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Jantar Mantar, New Delhi

2026-10-11T14:43:09Z

Channel500k:

{{Short description|Historical place in New Delhi}}
{{Other uses|Jantar Mantar (disambiguation)}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}{{Infobox historic site
| other_name = Misra Yantra
| image = Jantar Mantar, New Delhi (Misra Yantra).jpg
| image_size =
| alt =Jamtar mantar
| caption = [[Misra Yantra]] at Jantar Mantar
| locmapin = India Delhi#India
| map_relief =
| map_width =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|28.6271|77.2164|type:landmark|display=inline,title|format=dms}}
| coord_ref =
| type = [[Observatory]]
| etymology =
| location = [[New Delhi]], India
| nearest_city = [[New Delhi]]
| area =
| elevation =
| height = {{convert|723|ft}}
| beginning_label =
| beginning_date =
| formed =
| founded =
| founder = [[Jai Singh II|Maharaja Jai Singh II]]
| built = 1724
| built_for =
| original_use =
| demolished =
| rebuilt =
| restored =
| restored_by =
| current_use =
| architect =
| sculptor =
| architecture =
| visitors_num =
| visitors_year =
| visitors_ref =
| governing_body =
| owner =
| website = [http://www.jantarmantar.org/ Official website]
}}

'''Jantar Mantar''' is located in the modern city of New Delhi. "Jantar Mantar" means "instruments for measuring the harmony of the heavens".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=GURJAR|first=ROHIT|date=2017-02-10|title=JAIPUR JANTAR MANTAR :WORLDS LARGEST SUNDIAL|url=https://medium.com/@rohitgurjar009/jaipur-jantar-mantar-worlds-largest-sundial-743afe26d0eb|access-date=2020-12-15|website=Medium|language=en}}</ref> It consists of 13 architectural [[astronomical|astronomy]] instruments. The site is one of five built by [[Maharaja]] [[Jai Singh II]] of [[Jaipur]], from 1723 onwards, revising the calendar and astronomical tables. Jai Singh, born in 1688 into a royal [[Rajput]] family that ruled the regional kingdom, was born into an era of education that maintained a keen interest in astronomy. There is a plaque fixed on one of the structures in the [[Jantar Mantar]] observatory in [[New Delhi]] that was placed there in 1910 mistakenly dating the construction of the complex to the year 1710. Later research, though, suggests 1724 as the actual year of construction. Its height is {{convert|723|ft}}.

The primary purpose of the observatory was to compile astronomical tables, and to predict the times and movements of the sun, moon and planets. Some of these purposes nowadays would be classified as [[astronomy]].

Completed in 1724, the Delhi Jantar Mantar had decayed considerably by 1857 uprising. The Ram Yantra, the Samrat Yantra, the Jai Prakash Yantra and the Misra Yantra are the distinct instruments of Jantar Mantar. The most famous of these structure, the Jaipur, had also deteriorated by the end of the nineteenth century until in 1901 Maharaja Ram Singh set out to restore the instrument.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Jantar Mantar|url=https://www.wmf.org/project/jantar-mantar|access-date=2020-12-15|website=World Monuments Fund|language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Jantar Mantar located in New Delhi is built by Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jaipur in the year 1724. The maharaja built five observatories during his ruling time in the 18th century. Among these five the one in Delhi was the first to be built. The other four observatories are located in Ujjain, Mathura, Varanasi, and Jaipur.

The objective behind the construction of these observatories was to assemble astronomical data and to accurately predict the movement of the planets, moon, sun, etc. in the solar system. It was one of its kind at the time it was built. By the year 1867, when India was under the British Raj, the observatory had undergone considerable decay.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-28|title=Jantar Mantar in Delhi: Information, Facts, History, Timings, Entry Fee|url=https://www.fabhotels.com/blog/jantar-mantar-delhi/|access-date=2021-09-30|website=FabHotels Travel Blog|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Purpose of individual structures==

The 4 distinct instruments within the observatory of [[Jantar Mantar]] in [[New Delhi]]: the Samrat Yantra, the Jayaprakash, Rama Yantra and the [[Misra Yantra]].

* Samrat Yantra: The Samrat Yantra, or Supreme Instrument, is a giant triangle that is basically an equal hour sundial. It is 70 feet high, 114 feet long at the base, and 10 feet thick. It has a {{convert|128|ft|m|adj=mid|ih-long}} hypotenuse that is parallel to the Earth's axis and points toward the [[North Pole]]. On either side of the triangle is a quadrant with graduations indicating hours, minutes, and seconds. At the time of the Samrat Yantra's construction, sundials already existed, but the Samrat Yantra turned the basic hug sundial into a precision tool for measuring declination and other related coordinates of various heavenly bodies. The Vrihat Samrat Yantra can calculate the local time at an accuracy of up to two seconds and is considered the world's largest sundial.<ref name=":0" />
* Jaya Prakash Yantra: The Jaya Prakash consists of hollowed out hemispheres with markings on their concave surfaces. Crosswires were stretched between points on their rim. From inside the [[Ram (building)|Ram]], an observer could align the position of a star with various markings or a window's edge. This is one of the most versatile and complex instruments that can give the coordinates of celestial objects in multiple systems- the Azimuthal-altitude system and the Equatorial coordinate system. This allowed for the easy conversation of the popular celestial system.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Jaipur's Jantar Mantar: Legacy of an Astronomer-King|url=https://www.livehistoryindia.com/history-daily/2020/05/01/jantar-mantar|access-date=2020-12-15|website=livehistoryindia.com|language=en}}</ref>
* Rama Yantra: Two large cylindrical structures with open top, used to measure the altitude of stars based on the latitude and the longitude on the earth.
* Misra Yantra: The [[Misra Yantra]] (Literally mixed instrument) is a composition of 5 instruments designed as a tool to determine the shortest and longest days of the year. It could also be used to indicate the exact moment of noon in various cities and locations regardless of their distance from Delhi. The Misra yantra was able to indicate when it was noon in various cities all over the world and was the only structure in the observatory not invented by [[Jai Singh II]].
*Shasthansa Yantra: Using a pinhole camera mechanism, it has been built within the towers that support the quadrant scales. It is used to measure specific measurements of the sun such as the zenith distance, declination, and diameter of the sun.<ref name=":2" />
*Kapala Yantra: Built on the same principle as the jai Prakash, the instrument is used more as a demonstration to indicate the transformation of one coordinate system to another. Not used for active celestial observation.<ref name=":2" />
*Rasivalya Yantra: Twelve of these structure where built, each referring to the zodiacal constellations by measuring the latitude and longitude of a celestial object at the very moment the celestial object crosses the meridian.<ref name=":2" />

==Other observatories==
Between 1727 and 1734 [[Jai Singh II]] built five similar observatories in west-central India, all known by the name Jantar Mantar. They are located at
* [[Jantar Mantar (Jaipur)|Jaipur]],
* [[Ujjain]],
* [[Mathura]], and
* [[Jantar Mantar, Varanasi|Varanasi]].
While the purpose of the Jantar Mantar was astronomy and astrology ([[Jyotish]]), they are also a major tourist attraction and a significant monument of the history of astronomy.

== Events and protests ==
In October 2026, Jantar Mantar was the designated site for demonstrations organized by the Cockroach Janta Party (CJP) demanding the resignation of Chief Election Commissioner Gyanesh Kumar.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Trivedi |first=Saurabh |date=10 October 2026 |title=Dhruv Rathee detained ahead of protest at Jantar Mantar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/dhruv-rathee-detained-cec-gyanesh-kumar-jantar-mantar-protest-updates/article71567131.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=11 October 2026}}</ref> Ahead of the planned gathering, Delhi Police implemented widespread security restrictions around the complex and detained thousands of participants, including YouTuber Dhruv Rathee.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 October 2026 |title=Dhruv Rathee Detained from Gurugram Residence Ahead of Delhi Protest |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/dhruv-rathee-detained-from-gurugram-residence-ahead-of-delhi-protest/ |work=DD News |access-date=11 October 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 October 2026 |title=Delhi protest: YouTuber Dhruv Rathee released from detention |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-protest-youtuber-dhruv-rathee-released-from-detention/article71570635.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=11 October 2026}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Oriental Scenery Part 5 Fig 19.jpg|The Jantar Mantar, ca. 1790 by [[Thomas Daniell]]
File:Oriental Scenery Part 5 Fig 20.jpg|Another view by Thomas Daniell
File:Jantar Mantar observatory in Delhi in 1858.jpg|The Jantar Mantar in 1858, damaged by fighting during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
File:Jantar Mantar Delhi 27-05-2005.jpg|Jantar Mantar, New Delhi
File:Jantar Mantar, New Delhi (Samrat Yantra 1).jpg|West tower of Samrat Yantra
File:Jantar Mantar, New Delhi (Samrat Yantra).jpg|Centre tower Samrat Yantra
File:Jantar Mantar, New Delhi (Samrat Yantra 2).jpg|East tower Samrat Yantra
File:Jantar Mantar, New Delhi (Rama Yantra 2).jpg|Rama Yantra (North of the two Rama Yantra)
File:Jantar Mantar, New Delhi (Rama Yantra 2 inside).jpg|Inside view of Rama Yantra 2 of Jantar Mantar
File:Jantar Mantar - Rama Yantra - Inside View.jpg|Inside view of Rama Yantra of Jantar Mantar Closeup
File:Jantar Mantar - Rama Yantra - Detailed View.jpg|Inside view of Rama Yantra of Jantar Mantar Details
File:Jantar Mantar - Shastansh Yantra - East view.jpg|Shastansh Yantra - East Side
File:Jantar Mantar - Shastansh Yantra - West view.jpg|Shastansh Yantra - West Side
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of astronomical observatories]]
* [[Mantras]]
* [[Rajput architecture]]
* [[Tantra]]
* [[Yantra]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[http://www.jantarmantar.org/ Introduction] www.jantarmantar.org.
*Awake (2005). Jantar Mantar An Observatory Without Telescopes. ''Awake,86'' (13),18-20.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120214225345/http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019PHO000000394U00044000 Jantar Mantar] British Library

==Further reading==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161220201045/http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/gem-projects/hm/0203-1-07-jantar_mantar.pdf Comprehensive report on history and instrument design at Jantar Mantar]
* Sharma, Virendra Nath (1995). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=QRA2mgZnXXMC Sawai Jai Singh and his astronomy]''. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd. {{ISBN|81-208-1256-5}}.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150815174431/http://jantarmantar.org/JmArticles.html Articles on Jantar Mantar]

==External links==
* [http://www.jantarmantar.org/ Jantar Mantar – The Astronomical Observatories of Jai Singh II]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081005231835/http://www.josephclarke.net/?p=17 Observations on Jantar Mantar in New Delhi]
* [http://places.wonobo.com/delhi/jantar-mantar/926318/interior Step Inside Jantar Mantar in New Delhi] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20140311113302/http://places.wonobo.com/delhi/jantar-mantar/926318/interior |date=11 March 2014 }}
* [http://www.indiascience.in/detail.php?vid=275 Architectural Astronomy Instruments] (video in English)
* [http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/102005485 Jantar Mantar—An Observatory Without Telescopes] (in English)
* [http://wol.jw.org/hi/wol/d/r108/lp-hi/102005485 जंतर मंतर—बगैर टेलिस्कोप की वेधशाला] (in Hindi)

{{Delhi landmarks}}
{{Delhi}}
{{Indian mathematics}}
{{Indian astronomy}}
{{Telescopes and Observatories in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1724 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Archaeoastronomy]]
[[Category:Archaeological monuments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Astronomical observatories in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1724]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Delhi]]
[[Category:New Delhi]]
[[Category:Rajput architecture]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Delhi]]

Dhruv Rathee

2026-10-11T14:35:23Z

Channel500k: Added details regarding Dhruv Rathee's detention by Delhi Police during a protest in New Delhi and subsequent release.

{{Short description|Indian influencer and activist (born 1994)}}{{Redirect|Rathee}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{infobox youtuber
| name = Dhruv Rathee
| logo =
| image = File:Dhruv Rathee (cropped).jpg
| caption = Rathee in 2019
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1994|10|08}}
| birth_place = [[Rohtak, Haryana]], India
| education = [[Karlsruhe Institute of Technology]]<br>([[Bachelor of Science|BSc]], [[Master of Science|MSc]])
| occupation = {{hlist|[[YouTuber]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/culture/year-comedians-took-politics-seriously|title=The Year Indian Comedians Took Politics Seriously|website=The Wire|access-date=7 July 2020|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708011724/https://thewire.in/culture/year-comedians-took-politics-seriously|url-status=live}}</ref>|[[Vlogger]]|[[Activist]]}}
| spouse = {{marriage |Juli Lbr|24 November 2021}}
| children = 1
| website = {{URL|https://dhruvrathee.com|dhruvrathee.com}}
| youtube_handle = dhruvrathee
| youtube_display_name = Dhruv Rathee
| youtube_handle2 = dhruvratheevlogs
| youtube_display_name2 = Dhruv Rathee Vlogs
| youtube_handle3 = drshorts
| youtube_display_name3 = Dhruv Rathee Shorts
| youtube_years_active = 2014–present
| youtube_genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Political commentary]]
* [[news]]
* [[vlogs]]}}
| youtube_subscribers = 31.2 million (main channel)<br />
{{Rounddown|{{Sum|31.2|4.45|3.45}}|2}} million (combined){{efn|
Subscribers, broken down by channel:{{blist
|31.2 million (Dhruv Rathee)
|4.85 million (Dhruv Rathee Shorts)
|3.45 million (Dhruv Rathee Vlogs)}}
}}
| youtube_views = 5.22 billion (main channel)<br />
{{Rounddown|{{Sum|3.65|1.89|0.52}}|2}} billion (combined){{efn|
Views, broken down by channel:{{blist
|5.22 billion (Dhruv Rathee)
|2.30 billion (Dhruv Rathee Shorts)
|603 million (Dhruv Rathee Vlogs)}}
}}
| stats_update = 22 February 2026
}}

'''Dhruv Rathee''' (born 8 October 1994, {{IPA|hi|d̪ʰrʊʋ raːʈʰiː}}) is an Indian [[Activist|influencer]] and [[activism|social media activist]] based in [[Berlin]], Germany. He is known for his [[YouTuber|YouTube]] videos on social, political, and environmental issues. As of June 2025, he has over 36 million subscribers and 7 billion views across all of his channels.

== Early life and education ==
Dhruv Rathee was born on 8 October 1994 to a Haryanvi [[Hindu]] family in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Haryana]]. He completed his primary education in Haryana before pursuing higher education in Germany, completing a [[bachelor's degree]] in [[mechanical engineering]] and a master's degree in [[renewable energy]] from the [[Karlsruhe Institute of Technology]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Persistence and patience are the hallmarks of success': YouTuber Dhruv Rathee |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2020/jun/07/interview--persistence-and-patience-are-the-hallmarks-of-success-youtuber-dhruv-rathee-2152288.html |access-date=12 February 2023|website=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=6 June 2020 |archive-date=12 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212091245/https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2020/jun/07/interview--persistence-and-patience-are-the-hallmarks-of-success-youtuber-dhruv-rathee-2152288.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="freepress">{{cite web |title=From 'practising Hindu atheist' to 'All Lives Matter': Who exactly is Dhruv Rathee? |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/from-practising-hindu-atheist-to-all-lives-matter-who-exactly-is-dhruv-rathee |access-date=9 June 2020 |website=[[Free Press Journal]] |language=en |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609093045/https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/from-practising-hindu-atheist-to-all-lives-matter-who-exactly-is-dhruv-rathee |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==
Rathee is mainly known for his political videos,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Year Indian Comedians Took Politics Seriously |url=https://thewire.in/culture/year-comedians-took-politics-seriously |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708011724/https://thewire.in/culture/year-comedians-took-politics-seriously |archive-date=8 July 2020 |access-date=7 July 2020 |website=The Wire}}</ref> which mainly contain [[fact-checking]] and explanatory content.<ref name="time2">{{cite magazine |last1=Rajvanshi |first1=Astha |title=Fact-Checking Indian Media Is Tough. Dhruv Rathee Uses Youtube to Do It |url=https://time.com/collection/next-generation-leaders/6317267/dhruv-rathee/ |magazine=[[TIME]] |access-date=6 October 2023 |language=en |date=5 October 2023 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005232110/https://time.com/collection/next-generation-leaders/6317267/dhruv-rathee/ |url-status=live }}</ref> According to ''[[ThePrint]]'', Rathee was one of the first Indian users to use YouTube as a political platform. He began uploading travel videos in 2013, but by the end of the year, he shifted his focus towards political and social topics.<ref name="freepress2">{{Cite web |title=Who Is YouTuber Dhruv Rathee? Indian Creator's Net Worth Is Rs 27 crore, Takes Home Rs 48 Lakh Every Month |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/who-is-youtuber-dhruv-rathee-indian-creator-whose-recent-dictatorship-in-india-video-is-going-viral |access-date=23 March 2024 |website=[[Free Press Journal]] |language=en}}</ref>

Alongside his serious content, Rathee launched ''Pee News'', a satirical "[[fake news]]" segment.<ref name=scroll>{{cite web |last1=Ghosh |first1=Devarsi |title=Meet Dhruv Rathee, the 23-year-old YouTuber whose videos are infuriating Modi's admirers |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/878470/meet-dhruv-rathee-the-23-year-old-youtuber-who-is-fighting-the-right-wing-one-video-at-a-time |website=Scroll.in |date=16 May 2018 |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608122330/https://scroll.in/magazine/878470/meet-dhruv-rathee-the-23-year-old-youtuber-who-is-fighting-the-right-wing-one-video-at-a-time |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, from 2017 until early 2020, Rathee wrote opinion columns for ''[[ThePrint]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dhruv Rathee, Author at ThePrint |url=https://theprint.in/author/dhruv-rathee/ |website=ThePrint |date=11 February 2020 |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=23 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423145903/https://theprint.in/author/dhruv-rathee/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In July 2020, Rathee began another YouTube channel called ''Dhruv Rathee Vlogs'', where he shares his international [[Vlog|travel vlogs]]. In addition to his vlogs, Rathee hosts various shows, including DW Travel of ''[[Deutsche Welle]]'' and ''Decode with Dhruv'' of [[Netflix India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2020 |title=Money Heist: Dhruv Rathee decodes Netflix's 'Spanish Masala Blockbuster' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/money-heist-dhruv-rathee-decodes-netflix-spanish-masala-blockbuster-6907320/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=27 November 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027072948/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/money-heist-dhruv-rathee-decodes-netflix-spanish-masala-blockbuster-6907320/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He also hosts a podcast on [[Spotify]] called ''Maha Bharat with Dhruv Rathee''.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=19 March 2023|title=YouTuber Dhruv Rathee Talks About Entering Into Audio Space, Says 'Podcasts Have Small But Dedicated Audience' - Exclusive|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/youtuber-dhruv-rathee-talks-about-entering-into-audio-space-says-podcasts-have-small-but-dedicated-audience-exclusive-6313525.html|date=9 November 2022|website=News18|archive-date=19 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319202425/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/youtuber-dhruv-rathee-talks-about-entering-into-audio-space-says-podcasts-have-small-but-dedicated-audience-exclusive-6313525.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{As of|2022|2}}, Rathee has a [[YouTube Shorts]] channel to share 30-seconds fact videos, offering a quick and accessible way for viewers to engage with the information he presents.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhruv Rathee Shorts |url=https://socialblade.com/youtube/channel/UCw4IHIMsDO5wpIiprOSXiEA |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=Social Blade |archive-date=4 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104071407/https://socialblade.com/youtube/channel/UCw4IHIMsDO5wpIiprOSXiEA |url-status=live }}</ref> On 18 April 2024, Rathee announced five new YouTube channels focusing on publishing [[Dubbing|dubbed videos]] in five [[Languages of India|Indian regional languages]]: [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], and [[Kannada language|Kannada]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=4 April 2024 |title=Dhruv Rathee starts YouTube channels in five languages including Tamil, Telugu and Kannada |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/dhruv-rathee-starts-youtube-channels-in-five-languages-including-tamil-telugu-and-kannada |access-date=21 April 2024 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, Rathee was included in [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']]'s list of [[Next Generation Leaders]].<ref name="time1">{{Cite web |last1=Anand |first1=Nisha |date=6 October 2023 |title=Dhruv Rathee among TIME Magazine's 'next generation leaders 2023'; YouTuber reacts |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dhruv-rathee-among-time-magazine-s-next-generation-leaders-2023-youtuber-reacts-101696577610903.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007071736/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dhruv-rathee-among-time-magazine-s-next-generation-leaders-2023-youtuber-reacts-101696577610903.html |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=6 October 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="time22">{{cite magazine |last1=Rajvanshi |first1=Astha |date=5 October 2023 |title=Fact-Checking Indian Media Is Tough. Dhruv Rathee Uses Youtube to Do It |url=https://time.com/collection/next-generation-leaders/6317267/dhruv-rathee/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005232110/https://time.com/collection/next-generation-leaders/6317267/dhruv-rathee/ |archive-date=5 October 2023 |access-date=6 October 2023 |magazine=[[TIME]] |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2022, he faced controversy when a video he posted about Pakistan's [[Cabinet crisis|political crisis]] was blocked by India's [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] for including a map of India that does not align with India's national position on [[Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quint |first=The |date=26 September 2022 |title=Govt Removes 45 YouTube Videos, Including Dhruv Rathee's, For Spreading 'Lies' |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/youtuber-dhruv-rathees-video-among-45-posts-pulled-down-by-centre-for-spreading-lies-about-agnipath-scheme |access-date=6 October 2023 |website=TheQuint |language=en |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929073646/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/youtuber-dhruv-rathees-video-among-45-posts-pulled-down-by-centre-for-spreading-lies-about-agnipath-scheme |url-status=live}}</ref> Following the [[2025 Pahalgam attack]], Rathee was the subject of backlash when Pakistani news channels aired clips of his video which criticized the Indian government's security failures; Rathee claimed that the clips were misused.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Sounak |date=2025-05-10 |title=Dhruv Rathee accuses Pakistani channels of misusing his 'clips', slams influencer for calling him out {{!}} Mint |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/dhruv-rathee-accuses-pakistani-channels-of-misusing-his-clips-slams-influencer-for-calling-him-out-11746858437952.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250512121215/https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/dhruv-rathee-accuses-pakistani-channels-of-misusing-his-clips-slams-influencer-for-calling-him-out-11746858437952.html |archive-date=2025-05-12 |access-date=2025-05-17 |work=mint |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2023, Rathee faced copyright charges from [[Dabur]] on his video titled "The dark-side of cold drinks". The [[Calcutta High Court]] ordered social media platforms to remove the video.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Calcutta HC orders social media platforms to take down video of Dhruv Rathee mocking Real fruit juice |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-calcutta-hc-orders-social-media-platforms-to-take-down-video-of-dhruv-rathee-denigrating-real-fruit-juice-3032940 |access-date=6 October 2023 |website=DNA India |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031012943/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-calcutta-hc-orders-social-media-platforms-to-take-down-video-of-dhruv-rathee-denigrating-real-fruit-juice-3032940 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In May 2025, Rathee faced controversy from the [[Sikhs|Sikh]] community for posting an AI-generated thumbnail in a new video, titled ''"The Rise of Sikhs"'', which primarily focused on the first Sikh ruler, [[Banda Singh Bahadur]]. The video received widespread condemnation from the Sikh community, including the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]] President, for depicting AI-generated visuals of the Sikh gurus. Following the backlash, Rathee removed the video from his YouTube channel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/youtuber-dhruv-rathee-video-sikh-history-objections-10015928/ |title=YouTuber Dhruv Rathee takes down video on Sikh history after objections|work=The Times of India |date=19 May 2025|via=The Indian Express}}</ref>

In October 2026, Rathee traveled to India to participate in demonstrations organized by the [[Cockroach Janta Party|Cockroach Janta Party (CJP)]] demanding the resignation of Chief Election Commissioner Gyanesh Kumar.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Trivedi|first=Saurabh|date=10 October 2026|title=Dhruv Rathee detained ahead of protest at Jantar Mantar|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/dhruv-rathee-detained-cec-gyanesh-kumar-jantar-mantar-protest-updates/article71567131.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=11 October 2026}}</ref> On 10 October 2026, ahead of a planned protest at [[Jantar Mantar, New Delhi|Jantar Mantar]] in New Delhi, he was detained by the police from his residence in Gurugram.<ref>{{Cite news|date=10 October 2026|title=YouTuber Dhruv Rathee detained by Delhi Police ahead of CJP protest|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/delhi/youtuber-dhruv-rathee-detained-gurugram-delhi-police-cjp-jantar-mantar-protest-10915135/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=11 October 2026}}</ref> He was released following a 22-hour detention, after which he alleged that the action amounted to a "'''kidnapping'''" rather than a lawful detention.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 October 2026|title=Delhi protest: YouTuber Dhruv Rathee released from detention, alleges 'kidnapping'|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-protest-youtuber-dhruv-rathee-released-from-detention/article71570635.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=11 October 2026}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Rathee is a resident of Germany. In November 2021, Rathee married his long-time partner Juli Lbr at the [[Belvedere, Vienna|Belvedere Palace]], in [[Vienna]], Austria.<ref name="news18">{{Cite web|date=28 November 2021|title=Love Across Borders: Indian YouTuber Dhruv Rathee Marries German Girlfriend Juli at Vienna|url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/dhruv-rathee-marries-girlfriend-juli-vienna-palace-indian-youtuber-4495205.html|url-status=live|access-date=1 January 2022|website=[[News18]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128140441/https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/dhruv-rathee-marries-girlfriend-juli-vienna-palace-indian-youtuber-4495205.html |archive-date=28 November 2021 }}</ref> Their first child was born in September 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 September 2024 |title=Dhruv Rathee announces birth of first child with sweet photos; fans celebrate new arrival |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/dhruv-rathee-announces-birth-of-first-child-with-sweet-photos-fans-celebrate-new-arrival/articleshow/113552972.cms?from=mdr |access-date=21 September 2024 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=दुबे |first=स्नेहा |date=21 September 2024 |script-title=hi:फेमस यूट्यूबर ध्रुव राठी बने पापा, शेयर की बेबी बॉय की प्यारी सी तस्वीर |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/ott/dhruv-rathee-became-father-of-a-boy-he-shared-new-born-baby-first-photo-2788398 |access-date=21 September 2024 |website= |language=hi}}</ref>

== Read also ==
* [[Ajeet Bharti]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://dhruvrathee.com/ Official website]
*[https://www.youtube.com/@dhruvrathee Dhruv Rathee's Channel] on [[YouTube]]

{{Portal bar|Biography|Internet|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rathee, Dhruv}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian atheists]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Germany]]
[[Category:Indian mechanical engineers]]
[[Category:Indian YouTubers]]
[[Category:Karlsruhe Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People associated with renewable energy]]
[[Category:People from Haryana]]
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:People from Rohtak]]
[[Category:Hindi-language YouTube channels]]
[[Category:Indian podcasters]]

Draft:Dipanwita Deka

2026-10-11T14:25:27Z

Channel500k: Withdrawing submission

{{AfC comment|1=Submission withdrawn (): Better to contribute wikipedia, after adding too much reliable sources bharatpedia team don't want to accept articles. Thanks 🙏
I'm Quite [[User:Channel500k|Channel500k]] ([[User talk:Channel500k|talk]]) 19:55, 11 October 2026 (IST)}}

{{AfC comment|1=Unsourced draft. [[User:Bharatwiki_Socrates|<span style="font-weight:bold;color:#1f618d;text-shadow:1px 1px 2px #3498db;">🍁Bharatwiki Socrates🍁</span>]][[User talk:Bharatwiki_Socrates|<span style="color:#FF9933;font-weight:bold;text-shadow:1px 2px #1f618d;">(📩)</span>]] 10:23, 10 October 2026 (IST)}}

{{Infobox artist
| name = Dipanwita Deka

| caption =
| native_name = দীপান্বিতা ডেকা
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1997|07|19}}
| birth_place = Assam, India
| residence = Guwahati, Assam, India
| occupation = Singer, playback singer, performer
| years_active = 2020–present
| genre = Assamese pop, Bihu, folk-fusion
| famous_works = "Rosoki Posoki", "Misakoi Nokobi", "Maloti", "Val Loga Loratu"
}}

'''Dipanwita Deka''' (born 19 July 1997) is an Indian playback singer, musician, and performer from Guwahati, Assam. Known for her contributions to modern Assamese pop and folk-fusion music, she has gained popularity for her original singles, Bihu releases, and collaborative tracks.

== Early life and background ==
Deka was born on 19 July 1997 in Assam, India. She developed a passion for music and performing arts at an early age and eventually established her musical career while based in Guwahati.

== Career ==
Dipanwita Deka started her mainstream music career by releasing original singles and collaborating with prominent artists in the Assamese music industry, including Neel Akash, Rakesh Reeyan, Diganta Bharati, and Anshuraj Kashyap.

Her popular vocal tracks include "Rosoki Posoki", "Misakoi Nokobi", "Maloti", "Val Loga Loratu", and "Milise Milibo Diya". She has regularly featured in festive seasonal releases, including Bihu music projects and theater soundtrack numbers. Deka actively performs at live concerts, cultural festivals, and stage events across Assam and Northeast India.

== Discography ==

=== Selected songs ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Track title !! Co-artist(s) / Composer !! Notes
|-
| 2021 || "Misakoi Nokobi" || Neel Akash || Popular regional duet
|-
| 2022 || "Rosoki Posoki" || Anshuraj Kashyap || Single release
|-
| 2023 || "Val Loga Loratu" || Independent || Solo single
|-
| 2024 || "Milise Milibo Diya" || Rakesh Reeyan || Hit duet track
|-
| 2026 || "Maloti" || Diganta Bharati || Bihu release
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="GaanaProfile">{{cite web |url=https://gaana.com/artist/dipanwita-deka |title=Dipanwita Deka Songs |publisher=Gaana |access-date=9 October 2026}}</ref>
<ref name="JioSaavnProfile">{{cite web |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/artist/dipanwita-deka-songs/GwHHLZ8MYvU_ |title=Dipanwita Deka - Top Songs |publisher=JioSaavn |access-date=9 October 2026}}</ref>
<ref name="NetTV4uProfile">{{cite web |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/assamese/singer/dipanwita-deka |title=Assamese Singer Dipanwita Deka Biography |publisher=NetTV4u |access-date=9 October 2026}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==
* {{YouTube channel|UCjvgDo_sgZ0lRNoG4XNpHvg|Dipanwita Deka official}}

User talk:Channel500k

2026-10-10T04:20:02Z

Channel500k: /* October 2026 */ Reply

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<div style="font-size:90%; font-family:inherit;">Sincerely, [[User:Bharatwiki_Socrates|<span style="font-weight:bold;color:#1f618d;text-shadow:1px 1px 2px #3498db;">🍁Bharatwiki Socrates🍁</span>]][[User talk:Bharatwiki_Socrates|<span style="color:#FF9933;font-weight:bold;text-shadow:1px 2px #1f618d;">(📩)</span>]] 20:41, 9 October 2026 (IST)</div>
</div>


== October 2026 ==

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:Bharatwiki Socrates|Bharatwiki Socrates]]. I noticed that you added or changed content in an article, but you didn't provide a [[Bharatpedia:Reliable sources|reliable source]]. It's been removed and archived in the page history for now, but if you'd like to [[Bharatpedia:Citing sources|include a citation]] and re-add it, please do so. If you think I made a mistake, you can leave me a message on [[User talk:Bharatwiki Socrates|my talk page]]. Thank you.  [[User:Bharatwiki_Socrates|<span style="font-weight:bold;color:#1f618d;text-shadow:1px 1px 2px #3498db;">🍁Bharatwiki Socrates🍁</span>]][[User talk:Bharatwiki_Socrates|<span style="color:#FF9933;font-weight:bold;text-shadow:1px 2px #1f618d;">(📩)</span>]] 20:56, 9 October 2026 (IST)

:I have created some new articles but why your review system so lazy. I added articles following all guidelines references, reliable sources also mentioned. [[User:Channel500k|Channel500k]] ([[User talk:Channel500k#top|talk]]) 09:50, 10 October 2026 (IST)

Miya people

2026-10-09T15:12:18Z

Channel500k:

{{short description|Bengali-origin muslims of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Bengali
| image =
| population = {{Circa |11-12 million}} (estimated)
| popplace = {{flag|India}} ([[Assam]]) 10 million (30% of Assam's population)<ref name="scroll.in" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/assams-indigenous-muslims-may-soon-get-a-development-board/articleshow/79596591.cms|title = Assam's indigenous Muslims may soon get a development board|newspaper = The Economic Times|last1 = Singh|first1 = Bikash}}</ref>
| langs = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]] and other [[Bengali-Assamese languages]]
| rels =
| related =
| native_name = Bengali people
| native_name_lang = bn
}}

Bengali also known as Nao (নও অসমীয়া lit. ''neo-Assamese''), refers to the descendants of migrant [[Bengali]] from the modern [[Mymensingh Division|Mymensingh]], [[Rangpur Division|Rangpur]] and [[Rajshahi Division|Rajshahi]] Divisions, who settled in the [[Brahmaputra Valley]] during the [[British Empire|British colonisation]] of [[Colonial Assam|Assam]] in the 20th-century.<ref name="sharma2011-from">{{harvp|Sharma|2011|p=100}}: "Entire households moved into Assam from the East Bengal districts of Mymensingh, Pabna, Bogra, Rangpur and Rajshahi."</ref> Their immigration was encouraged by the Colonial British Government from [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]] during 1757 to 1942<ref name="web.archive.org">https://web.archive.org/web/20190327145905/https://indilens.com/514954-miya-muslim-and-assamese-socio-cultural-history-of-assam/ Miya on History</ref>{{better source needed|date=February 2021}} and the movement continued till 1947'''.'''

==Etymology==
Miya is derived from ''[[mian (title)|mian]]'', an honorific of [[Farsi|Persian origin]] used throughout [[the subcontinent]] when addressing a Muslim gentleman. Used pejoratively against the community, the term was re-appropriated by a group of ''Miya'' poets who have begun asserting their identity.<ref>{{harvp|Baruah|2020|p=53}}</ref> ''Miya'' or ''Miya Musalman'' has now begun appearing in serious discourse.<ref>{{harvp|Baruah|2020|p=53}}: "In this book I will refer to this community as ''Miya'' or ''Miya Musalman''—using the Assamese terms..."</ref> The term ''Na-Asamiya'', in the [[Assamese language]], literally means 'neo-Assamese' and was used by the community and the local elites as a new identity in Assam to establish a relationship with the Assamese language.<ref>{{harvp|Sharma|2011|p=103}}: "They gradually adopted a new identity as Na or Natun Asomiya Musalman (New Assamese Muslims), whose language was Assamese and whose religion was Islam."</ref><ref>{{harvp|Khandakar|2016|p=15}}: "Along with other migrant groups like Tea planter labourers, they were also accepted and welcomed by middle class elites of mainstream Assamese society to the fold of Assamese culture and thus termed them as "Na-Asamiya". "Na" in Assamese means "new", "Asamiya" means Assamese. Thus Na-Asamiya means New Assamese."</ref> They are also referred to as ''Charua Musalman'', literally meaning Muslims of the ''char''s (riverine islands), because of their preference in settling in the ''char''s;<ref>{{harvp|Sharma|2011|p=102}}</ref> and as ''Pamua Musalman'', literally meaning Muslim farmers, as agriculture is their primary livelihood.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

==History==
=== Internal migration to Assam ===
The internal migration of Bengali Muslims from [[Rajshahi Division|Rajshahi]], [[Rangpur District|Rangpur]] and [[Mymensingh Division|Mymensingh]] divisions of [[Bengal Presidency|British Bengal presidency]] (present Bangladesh) to Kamrup (present Assam) started during the census decade of 1901–1911.<ref>{{harvp|Baruah|1999|p=56}}: "The disappointment of the nineteenth-century colonial officials, however, gave way to optimism by 1911, as dramatic trends of migration began to appear just prior to that census."</ref> According to census reports, there was a large-scale migration of human population from eastern Bengal to Assam between 1911 and 1941.<ref name="zaman">{{cite journal|last=Ahmed|first=Shahiuz Zaman|title=Identity Issue, Foreigner's Deportation Movement and Erstwhile East Bengal (Present Bangladesh) Origin People of Assam|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|year=2006|publisher=Indian History Congress|volume=67|issue=2006–2007|pages=624–639|jstor=44147982}}</ref> 85% of the immigrant population were socially and economically underprivileged Muslims who settled down in the wastelands of Assam.<ref name="zaman"/> The majority of the internal migrants came from the erstwhile undivided Mymensingh and Rangpur districts of present Bangladesh, What were territories of [[Kamarupa|Kamrupa Kingdom]].<ref name="sharma2011-from"/>

The internal migration of Muslims peasants from [[East Bengal]] of former Pakistan was officially encouraged prior to the [[Partition of India]] by the British imperialists, the [[All-India Muslim League]] as well as a section of the Assamese elite; bit it was only considered illegal after the Partition of India in 1947 when Assam belonged to India and East Bengal to Pakistan.<ref name="indilens.com">{{cite web|url=https://indilens.com/514954-miya-muslim-and-assamese-socio-cultural-history-of-assam/|title=Miya, Muslim and Assamese Socio-Political History of Assam|date=7 September 2016|website=Indilens.com|access-date=27 March 2019}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=June 2020}} Many of these migrant Muslims settled on the ''char''s or [[river island|riverine islands]] on the [[Brahmaputra]] and other low-lying areas. After the [[Independence of India]] in 1947, the group gave up their Bengali linguistic identity, adopting the Assamese language as their native language. Gradually they adopted Assamese culture which has led to them being known as ''Na-Asamiya'' (Neo-Assamese, who are Bengali origin). The Na-Asamiyas constitute the largest of the four major [[Islam in Assam|Muslim ethnic groups in Assam]], who together constitute a third of Assam's electorate.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bhaumik|first=Subir|date=April 2011|title=Risk of durable disorder|journal=Seminar|publisher=Seminar Publications|location=New Delhi|issue=620|url=http://www.india-seminar.com/2011/620/620_subir_bhaumik.htm|access-date=10 July 2017}}</ref>

The local gentry of Assam including ''matabbar''s, ''Barpetia matigiri''s, Marwaris and Assamese moneylenders encouraged the internal migration out of their own interests. The ''matabbar''s (literally meaning 'influential person' in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]) were the earlier migrants, who owned large amounts of fallow cultivable lands ranging from 1,000 to 5,000 acres. With the ambition of becoming landlords they would send out the message of availability of cultivable lands to their impoverished kinsmen in their native villages in eastern Bengal. They would then either unofficially lease out their lands to the internal migrant Muslims who arrived later or hire them to cultivate their lands. Thus they would act as de facto landlords. The ''Barpetia matigiri''s were a section of Assamese gentry in Barpeta district who made profit by selling excess lands to the internal migrant Muslims and encouraged further migration to make even quicker profits. The Marwaris and the Assamese money lenders financed the internal migrant Muslims for the cultivation of jute, ''ahu'' rice, pulses and vegetables.

==Demography==
Miyas have a population of almost over 10 million which is spread throughout Assam covering 35% of the state population as of 2021 estimation,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/online-census-of-assamese-muslims-launched/article34325747.ece|title= The JSPA claims Assam today has about 1.4 crore Muslims as of 2021|website=The Hindu|date= 15 April 2021}}</ref> though they are mainly concentrated in [[Barpeta district|Barpeta]], [[Dhubri district|Dhuburi]], [[Goalpara district|Goalpara]], [[Kamrup district|Kamrup]], [[Nagaon district|Nagaon]], [[Hojai District|Hojai]], [[Darrang district|Darrang]], [[Chirang district|Chirang]], [[Kokrajhar district|Kokrajhar]], [[South Salmara district|South Salmara]], [[Nalbari district|Nalbari]], [[Morigaon district|Morigaon]], [[Sonitpur district|Sonitpur]] and [[Bongaigaon district|Bongaigaon]].<ref name="Dehumanising Muslims in Assam">{{cite web|url=http://asu.thehoot.org/media-watch/media-practice/dehumanising-muslims-in-assam-9661|title=Dehumanising Muslims in Assam|date=23 December 2016|website=thehoot.org|access-date=27 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="web.archive.org"/><ref name="scroll.in">{{cite news |date=20 March 2022 |title=From history to lungis: How this Assam politician is battling for a distinct Miya Muslim identity |url=https://scroll.in/article/1019584/from-history-to-lungis-how-this-assam-politician-is-battling-for-a-distinct-miya-muslim-identity |work=scroll.in}}</ref>

==Language==
In the Presidential address of the 1940 [[Assam Sahitya Sabha]] held at [[Jorhat]]. Dr. Moidul Islam Bora, an Assamese Muslim himself, happily noted that a community leader from the migrant Muslim community had proudly acknowledged the community's firm resolution become the part of mainstream Assamese culture. After the [[Partition of India]], the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] dissolved the party in Assam and asked the Muslim people to join the Congress.<ref name="zaman"/> The Muslim League leadership proposed that the Muslims should accept the language and culture of the country of their residence.<ref name="zaman"/> Accordingly, the leadership asked the Muslims of Assam to register themselves as Assamese speaking during the census. The leadership also asked the Muslims to identify themselves as Assamese and send their children to [[Assamese language|Assamese]] medium schools.<ref name="zaman"/> As directed by the Muslim League leadership, the migrant Muslims gave up their linguistic identity and adopted Assamese as their language. In the 1951 census, the no. of Assamese speakers in Assam rose to 56.7%.<ref name="zaman"/>

Gradually the Assamese intelligentsia also began to accept the migrant Muslims in the fold of Assamese identity. Benudhar Sharma, President of 1956 [[Assam Sahitya Sabha]] held at [[Dhubri]], felt that the mainstream Assamese people were happy to welcome the internal migrant Muslims into the Assamese fold, just like the [[Koch people|Koch]], [[Kachari people|Kachari]] and [[Ahoms]]. By this time the migrant Muslims began to establish Assamese-medium schools and colleges, attempting to merge themselves into the mainstream of Assamese culture.<ref name="zaman"/> In 1961, the Census Commissioner reported that the Na-Asamiyas were honest in their intent to learn the Assamese language and send their children to Assamese-medium schools. The migrant Muslims thus came to be known as the Na-Asamiyas. To this day, there is not a single [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-medium school in the areas dominated by the Na-Asamiyas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sabrangindia.in/article/all-hindu-consolidation-or-last-battle-protect-assamese-identity-assam-polls-results|title=All Hindu Consolidation or the last battle to protect Assamese Identity: Assam Polls Results|last=Wadud|first=Aman|date=21 May 2016|work=Sabrang|access-date=13 July 2017}}</ref>

With the official acceptance of Assamese language and close proximity to [[Goalpariya dialects|Goalpariya speakers]], the Miya have gradually also developed a creole Miya home language. The Miya officially adopted the Assamese language during the language movement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indilens.com/518937-east-bengal-rooted-muslim-or-miyah-and-line-system-in-assam-1920/|title=East Bengal rooted Muslim or Miyah and Line System in Assam-1920|date=11 December 2016|website=Indilens.com|access-date=27 March 2019}}</ref>{{clarify|date=March 2019}} In formal and official meetings, they are able to switch to Standard Assamese.

== Discrimination==

2. Communal Rights -1950

5. [[Nellie massacre]]-1983

6. Nagabanda , Chaulkhowa massacre- 1983

7. Amtenga , Tuslijora massacre- 1991

8. Bashbari massacre- 1994

9. Naryanguri massacre -2012

10. Udalguri massacre -2008

Thousands of such discrimination can found if it is searched [<ref> https://www.uml.edu/news/stories/2022/dutta-miya-research.aspx Miya People Losing Indian Citizenship, Facing Mass Detentions</ref>]

== Poetry ==
Many scholars from Miya community are trying to uplift the Miya society through poems ('''Miya poetry'''). One of its aims is to reclaim the word "Miya", which is often used pejoratively by non-Muslims.<ref>{{harvp|Baruah|2020 |p=71}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Kanika |year=2020 |chapter=Building a Center for Writing and Communication: Inclusion, Diversity and Writing in the Indian Context |editor-last1=Sanger |editor-first1=Catherine Shea |editor-last2=Gleason |editor-first2=Nancy W. |title=Diversity and Inclusion in Global Higher Education |publisher=Springer Nature |pages=209–227 |isbn=9789811516283 |doi=10.1007/978-981-15-1628-3_8|s2cid=213210614 }}</ref> They have chosen poverty, child marriage, population bomb, illiteracy as their subject. The collection of these poems are termed as Miya poetry. In recent time, due to poetic context, Miya poetry has created a controversy in Assam, especially among its indigenous people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/rights/hafiz-ahmed-assam-miyah-poetry|title=Interview {{!}} There is a Conspiracy to Show Bengal-Origin Muslims as Anti-Assamese: Hafiz Ahmed|website=The Wire|access-date=2019-07-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:আসামের মিঞা কবিতার ইতিহাস, ভূগোল ও দেশপ্রেম |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/opinion/assam-miya-poetry-history-politics-identity-135975/ |work=The Indian Express |type=Opinion}}</ref> The movement started with the publication in 2016 of "Write Down, I am a Miya" by [[Hafiz Ahmed]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Baishya |first=Amit R. |date=21 March 2020 |title="Multipartner Mud Dances": The Uneventful Entanglement of Humans and Animals in Two Assamese Poems |magazine=Café Dissensus |issue=4 |url=https://cafedissensus.com/2020/03/21/multipartner-mud-dances-the-uneventful-entanglement-of-humans-and-animals-in-two-assamese-poems/}}</ref> There have been complaints by the media and to police that such poetry is "anti-Assamese" even though it is written in the Assamese language.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zaidi |first=Annie |year=2020 |title=Bread, Cement, Cactus: A Memoir of Belonging and Dislocation |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=59–60 |isbn=9781108840644}}</ref>

==Notable people==
*[[Hafiz Ahmed]] (born 1962), social activist
*[[Osman Ali Sadagar]] (1856–1948), politician and educationist

== See also ==
* [[Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunal) Act, 1983]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Baruah |first=Sanjib |title=India Against Itself: Assam and the Politics of Nationality |date=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-565840-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Baruah |first=Sanjib |year=2020 |title=In the Name of the Nation: India and Its Northeast |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9781503611290}}
* {{cite thesis|last=Khandakar|first=Abdullah|year=2016|title=Social Exclusion of Inhabitants of Chars: A Study of Dhubri District in Assam|type=M.Phil. |url=http://14.139.206.50:8080/jspui/bitstream/1/4578/1/Abdullah%20Khandakar.pdf |access-date=10 July 2017}}
* {{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Jayeeta |title=Empire's Garden: Assam and the making of India |publisher=Duke University Press |year=2011 |location=Durham and London |isbn=978-0-8223-5049-1}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Bengali Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian people by ethnic or national origin]]
[[Category:Muslim communities lists]]

Kamrup district

2026-10-09T15:07:29Z

Channel500k:

{{For|old Kamrup district|Undivided Kamrup district}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kamrup district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Assam|District]] of [[Assam]]
| total_type = Total
| image_skyline = Three Boats And A Lake (189522955).jpeg
| image_caption = [[Dipor Bil|Dipor Beel]]
| image_map = {{maplink |frame=yes
|frame-width=225 |frame-height=225 |frame-align=center
|text= '''Kamrup district'''
|type=shape |id=Q2247441
|stroke-colour=#C60C30
|stroke-width=2
|title= Kamrup district of Assam
|type2=line|id2=Q1164|stroke-width2=1|stroke-colour2=#0000ff|title2=Assam
}}
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Assam
| coordinates = {{coord|26|20|N|91|15|E|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = Amingaon
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Lower Assam Division|Lower Assam]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Amingaon]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| area_total_km2 = 3105
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1517542
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 142394
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 75.55%
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 914
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Gauhati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gauhati]], [[Mangaldoi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mangaldoi]]
| leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = [[Boko (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Boko]], [[Chaygaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chaygaon]], [[Palasbari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Palasbari]], [[Hajo (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hajo]], [[Kamalpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kamalpur]], [[Rangiya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rangiya]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =RTO / Vehicle Registration Code: AS-25
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[National Highway 15 (India)|National Highway 17]], [[National Highway 27 (India)|National Highway 427]]
| blank_name_sec2 = Average annual precipitation
| blank_info_sec2 = 1,400 mm
| website = {{URL|https://kamrup.assam.gov.in/}}
| official_name =
}}

'''Kamrup Rural district''', or simply '''Kamrup district''' (Pron: ˈkæmˌrəp or ˈkæmˌru:p), is an administrative [[districts of Assam|district]] in the state of [[Assam]] in India formed by dividing the [[Undivided Kamrup district|old Kamrup district]] into two in the year 2003; other being [[Kamrup Metropolitan district]], named after [[Kamrup region|region]] it constitute. The district, along with [[Nalbari district|Nalbari]], [[Barpeta District|Barpeta]], [[Kamrup Metropolitan district|Kamrup Metropolitan]], Bajali and [[Baksa district]]s have been created from the [[Undivided Kamrup district]].

