thakkar'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2007 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k7/winners-list.htm|access-date=2013-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722173647/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k7/winners-list.htm|archive-date=2012-07-22|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2007 Popular Awards nominees|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k7/popular07.htm|access-date=2013-12-03|archive-date=2018-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911073650/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k7/popular07.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Jaya Bhattacharya]] – ''[[Thodi Si Zameen Thoda Sa Aasmaan]]'' as Pooja
**[[Ashlesha Sawant]] – ''[[Saat Phere: Saloni Ka Safar|Saat Phere]]'' as Tara
**[[Achint Kaur]] – ''[[Virrudh]]'' as Vedika
**[[Rakshanda Khan]] – ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' as Tanya Virani
**[[Jennifer Winget]] – ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]'' as Sneha
**[[Arunima Sharma]] – ''[[Kasamh Se]]'' as Rano
*'''2008''' '''[[Smita Bansal]]''' – '''''[[Balika Vadhu]]''''' as '''Sumitra'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2008 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k8/winners2008.htm|access-date=2013-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911083458/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k8/winners2008.htm|archive-date=2018-09-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2008 video|url=http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x7w1y1_31-december-indian-telly-awards-200_shortfilms}}</ref>
**[[Amrapali Gupta]] – ''[[Teen Bahuraaniyaan]]'' as Bindiya
**[[Arunima Sharma]] – ''[[Kasamh Se]]'' as Rani
**Aditi Sajwan – ''[[Jai Shri Krishna (TV series)|Jai Shri Krishna]]'' as Yashoda
**[[Vibha Chibber]] – ''[[Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai]]'' as Kaushalya Devi
*'''2009''' '''[[Savita Prabhune]]''' – '''''[[Pavitra Rishta]]''''' as '''Sulochana'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2009 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k9/winners/winners.htm|access-date=2013-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211052223/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k9/winners/winners.htm|archive-date=2012-02-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2009 Popular Awards nominees|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k9/nomination/nominee_list.htm|access-date=2013-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115061924/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k9/nomination/nominee_list.htm|archive-date=2016-01-15|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Vibha Anand]] – ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'' as Sugna Shyam Singh.
**[[Smita Bansal]] – ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'' as Sumitra
**[[Lata Sabharwal]] – ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai ]]'' as Rajshree Maheshwari
**[[Roopa Ganguly]] – ''[[Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Hi Kijo]]'' as Sumitra

===2010–2019===
*'''2010''' '''[[Supriya Pilgaonkar]]''' – '''''[[Sasural Genda Phool]]''''' as '''Shailja Kashyap'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2010 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k10/winners.php|access-date=2013-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016040245/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k10/winners.php|archive-date=2013-10-16|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Bhairavi Raichura]] – ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'' as Bhagwati
**[[Lata Sabharwal]] – ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai ]]'' as Rajshree Maheshwari
**[[Roopa Ganguly]] – ''[[Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Hi Kijo]]'' as Sumitra
**[[Vaishali Thakkar]] – ''[[Uttaran]]'' as Damini
*'''2011''' '''No Award'''
*'''2012''' '''[[Rupal Patel]]''' – '''''[[Saath Nibhana Saathiya]]''''' as '''Kokila Parag Modi'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2012 Popular Awards winners |url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k11/poll/winners.php |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702115232/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k11/poll/winners.php |archivedate=2 July 2012 }}</ref>
**Anjum Farooki – ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'' as Gauri Jagdish Singh
**[[Neelu Vaghela]] – ''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]'' as Santosh Arun Rathi (Bhabo)
**[[Supriya Pilgaonkar]] – ''[[Sasural Genda Phool]]'' as Shailja Kashyap
**[[Aarti Singh]] – ''[[Parichay (TV series)|Parichay – Nayee Zindagi Kay Sapno Ka]]'' as Seema Chopra
*'''2013''' '''[[Pallavi Purohit]]''' – '''''[[Madhubala - Ek Ishq Ek Junoon]]''''' as '''Padmini'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2013 Popular Awards winners |url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k13/poll/winners.php#PO4 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425010425/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k13/poll/winners.php |archivedate=2015-04-25 }}</ref>
**[[Neelu Vaghela]] – ''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]'' as Santosh Arun Rathi (Bhabo)
**[[Smita Bansal]] – ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'' as Sumitra
**[[Sonali Sachdev]] – ''[[Sanskaar – Dharohar Apno Ki]]'' as Parul Karsan Vaishav
**[[Rupal Patel]] – ''[[Saath Nibhana Saathiya]]'' as Kokila Parag Modi
*'''2014''' '''[[Rajshree Thakur]]''' – '''''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]''''' as '''Maharani Jaivantabai '''<ref name="Popular awards 2014 Jury">{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2014 Popular Awards nominees and winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/tellyawards/nominees/winners|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420095547/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/tellyawards/nominees/winners|archivedate=2016-04-20}}</ref>
**[[Neelu Vaghela]] – ''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]'' as Santosh Arun Rathi (Bhabo)
**[[Vaishali Thakkar]] – ''[[Uttaran]]'' as Damini
**[[Shafaq Naaz]] – ''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' as Kunti
**[[Mihika Verma]] – ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]'' as Mihika Iyer
*'''2019''' – '''[[Anita Hassanandani]]''' – '''[[Naagin 3]]''' as '''Vishakha'''

=== 2020 – present ===
*
*'''2023''' '''[[Supriya Pilgaonkar]]''' – '''[[Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi]] as Ishwari Dixit & Alpana Buch – [[Anupamaa]] as Leela Shah'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Telly Awards 2023 |url=https://www.indiantellyawards.com/ |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=www.indiantellyawards.com}}</ref>
*'''2025''' '''[[Ketki Dave]]''' – '''[[Pushpa Impossible]] as Kunjbala Parikh'''

== Jury Award ==

===2010===
*'''2010''' '''[[Vaishali Thakkar]]''' – '''''[[Uttaran]]''''' as '''Damini'''<ref>{{cite news|title= 10th Indian Telly Awards Main Event 2010 Part 3
|url=http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xg70wb_10th-indian-telly-awards-main-event-2010-part-3_shortfilms}}</ref>
*'''2011''' '''No Award'''
*'''2012''' '''[[Surekha Sikri]]''' – '''''[[Balika Vadhu]]''''' as '''Kalyani Devi (Dadisa)'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2011 Jury Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k13/poll/personality_awards.php|access-date=2013-12-03|archive-date=2018-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227212416/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k13/poll/personality_awards.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Bhairavi Raichura]] – ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'' as Bhagwati
**[[Smita Bansal]] – ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'' as Sumitra
**[[Kamya Panjabi]] – ''[[Maryada: Lekin Kab Tak?]]'' as Uttara
**[[Supriya Pilgaonkar]] – ''[[Sasural Genda Phool]]'' as Shailja Kashyap
*'''2013''' '''[[Neelu Vaghela]]''' – '''''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]''''' as '''Santosh Arun Rathi (Bhabo)'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2013 Jury Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k11/poll/winner_detail.php?catstat=0&category=PO|access-date=2013-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822002543/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k11/poll/winner_detail.php?catstat=0&category=PO|archive-date=2015-08-22|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**
**[[Alka Amin]] – ''[[Parichay (TV series)|Parichay – Nayee Zindagi Kay Sapno Ka]]'' as Veena Chopra
**[[Zarina Wahab]] – ''[[Gumrah: End of Innocence]]'' as Sawant Daggar
**[[Jayati Bhatia]] – ''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]'' as Nirmala Devi Bhardwaj
**[[Tarana Raja Kapoor]] – ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]'' as Neha Vikram Shergill
*'''2014''' '''[[Shabana Azmi]]''' – '''''[[24 (Indian TV series)]]''''' as '''Abhilasha Grewal'''<ref name="Telly awards 2014 Jury">{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2014 Jury Awards nominees/winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/tellyawards/2014/index/pages/personality-jury|access-date=2014-11-02|archive-date=2014-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106031229/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/tellyawards/2014/index/pages/personality-jury|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Vaishali Thakkar]] – ''[[Uttaran]]'' as Damini
**[[Rajshree Thakur]] – ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]'' as Maharani Jaivantabai
**[[Vaishnavi Mahant]] – ''[[Sapne Suhane Ladakpan Ke]]'' as Shail Dayal Garg
**[[Shama Deshpande]] – ''[[Madhubala - Ek Ishq Ek Junoon]]'' as Radha Kundra
*'''2019 [[Poorva Gokhale]] – [[Tujhse Hai Raabta]] as Anupriya Deshmukh''' and '''[[Mohena Singh]] – [[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]] as Keerti Singhania'''