==History==
[[Image:Madan Kamdev 8.jpg|thumb|[[Madan Kamdev]]|left]]
Kamrup Rural district was created by bifurcating [[Undivided Kamrup district]] in 2003.

The Government of Assam, during the Chief-ministership of Late [[Tarun Gogoi]], had proposed to bifurcate it further and create a new district, named South Kamrup. In 2016, the process of creation of the district was started.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2016-01-27|title=Assam issues notification to form new administrative districts|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/assam-issues-notification-to-form-new-administrative-districts-116012701006_1.html|access-date=2021-05-10}}</ref> But later that year, the process of creation was stopped midway due to lack of infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=Sentinel Digital|title=Revocation of East Kamrup, South Kamrup districts begins - Sentinelassam|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/guwahati-today/revocation-of-east-kamrup-south-kamrup-districts-begins/|access-date=2021-05-10|website=The Sentinel Assam|language=en}}</ref>

==Geography and environment==
===Overview===
Kamrup district occupies an area of {{convert|4345|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name="Reference Annual">{{cite book | last1 = Srivastava, Dayawanti et al. (ed.) | title = India 2010: A Reference Annual | chapter = States and Union Territories: Assam: Government | edition = 54th | publisher = Additional Director General, Publications Division, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]], [[Government of India]] | year = 2010 | location = New Delhi, India | pages = 1116 | isbn = 978-81-230-1617-7}}</ref> Kamrup district has some territorial disputes with neighbouring [[West Khasi Hills district]], [[Meghalaya]], including that over the village of [[Langpih]].<ref name="Zeenews20081122">{{citation|url=http://zeenews.india.com/Elections08/JKStory.aspx?aid=485586|title=Meghalaya flexes muscle on Assam boundary|periodical=[[Zee News]]|date=2008-11-22|access-date=2012-08-11|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224003636/http://zeenews.india.com/Elections08/JKStory.aspx?aid=485586|archive-date=24 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Hydrography===
In the immediate neighborhood of the Brahmaputra, the land is low and exposed to annual inundation. In this marshy tract reeds and canes flourish luxuriantly, and the only cultivation is that of rice. At a comparatively short distance from the river banks the ground begins to rise in undulating knolls towards the mountains of [[Bhutan]] on the north, and towards the [[Khasi Hills|Khasi hills]] on the south. The hills south of the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] in some parts reach the height of {{convert|800|ft}}. The Brahmaputra, which divides the district into two nearly equal portions, is navigable by river steamers throughout the year, and receives several tributaries navigable by large native boats in the rainy season. The chief of these are the Manas, Chaul Khoya and Barnadi on the north, and the [[Kulsi River|Kulsi]] and Dibru on the south bank.<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911 |wstitle=Kamrup |volume=12 |page=647 |inline=1}}</ref>

===Flora and fauna===
In 1989 Kamrup district became home to the [[Dipor Bil]] [[Wildlife Sanctuaries in India|Wildlife Sanctuary]], which has an area of {{convert|4.1|km2|mi2|abbr=on|1}}.<ref name=parks>{{cite web|author=Indian Ministry of Forests and Environment |title=Protected areas: Assam |url=http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm |access-date=25 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823163836/http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm |archive-date=23 August 2011 }}</ref> There is also a plantation where seedlings of teak, sal, sissu, sum, and nahor are reared, and experiments are being made with the caoutchouc tree.<ref name=EB1911/>

Kamrup is home to one of the few large colonies of [[greater adjutant]] storks still in existence. The villagers previously regarded the birds as pests, but outreach efforts including cultural and religious programming, especially aimed at local women, have rallied Kamrup residents to be proud of and protect the storks.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Toomey|first1=Diane|title=From loathed to loved: Villagers rally to save Greater Adjutant storks|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2016/12/from-loathed-to-loved-villagers-rally-to-save-greater-adjutant-stork/|website=Mongabay|access-date=27 June 2017|date=6 December 2016}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=2,73,945|13=1911|14=3,04,339|15=1921|16=3,25,816|17=1931|18=3,56,369|19=1941|20=4,24,814|21=1951|22=4,97,763|23=1961|24=5,98,357|25=1971|26=8,04,775|27=1991|28=10,91,651|29=2001|30=13,11,698|31=2011|32=15,17,542|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=}}According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Kamrup district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,517,542,<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php | title = District Census 2011 | access-date = 2011-09-30 | year = 2011 | publisher = Census2011.co.in}}</ref> roughly equal to the [[West Africa]]n country of [[Gabon]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Gabon 1,576,665}}</ref> or the US state of [[Hawaii]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |title=2010 Resident Population Data |publisher=U. S. Census Bureau |access-date=2011-09-30 |quote=Hawaii 1,360,301 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/619lRoKht?url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |archive-date=23 August 2011 }}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 327th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name="districtcensus" /> The district has a population density of {{convert|436|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .<ref name="districtcensus" /> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 15.67%.<ref name="districtcensus" /> Kamrup has a [[sex ratio]] of 946 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name="districtcensus" /> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 72.81%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 7.11% and 12.00% of the population respectively.<ref name="districtcensus" />
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Kamrup district
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Assam|Hinduism]]|darkorange|57.82}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Assam|Islam]]|#008000|39.66}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Assam|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|2.19}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.33}}
}}
The religious composition of the district includes [[Hinduism]] (877,495) 57.82% majority, second most popular is [[Islam]] numbering (601,784) constituting 39.66% of the region and rest 2.52% include others religions like [[Sikhism]] , [[Christianity]] , [[Buddhism]], [[Jainism]] and indigenous tribal religions according to census 2011 report. The district has people belonging to various [[Assamese people|indigenous Assamese communities]] like Keots/Kaibarta, Bodo, Rabha, Tiwa/Lalung, Amri Karbi, Dom/Nadiyal, Koch-Rajbongshi etc.

===Religious important places===
The district has followers of [[Hinduism]], [[Islam]], [[Christianity]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Animism]]. The ancient temples of [[Kamakhya Temple|Kamakhya]] and [[Hajo]] attracts many pilgrims from all quarters.<ref name=EB1911/> The people of Kamrup also donated a sacred Arya [[Avalokiteśvara]] statue to [[Stakna Monastery]] in [[Ladakh]].<ref name="Temples">{{cite web|url=http://www.buddhist-temples.com/buddhist-monastery/ladakh/stakna.html|title= Stakna Gompa|publisher=Buddhist-temples.com|access-date=19 October 2009}}</ref>

===Language===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Kamrup district (2011)
|label1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]] |value1 = 74.43 |color1 = gold
|label2 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value2 = 19.90 |color2 = saddlebrown
|label3 = [[Garo language|Garo]] |value3 = 1.86 |color3 = cornflowerblue
|label4 = [[Boro language (India)|Boro]] |value4 = 1.41 |color4 = royalblue
|label5 = [[Hindi]] |value5 = 1.17 |color5 = orange
|label6 = Others |value6 =1.23 |color6 = grey
|thumb=left
}}

Major language spoken natively is [[Kamrupi dialects|Kamrupi dialect]] of [[Assamese language|Assamese]] with pockets of [[Amri language|Amri]], a language related with [[Karbi language|Karbi]], with 1,30,000 speakers;<ref name='ethnoamri'>{{cite encyclopedia | editor = M . Paul Lewis | encyclopedia = Ethnologue: Languages of the World | title = Amri Karbi: A language of India | url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ajz | access-date = 2011-09-28 | edition = 16th | year = 2009| publisher = SIL International | location = Dallas, Texas}}</ref> [[Tiwa (Lalung)]] and [[Atong language (Sino-Tibetan)|A'Tong]], also spoken by 10,000 people, found mostly in southern parts bordering Meghalaya. [[Rabha language|Rabha]] is spoken by some along the Meghalaya border. All the indigenous Assamese communities use Assamese to communicate with other indigenous Assamese communities.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | editor = M . Paul Lewis| encyclopedia = Ethnologue: Languages of the World | title = A'Tong: A language of India | url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=aot| access-date = 2011-09-28 | edition = 16th | year = 2009| publisher = SIL International | location = Dallas, Texas}}</ref>

According to the 2011 census, 74.43% of the population spoke Assamese, 19.90% [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 1.86% [[Garo language|Garo]], 1.41% [[Boro language (India)|Boro]] and 1.17% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="districtcensus" />

==Economy==
[[Image:Academic complex iitg.jpeg|thumb|200px|{{center|Indian Institute of Technology in North Gauhati}}]]
The staple crop of the district is rice, of which there are three crops{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}. The indigenous manufactures are confined to the weaving of [[silk]] and [[cotton]] cloths for home use, and to the making of brass cups and plates. The chief exports are rice, oilseeds, timber, and cotton; the imports are fine rice, salt, piece goods, sugar, betel nuts, coconuts, and hardware. A section of the Assam-Bengal railway starts from Guwahati and a branch of the Eastern Bengal railway has recently been opened to the opposite bank of the river. A metalled road runs due south from Guwahati to [[Shillong]].{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}

==See also==
* [[Silsako]]
* [[Poa-Mecca|Poa Mecca]]
* [[Kamrup region]]
* [[Chhaygaon]]
* [[Gumi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Bannerje |first=A C |editor-first=H K |editor-last=Barpujari |title=The Comprehensive History of Assam: Modern Period |publisher=Publication Board, Assam |place=Guwahati |year=1992 |pages=1–43 |chapter=Chapter 1: The New Regime, 1826-31 |volume=IV}}
* {{cite book |last=Hunter |first=William Wislon |title=A Statistical Account of Assam |volume=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIVJAAAAMAAJ |access-date=2012-12-13 |year=1879 |publisher=Trübner & co. }}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* [http://kamrup.nic.in/ District Administration website]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Kamrup district
|North =
|Northeast = [[Udalguri district]] <br /> [[Darrang district]]
|East = [[Morigaon district]]
|Southeast = [[Ri-Bhoi district]], [[Meghalaya]]
|South = [[West Khasi Hills district]], Meghalaya
|Southwest = [[East Garo Hills district]], Meghalaya
|West = [[Goalpara district]]
|Northwest = [[Baksa district]] <br /> [[Nalbari district]]
}} <div style="text-align: center;">'''Note''': [[Kamrup Metropolitan district]] is completely surrounded by Kamrup Rural district. </div>

{{Western Assam}}
{{Assam}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kamrup District}}
[[Category:Kamrup district| ]]
[[Category:Kamrup region]]
[[Category:Districts of Assam]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Assam]]

Kamrup district

2026-10-09T15:04:52Z

Channel500k:

{{For|old Kamrup district|Undivided Kamrup district}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kamrup district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Assam|District]] of [[Assam]]
| total_type = Total
| image_skyline = Three Boats And A Lake (189522955).jpeg
| image_caption = [[Dipor Bil|Dipor Beel]]
| image_map = {{maplink |frame=yes
|frame-width=225 |frame-height=225 |frame-align=center
|text= '''Kamrup district'''
|type=shape |id=Q2247441
|stroke-colour=#C60C30
|stroke-width=2
|title= Kamrup district of Assam
|type2=line|id2=Q1164|stroke-width2=1|stroke-colour2=#0000ff|title2=Assam
}}
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Assam
| coordinates = {{coord|26|20|N|91|15|E|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = Amingaon
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Lower Assam Division|Lower Assam]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Amingaon]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| area_total_km2 = 3105
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1517542
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 142394
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 75.55%
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 914
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Gauhati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gauhati]], [[Mangaldoi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mangaldoi]]
| leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = [[Boko (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Boko]], [[Chaygaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chaygaon]], [[Palasbari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Palasbari]], [[Hajo (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hajo]], [[Kamalpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kamalpur]], [[Rangiya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rangiya]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[National Highway 15 (India)|National Highway 17]], [[National Highway 27 (India)|National Highway 427]]
| blank_name_sec2 = Average annual precipitation
| blank_info_sec2 = 1,400 mm
| website = {{URL|https://kamrup.assam.gov.in/}}
| official_name =
}}

'''Kamrup Rural district''', or simply '''Kamrup district''' (Pron: ˈkæmˌrəp or ˈkæmˌru:p), is an administrative [[districts of Assam|district]] in the state of [[Assam]] in India formed by dividing the [[Undivided Kamrup district|old Kamrup district]] into two in the year 2003; other being [[Kamrup Metropolitan district]], named after [[Kamrup region|region]] it constitute. The district, along with [[Nalbari district|Nalbari]], [[Barpeta District|Barpeta]], [[Kamrup Metropolitan district|Kamrup Metropolitan]], Bajali and [[Baksa district]]s have been created from the [[Undivided Kamrup district]].

==History==
[[Image:Madan Kamdev 8.jpg|thumb|[[Madan Kamdev]]|left]]
Kamrup Rural district was created by bifurcating [[Undivided Kamrup district]] in 2003.

The Government of Assam, during the Chief-ministership of Late [[Tarun Gogoi]], had proposed to bifurcate it further and create a new district, named South Kamrup. In 2016, the process of creation of the district was started.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2016-01-27|title=Assam issues notification to form new administrative districts|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/assam-issues-notification-to-form-new-administrative-districts-116012701006_1.html|access-date=2021-05-10}}</ref> But later that year, the process of creation was stopped midway due to lack of infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=Sentinel Digital|title=Revocation of East Kamrup, South Kamrup districts begins - Sentinelassam|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/guwahati-today/revocation-of-east-kamrup-south-kamrup-districts-begins/|access-date=2021-05-10|website=The Sentinel Assam|language=en}}</ref>

==Geography and environment==
===Overview===
Kamrup district occupies an area of {{convert|4345|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name="Reference Annual">{{cite book | last1 = Srivastava, Dayawanti et al. (ed.) | title = India 2010: A Reference Annual | chapter = States and Union Territories: Assam: Government | edition = 54th | publisher = Additional Director General, Publications Division, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]], [[Government of India]] | year = 2010 | location = New Delhi, India | pages = 1116 | isbn = 978-81-230-1617-7}}</ref> Kamrup district has some territorial disputes with neighbouring [[West Khasi Hills district]], [[Meghalaya]], including that over the village of [[Langpih]].<ref name="Zeenews20081122">{{citation|url=http://zeenews.india.com/Elections08/JKStory.aspx?aid=485586|title=Meghalaya flexes muscle on Assam boundary|periodical=[[Zee News]]|date=2008-11-22|access-date=2012-08-11|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224003636/http://zeenews.india.com/Elections08/JKStory.aspx?aid=485586|archive-date=24 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Hydrography===
In the immediate neighborhood of the Brahmaputra, the land is low and exposed to annual inundation. In this marshy tract reeds and canes flourish luxuriantly, and the only cultivation is that of rice. At a comparatively short distance from the river banks the ground begins to rise in undulating knolls towards the mountains of [[Bhutan]] on the north, and towards the [[Khasi Hills|Khasi hills]] on the south. The hills south of the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] in some parts reach the height of {{convert|800|ft}}. The Brahmaputra, which divides the district into two nearly equal portions, is navigable by river steamers throughout the year, and receives several tributaries navigable by large native boats in the rainy season. The chief of these are the Manas, Chaul Khoya and Barnadi on the north, and the [[Kulsi River|Kulsi]] and Dibru on the south bank.<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911 |wstitle=Kamrup |volume=12 |page=647 |inline=1}}</ref>

===Flora and fauna===
In 1989 Kamrup district became home to the [[Dipor Bil]] [[Wildlife Sanctuaries in India|Wildlife Sanctuary]], which has an area of {{convert|4.1|km2|mi2|abbr=on|1}}.<ref name=parks>{{cite web|author=Indian Ministry of Forests and Environment |title=Protected areas: Assam |url=http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm |access-date=25 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823163836/http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm |archive-date=23 August 2011 }}</ref> There is also a plantation where seedlings of teak, sal, sissu, sum, and nahor are reared, and experiments are being made with the caoutchouc tree.<ref name=EB1911/>

Kamrup is home to one of the few large colonies of [[greater adjutant]] storks still in existence. The villagers previously regarded the birds as pests, but outreach efforts including cultural and religious programming, especially aimed at local women, have rallied Kamrup residents to be proud of and protect the storks.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Toomey|first1=Diane|title=From loathed to loved: Villagers rally to save Greater Adjutant storks|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2016/12/from-loathed-to-loved-villagers-rally-to-save-greater-adjutant-stork/|website=Mongabay|access-date=27 June 2017|date=6 December 2016}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=2,73,945|13=1911|14=3,04,339|15=1921|16=3,25,816|17=1931|18=3,56,369|19=1941|20=4,24,814|21=1951|22=4,97,763|23=1961|24=5,98,357|25=1971|26=8,04,775|27=1991|28=10,91,651|29=2001|30=13,11,698|31=2011|32=15,17,542|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=}}According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Kamrup district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,517,542,<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php | title = District Census 2011 | access-date = 2011-09-30 | year = 2011 | publisher = Census2011.co.in}}</ref> roughly equal to the [[West Africa]]n country of [[Gabon]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Gabon 1,576,665}}</ref> or the US state of [[Hawaii]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |title=2010 Resident Population Data |publisher=U. S. Census Bureau |access-date=2011-09-30 |quote=Hawaii 1,360,301 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/619lRoKht?url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |archive-date=23 August 2011 }}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 327th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name="districtcensus" /> The district has a population density of {{convert|436|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .<ref name="districtcensus" /> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 15.67%.<ref name="districtcensus" /> Kamrup has a [[sex ratio]] of 946 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name="districtcensus" /> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 72.81%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 7.11% and 12.00% of the population respectively.<ref name="districtcensus" />
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Kamrup district
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Assam|Hinduism]]|darkorange|57.82}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Assam|Islam]]|#008000|39.66}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Assam|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|2.19}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.33}}
}}
The religious composition of the district includes [[Hinduism]] (877,495) 57.82% majority, second most popular is [[Islam]] numbering (601,784) constituting 39.66% of the region and rest 2.52% include others religions like [[Sikhism]] , [[Christianity]] , [[Buddhism]], [[Jainism]] and indigenous tribal religions according to census 2011 report. The district has people belonging to various [[Assamese people|indigenous Assamese communities]] like Keots/Kaibarta, Bodo, Rabha, Tiwa/Lalung, Amri Karbi, Dom/Nadiyal, Koch-Rajbongshi etc.

===Religious important places===
The district has followers of [[Hinduism]], [[Islam]], [[Christianity]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Animism]]. The ancient temples of [[Kamakhya Temple|Kamakhya]] and [[Hajo]] attracts many pilgrims from all quarters.<ref name=EB1911/> The people of Kamrup also donated a sacred Arya [[Avalokiteśvara]] statue to [[Stakna Monastery]] in [[Ladakh]].<ref name="Temples">{{cite web|url=http://www.buddhist-temples.com/buddhist-monastery/ladakh/stakna.html|title= Stakna Gompa|publisher=Buddhist-temples.com|access-date=19 October 2009}}</ref>

===Language===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Kamrup district (2011)
|label1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]] |value1 = 74.43 |color1 = gold
|label2 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value2 = 19.90 |color2 = saddlebrown
|label3 = [[Garo language|Garo]] |value3 = 1.86 |color3 = cornflowerblue
|label4 = [[Boro language (India)|Boro]] |value4 = 1.41 |color4 = royalblue
|label5 = [[Hindi]] |value5 = 1.17 |color5 = orange
|label6 = Others |value6 =1.23 |color6 = grey
|thumb=left
}}

Major language spoken natively is [[Kamrupi dialects|Kamrupi dialect]] of [[Assamese language|Assamese]] with pockets of [[Amri language|Amri]], a language related with [[Karbi language|Karbi]], with 1,30,000 speakers;<ref name='ethnoamri'>{{cite encyclopedia | editor = M . Paul Lewis | encyclopedia = Ethnologue: Languages of the World | title = Amri Karbi: A language of India | url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ajz | access-date = 2011-09-28 | edition = 16th | year = 2009| publisher = SIL International | location = Dallas, Texas}}</ref> [[Tiwa (Lalung)]] and [[Atong language (Sino-Tibetan)|A'Tong]], also spoken by 10,000 people, found mostly in southern parts bordering Meghalaya. [[Rabha language|Rabha]] is spoken by some along the Meghalaya border. All the indigenous Assamese communities use Assamese to communicate with other indigenous Assamese communities.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | editor = M . Paul Lewis| encyclopedia = Ethnologue: Languages of the World | title = A'Tong: A language of India | url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=aot| access-date = 2011-09-28 | edition = 16th | year = 2009| publisher = SIL International | location = Dallas, Texas}}</ref>

According to the 2011 census, 74.43% of the population spoke Assamese, 19.90% [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 1.86% [[Garo language|Garo]], 1.41% [[Boro language (India)|Boro]] and 1.17% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="districtcensus" />

==Economy==
[[Image:Academic complex iitg.jpeg|thumb|200px|{{center|Indian Institute of Technology in North Gauhati}}]]
The staple crop of the district is rice, of which there are three crops{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}. The indigenous manufactures are confined to the weaving of [[silk]] and [[cotton]] cloths for home use, and to the making of brass cups and plates. The chief exports are rice, oilseeds, timber, and cotton; the imports are fine rice, salt, piece goods, sugar, betel nuts, coconuts, and hardware. A section of the Assam-Bengal railway starts from Guwahati and a branch of the Eastern Bengal railway has recently been opened to the opposite bank of the river. A metalled road runs due south from Guwahati to [[Shillong]].{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}

==See also==
* [[Silsako]]
* [[Poa-Mecca|Poa Mecca]]
* [[Kamrup region]]
* [[Chhaygaon]]
* [[Gumi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Bannerje |first=A C |editor-first=H K |editor-last=Barpujari |title=The Comprehensive History of Assam: Modern Period |publisher=Publication Board, Assam |place=Guwahati |year=1992 |pages=1–43 |chapter=Chapter 1: The New Regime, 1826-31 |volume=IV}}
* {{cite book |last=Hunter |first=William Wislon |title=A Statistical Account of Assam |volume=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIVJAAAAMAAJ |access-date=2012-12-13 |year=1879 |publisher=Trübner & co. }}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* [http://kamrup.nic.in/ District Administration website]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Kamrup district
|North =
|Northeast = [[Udalguri district]] <br /> [[Darrang district]]
|East = [[Morigaon district]]
|Southeast = [[Ri-Bhoi district]], [[Meghalaya]]
|South = [[West Khasi Hills district]], Meghalaya
|Southwest = [[East Garo Hills district]], Meghalaya
|West = [[Goalpara district]]
|Northwest = [[Baksa district]] <br /> [[Nalbari district]]
}} <div style="text-align: center;">'''Note''': [[Kamrup Metropolitan district]] is completely surrounded by Kamrup Rural district. </div>

{{Western Assam}}
{{Assam}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kamrup District}}
[[Category:Kamrup district| ]]
[[Category:Kamrup region]]
[[Category:Districts of Assam]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Assam]]

Shah Rukh Khan

2026-10-09T14:56:45Z

Channel500k:

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1965)}}
{{hatnote group
| {{Redirect|SRK}}
| {{for|the Indian cricketer|Shahrukh Khan (cricketer)}}
}}
{{featured article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}

{{Infobox actor
| name = Shah Rukh Khan
| image = Shah Rukh Khan graces the launch of the new Santro.jpg 
| caption = Khan in 2018
| birth_name = Shahrukh Khan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|11|02|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], Delhi, India
| alma_mater = [[Hansraj College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|film producer|television personality|businessman}}
| years_active = 1988–present
| organisation = {{ubl|[[Red Chillies Entertainment]]|[[Knight Riders Group]]}}
| works = [[Shah Rukh Khan filmography|Full list]]
| title = [[Managing director|MD]] of Red Chillies Entertainment
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Gauri Khan|Gauri Chhibber]]|25 October 1991}}
| children = 3 (including [[Aryan Khan|Aryan]] and [[Suhana Khan|Suhana]])
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Shah Rukh Khan|Full list]]
| honours = [[Padma Shri]] (2005)<br />[[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres|Order of Arts and Letters]] (2007)<br />[[Legion of Honour]] (2014) [[National Film Award]] (2025)
| signature = Shah Rukh Khan Signature.svg
}}

'''Shah Rukh Khan'''{{efn|Khan's official name is Shahrukh as per his business filings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Director Master Info |url=https://www.mca.gov.in/content/mca/global/en/mca/master-data/MDS/director-master-info.html?DIN=oJBBk1Fy5LMhVYHtIGjntA== |access-date=29 October 2024 |website=www.mca.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/RED-CHILLIES-ENTERTAINMENTS-PRIVATE-LIMITED-U92130MH2002PTC135790|title=RED CHILLIES ENTERTAINMENTS PRIVATE LIMITED|website=ZaubaCorp|accessdate=26 February 2025}}</ref> Shah Rukh is his preferred stylisation.}} ({{IPA|hns|ˈʃaːɦɾʊx xäːn|pron|audio=Shahrukh_Khan.ogg}}; born as Shahrukh Khan on 2 November 1965), popularly known by the initials '''SRK''', is an [[Indian actor]] and [[film producer]] renowned for his work in [[Hindi cinema]]. Referred to in the media as the "[[Padishah|Baadshah]] of Bollywood" and "King Khan",{{efn|name=King}} he has [[Shah Rukh Khan filmography|appeared in more than 100 films]] and earned [[List of awards and nominations received by Shah Rukh Khan|numerous accolades]], including a [[National Film Award]] and 15 [[Filmfare Awards]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Mukesh Khanna backs Shah Rukh Khan's National Award win |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/mukesh-khanna-backs-shah-rukh-khans-national-award-win-76404.html |magazine=Filmfare |date=6 August 2025 |access-date=9 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Srivastava |first=Simran |date=1 August 2025 |title=Shah Rukh Khan's Fans Can't Keep Calm As Actor Wins His First National Film Award In 33 Years: 'Wait Is Over' |url=https://news24online.com/entertainment/shah-rukh-khans-fans-cant-keep-calm-as-actor-wins-his-first-national-film-award-in-33-years-wait-is-over/611358/ |work=News24 |access-date=9 August 2025}}</ref> He has been awarded the [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Government of India]], as well as the [[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres|Order of Arts and Letters]] and [[Legion of Honour]] by the [[Government of France]]. Khan has a significant following in Asia and among the [[Non-resident Indian and Overseas Citizen of India|Indian diaspora]] worldwide. In terms of income, several media outlets have described him as one of the most successful film stars in the world.{{efn|name=biggest}}

Khan began his career with appearances in several television series in the late 1980s and made his [[Hindi]] film debut in 1992 with the musical romance ''[[Deewana (1992 film)|Deewana]]''. He was initially recognised for playing villainous roles in the films ''[[Baazigar]]'' (1993) and ''[[Darr]]'' (1993). Khan established himself by starring in a series of top-grossing romantic films, including {{lang|hi-latn|[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]}} (1995), ''[[Dil To Pagal Hai]]'' (1997), ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]'' (1998), ''[[Mohabbatein]]'' (2000), ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]'' (2001), ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'' (2003), ''[[Veer-Zaara]]'' (2004), and ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]'' (2006). He earned critical acclaim for his portrayal of an alcoholic in the period romantic drama ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'' (2002), a [[NASA]] scientist in the social drama ''[[Swades]]'' (2004), a hockey coach in the sports drama ''[[Chak De! India]]'' (2007), and a man with [[Asperger syndrome]] in the drama ''[[My Name Is Khan]]'' (2010). Further commercial successes came with the romances ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'' (2007) and ''[[Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi]]'' (2008), and with his expansion to comedies in ''[[Chennai Express]]'' (2013) and ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]'' (2014). Following a brief setback and hiatus, Khan made a career comeback with the 2023 action thrillers ''[[Pathaan (film)|Pathaan]]'' and ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]'', both of which rank among the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Indian films]]. For ''Jawan'', he received the [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] for [[National Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor in a Leading Role]].

As of 2015, Khan is co-chairman of the motion picture production company [[Red Chillies Entertainment]] and its subsidiaries and is the co-owner of the [[Indian Premier League]] cricket team [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] and the [[Caribbean Premier League]] team [[Trinbago Knight Riders]]. He is a frequent television presenter and stage show performer. Khan's philanthropic endeavours have provided health care and disaster relief, and he was honoured with [[UNESCO]]'s Pyramide con Marni award in 2011 for his support of children's education and the [[World Economic Forum]]'s Crystal Award in 2018 for advocating for women's and children's rights in India. He regularly features in listings of the most influential people in [[Indian culture]], and in 2008, ''[[Newsweek]]'' named him one of their fifty most powerful people in the world. In 2022, Khan was voted one of the 50 greatest actors of all time in a readers' poll by ''[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]'', and in 2023, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' named him as one of the [[Time 100|most influential people in the world]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2023/6269827/shah-rukh-khan/|title=Shah Rukh Khan: The 100 Most Influential People of 2023|date=13 April 2023|magazine=Time|access-date=26 February 2025}}</ref>

== Early life and family ==
=== Parents ===
Khan's father, [[Mir clan|Mir]] Taj Mohammed Khan, was an [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] activist from [[Peshawar]] who campaigned alongside the [[Khudai Khidmatgar]], a [[nonviolent resistance]] movement led by [[Abdul Ghaffar Khan]] that sought a [[opposition to the partition of India|united and independent India]].<ref name="KoolAgrawal2020">{{Cite book |last1=Kool |first1=Vinod K. |title=Gandhi and the Psychology of Nonviolence, Volume 1: Scientific Roots and Development |last2=Agrawal |first2=Rita |date=2020 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |isbn=978-3-030-56865-8 |pages=55 |language=English |quote=Khan founded the Khudai Khidmatgar (Servants of God), the followers of which were commonly referred to as 'red shirts.' What attracted people to him? It was the same values that drew people in large numbers to Gandhi—integrity of character coupled with a total commitment to the philosophy and practice of nonviolence and the unwavering belief in a united India.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2019 |title=Fatima Bhutto terms Shah Rukh Khan 'an icon challenging US monopoly |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/538860-fatima-bhutto-terms-shah-rukh-khan-an-icon-challenging-us-monopoly |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010001647/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/538860-fatima-bhutto-terms-shah-rukh-khan-an-icon-challenging-us-monopoly |archive-date=10 October 2019 |access-date=10 October 2019 |website=The News International}}</ref> Mir was a follower of Abdul Ghaffar Khan,{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=17–18}} and affiliated with the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="ancestral5">{{Cite news |last=Khan, Omer Farooq |date=19 March 2010 |title=SRK's ancestral home traced to Pakistan |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/SRKs-ancestral-home-traced-to-Pakistan/articleshow/5701179.cms |url-status=live |access-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701111712/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/SRKs-ancestral-home-traced-to-Pakistan/articleshow/5701179.cms |archive-date=1 July 2015 |quote=There is a strong misperception about Shah Rukh's identity who is widely considered as a Pathan. In fact, his entire family speaks Hindko language. His ancestors came from Kashmir and settled in Peshawar centuries back, revealed Maqsood. This may disappoint many of Shah Rukh’s Pashto speaking fans who consider him a Pathan by origin. Shah Rukh’s family also contradicted the claim that his grandfather Jan Muhammad was from Afghanistan.}}</ref> He was also the cousin of the major general in the [[Indian National Army]] [[Shah Nawaz Khan (general)|Shah Nawaz Khan]].{{efn|name="SRKfamily"|Although Shahrukh Khan's mother was reported to be the adopted daughter of [[Shah Nawaz Khan (general)|Shah Nawaz Khan]], a major general in the [[Indian National Army]], the [[Indian Army]] denied those reports.<ref name="The Express Tribune">{{Cite news |date=11 March 2012 |title=Army denies new ISI chief related to Shah Rukh Khan |work=[[The Express Tribune]] |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/348459/army-denies-new-isi-chief-related-to-shah-rukh-khan/ |url-status=live |access-date=12 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528165955/http://tribune.com.pk/story/348459/army-denies-new-isi-chief-related-to-shah-rukh-khan/ |archive-date=28 May 2014}}</ref> According to Khan, his father was related to Shah Nawaz.<ref name="pathan">{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Priya |date=4 August 2013 |title=How SRK's Pathan father fell in love with his South Indian mother |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/How-SRKs-Pathan-father-fell-in-love-with-his-South-Indian-mother/articleshow/21574818.cms |url-status=live |access-date=24 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805212904/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/How-SRKs-Pathan-father-fell-in-love-with-his-South-Indian-mother/articleshow/21574818.cms |archive-date=5 August 2013}}</ref>}} According to Khan, his paternal grandfather, Mir Jan Muhammad Khan, was an ethnic [[Pashtuns|Pashtun (Pathan)]] from Afghanistan.<ref name="ancestral5" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2020 |title=Happy Birthday Shah Rukh Khan: Why SRK is 'Half Hyderabadi'? |url=https://www.siasat.com/happy-birthday-shah-rukh-khan-why-srk-is-half-hyderabadi-2013690/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617114610/https://www.siasat.com/happy-birthday-shah-rukh-khan-why-srk-is-half-hyderabadi-2013690/ |archive-date=17 June 2021 |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-GB |quote=Khan’s paternal grandfather, Meer Jan Muhammad Khan, was an ethnic Pashtun (Pathan) from Afghanistan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hwbta8t2XH4&t=2m00s |title=Mardomi interviews Shahrukh Khan in U.S.A |date=26 January 2009 |publisher=[[YouTube]] |time=2:00 |access-date=1 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809175417/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hwbta8t2XH4&t=2m00s |archive-date=9 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, his paternal cousins in Peshawar later clarified that the family speaks [[Hindko]], a language related to [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] that Khan can understand and speak even if not fluently,<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2005 |title=Shahrukh's cousins eager to meet him |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/149454/shahrukh-s-cousins-eager-to-meet-him |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117025924/http://www.dawn.com/news/149454/shahrukh-s-cousins-eager-to-meet-him |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=4 November 2015 |work=Dawn |quote=Mr Ahmed said that the celebrity understood Hindko and loved to speak in his mother-tongue despite having been born away from Hindko speaking area. However, he could not speak the language fluently, he added.}}</ref> and is originally from [[Kashmir]], from where they settled in Peshawar centuries back, thus contradicting the claim that his grandfather was a Pashtun from Afghanistan.<ref name="ancestral5" /> As of 2010, Khan's paternal family was still living in the Shah Wali Qataal area of Peshawar's [[Qissa Khwani Bazaar]].<ref name="ancestral5" />

In 1946, Mir moved to Delhi to study law at [[Delhi University]].{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=19}} With the [[partition of India]] in 1947, he was forced to stay in Delhi and did not return to Peshawar until many years later.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=20}} Khan's mother, Lateef Fatima, a [[magistrate]], was the daughter of a senior government engineer.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|p=25}}{{efn|name="SRKfamily"}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raza |first=Danish |date=29 June 2015 |title=Tragedy at Turkman Gate: Witnesses recount horror of Emergency |publisher=Hindustan Times |agency=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/tragedy-at-turkman-gate-witnesses-recount-horror-of-emergency/story-UD6kxHbROYSBMlDbjQLYpJ.html |url-status=live |access-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710004240/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/tragedy-at-turkman-gate-witnesses-recount-horror-of-emergency/story-UD6kxHbROYSBMlDbjQLYpJ.html |archive-date=10 July 2018}}</ref> His parents were married in 1959.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|p=26}}

=== Early life ===
SRK was born as Shah Rukh Khan on 2 November 1965 into a [[Muslim]] family in [[New Delhi]].{{sfn|Chopra|2007|loc=p. 27|ps=: "born on 2 November 1965 at Talwar Nursing Home, in New Delhi"}} He spent the first five years of his life in [[Mangalore]], where his maternal grandfather, Iftikhar Ahmed, served as chief engineer of the port in the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2013 |title=Shah Rukh Khan's South Connect: 'Chennai Express' Actor's Mangalore Home Turns into Tourist Spot |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/shah-rukh-khan039s-south-connect-039chennai-express039-actor039s-mangalore-home-turns-into-tourist-spot-501269 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023090445/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/shah-rukh-khan039s-south-connect-039chennai-express039-actor039s-mangalore-home-turns-into-tourist-spot-501269 |archive-date=23 October 2014 |access-date=23 September 2013 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref><ref name="BornBroughtup">{{cite news|title=B'day Special: Shah Rukh Khan (p. 4)|work=The Times of India|url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan/bday-special-shah-rukh-khan/articleshow/25059441.cms|url-status=live|access-date=16 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216104040/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan/bday-special-shah-rukh-khan/articleshow/25059441.cms|archive-date=16 December 2014}}</ref>{{efn|There was some confusion because Khan seemingly contradicted himself in an interview, saying that he was born and brought up in Mangalore<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta, Priya |date=6 August 2013 |title=SRK grew up in Mangalore |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/SRK-grew-up-in-Mangalore/articleshow/21650472.cms |url-status=live |access-date=23 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212114547/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/SRK-grew-up-in-Mangalore/articleshow/21650472.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=12 December 2018}}</ref> but he later confirmed his birthplace as Delhi, and that he was brought up in Mangalore for the first five years.<ref name="BornBroughtup" />}} Khan has described himself on [[Twitter]] as "half [[Hyderabadi Muslims|Hyderabadi]] (mother), half [[Pashtuns|Pathan]] (father), and some [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiri]] (grandmother)".<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=21639346475 |user=iamsrk |title=i am half hyderabadi (mom) half pathan (Dad) some kashmiri (grandmom) born in delhi life in mumbai punjabi wife kolkata team. Indian at heart |author=Shah Rukh Khan |date=19 August 2010 |access-date=27 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122203520/https://twitter.com/iamsrk/status/21639346475 |archive-date=22 November 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

SRK grew up in the [[Rajendra Nagar, Delhi|Rajendra Nagar]] neighbourhood of New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 September 2009 |title=SRK to run for Delhi TNN |language=en-US |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/SRK-to-run-for-Delhi/articleshow/5068322.cms |url-status=live |access-date=21 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317114958/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/SRK-to-run-for-Delhi/articleshow/5068322.cms |archive-date=17 March 2016}}</ref> His father had several business ventures including a restaurant, and the family lived a middle-class life in rented apartments.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|p=50}} Khan attended [[St. Columba's School, Delhi|St. Columba's School]] in central Delhi where he excelled in his studies and in sports such as hockey and football,{{sfn|O'Brien|2014|p=217}} and received the school's highest award, the Sword of Honour.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|p=50}} Initially SRK inspired to pursue a career in sports, however a shoulder injury in his early years meant that he could no longer play.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Rajat |date=16 April 2016 |title=Shah Rukh Khan in Aap Ki Adalat (Full Interview) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=t_FyYz1pOVg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011203534/https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=t_FyYz1pOVg |archive-date=11 October 2020 |access-date=14 August 2018 |website=youtube.com/user/IndiaTV |publisher=IndiaTV}}</ref> Instead, in his youth, he acted in stage plays and received praise for his imitations of Bollywood actors, of which his favourites were [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], and [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]].{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=32, 36}} One of his childhood friends and acting partners was [[Amrita Singh]], who became a [[Bollywood]] actress.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=36–38}} Khan enrolled at [[Delhi University|University of Delhi]]’s [[Hansraj College]] (1985–88) to earn his bachelor's degree in [[economics]], but spent much of his time at Delhi's Theatre Action Group (TAG),{{sfn|Chopra|2007|p=53}} where he studied acting under the mentorship of theatre director [[Barry John (theatre director)|Barry John]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baker, Steven |date=9 April 2007 |title=Theatre is at an all-time low in Delhi |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/theatre-is-at-an-all-time-low-in-delhi/story-cdTZmWVLZbZpajDHYUYWiM.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001114344/http://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/theatre-is-at-an-all-time-low-in-delhi/story-cdTZmWVLZbZpajDHYUYWiM.html |archive-date=1 October 2015 |access-date=10 September 2010 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 February 2016 |title=SRK finally receives graduation degree from Hansraj College after 28 years |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-receives-graduation-degree-after-28-years/ |url-status=live |access-date=17 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217094401/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-receives-graduation-degree-after-28-years/ |archive-date=17 February 2016}}</ref> After graduating from Hansraj, he cleared the entrance exam for the [[Indian Institutes of Technology|Indian Institute of Technology]] (IIT), as his mother insisted that he attempt an engineering exam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2025 |title=Shah Rukh Khan cracked IIT entrance exam, never pursued engineering: 'My mom said show it to me and I did' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-cracked-iit-entrance-exam-never-pursued-engineering-10231627/lite/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2025 |title=Did You Know Shah Rukh Khan Had Once Cleared IIT Entrance Exam? This Is How His Mother Had Reacted: 'You Don't Need To...' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/did-you-know-shah-rukh-khan-had-once-cleared-iit-entrance-exam-this-is-how-his-mother-had-reacted-you-dont-need-to-/articleshow/123723533.cms |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> Khan then began studying for a master's degree in [[mass communication]] at [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], but left to pursue his acting career.<ref name="BritannicaSRKAlmaMater">{{cite web |title=Shah Rukh Khan |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Shah-Rukh-Khan |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |publisher=Britannica |access-date=3 November 2024 |quote=Shah Rukh Khan attended Jamia Millia Islamia University in New Delhi, India.}}</ref><ref name="factsyou">{{Cite news |date=2 November 2006 |title=Facts you never knew about SRK |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2006/11/02/1777/ |access-date=26 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317143631/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2006/11/02/1777/ |archive-date=17 March 2011}}</ref> At Jamia, future filmmaker [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]] was his junior, and he would use Shah Rukh's notes for study.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2025 |title='Arrogant' Shah Rukh Khan skipped final exams at Jamia because of his 'stupid, youthful nonsense', didn't get his degree: 'Badtameezi aur ghatiyanpan tha mera' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/arrogant-shah-rukh-khan-skipped-final-exams-at-jamia-stupid-youthful-nonsense-didnt-get-degree-10233638/lite/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> He also attended the [[National School of Drama]] in Delhi during his early career in Bollywood.<ref name="Rediff-Devdas">{{Cite web |last=Panicker |first=Prem |date=10 July 2002 |title=For an entire year I was sad |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/10srk.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817042452/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/10srk.htm |archive-date=17 August 2012 |website=Rediff.com |access-date=14 March 2012}}</ref>

His father died of cancer in 1981,{{efn|Chopra's 2007 book gave the date as 19 September 1980,{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=41–43}} and in an interview in 2014 Khan specified the date was 19 October 1981.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmmgaGju22w |title=The Anupam Kher Show – Shahrukh Khan – Episode No: 1 |date=6 July 2014 |language=hi |place=India |access-date=27 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220181534/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmmgaGju22w |archive-date=20 February 2015 |url-status=live |people=Khan, Shah Rukh |work=[[Colors TV|Colors]]}}</ref>}} and his mother died in 1991 from complications of diabetes.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|p=89}} After the death of their parents, his older sister, Shahnaz Lalarukh (born 1960){{sfn|Chopra|2007|p=27}} fell into a depressed state and Khan took on the responsibility of caring for her.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=41–43}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 August 2013 |title=RAKHI SPECIAL: Bollywood King SRK with his sister Shehnaz Lalarukh |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/REL-rakhi-special-bollywood-king-shah-rukh-khan-with-his-sister-shehnaz-lalarukh-4351744-PHO.html |url-status=dead |access-date=12 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112214707/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/REL-rakhi-special-bollywood-king-shah-rukh-khan-with-his-sister-shehnaz-lalarukh-4351744-PHO.html |archive-date=12 November 2014}}</ref> Shahnaz continues to live with her brother and his family in their [[Mumbai]] mansion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy, Gitanjali |date=14 November 2012 |title=Shah Rukh Khan : Live life King Khan size |url=http://www.ndtv.com/people/shah-rukh-khan-live-life-king-khan-size-503384 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402154945/http://www.ndtv.com/people/shah-rukh-khan-live-life-king-khan-size-503384 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=23 September 2013 |publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

== Acting career ==
{{See also|Shah Rukh Khan filmography}}

=== 1988–1992: Television and film debut ===
Khan's first starring role was in [[Lekh Tandon]]'s television series ''Dil Dariya'', which began shooting in 1988, but production delays led to the [[Raj Kumar Kapoor]] directed 1989 series ''[[Fauji (TV series)|Fauji]]'' becoming his television debut instead.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=72–74}} In the series, which depicted a realistic look at the training of army cadets, he played the leading role of Abhimanyu Rai.<ref name="mumbai">{{Cite news |date=2 November 2009 |title=I feel like a 25-year-old, says birthday boy Shah Rukh Khan |work=Daily News and Analysis |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-i-feel-like-a-25-year-old-says-birthday-boy-shah-rukh-khan-1306257 |url-status=live |access-date=1 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809200837/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-i-feel-like-a-25-year-old-says-birthday-boy-shah-rukh-khan-1306257 |archive-date=9 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khubchandani, Lata |date=1 June 2004 |title=I can't take credit for Shah Rukh's success |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jun/02lekh.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628063812/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jun/02lekh.htm |archive-date=28 June 2012 |access-date=22 October 2011 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> This led to further appearances in [[Aziz Mirza]]'s television series ''[[Circus (Indian TV series)|Circus]]'' (1989–90) and [[Mani Kaul]]'s miniseries ''[[Idiot (1992 film)|Idiot]]'' (1992).{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=79–84}} Khan also played minor parts in the serials ''Umeed'' (1989) and ''[[Wagle Ki Duniya]]'' (1988–90),{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=79–84}} and in the English-language [[television film]] ''[[In Which Annie Gives It Those Ones]]'' (1989).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kohli, Ram |date=9 May 2013 |title=Main bhi Shah Rukh Khan! |work=Daily News and Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-main-bhi-shah-rukh-khan-1832425 |url-status=live |access-date=12 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714175821/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-main-bhi-shah-rukh-khan-1832425 |archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> His appearances in these serials led critics to compare his look and acting style with those of the film actor [[Dilip Kumar]],{{Sfn|Bose|2006|p=34}} but Khan was not interested in film acting at the time, thinking that he was not good enough.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=79–84}}<ref name="cnnedition">{{Cite web |date=5 June 2008 |title=Shah Rukh Khan {{ndash}} Q&A |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/01/25/SRK.qanda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103045107/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/01/25/SRK.qanda/ |archive-date=3 November 2015 |access-date=30 March 2015 |publisher=CNN}}</ref>

Khan changed his decision to act in films in April 1991,{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=91–96}} citing it as a way to escape the grief of his mother's death.<ref name="itoday" /> He moved from Delhi to [[Mumbai]] to pursue a full-time career in Bollywood and was quickly signed to four films.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=91–96}} His first offer was for [[Hema Malini]]'s directorial debut ''[[Dil Aashna Hai]]'',<ref name="Rediff-Devdas" /><ref name="mumbai" /> and by June, he had started his first shoot.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|p=97}} His film debut was in ''[[Deewana (1992 film)|Deewana]]'', which was released in June 1992.<ref>{{Cite news |title=B'day Special: Shah Rukh Khan (p. 26) |work=The Times of India |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan/bday-special-shahrukh-khan/articleshow/25059260.cms |url-status=live |access-date=30 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103120905/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan/bday-special-shahrukh-khan/articleshow/25059260.cms |archive-date=3 November 2014}}</ref> In it he starred alongside [[Divya Bharti]] as the second male lead behind [[Rishi Kapoor]]. ''Deewana'' became a box office hit and launched Khan's Bollywood career;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Box Office 1992 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=198&catName=MTk5Ng== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329011759/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=198&catName=MTk5Ng%3D%3D |archive-date=29 March 2012 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> he earned the [[Filmfare Best Male Debut Award]] for his performance.<ref name="toi-awards">{{Cite news |title=Shahrukh Khan The King of Awards |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Shahrukh-Khan-The-King-of-Awards/photostory/29203023.cms |url-status=live |access-date=10 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701205554/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Shahrukh-Khan-The-King-of-Awards/photostory/29203023.cms |archive-date=1 July 2014}}</ref> Also released in 1992 were Khan's first films as the male lead, ''[[Chamatkar]]'', ''Dil Aashna Hai'', and the comedy ''[[Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman]]'', which was his first of many collaborations with the actress [[Juhi Chawla]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan, V S |date=27 March 1998 |title=The rise, fall and rise of Juhi Chawla |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/mar/27juhic.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070129033105/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/mar/27juhic.htm |archive-date=29 January 2007 |access-date=8 June 2009 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> His initial film roles saw him play characters who displayed energy and enthusiasm. According to Arnab Ray of ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'', Khan brought a new kind of acting as he was "sliding down stairs on a slab of ice, cartwheeling, somersaulting, lips trembling, eyes trembling, bringing to the screen the kind of physical energy... visceral, intense, maniacal one moment and cloyingly boyish the next."<ref name="DNA" />

=== 1993–1994: Negative characters ===
Among his 1993 releases, Khan garnered the most appreciation for portraying villainous roles in two box office hits: a murderer in ''[[Baazigar]]'', and an obsessive lover in ''[[Darr]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Box Office 1993 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=199&catName=MTk5Mw== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119095100/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=199&catName=MTk5Mw%3D%3D |archive-date=19 January 2012 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> The former, in which Khan played an ambiguous avenger who murders his girlfriend, shocked Indian audiences with an unexpected violation of the standard Bollywood formula.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2005 |title=Shah Rukh's Best Movies |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/oct/18sld4.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226122111/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/oct/18sld4.htm |archive-date=26 February 2008 |access-date=20 April 2008 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> In ''The Cambridge Companion to Modern Indian Culture'', Sonal Khullar called the character "the consummate [[Antihero|anti-hero]]".{{sfn|Dalmia|Sadana|2012|p=180}} His performance in ''Baazigar'', which would be his first of many appearances with actress [[Kajol]], won Khan his first [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]].{{sfn|Gulazāra|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|p=574}} In 2003, the ''[[Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema]]'' stated that Khan "defied the image of the conventional hero in both these films and created his own version of the revisionist hero".{{sfn|Gulazāra|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|p=574}} ''Darr'' marked the first of Khan's many collaborations with filmmaker [[Yash Chopra]] and his company [[Yash Raj Films]]. Khan's stammering and the use of the phrase "I love you, K-k-k-Kiran" were popular with audiences.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma, Sukanya |date=4 November 2005 |title=Weekend Watch: Darr |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/nov/04watch.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018181249/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/nov/04watch.htm |archive-date=18 October 2011 |access-date=17 March 2012 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''The Indian Express'' argued that he "walks away with the acting honours in yet another negative role".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=7 January 1994 |title=Passionate follower |language=en |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIplAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA6 |url-status=live |access-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617114618/https://books.google.com/books?id=EIplAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA6 |archive-date=17 June 2021}}</ref> For ''Darr'' he received a nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role]], also known as the Best Villain Award, but lost to [[Paresh Rawal]] for ''[[Sir (1993 film)|Sir]]''.<ref name="FFAwardsPDF">{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Nominees and Winners |url=https://archive.org/details/FilmfareAwards |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=Filmfare |pages=85–119 |format=PDF}}</ref> Also in 1993, Khan performed a nude scene with [[Deepa Sahi]] in ''[[Maya Memsaab]]'', although parts of it were censored by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mukane, Pratik |date=2 August 2014 |title=Aamir Khan isn't the first actor to pose nude, here are 5 other Bollywood actors who posed nude for films |work=Daily News and Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-aamir-khan-isn-t-the-first-actor-to-pose-nude-here-are-5-other-bollywood-actors-who-posed-nude-for-films-2007394 |url-status=live |access-date=8 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209021420/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-aamir-khan-isn-t-the-first-actor-to-pose-nude-here-are-5-other-bollywood-actors-who-posed-nude-for-films-2007394 |archive-date=9 February 2015}}</ref> The ensuing controversy prompted him to eschew such scenes in future roles.{{sfn|Chandra|2008|p=110–111}}

In 1994, Khan played a love-struck musician in [[Kundan Shah]]'s comedy-drama film ''[[Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa]]'' opposite [[Deepak Tijori]] and [[Suchitra Krishnamurthy]], which he later professed was his favourite role. His performance earned him a [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor#Filmfare Critics Award for Best Performance|Filmfare Critics Award for Best Performance]], and in a retrospective review from 2004, [[Sukanya Verma]] of [[Rediff.com]] referred to it as Khan's best performance, calling him "spontaneous, vulnerable, boyish, mischievous and acting straight from the heart".<ref name="bestperf">{{Cite web |last=Verma, Sukanya |date=25 March 2004 |title=Shah Rukh Khan's best performance (And film)! |url=http://www.sukanyaverma.com/2012/01/shah-rukh-khans-best-performance-and-film/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072142/http://www.sukanyaverma.com/2012/01/shah-rukh-khans-best-performance-and-film/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=13 October 2014 |publisher=SukanyaVerma.com}}</ref> Also in 1994, Khan won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role]] for his role as an obsessive lover in ''[[Anjaam]]'', co-starring [[Madhuri Dixit]].{{Sfn|Gulazāra|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|p=574}} At the time, playing antagonistic roles was considered risky to a leading man's career in mainstream Hindi cinema. Arnab Ray subsequently credited Khan for taking "insane risks" and "pushing the envelope" by choosing to play such characters, through which he established his career.<ref name="DNA">{{Cite news |last=Ray, Arnab |date=11 November 2012 |title=When Shah Rukh Khan lost his groove |work=Daily News and Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column_when-shah-rukh-khan-lost-his-groove_1763118 |url-status=live |access-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114050856/http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column_when-shah-rukh-khan-lost-his-groove_1763118 |archive-date=14 November 2012}}</ref> The director [[Mukul S. Anand]] called him "the new face of the industry" at the time.<ref name="itoday">{{Cite news |last=Chandra, Anupama |date=15 April 1995 |title=Darringly different |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/profile/story/19950415-shah-rukh-khan-makes-a-career-out-of-rejected-roles-reinvents-hindi-film-hero-806730-1995-04-14 |url-status=live |access-date=22 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519010219/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/shah-rukh-khan-makes-a-career-out-of-rejected-roles-reinvents-hindi-film-hero/1/287824.html |archive-date=19 May 2015}}</ref>

=== 1995–1998: Romantic roles ===
[[File:Shah Rukh Khan & Kajol unveil the special coffee table book 'DDLJ'.jpg|thumb|left|With co-star [[Kajol]] in 2014 celebrating 1000 weeks continuous showing of their film ''[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]''|alt=Shah Rukh Khan hugs Kajol]]
Khan starred in seven films in 1995, the first of which was [[Rakesh Roshan]]'s melodramatic thriller ''[[Karan Arjun]]''. Co-starring [[Salman Khan]] and Kajol, it became the second-highest-grossing film of the year in India.<ref name="g1995" /> His most significant release that year was [[Aditya Chopra]]'s directorial debut, the romance ''[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]'', in which he played a young [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Non-resident Indian]] (NRI) who falls in love with Kajol's character during a trip across Europe. Khan was initially reticent to portray the role of a lover, but this film is credited with establishing him as a "romantic hero".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni, Ronjita |date=8 October 2003 |title=Shah Rukh did not want to do DDLJ |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/oct/08anu.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530014030/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/oct/08anu.htm |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=11 November 2011 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> Lauded by both critics and the public, it became the year's highest grossing production in India and abroad and was declared an "all time blockbuster" by [[Box Office India]],<ref name="g1995">{{Cite web |title=Box Office 1995 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=201&catName=MTk5NQ== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919200909/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=201&catName=MTk5NQ%3D%3D |archive-date=19 September 2012 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=All Time Grossers |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=all_time_earners |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107103929/http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=all_time_earners |archive-date=7 January 2012 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> with an estimated lifetime gross of {{INRConvert|2|b|year=1995|mode=historical|nolink=no}} worldwide.<ref name="Rajinder">{{Cite book |last1=Rajinder |first1=Dudrah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Wz4AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA183 |title=The Bollywood Reader |last2=Jigna |first2=Desai |date=1 October 2008 |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Education]] |isbn=978-0-335-22212-4 |pages=183 |access-date=7 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418165238/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Wz4AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA183 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ganti">{{Cite book |last=Ganti |first=Tejaswini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hb83FwNGuR4C&pg=PA289 |title=Producing Bollywood: Inside the Contemporary Hindi Film Industry |date=7 March 2012 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8223-5213-6 |pages=289 |access-date=1 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418165303/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hb83FwNGuR4C&pg=PA289 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is the longest-running film in the history of Indian cinema; it is still showing at the [[Maratha Mandir]] theatre in Mumbai after more than 1000 weeks as of early 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2014 |title='DDLJ' to complete 1000 weeks at Maratha Mandir theatre on Friday |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/517598/ddlj-to-complete-1000-weeks-at-maratha-mandir-theatre-on-friday.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530051347/http://www.ibnlive.com/videos/india/ddlj-1000-weeks-730712.html |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=11 December 2014 |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 February 2015 |title=Maratha Mandir brings down curtains on DDLJ after 20 years |work=Business Standard |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/maratha-mandir-brings-down-curtains-on-ddlj-after-20-years-115021900494_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=19 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530052333/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/maratha-mandir-brings-down-curtains-on-ddlj-after-20-years-115021900494_1.html |archive-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> The film won ten [[Filmfare Awards]], including the second of Khan's Best Actor Awards.{{Sfn|Gulazāra|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|p=574}} The director and critic [[Raja Sen]] said, "Khan gives a fabulous performance, redefining the lover for the 1990s with great panache. He's cool and flippant, but sincere enough to appeal to the [audience]. The performance itself is, like the best in the business, played well enough to come across as effortless, as non-acting."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen, Raja |date=13 May 2005 |title=DDLJ: Ten years, everybody cheers |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/may/13raja.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530014324/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/may/13raja.htm |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=29 January 2011 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

In 1996, all four of Khan's releases failed critically and commercially,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Box Office 1996 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=202&catName=MTk5Ng== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922015917/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=202&catName=MTk5Ng%3D%3D |archive-date=22 September 2012 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> but the following year, his starring role opposite [[Aditya Pancholi]] and Juhi Chawla in Aziz Mirza's romantic comedy ''[[Yes Boss (film)|Yes Boss]]'' earned him accolades that included a Filmfare Best Actor nomination.<ref name="FFAwardsPDF" /> Later in 1997, he starred in [[Subhash Ghai]]'s diasporic-themed social drama ''[[Pardes (1997 film)|Pardes]]'',{{Sfn|Hirji|2010|p=110}} portraying Arjun, a musician facing a moral dilemma. ''[[India Today]]'' cites it as one of the first major Bollywood pictures to succeed in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pardes (1997) |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/shah-rukh-khan-best-films-368556-2012-10-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520215744/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/gallery/shah-rukh-khan-best-films/9/8077.html |archive-date=20 May 2014 |access-date=27 December 2014 |website=India Today|date=30 October 2012 }}</ref> Khan's final release of 1997 was the second collaboration with Yash Chopra in the popular musical romance ''[[Dil To Pagal Hai]]''. He portrayed Rahul, a stage director caught in a [[love triangle]] between Madhuri Dixit and [[Karisma Kapoor]]. The film and his performance met with critical praise, winning Khan his third Best Actor Award at Filmfare.{{Sfn|Gulazāra|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|p=574}}

Khan performed the lead role in three films and made one special appearance in 1998. In his first release of the year, he played a double role opposite Juhi Chawla and [[Sonali Bendre]] in Mahesh Bhatt's action comedy ''[[Duplicate (1998 film)|Duplicate]]'', the first of his many collaborations with [[Yash Johar]]'s production company [[Dharma Productions]]. The film was not well received,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Box Office 1998 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=204&catName=MTk5OA= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505193513/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=204&catName=MTk5OA%3D%3D |archive-date=5 May 2012 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> but ''India Today'' lauded Khan for his energetic performance.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chopra, Anupama |date=18 May 1998 |title=Comic-book charm |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19980518-film-review-duplicate-starring-shah-rukh-khan-juhi-chawla-sonali-bendre-826415-1998-05-17 |url-status=live |access-date=10 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216165145/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/film-review-duplicate-starring-shah-rukh-khan-juhi-chawla-sonali-bendre/1/264225.html |archive-date=16 February 2015}}</ref> The same year, Khan won critical praise for his performance as an [[All India Radio]] correspondent who develops an infatuation for a mysterious terrorist ([[Manisha Koirala]]) in ''[[Dil Se..]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Deosthalee, Deepa |date=22 August 1998 |title=A picture perfect ode to love, Dil Se |work=The Indian Express |url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19980822/23450914.html |access-date=7 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217075228/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980822/23450914.html |archive-date=17 December 2013}}</ref> the third instalment of [[Mani Ratnam]]'s trilogy of terror films.{{Sfn|Ciecko|2006|p=142}}<ref name="heart">{{Cite web |last=Padua, Pat |year=2001 |title=From the Heart – The Films of Mani Ratnam |url=http://www.cinescene.com/names/maniratnam.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170916/http://www.cinescene.com/names/maniratnam.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=4 April 2011 |publisher=Cinescene.com }}</ref> In his final release of the year, he portrayed a college student in [[Karan Johar]]'s romance ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]'', in which he was involved in a love triangle along with Kajol and [[Rani Mukerji]]. The writer Anjana Motihar Chandra has referred to the picture as ''the'' blockbuster of the 1990s, a "pot-pourri of romance, comedy, and entertainment."{{sfn|Chandra|2008|p=128}} Khan won the Best Actor award at the Filmfare Awards ceremony for the second consecutive year,{{Sfn|Gulazāra|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|p=574}} although he and several critics believed his performance to have been overshadowed by that of Kajol.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vaishnav, Anand |date=16 October 2013 |title=5 Reasons Why We Still Love Kuch Kuch Hota Hai |url=http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/5-reasons-why-we-still-love-kuch-kuch-hota-hai-106949.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110201112/http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/5-reasons-why-we-still-love-kuch-kuch-hota-hai-106949.html |archive-date=10 January 2015 |access-date=10 March 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The roles in this phase of his career, and the series of romantic comedies and family dramas that followed, earned Khan widespread adulation from audiences, particularly teenagers,{{sfn|Raj|2009|p=143}} and according to the author [[Anupama Chopra]], established him as an icon of romance in India.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|p=112}}<ref name="romantic hero">{{Cite web |date=17 November 2012 |title=Shah Rukh Khan: Acting, not romance, is my forte |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/acting-not-romance-is-my-forte-shah-rukh-khan-608704 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912212150/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/acting-not-romance-is-my-forte-shah-rukh-khan-608704 |archive-date=12 September 2015 |access-date=10 March 2015 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> He continued to have frequent professional associations with [[Yash Chopra]], Aditya Chopra, and [[Karan Johar]], who moulded his image and made him into a superstar.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=124–125}} Khan became a romantic leading man without ever actually kissing any of his co-stars,{{sfn|Chopra|2007|p=112}} although he broke this rule in 2012, after strong urging by Yash Chopra.<ref name="kiss">{{Cite web |date=16 November 2012 |title=Why Shah Rukh Khan broke his kissing rule for ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/why-shah-rukh-khan-broke-his-kissing-rule-for-jab-tak-hai-jaan-608874 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913013540/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/why-shah-rukh-khan-broke-his-kissing-rule-for-jab-tak-hai-jaan-608874 |archive-date=13 September 2015 |access-date=9 December 2014 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref>

=== 1999–2003: Career fluctuations ===
[[File:Shah Rukh Khan 2001.jpg|thumb|left|185px|Khan in 2000]]

Khan's only release in 1999 was ''[[Baadshah (1999 film)|Baadshah]]'', in which he starred opposite [[Twinkle Khanna]]. Although the film underperformed at the box office,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Box Office 1999 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=205&catName=MTk5Ng== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119050259/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=205&catName=MTk5Ng%3D%3D |archive-date=19 January 2012 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> it earned him a Filmfare Award nomination for [[Filmfare Best Comedian Award#2000s|Best Performance in a Comic Role]].<ref name="FFAwardsPDF" /> Khan became a producer in 1999 in a collaboration with the actress Juhi Chawla and the director Aziz Mirza for a production company called Dreamz Unlimited.<ref name="dreamz">{{Cite news |last=Palicha, Paresh C. |date=25 August 2003 |title=Holidaying with unlimited Dreamz |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/08/25/stories/2003082500540200.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=25 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222105503/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/08/25/stories/2003082500540200.htm |archive-date=22 December 2016}}</ref> The company's first production, ''[[Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani]]'' (2000), starring Khan and Chawla, was a commercial failure.<ref name="2000 BO">{{Cite web |title=Box Office 2000 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=206&catName=MjAwMA== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811213429/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=206&catName=MjAwMA%3D%3D |archive-date=11 August 2013 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> It was released one week after ''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]'', starring [[Hrithik Roshan]], then a newcomer, who critics believed overshadowed Khan.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=181–190}} Swapna Mitter of Rediff.com spoke of Khan's predictable mannerisms, saying "Frankly, it's high time he innovated his act a little."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitter, Swapna |date=21 January 2000 |title=I love my car – and my country |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/jan/21hind.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924141006/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/jan/21hind.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=17 December 2014 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> Khan did a supporting role in [[Kamal Haasan]]'s ''[[Hey Ram]]'' (2000), which was made simultaneously in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Hindi]]. He thereby made his Tamil debut by playing the role of an archaeologist named Amjad Khan.<ref name="HRR">{{Cite web |last=Reddy, T. Krithika |date=25 February 2000 |title=Film Review: ''Hey! Ram'' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2000/02/25/stories/09250221.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222105630/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2000/02/25/stories/09250221.htm |archive-date=22 December 2016 |access-date=27 May 2015 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> He performed free of charge as he wanted to work with Haasan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2013 |title=SRK didn't take money for Hey Ram |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/SRK-didnt-take-money-for-Hey-Ram/articleshow/20313213.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015091010/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/SRK-didnt-take-money-for-Hey-Ram/articleshow/20313213.cms |archive-date=15 October 2015 |access-date=16 January 2017 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Taliculam |first=Sharmila |date=10 June 2000 |title=The scary part is that the adulation will go away |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/jun/10shah1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712134309/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/jun/10shah1.htm |archive-date=12 July 2016 |access-date=16 January 2017 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> On Khan's performance, T. Krithika Reddy of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Shah Rukh Khan, as usual comes up with an impeccable performance."<ref name="HRR" />

In 2001, Dreamz Unlimited attempted a comeback with Khan portraying the title role in [[Santosh Sivan]]'s historical epic ''[[Aśoka (film)|Aśoka]]'', a partly fictionalised account of the life of emperor [[Ashoka]]. The film was screened at the [[Venice Film Festival]] and the [[2001 Toronto International Film Festival]] to a positive response,<ref name="newyork911">{{Cite web |last=Chhabra, Aseem |date=24 October 2001 |title=Hype 'n' Hoopla |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/oct/24mkt.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630033853/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/oct/24mkt.htm |archive-date=30 June 2009 |access-date=31 December 2008 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> but it performed poorly at Indian box offices.<ref name="BO 2001">{{Cite web |title=Box Office 2001 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=207&catName=MjAwMA== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117042738/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=207&catName=MjAwMA%3D%3D |archive-date=17 January 2012 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> As losses continued to mount for the production company,{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=181–190}} Khan was forced to close srkworld.com, a company that he had started along with Dreamz Unlimited.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|p=205}} In December 2001, Khan suffered a spinal injury while performing an action sequence for a special appearance in [[Krishna Vamsi]]'s ''[[Shakti: The Power]]''.<ref name="prolapsed disc">{{Cite news |last=Chopra, Anupama |date=24 March 2003 |title=Star Stuck |work=India Today |url=http://archives.digitaltoday.in/indiatoday/20030324/cinema.html |url-status=dead |access-date=28 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426033118/http://archives.digitaltoday.in/indiatoday/20030324/cinema.html |archive-date=26 April 2013}}</ref> He was subsequently diagnosed with a [[prolapsed disc]], and attempted multiple [[Alternative medicine|alternative therapies]]. None of these provided a permanent solution to the injury, which caused him severe pain while shooting several of his films.<ref name="prolapsed disc" /><ref name="RediffCCInterview">{{Cite web |last=Jha, Subhash K |date=15 July 2003 |title=What makes SRK the richest man in the world? |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jul/15sd3.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228135518/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jul/15sd3.htm |archive-date=28 December 2011 |access-date=28 June 2012 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> By the beginning of 2003, his condition had worsened to the point that he had to undergo [[anterior cervical discectomy and fusion]] surgery at [[Wellington Hospital, London|Wellington Hospital]], London.<ref name="pressure">{{Cite web |last=Bhatia, Shyam |date=27 February 2003 |title=SRK to be discharged on Thursday |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/feb/27srk.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121074916/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/feb/27srk.htm |archive-date=21 January 2015 |access-date=27 July 2014 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref name="problem">{{Cite news |last1=Ahmed, Rashmee Z |last2=Pillai, Jitesh |date=8 March 2003 |title=Bollywood, Main Hoon Naa, says Shah Rukh |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Bollywood-Main-Hoon-Naa-says-Shah-Rukh/articleshow/39696603.cms? |url-status=live |access-date=28 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312034854/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Bollywood-Main-Hoon-Naa-says-Shah-Rukh/articleshow/39696603.cms |archive-date=12 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 May 2003 |title=I will be back: Shah Rukh Khan |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi-times/I-will-be-back-Shah-Rukh-Khan/articleshow/46908205.cms |url-status=live |access-date=28 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120821122254/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi-times/I-will-be-back-Shah-Rukh-Khan/articleshow/46908205.cms |archive-date=21 August 2012}}</ref> Khan resumed shooting in June 2003, but he reduced his workload and the number of film roles he accepted annually.<ref name="RediffCCInterview" />

[[File:Devdas CD-Rom Release.jpg|thumb|right|With co-star [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan|Aishwarya Rai]] at the home video launch of their film ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'' (2002)|alt=Shah Rukh Khan views a book with Aishwarya Rai in 2002]]
Successes during this time included Aditya Chopra's ''[[Mohabbatein]]'' (2000), and Karan Johar's family drama ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]'' (2001),<ref name="2000 BO" /><ref name="overseas">{{Cite web |title=Overseas Earnings (Figures in Ind Rs) |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=overseas_earners |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905204607/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=overseas_earners |archive-date=5 September 2013 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> which Khan cites as a turning point in his career.<ref name="Rediff">{{Cite web |last=Sidana, Latika |date=13 December 2001 |title='Maybe people love me too much! |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/dec/13shah.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114014210/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/dec/13shah.htm |archive-date=14 November 2012 |access-date=3 May 2012 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> Both films co-starred [[Amitabh Bachchan]] as an authoritarian figure, and presented ideological struggles between the two men.{{Sfn|Mehta|Pandharipande|2011|p=151}}{{sfn|Gulazāra|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|p=401}} Khan's performances in the films were met with wide public appreciation, and he was awarded his second [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor]] for ''[[Mohabbatein]]''.<ref name="FFAwardsPDF" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Adarsh, Taran |date=11 December 2001 |title=Movie Review: Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham |work=Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kabhi-khushi-kabhie-gham/critic-review/kabhi-khushi-kabhie-gham-movie-review/ |url-status=live |access-date=30 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130192521/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kabhi-khushi-kabhie-gham/critic-review/ |archive-date=30 November 2016}}</ref> ''Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham'' remained the top-grossing Indian production of all time in the overseas market for the next five years.<ref name="Worldwide gross">{{Cite web |title=Top Lifetime Grossers Worldwide (IND Rs) |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503222655/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU%3D |archive-date=3 May 2012 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref>

In 2002, Khan played the title role as a rebellious alcoholic opposite Aishwarya Rai and Madhuri Dixit in [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]'s period romance ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]''. At a cost of over {{INRConvert|500|m|year=2002|mode=historical|nolink=yes}}, it was the most expensive Bollywood film ever made at the time,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Deshpande, Sudhanva |date=17 August 2002 |title=The unbearable opulence of Devdas |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1917/19171320.htm |url-status=live |access-date=22 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530132657/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1917/19171320.htm |archive-date=30 May 2014}}</ref> and became a box office success, earning approximately {{INR|1.68 billion}} ({{US$|35 million|long=no}}) worldwide.<ref name="indiatoday">{{Cite news |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |author-link=Anupama Chopra |date=24 March 2003 |title=I'm fresh and looking forward to my third innings: Shah Rukh Khan |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/20030324-i-am-looking-forward-to-my-third-innings-shah-rukh-khan-793334-2003-03-24 |url-status=live |access-date=10 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404113758/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/20030324-i-am-looking-forward-to-my-third-innings-shah-rukh-khan-793334-2003-03-24 |archive-date=4 April 2022}}</ref> The film earned numerous accolades including 10 Filmfare Awards, with Best Actor for Khan,<ref name="toi-awards" /> and a [[BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 January 2003 |title=Devdas nominated for best foreign film at Bafta |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/english/hollywood/news/Devdas-nominated-for-best-foreign-film-at-Bafta/articleshow/35681339.cms |url-status=live |access-date=30 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911000628/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/english/hollywood/news/Devdas-nominated-for-best-foreign-film-at-Bafta/articleshow/35681339.cms |archive-date=11 September 2015}}</ref> Khan next starred in ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'' (2003), a comedy-drama written by Karan Johar and set in New York City, which became the second-highest-grossing film domestically and the top-grossing Bollywood film in external markets that year.<ref name="overseas" /><ref name="2003 BO">{{Cite web |title=Box Office 2003 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=209&catName=MjAwMA== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015210718/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=209&catName=MjAwMA%3D%3D |archive-date=15 October 2013 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> Co-starring with [[Jaya Bachchan]], [[Saif Ali Khan]], and [[Preity Zinta]], Khan received critical praise for his portrayal of Aman Mathur, a man with a fatal heart disease, with critics praising his emotional impact upon audiences.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Salam, Ziya Us |date=1 December 2003 |title=Fall in love now ... Kal Ho Naa Ho |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/mp/2003/12/01/stories/2003120100420300.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=13 January 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180102132449/http://www.thehindu.com/mp/2003/12/01/stories/2003120100420300.htm |archive-date=2 January 2018}}</ref> Conflict broke out between Khan and the other partners of Dreamz Unlimited over the failure to cast Juhi Chawla in their 2003 production of Aziz Mirza's ''[[Chalte Chalte (2003 film)|Chalte Chalte]]'', and they parted ways, despite the film's success.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=194–195}}

=== 2004–2009: Comeback ===
2004 was a critically and commercially successful year for Khan. He transformed Dreamz Unlimited into [[Red Chillies Entertainment]], adding his wife Gauri as a producer.<ref name="RedCh">{{Cite news |date=19 April 2012 |title=Shreyas Talpade set to venture into production |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shreyas-Talpade-set-to-venture-into-production/articleshow/12728369.cms |url-status=live |access-date=1 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912020828/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shreyas-Talpade-set-to-venture-into-production/articleshow/12728369.cms |archive-date=12 September 2015}}</ref> In the company's first production, he starred in [[Farah Khan]]'s directorial debut, the [[masala film]] ''[[Main Hoon Na]]''. A fictionalised account of [[India–Pakistan relations]], it was viewed by some commentators as a conscious effort to move away from the stereotypical portrayal of Pakistan as the constant villain.{{sfn|Bharat|Kumar|2012|p=43}} Khan then played an Indian Air Force pilot who falls in love with a Pakistani woman (Preity Zinta) in Yash Chopra's romance film ''[[Veer-Zaara]]'', which was screened at the [[Berlin International Film Festival|55th Berlin Film Festival]] to critical praise.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2006 |title=Yash Chopra On Berlin Film Festival Jury |url=http://www.yashrajfilms.com/news/yc_berlinaile.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070618144056/http://www1.yashrajfilms.com/news/yc_berlinaile.htm |archive-date=18 June 2007 |access-date=17 October 2007 |publisher=[[Yash Raj Films]]}}</ref> It was the highest earning film of 2004 in India, with a worldwide gross of over {{INRConvert|940|m|year=2004|mode=historical|nolink=yes}}, and ''Main Hoon Na'' was the second-highest earner with {{INRConvert|680|m|year=2004|mode=historical|nolink=yes}}.<ref name="Worldwide gross" /><ref name="2004 BO">{{Cite web |title=Box Office 2004 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=210&catName=MjAwMA== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811210038/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=210&catName=MjAwMA%3D%3D |archive-date=11 August 2013 |access-date=14 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref>

[[File:Don premiere.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|With [[Priyanka Chopra]] at the premiere for ''[[Don (2006 Hindi film)|Don]]'' in 2006|alt=Shah Rukh Khan standing beside Priyanka Chopra at film premiere]]
In his final release of 2004, Khan starred as a [[NASA]] scientist who patriotically returns to India to rekindle his roots in [[Ashutosh Gowariker]]'s social drama ''[[Swades]]'' (meaning "Homeland"), which became the first Indian picture to be shot inside the NASA research centre at the [[Kennedy Space Center]] in Florida.<ref name="Hindustan0314">{{Cite web |date=5 March 2014 |title=Shah Rukh Khan's Swades project launched by NASA |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-s-swades-project-launched-by-nasa/story-2o0is9HfM09a8NuyazyXzO.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001124956/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-s-swades-project-launched-by-nasa/story-2o0is9HfM09a8NuyazyXzO.html |archive-date=1 October 2015 |access-date=27 December 2014 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Film scholar Stephen Teo refers to the picture as an example of "Bollywoodised realism", displaying a transcendence in conventional narrative and audience expectation in Hindi cinema.{{sfn|Teo|2013|p=123}} In December 2013, ''The Times of India'' reported that Khan found filming the picture such an emotionally overwhelming and life-changing experience that he had still not viewed the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2013 |title=Shah Rukh Khan yet to see 'Swades' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shah-Rukh-Khan-yet-to-see-Swades/articleshow/27533807.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706025909/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shah-Rukh-Khan-yet-to-see-Swades/articleshow/27533807.cms |archive-date=6 July 2017 |access-date=27 December 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Derek Elley]] of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' found Khan's performance "unsettling" as "a self-satisfied expatriate determined to bring Western values to poor Indian peasants",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elley, Derek |date=17 December 2004 |title=Review: 'Swades: We, the People' |url=https://variety.com/2004/film/reviews/swades-we-the-people-1200528995/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112002427/https://variety.com/2004/film/reviews/swades-we-the-people-1200528995/ |archive-date=12 January 2015 |access-date=27 December 2014 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> but several film critics, including Jitesh Pillai, believed it to have been his finest acting to date.<ref name="rediffswades">{{Cite web |date=12 January 2011 |title=10 Best Bollywood Movies of the Decade |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-10-best-bollywood-movies-of-the-decade/20110112.htm#4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121152447/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-10-best-bollywood-movies-of-the-decade/20110112.htm |archive-date=21 January 2012 |access-date=12 January 2012 |website=Rediff.com |page=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai, Jitesh |date=19 December 2004 |title=Swades :: we, the people |work=[[The Sunday Times (India)|The Sunday Times]] |url=http://www.swades.com/filmreviews4.html |access-date=12 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018092525/http://www.swades.com/filmreviews4.html |archive-date=18 October 2014}}</ref> He was nominated for the Filmfare Best Actor Award for all three of his 2004 releases and eventually won the award for ''Swades''.<ref name="toi-awards" /><ref name="FFAwardsPDF" /> ''[[Filmfare]]'' later included his performance in the 2010 issue of Bollywood's "Top 80 Iconic Performances".<ref name="iconic">{{Cite journal |date=4 June 2010 |title=80 Iconic Performances 3/10 |url=http://filmfare.com/articles/80-iconic-performances-310-953.html |journal=[[Filmfare]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627103954/http://www.filmfare.com/articles/80-iconic-performances-310-953.html |archive-date=27 June 2011 |access-date=12 January 2012}}</ref>

In 2005, Khan starred in [[Amol Palekar]]'s fantasy drama, ''[[Paheli (2005 film)|Paheli]]''. The film was India's submission for the Best Foreign Language Film at the [[79th Academy Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2005 |title=Paheli is India's Oscar entry |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/sep/26paheli.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828043613/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/sep/26paheli.htm |archive-date=28 August 2009 |access-date=5 June 2009 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> He later collaborated with Karan Johar for the third time in the musical romantic drama ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]'' (2006), in which he played an unhappily married man who has an extramarital affair with a married woman. The film, which featured an ensemble cast including Amitabh Bachchan, [[Abhishek Bachchan]], Rani Mukerji, Preity Zinta and [[Kirron Kher]], emerged as India's highest-grossing film in the overseas market,<ref name="overseas" /> earning more than {{INRConvert|1.13|b|year=2005|mode=historical|nolink=yes}} worldwide.<ref name="Worldwide gross" /> Both his roles in ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]'' and the action film ''[[Don (2006 Hindi film)|Don]]'', a remake of the [[Don (1978 film)|1978 film of the same name]], earned Khan Best Actor nominations at the Filmfare Awards,<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 February 2007 |title=Nominations for the 52nd Filmfare Awards |work=[[Bollywood Hungama|IndiaFM]] |url=http://indiafm.com/features/2007/02/08/2219/index.html |access-date=23 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930221332/http://indiafm.com/features/2007/02/08/2219/index.html |archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref> despite his performance as the [[Don (character)|titular character]] in ''Don'' being negatively compared to that of Amitabh Bachchan in the original film.<ref name="taran">{{Cite news |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |date=20 October 2006 |title=Don – The Chase Begins Again: Movie Review |work=Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/don-the-chase-begins-again/critic-review/don-the-chase-begins-again-movie-review/ |url-status=live |access-date=26 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130191913/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/don-the-chase-begins-again/critic-review/ |archive-date=30 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elley, Derek |date=3 January 2007 |title=Review: 'Don' |url=https://variety.com/2007/film/markets-festivals/don-3-1200511334/ |url-status=live |journal=Variety |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031904/https://variety.com/2007/film/markets-festivals/don-3-1200511334/ |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=23 July 2014}}</ref>

{{quote box
| width = 25%
| align = right
| quote="Such great things have happened to such a normal guy like me. I am a nobody who shouldn't have been able to do all this but I have done it. I tell everyone that there's this myth I work for; there is this myth called Shahrukh Khan and I am his employee. I have to live up to that ... I'll do it, I am an actor. But I can't start believing in this myth."
| source = —Khan reflecting in 2007 on his position as the Hindi film industry's top star{{sfn|Patel|2012|p=233}}
}}
In 2007, Khan portrayed a disgraced hockey player who coached the [[India women's national field hockey team|Indian women's national hockey team]] to World Cup success in Yash Raj Films' semi-fictional ''[[Chak De! India]]''. Bhaichand Patel notes that Khan, who had a background in the sport playing for his university's hockey team,<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2007 |title=''Chak De India'' takes SRK down memory lane |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/chak-de-india-takes-srk-down-memory-lane/story-CqMprEJb0BT6Wk6stJ7rWM.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001115624/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/chak-de-india-takes-srk-down-memory-lane/story-CqMprEJb0BT6Wk6stJ7rWM.html |archive-date=1 October 2015 |access-date=1 August 2014 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> essentially portrayed himself as a "cosmopolitan, liberal, Indian Muslim".{{Sfn|Patel|2012|p=245}} Faring well in both India and abroad,<ref name="Worldwide gross" /><ref name="director">{{Cite news |date=29 December 2007 |title=''Taare Zameen Par'', ''Chak De'' top directors' pick in 2007 |work=The Economic Times |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ET_Cetera/Directors_pick_Taare_Zameen_Chak_De/articleshow/2661102.cms |access-date=10 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421200216/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ET_Cetera/Directors_pick_Taare_Zameen_Chak_De/articleshow/2661102.cms |archive-date=21 April 2008}}</ref> Khan garnered another Filmfare Award for Best Actor for his performance,<ref name="toi-awards" /> which [[Rajeev Masand]] of [[CNN-IBN]] considers to have been "without any of his typical trappings, without any of his trademark quirks", portraying Kabir Khan "like a real flesh-and-blood human being".<ref name="typicalactingstyle">{{Cite web |last=Masand, Rajeev |date=16 February 2008 |title=Review: ''Chak De's ...'' a winner all the way |url=http://www.news18.com/videos/india/masands-verdict-chak-de-india-270725.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130191117/http://www.news18.com/videos/india/masands-verdict-chak-de-india-270725.html |archive-date=30 November 2016 |access-date=12 January 2012 |publisher=CNN-News18}}</ref> ''Filmfare'' included his performance in their 2010 issue of the "Top 80 Iconic Performances".<ref name="Filmfare">{{Cite journal |date=8 June 2010 |title=80 Iconic Performances 8/10 |url=http://www.filmfare.com/articles/80-iconic-performances-810-989.html |journal=Filmfare |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104033800/http://www.filmfare.com/articles/80-iconic-performances-810-989.html |archive-date=4 November 2010 |access-date=5 February 2012}}</ref> In the same year, Khan starred alongside [[Arjun Rampal]], [[Deepika Padukone]] and [[Shreyas Talpade]] in Farah Khan's reincarnation melodrama ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'', portraying a 1970s junior artiste who is reborn as a 2000s era superstar. The film became the highest grossing Indian motion picture of 2007, both domestically and abroad.<ref name="overseas" /><ref name="boi2007">{{Cite web |title=Box Office 2007 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=214&catName=MjAwNw== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117062226/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=214&catName=MjAwNw%3D%3D |archive-date=17 January 2012 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> ''Om Shanti Om'' earned Khan his second nomination of the year for Best Actor at Filmfare.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2008 |title=Darsheel nominated for Filmfare best actor |url=http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/darsheel-nominated-for-filmfare-best-actor/21908 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027034339/http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/darsheel-nominated-for-filmfare-best-actor/21908 |archive-date=27 October 2014 |access-date=7 November 2014 |publisher=Business of Cinema}}</ref> Khalid Mohammed from ''Hindustan Times'' wrote, "the enterprise belongs to Shah Rukh Khan, who tackles comedy, high drama and action with his signature style{{mdash}}spontaneous and intuitively intelligent".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khalid Mohammed |date=10 November 2007 |title=Review: ''Om Shanti Om'' |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-om-shanti-om/story-iyy6N2Jd4kkAfxH5FtqUdL.html |url-status=live |access-date=7 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001102535/http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-om-shanti-om/story-iyy6N2Jd4kkAfxH5FtqUdL.html |archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref>

Khan collaborated for the third time with Aditya Chopra on the romantic comedy ''[[Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi]]'' (2008) opposite debutante [[Anushka Sharma]]. He played Surinder Sahni, a shy man with low self-esteem, whose love for his young arranged wife (Sharma) causes him to transform himself into Raj, a boisterous alter-ego. Rachel Saltz of ''[[The New York Times]]'' believed the dual role to have been "tailor-made" for Khan, allowing him to display his talents,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saltz |first=Rachel |date=12 December 2008 |title=Bollywood's Shahrukh Khan Plays a Forlorn Husband Who Makes the Right Moves |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/13/movies/13jodi.html |url-status=live |access-date=13 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523043655/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/13/movies/13jodi.html |archive-date=23 May 2015}}</ref> although Deep Contractor from ''Epilogue'' thought Khan displayed greater strength in the role of Surinder and weakness in the role of monologue-prone Raj.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Contractor, Deep |date=1 February 2009 |title=Khan Vs. Khan and Formula Vs. Non-Formula |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6EQ2mAzlU64C&pg=PA67 |url-status=live |journal=Epilogue |volume=3 |issue=2 |page=67 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230121908/https://books.google.com/books?id=6EQ2mAzlU64C&pg=PA67 |archive-date=30 December 2016}}</ref> In December 2008, Khan suffered a shoulder injury while filming a small role in [[Mudassar Aziz]]'s ''[[Dulha Mil Gaya]]''. He underwent extensive physiotherapy sessions at the time but the pain left him almost immobile and he had [[arthroscopy|arthroscopic surgery]] in February 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shetty-Saha, Shubha |date=29 January 2009 |title=SRK waiting for doc's word on shoulder injury |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_srk-waiting-for-docs-word-on-shoulder-injury_1226072 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301130603/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_srk-waiting-for-docs-word-on-shoulder-injury_1226072 |archive-date=1 March 2012 |access-date=13 January 2012 |website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shelar, Jyoti |date=14 September 2011 |title=Workload takes toll on Shah Rukh Khan |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Workload-takes-toll-on-Shah-Rukh-Khan/articleshow/9977609.cms? |url-status=live |access-date=13 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030200943/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Workload-takes-toll-on-Shah-Rukh-Khan/articleshow/9977609.cms |archive-date=30 October 2017}}</ref> He performed a special appearance in the 2009 film ''[[Billu]]'', playing Bollywood superstar Sahir Khan{{mdash}}a fictionalised version of himself, wherein he performed musical [[item number]]s with actresses Kareena Kapoor, Priyanka Chopra, and Deepika Padukone.<ref name="fji">{{Cite web |last=Lovece, Frank |date=19 February 2009 |title=Film Review: Billu Barber |url=http://www.filmjournal.com/content/film-review-billu-barber |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112959/http://www.filmjournal.com/content/film-review-billu-barber |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=20 June 2014 |website=[[Film Journal International]]}}</ref> As head of the film's production company, Red Chillies, Khan made the call to change the title of the film from ''Billu Barber'' to ''Billu'' after hairdressers across the country complained that the word "barber" was derogatory. The company covered up the offending word on billboards that had already been installed with the original title.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2009 |title=Coming soon: ''Billu'', not Barber |url=http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2009/feb/10billu-not-barber.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213094223/http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2009/feb/10billu-not-barber.htm |archive-date=13 February 2009 |access-date=23 December 2014 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

=== 2010–2014: Expansion to action and comedy ===
[[File:SRK Kajol & Karan.jpg|thumb|With director [[Karan Johar]] and co-star Kajol at an event for ''[[My Name Is Khan]]'' in 2010|alt=Shah Rukh Khan with Kajol and Karan Johar]]

After refusing the role that subsequently went to [[Anil Kapoor]] in [[Danny Boyle]]'s ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' (2008), Khan began shooting ''[[My Name Is Khan]]'' (2010), his fourth collaboration with director Karan Johar and his sixth with Kajol.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 January 2009 |title=I don't regret turning down Slumdog: SRK |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-dont-regret-turning-down-Slumdog-SRK/articleshow/4001941.cms? |url-status=live |access-date=10 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215104051/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-dont-regret-turning-down-Slumdog-SRK/articleshow/4001941.cms |archive-date=15 December 2014}}</ref> The film is based on a true story and set against the backdrop of perceptions of Islam after the [[11 September attacks]]. Khan plays Rizwan Khan, a Muslim suffering from mild [[Asperger syndrome]] who sets out on a journey across America to meet the country's president, a role that film scholar Stephen Teo sees as a "symbol of assertive [[rasa (aesthetics)|rasa]] values" and another example of Khan representing NRI identity in global Bollywood.{{sfn|Teo|2013|p=125}} To provide an accurate portrayal of a sufferer without disparagement, Khan spent several months researching his role by reading books, watching videos and talking to people affected by the condition.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sahgal, Natasha |date=20 December 2009 |title=SRK plays a character with Asperger's syndrome |work=The Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/srk-plays-a-character-with-asperger-s-syndrome/556738/ |url-status=live |access-date=13 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514114239/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/srk-plays-a-character-with-asperger-s-syndrome/556738/ |archive-date=14 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 February 2010 |title=''My Name Is Khan'' will entertain: SRK |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/InterviewsCinema/My-Name-Is-Khan-will-entertain-SRK/Article1-506320.aspx |access-date=12 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114054039/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/InterviewsCinema/My-Name-Is-Khan-will-entertain-SRK/Article1-506320.aspx |archive-date=14 November 2012}}</ref> Upon release, ''My Name is Khan'' became one of the highest grossing Bollywood films of all time outside India,<ref name="overseas" /><ref name="Worldwide gross" /> and earned Khan his eighth Filmfare Award for Best Actor,<ref name="toi-awards" /> equalling the record for the most wins in the category with [[Dilip Kumar]].<ref name="FF8">{{Cite news |title=B'day Special: Shah Rukh Khan (p. 9) |work=The Times of India |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan/bday-special-shah-rukh-khan/articleshow/25059519.cms |url-status=live |access-date=10 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213172113/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan/bday-special-shah-rukh-khan/articleshow/25059519.cms |archive-date=13 December 2014}}</ref> Jay Wesissberg from ''Variety'' noted how Khan portrayed the Asperger's sufferer with "averted eyes, springy steps, [and] stuttered repetitions of memorized texts", believing it to have been a "standout performance sure to receive the Autism Society's gold seal of approval".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weisberg, Jay |date=14 February 2010 |title=Review: 'My Name Is Khan' |url=https://variety.com/2010/film/markets-festivals/my-name-is-khan-1117942163/ |url-status=live |journal=Variety |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617210650/https://variety.com/2010/film/markets-festivals/my-name-is-khan-1117942163/ |archive-date=17 June 2015 |access-date=25 October 2011}}</ref>

In 2011, Khan starred alongside Arjun Rampal and Kareena Kapoor in [[Anubhav Sinha]]'s superhero film ''[[Ra.One]]'', his first work in this subgenre, as a favour to his children.<ref name="geo">{{Cite web |date=10 March 2010 |title=Akon to sing in SRK-starer Ra One |url=http://www.geo.tv/3-10-2010/60771.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223032339/http://www.geo.tv/3-10-2010/60771.htm |archive-date=23 December 2014 |access-date=22 December 2014 |publisher=[[Geo News|Geo TV]]}}</ref> The film follows the story of a London-based video game designer who creates a villainous character who escapes into the real world. It was billed as Bollywood's most expensive production; it had an estimated budget of {{INRConvert|1.25|b|year=2011|mode=historical|nolink=yes}}.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghosh, Avijit |date=6 November 2011 |title=It took me 20 years to be an overnight success: Shah Rukh Khan |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/It-took-me-20-years-to-be-an-overnight-success-Shah-Rukh-Khan/articleshow/10626459.cms? |url-status=live |access-date=24 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102083455/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/It-took-me-20-years-to-be-an-overnight-success-Shah-Rukh-Khan/articleshow/10626459.cms |archive-date=2 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="expensiveBW">{{Cite news |date=4 January 2011 |title=SRK's passion is contagious: Arjun |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/SRKs-passion-is-contagious-Arjun/articleshow/7215134.cms? |url-status=live |access-date=13 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705192552/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/SRKs-passion-is-contagious-Arjun/articleshow/7215134.cms |archive-date=5 July 2017}}</ref> Despite negative media coverage of the film's box office performance, ''Ra.One'' was a financial success with a gross of {{INRConvert|2.4|b|year=2011|mode=historical|nolink=yes}}.<ref name="wgross">{{Cite news |last=Jain, Kamal |date=8 December 2011 |title=About 40–45% of our revenue comes from box office: Eros International |work=The Economic Times |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-08/news/30490618_1_three-films-eros-international-cinema |url-status=dead |access-date=9 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004201623/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-08/news/30490618_1_three-films-eros-international-cinema |archive-date=4 October 2012}}</ref><ref name="cnngrossraone">{{Cite news |date=19 December 2011 |title=Bollywood rediscovered mega hits in 2011 |publisher=CNN-IBN |url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/bollywood-rediscovered-mega-hits-in-2011-428901.html |url-status=live |access-date=19 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130191032/http://www.news18.com/news/india/bollywood-rediscovered-mega-hits-in-2011-428901.html |archive-date=30 November 2016}}</ref> The film, and Khan's portrayal of a dual role, received mixed reviews; while most critics praised his performance as the robotic superhero G.One, they criticised his portrayal of the video game designer Shekhar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guha, Aniruddha |date=26 October 2011 |title=Aniruddha Guha Reviews: Ra.One is beautiful in appearance, but empty within |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-aniruddha-guha-reviews-raone-is-beautiful-in-appearance-but-empty-within-1603577 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224033654/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-aniruddha-guha-reviews-raone-is-beautiful-in-appearance-but-empty-within-1603577 |archive-date=24 December 2015 |access-date=12 January 2012 |website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref> Khan's second release of 2011 was ''[[Don 2]]'', a sequel to ''Don'' (2006).<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2011 |title=SRK excited about world's first 'bad guy sequel' Don 2 |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/srk-excited-about-world-s-first-bad-guy-sequel-don-2_101893.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109075911/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/srk-excited-about-world-s-first-bad-guy-sequel-don-2_101893.htm |archive-date=9 January 2012 |access-date=13 May 2014 |publisher=[[Zee News]]}}</ref> To prepare for his role, Khan exercised extensively as he performed most of the stunts himself.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha, Subhash K. |date=12 December 2011 |title=Shah Rukh Khan did his own stunts in Don 2 – Farhan Akhtar |work=Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shah-rukh-khan-did-his-own-stunts-in-don-2-farhan-akhtar/ |url-status=live |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130192519/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shah-rukh-khan-did-his-own-stunts-in-don-2-farhan-akhtar/ |archive-date=30 November 2016}}</ref> His performance earned him positive reviews from critics; [[Nikhat Kazmi]] of ''[[The Times of India]]'' said, "Shah Rukh remains in command and never loses his foothold, neither through the dramatic sequences nor through the action cuts".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kazmi, Nikhat |date=22 December 2011 |title=Movie Reviews: Don 2 |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Don-2/movie-review/11205411.cms |url-status=live |access-date=12 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110093411/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/don-2/movie-review/11205411.cms |archive-date=10 January 2012}}</ref> The year's highest grossing Bollywood production abroad,<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2012 |title=Top Overseas Grossers 2011: DON 2 Tops Followed By RA.ONE |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3886&nCat= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419185606/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3886&nCat= |archive-date=19 April 2012 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref><ref name="Box Office India">{{Cite web |date=3 February 2012 |title=Top Worldwide Grossers All Time: 37 Films Hit 100 Crore |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3997&nCat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811203256/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3997&nCat |archive-date=11 August 2013 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> it was showcased at the [[62nd Berlin International Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2012 |title=SRK to attend Don 2 screening at Berlinale |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/srk-to-attend-don-2-screening-at-berlinale/story-ysRF5wuOmGCm1QNBuvdRSO.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091722/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/srk-to-attend-don-2-screening-at-berlinale/story-ysRF5wuOmGCm1QNBuvdRSO.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=14 December 2012 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