===2023===
*'''2023 [[Anjum Fakih]] – [[Kundali Bhagya]] as Sristhi Arora'''

== Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Comedy) ==

===Popular===
*'''2014''' '''[[F.I.R. (TV series)|Sapna Sikarwar]]''' – '''''[[F.I.R. (TV series)|F.I.R]]''''' <ref name="Popular awards 2014 Jury"/>
**[[Kanika Maheshwari]] – ''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]'' as Meenakshi Vikram Rathi
**[[Debina Bonnerjee]] – ''[[Chidiya Ghar]]'' as Mayuri
**[[Sumona Chakravarti]] – ''[[Comedy Nights with Kapil]]'' as Manju
**[[Upasana Singh]] – ''[[Comedy Nights with Kapil]]'' as Pinky Bua
*'''2015''' '''[[Manasi Parekh]]''' – '''''[[Sumit Sambhal Lega]]'' as Maya Walia'''
**Sumona Chakravathy – Comedy Nights with Kapil as Manju
**[[Anita Kanwal]] – Zindagi Abhi Baaki Hai Mere Ghost as Dadi
**Bharti Singh – Comedy Nights Bachao
**Upasana Singh – Comedy Nights with Kapil as Bua

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Indian Telly Award Best Supporting Actress}}
{{Indian Telly Awards}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role}}
[[Category:Indian Telly Awards]]

Kochi New Bypass

2025-06-08T19:37:25Z

ChanteKates:

{{distinguish|Kochi Bypass}}
{{Short description|Proposed NH bypass in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{infobox road
| header_type = UC
| country = IND
| name = Kochi New Bypass
| translation = കൊച്ചി പുതിയ ബൈപ്പാസ്
| lang = ml
| maint = [[National Highways Authority of India|NHAI]]
| map =
| map_alt =
| map_notes =
| length_km = 47
| established =
| districts = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| history =
| direction_a = South
| direction_b = North
| terminus_a = [[Kundannoor]]
| terminus_b = [[Angamaly]]
| cities = [[Kochi]]
| photo =
| photo_notes =
| junction =
| formed =
}}