[[File:Shahrukh Khan CE.jpg|thumb|left|upright|At an event for ''[[Chennai Express]]'' in 2013]]

Khan's only release in 2012 was Yash Chopra's [[swan song]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 October 2012 |title=Yash Chopra's funeral today, India remembers the King of Romance |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/King-of-Romance-Yash-Chopra-dies-at-80/Article1-948119.aspx |access-date=21 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110162227/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/King-of-Romance-Yash-Chopra-dies-at-80/Article1-948119.aspx |archive-date=10 November 2012}}</ref> the romantic drama ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]'', which saw him once again in a romantic role, starring opposite [[Katrina Kaif]] and Anushka Sharma. CNN-IBN considered the overall performance by Khan to have been one of his finest to date, but believed that Khan's first screen kiss of his career with Katrina Kaif, twenty years his junior, was an awkward one.<ref name="kiss" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2012 |title='Jab Tak Hai Jaan': Shah Rukh Khan's painfully awkward romance with Katrina Kaif |url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/jab-tak-hai-jaan-shah-rukh-gets-his-first-kiss-521714.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130190947/http://www.news18.com/news/india/jab-tak-hai-jaan-shah-rukh-gets-his-first-kiss-521714.html |archive-date=30 November 2016 |access-date=26 December 2014 |publisher=CNN-IBN}}</ref> ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' was a moderate financial success earning over {{INRConvert|2.11|b|year=2012|mode=historical|nolink=yes}} worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2012 |title=Jab Tak Hai Jaan Worldwide Blockbuster |url=http://www.yashrajfilms.com/News/NewsDetails.aspx?newsid=1d3cf0a4-a473-4513-ae21-2864f6464dd5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128035258/http://www.yashrajfilms.com/News/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsID=1d3cf0a4-a473-4513-ae21-2864f6464dd5 |archive-date=28 November 2012 |access-date=5 December 2012 |publisher=Yash Raj Films}}</ref><ref name="Grosstwo">{{Cite web |date=17 January 2013 |title=Top Ten Worldwide Grossers 2012 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5303&nCat= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120003803/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5303&nCat= |archive-date=20 January 2013 |access-date=17 January 2013 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> The film was showcased at the 2012 [[Marrakech International Film Festival]] in Morocco, along with ''Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham'', ''Veer-Zaara'', and ''Don 2''.<ref name="MIFF">{{Cite news |date=27 November 2012 |title=Shah Rukh Khan, Hrithik's movies to be screened at the Marrakech International Film Festival |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/shah-rukh-khan-and-hrithik-roshan-movies-to-be-screened-at-the-marrakech-international-film-festival-122673-2012-11-26 |url-status=live |access-date=10 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118083111/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/shah-rukh-khan-and-hrithik-roshan-movies-to-be-screened-at-the-marrakech-international-film-festival/1/234979.html |archive-date=18 November 2014}}</ref> At the following [[Zee Cine Awards]], Khan performed a tribute to the late Yash Chopra along with Kaif, Sharma, and several of Chopra's other past heroines.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathias, Rachel |date=23 January 2013 |title=Zee Cine Awards: A Glorious Tribute To Late Yash Chopra |url=http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood_news/zee-cine-awards-a-glorious-tribute-to-late-yash-chopra/56790 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018013256/http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood_news/zee-cine-awards-a-glorious-tribute-to-late-yash-chopra/56790 |archive-date=18 October 2014 |access-date=25 January 2013 |publisher=Business of Cinema}}</ref>

In 2013, Khan starred in [[Rohit Shetty]]'s action comedy ''[[Chennai Express]]'' for Red Chillies Entertainment, a film which earned mixed critical reviews and extensive criticism for its perceived disparagement of South Indian culture, though the film included a tribute to [[Tamil cinema]] star [[Rajinikanth]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mahmood, Rafay |date=16 August 2013 |title=Spoiler Alert: What is colourful and dull at the same time? Answer – Chennai Express! |work=The Express Tribune |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/591044/spoiler-alert-what-is-colourful-and-dull-at-the-same-time-answer-chennai-express/ |url-status=live |access-date=22 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005084106/http://tribune.com.pk/story/591044/spoiler-alert-what-is-colourful-and-dull-at-the-same-time-answer-chennai-express/ |archive-date=5 October 2015}}</ref> Critic Khalid Mohamed thought that Khan overacted in the film and criticised him for "re-rendering every old trick in the acting book".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mohamed |first=Khalid |date=10 August 2013 |title='Chennai Express' review: Board at your own risk |work=Deccan Chronicle |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130809/entertainment-bollywood/article/chennai-express-review-board-your-own-risk |access-date=26 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018034558/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130809/entertainment-bollywood/article/chennai-express-review-board-your-own-risk |archive-date=18 October 2013}}</ref> Despite the criticism, the film broke many box office records for Hindi films in both India and abroad, surpassing ''[[3 Idiots]]'' to briefly become the [[List of highest-grossing Bollywood films|highest grossing Bollywood film of all time]], with a gross of almost {{INRConvert|4|b|year=2013|mode=historical|nolink=yes}} in worldwide ticket sales.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2013 |title=Worldwide Top Ten 2013 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6308&nCat= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104212753/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6308&nCat= |archive-date=4 January 2014 |access-date=28 July 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref><ref name="ChExpress">{{Cite news |date=25 August 2013 |title='Chennai Express' finally beats '3 Idiots' |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Chennai-Express-beats-3-Idiots/articleshow/22045140.cms? |url-status=live |access-date=29 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312034858/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Chennai-Express-beats-3-Idiots/articleshow/22045140.cms |archive-date=12 March 2017}}</ref> On [[International Women's Day]] in 2013, ''The Times of India'' reported that Khan had requested a new convention with the name of his lead female co-stars appearing above his own in the credits. He claimed that the women in his life, including his co-stars, have been the reason for his success.<ref name="ladies">{{Cite news |last=Thakkar, Mehul S |date=17 March 2013 |title=Women's Day: It's ladies first for Shah Rukh Khan |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Womens-Day-Its-ladies-first-for-Shah-Rukh-Khan/articleshow/18843611.cms |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311235943/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Womens-Day-Its-ladies-first-for-Shah-Rukh-Khan/articleshow/18843611.cms |archive-date=11 March 2015}}</ref> In 2014, the actor was featured in Farah Khan's ensemble action comedy ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]'', which co-starred Deepika Padukone, Abhishek Bachchan and [[Boman Irani]]; his third collaboration with the director.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Das, Anirban |date=21 July 2014 |title=Shah Rukh Khan working hard on Happy New Year |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-working-hard-on-happy-new-year/story-CuGP6BnGZ0pOkCXvyLUVTN.html |url-status=live |access-date=28 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105727/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-working-hard-on-happy-new-year/story-CuGP6BnGZ0pOkCXvyLUVTN.html |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Although Khan's unidimensional character was criticised,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |date=24 October 2014 |title=Movie Review: 'Happy New Year' is a cross between an 'Oceans 11/12′ and 'Flashdance' |work=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/movie-review-happy-new-year-is-a-long-showreel-of-what-shah-rukh-khan-the-superstar-can-do/ |url-status=live |access-date=13 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113000751/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/movie-review-happy-new-year-is-a-long-showreel-of-what-shah-rukh-khan-the-superstar-can-do/ |archive-date=13 November 2014}}</ref> the film became a major commercial success grossing {{INRConvert|3.8|b|year=2013|mode=historical}} worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2015 |title=Top Worldwide Grossers All Time |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Collections/world_total |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128164504/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Collections/world_total |archive-date=28 November 2015 |access-date=18 November 2015 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2015 |title=Happy New Year |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/happy_new_year |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119083916/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/happy_new_year |archive-date=19 November 2015 |access-date=18 November 2015 |website=Box Office India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2014 |title=Classifications 2014 – Happy New Year Second |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/classifications2014happynewyearsecond |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116023935/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/classifications2014happynewyearsecond |archive-date=16 November 2014 |access-date=8 December 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref>

=== 2015–2022: Career setbacks and hiatus ===
[[File:Shah Rukh Khan at Jab Harry Met Sejal new song launch 'Beech Beech Mein'.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Khan in 2017]]
Khan next appeared alongside Kajol, [[Varun Dhawan]] and [[Kriti Sanon]] in Rohit Shetty's action comedy ''[[Dilwale (2015 film)|Dilwale]]'' (2015). The film garnered mixed reviews, though it was financially profitable with a gross of {{INRConvert|3.7|b|year=2015|mode=historical}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Worldwide Grossers All Time |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107113404/http://boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php |archive-date=7 January 2018 |access-date=5 February 2018 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> [[Namrata Joshi]] of ''The Hindu'' commented, "With ''Dilwale'', Rohit Shetty goes hopelessly wrong despite much that he had at his disposal, including a power-packed cast and producer", and felt that the attempt to repackage Khan and Kajol had backfired.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Joshi, Namrata |date=18 December 2015 |title=Dilwale: Heart attack |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/dilwale-review-heart-attack/article8004464.ece |url-status=live |access-date=21 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926174104/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/dilwale-review-heart-attack/article8004464.ece |archive-date=26 September 2016}}</ref> He then took on dual parts of a superstar and his doppelgänger fan in [[Maneesh Sharma]]'s action thriller ''[[Fan (2016 film)|Fan]]'' (2016). [[Peter Bradshaw]] of ''[[The Guardian]]'' considered the film to be "exhausting, bizarre yet watchable" and thought that Khan was aptly "creepy" as the obsessive admirer.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bradshaw |first=Peter |date=14 April 2016 |title=Fan review – Bollywood icon chases himself around the world |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/apr/14/fan-review-bollywood-shah-rukh-khan |url-status=live |access-date=15 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418085420/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/apr/14/fan-review-bollywood-shah-rukh-khan |archive-date=18 April 2016}}</ref> The film underperformed at the box office, and trade journalists attributed this failure to the film's non-conformity to mainstream formula.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 April 2016 |title=Shah Rukh Khan's Fan – What went wrong? Trade speaks up |work=Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shah-rukh-khans-fan-what-went-wrong-trade-speaks-up/ |url-status=live |access-date=10 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130192939/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shah-rukh-khans-fan-what-went-wrong-trade-speaks-up/ |archive-date=30 November 2016}}</ref> Later that year, Khan portrayed the supporting part of a therapist to an aspiring cinematographer ([[Alia Bhatt]]) in [[Gauri Shinde]]'s coming-of-age film ''[[Dear Zindagi]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goswami |first=Parismita |date=25 November 2016 |title=Dear Zindagi review round-up: Here's what critics say about Shah Rukh Khan and Alia Bhatt film |work=International Business Times |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/dear-zindagi-review-round-heres-what-critics-say-about-shah-rukh-khan-alia-bhatt-film-705482 |url-status=live |access-date=12 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203123910/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/dear-zindagi-review-round-heres-what-critics-say-about-shah-rukh-khan-alia-bhatt-film-705482 |archive-date=3 December 2016}}</ref>

In [[Rahul Dholakia]]'s action crime film ''[[Raees (2017 film)|Raees]]'' (2017), Khan took on the part of the titular anti-hero{{mdash}}a bootlegger turned mobster in 1980s [[Gujarat]]. In a typical mixed review, Pratim D. Gupta of ''[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]'' thought Khan's performance to be "inconsistent, intense and power-packed at times, but often slipping out of character into his usual mix of stock mannerisms".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Pratim D. |date=14 February 2017 |title=Raees – review |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170126/jsp/t2/story_132305.jsp#.WKLT71WGPIU |url-status=dead |access-date=26 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202042646/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170126/jsp/t2/story_132305.jsp |archive-date=2 February 2017}}</ref> Commercially, the film was a modest success, earning about {{INRConvert|3.08|b|year=2017|mode=historical}} worldwide.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 February 2017 |title=Raees box office collection day 13: Shah Rukh Khan film crosses Rs 150 mark in India |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/raees-box-office-collection-day-13-shah-rukh-khan-film-4510866/ |url-status=live |access-date=4 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608160342/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/raees-box-office-collection-day-13-shah-rukh-khan-film-4510866/ |archive-date=8 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Overseas Grossers 2017 |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/overseas-total-gross.php?year=2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628152937/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/overseas-total-gross.php?year=2017 |archive-date=28 June 2018 |access-date=4 September 2018 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> Khan returned to the romantic genre with the role of a tourist guide who falls in love with a traveller (Anushka Sharma) in [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]]'s ''[[Jab Harry Met Sejal]]'' (2017). In a review for ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'', Uday Bhatia criticised Khan's pairing with Sharma, 22 years his junior, writing that Khan had performed "similar gestures of love decades ago to actors his own age".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhatia |first=Uday |date=4 August 2017 |title=Film Review: Jab Harry Met Sejal |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/iCpVi59HQvws17vMmEyzQO/Film-Review-Jab-Harry-Met-Sejal.html |url-status=live |access-date=4 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804145710/http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/iCpVi59HQvws17vMmEyzQO/Film-Review-Jab-Harry-Met-Sejal.html |archive-date=4 August 2017}}</ref> He reunited with Sharma and Katrina Kaif in [[Aanand L Rai]]'s romantic drama ''[[Zero (2018 film)|Zero]]'' (2018), in which he played Bauua Singh, a dwarf involved in a love triangle.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 August 2016 |title=Shah Rukh Khan's new film with Aanand L Rai to release on December 21, 2018 |work=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khans-new-film-with-aanand-l-rai-to-release-on-december-21-2018-3006123/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109222550/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khans-new-film-with-aanand-l-rai-to-release-on-december-21-2018-3006123/ |archive-date=9 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 September 2016 |title=Anand L. Rai's upcoming movie with Shah Rukh Khan a romantic movie? |work=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khans-new-film-with-aanand-l-rai-to-release-on-december-21-2018-3006123/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109222550/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khans-new-film-with-aanand-l-rai-to-release-on-december-21-2018-3006123/ |archive-date=9 November 2016}}</ref> The film received mixed reviews with praise directed to Khan's performance.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sarkar |first=Suparno |date=21 December 2018 |title=Zero movie review and rating: What critics have to say about Shah Rukh Khan film |work=International Business Times |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/zero-movie-review-what-critics-have-say-about-shah-rukh-khan-film-788412 |url-status=live |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221140122/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/zero-movie-review-what-critics-have-say-about-shah-rukh-khan-film-788412 |archive-date=21 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2018 |title=Zero: Manmarziyaan writer Kanika Dhillon calls Shah Rukh Khan starrer one of the most important films of 2018 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-zero-manmarziyaan-writer-kanika-dhillon-calls-shah-rukh-khan-starrer-one-of-the-most-important-films-of-2018-495196 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223220833/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-zero-manmarziyaan-writer-kanika-dhillon-calls-shah-rukh-khan-starrer-one-of-the-most-important-films-of-2018-495196 |archive-date=23 December 2018 |access-date=24 December 2018 |publisher=[[India TV]]}}</ref> Writing for ''Hindustan Times'', Raja Sen commended his "dominating performance and tremendous energy" and [[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] of ''[[Firstpost]]'' called him an "excellent fit" for the role for allowing his "naturally energetic personality, comic timing and charm to take flight".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sen |first=Raja |date=21 December 2018 |title=Zero movie review: Shah Rukh Khan blasts off into a very strange space |language=en |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/zero-movie-review-shah-rukh-khan-dazzles-in-a-strange-romance/story-SdQK5zHgA4ZTva8cNcJhAJ.html |url-status=live |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223000246/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/zero-movie-review-shah-rukh-khan-dazzles-in-a-strange-romance/story-SdQK5zHgA4ZTva8cNcJhAJ.html |archive-date=23 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Vetticad |first=Anna |author-link=Anna M. M. Vetticad |date=21 December 2018 |title=Zero movie review: Shah Rukh Khan's comic timing is the only thing going for this spluttering, tottering affair |language=en |work=[[Firstpost]] |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/zero-movie-review-shah-rukh-khans-comic-timing-is-the-only-thing-going-for-this-spluttering-tottering-affair-5769221.html |url-status=dead |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221182700/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/zero-movie-review-shah-rukh-khans-comic-timing-is-the-only-thing-going-for-this-spluttering-tottering-affair-5769221.html |archive-date=21 December 2018}}</ref> Both ''Jab Harry Met Sejal'' and ''Zero'' were box office flops.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vats |first=Rohit |date=9 August 2017 |title=Jab Harry Met Sejal bombs: Is this the worst box office phase for Bollywood? |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/jab-harry-met-sejal-bombs-is-this-the-worst-box-office-phase-for-bollywood/story-NuDp40gwnyZJvlJBnGibxL.html |url-status=live |access-date=9 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809062421/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/jab-harry-met-sejal-bombs-is-this-the-worst-box-office-phase-for-bollywood/story-NuDp40gwnyZJvlJBnGibxL.html |archive-date=9 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuteja |first=Joginder |date=29 December 2018 |title=Box Office: Zero goes down very fast on second Friday, may just about reach Rs. 100 crore lifetime |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-zero-goes-fast-second-friday-may-just-reach-rs-100-crore-lifetime/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230113928/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-zero-goes-fast-second-friday-may-just-reach-rs-100-crore-lifetime/ |archive-date=30 December 2018 |access-date=29 December 2018 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

According to a ''Box Office India'' report, Khan's stardom was impacted by his films failing to do well.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2019 |title=Star Rankings Jan 2019 – Shahrukh Khan Ranveer Singh Impacted |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4631 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121429/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4631 |archive-date=19 January 2019 |access-date=18 January 2019 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> Following the release of ''Zero'', Khan took a four-year break from full-time acting, which was partly caused by the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]]. He took the time off to attempt a career comeback.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2021 |title=Shah Rukh Khan, the hiatus and resurgence: 'I'll gently allow my films to enter your hearts soon' |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-hiatus-resurgence-comeback-ill-gently-allow-my-films-to-enter-your-hearts-soon-7602612/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408085945/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-hiatus-resurgence-comeback-ill-gently-allow-my-films-to-enter-your-hearts-soon-7602612/lite/ |archive-date=8 April 2022 |access-date=23 May 2022 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> During this period, he made extended special appearances in the 2022 films ''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]'' and ''[[Rocketry: The Nambi Effect]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2022 |title=Shah Rukh Khan has a 20-minute role in both R Madhavan's Rocketry – The Nambi Effect and Ranbir Kapoor-Alia Bhatt's Brahmastra; SRK to be back in cinemas after 1287 days |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/revealed-shah-rukh-khan-20-minute-role-r-madhavans-rocketry-nambi-effect-ranbir-kapoor-alia-bhatts-brahmastra-srk-back-cinemas-1287-d/ |access-date=28 November 2023 |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=30 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130184054/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/revealed-shah-rukh-khan-20-minute-role-r-madhavans-rocketry-nambi-effect-ranbir-kapoor-alia-bhatts-brahmastra-srk-back-cinemas-1287-d/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 2023–present: Resurgence ===
In 2023, Khan reunited with Yash Raj Films in the action thriller ''[[Pathaan (film)|Pathaan]]'' (2023), set in the [[YRF Spy Universe]], in which he played an exiled field agent assigned to stop a terrorist attack in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2022 |title=Shah Rukh Khan's new film 'Pathaan': release date, plot and cast |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film/2022/03/04/shah-rukh-khans-new-film-pathaan-release-date-plot-and-cast/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426104732/https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film/2022/03/04/shah-rukh-khans-new-film-pathaan-release-date-plot-and-cast/ |archive-date=26 April 2022 |access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref> Critic Sukanya Verma took note of Khan's "weathered intensity, grizzly charisma and trademark wit", while [[Kaveree Bamzai]] termed it a "much-needed makeover" of an ageing Khan into an action star.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |date=25 January 2023 |title=Pathaan Review: Shah Rukh Wows And How! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/pathaan-review/20230125.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125090704/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/pathaan-review/20230125.htm |archive-date=25 January 2023 |access-date=25 January 2023 |website=Rediff.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bamzai |first=Kaveree |date=25 January 2023 |title=Pathaan: SRK As Action Hero |work=Open Magazine |url=https://openthemagazine.com/cinema/pathaan-srk-action-hero/ |url-status=live |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131075214/https://openthemagazine.com/cinema/pathaan-srk-action-hero/ |archive-date=31 January 2023}}</ref> ''Pathaan'' broke several box-office records, thus re-establishing Khan's stardom.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tartaglione |first=Nancy |date=28 January 2023 |title=Shah Rukh Khan's ''Pathaan'' on Record-Breaking Box Office Spree in Comeback for Mega-Star |url=https://deadline.com/2023/01/shah-rukh-khan-pathaan-box-office-records-bollywood-1235243378/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128170358/https://deadline.com/2023/01/shah-rukh-khan-pathaan-box-office-records-bollywood-1235243378/ |archive-date=28 January 2023 |access-date=28 January 2023 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tartaglione |first=Nancy |date=1 February 2023 |title=Shah Rukh Khan's 'Pathaan' Makes Box Office History For Bollywood & India Around The Globe – Opening Weekend Records List |url=https://deadline.com/2023/01/pathaan-shah-rukh-khan-deepika-padukone-north-america-india-uk-global-box-office-records-list-1235245190/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131165022/https://deadline.com/2023/01/pathaan-shah-rukh-khan-deepika-padukone-north-america-india-uk-global-box-office-records-list-1235245190/ |archive-date=31 January 2023 |access-date=31 January 2023 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref> Khan took on another action film role in the same year in [[Atlee (director)|Atlee]]'s ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]'', playing father and son doppelgängers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jawan Teaser: Shah Rukh Khan Is More Than "Ready" For Atlee's Action-Packed Film |work=NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/jawan-teaser-shah-rukh-khan-is-more-than-ready-for-atlees-action-packed-film-3035009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603170732/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/jawan-teaser-shah-rukh-khan-is-more-than-ready-for-atlees-action-packed-film-3035009 |archive-date=3 June 2022 |access-date=3 June 2022}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' wrote that "Khan's screen image – expansive, suffused with love, heroic in an old-fashioned way without being aggressively macho, irreverent but also sincere – helps sell a conceit that might have crashed with any other actor".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=7 September 2023 |title='Jawan' review: A rousing guts-and-glycerine saga |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1055375/jawan-review-a-rousing-guts-and-glycerine-saga |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907184314/https://scroll.in/reel/1055375/jawan-review-a-rousing-guts-and-glycerine-saga |archive-date=7 September 2023 |access-date=7 September 2023 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref> ''Jawan'' broke the records set by ''Pathaan''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tartaglione |first=Nancy |date=25 September 2023 |title='The Nun II' Tops $200M Global, 'Jawan' Now Biggest Bollywood Movie Ever In India – International Box Office |url=https://deadline.com/2023/09/the-nun-2-jawan-shah-rukh-khan-milestones-expendables-4-global-international-box-office-1235554810/ |access-date=25 September 2023 |website=Deadline Hollywood |archive-date=25 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925093514/https://deadline.com/2023/09/the-nun-2-jawan-shah-rukh-khan-milestones-expendables-4-global-international-box-office-1235554810/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Both films grossed over {{INRConvert|10|b}} to rank, respectively, as Hindi cinema's second and third biggest grossers worldwide,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bollywood Top Grossers Worldwide: All Time |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/all-time/ |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128100840/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/all-time/ |url-status=live }}</ref> making Khan the first Indian actor to deliver two films that earned over ₹10 billion.<ref>{{cite news |title=''Jawan'' star Shah Rukh Khan set to become the only Indian actor to have two Rs 1,000-crore grosser in one year |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/jawan-shah-rukh-khan-only-indian-actor-two-rs-1000-crore-grossers-one-year-8945350/ |access-date=1 October 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=18 September 2023 |archive-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001004712/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/jawan-shah-rukh-khan-only-indian-actor-two-rs-1000-crore-grossers-one-year-8945350/ |url-status=live }}</ref> For his performance in ''Jawan'', he received his first [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] for [[National Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor in a Leading Role]].<ref name=":4">{{cite news |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=1 August 2025 |title=71st National Film Awards full list of winners: Shah Rukh Khan wins first-ever Best Actor, Rani Mukerji is Best Actress |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/71st-national-filn-awards-full-list-of-winners-shah-rukh-khan-wins-first-ever-best-actor-rani-mukerji-is-best-actress-101754051978740.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=24 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=71st National Film Awards: Complete list of winners |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/71st-national-film-awards-complete-list-of-winners-3740123 |work=Deccan Herald |date=23 September 2025 |access-date=24 September 2025}}</ref>

In his final release of 2023, Khan starred in [[Rajkumar Hirani]]'s ''[[Dunki (film)|Dunki]]'', a social drama about an [[illegal immigration]] technique named [[donkey flight]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=No More FOMO For Shah Rukh Khan, Because Rajkumar Hirani's Dunki |work=NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/no-more-fomo-for-shah-rukh-khan-because-rajkumar-hiranis-dunki-2900626 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425220408/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/no-more-fomo-for-shah-rukh-khan-because-rajkumar-hiranis-dunki-2900626 |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2023 |title=Shah Rukh Khan to go global with Rajkumar Hirani's Dunki, film to release in international markets a day early: Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-dunki-global-release-date-christmas-101695728571251.html |access-date=30 September 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928232506/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-dunki-global-release-date-christmas-101695728571251.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Uday Bhatia wrote that his role as a "romantic feminist soldier patriot friend" marked "a break from Khan the action star but offers no respite from the Khan the perfect screen idol".<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 December 2023|last=Bhatia|first=Uday|title='Dunki' review: Hirani returns, plays it safe|work=The Hindu|url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/how-to-lounge/movies-tv/dunki-review-film-shah-rukh-khan-taapsee-pannu-rajkumar-hirani-111703155371024.html|access-date=21 December 2023|archive-date=21 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221145354/https://lifestyle.livemint.com/how-to-lounge/movies-tv/dunki-review-film-shah-rukh-khan-taapsee-pannu-rajkumar-hirani-111703155371024.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Grossing over {{INRConvert|4|b}}, ''Dunki'' emerged as Khan's third consecutive commercial success of the year, although it did not match up to the record grosses of ''Pathaan'' or ''Jawan''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Malhotra|first=Rahul|title=India's 'Dunki' Passes New Milestone at Global Box Office as it Nears End of Theatrical Run|url=https://collider.com/dunki-global-box-office-50-million/|access-date=7 January 2024|website=Collider|date=4 January 2024|archive-date=5 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105040950/https://collider.com/dunki-global-box-office-50-million/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Khan will continue his work in action films when starring with his daughter in [[Siddharth Anand]]'s [[King (2026 film)|''King'']], which will release in 2026''.''<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Deepika Padukone to play Suhana Khan's mother in SRK's King: Report |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/deepika-padukone-suhana-khan-mother-shah-rukh-khan-king-siddharth-anand-2705381-2025-04-07 |magazine=India Today |date=7 April 2025 |access-date=7 April 2025}}</ref>

== Other work ==
=== Film production and television hosting ===
[[File:SRK at 61st filmfare.jpg|thumb|left|upright|At the [[61st Filmfare Awards]] in 2016, which Khan hosted along with [[Kapil Sharma (comedian)|Kapil Sharma]]]]
Khan co-produced three films from 1999 to 2003 as a founding member of the partnership Dreamz Unlimited.<ref name="dreamz" /> After the partnership was dissolved, he and Gauri restructured the company as Red Chillies Entertainment,<ref name="RedCh" /> which includes divisions dealing with film and television production, visual effects, and advertising.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=http://www.redchillies.com/aboutus/profile.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101222416/http://www.redchillies.com/aboutus/profile.aspx |archive-date=1 November 2014 |access-date=6 November 2014 |website=[[Red Chillies Entertainment]]}}</ref> As of 2015, the company has produced or co-produced at least nine films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Movies |url=http://www.redchillies.com/movies/past-movies.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101221022/http://www.redchillies.com/movies/past-movies.aspx |archive-date=1 November 2014 |access-date=6 November 2014 |publisher=Red Chillies Entertainment}}</ref> Either Khan or Gauri are usually given production credits, and he has appeared in most of the films, either in the lead role, or in a guest appearance. Khan was involved in several aspects of the making of ''Ra.One'' (2011). Aside from acting, he produced the film, volunteered to write the console game script, dubbed for it, oversaw its technical development, and wrote the digital comics based on the film's characters.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 October 2011 |title=PlayStation launches game on SRK flick RA.One |work=The Economic Times |agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-10-05/news/30246976_1_playstation2-playstation3-sony-computer-entertainment-europe |url-status=dead |access-date=5 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923211759/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-10-05/news/30246976_1_playstation2-playstation3-sony-computer-entertainment-europe |archive-date=23 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="ET">{{Cite news |last=Raghavendra, Nandini |date=13 September 2011 |title=Indian cinema must evolve; Ra.One not urban centric: Shahrukh Khan |work=The Economic Times |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/et-cetera/if-we-dont-evolve-in-10-years-we-will-lose-indian-audience-shahrukh-khan/articleshow/9962913.cms |url-status=live |access-date=13 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121121553/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-09-13/news/30149445_1_indian-cinema-raone-film |archive-date=21 January 2012}}</ref> Khan has occasionally done [[Playback singer|playback singing]] for his films. In ''Josh'' (2000) he sang the popular song "Apun Bola Tu Meri Laila". He also sang in ''Don'' (2006) and ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' (2012).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sabherwal, Parul |date=27 June 2014 |title=Top Bollywood stars who have sung for themselves |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/slideshow/top-bollywood-stars-who-have-sung-themselves_385.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107055346/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/slideshow/top-bollywood-stars-who-have-sung-themselves_385.html |archive-date=7 November 2014 |access-date=6 November 2014 |publisher=Zee News |page=8}}</ref> For ''[[Always Kabhi Kabhi]]'' (2011), which was produced by Red Chillies, Khan participated in the lyrical composition.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Misra, Iti Shree |date=5 May 2011 |title=Shah Rukh Khan turns singer and lyricist |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shah-Rukh-Khan-turns-singer-and-lyricist/articleshow/8160447.cms |url-status=live |access-date=6 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413000547/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shah-Rukh-Khan-turns-singer-and-lyricist/articleshow/8160447.cms |archive-date=13 April 2016}}</ref>

In addition to his early television serial appearances, Khan has hosted numerous televised awards shows, including the Filmfare, Zee Cine, and [[Screen Awards]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sinha, Seema |date=23 January 2013 |title=SRK and Saif at their funniest best on Filmfare night |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/SRK-and-Saif-at-their-funniest-best-on-Filmfare-night/articleshow/18148152.cms |url-status=live |access-date=6 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224025201/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/SRK-and-Saif-at-their-funniest-best-on-Filmfare-night/articleshow/18148152.cms |archive-date=24 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kadam, Prachi |date=7 November 2011 |title=Zee Cine Awards: Why Priyanka Chopra and Shah Rukh Khan are a 'jodi' |work=Daily News and Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-zee-cine-awards-why-priyanka-chopra-and-shah-rukh-khan-are-a-jodi-1608848 |url-status=live |access-date=6 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521032241/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-zee-cine-awards-why-priyanka-chopra-and-shah-rukh-khan-are-a-jodi-1608848 |archive-date=21 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 January 2014 |title=Shah Rukh Khan to host Screen Awards 2014 |work=The Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/shah-rukh-khan-to-host-screen-awards-2014/1217340/ |url-status=live |access-date=6 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530124756/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/shah-rukh-khan-to-host-screen-awards-2014/1217340/ |archive-date=30 May 2014}}</ref> In 2007, he replaced Amitabh Bachchan for one season as the host of ''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati]]'', the Indian version of ''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?]]'',<ref name="KBC">{{Cite news |last=Parul Sharma |date=23 January 2007 |title=The new Shah Rukh show is here |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/The-new-Shah-Rukh-show-is-here/article14710050.ece |url-status=live |access-date=30 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130192755/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/The-new-Shah-Rukh-show-is-here/article14710050.ece |archive-date=30 November 2016}}</ref> and a year later, Khan began hosting ''[[Kya Aap Paanchvi Pass Se Tez Hain?]]'', the Indian version of ''[[Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Ashish |date=29 April 2008 |title=IPL scores over ''Paanchvi Paas'' |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2008/apr/29ipl.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920113735/http://www.rediff.com/money/2008/apr/29ipl.htm |archive-date=20 September 2008 |access-date=27 August 2009 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> In 2011, he returned to television, appearing on [[Imagine TV]]'s ''[[Zor Ka Jhatka: Total Wipeout]]'', the Indian version of ''[[Wipeout (2008 U.S. game show)|Wipeout]]''; scenes featuring Khan were shot at the [[Yash Raj Studios]] in Mumbai.<ref name="ZKJ">{{Cite news |last=Parkar, Shaheen |date=25 February 2011 |title=Shah Rukh's show gets the lowest TRPs |work=[[Mid-Day]] |url=http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/feb/250211-Shah-Rukh-Khan-Zor-Ka-Jhatka-lowest-TRPs-B-Town-star.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=23 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926124123/http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/feb/250211-Shah-Rukh-Khan-Zor-Ka-Jhatka-lowest-TRPs-B-Town-star.htm |archive-date=26 September 2018}}</ref> Contrary to his earlier television anchoring jobs, ''Zor Ka Jhatka: Total Wipeout'' performed poorly. It aired for only one season and became the lowest rated show hosted by a Bollywood star.<ref name="ZKJ" /> In 2017, Khan began hosting ''[[TED Talks India Nayi Soch]]'', a talk show produced by [[TED (conference)|TED Conferences, LLC]] which started aired on [[STAR Plus]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shah Rukh Khan: Actor, producer, activist |url=https://www.ted.com/speakers/shah_rukh_khan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511183128/https://www.ted.com/speakers/shah_rukh_khan |archive-date=11 May 2017 |access-date=27 January 2017 |publisher=TED}}</ref>

=== Stage performances ===
Khan is a frequent stage performer and has participated in several world tours and concerts. In 1997, he performed in [[Asha Bhosle]]'s Moments in Time concert in Malaysia, and returned the following year to perform with Karisma Kapoor for the Shahrukh–Karisma: Live in Malaysia concert.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Henry, Wilson |date=17 October 2000 |title=It's getting late |work=[[The Malay Mail]] |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-17698603.html |access-date=23 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714224011/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-17698603.html |archive-date=14 July 2014|via=Highbeam}}</ref> The same year, he participated in The Awesome Foursome world tour across the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States along with Juhi Chawla, [[Akshay Kumar]] and Kajol, and resumed the tour in Malaysia the following year.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 October 1998 |title=Zee sponsors Awesome Foursome, starring Shah Rukh Khan, Akshay Kumar, Kajol, Juhi Chawla |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19980914-zee-sponsors-awesome-foursome-starring-shah-rukh-khan-akshay-kumar-kajol-juhi-chawla-827067-1998-10-13 |url-status=live |access-date=17 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725220926/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/zee-sponsors-awesome-foursome-starring-shah-rukh-khan-akshay-kumar-kajol-juhi-chawla/1/264941.html |archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahmad, Azman |date=30 October 1999 |title=Shah Rukh! Shah Rukh! |work=The Malay Mail |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-17710762.html |access-date=23 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714221739/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-17710762.html |archive-date=14 July 2014|via=Highbeam}}</ref> In 2002, Khan featured with Amitabh Bachchan, [[Aamir Khan]], Preity Zinta, and [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan|Aishwarya Rai]] in the show From India With Love at [[Manchester]]'s [[Old Trafford]] and [[London]]'s [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]]; the event was attended by more than 100,000 people.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sillito, David |date=30 April 2002 |title=From India with Love |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/breakfast/1959022.stm |url-status=live |access-date=28 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801183641/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/breakfast/1959022.stm |archive-date=1 August 2012}}</ref> Khan performed alongside [[Rani Mukerji|Rani Mukherji]], [[Arjun Rampal]] and [[Ishaa Koppikar]] in a 2010 concert at the [[St. Joseph Higher Secondary School|St. Joseph High School field]] in [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2010 |title=Shah Rukh Khan, Rani woo fans in Dhaka |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-rani-woo-fans-in-dhaka-71974 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522033122/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-rani-woo-fans-in-dhaka-71974 |archive-date=22 May 2014 |access-date=13 May 2014 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> The next year he joined [[Shahid Kapoor]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]] in the Friendship Concert, celebrating 150 years of [[India–South Africa relations|India–South Africa friendship]] in [[Durban]], South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2011 |title=SRK, Shahid and Priyanka set to rock Durban |url=http://entertainment.in.msn.com/bollywood/article.aspx?cp-documentid=4771072 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703061538/http://entertainment.in.msn.com/bollywood/article.aspx?cp-documentid=4771072 |archive-date=3 July 2014 |access-date=27 November 2011 |publisher=MSN}}</ref>

Khan started an association with the "Temptations" series of concert tours by singing, dancing, and performing skits alongside Arjun Rampal, [[Priyanka Chopra]], and other Bollywood stars in Temptations 2004, a stage show that toured 22 venues across the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2004 |title=Shahrukh may attend cinema festival |url=http://www.bahraintribune.com/ArticleDetail.asp?CategoryId=7&ArticleId=55031 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516030801/http://www.bahraintribune.com/ArticleDetail.asp?CategoryId=7&ArticleId=55031 |archive-date=16 May 2008 |access-date=28 November 2011 |website=[[Daily Tribune (Bahrain)|Daily Tribune]]}}</ref> The show played to 15,000 spectators at [[Dubai]]'s Festival City Arena.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Spicezee Bureau |date=25 October 2008 |title=Blast in Dubai: SRK arrives with 'Temptation Reloaded' |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/blast-in-dubai-shah-rukh-arrives-with-temptation-reloaded_14171.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810031758/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/blast-in-dubai-shah-rukh-arrives-with-temptation-reloaded_14171.htm |archive-date=10 August 2013 |access-date=13 May 2014 |publisher=Zee News}}</ref> In 2008, Khan set up Temptation Reloaded, a series of concerts that toured several countries, including the Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2008 |title=SRK's Temptations Reloaded 2008 kick starts! |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/27sld1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410203435/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/27sld1.htm |archive-date=10 April 2009 |access-date=8 July 2010 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> He performed alongside [[Dino Morea]], [[Rani Mukerji]], and [[Dia Mirza]] at the [[Bindass|Airtel-Bindass concert]] tour in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Editorial |first=B. O. C. |date=23 January 2008 |title=Bindass to air SRK concert on 26 January |url=https://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/bindass-to-air-srk-concert-on-26-january/21669 |access-date=14 July 2025 |website=Business Of Cinema |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=29 December 2007 |title=SRK to perform at Airtel Bindaas India concert : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/srk-to-perform-at-airtel-bindaas-india-concert/ |access-date=14 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Another tour was held with [[Bipasha Basu]] and others in 2012 in [[Jakarta]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 December 2012 |title=Bollywood celebs enthrall Jakarta |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/bollywood-celebs-enthrall-jakarta/story-knGHTZ0fLhnG4a4XdbkU6M.html |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062759/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/bollywood-celebs-enthrall-jakarta/story-knGHTZ0fLhnG4a4XdbkU6M.html |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> and in 2013 another series of concerts visited Auckland, Perth and Sydney.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2013 |title=See all the highlights from SRK's Temptation Reloaded show |url=http://entertainment.in.msn.com/gallery/temptation-reloaded-2013-1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703060754/http://entertainment.in.msn.com/gallery/temptation-reloaded-2013-1 |archive-date=3 July 2014 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=MSN}}</ref> In 2014, Khan performed in SLAM! The Tour in the US, Canada, and London,<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 August 2014 |title=It's London calling for SRK's SLAM! THE TOUR |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Its-London-calling-for-SRKs-SLAM-THE-TOUR/articleshow/41263377.cms |url-status=live |access-date=12 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228102646/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Its-London-calling-for-SRKs-SLAM-THE-TOUR/articleshow/41263377.cms |archive-date=28 December 2014}}</ref> and also hosted the Indian premiere of the live talent show, Got Talent World Stage Live.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 September 2014 |title=Shah Rukh Khan: 'Got Talent World Stage LIVE' is a live show, not a television show |work=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-its-a-live-show-not-a-television-show/ |url-status=live |access-date=12 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141122160437/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-its-a-live-show-not-a-television-show/ |archive-date=22 November 2014}}</ref>

=== Ownership of Kolkata Knight Riders ===
In 2008, Khan, in partnership with Juhi Chawla and her husband [[Jay Mehta]], acquired ownership rights for the franchise representing [[Kolkata]] in the [[Twenty20]] cricket tournament [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) for {{US$|75.09}}{{nbsp}}million, and named the team [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] (KKR).<ref name="price">{{Cite news |last=Kuber, Girish |date=9 February 2008 |title=Shah Rukh Khan's Kolkata IPL team to be called Night Riders or Knight Riders |work=The Economic Times |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-02-09/news/27694633_1_indian-premier-league-cricket-ground-ipl |url-status=dead |access-date=27 July 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121123184920/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-02-09/news/27694633_1_indian-premier-league-cricket-ground-ipl |archive-date=23 November 2012}}</ref> {{As of|2009}}, KKR was one of the richest teams in the IPL, with a brand value of {{US$|42.1}}{{nbsp}}million.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 May 2009 |title=IPL valued at $2.1 bn; KKR richest team |work=Business Standard |agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/ipl-valued-at-2-1-bn-kkr-richest-team-109051000066_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=13 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204141002/http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/ipl-valued-at-2-1-bn-kkr-richest-team-109051000066_1.html |archive-date=4 December 2013}}</ref> The team performed poorly on the field during the first three years.<ref name="major">{{Cite news |last=Garg, Swati |date=29 May 2012 |title=IPL victory puts KKR in the black |work=Business Standard |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ipl-victory-puts-kkr-in-the-black-112052900039_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=30 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810124840/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ipl-victory-puts-kkr-in-the-black-112052900039_1.html |archive-date=10 August 2013}}</ref> Their performance improved over time, and they became the champions for the first time in [[2012 Indian Premier League|2012]]<ref name="major" /> and repeated the feat in [[2014 Indian Premier League|2014]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2014 |title=Kolkata Knight Riders Beat Kings XI Punjab to Clinch Second IPL Title in Three Years |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/225013-ipl-2014-final-kolkata-knight-riders-vs-kings-xi-punjab |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809010738/http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/225013-ipl-2014-final-kolkata-knight-riders-vs-kings-xi-punjab |archive-date=9 August 2014 |access-date=28 July 2014 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> The Knight Riders hold the record for the longest winning streak by any Indian team in T20s (14).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/305308.html|title=Records {{!}} Twenty20 matches {{!}} Team records {{!}} Most consecutive wins {{!}} ESPNcricinfo|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=27 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425152828/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/305308.html|archive-date=25 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> They won their third IPL title in the [[2024 Indian Premier League|2024]] edition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2024 |title=KKR's bowlers rip through SRH to win third IPL title |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/kolkata-knight-riders-vs-sunrisers-hyderabad-final-1426312/match-report |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526172105/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/kolkata-knight-riders-vs-sunrisers-hyderabad-final-1426312/match-report |url-status=live }}</ref>

Khan performed alongside [[Sunidhi Chauhan]] and [[Shriya Saran]] at the opening ceremony of the [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] 2011 season, where they danced to Tamil songs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/SRK-rocks-IPL-opening-ceremony/articleshow/7926240.cms? |title=SRK rocks IPL opening ceremony |work=The Times of India |date=10 April 2011 |access-date=22 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927203946/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/SRK-rocks-IPL-opening-ceremony/articleshow/7926240.cms |archive-date=27 September 2016 }}</ref> He appeared again in 2013 alongside Katrina Kaif, Deepika Padukone and [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]].<ref name="NDTV">{{cite web|title=IPL 2013: Shah Rukh Khan, Katrina Kaif, Deepika Padukone, Pitbull showcase diverse culture|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/ipl-2013-shah-rukh-khan-katrina-kaif-deepika-padukone-pitbull-showcase-diverse-culture-349474|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403172739/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/ipl-2013-shah-rukh-khan-katrina-kaif-deepika-padukone-pitbull-showcase-diverse-culture-349474|archive-date=3 April 2013|publisher=NDTV|access-date=24 June 2013}}</ref> In May 2012, the [[Mumbai Cricket Association]] (MCA) banned him from the [[Wankhede Stadium]] for five years for getting into an argument with the security staff after a match between KKR and the [[Mumbai Indians]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/shah-rukh-khan-banned-from-wankhede-stadium-for-5-years/950969/ |title=Shah Rukh Khan banned from Wankhede stadium for 5 years |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=23 May 2012 |access-date=25 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521121045/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/shah-rukh-khan-banned-from-wankhede-stadium-for-5-years/950969 |archive-date=21 May 2014 }}</ref> Khan had, however, stated that he acted only after children, including his daughter, were being "manhandled" by the security staff<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/shah-rukh-khan-mca-spat-wankhede-stadium-guard-102513-2012-05-17|title=Wankhede guard contradicts MCA, says Shah Rukh Khan did not hit him|website=India Today|date=17 May 2012 |access-date=27 May 2018|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011203540/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/shah-rukh-khan-mca-spat-wankhede-stadium-guard-102513-2012-05-17|url-status=live}}</ref> and that the officials were extremely high-handed and aggressive in their behaviour,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/ipl/no-ban-from-wankhede-if-srk-apologises-mca-officials-313200.html|title=No ban from Wankhede if SRK apologises: MCA officials|website=www.firstpost.com|date=18 May 2012|access-date=27 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527213621/https://www.firstpost.com/ipl/no-ban-from-wankhede-if-srk-apologises-mca-officials-313200.html|archive-date=27 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> he had been abused with communal indecent comment.<ref name=":1" /> Later MCA officials had accused him of being drunk in one version of the story, hitting the guard and of completely uncharacteristically abusing a female supporter of Mumbai Indians after the match in another version of the story, which Khan had maintained it was done to support their action and for cheap publicity.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/sports/ipl/shah-rukh-khan-gets-clean-chit-by-mumbai-police-in-2012-ipl-wankhede-brawl-case-263005.html|title=Shah Rukh Khan Gets Clean Chit By Mumbai Police In 2012 IPL Wankhede Brawl Case|work=indiatimes.com|access-date=27 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526174813/https://www.indiatimes.com/sports/ipl/shah-rukh-khan-gets-clean-chit-by-mumbai-police-in-2012-ipl-wankhede-brawl-case-263005.html|archive-date=26 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> Wankhede guard later contradicted MCA officials' claim and said Shah Rukh Khan had not hit him.<ref name=":1" /> Khan later apologised to his fans after his team won the final match.<ref name="apology">{{cite news |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/item/190806-i-apologise-for-my-misbehaviour-at-mca-says-shah-rukh-khan |title=I apologise for my misbehaviour at MCA, says Shah Rukh Khan |date=27 May 2012 |access-date=28 May 2012 |publisher=NDTV |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702190328/http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/item/190806-i-apologise-for-my-misbehaviour-at-mca-says-shah-rukh-khan|archive-date=2 July 2012}}</ref> MCA revoked the ban in 2015<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/mca-lifts-five-year-ban-on-shah-rukh-khan-s-entry-to-wankhede/story-sfUZ988j9iJZbAJbnDe4bI.html|title=MCA lifts five-year ban on Shah Rukh Khan's entry to Wankhede|date=2 August 2015|work=hindustantimes.com|access-date=27 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527202529/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/mca-lifts-five-year-ban-on-shah-rukh-khan-s-entry-to-wankhede/story-sfUZ988j9iJZbAJbnDe4bI.html|archive-date=27 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> and in 2016, Mumbai Police informed that no 'cognisable offence' was made out against Khan and they had come to the conclusion that Shah Rukh Khan was not drunk and did not use abusive language before minors at the Wankhede Stadium in 2012.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/shah-rukh-khan-wins-wankhede-stadium-case-mumbai-police-344974-2016-10-05|title=Shah Rukh Khan wins Wankhede war, cops say he was not drunk|website=India Today|date=5 October 2016 |access-date=27 May 2018|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011203543/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/shah-rukh-khan-wins-wankhede-stadium-case-mumbai-police-344974-2016-10-05|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Appearances in music videos ===
In February 2019, Khan made a special appearance in the music video of the song "BIBA", featuring [[Marshmello]] and [[Shirley Setia]], and composed by [[Pritam]]. The video, inspired by Khan's memorable films, received positive response from fans, and Khan's cameo was well received.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/marshmellos-music-video-biba-is-a-glorious-tribute-to-shah-rukh-khan-and-the-razzmatazz-of-bollywood-6098281.html|title= Marshmello's music video BIBA is a glorious tribute to Shah Rukh Khan and the razzmatazz of Bollywood|date= 16 February 2019}}</ref>

In June 2025, Khan appeared in the music video for the [[Ed Sheeran]] song "[[Sapphire (song)|Sapphire]]", which also featured vocals from [[Arijit Singh]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Nathwani |first=Ayushi |url=https://www.melodicmag.com/ed-sheeran-delivers-a-heartwarming-tribute-to-indian-culture-in-sapphire/ |title=Ed Sheeran delivers a heartwarming tribute to Indian culture in "Sapphire" |magazine=Melodic Magazine |date=6 June 2025 |access-date=7 June 2025}}</ref> The video was shot across various parts of India, and the song received acclaim from critics and fans.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.indiatvnews.com/trending/news/did-you-know-shah-rukh-khan-s-cameo-in-ed-sheeran-s-sapphire-video-was-shot-check-details-2025-06-19-995388|title= Did you know how Shah Rukh Khan's cameo in Ed Sheeran's 'Sapphire' video was shot? Check details|date= 19 June 2025}}</ref>

== In the media ==
{{Main|Shah Rukh Khan in the media}}

[[File:Shahrukh Khan launches the Tag Heuer Carrera Monaco GP limited edition watch (3).jpg|thumb|right|upright|At a [[Tag Heuer]] press conference in 2012|alt=Shah Rukh Khan wearing sunglasses and a vest at a promotional event]]
Khan receives a considerable amount of media coverage in India, and is often referred to as "King Khan", "The [[Padishah|Baadshah]] of Bollywood", or "The King of Bollywood".{{efn|name=King|Attributed to multiple sources<ref name="theguardian2006">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2006/aug/04/india.world |title=King of Bollywood |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=4 August 2006 |access-date=4 November 2015 |author=Saner, Emine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203121720/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2006/aug/04/india.world |archive-date= 3 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='Baadshah' Biggie: Shah Rukh Khan Turns A Year Older|date=2 November 2011|url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news/baadshah-biggie-shah-rukh-khan-turns-older-183000642.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203033410/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news/baadshah-biggie-shah-rukh-khan-turns-older-183000642.html|archive-date=3 December 2013|publisher=[[Yahoo! Movies]]|access-date=15 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="global">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/02/05/SRK.profile/index.html?_s=PM: |publisher=CNN |title=The King of Bollywood |date=5 June 2008 |access-date=7 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019081757/http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/02/05/SRK.profile/index.html?_s=PM%3A |archive-date=19 October 2014 }}</ref>{{sfn|Gehlawat|2020|p=90}}{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=11, 65, 188, 210}}}} [[Anupama Chopra]] cites him as an "ever present celebrity", with two or three films a year, constantly running television ads, print ads, and gigantic billboards lining the streets of Indian cities.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=160–161}} He is the object of a sometimes fanatical following, with a fan base estimated to exceed one billion.<ref name="TheAus">{{cite news| url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/review/the-sahib-of-cinema-bollywood-star-shah-rukh-khan/story-fn9n8gph-1226692933589 | work=[[The Australian]] | title=The sahib of cinema: Bollywood star Shah Rukh Khan |author=Verghis, Sharon |date=10 August 2013 |access-date=12 September 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810070110/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/review/the-sahib-of-cinema-bollywood-star-shah-rukh-khan/story-fn9n8gph-1226692933589 | archive-date=10 August 2013}}</ref> ''[[Newsweek]]'' named Khan as one of their fifty most powerful people globally in 2008 and called him "the world's biggest movie star".<ref name="newsweek">{{cite news|title=The NEWSWEEK 50: Shahrukh Khan, Bollywood |url=http://www.newsweek.com/newsweek-50-shahrukh-khan-bollywood-83105 |work=[[Newsweek]] |date=19 December 2008 |access-date=24 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111701/http://www.newsweek.com/newsweek-50-shahrukh-khan-bollywood-83105 |archive-date= 2 April 2015 }}</ref><ref name="rediff.com">{{cite news|title=Sonia, SRK in Newsweek's list of 50 most powerful people |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/dec/21sonia-srk-in-newsweeks-list-of-most-powerful-people.htm |author=Shourie, Dharam |work=Rediff.com |date=21 December 2008 |access-date=27 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126060855/http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/dec/21sonia-srk-in-newsweeks-list-of-most-powerful-people.htm |archive-date=26 November 2013 }}</ref> In 2011 he was described as "the biggest movie star you've never heard of ... perhaps the world's biggest movie star, period" by Steven Zeitchik of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''{{Efn|Although Khan has an estimated worldwide fan base exceeding one billion, the bulk of his fan base, like numerous other Bollywood stars, is in Asia and Indian diaspora communities worldwide, whereas Zeitchik was writing for an American audience in the ''Los Angeles Times''.{{sfn|Roll|2005|p=91}}}}<ref name="LAT">{{cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/movies/2011/11/shah-rukh-khan-ra-one-bollywood.html?track=icymi |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |title='Ra.One': Shah Rukh Khan as Bollywood superhero |author=Zeitchik, Steven |date=4 November 2011 |access-date=23 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712233934/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/movies/2011/11/shah-rukh-khan-ra-one-bollywood.html?track=icymi |archive-date=12 July 2014 }}</ref> and has been called the world's biggest movie star in other international media outlets.{{efn|name=biggest|Attributed to multiple sources<ref name="theguardian2006" /><ref name="LAT" /><ref name="thetimes1">{{cite news | url=https://www.thetimes.com/travel/destinations/asia-travel/india/meet-the-biggest-film-star-in-the-world-lrft5tnp3pv | title=Meet the biggest film star in the world | work=[[The Times]] | date=2 August 2013 | access-date=4 November 2015 | author=Nixey, Catherine | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117065123/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/arts/film/article3831707.ece | archive-date=17 November 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ranisingh/2015/12/26/shah-rukh-khan-the-biggest-movie-star-in-the-world/ |title=Shah Rukh Khan – The Biggest Movie Star In The World |work=[[Forbes]] |author=Singh, Rani |date=26 December 2015 |access-date=29 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151228184411/https://www.forbes.com/sites/ranisingh/2015/12/26/shah-rukh-khan-the-biggest-movie-star-in-the-world/ |archive-date=28 December 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shah Rukh Khan – Q&A |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/01/25/SRK.qanda/ |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=12 July 2023 |archive-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703190744/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/01/25/SRK.qanda/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="billion" />}} According to a popularity survey, 3.2 billion people around the world know Khan, more than who know [[Tom Cruise]].<ref name="billion">{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/srk-finds-better-competition-in-tom-cruise-/852082/ |title=SRK finds better competition in Tom Cruise? |work=The Indian Express |date=26 September 2011 |access-date=5 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416152548/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/srk-finds-better-competition-in-tom-cruise-/852082 |archive-date=16 April 2016 }}</ref> In a 2022 readers' poll by ''[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]'' magazine, Khan was listed as one of the 50 greatest actors of all time. The magazine attributed his success to the "outrageous amounts of [his] charisma and absolute mastery of [his] craft. Comfortable in almost every genre going, there's pretty much nothing he can't do."<ref>{{cite news|first1=Ben|last1=Travis|first2=Sophie|last2=Butcher|first3=Nick|last3=De Semlyen|first4=James|last4=Dyer|first5=John|last5=Nugent|first6=Alex|last6=Godfrey|first7=Helen|last7=O'Hara|title=Empire's 50 Greatest Actors Of All Time List, Revealed|url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/best-actors/|access-date=31 January 2023|work=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]|date=20 December 2022|archive-date=29 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229101239/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/best-actors|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2023, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine named him one of the [[Time 100|100 most influential people in the world]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2023/ |title=Time 100 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=13 April 2023 |access-date=13 April 2023 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413151502/https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2023/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and he topped the list per a readers poll.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2023 |title=Here's Who Won the 2023 TIME100 Reader Poll |url=https://time.com/6269128/shah-rukh-khan-time100-reader-poll-2023/ |access-date=13 April 2023 |magazine=Time |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413080137/https://time.com/6269128/shah-rukh-khan-time100-reader-poll-2023/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Khan is one of the wealthiest celebrities in India, topping the ''Forbes'' India's "Celebrity 100 list" in 2012, 2013 and 2015.<ref name="forbes 100">{{cite news |url=http://forbesindia.com/article/special/shah-rukh-khan-tops-forbes-india-celebrity-100-list/34575/1 |title=Shah Rukh Khan tops Forbes India Celebrity 100 List |work=[[Forbes (India)]] |date=24 January 2013 |access-date=11 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028180133/http://forbesindia.com/article/special/shah-rukh-khan-tops-forbes-india-celebrity-100-list/34575/1 |archive-date=28 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://forbesindia.com/article/2013-celebrity-100/shah-rukh-khan-tops-forbes-india-celebrity-100-list-second-time-in-a-row/36741/1 |title=Shah Rukh Khan Tops Forbes India Celebrity 100 Second Time In A Row |work=Forbes (India) |date=13 December 2013 |access-date=27 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706190748/http://forbesindia.com/article/2013-celebrity-100/shah-rukh-khan-tops-forbes-india-celebrity-100-list-second-time-in-a-row/36741/1 |archive-date=6 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=2015 Forbes India Celebrity 100: The wheel of fame and fortune |url=http://forbesindia.com/article/2015-celebrity-100/2015-forbes-india-celebrity-100-the-wheel-of-fame-and-fortune/41719/1 |last=Ajwani |first=Deepak |work=Forbes (India) |date=11 December 2015 |access-date=12 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212143411/http://forbesindia.com/article/2015-celebrity-100/2015-forbes-india-celebrity-100-the-wheel-of-fame-and-fortune/41719/1 |archive-date=12 December 2015 }}</ref> His wealth has been estimated at US$1.4 billion.<ref name="BBC_Oct2025"/> Khan owns several properties in India and abroad, including a {{GBP|20 million|link=yes}} apartment in London,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/srk-buys-flat-for-20-million-pounds/story-4LvzYo09uKdo3Y6vVeCO8J.html |title=SRK buys flat for 20 million pounds! |work=Hindustan Times |date=20 July 2009 |access-date=4 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065456/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/srk-buys-flat-for-20-million-pounds/story-4LvzYo09uKdo3Y6vVeCO8J.html |archive-date= 4 March 2016 }}</ref> and a villa on the [[Palm Jumeirah]] in [[Dubai]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/MAH-MUM-photos-a-look-inside-shahrukh-khans-signature-villa-in-dubai-4416495-PHO.html |title=Photos: A look inside Shahrukh Khan's Signature Villa in Dubai |work=Dainik Bhaskar |date=27 October 2013 |access-date=11 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112005459/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/MAH-MUM-photos-a-look-inside-shahrukh-khans-signature-villa-in-dubai-4416495-PHO.html |archive-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> From 2023 to 2024, Khan ranked as the highest tax payer in India.<ref>{{cite web | last=Sistu | first=Suhas | title=SRK ranks first in tax-paying celebrities list for 2023-24 | website=HansIndia | date=6 September 2024 | url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/thalapathy-vijay-ranks-second-in-tax-paying-celebrities-list-for-2023-24-904980 | access-date=6 October 2024}}</ref>

Khan frequently appears on listings of the most popular, stylish and influential people in India. He has regularly featured among the top ten on ''The Times of India''{{'}}s list of the 50 most desirable men in India,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-50-Most-Desirable-Men-of-2011-The-Winners/articleshow/11757172.cms? | title=Times 50 Most Desirable Men of 2011: The Winners | work=The Times of India | access-date=25 January 2013 | date=4 February 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705192605/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-50-Most-Desirable-Men-of-2011-The-Winners/articleshow/11757172.cms | archive-date=5 July 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/50-Most-Desirable-2010/articleshow/7222829.cms? |title=Times 50 Most Desirable Men of 2010 |work=The Times of India |author=Mukherjee, Madhureeta |access-date=25 January 2013 |date=6 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706222029/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/50-Most-Desirable-2010/articleshow/7222829.cms |archive-date=6 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> and in a 2007 poll by the magazine ''[[Eastern Eye]]'' he was named the sexiest man in Asia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/shah-rukh-khan-voted-sexiest-asian-man-news-bollywood-kkfusfheahb.html |title=Shah Rukh Khan voted sexiest Asian man |website=[[Sify]] |date=24 November 2007 |access-date=10 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124234658/http://www.sify.com/movies/shah-rukh-khan-voted-sexiest-asian-man-news-bollywood-kkfusfheahb.html |archive-date=24 January 2014 }}</ref> Khan is often referred to as "Brand SRK" by media organisations because of his many brand endorsement and entrepreneurship ventures.<ref name="rediffbrands">{{cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/oct/24sld1.htm |title=Brand SRK |work=Rediff.com |date=October 2005 |access-date=24 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232121/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/oct/24sld1.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref><ref name=bsrk>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Ageing-Brand-SRK-loses-youth-connect/articleshow/13229919.cms |title=Ageing Brand SRK loses youth connect |author=Sharma, Samidha |work=The Times of India |date=18 May 2012 |access-date=20 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427180910/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Ageing-Brand-SRK-loses-youth-connect/articleshow/13229919.cms |archive-date=27 April 2016 }}</ref> He is one of the highest paid Bollywood endorsers and one of the most visible celebrities in television advertising, with up to a six per cent share of the television advertisement market.<ref name="empire">{{cite journal |url=http://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/cover-story/srk-inc./story/5200.html |title=SRK Inc. |journal=[[Business Today (business magazine)|Business Today]] |date=21 February 2010 |access-date=4 February 2012 |first1=Dhiman |last1=Chattopadhyay |first2=Anusha |last2=Subramanian |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915191316/http://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/cover-story/srk-inc./story/5200.html |archive-date=15 September 2015 }}</ref><ref name="morebrands">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-srk-is-the-most-visible-celeb-in-tv-ads/20120201.htm |title=The Big Star Players in the Ad World |work=Rediff.com |date=1 February 2012 |access-date=5 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204113125/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-srk-is-the-most-visible-celeb-in-tv-ads/20120201.htm |archive-date= 4 February 2012 }}</ref> Khan has endorsed brands including [[Pepsi]], [[Nokia]], [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]], [[Dish TV]], D'decor, [[Lux (soap)|LUX]] and [[TAG Heuer]].<ref name="morebrands" /><ref name="Brands" /> Books have been published about him,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/books/story/20061106-book-review-of-srk-still-reading-khan-by-mushtaq-sheikh-782088-2006-11-05 |title=Book review: Mushtaq Sheikh's 'SRK: Still Reading Khan' |work=India Today |author=Bamzai, Kaveree |date=6 November 2006 |access-date=10 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022042358/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/book-review-of-srk-still-reading-khan-by-mushtaq-sheikh/1/180305.html |archive-date=22 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Face of a new India|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070805/spectrum/main5.htm|date=5 August 2007|work=The Tribune |access-date=30 January 2010|author=Kumar Sen, Ashish|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121110907/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070805/spectrum/main5.htm|archive-date=21 November 2013 }}</ref> and his popularity has been documented in several non-fiction films, including the two-part documentary ''[[The Inner and Outer World of Shah Rukh Khan]]'' (2005),<ref name="world">{{cite web|last=Chhabra |first=Aseem |title=Shah Rukh's inner world |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/oct/17srk.htm |work=Rediff.com |date=17 October 2005 |access-date=2 March 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318143945/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/oct/17srk.htm |archive-date=18 March 2014 }}</ref> and the [[Discovery Travel & Living (Europe)|Discovery Travel & Living]] channel's ten-part miniseries ''Living with a Superstar{{mdash}}Shah Rukh Khan'' (2010).<ref name="empire" /> In 2007, Khan became the third Indian actor to have his wax statue installed at London's [[Madame Tussauds]] museum, after Aishwarya Rai and Amitabh Bachchan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=bollywood-star-to-be-immortalized-at-madame-tussauds-2007-01-19 |title=Bollywood star to be 'immortalized' at Madame Tussaud's |work=[[Hürriyet Daily News]] |date=19 January 2007 |access-date=10 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111052143/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=bollywood-star-to-be-immortalized-at-madame-tussauds-2007-01-19 |archive-date=11 January 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.madametussauds.com/london/ourfigures/bollywoodstars/shahrukhkhan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212095859/http://www.madametussauds.com/london/ourfigures/bollywoodstars/shahrukhkhan|archive-date=12 December 2013|title=Shah Rukh Khan's wax replica at Madame Tussauds London|publisher=[[Madame Tussauds]]|date=12 April 2007|access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> Additional versions of the statue were installed at Madame Tussauds' museums in Los Angeles, Hong Kong, New York and Washington.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/121205/entertainment-bollywood/article/big-b-srk-ashs-wax-figures-washington-tussauds|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202030817/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/121205/entertainment-bollywood/article/big-b-srk-ashs-wax-figures-washington-tussauds|archive-date=2 December 2014|title=Big B, SRK, Aishwarya's wax figures at Washington Tussauds|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=5 December 2012|access-date=12 June 2014}}</ref>

Khan has been brand ambassador of various governmental campaigns, including [[Pulse Polio]] and the [[National AIDS Control Organisation]].<ref name="Brands">{{cite web|author=Hetal Adesara |url=http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/shah-rukh-khans-brand-power/16560 |title=Shah Rukh Khan's brand power |publisher=Business of Cinema |date=2 November 2006 |access-date=11 November 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027061325/http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/shah-rukh-khans-brand-power/16560 |archive-date=27 October 2014 }}</ref> He is a member of the board of directors of the [[Make-A-Wish Foundation]] in India,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jim-luce/yale-honors-incredible-in_b_1422960.html |title=Yale Honors Incredible Indian Actor-Activist Shah Rukh Khan |author=Luce, Jim |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |date=13 April 2012 |access-date=4 January 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104184909/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jim-luce/yale-honors-incredible-in_b_1422960.html |archive-date= 4 January 2015 }}</ref> and in 2011 he was appointed by [[UNOPS]] as the first global ambassador of the [[Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Pisharoty, Sangeeta Barooah |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/time-we-talk-about-sanitation/article2543188.ece |title=Time we talk about sanitation |work=The Hindu |date=16 October 2011 |access-date=13 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130192432/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/time-we-talk-about-sanitation/article2543188.ece |archive-date=30 November 2016 }}</ref> He has recorded a series of public service announcements championing good health and proper nutrition, and joined India's Health Ministry and [[UNICEF]] in a nationwide child immunisation campaign.<ref name=ihr>{{cite news |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=55866 |title=Now, Shah Rukh will endorse good health |author=Rashid, Toufiq |work=The Indian Express |date=5 October 2005 |access-date=12 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101102506/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=55866 |archive-date=1 November 2013 }}</ref> In 2011, he received [[UNESCO]]'s Pyramide con Marni award for his charitable commitment to provide education for children, becoming the first Indian to win the accolade.<ref name="Pyramide">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shah-Rukh-Khans-big-honour/articleshow/10803625.cms?|title=Shah Rukh Khan's big honour|date=21 November 2011|work=The Times of India|access-date=13 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224025201/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shah-Rukh-Khans-big-honour/articleshow/10803625.cms|archive-date=24 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, Khan became the ambassador for Interpol's campaign "Turn Back Crime".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.interpol.int/News-and-media/News/2014/N2014-155 |title=Shah Rukh Khan becomes INTERPOL Turn Back Crime Ambassador |publisher=Interpol |date=27 August 2014 |access-date=27 March 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606051411/http://www.interpol.int/News-and-media/News/2014/N2014-155 |archive-date=6 June 2015 }}</ref> In 2015, Khan received a privileged degree from the [[University of Edinburgh]], Scotland.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-all-set-to-deliver-lecture-on-life-lessons-at-university-of-edinburgh/ |title=At the University of Edinburgh, Shah Rukh Khan is 'a doctor all over again' |work=The Indian Express |date=16 October 2015 |access-date=16 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016140820/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-all-set-to-deliver-lecture-on-life-lessons-at-university-of-edinburgh/ |archive-date=16 October 2015 }}</ref> In 2018, Khan was honoured by the [[World Economic Forum]] with their annual Crystal Award for his leadership in championing children's and women's rights in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/01/meet-the-2018-crystal-awardees |title=Davos 2018: Meet the Crystal Award winners |publisher=World Economic Forum |date=10 January 2018 |access-date=24 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119201428/https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/01/meet-the-2018-crystal-awardees/ |archive-date=19 January 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-world-economic-forum-photos-videos-5035475/ |title=Shah Rukh Khan receives Crystal Award at World Economic Forum, thanks wife, mom and daughter for his values |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=23 January 2018 |access-date=24 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123104300/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-world-economic-forum-photos-videos-5035475/ |archive-date=23 January 2018 }}</ref>

In October 2019, Khan featured in a video launched by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] to pay tribute to [[Mahatma Gandhi]] on his 150th birth anniversary. The preview of the video, which took place on 20 October 2019 at [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|PMO]], was attended by Khan, along with [[Aamir Khan]], [[Kangana Ranaut]], [[Rajkumar Hirani]], [[Jacqueline Fernandez]], [[Sonam Kapoor]], [[Ekta Kapoor]], [[Varun Sharma]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]], [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Kapil Sharma]], and many other dignitaries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Aamir Khan, Shah Rukh Khan In Frame, PM Tweets Video After Meeting Film Stars |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aamir-khan-shah-rukh-khan-in-frame-pm-tweets-video-after-meeting-film-stars-2119627 |work=NDTV |agency=PTI |date=20 October 2019 |access-date=20 February 2024 |archive-date=18 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218212357/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aamir-khan-shah-rukh-khan-in-frame-pm-tweets-video-after-meeting-film-stars-2119627 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=SRK-Salman to Alia-Ranbir, Bollywood pays tribute to Mahatma Gandhi. Watch video |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/srk-salman-to-alia-ranbir-bollywood-pays-tribute-to-mahatma-gandhi-watch-video-1611163-2019-10-20 |magazine=India Today |date=24 March 2022 |access-date=20 February 2024 |archive-date=18 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218212358/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/srk-salman-to-alia-ranbir-bollywood-pays-tribute-to-mahatma-gandhi-watch-video-1611163-2019-10-20 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFQVq4PHcQY |title= PM Narendra Modi's interaction with film fraternity on Mahatma Gandhi 150th birth anniversary |publisher= Narendra Modi |website= YouTube |date= 22 October 2019 |access-date= 20 February 2024 |archive-date= 18 February 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240218212358/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFQVq4PHcQY |url-status= live }}</ref> Khan's distinctive voice and mannerisms have inspired many imitators and voice actors.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Amit |date=27 December 2010 |title=When celebrities seek copyrights |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/when-celebrities-seek-copyrights/729569/ |work=Financial Express |access-date=17 May 2024 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517055755/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/when-celebrities-seek-copyrights/729569/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the Hindi-dubbed version of the cartoon series ''[[Oggy and the Cockroaches]]'', Saurav Chakrabarti emulates Khan's voice for the character Oggy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Their toons, our talk |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/their-toons-our-talk/cid/1669430 |work=The Telegraph |date=10 May 2014 |access-date=17 May 2024 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517055759/https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/their-toons-our-talk/cid/1669430 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In April 2020, Khan announced a series of initiatives to help the government of India and the state governments of Maharashtra, West Bengal, and Delhi mitigate the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] as well as relief measures for thousands of underprivileged people and daily wage labourers affected by the [[2020 coronavirus lockdown in India|lockdown]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/covid-19-shah-rukh-announces-series-of-initiatives-to-help-citizens/articleshow/74954418.cms|title=COVID-19: Shah Rukh Khan announces series of initiatives to help citizens|work=The Economic Times|date=4 April 2020|access-date=22 April 2020|archive-date=19 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419112901/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/covid-19-shah-rukh-announces-series-of-initiatives-to-help-citizens/articleshow/74954418.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/shah-rukh-khan-joins-covid-19-fight-with-series-of-initiatives-raat-ke-baad-naye-din-ki-sahar-aayegi-1662647-2020-04-02|title=Shah Rukh Khan joins Covid-19 fight with series of initiatives: Raat ke baad naye din ki sahar aayegi|work=India Today|date=2 April 2020|access-date=22 April 2020 |archive-date=10 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410063200/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/shah-rukh-khan-joins-covid-19-fight-with-series-of-initiatives-raat-ke-baad-naye-din-ki-sahar-aayegi-1662647-2020-04-02|url-status=live}}</ref> He offered his 4-storey personal office space to the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] to be used as a quarantine centre for coronavirus patients.<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 April 2020|title=Shah Rukh Khan offers his office to BMC quarantine facility for treating coronavirus patients|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shah-rukh-khan-offers-his-office-to-bmc-quarantine-facility-for-treating-coronavirus-patients/article31256328.ece|access-date=7 July 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184851/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shah-rukh-khan-offers-his-office-to-bmc-quarantine-facility-for-treating-coronavirus-patients/article31256328.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 5 May 2025, Khan attended the [[Met Gala]] in [[Manhattan]], becoming the first Bollywood male actor to do so and making his debut appearance.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/05/style/shah-rukh-khan-met-gala-2025-sabyasachi-mukherjee.html |title=Shah Rukh Khan, and His Jeweled Tiger's Head, Make Their Met Debut|work=The New York Times |last1=Trebay |first1=Guy |date=5 May 2025 }}</ref> His outfit was designed by fashion designer [[Sabyasachi Mukherjee]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.cnn.com/2025/05/05/style/shah-rukh-khan-met-gala-debut-cec|title= Shah Rukh Khan makes Met Gala debut in Sabyasachi|website= [[CNN]]|date= 6 May 2025}}</ref>

== Awards and recognitions ==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Shah Rukh Khan}}

Khan is one of the most decorated Bollywood actors.<ref name="toi-awards" /> He has received 14 [[Filmfare Awards]] from 30nominations and special awards,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan/bday-special-shah-rukh-khan/articleshow/25059557.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216091000/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan/bday-special-shah-rukh-khan/articleshow/25059557.cms|archive-date=16 December 2014 |title=B'day Special: Shah Rukh Khan (p. 8)|work=The Times of India |access-date=16 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|name=ffan|Awards in certain categories come without a prior nomination.}} including winning eight for Best Actor; he is tied for the most in this category with [[Dilip Kumar]].<ref name="FF8" /> Khan has won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]] for his performances in ''[[Baazigar]]'' (1993), {{lang|hi-latn|[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]}} (1995), ''[[Dil To Pagal Hai]]'' (1997), ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]'' (1998), ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'' (2002), ''[[Swades]]'' (2004), ''[[Chak De! India]]'' (2007) and ''[[My Name Is Khan]]'' (2010).<ref name="FFAwardsPDF" /> He also won the [[National Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role]] in 2025 for his performance in [[Jawan (film)|''Jawan'']].<ref name=":4" />

Khan was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Government of India]] in 2005.<ref name="toi-awards" /> The [[Government of France]] has awarded him both the [[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres|Order of Arts and Letters]] (2007),<ref>{{cite news|work=The Times of India|title=SRK gets France's top culture award|date=13 June 2007|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/SRK-gets-Frances-top-culture-award/articleshow/2118462.cms?|access-date=27 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311101618/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/SRK-gets-Frances-top-culture-award/articleshow/2118462.cms|archive-date=11 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and the fifth degree of the French [[Legion of Honour]], ''Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur'' (2014).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-conferred-with-top-french-civillian-award/article1-1235777.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813111436/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-conferred-with-top-french-civillian-award/article1-1235777.aspx|archive-date=13 August 2014|title=Shahrukh Khan awarded highest French civilian honour|work=Hindustan Times|date=2 July 2014|access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> Khan has received five honorary doctorates; the first from The [[University of Bedfordshire]] in 2009,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8145945.stm|title=Shah Rukh honoured to be Dr Khan|work=BBC|date=11 July 2009|access-date=1 July 2019|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011203546/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8145945.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> the second from The [[University of Edinburgh]] in 2015,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/entertainment-arts-34543469|title=Shah Rukh Khan given honorary doctorate by University of Edinburgh|work=BBC|date=16 October 2015|access-date=1 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702133025/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/entertainment-arts-34543469/shah-rukh-khan-given-honorary-doctorate-by-university-of-edinburgh|archive-date=2 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> the third from [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]] in 2016,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/shah-rukh-khan-honorary-doctorate-urdu-maulana-azad-national-urdu-university-photos-359571-2016-12-26 |title=SEE PICS: Shah Rukh Khan receives honorary doctorate for promoting Urdu |date=26 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418001341/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/shah-rukh-khan-honorary-doctorate-urdu-maulana-azad-national-urdu-university-photos/1/843004.html |archive-date=18 April 2017 }}</ref> and his latest from The [[University of Law]] and [[La Trobe University]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shah-rukh-khan-thanks-the-university-of-law-for-awarding-him-with-an-honorary-doctorate/articleshow/68732882.cms|title=Shah Rukh Khan thanks the University of Law for awarding him with an honorary doctorate|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 April 2019|access-date=1 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510190542/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shah-rukh-khan-thanks-the-university-of-law-for-awarding-him-with-an-honorary-doctorate/articleshow/68732882.cms|archive-date=10 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/aug/09/bollywood-comes-to-melbourne-as-shah-rukh-khan-given-honorary-doctorate|title=Bollywood comes to Melbourne as Shah Rukh Khan given honorary doctorate|work=The Guardian|date=9 August 2019|access-date=10 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809230738/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/aug/09/bollywood-comes-to-melbourne-as-shah-rukh-khan-given-honorary-doctorate|archive-date=9 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
[[File:Shahrukh Khan and Gauri at 'The Outsider' launch party.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Khan with his wife [[Gauri Khan|Gauri]] in 2012|alt=Shah Rukh Khan standing beside his wife Gauri at a party in 2012]]
Khan married [[Gauri Khan|Gauri Chibber]], a [[Punjabi Hindu]], in a traditional Hindu wedding ceremony on 25 October 1991, after a six-year courtship.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan/bday-special-shah-rukh-khan/articleshow/25059326.cms |title=B'day Special: Shah Rukh Khan (p. 16) |work=The Times of India |access-date=3 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109191757/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan/bday-special-shah-rukh-khan/articleshow/25059326.cms |archive-date=9 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lifestyle.in.msn.com/valentinesday/famous-inter-religious-marriages?page=3|title=Famous inter-religious marriages|date=30 January 2014|publisher=[[MSN]]|access-date=25 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703032243/http://lifestyle.in.msn.com/valentinesday/famous-inter-religious-marriages?page=3|archive-date=3 July 2014}}</ref> They have a son [[Aryan Khan|Aryan]] (born 1997)<ref>{{Citation|last=Dharma Productions|title=Reunion of the Kuch Kuch Hota Hai cast {{!}} Karan Johar {{!}} Shah Rukh Khan {{!}} Kajol {{!}} Rani|date=17 October 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KTVpVbESfbE&t=27m55s|access-date=6 December 2018|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011203539/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KTVpVbESfbE&t=27m55s|url-status=live}}</ref> and a daughter [[Suhana Khan|Suhana]] (born 2000).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2000/may/23shahruk.htm|title=rediff.com: Shah Rukh has a new(born) heroine in his life|website=m.rediff.com|access-date=6 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018044736/https://m.rediff.com/news/2000/may/23shahruk.htm|archive-date=18 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2013, they became parents of a third child named AbRam,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shah-rukh-khan-brings-baby-abram-home-denies-sex-determination-test-1859143 |title=Shah Rukh Khan brings baby AbRam home, denies sex determination test |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=9 July 2013 |access-date=23 September 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204173828/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shah-rukh-khan-brings-baby-abram-home-denies-sex-determination-test-1859143 |archive-date= 4 December 2013}}</ref> who was born through a surrogate mother.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/shah-rukh-khan-gauri-blessed-with-a-baby-boy/1137115/ |title=Shah Rukh Khan, Gauri blessed with a baby boy |work=[[The Indian Express]] |author=Sharma, Sarika |date=3 July 2013 |access-date=23 September 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905122414/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/shah-rukh-khan-gauri-blessed-with-a-baby-boy/1137115/ |archive-date= 5 September 2014 }}</ref> Both his elder children have made their debut in the entertainment industry; Khan has stated that Aryan studied filmmaking at the [[USC School of Cinematic Arts]] in [[California]], co-wrote and directed a Netflix series called ''[[The Ba***ds of Bollywood]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/shah-rukh-khan-feels-that-karan-johar-will-launch-aryan-khan-but-not-as-a-hero-details-inside/332260|title=Shah Rukh Khan feels that Karan Johar will launch Aryan Khan, but not as a HERO – details inside|website=Times Now|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|access-date=31 December 2018|date=17 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231092404/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/shah-rukh-khan-feels-that-karan-johar-will-launch-aryan-khan-but-not-as-a-hero-details-inside/332260|archive-date=31 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/this-video-of-shah-rukh-khans-son-aryan-khan-giving-money-to-a-beggar-is-going-viral-watch/266558|title=This video of Shah Rukh Khan's son Aryan Khan giving money to a beggar is going viral – watch{{!}}|website=Times Now|publisher=The Times Group|date=8 August 2018|access-date=30 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043130/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/this-video-of-shah-rukh-khans-son-aryan-khan-giving-money-to-a-beggar-is-going-viral-watch/266558|archive-date=31 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> while Suhana, who served as assistant director for Khan's film ''[[Zero (2018 film)|Zero]]'' (2018), has studied drama and acting at [[New York University Tisch School of the Arts|NYU's Tisch School of the Arts]]. She made her debut in the Netflix ''[[The Archies (film)|The Archies]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/151218/suhana-has-to-learn-the-craft-before-thinking-of-acting-shah-rukh-kha.html|title=Suhana has to learn the craft before thinking of acting: Shah Rukh Khan|last=Varma|first=Lipika|date=15 December 2018|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102095716/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/151218/suhana-has-to-learn-the-craft-before-thinking-of-acting-shah-rukh-kha.html|archive-date=2 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-from-deewana-to-zero-shah-rukh-khan-s-daughter-suhana-takes-cues-from-superstar-s-films-for-her-bollywood-debut-2781636|title=From 'Deewana' to 'Zero', Shah Rukh Khan's daughter Suhana takes cues from superstar's films for her Bollywood debut|date=14 August 2019|website=DNA India|language=en|access-date=17 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814065814/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-from-deewana-to-zero-shah-rukh-khan-s-daughter-suhana-takes-cues-from-superstar-s-films-for-her-bollywood-debut-2781636|archive-date=14 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Suhana made her acting debut in November 2019, in a short film titled ''The Grey Part of Blue''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/suhana-khan-s-acting-debut-the-grey-part-of-blue-is-out-fans-say-magnetic-screen-presence-watch-video/story-E6zNbz2tDceiqXWlMXMZ0N.html|title=Suhana Khan's acting debut The Grey Part of Blue is out, fans say she has 'magnetic screen presence'. Watch video|date=18 November 2019|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=18 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118111059/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/suhana-khan-s-acting-debut-the-grey-part-of-blue-is-out-fans-say-magnetic-screen-presence-watch-video/story-E6zNbz2tDceiqXWlMXMZ0N.html|archive-date=18 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Khan, while he strongly believes in [[Islam]], he also values his wife's religion. His children follow both religions; at his home the [[Qur'an]] is situated next to the [[murti]] of [[Hindu]] deities.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4274774.stm |title=Who's the real Shah Rukh Khan? |author=Zubair Ahmed |work=BBC News |date=23 September 2005 |access-date=26 August 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126235323/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4274774.stm |archive-date=26 January 2009 }}</ref>

Although Khan was given the birth name Shahrukh Khan, he prefers his name to be written as Shah Rukh Khan, and is commonly referred to by the initialism SRK.<ref name="time">{{cite magazine |last=James |first=Randy |date=18 August 2009 |title=2-Min. Bio: Bollywood Star Shah Rukh Khan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1917090,00.html |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111235225/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0%2C8599%2C1917090%2C00.html |archive-date=11 November 2013 |access-date=15 December 2011}}</ref>

In addition to his family life, Khan has been the subject of media speculation regarding his alleged relationship with actress Priyanka Chopra. Rumours of an affair between the two circulated widely in the early 2010s, though both actors publicly dismissed or avoided comment on the subject.<ref>{{cite news |title=When Shah Rukh Khan and Priyanka Chopra addressed their affair rumours publicly: 'Main Bandra se guzarti hoon toh log likhte hai ki hum chupke milte hai' |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/when-shah-rukh-khan-and-priyanka-chopra-addressed-their-affair-rumours-publicly-main-bandra-se-guzarti-hoon-toh-log-likhte-hai-ki-hum-chupke-milte-hai-article-12865814.html |work=Moneycontrol |date=25 April 2024 |access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref> In 2025, advertising professional Prahlad Kakkar suggested that Chopra had regarded the alleged affair as "serious and personal," while also noting her decision not to address the rumours publicly.<ref name=indianexpress2025>{{cite news |title='For Priyanka Chopra, the affair wasn't frivolous; it was serious, it was personal': Prahlad Kakkar praises PC for maintaining her dignity |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/priyanka-chopra-shah-rukh-khan-affair-wasnt-frivolous-it-was-serious-prahlad-kakkar-10254816/lite/ |work=The Indian Express |date=17 September 2025 |access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref> Friends of Khan, including film producer Vivek Vaswani, have dismissed such reports, describing him as "a one-woman man" devoted to his wife.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vivek Vaswani dismisses rumours of Shah Rukh Khan's relationship with Priyanka Chopra, calls him a 'one woman man' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vivek-vaswani-dismisses-rumours-of-shah-rukh-khans-relationship-with-priyanka-chopra-karan-johar-calls-him-a-one-woman-man/articleshow/107915529.cms |work=The Times of India |date=20 February 2024 |access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref> No confirmation of a romantic relationship between Khan and Chopra has ever been made by either party.<ref name=indianexpress2025 />

As of October 2025, Khan has a net worth of $1.4 billion.<ref name="BBC_Oct2025">{{cite news |last1=Mollan |first1=Cherylann |date=2 October 2025 |title=Shah Rukh Khan: Bollywood superstar enters the billionaire club |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1ed21d5ezno |work=BBC |access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Khans of Bollywood]]
* [[List of awards and nominations received by Shah Rukh Khan]]

== Footnotes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|26em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|last1=Bharat|first1=Meenakshi|last2=Kumar|first2=Nirmal|title=Filming the Line of Control: The Indo-Pak Relationship Through the Cinematic Lens|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3zE6ndYKml0C&pg=PA43|date=27 April 2012|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-136-51605-4|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626213638/https://books.google.com/books?id=3zE6ndYKml0C&pg=PA43|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Bose |first=Derek |author1-link=Derek Bose |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wv_mmculJ8kC&pg=PA34 |title=Everybody Wants a Hit: 10 Mantras of Success in Bollywood Cinema |publisher=[[Jaico Publishing House]] |date=1 January 2006 |isbn=978-81-7992-558-4 |access-date=15 July 2016 |archive-date=30 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230074754/https://books.google.com/books?id=wv_mmculJ8kC&pg=PA34 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|last=Chandra|first=Anjana Motihar|title=India Condensed: 5,000 Years of History & Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7-IAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA128|date=15 July 2008|publisher=[[Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd]]|isbn=978-981-261-975-4|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230062924/https://books.google.com/books?id=b7-IAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA128|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Chopra|first=Anupama|author1-link=Anupama Chopra|title=King of Bollywood: Shah Rukh Khan and the Seductive World of Indian Cinema|title-link=King of Bollywood: Shah Rukh Khan and the Seductive World of Indian Cinema|date=2007|publisher=[[Grand Central Publishing]]|isbn=978-0-446-50898-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Ciecko|first=Anne Tereska|title=Contemporary Asian Cinema: Popular Culture in a Global Frame|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_PmysZli1cC&pg=PA142|year=2006|publisher=[[Berg Publishers]]|isbn=978-1-84520-237-8|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230074122/https://books.google.com/books?id=9_PmysZli1cC&pg=PA142|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last1=Dalmia|first1=Vasudha|last2=Sadana|first2=Rashmi|title=The Cambridge Companion to Modern Indian Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1hyIWIe4T0YC&pg=PA180|date=5 April 2012|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1-139-82546-7|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=4 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704214411/https://books.google.com/books?id=1hyIWIe4T0YC&pg=PA180|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Gehlawat |first1=Ajay |title=Stardom in contemporary Hindi cinema: celebrity and fame in globalized times |year=2020 |publisher=Springer Nature |location=Singapore |isbn=9789811501913 |pages=89–104 |chapter=Having It Both Ways: The Janus-Like Career of Kareena Kapoor}}
* {{cite book|last1=Gulazāra|last2=Nihalani|first2=Govind|last3=Chatterjee|first3=Saibal|author1-link=Gulzar|author2-link=Govind Nihalani|author3-link=Saibal Chatterjee|title=[[Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema]]|year=2003|publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]]|isbn=978-81-7991-066-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Hirji|first=Faiza|title=Dreaming in Canadian: South Asian Youth, Bollywood, and Belonging|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A3VvKZuI_0UC&pg=PA110|date=27 October 2010|publisher=[[UBC Press]]|isbn=978-0-7748-5971-4|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=19 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119080219/https://books.google.com/books?id=A3VvKZuI_0UC&pg=PA110|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last1=Mehta|first1=Rini Bhattacharya|last2=Pandharipande|first2=Rajeshwari V.|title=Bollywood and Globalization: Indian Popular Cinema, Nation, and Diaspora|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B7BD142N_gIC&pg=PA151|date=1 June 2011|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-0-85728-897-4|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230073815/https://books.google.com/books?id=B7BD142N_gIC&pg=PA151|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=O'Brien|first=Derek|author1-link=Derek O'Brien (politician)|title=Derek Introduces: 100 Iconic Indians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMOeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT217|year=2014|publisher=[[Rupa Publications]]|isbn=978-81-291-3413-4|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230073818/https://books.google.com/books?id=YMOeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT217|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Patel|first=Bhaichand|title=Bollywood's Top 20: Superstars of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RQL4dkVAnPIC&pg=PA253|year=2012|publisher=[[Penguin Books India]]|isbn=978-0-670-08572-9|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230074030/https://books.google.com/books?id=RQL4dkVAnPIC&pg=PA253|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Raj|first=Ashok|title=Hero Vol.2, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wo9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT143|date=1 November 2009|publisher=[[Hay House]], Inc|isbn=978-93-81398-03-6|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230075920/https://books.google.com/books?id=2wo9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT143|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Roll|first=Martin|author1-link=Martin Roll|title=Asian Brand Strategy: How Asia Builds Strong Brands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VrO3O0h6I0wC&pg=PA91|date=17 October 2005|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|isbn=978-0-230-51306-8|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230121233/https://books.google.com/books?id=VrO3O0h6I0wC&pg=PA91|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Teo|first=Stephen|title=The Asian Cinematic Experience|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1H9mdj4mViAC&pg=PA125|date=26 April 2013|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-136-29609-3|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=11 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811135508/https://books.google.com/books?id=1H9mdj4mViAC&pg=PA125|url-status=live}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last1=Shiekh |first1=Mushtaq |author1-link=Mushtaq Shiekh |title=[[Still Reading Khan]] |date=2006 |publisher=Om Books International |isbn=978-81-871077-9-8}}
* {{cite book |last1=Shiekh |first1=Mushtaq |title=Shah Rukh Can |date=2007|publisher=Om Books International |isbn=978-81-87108-26-9}}

== External links ==

* {{Twitter}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}

{{Shah Rukh Khan}}
{{Navboxes
| title = Awards received by Shah Rukh Khan
| list =
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{National Film Award Best Actor}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Shah Rukh}}
[[Category:Shah Rukh Khan| ]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Film producers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Hansraj College alumni]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:Indian billionaires]]
[[Category:Indian game show hosts]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
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[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian people of Hindkowan descent]]
[[Category:Indian Premier League franchise owners]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]
[[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia alumni]]
[[Category:Male actors from Delhi]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Officiers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]]
[[Category:People from New Delhi]]
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[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]

Shah Rukh Khan

2026-10-09T14:48:51Z

Channel500k:

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1965)}}
{{hatnote group
| {{Redirect|SRK}}
| {{for|the Indian cricketer|Shahrukh Khan (cricketer)}}
}}
{{featured article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}

{{Infobox actor
| name = Shah Rukh Khan
| image = Shah Rukh Khan graces the launch of the new Santro.jpg 
| caption = Khan in 2018
| birth_name = Shahrukh Khan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|11|02|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], Delhi, India
| alma_mater = [[Hansraj College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|film producer|television personality|businessman}}
| years_active = 1988–present
| organisation = {{ubl|[[Red Chillies Entertainment]]|[[Knight Riders Group]]}}
| works = [[Shah Rukh Khan filmography|Full list]]
| title = [[Managing director|MD]] of Red Chillies Entertainment
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Gauri Khan|Gauri Chhibber]]|25 October 1991}}
| children = 3 (including [[Aryan Khan|Aryan]] and [[Suhana Khan|Suhana]])
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Shah Rukh Khan|Full list]]
| honours = [[Padma Shri]] (2005)<br />[[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres|Order of Arts and Letters]] (2007)<br />[[Legion of Honour]] (2014) [[National Film Award]] (2025)
| signature = Shah Rukh Khan Signature.svg
}}

'''Shah Rukh Khan'''{{efn|Khan's official name is Shahrukh as per his business filings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Director Master Info |url=https://www.mca.gov.in/content/mca/global/en/mca/master-data/MDS/director-master-info.html?DIN=oJBBk1Fy5LMhVYHtIGjntA== |access-date=29 October 2024 |website=www.mca.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/RED-CHILLIES-ENTERTAINMENTS-PRIVATE-LIMITED-U92130MH2002PTC135790|title=RED CHILLIES ENTERTAINMENTS PRIVATE LIMITED|website=ZaubaCorp|accessdate=26 February 2025}}</ref> Shah Rukh is his preferred stylisation.}} ({{IPA|hns|ˈʃaːɦɾʊx xäːn|pron|audio=Shahrukh_Khan.ogg}}; born as Shahrukh Khan on 2 November 1965), popularly known by the initials '''SRK''', is an [[Indian actor]] and [[film producer]] renowned for his work in [[Hindi cinema]]. Referred to in the media as the "[[Padishah|Baadshah]] of Bollywood" and "King Khan",{{efn|name=King}} he has [[Shah Rukh Khan filmography|appeared in more than 100 films]] and earned [[List of awards and nominations received by Shah Rukh Khan|numerous accolades]], including a [[National Film Award]] and 15 [[Filmfare Awards]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Mukesh Khanna backs Shah Rukh Khan's National Award win |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/mukesh-khanna-backs-shah-rukh-khans-national-award-win-76404.html |magazine=Filmfare |date=6 August 2025 |access-date=9 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Srivastava |first=Simran |date=1 August 2025 |title=Shah Rukh Khan's Fans Can't Keep Calm As Actor Wins His First National Film Award In 33 Years: 'Wait Is Over' |url=https://news24online.com/entertainment/shah-rukh-khans-fans-cant-keep-calm-as-actor-wins-his-first-national-film-award-in-33-years-wait-is-over/611358/ |work=News24 |access-date=9 August 2025}}</ref> He has been awarded the [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Government of India]], as well as the [[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres|Order of Arts and Letters]] and [[Legion of Honour]] by the [[Government of France]]. Khan has a significant following in Asia and among the [[Non-resident Indian and Overseas Citizen of India|Indian diaspora]] worldwide. In terms of income, several media outlets have described him as one of the most successful film stars in the world.{{efn|name=biggest}}

Khan began his career with appearances in several television series in the late 1980s and made his [[Hindi]] film debut in 1992 with the musical romance ''[[Deewana (1992 film)|Deewana]]''. He was initially recognised for playing villainous roles in the films ''[[Baazigar]]'' (1993) and ''[[Darr]]'' (1993). Khan established himself by starring in a series of top-grossing romantic films, including {{lang|hi-latn|[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]}} (1995), ''[[Dil To Pagal Hai]]'' (1997), ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]'' (1998), ''[[Mohabbatein]]'' (2000), ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]'' (2001), ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'' (2003), ''[[Veer-Zaara]]'' (2004), and ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]'' (2006). He earned critical acclaim for his portrayal of an alcoholic in the period romantic drama ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'' (2002), a [[NASA]] scientist in the social drama ''[[Swades]]'' (2004), a hockey coach in the sports drama ''[[Chak De! India]]'' (2007), and a man with [[Asperger syndrome]] in the drama ''[[My Name Is Khan]]'' (2010). Further commercial successes came with the romances ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'' (2007) and ''[[Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi]]'' (2008), and with his expansion to comedies in ''[[Chennai Express]]'' (2013) and ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]'' (2014). Following a brief setback and hiatus, Khan made a career comeback with the 2023 action thrillers ''[[Pathaan (film)|Pathaan]]'' and ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]'', both of which rank among the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Indian films]]. For ''Jawan'', he received the [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] for [[National Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor in a Leading Role]].