The '''Kochi New Bypass''' also known as '''Angamaly-Kundannoor Bypass''' is a proposed [[Controlled-access highway|partially-controlled-greenfield corridor]] or highway in the [[Ernakulam district]], [[Kerala]], India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-17 |title=NHAI approves Angamaly-Kundannur greenfield NH bypass |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/nhai-approves-angamaly-kundannur-greenfield-nh-bypass/article66275073.ece |access-date=2023-06-26 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The highway will pass through sparsely populated areas avoiding [[Kochi|Kochi city]] completely and is expected to reduce the traffic on the [[National Highway 544 (India)|NH 544]] and [[National Highway 66 (India)|NH 66]]. It will begin at Karayamparambu on the northern side of [[Angamaly]] on NH 544 and end at south of the NH 66 at [[Kundannoor]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-27 |title=Kundannoor-Angamaly NH Bypass needs 280 hectares from 17 villages |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/kundannoor-angamaly-nh-bypass-needs-280-hectares-from-17-villages/article66560656.ece |access-date=2023-06-26 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Background==
[[Angamaly|Angamali]]-[[Aluva]]-[[Edappally|Edapally]] stretch and [[Kochi Bypass|Edapally-Arur Bypass]] are a part of [[National Highway 544 (India)|NH-544]] and [[National Highway 66 (India)|NH-66]] respectively. Presently, the easy route for vehicles coming from Angamali to enter [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]] is by crossing the narrow [[Marthanda Varma Bridge|Marthandavarma bridge]] at Aluva as well as [[Edappally]], which is one of the busiest junctions in the state. There are also more than ten traffic signals on the 23 km stretch from Angamaly to Edappally.<ref>{{Cite web |title=കുണ്ടന്നൂർ-അങ്കമാലി ബൈപ്പാസിനായി വേണ്ടത് 17 വില്ലേജുകളിലെ 280 ഹെക്ടർ ഭൂമി; നഷ്ടപരിഹാരമായി ലഭിക്കുക എത്രയെന്ന് അറിയാം |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/local-news/ernakulam/kundannoor-angamaly-nh-bypass-need-280-hectares-land-kochi/articleshow/98289191.cms |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref> The Angamali–Kundannoor Bypass was proposed in order to reduce the traffic congestion in this stretch as well as to reduce the travelling time between Angamaly and [[Kundannoor]]. It is reported that while it takes up to an hour and a half to cover this distance on the existing national highway, the journey can be completed in half an hour through the new bypass.<ref>{{Cite web |title=കൊച്ചിയിൽ വരുന്നത് 3 പുതിയ ട്രംപെറ്റ് ഫ്ലൈഓവറുകൾ. നഗരത്തിരക്ക് കുറക്കാൻ സെമി ആക്സസ് കണ്ട്രോൾഡ് ബൈപ്പാസ് |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/local-news/ernakulam/greenfield-angamaly-kundannoor-bypass-three-trumpet-flyover/articleshow/98565817.cms |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>

==Overview==
The proposed bypass will be 10 km inland from the existing route and will have no major towns or junctions. The project will be completed as a six lane greenfield highway by acquiring the land avoiding residential areas as much as possible.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-02-17 |title=NHAI fixes alignment for proposed Angamaly-Kundannoor NH Bypass |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/nhai-fixes-alignment-for-proposed-angamaly-kundannoor-nh-bypass/article22786470.ece |access-date=2023-06-26 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The bypass is expected to decongest Angamali, Aluva and the [[Kochi Bypass|Kochi bypass]]. It will have service roads on both sides. According to reports, it will be constructed with underpasses completely avoiding junctions and signals.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-18 |title=Angamaly-Kundannoor bypass gets Centre's nod |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/angamaly-kundannoor-bypass-gets-centres-nod/articleshow/96313689.cms |access-date=2023-06-26 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The preliminary alignment of the bypass was prepared with the help of a private agency. The central government gave approval for the construction of the bypass in December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=അങ്കമാലി- കുണ്ടന്നൂർ ബൈപാസ് കേന്ദ്രാനുമതിയായി |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/ernakulam/2022/12/18/angamaly-kundanur-bypass-centrally-approved.html |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=www.manoramaonline.com}}</ref>