As of 2015, Khan is co-chairman of the motion picture production company [[Red Chillies Entertainment]] and its subsidiaries and is the co-owner of the [[Indian Premier League]] cricket team [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] and the [[Caribbean Premier League]] team [[Trinbago Knight Riders]]. He is a frequent television presenter and stage show performer. Khan's philanthropic endeavours have provided health care and disaster relief, and he was honoured with [[UNESCO]]'s Pyramide con Marni award in 2011 for his support of children's education and the [[World Economic Forum]]'s Crystal Award in 2018 for advocating for women's and children's rights in India. He regularly features in listings of the most influential people in [[Indian culture]], and in 2008, ''[[Newsweek]]'' named him one of their fifty most powerful people in the world. In 2022, Khan was voted one of the 50 greatest actors of all time in a readers' poll by ''[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]'', and in 2023, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' named him as one of the [[Time 100|most influential people in the world]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2023/6269827/shah-rukh-khan/|title=Shah Rukh Khan: The 100 Most Influential People of 2023|date=13 April 2023|magazine=Time|access-date=26 February 2025}}</ref>

== Early life and family ==
=== Parents ===
Khan's father, [[Mir clan|Mir]] Taj Mohammed Khan, was an [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] activist from [[Peshawar]] who campaigned alongside the [[Khudai Khidmatgar]], a [[nonviolent resistance]] movement led by [[Abdul Ghaffar Khan]] that sought a [[opposition to the partition of India|united and independent India]].<ref name="KoolAgrawal2020">{{Cite book |last1=Kool |first1=Vinod K. |title=Gandhi and the Psychology of Nonviolence, Volume 1: Scientific Roots and Development |last2=Agrawal |first2=Rita |date=2020 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |isbn=978-3-030-56865-8 |pages=55 |language=English |quote=Khan founded the Khudai Khidmatgar (Servants of God), the followers of which were commonly referred to as 'red shirts.' What attracted people to him? It was the same values that drew people in large numbers to Gandhi—integrity of character coupled with a total commitment to the philosophy and practice of nonviolence and the unwavering belief in a united India.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2019 |title=Fatima Bhutto terms Shah Rukh Khan 'an icon challenging US monopoly |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/538860-fatima-bhutto-terms-shah-rukh-khan-an-icon-challenging-us-monopoly |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010001647/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/538860-fatima-bhutto-terms-shah-rukh-khan-an-icon-challenging-us-monopoly |archive-date=10 October 2019 |access-date=10 October 2019 |website=The News International}}</ref> Mir was a follower of Abdul Ghaffar Khan,{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=17–18}} and affiliated with the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="ancestral5">{{Cite news |last=Khan, Omer Farooq |date=19 March 2010 |title=SRK's ancestral home traced to Pakistan |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/SRKs-ancestral-home-traced-to-Pakistan/articleshow/5701179.cms |url-status=live |access-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701111712/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/SRKs-ancestral-home-traced-to-Pakistan/articleshow/5701179.cms |archive-date=1 July 2015 |quote=There is a strong misperception about Shah Rukh's identity who is widely considered as a Pathan. In fact, his entire family speaks Hindko language. His ancestors came from Kashmir and settled in Peshawar centuries back, revealed Maqsood. This may disappoint many of Shah Rukh’s Pashto speaking fans who consider him a Pathan by origin. Shah Rukh’s family also contradicted the claim that his grandfather Jan Muhammad was from Afghanistan.}}</ref> He was also the cousin of the major general in the [[Indian National Army]] [[Shah Nawaz Khan (general)|Shah Nawaz Khan]].{{efn|name="SRKfamily"|Although Shahrukh Khan's mother was reported to be the adopted daughter of [[Shah Nawaz Khan (general)|Shah Nawaz Khan]], a major general in the [[Indian National Army]], the [[Indian Army]] denied those reports.<ref name="The Express Tribune">{{Cite news |date=11 March 2012 |title=Army denies new ISI chief related to Shah Rukh Khan |work=[[The Express Tribune]] |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/348459/army-denies-new-isi-chief-related-to-shah-rukh-khan/ |url-status=live |access-date=12 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528165955/http://tribune.com.pk/story/348459/army-denies-new-isi-chief-related-to-shah-rukh-khan/ |archive-date=28 May 2014}}</ref> According to Khan, his father was related to Shah Nawaz.<ref name="pathan">{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Priya |date=4 August 2013 |title=How SRK's Pathan father fell in love with his South Indian mother |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/How-SRKs-Pathan-father-fell-in-love-with-his-South-Indian-mother/articleshow/21574818.cms |url-status=live |access-date=24 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805212904/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/How-SRKs-Pathan-father-fell-in-love-with-his-South-Indian-mother/articleshow/21574818.cms |archive-date=5 August 2013}}</ref>}} According to Khan, his paternal grandfather, Mir Jan Muhammad Khan, was an ethnic [[Pashtuns|Pashtun (Pathan)]] from Afghanistan.<ref name="ancestral5" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2020 |title=Happy Birthday Shah Rukh Khan: Why SRK is 'Half Hyderabadi'? |url=https://www.siasat.com/happy-birthday-shah-rukh-khan-why-srk-is-half-hyderabadi-2013690/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617114610/https://www.siasat.com/happy-birthday-shah-rukh-khan-why-srk-is-half-hyderabadi-2013690/ |archive-date=17 June 2021 |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-GB |quote=Khan’s paternal grandfather, Meer Jan Muhammad Khan, was an ethnic Pashtun (Pathan) from Afghanistan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hwbta8t2XH4&t=2m00s |title=Mardomi interviews Shahrukh Khan in U.S.A |date=26 January 2009 |publisher=[[YouTube]] |time=2:00 |access-date=1 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809175417/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hwbta8t2XH4&t=2m00s |archive-date=9 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, his paternal cousins in Peshawar later clarified that the family speaks [[Hindko]], a language related to [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] that Khan can understand and speak even if not fluently,<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2005 |title=Shahrukh's cousins eager to meet him |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/149454/shahrukh-s-cousins-eager-to-meet-him |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117025924/http://www.dawn.com/news/149454/shahrukh-s-cousins-eager-to-meet-him |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=4 November 2015 |work=Dawn |quote=Mr Ahmed said that the celebrity understood Hindko and loved to speak in his mother-tongue despite having been born away from Hindko speaking area. However, he could not speak the language fluently, he added.}}</ref> and is originally from [[Kashmir]], from where they settled in Peshawar centuries back, thus contradicting the claim that his grandfather was a Pashtun from Afghanistan.<ref name="ancestral5" /> As of 2010, Khan's paternal family was still living in the Shah Wali Qataal area of Peshawar's [[Qissa Khwani Bazaar]].<ref name="ancestral5" />

In 1946, Mir moved to Delhi to study law at [[Delhi University]].{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=19}} With the [[partition of India]] in 1947, he was forced to stay in Delhi and did not return to Peshawar until many years later.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=20}} Khan's mother, Lateef Fatima, a [[magistrate]], was the daughter of a senior government engineer.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|p=25}}{{efn|name="SRKfamily"}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raza |first=Danish |date=29 June 2015 |title=Tragedy at Turkman Gate: Witnesses recount horror of Emergency |publisher=Hindustan Times |agency=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/tragedy-at-turkman-gate-witnesses-recount-horror-of-emergency/story-UD6kxHbROYSBMlDbjQLYpJ.html |url-status=live |access-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710004240/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/tragedy-at-turkman-gate-witnesses-recount-horror-of-emergency/story-UD6kxHbROYSBMlDbjQLYpJ.html |archive-date=10 July 2018}}</ref> His parents were married in 1959.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|p=26}}

=== Early life ===
SRK was born as Shah Rukh Khan on 2 November 1965 into a [[Muslim]] family in [[New Delhi]].{{sfn|Chopra|2007|loc=p. 27|ps=: "born on 2 November 1965 at Talwar Nursing Home, in New Delhi"}} He spent the first five years of his life in [[Mangalore]], where his maternal grandfather, Iftikhar Ahmed, served as chief engineer of the port in the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2013 |title=Shah Rukh Khan's South Connect: 'Chennai Express' Actor's Mangalore Home Turns into Tourist Spot |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/shah-rukh-khan039s-south-connect-039chennai-express039-actor039s-mangalore-home-turns-into-tourist-spot-501269 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023090445/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/shah-rukh-khan039s-south-connect-039chennai-express039-actor039s-mangalore-home-turns-into-tourist-spot-501269 |archive-date=23 October 2014 |access-date=23 September 2013 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref><ref name="BornBroughtup">{{cite news|title=B'day Special: Shah Rukh Khan (p. 4)|work=The Times of India|url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan/bday-special-shah-rukh-khan/articleshow/25059441.cms|url-status=live|access-date=16 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216104040/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan/bday-special-shah-rukh-khan/articleshow/25059441.cms|archive-date=16 December 2014}}</ref>{{efn|There was some confusion because Khan seemingly contradicted himself in an interview, saying that he was born and brought up in Mangalore<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta, Priya |date=6 August 2013 |title=SRK grew up in Mangalore |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/SRK-grew-up-in-Mangalore/articleshow/21650472.cms |url-status=live |access-date=23 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212114547/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/kannada/news-interviews/SRK-grew-up-in-Mangalore/articleshow/21650472.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=12 December 2018}}</ref> but he later confirmed his birthplace as Delhi, and that he was brought up in Mangalore for the first five years.<ref name="BornBroughtup" />}} Khan has described himself on [[Twitter]] as "half [[Hyderabadi Muslims|Hyderabadi]] (mother), half [[Pashtuns|Pathan]] (father), and some [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiri]] (grandmother)".<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=21639346475 |user=iamsrk |title=i am half hyderabadi (mom) half pathan (Dad) some kashmiri (grandmom) born in delhi life in mumbai punjabi wife kolkata team. Indian at heart |author=Shah Rukh Khan |date=19 August 2010 |access-date=27 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122203520/https://twitter.com/iamsrk/status/21639346475 |archive-date=22 November 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

SRKw up in the [[Rajendra Nagar, Delhi|Rajendra Nagar]] neighbourhood of New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 September 2009 |title=SRK to run for Delhi TNN |language=en-US |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/SRK-to-run-for-Delhi/articleshow/5068322.cms |url-status=live |access-date=21 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317114958/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/SRK-to-run-for-Delhi/articleshow/5068322.cms |archive-date=17 March 2016}}</ref> His father had several business ventures including a restaurant, and the family lived a middle-class life in rented apartments.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|p=50}} KhanHeended [[St. Columba's School, Delhi|St. Columba's School]] in central Delhi where he excelled in his studies and in sports such as hockey and football,{{sfn|O'Brien|2014|p=217}} and received the school's highest award, the Sword of Honour.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|p=50}} Initially SRK inspired ursue a career in sports, however a shoulder injury in his early years meant that he could no longer play.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Rajat |date=16 April 2016 |title=Shah Rukh Khan in Aap Ki Adalat (Full Interview) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=t_FyYz1pOVg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011203534/https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=t_FyYz1pOVg |archive-date=11 October 2020 |access-date=14 August 2018 |website=youtube.com/user/IndiaTV |publisher=IndiaTV}}</ref> Instead, in his youth, he acted in stage plays and received praise for his imitations of Bollywood actors, of which his favourites were [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], and [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]].{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=32, 36}} One of his childhood friends and acting partners was [[Amrita Singh]], who became a [[Bollywood]] actress.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=36–38}} Khan enrolled at [[Delhi University|University of Delhi]]’s [[Hansraj College]] (1985–88) to earn his bachelor's degree in [[economics]], but spent much of his time at Delhi's Theatre Action Group (TAG),{{sfn|Chopra|2007|p=53}} where he studied acting under the mentorship of theatre director [[Barry John (theatre director)|Barry John]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baker, Steven |date=9 April 2007 |title=Theatre is at an all-time low in Delhi |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/theatre-is-at-an-all-time-low-in-delhi/story-cdTZmWVLZbZpajDHYUYWiM.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001114344/http://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/theatre-is-at-an-all-time-low-in-delhi/story-cdTZmWVLZbZpajDHYUYWiM.html |archive-date=1 October 2015 |access-date=10 September 2010 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 February 2016 |title=SRK finally receives graduation degree from Hansraj College after 28 years |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-receives-graduation-degree-after-28-years/ |url-status=live |access-date=17 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217094401/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-receives-graduation-degree-after-28-years/ |archive-date=17 February 2016}}</ref> After graduating from Hansraj, he cleared the entrance exam for the [[Indian Institutes of Technology|Indian Institute of Technology]] (IIT), as his mother insisted that he attempt an engineering exam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2025 |title=Shah Rukh Khan cracked IIT entrance exam, never pursued engineering: 'My mom said show it to me and I did' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-cracked-iit-entrance-exam-never-pursued-engineering-10231627/lite/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2025 |title=Did You Know Shah Rukh Khan Had Once Cleared IIT Entrance Exam? This Is How His Mother Had Reacted: 'You Don't Need To...' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/did-you-know-shah-rukh-khan-had-once-cleared-iit-entrance-exam-this-is-how-his-mother-had-reacted-you-dont-need-to-/articleshow/123723533.cms |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> Khan then began studying for a master's degree in [[mass communication]] at [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], but left to pursue his acting career.<ref name="BritannicaSRKAlmaMater">{{cite web |title=Shah Rukh Khan |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Shah-Rukh-Khan |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |publisher=Britannica |access-date=3 November 2024 |quote=Shah Rukh Khan attended Jamia Millia Islamia University in New Delhi, India.}}</ref><ref name="factsyou">{{Cite news |date=2 November 2006 |title=Facts you never knew about SRK |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2006/11/02/1777/ |access-date=26 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317143631/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2006/11/02/1777/ |archive-date=17 March 2011}}</ref> At Jamia, future filmmaker [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]] was his junior, and he would use Shah Rukh's notes for study.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2025 |title='Arrogant' Shah Rukh Khan skipped final exams at Jamia because of his 'stupid, youthful nonsense', didn't get his degree: 'Badtameezi aur ghatiyanpan tha mera' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/arrogant-shah-rukh-khan-skipped-final-exams-at-jamia-stupid-youthful-nonsense-didnt-get-degree-10233638/lite/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> He also attended the [[National School of Drama]] in Delhi during his early career in Bollywood.<ref name="Rediff-Devdas">{{Cite web |last=Panicker |first=Prem |date=10 July 2002 |title=For an entire year I was sad |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/10srk.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817042452/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/10srk.htm |archive-date=17 August 2012 |website=Rediff.com |access-date=14 March 2012}}</ref>

His father died of cancer in 1981,{{efn|Chopra's 2007 book gave the date as 19 September 1980,{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=41–43}} and in an interview in 2014 Khan specified the date was 19 October 1981.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmmgaGju22w |title=The Anupam Kher Show – Shahrukh Khan – Episode No: 1 |date=6 July 2014 |language=hi |place=India |access-date=27 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220181534/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmmgaGju22w |archive-date=20 February 2015 |url-status=live |people=Khan, Shah Rukh |work=[[Colors TV|Colors]]}}</ref>}} and his mother died in 1991 from complications of diabetes.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|p=89}} After the death of their parents, his older sister, Shahnaz Lalarukh (born 1960){{sfn|Chopra|2007|p=27}} fell into a depressed state and Khan took on the responsibility of caring for her.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=41–43}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 August 2013 |title=RAKHI SPECIAL: Bollywood King SRK with his sister Shehnaz Lalarukh |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/REL-rakhi-special-bollywood-king-shah-rukh-khan-with-his-sister-shehnaz-lalarukh-4351744-PHO.html |url-status=dead |access-date=12 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112214707/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/REL-rakhi-special-bollywood-king-shah-rukh-khan-with-his-sister-shehnaz-lalarukh-4351744-PHO.html |archive-date=12 November 2014}}</ref> Shahnaz continues to live with her brother and his family in their [[Mumbai]] mansion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy, Gitanjali |date=14 November 2012 |title=Shah Rukh Khan : Live life King Khan size |url=http://www.ndtv.com/people/shah-rukh-khan-live-life-king-khan-size-503384 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402154945/http://www.ndtv.com/people/shah-rukh-khan-live-life-king-khan-size-503384 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=23 September 2013 |publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

== Acting career ==
{{See also|Shah Rukh Khan filmography}}

=== 1988–1992: Television and film debut ===
Khan's first starring role was in [[Lekh Tandon]]'s television series ''Dil Dariya'', which began shooting in 1988, but production delays led to the [[Raj Kumar Kapoor]] directed 1989 series ''[[Fauji (TV series)|Fauji]]'' becoming his television debut instead.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=72–74}} In the series, which depicted a realistic look at the training of army cadets, he played the leading role of Abhimanyu Rai.<ref name="mumbai">{{Cite news |date=2 November 2009 |title=I feel like a 25-year-old, says birthday boy Shah Rukh Khan |work=Daily News and Analysis |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-i-feel-like-a-25-year-old-says-birthday-boy-shah-rukh-khan-1306257 |url-status=live |access-date=1 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809200837/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-i-feel-like-a-25-year-old-says-birthday-boy-shah-rukh-khan-1306257 |archive-date=9 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khubchandani, Lata |date=1 June 2004 |title=I can't take credit for Shah Rukh's success |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jun/02lekh.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628063812/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jun/02lekh.htm |archive-date=28 June 2012 |access-date=22 October 2011 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> This led to further appearances in [[Aziz Mirza]]'s television series ''[[Circus (Indian TV series)|Circus]]'' (1989–90) and [[Mani Kaul]]'s miniseries ''[[Idiot (1992 film)|Idiot]]'' (1992).{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=79–84}} Khan also played minor parts in the serials ''Umeed'' (1989) and ''[[Wagle Ki Duniya]]'' (1988–90),{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=79–84}} and in the English-language [[television film]] ''[[In Which Annie Gives It Those Ones]]'' (1989).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kohli, Ram |date=9 May 2013 |title=Main bhi Shah Rukh Khan! |work=Daily News and Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-main-bhi-shah-rukh-khan-1832425 |url-status=live |access-date=12 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714175821/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-main-bhi-shah-rukh-khan-1832425 |archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> His appearances in these serials led critics to compare his look and acting style with those of the film actor [[Dilip Kumar]],{{Sfn|Bose|2006|p=34}} but Khan was not interested in film acting at the time, thinking that he was not good enough.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=79–84}}<ref name="cnnedition">{{Cite web |date=5 June 2008 |title=Shah Rukh Khan {{ndash}} Q&A |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/01/25/SRK.qanda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103045107/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/01/25/SRK.qanda/ |archive-date=3 November 2015 |access-date=30 March 2015 |publisher=CNN}}</ref>

Khan changed his decision to act in films in April 1991,{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=91–96}} citing it as a way to escape the grief of his mother's death.<ref name="itoday" /> He moved from Delhi to [[Mumbai]] to pursue a full-time career in Bollywood and was quickly signed to four films.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=91–96}} His first offer was for [[Hema Malini]]'s directorial debut ''[[Dil Aashna Hai]]'',<ref name="Rediff-Devdas" /><ref name="mumbai" /> and by June, he had started his first shoot.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|p=97}} His film debut was in ''[[Deewana (1992 film)|Deewana]]'', which was released in June 1992.<ref>{{Cite news |title=B'day Special: Shah Rukh Khan (p. 26) |work=The Times of India |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan/bday-special-shahrukh-khan/articleshow/25059260.cms |url-status=live |access-date=30 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103120905/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan/bday-special-shahrukh-khan/articleshow/25059260.cms |archive-date=3 November 2014}}</ref> In it he starred alongside [[Divya Bharti]] as the second male lead behind [[Rishi Kapoor]]. ''Deewana'' became a box office hit and launched Khan's Bollywood career;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Box Office 1992 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=198&catName=MTk5Ng== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329011759/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=198&catName=MTk5Ng%3D%3D |archive-date=29 March 2012 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> he earned the [[Filmfare Best Male Debut Award]] for his performance.<ref name="toi-awards">{{Cite news |title=Shahrukh Khan The King of Awards |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Shahrukh-Khan-The-King-of-Awards/photostory/29203023.cms |url-status=live |access-date=10 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701205554/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Shahrukh-Khan-The-King-of-Awards/photostory/29203023.cms |archive-date=1 July 2014}}</ref> Also released in 1992 were Khan's first films as the male lead, ''[[Chamatkar]]'', ''Dil Aashna Hai'', and the comedy ''[[Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman]]'', which was his first of many collaborations with the actress [[Juhi Chawla]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan, V S |date=27 March 1998 |title=The rise, fall and rise of Juhi Chawla |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/mar/27juhic.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070129033105/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/mar/27juhic.htm |archive-date=29 January 2007 |access-date=8 June 2009 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> His initial film roles saw him play characters who displayed energy and enthusiasm. According to Arnab Ray of ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'', Khan brought a new kind of acting as he was "sliding down stairs on a slab of ice, cartwheeling, somersaulting, lips trembling, eyes trembling, bringing to the screen the kind of physical energy... visceral, intense, maniacal one moment and cloyingly boyish the next."<ref name="DNA" />

=== 1993–1994: Negative characters ===
Among his 1993 releases, Khan garnered the most appreciation for portraying villainous roles in two box office hits: a murderer in ''[[Baazigar]]'', and an obsessive lover in ''[[Darr]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Box Office 1993 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=199&catName=MTk5Mw== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119095100/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=199&catName=MTk5Mw%3D%3D |archive-date=19 January 2012 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> The former, in which Khan played an ambiguous avenger who murders his girlfriend, shocked Indian audiences with an unexpected violation of the standard Bollywood formula.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2005 |title=Shah Rukh's Best Movies |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/oct/18sld4.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226122111/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/oct/18sld4.htm |archive-date=26 February 2008 |access-date=20 April 2008 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> In ''The Cambridge Companion to Modern Indian Culture'', Sonal Khullar called the character "the consummate [[Antihero|anti-hero]]".{{sfn|Dalmia|Sadana|2012|p=180}} His performance in ''Baazigar'', which would be his first of many appearances with actress [[Kajol]], won Khan his first [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]].{{sfn|Gulazāra|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|p=574}} In 2003, the ''[[Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema]]'' stated that Khan "defied the image of the conventional hero in both these films and created his own version of the revisionist hero".{{sfn|Gulazāra|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|p=574}} ''Darr'' marked the first of Khan's many collaborations with filmmaker [[Yash Chopra]] and his company [[Yash Raj Films]]. Khan's stammering and the use of the phrase "I love you, K-k-k-Kiran" were popular with audiences.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma, Sukanya |date=4 November 2005 |title=Weekend Watch: Darr |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/nov/04watch.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018181249/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/nov/04watch.htm |archive-date=18 October 2011 |access-date=17 March 2012 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''The Indian Express'' argued that he "walks away with the acting honours in yet another negative role".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=7 January 1994 |title=Passionate follower |language=en |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIplAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA6 |url-status=live |access-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617114618/https://books.google.com/books?id=EIplAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA6 |archive-date=17 June 2021}}</ref> For ''Darr'' he received a nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role]], also known as the Best Villain Award, but lost to [[Paresh Rawal]] for ''[[Sir (1993 film)|Sir]]''.<ref name="FFAwardsPDF">{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Nominees and Winners |url=https://archive.org/details/FilmfareAwards |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=Filmfare |pages=85–119 |format=PDF}}</ref> Also in 1993, Khan performed a nude scene with [[Deepa Sahi]] in ''[[Maya Memsaab]]'', although parts of it were censored by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mukane, Pratik |date=2 August 2014 |title=Aamir Khan isn't the first actor to pose nude, here are 5 other Bollywood actors who posed nude for films |work=Daily News and Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-aamir-khan-isn-t-the-first-actor-to-pose-nude-here-are-5-other-bollywood-actors-who-posed-nude-for-films-2007394 |url-status=live |access-date=8 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209021420/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-aamir-khan-isn-t-the-first-actor-to-pose-nude-here-are-5-other-bollywood-actors-who-posed-nude-for-films-2007394 |archive-date=9 February 2015}}</ref> The ensuing controversy prompted him to eschew such scenes in future roles.{{sfn|Chandra|2008|p=110–111}}

In 1994, Khan played a love-struck musician in [[Kundan Shah]]'s comedy-drama film ''[[Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa]]'' opposite [[Deepak Tijori]] and [[Suchitra Krishnamurthy]], which he later professed was his favourite role. His performance earned him a [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor#Filmfare Critics Award for Best Performance|Filmfare Critics Award for Best Performance]], and in a retrospective review from 2004, [[Sukanya Verma]] of [[Rediff.com]] referred to it as Khan's best performance, calling him "spontaneous, vulnerable, boyish, mischievous and acting straight from the heart".<ref name="bestperf">{{Cite web |last=Verma, Sukanya |date=25 March 2004 |title=Shah Rukh Khan's best performance (And film)! |url=http://www.sukanyaverma.com/2012/01/shah-rukh-khans-best-performance-and-film/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072142/http://www.sukanyaverma.com/2012/01/shah-rukh-khans-best-performance-and-film/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=13 October 2014 |publisher=SukanyaVerma.com}}</ref> Also in 1994, Khan won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role]] for his role as an obsessive lover in ''[[Anjaam]]'', co-starring [[Madhuri Dixit]].{{Sfn|Gulazāra|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|p=574}} At the time, playing antagonistic roles was considered risky to a leading man's career in mainstream Hindi cinema. Arnab Ray subsequently credited Khan for taking "insane risks" and "pushing the envelope" by choosing to play such characters, through which he established his career.<ref name="DNA">{{Cite news |last=Ray, Arnab |date=11 November 2012 |title=When Shah Rukh Khan lost his groove |work=Daily News and Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column_when-shah-rukh-khan-lost-his-groove_1763118 |url-status=live |access-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114050856/http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column_when-shah-rukh-khan-lost-his-groove_1763118 |archive-date=14 November 2012}}</ref> The director [[Mukul S. Anand]] called him "the new face of the industry" at the time.<ref name="itoday">{{Cite news |last=Chandra, Anupama |date=15 April 1995 |title=Darringly different |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/profile/story/19950415-shah-rukh-khan-makes-a-career-out-of-rejected-roles-reinvents-hindi-film-hero-806730-1995-04-14 |url-status=live |access-date=22 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519010219/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/shah-rukh-khan-makes-a-career-out-of-rejected-roles-reinvents-hindi-film-hero/1/287824.html |archive-date=19 May 2015}}</ref>

=== 1995–1998: Romantic roles ===
[[File:Shah Rukh Khan & Kajol unveil the special coffee table book 'DDLJ'.jpg|thumb|left|With co-star [[Kajol]] in 2014 celebrating 1000 weeks continuous showing of their film ''[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]''|alt=Shah Rukh Khan hugs Kajol]]
Khan starred in seven films in 1995, the first of which was [[Rakesh Roshan]]'s melodramatic thriller ''[[Karan Arjun]]''. Co-starring [[Salman Khan]] and Kajol, it became the second-highest-grossing film of the year in India.<ref name="g1995" /> His most significant release that year was [[Aditya Chopra]]'s directorial debut, the romance ''[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]'', in which he played a young [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Non-resident Indian]] (NRI) who falls in love with Kajol's character during a trip across Europe. Khan was initially reticent to portray the role of a lover, but this film is credited with establishing him as a "romantic hero".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni, Ronjita |date=8 October 2003 |title=Shah Rukh did not want to do DDLJ |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/oct/08anu.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530014030/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/oct/08anu.htm |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=11 November 2011 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> Lauded by both critics and the public, it became the year's highest grossing production in India and abroad and was declared an "all time blockbuster" by [[Box Office India]],<ref name="g1995">{{Cite web |title=Box Office 1995 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=201&catName=MTk5NQ== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919200909/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=201&catName=MTk5NQ%3D%3D |archive-date=19 September 2012 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=All Time Grossers |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=all_time_earners |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107103929/http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=all_time_earners |archive-date=7 January 2012 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> with an estimated lifetime gross of {{INRConvert|2|b|year=1995|mode=historical|nolink=no}} worldwide.<ref name="Rajinder">{{Cite book |last1=Rajinder |first1=Dudrah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Wz4AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA183 |title=The Bollywood Reader |last2=Jigna |first2=Desai |date=1 October 2008 |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Education]] |isbn=978-0-335-22212-4 |pages=183 |access-date=7 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418165238/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Wz4AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA183 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ganti">{{Cite book |last=Ganti |first=Tejaswini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hb83FwNGuR4C&pg=PA289 |title=Producing Bollywood: Inside the Contemporary Hindi Film Industry |date=7 March 2012 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8223-5213-6 |pages=289 |access-date=1 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418165303/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hb83FwNGuR4C&pg=PA289 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is the longest-running film in the history of Indian cinema; it is still showing at the [[Maratha Mandir]] theatre in Mumbai after more than 1000 weeks as of early 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2014 |title='DDLJ' to complete 1000 weeks at Maratha Mandir theatre on Friday |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/517598/ddlj-to-complete-1000-weeks-at-maratha-mandir-theatre-on-friday.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530051347/http://www.ibnlive.com/videos/india/ddlj-1000-weeks-730712.html |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=11 December 2014 |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 February 2015 |title=Maratha Mandir brings down curtains on DDLJ after 20 years |work=Business Standard |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/maratha-mandir-brings-down-curtains-on-ddlj-after-20-years-115021900494_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=19 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530052333/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/maratha-mandir-brings-down-curtains-on-ddlj-after-20-years-115021900494_1.html |archive-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> The film won ten [[Filmfare Awards]], including the second of Khan's Best Actor Awards.{{Sfn|Gulazāra|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|p=574}} The director and critic [[Raja Sen]] said, "Khan gives a fabulous performance, redefining the lover for the 1990s with great panache. He's cool and flippant, but sincere enough to appeal to the [audience]. The performance itself is, like the best in the business, played well enough to come across as effortless, as non-acting."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen, Raja |date=13 May 2005 |title=DDLJ: Ten years, everybody cheers |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/may/13raja.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530014324/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/may/13raja.htm |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=29 January 2011 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

In 1996, all four of Khan's releases failed critically and commercially,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Box Office 1996 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=202&catName=MTk5Ng== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922015917/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=202&catName=MTk5Ng%3D%3D |archive-date=22 September 2012 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> but the following year, his starring role opposite [[Aditya Pancholi]] and Juhi Chawla in Aziz Mirza's romantic comedy ''[[Yes Boss (film)|Yes Boss]]'' earned him accolades that included a Filmfare Best Actor nomination.<ref name="FFAwardsPDF" /> Later in 1997, he starred in [[Subhash Ghai]]'s diasporic-themed social drama ''[[Pardes (1997 film)|Pardes]]'',{{Sfn|Hirji|2010|p=110}} portraying Arjun, a musician facing a moral dilemma. ''[[India Today]]'' cites it as one of the first major Bollywood pictures to succeed in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pardes (1997) |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/shah-rukh-khan-best-films-368556-2012-10-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520215744/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/gallery/shah-rukh-khan-best-films/9/8077.html |archive-date=20 May 2014 |access-date=27 December 2014 |website=India Today|date=30 October 2012 }}</ref> Khan's final release of 1997 was the second collaboration with Yash Chopra in the popular musical romance ''[[Dil To Pagal Hai]]''. He portrayed Rahul, a stage director caught in a [[love triangle]] between Madhuri Dixit and [[Karisma Kapoor]]. The film and his performance met with critical praise, winning Khan his third Best Actor Award at Filmfare.{{Sfn|Gulazāra|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|p=574}}

Khan performed the lead role in three films and made one special appearance in 1998. In his first release of the year, he played a double role opposite Juhi Chawla and [[Sonali Bendre]] in Mahesh Bhatt's action comedy ''[[Duplicate (1998 film)|Duplicate]]'', the first of his many collaborations with [[Yash Johar]]'s production company [[Dharma Productions]]. The film was not well received,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Box Office 1998 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=204&catName=MTk5OA= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505193513/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=204&catName=MTk5OA%3D%3D |archive-date=5 May 2012 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> but ''India Today'' lauded Khan for his energetic performance.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chopra, Anupama |date=18 May 1998 |title=Comic-book charm |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19980518-film-review-duplicate-starring-shah-rukh-khan-juhi-chawla-sonali-bendre-826415-1998-05-17 |url-status=live |access-date=10 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216165145/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/film-review-duplicate-starring-shah-rukh-khan-juhi-chawla-sonali-bendre/1/264225.html |archive-date=16 February 2015}}</ref> The same year, Khan won critical praise for his performance as an [[All India Radio]] correspondent who develops an infatuation for a mysterious terrorist ([[Manisha Koirala]]) in ''[[Dil Se..]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Deosthalee, Deepa |date=22 August 1998 |title=A picture perfect ode to love, Dil Se |work=The Indian Express |url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19980822/23450914.html |access-date=7 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217075228/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980822/23450914.html |archive-date=17 December 2013}}</ref> the third instalment of [[Mani Ratnam]]'s trilogy of terror films.{{Sfn|Ciecko|2006|p=142}}<ref name="heart">{{Cite web |last=Padua, Pat |year=2001 |title=From the Heart – The Films of Mani Ratnam |url=http://www.cinescene.com/names/maniratnam.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170916/http://www.cinescene.com/names/maniratnam.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=4 April 2011 |publisher=Cinescene.com }}</ref> In his final release of the year, he portrayed a college student in [[Karan Johar]]'s romance ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]'', in which he was involved in a love triangle along with Kajol and [[Rani Mukerji]]. The writer Anjana Motihar Chandra has referred to the picture as ''the'' blockbuster of the 1990s, a "pot-pourri of romance, comedy, and entertainment."{{sfn|Chandra|2008|p=128}} Khan won the Best Actor award at the Filmfare Awards ceremony for the second consecutive year,{{Sfn|Gulazāra|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|p=574}} although he and several critics believed his performance to have been overshadowed by that of Kajol.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vaishnav, Anand |date=16 October 2013 |title=5 Reasons Why We Still Love Kuch Kuch Hota Hai |url=http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/5-reasons-why-we-still-love-kuch-kuch-hota-hai-106949.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110201112/http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/5-reasons-why-we-still-love-kuch-kuch-hota-hai-106949.html |archive-date=10 January 2015 |access-date=10 March 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The roles in this phase of his career, and the series of romantic comedies and family dramas that followed, earned Khan widespread adulation from audiences, particularly teenagers,{{sfn|Raj|2009|p=143}} and according to the author [[Anupama Chopra]], established him as an icon of romance in India.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|p=112}}<ref name="romantic hero">{{Cite web |date=17 November 2012 |title=Shah Rukh Khan: Acting, not romance, is my forte |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/acting-not-romance-is-my-forte-shah-rukh-khan-608704 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912212150/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/acting-not-romance-is-my-forte-shah-rukh-khan-608704 |archive-date=12 September 2015 |access-date=10 March 2015 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> He continued to have frequent professional associations with [[Yash Chopra]], Aditya Chopra, and [[Karan Johar]], who moulded his image and made him into a superstar.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=124–125}} Khan became a romantic leading man without ever actually kissing any of his co-stars,{{sfn|Chopra|2007|p=112}} although he broke this rule in 2012, after strong urging by Yash Chopra.<ref name="kiss">{{Cite web |date=16 November 2012 |title=Why Shah Rukh Khan broke his kissing rule for ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/why-shah-rukh-khan-broke-his-kissing-rule-for-jab-tak-hai-jaan-608874 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913013540/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/why-shah-rukh-khan-broke-his-kissing-rule-for-jab-tak-hai-jaan-608874 |archive-date=13 September 2015 |access-date=9 December 2014 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref>

=== 1999–2003: Career fluctuations ===
[[File:Shah Rukh Khan 2001.jpg|thumb|left|185px|Khan in 2000]]

Khan's only release in 1999 was ''[[Baadshah (1999 film)|Baadshah]]'', in which he starred opposite [[Twinkle Khanna]]. Although the film underperformed at the box office,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Box Office 1999 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=205&catName=MTk5Ng== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119050259/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=205&catName=MTk5Ng%3D%3D |archive-date=19 January 2012 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> it earned him a Filmfare Award nomination for [[Filmfare Best Comedian Award#2000s|Best Performance in a Comic Role]].<ref name="FFAwardsPDF" /> Khan became a producer in 1999 in a collaboration with the actress Juhi Chawla and the director Aziz Mirza for a production company called Dreamz Unlimited.<ref name="dreamz">{{Cite news |last=Palicha, Paresh C. |date=25 August 2003 |title=Holidaying with unlimited Dreamz |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/08/25/stories/2003082500540200.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=25 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222105503/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/08/25/stories/2003082500540200.htm |archive-date=22 December 2016}}</ref> The company's first production, ''[[Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani]]'' (2000), starring Khan and Chawla, was a commercial failure.<ref name="2000 BO">{{Cite web |title=Box Office 2000 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=206&catName=MjAwMA== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811213429/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=206&catName=MjAwMA%3D%3D |archive-date=11 August 2013 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> It was released one week after ''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]'', starring [[Hrithik Roshan]], then a newcomer, who critics believed overshadowed Khan.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=181–190}} Swapna Mitter of Rediff.com spoke of Khan's predictable mannerisms, saying "Frankly, it's high time he innovated his act a little."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitter, Swapna |date=21 January 2000 |title=I love my car – and my country |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/jan/21hind.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924141006/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/jan/21hind.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=17 December 2014 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> Khan did a supporting role in [[Kamal Haasan]]'s ''[[Hey Ram]]'' (2000), which was made simultaneously in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Hindi]]. He thereby made his Tamil debut by playing the role of an archaeologist named Amjad Khan.<ref name="HRR">{{Cite web |last=Reddy, T. Krithika |date=25 February 2000 |title=Film Review: ''Hey! Ram'' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2000/02/25/stories/09250221.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222105630/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2000/02/25/stories/09250221.htm |archive-date=22 December 2016 |access-date=27 May 2015 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> He performed free of charge as he wanted to work with Haasan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2013 |title=SRK didn't take money for Hey Ram |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/SRK-didnt-take-money-for-Hey-Ram/articleshow/20313213.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015091010/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/SRK-didnt-take-money-for-Hey-Ram/articleshow/20313213.cms |archive-date=15 October 2015 |access-date=16 January 2017 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Taliculam |first=Sharmila |date=10 June 2000 |title=The scary part is that the adulation will go away |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/jun/10shah1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712134309/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/jun/10shah1.htm |archive-date=12 July 2016 |access-date=16 January 2017 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> On Khan's performance, T. Krithika Reddy of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Shah Rukh Khan, as usual comes up with an impeccable performance."<ref name="HRR" />

In 2001, Dreamz Unlimited attempted a comeback with Khan portraying the title role in [[Santosh Sivan]]'s historical epic ''[[Aśoka (film)|Aśoka]]'', a partly fictionalised account of the life of emperor [[Ashoka]]. The film was screened at the [[Venice Film Festival]] and the [[2001 Toronto International Film Festival]] to a positive response,<ref name="newyork911">{{Cite web |last=Chhabra, Aseem |date=24 October 2001 |title=Hype 'n' Hoopla |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/oct/24mkt.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630033853/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/oct/24mkt.htm |archive-date=30 June 2009 |access-date=31 December 2008 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> but it performed poorly at Indian box offices.<ref name="BO 2001">{{Cite web |title=Box Office 2001 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=207&catName=MjAwMA== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117042738/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=207&catName=MjAwMA%3D%3D |archive-date=17 January 2012 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> As losses continued to mount for the production company,{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=181–190}} Khan was forced to close srkworld.com, a company that he had started along with Dreamz Unlimited.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|p=205}} In December 2001, Khan suffered a spinal injury while performing an action sequence for a special appearance in [[Krishna Vamsi]]'s ''[[Shakti: The Power]]''.<ref name="prolapsed disc">{{Cite news |last=Chopra, Anupama |date=24 March 2003 |title=Star Stuck |work=India Today |url=http://archives.digitaltoday.in/indiatoday/20030324/cinema.html |url-status=dead |access-date=28 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426033118/http://archives.digitaltoday.in/indiatoday/20030324/cinema.html |archive-date=26 April 2013}}</ref> He was subsequently diagnosed with a [[prolapsed disc]], and attempted multiple [[Alternative medicine|alternative therapies]]. None of these provided a permanent solution to the injury, which caused him severe pain while shooting several of his films.<ref name="prolapsed disc" /><ref name="RediffCCInterview">{{Cite web |last=Jha, Subhash K |date=15 July 2003 |title=What makes SRK the richest man in the world? |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jul/15sd3.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228135518/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jul/15sd3.htm |archive-date=28 December 2011 |access-date=28 June 2012 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> By the beginning of 2003, his condition had worsened to the point that he had to undergo [[anterior cervical discectomy and fusion]] surgery at [[Wellington Hospital, London|Wellington Hospital]], London.<ref name="pressure">{{Cite web |last=Bhatia, Shyam |date=27 February 2003 |title=SRK to be discharged on Thursday |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/feb/27srk.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121074916/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/feb/27srk.htm |archive-date=21 January 2015 |access-date=27 July 2014 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref name="problem">{{Cite news |last1=Ahmed, Rashmee Z |last2=Pillai, Jitesh |date=8 March 2003 |title=Bollywood, Main Hoon Naa, says Shah Rukh |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Bollywood-Main-Hoon-Naa-says-Shah-Rukh/articleshow/39696603.cms? |url-status=live |access-date=28 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312034854/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Bollywood-Main-Hoon-Naa-says-Shah-Rukh/articleshow/39696603.cms |archive-date=12 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 May 2003 |title=I will be back: Shah Rukh Khan |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi-times/I-will-be-back-Shah-Rukh-Khan/articleshow/46908205.cms |url-status=live |access-date=28 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120821122254/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi-times/I-will-be-back-Shah-Rukh-Khan/articleshow/46908205.cms |archive-date=21 August 2012}}</ref> Khan resumed shooting in June 2003, but he reduced his workload and the number of film roles he accepted annually.<ref name="RediffCCInterview" />

[[File:Devdas CD-Rom Release.jpg|thumb|right|With co-star [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan|Aishwarya Rai]] at the home video launch of their film ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'' (2002)|alt=Shah Rukh Khan views a book with Aishwarya Rai in 2002]]
Successes during this time included Aditya Chopra's ''[[Mohabbatein]]'' (2000), and Karan Johar's family drama ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]'' (2001),<ref name="2000 BO" /><ref name="overseas">{{Cite web |title=Overseas Earnings (Figures in Ind Rs) |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=overseas_earners |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905204607/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=overseas_earners |archive-date=5 September 2013 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> which Khan cites as a turning point in his career.<ref name="Rediff">{{Cite web |last=Sidana, Latika |date=13 December 2001 |title='Maybe people love me too much! |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/dec/13shah.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114014210/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/dec/13shah.htm |archive-date=14 November 2012 |access-date=3 May 2012 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> Both films co-starred [[Amitabh Bachchan]] as an authoritarian figure, and presented ideological struggles between the two men.{{Sfn|Mehta|Pandharipande|2011|p=151}}{{sfn|Gulazāra|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|p=401}} Khan's performances in the films were met with wide public appreciation, and he was awarded his second [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor]] for ''[[Mohabbatein]]''.<ref name="FFAwardsPDF" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Adarsh, Taran |date=11 December 2001 |title=Movie Review: Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham |work=Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kabhi-khushi-kabhie-gham/critic-review/kabhi-khushi-kabhie-gham-movie-review/ |url-status=live |access-date=30 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130192521/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kabhi-khushi-kabhie-gham/critic-review/ |archive-date=30 November 2016}}</ref> ''Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham'' remained the top-grossing Indian production of all time in the overseas market for the next five years.<ref name="Worldwide gross">{{Cite web |title=Top Lifetime Grossers Worldwide (IND Rs) |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503222655/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU%3D |archive-date=3 May 2012 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref>

In 2002, Khan played the title role as a rebellious alcoholic opposite Aishwarya Rai and Madhuri Dixit in [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]'s period romance ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]''. At a cost of over {{INRConvert|500|m|year=2002|mode=historical|nolink=yes}}, it was the most expensive Bollywood film ever made at the time,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Deshpande, Sudhanva |date=17 August 2002 |title=The unbearable opulence of Devdas |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1917/19171320.htm |url-status=live |access-date=22 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530132657/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1917/19171320.htm |archive-date=30 May 2014}}</ref> and became a box office success, earning approximately {{INR|1.68 billion}} ({{US$|35 million|long=no}}) worldwide.<ref name="indiatoday">{{Cite news |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |author-link=Anupama Chopra |date=24 March 2003 |title=I'm fresh and looking forward to my third innings: Shah Rukh Khan |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/20030324-i-am-looking-forward-to-my-third-innings-shah-rukh-khan-793334-2003-03-24 |url-status=live |access-date=10 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404113758/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/20030324-i-am-looking-forward-to-my-third-innings-shah-rukh-khan-793334-2003-03-24 |archive-date=4 April 2022}}</ref> The film earned numerous accolades including 10 Filmfare Awards, with Best Actor for Khan,<ref name="toi-awards" /> and a [[BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 January 2003 |title=Devdas nominated for best foreign film at Bafta |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/english/hollywood/news/Devdas-nominated-for-best-foreign-film-at-Bafta/articleshow/35681339.cms |url-status=live |access-date=30 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911000628/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/english/hollywood/news/Devdas-nominated-for-best-foreign-film-at-Bafta/articleshow/35681339.cms |archive-date=11 September 2015}}</ref> Khan next starred in ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'' (2003), a comedy-drama written by Karan Johar and set in New York City, which became the second-highest-grossing film domestically and the top-grossing Bollywood film in external markets that year.<ref name="overseas" /><ref name="2003 BO">{{Cite web |title=Box Office 2003 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=209&catName=MjAwMA== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015210718/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=209&catName=MjAwMA%3D%3D |archive-date=15 October 2013 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> Co-starring with [[Jaya Bachchan]], [[Saif Ali Khan]], and [[Preity Zinta]], Khan received critical praise for his portrayal of Aman Mathur, a man with a fatal heart disease, with critics praising his emotional impact upon audiences.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Salam, Ziya Us |date=1 December 2003 |title=Fall in love now ... Kal Ho Naa Ho |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/mp/2003/12/01/stories/2003120100420300.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=13 January 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180102132449/http://www.thehindu.com/mp/2003/12/01/stories/2003120100420300.htm |archive-date=2 January 2018}}</ref> Conflict broke out between Khan and the other partners of Dreamz Unlimited over the failure to cast Juhi Chawla in their 2003 production of Aziz Mirza's ''[[Chalte Chalte (2003 film)|Chalte Chalte]]'', and they parted ways, despite the film's success.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=194–195}}

=== 2004–2009: Comeback ===
2004 was a critically and commercially successful year for Khan. He transformed Dreamz Unlimited into [[Red Chillies Entertainment]], adding his wife Gauri as a producer.<ref name="RedCh">{{Cite news |date=19 April 2012 |title=Shreyas Talpade set to venture into production |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shreyas-Talpade-set-to-venture-into-production/articleshow/12728369.cms |url-status=live |access-date=1 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912020828/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shreyas-Talpade-set-to-venture-into-production/articleshow/12728369.cms |archive-date=12 September 2015}}</ref> In the company's first production, he starred in [[Farah Khan]]'s directorial debut, the [[masala film]] ''[[Main Hoon Na]]''. A fictionalised account of [[India–Pakistan relations]], it was viewed by some commentators as a conscious effort to move away from the stereotypical portrayal of Pakistan as the constant villain.{{sfn|Bharat|Kumar|2012|p=43}} Khan then played an Indian Air Force pilot who falls in love with a Pakistani woman (Preity Zinta) in Yash Chopra's romance film ''[[Veer-Zaara]]'', which was screened at the [[Berlin International Film Festival|55th Berlin Film Festival]] to critical praise.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2006 |title=Yash Chopra On Berlin Film Festival Jury |url=http://www.yashrajfilms.com/news/yc_berlinaile.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070618144056/http://www1.yashrajfilms.com/news/yc_berlinaile.htm |archive-date=18 June 2007 |access-date=17 October 2007 |publisher=[[Yash Raj Films]]}}</ref> It was the highest earning film of 2004 in India, with a worldwide gross of over {{INRConvert|940|m|year=2004|mode=historical|nolink=yes}}, and ''Main Hoon Na'' was the second-highest earner with {{INRConvert|680|m|year=2004|mode=historical|nolink=yes}}.<ref name="Worldwide gross" /><ref name="2004 BO">{{Cite web |title=Box Office 2004 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=210&catName=MjAwMA== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811210038/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=210&catName=MjAwMA%3D%3D |archive-date=11 August 2013 |access-date=14 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref>

[[File:Don premiere.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|With [[Priyanka Chopra]] at the premiere for ''[[Don (2006 Hindi film)|Don]]'' in 2006|alt=Shah Rukh Khan standing beside Priyanka Chopra at film premiere]]
In his final release of 2004, Khan starred as a [[NASA]] scientist who patriotically returns to India to rekindle his roots in [[Ashutosh Gowariker]]'s social drama ''[[Swades]]'' (meaning "Homeland"), which became the first Indian picture to be shot inside the NASA research centre at the [[Kennedy Space Center]] in Florida.<ref name="Hindustan0314">{{Cite web |date=5 March 2014 |title=Shah Rukh Khan's Swades project launched by NASA |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-s-swades-project-launched-by-nasa/story-2o0is9HfM09a8NuyazyXzO.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001124956/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-s-swades-project-launched-by-nasa/story-2o0is9HfM09a8NuyazyXzO.html |archive-date=1 October 2015 |access-date=27 December 2014 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Film scholar Stephen Teo refers to the picture as an example of "Bollywoodised realism", displaying a transcendence in conventional narrative and audience expectation in Hindi cinema.{{sfn|Teo|2013|p=123}} In December 2013, ''The Times of India'' reported that Khan found filming the picture such an emotionally overwhelming and life-changing experience that he had still not viewed the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2013 |title=Shah Rukh Khan yet to see 'Swades' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shah-Rukh-Khan-yet-to-see-Swades/articleshow/27533807.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706025909/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shah-Rukh-Khan-yet-to-see-Swades/articleshow/27533807.cms |archive-date=6 July 2017 |access-date=27 December 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Derek Elley]] of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' found Khan's performance "unsettling" as "a self-satisfied expatriate determined to bring Western values to poor Indian peasants",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elley, Derek |date=17 December 2004 |title=Review: 'Swades: We, the People' |url=https://variety.com/2004/film/reviews/swades-we-the-people-1200528995/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112002427/https://variety.com/2004/film/reviews/swades-we-the-people-1200528995/ |archive-date=12 January 2015 |access-date=27 December 2014 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> but several film critics, including Jitesh Pillai, believed it to have been his finest acting to date.<ref name="rediffswades">{{Cite web |date=12 January 2011 |title=10 Best Bollywood Movies of the Decade |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-10-best-bollywood-movies-of-the-decade/20110112.htm#4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121152447/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-10-best-bollywood-movies-of-the-decade/20110112.htm |archive-date=21 January 2012 |access-date=12 January 2012 |website=Rediff.com |page=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai, Jitesh |date=19 December 2004 |title=Swades :: we, the people |work=[[The Sunday Times (India)|The Sunday Times]] |url=http://www.swades.com/filmreviews4.html |access-date=12 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018092525/http://www.swades.com/filmreviews4.html |archive-date=18 October 2014}}</ref> He was nominated for the Filmfare Best Actor Award for all three of his 2004 releases and eventually won the award for ''Swades''.<ref name="toi-awards" /><ref name="FFAwardsPDF" /> ''[[Filmfare]]'' later included his performance in the 2010 issue of Bollywood's "Top 80 Iconic Performances".<ref name="iconic">{{Cite journal |date=4 June 2010 |title=80 Iconic Performances 3/10 |url=http://filmfare.com/articles/80-iconic-performances-310-953.html |journal=[[Filmfare]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627103954/http://www.filmfare.com/articles/80-iconic-performances-310-953.html |archive-date=27 June 2011 |access-date=12 January 2012}}</ref>

In 2005, Khan starred in [[Amol Palekar]]'s fantasy drama, ''[[Paheli (2005 film)|Paheli]]''. The film was India's submission for the Best Foreign Language Film at the [[79th Academy Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2005 |title=Paheli is India's Oscar entry |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/sep/26paheli.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828043613/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/sep/26paheli.htm |archive-date=28 August 2009 |access-date=5 June 2009 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> He later collaborated with Karan Johar for the third time in the musical romantic drama ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]'' (2006), in which he played an unhappily married man who has an extramarital affair with a married woman. The film, which featured an ensemble cast including Amitabh Bachchan, [[Abhishek Bachchan]], Rani Mukerji, Preity Zinta and [[Kirron Kher]], emerged as India's highest-grossing film in the overseas market,<ref name="overseas" /> earning more than {{INRConvert|1.13|b|year=2005|mode=historical|nolink=yes}} worldwide.<ref name="Worldwide gross" /> Both his roles in ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]'' and the action film ''[[Don (2006 Hindi film)|Don]]'', a remake of the [[Don (1978 film)|1978 film of the same name]], earned Khan Best Actor nominations at the Filmfare Awards,<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 February 2007 |title=Nominations for the 52nd Filmfare Awards |work=[[Bollywood Hungama|IndiaFM]] |url=http://indiafm.com/features/2007/02/08/2219/index.html |access-date=23 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930221332/http://indiafm.com/features/2007/02/08/2219/index.html |archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref> despite his performance as the [[Don (character)|titular character]] in ''Don'' being negatively compared to that of Amitabh Bachchan in the original film.<ref name="taran">{{Cite news |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |date=20 October 2006 |title=Don – The Chase Begins Again: Movie Review |work=Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/don-the-chase-begins-again/critic-review/don-the-chase-begins-again-movie-review/ |url-status=live |access-date=26 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130191913/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/don-the-chase-begins-again/critic-review/ |archive-date=30 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elley, Derek |date=3 January 2007 |title=Review: 'Don' |url=https://variety.com/2007/film/markets-festivals/don-3-1200511334/ |url-status=live |journal=Variety |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031904/https://variety.com/2007/film/markets-festivals/don-3-1200511334/ |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=23 July 2014}}</ref>

{{quote box
| width = 25%
| align = right
| quote="Such great things have happened to such a normal guy like me. I am a nobody who shouldn't have been able to do all this but I have done it. I tell everyone that there's this myth I work for; there is this myth called Shahrukh Khan and I am his employee. I have to live up to that ... I'll do it, I am an actor. But I can't start believing in this myth."
| source = —Khan reflecting in 2007 on his position as the Hindi film industry's top star{{sfn|Patel|2012|p=233}}
}}
In 2007, Khan portrayed a disgraced hockey player who coached the [[India women's national field hockey team|Indian women's national hockey team]] to World Cup success in Yash Raj Films' semi-fictional ''[[Chak De! India]]''. Bhaichand Patel notes that Khan, who had a background in the sport playing for his university's hockey team,<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2007 |title=''Chak De India'' takes SRK down memory lane |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/chak-de-india-takes-srk-down-memory-lane/story-CqMprEJb0BT6Wk6stJ7rWM.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001115624/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/chak-de-india-takes-srk-down-memory-lane/story-CqMprEJb0BT6Wk6stJ7rWM.html |archive-date=1 October 2015 |access-date=1 August 2014 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> essentially portrayed himself as a "cosmopolitan, liberal, Indian Muslim".{{Sfn|Patel|2012|p=245}} Faring well in both India and abroad,<ref name="Worldwide gross" /><ref name="director">{{Cite news |date=29 December 2007 |title=''Taare Zameen Par'', ''Chak De'' top directors' pick in 2007 |work=The Economic Times |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ET_Cetera/Directors_pick_Taare_Zameen_Chak_De/articleshow/2661102.cms |access-date=10 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421200216/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/ET_Cetera/Directors_pick_Taare_Zameen_Chak_De/articleshow/2661102.cms |archive-date=21 April 2008}}</ref> Khan garnered another Filmfare Award for Best Actor for his performance,<ref name="toi-awards" /> which [[Rajeev Masand]] of [[CNN-IBN]] considers to have been "without any of his typical trappings, without any of his trademark quirks", portraying Kabir Khan "like a real flesh-and-blood human being".<ref name="typicalactingstyle">{{Cite web |last=Masand, Rajeev |date=16 February 2008 |title=Review: ''Chak De's ...'' a winner all the way |url=http://www.news18.com/videos/india/masands-verdict-chak-de-india-270725.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130191117/http://www.news18.com/videos/india/masands-verdict-chak-de-india-270725.html |archive-date=30 November 2016 |access-date=12 January 2012 |publisher=CNN-News18}}</ref> ''Filmfare'' included his performance in their 2010 issue of the "Top 80 Iconic Performances".<ref name="Filmfare">{{Cite journal |date=8 June 2010 |title=80 Iconic Performances 8/10 |url=http://www.filmfare.com/articles/80-iconic-performances-810-989.html |journal=Filmfare |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104033800/http://www.filmfare.com/articles/80-iconic-performances-810-989.html |archive-date=4 November 2010 |access-date=5 February 2012}}</ref> In the same year, Khan starred alongside [[Arjun Rampal]], [[Deepika Padukone]] and [[Shreyas Talpade]] in Farah Khan's reincarnation melodrama ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'', portraying a 1970s junior artiste who is reborn as a 2000s era superstar. The film became the highest grossing Indian motion picture of 2007, both domestically and abroad.<ref name="overseas" /><ref name="boi2007">{{Cite web |title=Box Office 2007 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=214&catName=MjAwNw== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117062226/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=214&catName=MjAwNw%3D%3D |archive-date=17 January 2012 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> ''Om Shanti Om'' earned Khan his second nomination of the year for Best Actor at Filmfare.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2008 |title=Darsheel nominated for Filmfare best actor |url=http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/darsheel-nominated-for-filmfare-best-actor/21908 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027034339/http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/darsheel-nominated-for-filmfare-best-actor/21908 |archive-date=27 October 2014 |access-date=7 November 2014 |publisher=Business of Cinema}}</ref> Khalid Mohammed from ''Hindustan Times'' wrote, "the enterprise belongs to Shah Rukh Khan, who tackles comedy, high drama and action with his signature style{{mdash}}spontaneous and intuitively intelligent".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khalid Mohammed |date=10 November 2007 |title=Review: ''Om Shanti Om'' |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-om-shanti-om/story-iyy6N2Jd4kkAfxH5FtqUdL.html |url-status=live |access-date=7 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001102535/http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-om-shanti-om/story-iyy6N2Jd4kkAfxH5FtqUdL.html |archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref>

Khan collaborated for the third time with Aditya Chopra on the romantic comedy ''[[Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi]]'' (2008) opposite debutante [[Anushka Sharma]]. He played Surinder Sahni, a shy man with low self-esteem, whose love for his young arranged wife (Sharma) causes him to transform himself into Raj, a boisterous alter-ego. Rachel Saltz of ''[[The New York Times]]'' believed the dual role to have been "tailor-made" for Khan, allowing him to display his talents,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saltz |first=Rachel |date=12 December 2008 |title=Bollywood's Shahrukh Khan Plays a Forlorn Husband Who Makes the Right Moves |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/13/movies/13jodi.html |url-status=live |access-date=13 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523043655/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/13/movies/13jodi.html |archive-date=23 May 2015}}</ref> although Deep Contractor from ''Epilogue'' thought Khan displayed greater strength in the role of Surinder and weakness in the role of monologue-prone Raj.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Contractor, Deep |date=1 February 2009 |title=Khan Vs. Khan and Formula Vs. Non-Formula |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6EQ2mAzlU64C&pg=PA67 |url-status=live |journal=Epilogue |volume=3 |issue=2 |page=67 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230121908/https://books.google.com/books?id=6EQ2mAzlU64C&pg=PA67 |archive-date=30 December 2016}}</ref> In December 2008, Khan suffered a shoulder injury while filming a small role in [[Mudassar Aziz]]'s ''[[Dulha Mil Gaya]]''. He underwent extensive physiotherapy sessions at the time but the pain left him almost immobile and he had [[arthroscopy|arthroscopic surgery]] in February 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shetty-Saha, Shubha |date=29 January 2009 |title=SRK waiting for doc's word on shoulder injury |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_srk-waiting-for-docs-word-on-shoulder-injury_1226072 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301130603/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_srk-waiting-for-docs-word-on-shoulder-injury_1226072 |archive-date=1 March 2012 |access-date=13 January 2012 |website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shelar, Jyoti |date=14 September 2011 |title=Workload takes toll on Shah Rukh Khan |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Workload-takes-toll-on-Shah-Rukh-Khan/articleshow/9977609.cms? |url-status=live |access-date=13 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030200943/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Workload-takes-toll-on-Shah-Rukh-Khan/articleshow/9977609.cms |archive-date=30 October 2017}}</ref> He performed a special appearance in the 2009 film ''[[Billu]]'', playing Bollywood superstar Sahir Khan{{mdash}}a fictionalised version of himself, wherein he performed musical [[item number]]s with actresses Kareena Kapoor, Priyanka Chopra, and Deepika Padukone.<ref name="fji">{{Cite web |last=Lovece, Frank |date=19 February 2009 |title=Film Review: Billu Barber |url=http://www.filmjournal.com/content/film-review-billu-barber |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112959/http://www.filmjournal.com/content/film-review-billu-barber |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=20 June 2014 |website=[[Film Journal International]]}}</ref> As head of the film's production company, Red Chillies, Khan made the call to change the title of the film from ''Billu Barber'' to ''Billu'' after hairdressers across the country complained that the word "barber" was derogatory. The company covered up the offending word on billboards that had already been installed with the original title.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2009 |title=Coming soon: ''Billu'', not Barber |url=http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2009/feb/10billu-not-barber.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213094223/http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2009/feb/10billu-not-barber.htm |archive-date=13 February 2009 |access-date=23 December 2014 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

=== 2010–2014: Expansion to action and comedy ===
[[File:SRK Kajol & Karan.jpg|thumb|With director [[Karan Johar]] and co-star Kajol at an event for ''[[My Name Is Khan]]'' in 2010|alt=Shah Rukh Khan with Kajol and Karan Johar]]

After refusing the role that subsequently went to [[Anil Kapoor]] in [[Danny Boyle]]'s ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' (2008), Khan began shooting ''[[My Name Is Khan]]'' (2010), his fourth collaboration with director Karan Johar and his sixth with Kajol.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 January 2009 |title=I don't regret turning down Slumdog: SRK |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-dont-regret-turning-down-Slumdog-SRK/articleshow/4001941.cms? |url-status=live |access-date=10 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215104051/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-dont-regret-turning-down-Slumdog-SRK/articleshow/4001941.cms |archive-date=15 December 2014}}</ref> The film is based on a true story and set against the backdrop of perceptions of Islam after the [[11 September attacks]]. Khan plays Rizwan Khan, a Muslim suffering from mild [[Asperger syndrome]] who sets out on a journey across America to meet the country's president, a role that film scholar Stephen Teo sees as a "symbol of assertive [[rasa (aesthetics)|rasa]] values" and another example of Khan representing NRI identity in global Bollywood.{{sfn|Teo|2013|p=125}} To provide an accurate portrayal of a sufferer without disparagement, Khan spent several months researching his role by reading books, watching videos and talking to people affected by the condition.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sahgal, Natasha |date=20 December 2009 |title=SRK plays a character with Asperger's syndrome |work=The Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/srk-plays-a-character-with-asperger-s-syndrome/556738/ |url-status=live |access-date=13 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514114239/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/srk-plays-a-character-with-asperger-s-syndrome/556738/ |archive-date=14 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 February 2010 |title=''My Name Is Khan'' will entertain: SRK |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/InterviewsCinema/My-Name-Is-Khan-will-entertain-SRK/Article1-506320.aspx |access-date=12 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114054039/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/InterviewsCinema/My-Name-Is-Khan-will-entertain-SRK/Article1-506320.aspx |archive-date=14 November 2012}}</ref> Upon release, ''My Name is Khan'' became one of the highest grossing Bollywood films of all time outside India,<ref name="overseas" /><ref name="Worldwide gross" /> and earned Khan his eighth Filmfare Award for Best Actor,<ref name="toi-awards" /> equalling the record for the most wins in the category with [[Dilip Kumar]].<ref name="FF8">{{Cite news |title=B'day Special: Shah Rukh Khan (p. 9) |work=The Times of India |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan/bday-special-shah-rukh-khan/articleshow/25059519.cms |url-status=live |access-date=10 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213172113/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan/bday-special-shah-rukh-khan/articleshow/25059519.cms |archive-date=13 December 2014}}</ref> Jay Wesissberg from ''Variety'' noted how Khan portrayed the Asperger's sufferer with "averted eyes, springy steps, [and] stuttered repetitions of memorized texts", believing it to have been a "standout performance sure to receive the Autism Society's gold seal of approval".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weisberg, Jay |date=14 February 2010 |title=Review: 'My Name Is Khan' |url=https://variety.com/2010/film/markets-festivals/my-name-is-khan-1117942163/ |url-status=live |journal=Variety |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617210650/https://variety.com/2010/film/markets-festivals/my-name-is-khan-1117942163/ |archive-date=17 June 2015 |access-date=25 October 2011}}</ref>

In 2011, Khan starred alongside Arjun Rampal and Kareena Kapoor in [[Anubhav Sinha]]'s superhero film ''[[Ra.One]]'', his first work in this subgenre, as a favour to his children.<ref name="geo">{{Cite web |date=10 March 2010 |title=Akon to sing in SRK-starer Ra One |url=http://www.geo.tv/3-10-2010/60771.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223032339/http://www.geo.tv/3-10-2010/60771.htm |archive-date=23 December 2014 |access-date=22 December 2014 |publisher=[[Geo News|Geo TV]]}}</ref> The film follows the story of a London-based video game designer who creates a villainous character who escapes into the real world. It was billed as Bollywood's most expensive production; it had an estimated budget of {{INRConvert|1.25|b|year=2011|mode=historical|nolink=yes}}.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghosh, Avijit |date=6 November 2011 |title=It took me 20 years to be an overnight success: Shah Rukh Khan |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/It-took-me-20-years-to-be-an-overnight-success-Shah-Rukh-Khan/articleshow/10626459.cms? |url-status=live |access-date=24 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102083455/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/It-took-me-20-years-to-be-an-overnight-success-Shah-Rukh-Khan/articleshow/10626459.cms |archive-date=2 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="expensiveBW">{{Cite news |date=4 January 2011 |title=SRK's passion is contagious: Arjun |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/SRKs-passion-is-contagious-Arjun/articleshow/7215134.cms? |url-status=live |access-date=13 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705192552/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/SRKs-passion-is-contagious-Arjun/articleshow/7215134.cms |archive-date=5 July 2017}}</ref> Despite negative media coverage of the film's box office performance, ''Ra.One'' was a financial success with a gross of {{INRConvert|2.4|b|year=2011|mode=historical|nolink=yes}}.<ref name="wgross">{{Cite news |last=Jain, Kamal |date=8 December 2011 |title=About 40–45% of our revenue comes from box office: Eros International |work=The Economic Times |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-08/news/30490618_1_three-films-eros-international-cinema |url-status=dead |access-date=9 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004201623/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-08/news/30490618_1_three-films-eros-international-cinema |archive-date=4 October 2012}}</ref><ref name="cnngrossraone">{{Cite news |date=19 December 2011 |title=Bollywood rediscovered mega hits in 2011 |publisher=CNN-IBN |url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/bollywood-rediscovered-mega-hits-in-2011-428901.html |url-status=live |access-date=19 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130191032/http://www.news18.com/news/india/bollywood-rediscovered-mega-hits-in-2011-428901.html |archive-date=30 November 2016}}</ref> The film, and Khan's portrayal of a dual role, received mixed reviews; while most critics praised his performance as the robotic superhero G.One, they criticised his portrayal of the video game designer Shekhar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guha, Aniruddha |date=26 October 2011 |title=Aniruddha Guha Reviews: Ra.One is beautiful in appearance, but empty within |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-aniruddha-guha-reviews-raone-is-beautiful-in-appearance-but-empty-within-1603577 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224033654/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-aniruddha-guha-reviews-raone-is-beautiful-in-appearance-but-empty-within-1603577 |archive-date=24 December 2015 |access-date=12 January 2012 |website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref> Khan's second release of 2011 was ''[[Don 2]]'', a sequel to ''Don'' (2006).<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2011 |title=SRK excited about world's first 'bad guy sequel' Don 2 |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/srk-excited-about-world-s-first-bad-guy-sequel-don-2_101893.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109075911/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/srk-excited-about-world-s-first-bad-guy-sequel-don-2_101893.htm |archive-date=9 January 2012 |access-date=13 May 2014 |publisher=[[Zee News]]}}</ref> To prepare for his role, Khan exercised extensively as he performed most of the stunts himself.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha, Subhash K. |date=12 December 2011 |title=Shah Rukh Khan did his own stunts in Don 2 – Farhan Akhtar |work=Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shah-rukh-khan-did-his-own-stunts-in-don-2-farhan-akhtar/ |url-status=live |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130192519/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shah-rukh-khan-did-his-own-stunts-in-don-2-farhan-akhtar/ |archive-date=30 November 2016}}</ref> His performance earned him positive reviews from critics; [[Nikhat Kazmi]] of ''[[The Times of India]]'' said, "Shah Rukh remains in command and never loses his foothold, neither through the dramatic sequences nor through the action cuts".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kazmi, Nikhat |date=22 December 2011 |title=Movie Reviews: Don 2 |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Don-2/movie-review/11205411.cms |url-status=live |access-date=12 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110093411/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/don-2/movie-review/11205411.cms |archive-date=10 January 2012}}</ref> The year's highest grossing Bollywood production abroad,<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2012 |title=Top Overseas Grossers 2011: DON 2 Tops Followed By RA.ONE |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3886&nCat= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419185606/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3886&nCat= |archive-date=19 April 2012 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref><ref name="Box Office India">{{Cite web |date=3 February 2012 |title=Top Worldwide Grossers All Time: 37 Films Hit 100 Crore |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3997&nCat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811203256/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3997&nCat |archive-date=11 August 2013 |access-date=13 May 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> it was showcased at the [[62nd Berlin International Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2012 |title=SRK to attend Don 2 screening at Berlinale |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/srk-to-attend-don-2-screening-at-berlinale/story-ysRF5wuOmGCm1QNBuvdRSO.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091722/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/srk-to-attend-don-2-screening-at-berlinale/story-ysRF5wuOmGCm1QNBuvdRSO.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=14 December 2012 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

[[File:Shahrukh Khan CE.jpg|thumb|left|upright|At an event for ''[[Chennai Express]]'' in 2013]]

Khan's only release in 2012 was Yash Chopra's [[swan song]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 October 2012 |title=Yash Chopra's funeral today, India remembers the King of Romance |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/King-of-Romance-Yash-Chopra-dies-at-80/Article1-948119.aspx |access-date=21 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110162227/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/King-of-Romance-Yash-Chopra-dies-at-80/Article1-948119.aspx |archive-date=10 November 2012}}</ref> the romantic drama ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]'', which saw him once again in a romantic role, starring opposite [[Katrina Kaif]] and Anushka Sharma. CNN-IBN considered the overall performance by Khan to have been one of his finest to date, but believed that Khan's first screen kiss of his career with Katrina Kaif, twenty years his junior, was an awkward one.<ref name="kiss" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2012 |title='Jab Tak Hai Jaan': Shah Rukh Khan's painfully awkward romance with Katrina Kaif |url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/jab-tak-hai-jaan-shah-rukh-gets-his-first-kiss-521714.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130190947/http://www.news18.com/news/india/jab-tak-hai-jaan-shah-rukh-gets-his-first-kiss-521714.html |archive-date=30 November 2016 |access-date=26 December 2014 |publisher=CNN-IBN}}</ref> ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' was a moderate financial success earning over {{INRConvert|2.11|b|year=2012|mode=historical|nolink=yes}} worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2012 |title=Jab Tak Hai Jaan Worldwide Blockbuster |url=http://www.yashrajfilms.com/News/NewsDetails.aspx?newsid=1d3cf0a4-a473-4513-ae21-2864f6464dd5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128035258/http://www.yashrajfilms.com/News/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsID=1d3cf0a4-a473-4513-ae21-2864f6464dd5 |archive-date=28 November 2012 |access-date=5 December 2012 |publisher=Yash Raj Films}}</ref><ref name="Grosstwo">{{Cite web |date=17 January 2013 |title=Top Ten Worldwide Grossers 2012 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5303&nCat= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120003803/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5303&nCat= |archive-date=20 January 2013 |access-date=17 January 2013 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> The film was showcased at the 2012 [[Marrakech International Film Festival]] in Morocco, along with ''Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham'', ''Veer-Zaara'', and ''Don 2''.<ref name="MIFF">{{Cite news |date=27 November 2012 |title=Shah Rukh Khan, Hrithik's movies to be screened at the Marrakech International Film Festival |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/shah-rukh-khan-and-hrithik-roshan-movies-to-be-screened-at-the-marrakech-international-film-festival-122673-2012-11-26 |url-status=live |access-date=10 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118083111/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/shah-rukh-khan-and-hrithik-roshan-movies-to-be-screened-at-the-marrakech-international-film-festival/1/234979.html |archive-date=18 November 2014}}</ref> At the following [[Zee Cine Awards]], Khan performed a tribute to the late Yash Chopra along with Kaif, Sharma, and several of Chopra's other past heroines.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathias, Rachel |date=23 January 2013 |title=Zee Cine Awards: A Glorious Tribute To Late Yash Chopra |url=http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood_news/zee-cine-awards-a-glorious-tribute-to-late-yash-chopra/56790 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018013256/http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood_news/zee-cine-awards-a-glorious-tribute-to-late-yash-chopra/56790 |archive-date=18 October 2014 |access-date=25 January 2013 |publisher=Business of Cinema}}</ref>

In 2013, Khan starred in [[Rohit Shetty]]'s action comedy ''[[Chennai Express]]'' for Red Chillies Entertainment, a film which earned mixed critical reviews and extensive criticism for its perceived disparagement of South Indian culture, though the film included a tribute to [[Tamil cinema]] star [[Rajinikanth]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mahmood, Rafay |date=16 August 2013 |title=Spoiler Alert: What is colourful and dull at the same time? Answer – Chennai Express! |work=The Express Tribune |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/591044/spoiler-alert-what-is-colourful-and-dull-at-the-same-time-answer-chennai-express/ |url-status=live |access-date=22 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005084106/http://tribune.com.pk/story/591044/spoiler-alert-what-is-colourful-and-dull-at-the-same-time-answer-chennai-express/ |archive-date=5 October 2015}}</ref> Critic Khalid Mohamed thought that Khan overacted in the film and criticised him for "re-rendering every old trick in the acting book".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mohamed |first=Khalid |date=10 August 2013 |title='Chennai Express' review: Board at your own risk |work=Deccan Chronicle |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130809/entertainment-bollywood/article/chennai-express-review-board-your-own-risk |access-date=26 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018034558/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130809/entertainment-bollywood/article/chennai-express-review-board-your-own-risk |archive-date=18 October 2013}}</ref> Despite the criticism, the film broke many box office records for Hindi films in both India and abroad, surpassing ''[[3 Idiots]]'' to briefly become the [[List of highest-grossing Bollywood films|highest grossing Bollywood film of all time]], with a gross of almost {{INRConvert|4|b|year=2013|mode=historical|nolink=yes}} in worldwide ticket sales.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2013 |title=Worldwide Top Ten 2013 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6308&nCat= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104212753/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6308&nCat= |archive-date=4 January 2014 |access-date=28 July 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref><ref name="ChExpress">{{Cite news |date=25 August 2013 |title='Chennai Express' finally beats '3 Idiots' |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Chennai-Express-beats-3-Idiots/articleshow/22045140.cms? |url-status=live |access-date=29 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312034858/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Chennai-Express-beats-3-Idiots/articleshow/22045140.cms |archive-date=12 March 2017}}</ref> On [[International Women's Day]] in 2013, ''The Times of India'' reported that Khan had requested a new convention with the name of his lead female co-stars appearing above his own in the credits. He claimed that the women in his life, including his co-stars, have been the reason for his success.<ref name="ladies">{{Cite news |last=Thakkar, Mehul S |date=17 March 2013 |title=Women's Day: It's ladies first for Shah Rukh Khan |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Womens-Day-Its-ladies-first-for-Shah-Rukh-Khan/articleshow/18843611.cms |url-status=live |access-date=30 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311235943/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Womens-Day-Its-ladies-first-for-Shah-Rukh-Khan/articleshow/18843611.cms |archive-date=11 March 2015}}</ref> In 2014, the actor was featured in Farah Khan's ensemble action comedy ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]'', which co-starred Deepika Padukone, Abhishek Bachchan and [[Boman Irani]]; his third collaboration with the director.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Das, Anirban |date=21 July 2014 |title=Shah Rukh Khan working hard on Happy New Year |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-working-hard-on-happy-new-year/story-CuGP6BnGZ0pOkCXvyLUVTN.html |url-status=live |access-date=28 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105727/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-working-hard-on-happy-new-year/story-CuGP6BnGZ0pOkCXvyLUVTN.html |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> Although Khan's unidimensional character was criticised,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |date=24 October 2014 |title=Movie Review: 'Happy New Year' is a cross between an 'Oceans 11/12′ and 'Flashdance' |work=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/movie-review-happy-new-year-is-a-long-showreel-of-what-shah-rukh-khan-the-superstar-can-do/ |url-status=live |access-date=13 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113000751/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/movie-review-happy-new-year-is-a-long-showreel-of-what-shah-rukh-khan-the-superstar-can-do/ |archive-date=13 November 2014}}</ref> the film became a major commercial success grossing {{INRConvert|3.8|b|year=2013|mode=historical}} worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2015 |title=Top Worldwide Grossers All Time |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Collections/world_total |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128164504/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Collections/world_total |archive-date=28 November 2015 |access-date=18 November 2015 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2015 |title=Happy New Year |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/happy_new_year |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119083916/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/happy_new_year |archive-date=19 November 2015 |access-date=18 November 2015 |website=Box Office India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2014 |title=Classifications 2014 – Happy New Year Second |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/classifications2014happynewyearsecond |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116023935/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/classifications2014happynewyearsecond |archive-date=16 November 2014 |access-date=8 December 2014 |website=Box Office India}}</ref>

=== 2015–2022: Career setbacks and hiatus ===
[[File:Shah Rukh Khan at Jab Harry Met Sejal new song launch 'Beech Beech Mein'.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Khan in 2017]]
Khan next appeared alongside Kajol, [[Varun Dhawan]] and [[Kriti Sanon]] in Rohit Shetty's action comedy ''[[Dilwale (2015 film)|Dilwale]]'' (2015). The film garnered mixed reviews, though it was financially profitable with a gross of {{INRConvert|3.7|b|year=2015|mode=historical}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Worldwide Grossers All Time |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107113404/http://boxofficeindia.com/worldwide-total-gross.php |archive-date=7 January 2018 |access-date=5 February 2018 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> [[Namrata Joshi]] of ''The Hindu'' commented, "With ''Dilwale'', Rohit Shetty goes hopelessly wrong despite much that he had at his disposal, including a power-packed cast and producer", and felt that the attempt to repackage Khan and Kajol had backfired.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Joshi, Namrata |date=18 December 2015 |title=Dilwale: Heart attack |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/dilwale-review-heart-attack/article8004464.ece |url-status=live |access-date=21 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926174104/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/dilwale-review-heart-attack/article8004464.ece |archive-date=26 September 2016}}</ref> He then took on dual parts of a superstar and his doppelgänger fan in [[Maneesh Sharma]]'s action thriller ''[[Fan (2016 film)|Fan]]'' (2016). [[Peter Bradshaw]] of ''[[The Guardian]]'' considered the film to be "exhausting, bizarre yet watchable" and thought that Khan was aptly "creepy" as the obsessive admirer.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bradshaw |first=Peter |date=14 April 2016 |title=Fan review – Bollywood icon chases himself around the world |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/apr/14/fan-review-bollywood-shah-rukh-khan |url-status=live |access-date=15 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418085420/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/apr/14/fan-review-bollywood-shah-rukh-khan |archive-date=18 April 2016}}</ref> The film underperformed at the box office, and trade journalists attributed this failure to the film's non-conformity to mainstream formula.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 April 2016 |title=Shah Rukh Khan's Fan – What went wrong? Trade speaks up |work=Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shah-rukh-khans-fan-what-went-wrong-trade-speaks-up/ |url-status=live |access-date=10 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130192939/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/shah-rukh-khans-fan-what-went-wrong-trade-speaks-up/ |archive-date=30 November 2016}}</ref> Later that year, Khan portrayed the supporting part of a therapist to an aspiring cinematographer ([[Alia Bhatt]]) in [[Gauri Shinde]]'s coming-of-age film ''[[Dear Zindagi]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goswami |first=Parismita |date=25 November 2016 |title=Dear Zindagi review round-up: Here's what critics say about Shah Rukh Khan and Alia Bhatt film |work=International Business Times |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/dear-zindagi-review-round-heres-what-critics-say-about-shah-rukh-khan-alia-bhatt-film-705482 |url-status=live |access-date=12 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203123910/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/dear-zindagi-review-round-heres-what-critics-say-about-shah-rukh-khan-alia-bhatt-film-705482 |archive-date=3 December 2016}}</ref>

In [[Rahul Dholakia]]'s action crime film ''[[Raees (2017 film)|Raees]]'' (2017), Khan took on the part of the titular anti-hero{{mdash}}a bootlegger turned mobster in 1980s [[Gujarat]]. In a typical mixed review, Pratim D. Gupta of ''[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]'' thought Khan's performance to be "inconsistent, intense and power-packed at times, but often slipping out of character into his usual mix of stock mannerisms".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Pratim D. |date=14 February 2017 |title=Raees – review |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170126/jsp/t2/story_132305.jsp#.WKLT71WGPIU |url-status=dead |access-date=26 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202042646/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170126/jsp/t2/story_132305.jsp |archive-date=2 February 2017}}</ref> Commercially, the film was a modest success, earning about {{INRConvert|3.08|b|year=2017|mode=historical}} worldwide.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 February 2017 |title=Raees box office collection day 13: Shah Rukh Khan film crosses Rs 150 mark in India |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/raees-box-office-collection-day-13-shah-rukh-khan-film-4510866/ |url-status=live |access-date=4 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608160342/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/raees-box-office-collection-day-13-shah-rukh-khan-film-4510866/ |archive-date=8 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Overseas Grossers 2017 |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/overseas-total-gross.php?year=2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628152937/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/overseas-total-gross.php?year=2017 |archive-date=28 June 2018 |access-date=4 September 2018 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> Khan returned to the romantic genre with the role of a tourist guide who falls in love with a traveller (Anushka Sharma) in [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]]'s ''[[Jab Harry Met Sejal]]'' (2017). In a review for ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'', Uday Bhatia criticised Khan's pairing with Sharma, 22 years his junior, writing that Khan had performed "similar gestures of love decades ago to actors his own age".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhatia |first=Uday |date=4 August 2017 |title=Film Review: Jab Harry Met Sejal |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/iCpVi59HQvws17vMmEyzQO/Film-Review-Jab-Harry-Met-Sejal.html |url-status=live |access-date=4 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804145710/http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/iCpVi59HQvws17vMmEyzQO/Film-Review-Jab-Harry-Met-Sejal.html |archive-date=4 August 2017}}</ref> He reunited with Sharma and Katrina Kaif in [[Aanand L Rai]]'s romantic drama ''[[Zero (2018 film)|Zero]]'' (2018), in which he played Bauua Singh, a dwarf involved in a love triangle.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 August 2016 |title=Shah Rukh Khan's new film with Aanand L Rai to release on December 21, 2018 |work=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khans-new-film-with-aanand-l-rai-to-release-on-december-21-2018-3006123/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109222550/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khans-new-film-with-aanand-l-rai-to-release-on-december-21-2018-3006123/ |archive-date=9 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 September 2016 |title=Anand L. Rai's upcoming movie with Shah Rukh Khan a romantic movie? |work=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khans-new-film-with-aanand-l-rai-to-release-on-december-21-2018-3006123/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109222550/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khans-new-film-with-aanand-l-rai-to-release-on-december-21-2018-3006123/ |archive-date=9 November 2016}}</ref> The film received mixed reviews with praise directed to Khan's performance.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sarkar |first=Suparno |date=21 December 2018 |title=Zero movie review and rating: What critics have to say about Shah Rukh Khan film |work=International Business Times |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/zero-movie-review-what-critics-have-say-about-shah-rukh-khan-film-788412 |url-status=live |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221140122/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/zero-movie-review-what-critics-have-say-about-shah-rukh-khan-film-788412 |archive-date=21 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2018 |title=Zero: Manmarziyaan writer Kanika Dhillon calls Shah Rukh Khan starrer one of the most important films of 2018 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-zero-manmarziyaan-writer-kanika-dhillon-calls-shah-rukh-khan-starrer-one-of-the-most-important-films-of-2018-495196 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223220833/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-zero-manmarziyaan-writer-kanika-dhillon-calls-shah-rukh-khan-starrer-one-of-the-most-important-films-of-2018-495196 |archive-date=23 December 2018 |access-date=24 December 2018 |publisher=[[India TV]]}}</ref> Writing for ''Hindustan Times'', Raja Sen commended his "dominating performance and tremendous energy" and [[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] of ''[[Firstpost]]'' called him an "excellent fit" for the role for allowing his "naturally energetic personality, comic timing and charm to take flight".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sen |first=Raja |date=21 December 2018 |title=Zero movie review: Shah Rukh Khan blasts off into a very strange space |language=en |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/zero-movie-review-shah-rukh-khan-dazzles-in-a-strange-romance/story-SdQK5zHgA4ZTva8cNcJhAJ.html |url-status=live |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223000246/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/zero-movie-review-shah-rukh-khan-dazzles-in-a-strange-romance/story-SdQK5zHgA4ZTva8cNcJhAJ.html |archive-date=23 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Vetticad |first=Anna |author-link=Anna M. M. Vetticad |date=21 December 2018 |title=Zero movie review: Shah Rukh Khan's comic timing is the only thing going for this spluttering, tottering affair |language=en |work=[[Firstpost]] |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/zero-movie-review-shah-rukh-khans-comic-timing-is-the-only-thing-going-for-this-spluttering-tottering-affair-5769221.html |url-status=dead |access-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221182700/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/zero-movie-review-shah-rukh-khans-comic-timing-is-the-only-thing-going-for-this-spluttering-tottering-affair-5769221.html |archive-date=21 December 2018}}</ref> Both ''Jab Harry Met Sejal'' and ''Zero'' were box office flops.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vats |first=Rohit |date=9 August 2017 |title=Jab Harry Met Sejal bombs: Is this the worst box office phase for Bollywood? |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/jab-harry-met-sejal-bombs-is-this-the-worst-box-office-phase-for-bollywood/story-NuDp40gwnyZJvlJBnGibxL.html |url-status=live |access-date=9 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809062421/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/jab-harry-met-sejal-bombs-is-this-the-worst-box-office-phase-for-bollywood/story-NuDp40gwnyZJvlJBnGibxL.html |archive-date=9 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuteja |first=Joginder |date=29 December 2018 |title=Box Office: Zero goes down very fast on second Friday, may just about reach Rs. 100 crore lifetime |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-zero-goes-fast-second-friday-may-just-reach-rs-100-crore-lifetime/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230113928/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-zero-goes-fast-second-friday-may-just-reach-rs-100-crore-lifetime/ |archive-date=30 December 2018 |access-date=29 December 2018 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

According to a ''Box Office India'' report, Khan's stardom was impacted by his films failing to do well.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2019 |title=Star Rankings Jan 2019 – Shahrukh Khan Ranveer Singh Impacted |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4631 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121429/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4631 |archive-date=19 January 2019 |access-date=18 January 2019 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> Following the release of ''Zero'', Khan took a four-year break from full-time acting, which was partly caused by the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]]. He took the time off to attempt a career comeback.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2021 |title=Shah Rukh Khan, the hiatus and resurgence: 'I'll gently allow my films to enter your hearts soon' |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-hiatus-resurgence-comeback-ill-gently-allow-my-films-to-enter-your-hearts-soon-7602612/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408085945/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-hiatus-resurgence-comeback-ill-gently-allow-my-films-to-enter-your-hearts-soon-7602612/lite/ |archive-date=8 April 2022 |access-date=23 May 2022 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> During this period, he made extended special appearances in the 2022 films ''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]'' and ''[[Rocketry: The Nambi Effect]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2022 |title=Shah Rukh Khan has a 20-minute role in both R Madhavan's Rocketry – The Nambi Effect and Ranbir Kapoor-Alia Bhatt's Brahmastra; SRK to be back in cinemas after 1287 days |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/revealed-shah-rukh-khan-20-minute-role-r-madhavans-rocketry-nambi-effect-ranbir-kapoor-alia-bhatts-brahmastra-srk-back-cinemas-1287-d/ |access-date=28 November 2023 |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=30 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130184054/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/revealed-shah-rukh-khan-20-minute-role-r-madhavans-rocketry-nambi-effect-ranbir-kapoor-alia-bhatts-brahmastra-srk-back-cinemas-1287-d/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 2023–present: Resurgence ===
In 2023, Khan reunited with Yash Raj Films in the action thriller ''[[Pathaan (film)|Pathaan]]'' (2023), set in the [[YRF Spy Universe]], in which he played an exiled field agent assigned to stop a terrorist attack in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2022 |title=Shah Rukh Khan's new film 'Pathaan': release date, plot and cast |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film/2022/03/04/shah-rukh-khans-new-film-pathaan-release-date-plot-and-cast/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426104732/https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film/2022/03/04/shah-rukh-khans-new-film-pathaan-release-date-plot-and-cast/ |archive-date=26 April 2022 |access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref> Critic Sukanya Verma took note of Khan's "weathered intensity, grizzly charisma and trademark wit", while [[Kaveree Bamzai]] termed it a "much-needed makeover" of an ageing Khan into an action star.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |date=25 January 2023 |title=Pathaan Review: Shah Rukh Wows And How! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/pathaan-review/20230125.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125090704/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/pathaan-review/20230125.htm |archive-date=25 January 2023 |access-date=25 January 2023 |website=Rediff.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bamzai |first=Kaveree |date=25 January 2023 |title=Pathaan: SRK As Action Hero |work=Open Magazine |url=https://openthemagazine.com/cinema/pathaan-srk-action-hero/ |url-status=live |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131075214/https://openthemagazine.com/cinema/pathaan-srk-action-hero/ |archive-date=31 January 2023}}</ref> ''Pathaan'' broke several box-office records, thus re-establishing Khan's stardom.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tartaglione |first=Nancy |date=28 January 2023 |title=Shah Rukh Khan's ''Pathaan'' on Record-Breaking Box Office Spree in Comeback for Mega-Star |url=https://deadline.com/2023/01/shah-rukh-khan-pathaan-box-office-records-bollywood-1235243378/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128170358/https://deadline.com/2023/01/shah-rukh-khan-pathaan-box-office-records-bollywood-1235243378/ |archive-date=28 January 2023 |access-date=28 January 2023 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tartaglione |first=Nancy |date=1 February 2023 |title=Shah Rukh Khan's 'Pathaan' Makes Box Office History For Bollywood & India Around The Globe – Opening Weekend Records List |url=https://deadline.com/2023/01/pathaan-shah-rukh-khan-deepika-padukone-north-america-india-uk-global-box-office-records-list-1235245190/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131165022/https://deadline.com/2023/01/pathaan-shah-rukh-khan-deepika-padukone-north-america-india-uk-global-box-office-records-list-1235245190/ |archive-date=31 January 2023 |access-date=31 January 2023 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref> Khan took on another action film role in the same year in [[Atlee (director)|Atlee]]'s ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]'', playing father and son doppelgängers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jawan Teaser: Shah Rukh Khan Is More Than "Ready" For Atlee's Action-Packed Film |work=NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/jawan-teaser-shah-rukh-khan-is-more-than-ready-for-atlees-action-packed-film-3035009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603170732/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/jawan-teaser-shah-rukh-khan-is-more-than-ready-for-atlees-action-packed-film-3035009 |archive-date=3 June 2022 |access-date=3 June 2022}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' wrote that "Khan's screen image – expansive, suffused with love, heroic in an old-fashioned way without being aggressively macho, irreverent but also sincere – helps sell a conceit that might have crashed with any other actor".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=7 September 2023 |title='Jawan' review: A rousing guts-and-glycerine saga |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1055375/jawan-review-a-rousing-guts-and-glycerine-saga |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907184314/https://scroll.in/reel/1055375/jawan-review-a-rousing-guts-and-glycerine-saga |archive-date=7 September 2023 |access-date=7 September 2023 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref> ''Jawan'' broke the records set by ''Pathaan''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tartaglione |first=Nancy |date=25 September 2023 |title='The Nun II' Tops $200M Global, 'Jawan' Now Biggest Bollywood Movie Ever In India – International Box Office |url=https://deadline.com/2023/09/the-nun-2-jawan-shah-rukh-khan-milestones-expendables-4-global-international-box-office-1235554810/ |access-date=25 September 2023 |website=Deadline Hollywood |archive-date=25 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925093514/https://deadline.com/2023/09/the-nun-2-jawan-shah-rukh-khan-milestones-expendables-4-global-international-box-office-1235554810/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Both films grossed over {{INRConvert|10|b}} to rank, respectively, as Hindi cinema's second and third biggest grossers worldwide,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bollywood Top Grossers Worldwide: All Time |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/all-time/ |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128100840/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/all-time/ |url-status=live }}</ref> making Khan the first Indian actor to deliver two films that earned over ₹10 billion.<ref>{{cite news |title=''Jawan'' star Shah Rukh Khan set to become the only Indian actor to have two Rs 1,000-crore grosser in one year |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/jawan-shah-rukh-khan-only-indian-actor-two-rs-1000-crore-grossers-one-year-8945350/ |access-date=1 October 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=18 September 2023 |archive-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001004712/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/jawan-shah-rukh-khan-only-indian-actor-two-rs-1000-crore-grossers-one-year-8945350/ |url-status=live }}</ref> For his performance in ''Jawan'', he received his first [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] for [[National Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor in a Leading Role]].<ref name=":4">{{cite news |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=1 August 2025 |title=71st National Film Awards full list of winners: Shah Rukh Khan wins first-ever Best Actor, Rani Mukerji is Best Actress |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/71st-national-filn-awards-full-list-of-winners-shah-rukh-khan-wins-first-ever-best-actor-rani-mukerji-is-best-actress-101754051978740.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=24 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=71st National Film Awards: Complete list of winners |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/71st-national-film-awards-complete-list-of-winners-3740123 |work=Deccan Herald |date=23 September 2025 |access-date=24 September 2025}}</ref>

In his final release of 2023, Khan starred in [[Rajkumar Hirani]]'s ''[[Dunki (film)|Dunki]]'', a social drama about an [[illegal immigration]] technique named [[donkey flight]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=No More FOMO For Shah Rukh Khan, Because Rajkumar Hirani's Dunki |work=NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/no-more-fomo-for-shah-rukh-khan-because-rajkumar-hiranis-dunki-2900626 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425220408/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/no-more-fomo-for-shah-rukh-khan-because-rajkumar-hiranis-dunki-2900626 |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2023 |title=Shah Rukh Khan to go global with Rajkumar Hirani's Dunki, film to release in international markets a day early: Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-dunki-global-release-date-christmas-101695728571251.html |access-date=30 September 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928232506/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-dunki-global-release-date-christmas-101695728571251.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Uday Bhatia wrote that his role as a "romantic feminist soldier patriot friend" marked "a break from Khan the action star but offers no respite from the Khan the perfect screen idol".<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 December 2023|last=Bhatia|first=Uday|title='Dunki' review: Hirani returns, plays it safe|work=The Hindu|url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/how-to-lounge/movies-tv/dunki-review-film-shah-rukh-khan-taapsee-pannu-rajkumar-hirani-111703155371024.html|access-date=21 December 2023|archive-date=21 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221145354/https://lifestyle.livemint.com/how-to-lounge/movies-tv/dunki-review-film-shah-rukh-khan-taapsee-pannu-rajkumar-hirani-111703155371024.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Grossing over {{INRConvert|4|b}}, ''Dunki'' emerged as Khan's third consecutive commercial success of the year, although it did not match up to the record grosses of ''Pathaan'' or ''Jawan''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Malhotra|first=Rahul|title=India's 'Dunki' Passes New Milestone at Global Box Office as it Nears End of Theatrical Run|url=https://collider.com/dunki-global-box-office-50-million/|access-date=7 January 2024|website=Collider|date=4 January 2024|archive-date=5 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105040950/https://collider.com/dunki-global-box-office-50-million/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Khan will continue his work in action films when starring with his daughter in [[Siddharth Anand]]'s [[King (2026 film)|''King'']], which will release in 2026''.''<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Deepika Padukone to play Suhana Khan's mother in SRK's King: Report |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/deepika-padukone-suhana-khan-mother-shah-rukh-khan-king-siddharth-anand-2705381-2025-04-07 |magazine=India Today |date=7 April 2025 |access-date=7 April 2025}}</ref>