==Route description==
The 47 km highway starts from Karayamparampu in Angamaly and passes through 17 villages in Aluva, [[Kunnathunad]] and [[Kanayannur|Kanayannoor]] taluks. It runs parallel to the [[Main Central Road|MC road]] along the southern side and passes through [[Marampilly|Marampally]] and [[Ponjassery]] regions and passes through [[Pattimattom|Pattimatam]]. A new six-lane bridge will also be constructed across [[Periyar River|Periyar river]]. From here, moving southwards, it will cross the existing [[National Highway 85 (India)|NH-85]] near [[Puthencruz|Puthankurish]] and turn in a westerly direction. It then runs south of [[Thrippunithura|Tripunithura]] and reach Kundannoor to join the current NH-66.<ref>{{Cite web |title=കൊച്ചിയിലെ കുരുക്ക് പേടിക്കേണ്ട, തൃശൂരിൽ നിന്ന് ആലപ്പുഴയിലെത്താൻ പുതിയ ബൈപ്പാസ്; അങ്കമാലി - കുണ്ടന്നൂർ ബൈപ്പാസ് ഇങ്ങനെ |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/latest-news/kerala-news/nhai-approved-new-kochi-bypass-allignment-from-angamaly-to-kundannoor-to-decongest-nh544/articleshow/96363005.cms |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref> The proposed [[Kochi–Theni Greenfield Highway|Kochi-Theni Industrial Corridor]] will meet at Puthankurish on this highway.

==See also==
* [[Kochi Bypass]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{NH Bypasses in Kerala}}
{{Kochi (India) topics}}

[[Category:NH bypasses in Kerala]]
[[Category:Proposed roads in India]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Kerala]]
[[Category:Roads in Kerala]]
[[Category:Roads in Ernakulam district]]

Vijay Kapoor (director)

2025-06-07T13:30:40Z

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#REDIRECT [[Vijay Kapoor]]

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V. Rajagopalacharlu

2025-05-27T23:16:23Z

ChanteKates: started new page...

{{Short description|Indian lawyer, jurist, and Hindu religious reformer}}

{{Notability|1=Biographies|date=April 2024}}
'''V. Rajagopalacharlu''' (1830–1868) was an Indian lawyer, jurist, and Hindu religious reformer, who was one of the first Indians in the colonial epoch to achieve wealth and renown in the courts of British India, accomplishing both alongside his brother, [[V. Sadagopacharlu]], in the [[Madras Presidency|judicial system of the Madras Presidency]], in which they were leading [[Vakil]]s. He also was an advocate of [[Hindu reform movements|religious reform within Hinduism]], as the primary exponent of the [[Brahmo Samaj|Brahmo Samaj movement]] in South India.

== Career ==
The brothers practiced before the appellate Sudder Court and its cassation court, the Supreme Court, operated in [[Civil law (legal system)|civil]] matters by the [[British East India|British East India Company]] under the aegis and authority of the [[Mughal emperor]]s, and administering [[customary law]] in both [[Hindu law|Hindu]] and [[Muslim personal law|Muslim]] varieties, as selected and interpreted by learned [[Brahmin]] [[Pandit]]s and [[Ulema]] known as [[Maulana|Maulvis]] respectively, and decided by British judicial officers they instructed accordingly, referring in the former case to [[Dharmaśāstra|Dharmaśāstric canons]] pursuant to the commentary and supercommentary of [[Jīmūtavāhana]]'s [[Dāyabhāga]] [[Nyaya|Nyāyika]] school of law, observed in Bengal, and [[Vijñāneśvara]]'s [[Mitākṣarā]] [[Mīmāṃsā]]ka school of law, which prevailed everywhere else. The latter took as authoritative [[Hanafi school|Hanafi jurisprudence]]. Legal advocacy of Vakils and [[Barrister]]s, and the same bodies of law, were preserved in the succeeding [[High Court of Madras]] after the 1857 Indian rebellion resulted in Parliament's [[Crown rule in India|supersession and dissolution of the Company]], with it enacting the [[Indian High Courts Act 1861]] and [[Queen Victoria]] accordingly creating the new High Court the following year.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2013-02-12 |title=A home of law |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-home-of-law/article4404936.ece |access-date=2024-03-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Both brothers, members of the [[Vembaukum family]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gopalratnam |first=V. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S4FKAQAAIAAJ |title=A Century Completed: A History of the Madras High Court, 1862–1962 |date=1962 |publisher=Madras Law Journal Office |language=en}}</ref> which had first risen to prominence in the early nineteenth century with the [[dubash]], grain merchant, and shipowner V. Krishna Aiyar, were associated with zamindari litigation, including that of the 2,351-square-mile [[Ramnad estate|Estate of Ramnad]], a former kingdom with more than half a million tenants and almost 800,000 rupees in revenues. In the courts, Ramnad secured the transmitting of its succession by [[adoption]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Price |first=Pamela G. |date=July 1979 |title=Raja-dharma in 19th century south India: land, litigation and largess in Ramnad Zamindari |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/006996677901300203 |journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=207–239 |doi=10.1177/006996677901300203 |issn=0069-9667|url-access=subscription }}</ref> frustrating application of the [[Doctrine of lapse]], with Sadagopacharlu earning 150,000 rupees through the process,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Price |first=Pamela G. |title=Kingship and political practice in colonial India |date=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-55247-9 |series=University of Cambridge oriental publications |location=Cambridge; New York}}</ref> at a time when the typical remuneration for a High Court lawyer involved in a case was 10,000 rupees. Of the two, Rajagopalacharlu was reported to be "even more brilliant" than his brother, and was noted as an authority on and occasional composer of [[Carnatic music]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2012-11-05 |title=The tragedy at Vembakkam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-metroplus/the-tragedy-at-vembakkam/article4067612.ece |access-date=2024-03-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and as a skilled [[Hypnosis|hypnotist]], photographer and [[marksman]].<ref name=":1" />

He had two sons, who followed him and their uncle into law, apprenticing with their celebrated cousin [[V. Bhashyam Aiyangar|Sir V. Bhashyam Aiyangar]]: [[V. C. Desikachariar|Sir V. C. Desikachariar]], father to lawyer and legal historian [[V. C. Gopalratnam|V. C Gopalratnam]], and V. C. Seshachariar, founder and editor of the legal publication ''Law Weekly,'' which is still published by the Vembaukum family''.'' One of the most storied of the Vembaukum family mansions in Mylapore, within the city of Madras, was Vasantha Vilas ("Abode of Spring"), which he built to supply agricultural laborers with work during a time of extreme drought, the [[Great Famine of 1876–1878]], under a relief scheme enacted by the Presidency.<ref name=":0" /> His widow and sons relocated to the mansion after Rajagopacharlu's death in 1878 at the age of thirty-eight, reportedly from despair, three months after accidentally shooting and killing his brother-in-law as the two of them hunted near [[Vembakkam block|Vembakkam lake]].<ref name=":1" /> Certain of his creditors mistakenly pursued the Brahmo Samaj for his debts, believing it to be the recipient of personal funds invested by him, which caused some trouble for the organization. Sadagopacharlu had also died young, earlier in the decade, at thirty-five, in 1863.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Madras Presidency]]
[[Category:1830 births]]
[[Category:1868 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian lawyers]]

Saving Our Vanishing Heritage

2025-05-09T13:26:40Z

ChanteKates: started new details...

{{italic title}}
'''''Saving Our Vanishing Heritage: Safeguarding Endangered Cultural Heritage Sites in the Developing World''''' was a report released by [[Global Heritage Fund]] on October 17, 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://globalheritagefund.org/what_we_do/introduction |title=GHF |publisher=Global Heritage Fund |accessdate=2012-03-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705231526/http://globalheritagefund.org/what_we_do/introduction |archivedate=2012-07-05 }}</ref> It illuminated five accelerating man-made threats facing global heritage sites in developing countries: development pressures, unsustainable tourism, insufficient management, looting, and war and conflict.

Based on these threats, the report surveyed 500 major archaeological and heritage sites in developing countries to evaluate current loss and destruction, conservation and development. It identified nearly 200 of these sites as "At Risk” or “Under Threat,” and the following 12 as “On the Verge” of irreparable loss and destruction:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://globalheritagefund.org/index.php/what_we_do/sites_on_the_verge/ |title=GHF |publisher=Global Heritage Fund |accessdate=2012-03-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820022935/http://globalheritagefund.org/index.php/what_we_do/sites_on_the_verge/ |archivedate=2012-08-20 }}</ref>

* [[Bangladesh]]’s [[Mahasthangarh]]
* [[Guatemala]]’s [[El Mirador|Mirador]]
* [[Haiti]]’s [[Sans-Souci Palace]]
* [[India]]’s [[Maluti|Maluti Temples]]
* [[Iraq]]’s [[Nineveh]]
* [[Kenya]]’s [[Lamu]]
* [[Cyprus]]’ [[Famagusta]]
* [[Pakistan]]’s [[Taxila]]
* [[Palestine]]’s [[Hisham's Palace|Hisham’s Palace]]
* [[Philippines]]’ [[Intramuros]] and [[Fort Santiago]]
* [[Turkey]]’s [[Ani]]
* [[Ukraine]]’s [[Chersonesos Taurica|Chersonesos]]

The report's editorial committee was composed of 24 experts in global heritage conservation and sustainable development from leading universities, institutions and international agencies, including the [[World Archaeological Congress]], [[Archaeological Institute of America]], [[ICOMOS|ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites)]], [[Stanford University]], [[the University of Pennsylvania]], [[University College of London]], and others.

The report has garnered much attention from major media, including [[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/10/photogalleries/101023-ancient-landmarks-vanishing-global-heritage-report-pictures/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101025131852/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/10/photogalleries/101023-ancient-landmarks-vanishing-global-heritage-report-pictures/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 25, 2010 |title=Pictures: 12 Ancient Landmarks on Verge of Vanishing |publisher=News.nationalgeographic.com |date=2010-10-23 |accessdate=2012-03-24}}</ref> [[CNN]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/10/18/vanishing.historic.sites/ |title=Report: Ancient ruins worldwide 'on verge of vanishing' |publisher=CNN |date=2010-10-18 |accessdate=2012-03-24}}</ref> [[Wall Street Journal]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Chow |first=Jason |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304510704575561460705107040 |title=The world's vanishing history - WSJ.com |publisher=Online.wsj.com |date=2010-10-21 |accessdate=2012-03-24}}</ref> [[Reuters]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Debusmann |first=Bernd |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE69H30320101018 |title=Over 200 cultural heritage sites at risk: study |publisher=Reuters |date= 2010-10-18|accessdate=2012-03-24}}</ref> [[Huffington Post]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/10/20/global-heritage-fund-rele_n_769694.html |title=Global Heritage Fund Releases List of Endangered Places Around The World (PHOTOS) |publisher=Huffingtonpost.com |date= 2010-10-20|accessdate=2012-03-24 |first=Kate |last=Auletta}}</ref> [[MSNBC]],<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39727035/ns/travel-destination_travel/ ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101022131339/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39727035/ns/travel-destination_travel/ |date=October 22, 2010 }}</ref> [[USA Today]],<ref>{{cite news|author=with Kitty Bean Yancey, Laura Bly and Jayne Clark |url=http://travel.usatoday.com/destinations/dispatches/post/2010/10/what-are-the-worlds-most-endangered-cultural-heritage-sites/125893/1 |title=What are the world's most endangered cultural heritage sites? - USATODAY.com |publisher=Travel.usatoday.com |date=2010-10-18 |accessdate=2012-03-24}}</ref> and more.

==See also==

*[[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists]]
*[[World Heritage Site]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://globalheritagefund.org/vanishing}}

[[Category:2010 documents]]
[[Category:Historic preservation]]
[[Category:Nineveh]]