== Other work ==
=== Film production and television hosting ===
[[File:SRK at 61st filmfare.jpg|thumb|left|upright|At the [[61st Filmfare Awards]] in 2016, which Khan hosted along with [[Kapil Sharma (comedian)|Kapil Sharma]]]]
Khan co-produced three films from 1999 to 2003 as a founding member of the partnership Dreamz Unlimited.<ref name="dreamz" /> After the partnership was dissolved, he and Gauri restructured the company as Red Chillies Entertainment,<ref name="RedCh" /> which includes divisions dealing with film and television production, visual effects, and advertising.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile |url=http://www.redchillies.com/aboutus/profile.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101222416/http://www.redchillies.com/aboutus/profile.aspx |archive-date=1 November 2014 |access-date=6 November 2014 |website=[[Red Chillies Entertainment]]}}</ref> As of 2015, the company has produced or co-produced at least nine films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Movies |url=http://www.redchillies.com/movies/past-movies.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101221022/http://www.redchillies.com/movies/past-movies.aspx |archive-date=1 November 2014 |access-date=6 November 2014 |publisher=Red Chillies Entertainment}}</ref> Either Khan or Gauri are usually given production credits, and he has appeared in most of the films, either in the lead role, or in a guest appearance. Khan was involved in several aspects of the making of ''Ra.One'' (2011). Aside from acting, he produced the film, volunteered to write the console game script, dubbed for it, oversaw its technical development, and wrote the digital comics based on the film's characters.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 October 2011 |title=PlayStation launches game on SRK flick RA.One |work=The Economic Times |agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-10-05/news/30246976_1_playstation2-playstation3-sony-computer-entertainment-europe |url-status=dead |access-date=5 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923211759/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-10-05/news/30246976_1_playstation2-playstation3-sony-computer-entertainment-europe |archive-date=23 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="ET">{{Cite news |last=Raghavendra, Nandini |date=13 September 2011 |title=Indian cinema must evolve; Ra.One not urban centric: Shahrukh Khan |work=The Economic Times |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/et-cetera/if-we-dont-evolve-in-10-years-we-will-lose-indian-audience-shahrukh-khan/articleshow/9962913.cms |url-status=live |access-date=13 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121121553/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-09-13/news/30149445_1_indian-cinema-raone-film |archive-date=21 January 2012}}</ref> Khan has occasionally done [[Playback singer|playback singing]] for his films. In ''Josh'' (2000) he sang the popular song "Apun Bola Tu Meri Laila". He also sang in ''Don'' (2006) and ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' (2012).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sabherwal, Parul |date=27 June 2014 |title=Top Bollywood stars who have sung for themselves |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/slideshow/top-bollywood-stars-who-have-sung-themselves_385.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107055346/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/slideshow/top-bollywood-stars-who-have-sung-themselves_385.html |archive-date=7 November 2014 |access-date=6 November 2014 |publisher=Zee News |page=8}}</ref> For ''[[Always Kabhi Kabhi]]'' (2011), which was produced by Red Chillies, Khan participated in the lyrical composition.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Misra, Iti Shree |date=5 May 2011 |title=Shah Rukh Khan turns singer and lyricist |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shah-Rukh-Khan-turns-singer-and-lyricist/articleshow/8160447.cms |url-status=live |access-date=6 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413000547/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shah-Rukh-Khan-turns-singer-and-lyricist/articleshow/8160447.cms |archive-date=13 April 2016}}</ref>

In addition to his early television serial appearances, Khan has hosted numerous televised awards shows, including the Filmfare, Zee Cine, and [[Screen Awards]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sinha, Seema |date=23 January 2013 |title=SRK and Saif at their funniest best on Filmfare night |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/SRK-and-Saif-at-their-funniest-best-on-Filmfare-night/articleshow/18148152.cms |url-status=live |access-date=6 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224025201/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/SRK-and-Saif-at-their-funniest-best-on-Filmfare-night/articleshow/18148152.cms |archive-date=24 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kadam, Prachi |date=7 November 2011 |title=Zee Cine Awards: Why Priyanka Chopra and Shah Rukh Khan are a 'jodi' |work=Daily News and Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-zee-cine-awards-why-priyanka-chopra-and-shah-rukh-khan-are-a-jodi-1608848 |url-status=live |access-date=6 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521032241/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-zee-cine-awards-why-priyanka-chopra-and-shah-rukh-khan-are-a-jodi-1608848 |archive-date=21 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 January 2014 |title=Shah Rukh Khan to host Screen Awards 2014 |work=The Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/shah-rukh-khan-to-host-screen-awards-2014/1217340/ |url-status=live |access-date=6 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530124756/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/shah-rukh-khan-to-host-screen-awards-2014/1217340/ |archive-date=30 May 2014}}</ref> In 2007, he replaced Amitabh Bachchan for one season as the host of ''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati]]'', the Indian version of ''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?]]'',<ref name="KBC">{{Cite news |last=Parul Sharma |date=23 January 2007 |title=The new Shah Rukh show is here |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/The-new-Shah-Rukh-show-is-here/article14710050.ece |url-status=live |access-date=30 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130192755/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/The-new-Shah-Rukh-show-is-here/article14710050.ece |archive-date=30 November 2016}}</ref> and a year later, Khan began hosting ''[[Kya Aap Paanchvi Pass Se Tez Hain?]]'', the Indian version of ''[[Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Ashish |date=29 April 2008 |title=IPL scores over ''Paanchvi Paas'' |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2008/apr/29ipl.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920113735/http://www.rediff.com/money/2008/apr/29ipl.htm |archive-date=20 September 2008 |access-date=27 August 2009 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> In 2011, he returned to television, appearing on [[Imagine TV]]'s ''[[Zor Ka Jhatka: Total Wipeout]]'', the Indian version of ''[[Wipeout (2008 U.S. game show)|Wipeout]]''; scenes featuring Khan were shot at the [[Yash Raj Studios]] in Mumbai.<ref name="ZKJ">{{Cite news |last=Parkar, Shaheen |date=25 February 2011 |title=Shah Rukh's show gets the lowest TRPs |work=[[Mid-Day]] |url=http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/feb/250211-Shah-Rukh-Khan-Zor-Ka-Jhatka-lowest-TRPs-B-Town-star.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=23 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926124123/http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/feb/250211-Shah-Rukh-Khan-Zor-Ka-Jhatka-lowest-TRPs-B-Town-star.htm |archive-date=26 September 2018}}</ref> Contrary to his earlier television anchoring jobs, ''Zor Ka Jhatka: Total Wipeout'' performed poorly. It aired for only one season and became the lowest rated show hosted by a Bollywood star.<ref name="ZKJ" /> In 2017, Khan began hosting ''[[TED Talks India Nayi Soch]]'', a talk show produced by [[TED (conference)|TED Conferences, LLC]] which started aired on [[STAR Plus]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shah Rukh Khan: Actor, producer, activist |url=https://www.ted.com/speakers/shah_rukh_khan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511183128/https://www.ted.com/speakers/shah_rukh_khan |archive-date=11 May 2017 |access-date=27 January 2017 |publisher=TED}}</ref>

=== Stage performances ===
Khan is a frequent stage performer and has participated in several world tours and concerts. In 1997, he performed in [[Asha Bhosle]]'s Moments in Time concert in Malaysia, and returned the following year to perform with Karisma Kapoor for the Shahrukh–Karisma: Live in Malaysia concert.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Henry, Wilson |date=17 October 2000 |title=It's getting late |work=[[The Malay Mail]] |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-17698603.html |access-date=23 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714224011/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-17698603.html |archive-date=14 July 2014|via=Highbeam}}</ref> The same year, he participated in The Awesome Foursome world tour across the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States along with Juhi Chawla, [[Akshay Kumar]] and Kajol, and resumed the tour in Malaysia the following year.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 October 1998 |title=Zee sponsors Awesome Foursome, starring Shah Rukh Khan, Akshay Kumar, Kajol, Juhi Chawla |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19980914-zee-sponsors-awesome-foursome-starring-shah-rukh-khan-akshay-kumar-kajol-juhi-chawla-827067-1998-10-13 |url-status=live |access-date=17 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725220926/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/zee-sponsors-awesome-foursome-starring-shah-rukh-khan-akshay-kumar-kajol-juhi-chawla/1/264941.html |archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahmad, Azman |date=30 October 1999 |title=Shah Rukh! Shah Rukh! |work=The Malay Mail |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-17710762.html |access-date=23 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714221739/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-17710762.html |archive-date=14 July 2014|via=Highbeam}}</ref> In 2002, Khan featured with Amitabh Bachchan, [[Aamir Khan]], Preity Zinta, and [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan|Aishwarya Rai]] in the show From India With Love at [[Manchester]]'s [[Old Trafford]] and [[London]]'s [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]]; the event was attended by more than 100,000 people.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sillito, David |date=30 April 2002 |title=From India with Love |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/breakfast/1959022.stm |url-status=live |access-date=28 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801183641/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/breakfast/1959022.stm |archive-date=1 August 2012}}</ref> Khan performed alongside [[Rani Mukerji|Rani Mukherji]], [[Arjun Rampal]] and [[Ishaa Koppikar]] in a 2010 concert at the [[St. Joseph Higher Secondary School|St. Joseph High School field]] in [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2010 |title=Shah Rukh Khan, Rani woo fans in Dhaka |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-rani-woo-fans-in-dhaka-71974 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522033122/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-rani-woo-fans-in-dhaka-71974 |archive-date=22 May 2014 |access-date=13 May 2014 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> The next year he joined [[Shahid Kapoor]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]] in the Friendship Concert, celebrating 150 years of [[India–South Africa relations|India–South Africa friendship]] in [[Durban]], South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2011 |title=SRK, Shahid and Priyanka set to rock Durban |url=http://entertainment.in.msn.com/bollywood/article.aspx?cp-documentid=4771072 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703061538/http://entertainment.in.msn.com/bollywood/article.aspx?cp-documentid=4771072 |archive-date=3 July 2014 |access-date=27 November 2011 |publisher=MSN}}</ref>

Khan started an association with the "Temptations" series of concert tours by singing, dancing, and performing skits alongside Arjun Rampal, [[Priyanka Chopra]], and other Bollywood stars in Temptations 2004, a stage show that toured 22 venues across the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2004 |title=Shahrukh may attend cinema festival |url=http://www.bahraintribune.com/ArticleDetail.asp?CategoryId=7&ArticleId=55031 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516030801/http://www.bahraintribune.com/ArticleDetail.asp?CategoryId=7&ArticleId=55031 |archive-date=16 May 2008 |access-date=28 November 2011 |website=[[Daily Tribune (Bahrain)|Daily Tribune]]}}</ref> The show played to 15,000 spectators at [[Dubai]]'s Festival City Arena.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Spicezee Bureau |date=25 October 2008 |title=Blast in Dubai: SRK arrives with 'Temptation Reloaded' |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/blast-in-dubai-shah-rukh-arrives-with-temptation-reloaded_14171.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810031758/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/blast-in-dubai-shah-rukh-arrives-with-temptation-reloaded_14171.htm |archive-date=10 August 2013 |access-date=13 May 2014 |publisher=Zee News}}</ref> In 2008, Khan set up Temptation Reloaded, a series of concerts that toured several countries, including the Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2008 |title=SRK's Temptations Reloaded 2008 kick starts! |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/27sld1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410203435/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/27sld1.htm |archive-date=10 April 2009 |access-date=8 July 2010 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> He performed alongside [[Dino Morea]], [[Rani Mukerji]], and [[Dia Mirza]] at the [[Bindass|Airtel-Bindass concert]] tour in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Editorial |first=B. O. C. |date=23 January 2008 |title=Bindass to air SRK concert on 26 January |url=https://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/bindass-to-air-srk-concert-on-26-january/21669 |access-date=14 July 2025 |website=Business Of Cinema |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=29 December 2007 |title=SRK to perform at Airtel Bindaas India concert : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/srk-to-perform-at-airtel-bindaas-india-concert/ |access-date=14 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Another tour was held with [[Bipasha Basu]] and others in 2012 in [[Jakarta]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 December 2012 |title=Bollywood celebs enthrall Jakarta |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/bollywood-celebs-enthrall-jakarta/story-knGHTZ0fLhnG4a4XdbkU6M.html |url-status=live |access-date=15 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062759/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/bollywood-celebs-enthrall-jakarta/story-knGHTZ0fLhnG4a4XdbkU6M.html |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> and in 2013 another series of concerts visited Auckland, Perth and Sydney.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2013 |title=See all the highlights from SRK's Temptation Reloaded show |url=http://entertainment.in.msn.com/gallery/temptation-reloaded-2013-1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703060754/http://entertainment.in.msn.com/gallery/temptation-reloaded-2013-1 |archive-date=3 July 2014 |access-date=27 July 2014 |publisher=MSN}}</ref> In 2014, Khan performed in SLAM! The Tour in the US, Canada, and London,<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 August 2014 |title=It's London calling for SRK's SLAM! THE TOUR |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Its-London-calling-for-SRKs-SLAM-THE-TOUR/articleshow/41263377.cms |url-status=live |access-date=12 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228102646/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Its-London-calling-for-SRKs-SLAM-THE-TOUR/articleshow/41263377.cms |archive-date=28 December 2014}}</ref> and also hosted the Indian premiere of the live talent show, Got Talent World Stage Live.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 September 2014 |title=Shah Rukh Khan: 'Got Talent World Stage LIVE' is a live show, not a television show |work=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-its-a-live-show-not-a-television-show/ |url-status=live |access-date=12 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141122160437/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-its-a-live-show-not-a-television-show/ |archive-date=22 November 2014}}</ref>

=== Ownership of Kolkata Knight Riders ===
In 2008, Khan, in partnership with Juhi Chawla and her husband [[Jay Mehta]], acquired ownership rights for the franchise representing [[Kolkata]] in the [[Twenty20]] cricket tournament [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) for {{US$|75.09}}{{nbsp}}million, and named the team [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] (KKR).<ref name="price">{{Cite news |last=Kuber, Girish |date=9 February 2008 |title=Shah Rukh Khan's Kolkata IPL team to be called Night Riders or Knight Riders |work=The Economic Times |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-02-09/news/27694633_1_indian-premier-league-cricket-ground-ipl |url-status=dead |access-date=27 July 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121123184920/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-02-09/news/27694633_1_indian-premier-league-cricket-ground-ipl |archive-date=23 November 2012}}</ref> {{As of|2009}}, KKR was one of the richest teams in the IPL, with a brand value of {{US$|42.1}}{{nbsp}}million.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 May 2009 |title=IPL valued at $2.1 bn; KKR richest team |work=Business Standard |agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/ipl-valued-at-2-1-bn-kkr-richest-team-109051000066_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=13 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204141002/http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/ipl-valued-at-2-1-bn-kkr-richest-team-109051000066_1.html |archive-date=4 December 2013}}</ref> The team performed poorly on the field during the first three years.<ref name="major">{{Cite news |last=Garg, Swati |date=29 May 2012 |title=IPL victory puts KKR in the black |work=Business Standard |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ipl-victory-puts-kkr-in-the-black-112052900039_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=30 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810124840/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ipl-victory-puts-kkr-in-the-black-112052900039_1.html |archive-date=10 August 2013}}</ref> Their performance improved over time, and they became the champions for the first time in [[2012 Indian Premier League|2012]]<ref name="major" /> and repeated the feat in [[2014 Indian Premier League|2014]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2014 |title=Kolkata Knight Riders Beat Kings XI Punjab to Clinch Second IPL Title in Three Years |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/225013-ipl-2014-final-kolkata-knight-riders-vs-kings-xi-punjab |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809010738/http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/225013-ipl-2014-final-kolkata-knight-riders-vs-kings-xi-punjab |archive-date=9 August 2014 |access-date=28 July 2014 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> The Knight Riders hold the record for the longest winning streak by any Indian team in T20s (14).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/305308.html|title=Records {{!}} Twenty20 matches {{!}} Team records {{!}} Most consecutive wins {{!}} ESPNcricinfo|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=27 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425152828/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/305308.html|archive-date=25 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> They won their third IPL title in the [[2024 Indian Premier League|2024]] edition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2024 |title=KKR's bowlers rip through SRH to win third IPL title |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/kolkata-knight-riders-vs-sunrisers-hyderabad-final-1426312/match-report |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526172105/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2024-1410320/kolkata-knight-riders-vs-sunrisers-hyderabad-final-1426312/match-report |url-status=live }}</ref>

Khan performed alongside [[Sunidhi Chauhan]] and [[Shriya Saran]] at the opening ceremony of the [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] 2011 season, where they danced to Tamil songs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/SRK-rocks-IPL-opening-ceremony/articleshow/7926240.cms? |title=SRK rocks IPL opening ceremony |work=The Times of India |date=10 April 2011 |access-date=22 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927203946/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/SRK-rocks-IPL-opening-ceremony/articleshow/7926240.cms |archive-date=27 September 2016 }}</ref> He appeared again in 2013 alongside Katrina Kaif, Deepika Padukone and [[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]].<ref name="NDTV">{{cite web|title=IPL 2013: Shah Rukh Khan, Katrina Kaif, Deepika Padukone, Pitbull showcase diverse culture|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/ipl-2013-shah-rukh-khan-katrina-kaif-deepika-padukone-pitbull-showcase-diverse-culture-349474|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403172739/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/ipl-2013-shah-rukh-khan-katrina-kaif-deepika-padukone-pitbull-showcase-diverse-culture-349474|archive-date=3 April 2013|publisher=NDTV|access-date=24 June 2013}}</ref> In May 2012, the [[Mumbai Cricket Association]] (MCA) banned him from the [[Wankhede Stadium]] for five years for getting into an argument with the security staff after a match between KKR and the [[Mumbai Indians]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/shah-rukh-khan-banned-from-wankhede-stadium-for-5-years/950969/ |title=Shah Rukh Khan banned from Wankhede stadium for 5 years |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=23 May 2012 |access-date=25 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521121045/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/shah-rukh-khan-banned-from-wankhede-stadium-for-5-years/950969 |archive-date=21 May 2014 }}</ref> Khan had, however, stated that he acted only after children, including his daughter, were being "manhandled" by the security staff<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/shah-rukh-khan-mca-spat-wankhede-stadium-guard-102513-2012-05-17|title=Wankhede guard contradicts MCA, says Shah Rukh Khan did not hit him|website=India Today|date=17 May 2012 |access-date=27 May 2018|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011203540/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/shah-rukh-khan-mca-spat-wankhede-stadium-guard-102513-2012-05-17|url-status=live}}</ref> and that the officials were extremely high-handed and aggressive in their behaviour,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/ipl/no-ban-from-wankhede-if-srk-apologises-mca-officials-313200.html|title=No ban from Wankhede if SRK apologises: MCA officials|website=www.firstpost.com|date=18 May 2012|access-date=27 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527213621/https://www.firstpost.com/ipl/no-ban-from-wankhede-if-srk-apologises-mca-officials-313200.html|archive-date=27 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> he had been abused with communal indecent comment.<ref name=":1" /> Later MCA officials had accused him of being drunk in one version of the story, hitting the guard and of completely uncharacteristically abusing a female supporter of Mumbai Indians after the match in another version of the story, which Khan had maintained it was done to support their action and for cheap publicity.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/sports/ipl/shah-rukh-khan-gets-clean-chit-by-mumbai-police-in-2012-ipl-wankhede-brawl-case-263005.html|title=Shah Rukh Khan Gets Clean Chit By Mumbai Police In 2012 IPL Wankhede Brawl Case|work=indiatimes.com|access-date=27 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526174813/https://www.indiatimes.com/sports/ipl/shah-rukh-khan-gets-clean-chit-by-mumbai-police-in-2012-ipl-wankhede-brawl-case-263005.html|archive-date=26 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> Wankhede guard later contradicted MCA officials' claim and said Shah Rukh Khan had not hit him.<ref name=":1" /> Khan later apologised to his fans after his team won the final match.<ref name="apology">{{cite news |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/item/190806-i-apologise-for-my-misbehaviour-at-mca-says-shah-rukh-khan |title=I apologise for my misbehaviour at MCA, says Shah Rukh Khan |date=27 May 2012 |access-date=28 May 2012 |publisher=NDTV |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702190328/http://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/news/item/190806-i-apologise-for-my-misbehaviour-at-mca-says-shah-rukh-khan|archive-date=2 July 2012}}</ref> MCA revoked the ban in 2015<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/mca-lifts-five-year-ban-on-shah-rukh-khan-s-entry-to-wankhede/story-sfUZ988j9iJZbAJbnDe4bI.html|title=MCA lifts five-year ban on Shah Rukh Khan's entry to Wankhede|date=2 August 2015|work=hindustantimes.com|access-date=27 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527202529/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/mca-lifts-five-year-ban-on-shah-rukh-khan-s-entry-to-wankhede/story-sfUZ988j9iJZbAJbnDe4bI.html|archive-date=27 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> and in 2016, Mumbai Police informed that no 'cognisable offence' was made out against Khan and they had come to the conclusion that Shah Rukh Khan was not drunk and did not use abusive language before minors at the Wankhede Stadium in 2012.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/shah-rukh-khan-wins-wankhede-stadium-case-mumbai-police-344974-2016-10-05|title=Shah Rukh Khan wins Wankhede war, cops say he was not drunk|website=India Today|date=5 October 2016 |access-date=27 May 2018|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011203543/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/shah-rukh-khan-wins-wankhede-stadium-case-mumbai-police-344974-2016-10-05|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Appearances in music videos ===
In February 2019, Khan made a special appearance in the music video of the song "BIBA", featuring [[Marshmello]] and [[Shirley Setia]], and composed by [[Pritam]]. The video, inspired by Khan's memorable films, received positive response from fans, and Khan's cameo was well received.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/marshmellos-music-video-biba-is-a-glorious-tribute-to-shah-rukh-khan-and-the-razzmatazz-of-bollywood-6098281.html|title= Marshmello's music video BIBA is a glorious tribute to Shah Rukh Khan and the razzmatazz of Bollywood|date= 16 February 2019}}</ref>

In June 2025, Khan appeared in the music video for the [[Ed Sheeran]] song "[[Sapphire (song)|Sapphire]]", which also featured vocals from [[Arijit Singh]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Nathwani |first=Ayushi |url=https://www.melodicmag.com/ed-sheeran-delivers-a-heartwarming-tribute-to-indian-culture-in-sapphire/ |title=Ed Sheeran delivers a heartwarming tribute to Indian culture in "Sapphire" |magazine=Melodic Magazine |date=6 June 2025 |access-date=7 June 2025}}</ref> The video was shot across various parts of India, and the song received acclaim from critics and fans.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.indiatvnews.com/trending/news/did-you-know-shah-rukh-khan-s-cameo-in-ed-sheeran-s-sapphire-video-was-shot-check-details-2025-06-19-995388|title= Did you know how Shah Rukh Khan's cameo in Ed Sheeran's 'Sapphire' video was shot? Check details|date= 19 June 2025}}</ref>

== In the media ==
{{Main|Shah Rukh Khan in the media}}

[[File:Shahrukh Khan launches the Tag Heuer Carrera Monaco GP limited edition watch (3).jpg|thumb|right|upright|At a [[Tag Heuer]] press conference in 2012|alt=Shah Rukh Khan wearing sunglasses and a vest at a promotional event]]
Khan receives a considerable amount of media coverage in India, and is often referred to as "King Khan", "The [[Padishah|Baadshah]] of Bollywood", or "The King of Bollywood".{{efn|name=King|Attributed to multiple sources<ref name="theguardian2006">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2006/aug/04/india.world |title=King of Bollywood |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=4 August 2006 |access-date=4 November 2015 |author=Saner, Emine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203121720/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2006/aug/04/india.world |archive-date= 3 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='Baadshah' Biggie: Shah Rukh Khan Turns A Year Older|date=2 November 2011|url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news/baadshah-biggie-shah-rukh-khan-turns-older-183000642.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203033410/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news/baadshah-biggie-shah-rukh-khan-turns-older-183000642.html|archive-date=3 December 2013|publisher=[[Yahoo! Movies]]|access-date=15 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="global">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/02/05/SRK.profile/index.html?_s=PM: |publisher=CNN |title=The King of Bollywood |date=5 June 2008 |access-date=7 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019081757/http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/02/05/SRK.profile/index.html?_s=PM%3A |archive-date=19 October 2014 }}</ref>{{sfn|Gehlawat|2020|p=90}}{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=11, 65, 188, 210}}}} [[Anupama Chopra]] cites him as an "ever present celebrity", with two or three films a year, constantly running television ads, print ads, and gigantic billboards lining the streets of Indian cities.{{sfn|Chopra|2007|pp=160–161}} He is the object of a sometimes fanatical following, with a fan base estimated to exceed one billion.<ref name="TheAus">{{cite news| url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/review/the-sahib-of-cinema-bollywood-star-shah-rukh-khan/story-fn9n8gph-1226692933589 | work=[[The Australian]] | title=The sahib of cinema: Bollywood star Shah Rukh Khan |author=Verghis, Sharon |date=10 August 2013 |access-date=12 September 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810070110/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/review/the-sahib-of-cinema-bollywood-star-shah-rukh-khan/story-fn9n8gph-1226692933589 | archive-date=10 August 2013}}</ref> ''[[Newsweek]]'' named Khan as one of their fifty most powerful people globally in 2008 and called him "the world's biggest movie star".<ref name="newsweek">{{cite news|title=The NEWSWEEK 50: Shahrukh Khan, Bollywood |url=http://www.newsweek.com/newsweek-50-shahrukh-khan-bollywood-83105 |work=[[Newsweek]] |date=19 December 2008 |access-date=24 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111701/http://www.newsweek.com/newsweek-50-shahrukh-khan-bollywood-83105 |archive-date= 2 April 2015 }}</ref><ref name="rediff.com">{{cite news|title=Sonia, SRK in Newsweek's list of 50 most powerful people |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/dec/21sonia-srk-in-newsweeks-list-of-most-powerful-people.htm |author=Shourie, Dharam |work=Rediff.com |date=21 December 2008 |access-date=27 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126060855/http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/dec/21sonia-srk-in-newsweeks-list-of-most-powerful-people.htm |archive-date=26 November 2013 }}</ref> In 2011 he was described as "the biggest movie star you've never heard of ... perhaps the world's biggest movie star, period" by Steven Zeitchik of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''{{Efn|Although Khan has an estimated worldwide fan base exceeding one billion, the bulk of his fan base, like numerous other Bollywood stars, is in Asia and Indian diaspora communities worldwide, whereas Zeitchik was writing for an American audience in the ''Los Angeles Times''.{{sfn|Roll|2005|p=91}}}}<ref name="LAT">{{cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/movies/2011/11/shah-rukh-khan-ra-one-bollywood.html?track=icymi |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |title='Ra.One': Shah Rukh Khan as Bollywood superhero |author=Zeitchik, Steven |date=4 November 2011 |access-date=23 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712233934/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/movies/2011/11/shah-rukh-khan-ra-one-bollywood.html?track=icymi |archive-date=12 July 2014 }}</ref> and has been called the world's biggest movie star in other international media outlets.{{efn|name=biggest|Attributed to multiple sources<ref name="theguardian2006" /><ref name="LAT" /><ref name="thetimes1">{{cite news | url=https://www.thetimes.com/travel/destinations/asia-travel/india/meet-the-biggest-film-star-in-the-world-lrft5tnp3pv | title=Meet the biggest film star in the world | work=[[The Times]] | date=2 August 2013 | access-date=4 November 2015 | author=Nixey, Catherine | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117065123/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/arts/film/article3831707.ece | archive-date=17 November 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ranisingh/2015/12/26/shah-rukh-khan-the-biggest-movie-star-in-the-world/ |title=Shah Rukh Khan – The Biggest Movie Star In The World |work=[[Forbes]] |author=Singh, Rani |date=26 December 2015 |access-date=29 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151228184411/https://www.forbes.com/sites/ranisingh/2015/12/26/shah-rukh-khan-the-biggest-movie-star-in-the-world/ |archive-date=28 December 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shah Rukh Khan – Q&A |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/01/25/SRK.qanda/ |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=12 July 2023 |archive-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703190744/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/01/25/SRK.qanda/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="billion" />}} According to a popularity survey, 3.2 billion people around the world know Khan, more than who know [[Tom Cruise]].<ref name="billion">{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/srk-finds-better-competition-in-tom-cruise-/852082/ |title=SRK finds better competition in Tom Cruise? |work=The Indian Express |date=26 September 2011 |access-date=5 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416152548/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/srk-finds-better-competition-in-tom-cruise-/852082 |archive-date=16 April 2016 }}</ref> In a 2022 readers' poll by ''[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]'' magazine, Khan was listed as one of the 50 greatest actors of all time. The magazine attributed his success to the "outrageous amounts of [his] charisma and absolute mastery of [his] craft. Comfortable in almost every genre going, there's pretty much nothing he can't do."<ref>{{cite news|first1=Ben|last1=Travis|first2=Sophie|last2=Butcher|first3=Nick|last3=De Semlyen|first4=James|last4=Dyer|first5=John|last5=Nugent|first6=Alex|last6=Godfrey|first7=Helen|last7=O'Hara|title=Empire's 50 Greatest Actors Of All Time List, Revealed|url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/best-actors/|access-date=31 January 2023|work=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]|date=20 December 2022|archive-date=29 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229101239/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/best-actors|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2023, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine named him one of the [[Time 100|100 most influential people in the world]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2023/ |title=Time 100 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=13 April 2023 |access-date=13 April 2023 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413151502/https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2023/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and he topped the list per a readers poll.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2023 |title=Here's Who Won the 2023 TIME100 Reader Poll |url=https://time.com/6269128/shah-rukh-khan-time100-reader-poll-2023/ |access-date=13 April 2023 |magazine=Time |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413080137/https://time.com/6269128/shah-rukh-khan-time100-reader-poll-2023/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Khan is one of the wealthiest celebrities in India, topping the ''Forbes'' India's "Celebrity 100 list" in 2012, 2013 and 2015.<ref name="forbes 100">{{cite news |url=http://forbesindia.com/article/special/shah-rukh-khan-tops-forbes-india-celebrity-100-list/34575/1 |title=Shah Rukh Khan tops Forbes India Celebrity 100 List |work=[[Forbes (India)]] |date=24 January 2013 |access-date=11 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028180133/http://forbesindia.com/article/special/shah-rukh-khan-tops-forbes-india-celebrity-100-list/34575/1 |archive-date=28 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://forbesindia.com/article/2013-celebrity-100/shah-rukh-khan-tops-forbes-india-celebrity-100-list-second-time-in-a-row/36741/1 |title=Shah Rukh Khan Tops Forbes India Celebrity 100 Second Time In A Row |work=Forbes (India) |date=13 December 2013 |access-date=27 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706190748/http://forbesindia.com/article/2013-celebrity-100/shah-rukh-khan-tops-forbes-india-celebrity-100-list-second-time-in-a-row/36741/1 |archive-date=6 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=2015 Forbes India Celebrity 100: The wheel of fame and fortune |url=http://forbesindia.com/article/2015-celebrity-100/2015-forbes-india-celebrity-100-the-wheel-of-fame-and-fortune/41719/1 |last=Ajwani |first=Deepak |work=Forbes (India) |date=11 December 2015 |access-date=12 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212143411/http://forbesindia.com/article/2015-celebrity-100/2015-forbes-india-celebrity-100-the-wheel-of-fame-and-fortune/41719/1 |archive-date=12 December 2015 }}</ref> His wealth has been estimated at US$1.4 billion.<ref name="BBC_Oct2025"/> Khan owns several properties in India and abroad, including a {{GBP|20 million|link=yes}} apartment in London,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/srk-buys-flat-for-20-million-pounds/story-4LvzYo09uKdo3Y6vVeCO8J.html |title=SRK buys flat for 20 million pounds! |work=Hindustan Times |date=20 July 2009 |access-date=4 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065456/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/srk-buys-flat-for-20-million-pounds/story-4LvzYo09uKdo3Y6vVeCO8J.html |archive-date= 4 March 2016 }}</ref> and a villa on the [[Palm Jumeirah]] in [[Dubai]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/MAH-MUM-photos-a-look-inside-shahrukh-khans-signature-villa-in-dubai-4416495-PHO.html |title=Photos: A look inside Shahrukh Khan's Signature Villa in Dubai |work=Dainik Bhaskar |date=27 October 2013 |access-date=11 January 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112005459/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/MAH-MUM-photos-a-look-inside-shahrukh-khans-signature-villa-in-dubai-4416495-PHO.html |archive-date=12 January 2015 }}</ref> From 2023 to 2024, Khan ranked as the highest tax payer in India.<ref>{{cite web | last=Sistu | first=Suhas | title=SRK ranks first in tax-paying celebrities list for 2023-24 | website=HansIndia | date=6 September 2024 | url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/thalapathy-vijay-ranks-second-in-tax-paying-celebrities-list-for-2023-24-904980 | access-date=6 October 2024}}</ref>

Khan frequently appears on listings of the most popular, stylish and influential people in India. He has regularly featured among the top ten on ''The Times of India''{{'}}s list of the 50 most desirable men in India,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-50-Most-Desirable-Men-of-2011-The-Winners/articleshow/11757172.cms? | title=Times 50 Most Desirable Men of 2011: The Winners | work=The Times of India | access-date=25 January 2013 | date=4 February 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705192605/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-50-Most-Desirable-Men-of-2011-The-Winners/articleshow/11757172.cms | archive-date=5 July 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/50-Most-Desirable-2010/articleshow/7222829.cms? |title=Times 50 Most Desirable Men of 2010 |work=The Times of India |author=Mukherjee, Madhureeta |access-date=25 January 2013 |date=6 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706222029/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/50-Most-Desirable-2010/articleshow/7222829.cms |archive-date=6 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> and in a 2007 poll by the magazine ''[[Eastern Eye]]'' he was named the sexiest man in Asia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/shah-rukh-khan-voted-sexiest-asian-man-news-bollywood-kkfusfheahb.html |title=Shah Rukh Khan voted sexiest Asian man |website=[[Sify]] |date=24 November 2007 |access-date=10 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124234658/http://www.sify.com/movies/shah-rukh-khan-voted-sexiest-asian-man-news-bollywood-kkfusfheahb.html |archive-date=24 January 2014 }}</ref> Khan is often referred to as "Brand SRK" by media organisations because of his many brand endorsement and entrepreneurship ventures.<ref name="rediffbrands">{{cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/oct/24sld1.htm |title=Brand SRK |work=Rediff.com |date=October 2005 |access-date=24 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232121/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/oct/24sld1.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref><ref name=bsrk>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Ageing-Brand-SRK-loses-youth-connect/articleshow/13229919.cms |title=Ageing Brand SRK loses youth connect |author=Sharma, Samidha |work=The Times of India |date=18 May 2012 |access-date=20 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427180910/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Ageing-Brand-SRK-loses-youth-connect/articleshow/13229919.cms |archive-date=27 April 2016 }}</ref> He is one of the highest paid Bollywood endorsers and one of the most visible celebrities in television advertising, with up to a six per cent share of the television advertisement market.<ref name="empire">{{cite journal |url=http://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/cover-story/srk-inc./story/5200.html |title=SRK Inc. |journal=[[Business Today (business magazine)|Business Today]] |date=21 February 2010 |access-date=4 February 2012 |first1=Dhiman |last1=Chattopadhyay |first2=Anusha |last2=Subramanian |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915191316/http://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/cover-story/srk-inc./story/5200.html |archive-date=15 September 2015 }}</ref><ref name="morebrands">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-srk-is-the-most-visible-celeb-in-tv-ads/20120201.htm |title=The Big Star Players in the Ad World |work=Rediff.com |date=1 February 2012 |access-date=5 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204113125/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-srk-is-the-most-visible-celeb-in-tv-ads/20120201.htm |archive-date= 4 February 2012 }}</ref> Khan has endorsed brands including [[Pepsi]], [[Nokia]], [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]], [[Dish TV]], D'decor, [[Lux (soap)|LUX]] and [[TAG Heuer]].<ref name="morebrands" /><ref name="Brands" /> Books have been published about him,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/books/story/20061106-book-review-of-srk-still-reading-khan-by-mushtaq-sheikh-782088-2006-11-05 |title=Book review: Mushtaq Sheikh's 'SRK: Still Reading Khan' |work=India Today |author=Bamzai, Kaveree |date=6 November 2006 |access-date=10 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022042358/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/book-review-of-srk-still-reading-khan-by-mushtaq-sheikh/1/180305.html |archive-date=22 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Face of a new India|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070805/spectrum/main5.htm|date=5 August 2007|work=The Tribune |access-date=30 January 2010|author=Kumar Sen, Ashish|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121110907/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070805/spectrum/main5.htm|archive-date=21 November 2013 }}</ref> and his popularity has been documented in several non-fiction films, including the two-part documentary ''[[The Inner and Outer World of Shah Rukh Khan]]'' (2005),<ref name="world">{{cite web|last=Chhabra |first=Aseem |title=Shah Rukh's inner world |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/oct/17srk.htm |work=Rediff.com |date=17 October 2005 |access-date=2 March 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318143945/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/oct/17srk.htm |archive-date=18 March 2014 }}</ref> and the [[Discovery Travel & Living (Europe)|Discovery Travel & Living]] channel's ten-part miniseries ''Living with a Superstar{{mdash}}Shah Rukh Khan'' (2010).<ref name="empire" /> In 2007, Khan became the third Indian actor to have his wax statue installed at London's [[Madame Tussauds]] museum, after Aishwarya Rai and Amitabh Bachchan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=bollywood-star-to-be-immortalized-at-madame-tussauds-2007-01-19 |title=Bollywood star to be 'immortalized' at Madame Tussaud's |work=[[Hürriyet Daily News]] |date=19 January 2007 |access-date=10 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111052143/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=bollywood-star-to-be-immortalized-at-madame-tussauds-2007-01-19 |archive-date=11 January 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.madametussauds.com/london/ourfigures/bollywoodstars/shahrukhkhan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212095859/http://www.madametussauds.com/london/ourfigures/bollywoodstars/shahrukhkhan|archive-date=12 December 2013|title=Shah Rukh Khan's wax replica at Madame Tussauds London|publisher=[[Madame Tussauds]]|date=12 April 2007|access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> Additional versions of the statue were installed at Madame Tussauds' museums in Los Angeles, Hong Kong, New York and Washington.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/121205/entertainment-bollywood/article/big-b-srk-ashs-wax-figures-washington-tussauds|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202030817/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/121205/entertainment-bollywood/article/big-b-srk-ashs-wax-figures-washington-tussauds|archive-date=2 December 2014|title=Big B, SRK, Aishwarya's wax figures at Washington Tussauds|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=5 December 2012|access-date=12 June 2014}}</ref>

Khan has been brand ambassador of various governmental campaigns, including [[Pulse Polio]] and the [[National AIDS Control Organisation]].<ref name="Brands">{{cite web|author=Hetal Adesara |url=http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/shah-rukh-khans-brand-power/16560 |title=Shah Rukh Khan's brand power |publisher=Business of Cinema |date=2 November 2006 |access-date=11 November 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027061325/http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/shah-rukh-khans-brand-power/16560 |archive-date=27 October 2014 }}</ref> He is a member of the board of directors of the [[Make-A-Wish Foundation]] in India,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jim-luce/yale-honors-incredible-in_b_1422960.html |title=Yale Honors Incredible Indian Actor-Activist Shah Rukh Khan |author=Luce, Jim |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |date=13 April 2012 |access-date=4 January 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104184909/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jim-luce/yale-honors-incredible-in_b_1422960.html |archive-date= 4 January 2015 }}</ref> and in 2011 he was appointed by [[UNOPS]] as the first global ambassador of the [[Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Pisharoty, Sangeeta Barooah |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/time-we-talk-about-sanitation/article2543188.ece |title=Time we talk about sanitation |work=The Hindu |date=16 October 2011 |access-date=13 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130192432/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/time-we-talk-about-sanitation/article2543188.ece |archive-date=30 November 2016 }}</ref> He has recorded a series of public service announcements championing good health and proper nutrition, and joined India's Health Ministry and [[UNICEF]] in a nationwide child immunisation campaign.<ref name=ihr>{{cite news |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=55866 |title=Now, Shah Rukh will endorse good health |author=Rashid, Toufiq |work=The Indian Express |date=5 October 2005 |access-date=12 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101102506/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=55866 |archive-date=1 November 2013 }}</ref> In 2011, he received [[UNESCO]]'s Pyramide con Marni award for his charitable commitment to provide education for children, becoming the first Indian to win the accolade.<ref name="Pyramide">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shah-Rukh-Khans-big-honour/articleshow/10803625.cms?|title=Shah Rukh Khan's big honour|date=21 November 2011|work=The Times of India|access-date=13 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224025201/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shah-Rukh-Khans-big-honour/articleshow/10803625.cms|archive-date=24 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, Khan became the ambassador for Interpol's campaign "Turn Back Crime".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.interpol.int/News-and-media/News/2014/N2014-155 |title=Shah Rukh Khan becomes INTERPOL Turn Back Crime Ambassador |publisher=Interpol |date=27 August 2014 |access-date=27 March 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606051411/http://www.interpol.int/News-and-media/News/2014/N2014-155 |archive-date=6 June 2015 }}</ref> In 2015, Khan received a privileged degree from the [[University of Edinburgh]], Scotland.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-all-set-to-deliver-lecture-on-life-lessons-at-university-of-edinburgh/ |title=At the University of Edinburgh, Shah Rukh Khan is 'a doctor all over again' |work=The Indian Express |date=16 October 2015 |access-date=16 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016140820/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-all-set-to-deliver-lecture-on-life-lessons-at-university-of-edinburgh/ |archive-date=16 October 2015 }}</ref> In 2018, Khan was honoured by the [[World Economic Forum]] with their annual Crystal Award for his leadership in championing children's and women's rights in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/01/meet-the-2018-crystal-awardees |title=Davos 2018: Meet the Crystal Award winners |publisher=World Economic Forum |date=10 January 2018 |access-date=24 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119201428/https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/01/meet-the-2018-crystal-awardees/ |archive-date=19 January 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-world-economic-forum-photos-videos-5035475/ |title=Shah Rukh Khan receives Crystal Award at World Economic Forum, thanks wife, mom and daughter for his values |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=23 January 2018 |access-date=24 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123104300/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-world-economic-forum-photos-videos-5035475/ |archive-date=23 January 2018 }}</ref>

In October 2019, Khan featured in a video launched by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] to pay tribute to [[Mahatma Gandhi]] on his 150th birth anniversary. The preview of the video, which took place on 20 October 2019 at [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|PMO]], was attended by Khan, along with [[Aamir Khan]], [[Kangana Ranaut]], [[Rajkumar Hirani]], [[Jacqueline Fernandez]], [[Sonam Kapoor]], [[Ekta Kapoor]], [[Varun Sharma]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]], [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Kapil Sharma]], and many other dignitaries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Aamir Khan, Shah Rukh Khan In Frame, PM Tweets Video After Meeting Film Stars |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aamir-khan-shah-rukh-khan-in-frame-pm-tweets-video-after-meeting-film-stars-2119627 |work=NDTV |agency=PTI |date=20 October 2019 |access-date=20 February 2024 |archive-date=18 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218212357/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aamir-khan-shah-rukh-khan-in-frame-pm-tweets-video-after-meeting-film-stars-2119627 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=SRK-Salman to Alia-Ranbir, Bollywood pays tribute to Mahatma Gandhi. Watch video |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/srk-salman-to-alia-ranbir-bollywood-pays-tribute-to-mahatma-gandhi-watch-video-1611163-2019-10-20 |magazine=India Today |date=24 March 2022 |access-date=20 February 2024 |archive-date=18 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218212358/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/srk-salman-to-alia-ranbir-bollywood-pays-tribute-to-mahatma-gandhi-watch-video-1611163-2019-10-20 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFQVq4PHcQY |title= PM Narendra Modi's interaction with film fraternity on Mahatma Gandhi 150th birth anniversary |publisher= Narendra Modi |website= YouTube |date= 22 October 2019 |access-date= 20 February 2024 |archive-date= 18 February 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240218212358/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFQVq4PHcQY |url-status= live }}</ref> Khan's distinctive voice and mannerisms have inspired many imitators and voice actors.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Amit |date=27 December 2010 |title=When celebrities seek copyrights |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/when-celebrities-seek-copyrights/729569/ |work=Financial Express |access-date=17 May 2024 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517055755/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/when-celebrities-seek-copyrights/729569/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the Hindi-dubbed version of the cartoon series ''[[Oggy and the Cockroaches]]'', Saurav Chakrabarti emulates Khan's voice for the character Oggy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Their toons, our talk |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/their-toons-our-talk/cid/1669430 |work=The Telegraph |date=10 May 2014 |access-date=17 May 2024 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517055759/https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/their-toons-our-talk/cid/1669430 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In April 2020, Khan announced a series of initiatives to help the government of India and the state governments of Maharashtra, West Bengal, and Delhi mitigate the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] as well as relief measures for thousands of underprivileged people and daily wage labourers affected by the [[2020 coronavirus lockdown in India|lockdown]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/covid-19-shah-rukh-announces-series-of-initiatives-to-help-citizens/articleshow/74954418.cms|title=COVID-19: Shah Rukh Khan announces series of initiatives to help citizens|work=The Economic Times|date=4 April 2020|access-date=22 April 2020|archive-date=19 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419112901/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/covid-19-shah-rukh-announces-series-of-initiatives-to-help-citizens/articleshow/74954418.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/shah-rukh-khan-joins-covid-19-fight-with-series-of-initiatives-raat-ke-baad-naye-din-ki-sahar-aayegi-1662647-2020-04-02|title=Shah Rukh Khan joins Covid-19 fight with series of initiatives: Raat ke baad naye din ki sahar aayegi|work=India Today|date=2 April 2020|access-date=22 April 2020 |archive-date=10 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410063200/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/shah-rukh-khan-joins-covid-19-fight-with-series-of-initiatives-raat-ke-baad-naye-din-ki-sahar-aayegi-1662647-2020-04-02|url-status=live}}</ref> He offered his 4-storey personal office space to the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] to be used as a quarantine centre for coronavirus patients.<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 April 2020|title=Shah Rukh Khan offers his office to BMC quarantine facility for treating coronavirus patients|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shah-rukh-khan-offers-his-office-to-bmc-quarantine-facility-for-treating-coronavirus-patients/article31256328.ece|access-date=7 July 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184851/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shah-rukh-khan-offers-his-office-to-bmc-quarantine-facility-for-treating-coronavirus-patients/article31256328.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 5 May 2025, Khan attended the [[Met Gala]] in [[Manhattan]], becoming the first Bollywood male actor to do so and making his debut appearance.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/05/style/shah-rukh-khan-met-gala-2025-sabyasachi-mukherjee.html |title=Shah Rukh Khan, and His Jeweled Tiger's Head, Make Their Met Debut|work=The New York Times |last1=Trebay |first1=Guy |date=5 May 2025 }}</ref> His outfit was designed by fashion designer [[Sabyasachi Mukherjee]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.cnn.com/2025/05/05/style/shah-rukh-khan-met-gala-debut-cec|title= Shah Rukh Khan makes Met Gala debut in Sabyasachi|website= [[CNN]]|date= 6 May 2025}}</ref>

== Awards and recognitions ==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Shah Rukh Khan}}

Khan is one of the most decorated Bollywood actors.<ref name="toi-awards" /> He has received 14 [[Filmfare Awards]] from 30nominations and special awards,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan/bday-special-shah-rukh-khan/articleshow/25059557.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216091000/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan/bday-special-shah-rukh-khan/articleshow/25059557.cms|archive-date=16 December 2014 |title=B'day Special: Shah Rukh Khan (p. 8)|work=The Times of India |access-date=16 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|name=ffan|Awards in certain categories come without a prior nomination.}} including winning eight for Best Actor; he is tied for the most in this category with [[Dilip Kumar]].<ref name="FF8" /> Khan has won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]] for his performances in ''[[Baazigar]]'' (1993), {{lang|hi-latn|[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]}} (1995), ''[[Dil To Pagal Hai]]'' (1997), ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]'' (1998), ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'' (2002), ''[[Swades]]'' (2004), ''[[Chak De! India]]'' (2007) and ''[[My Name Is Khan]]'' (2010).<ref name="FFAwardsPDF" /> He also won the [[National Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role]] in 2025 for his performance in [[Jawan (film)|''Jawan'']].<ref name=":4" />

Khan was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Government of India]] in 2005.<ref name="toi-awards" /> The [[Government of France]] has awarded him both the [[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres|Order of Arts and Letters]] (2007),<ref>{{cite news|work=The Times of India|title=SRK gets France's top culture award|date=13 June 2007|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/SRK-gets-Frances-top-culture-award/articleshow/2118462.cms?|access-date=27 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311101618/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/SRK-gets-Frances-top-culture-award/articleshow/2118462.cms|archive-date=11 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and the fifth degree of the French [[Legion of Honour]], ''Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur'' (2014).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-conferred-with-top-french-civillian-award/article1-1235777.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813111436/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-conferred-with-top-french-civillian-award/article1-1235777.aspx|archive-date=13 August 2014|title=Shahrukh Khan awarded highest French civilian honour|work=Hindustan Times|date=2 July 2014|access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref> Khan has received five honorary doctorates; the first from The [[University of Bedfordshire]] in 2009,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8145945.stm|title=Shah Rukh honoured to be Dr Khan|work=BBC|date=11 July 2009|access-date=1 July 2019|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011203546/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8145945.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> the second from The [[University of Edinburgh]] in 2015,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/entertainment-arts-34543469|title=Shah Rukh Khan given honorary doctorate by University of Edinburgh|work=BBC|date=16 October 2015|access-date=1 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702133025/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/entertainment-arts-34543469/shah-rukh-khan-given-honorary-doctorate-by-university-of-edinburgh|archive-date=2 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> the third from [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]] in 2016,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/shah-rukh-khan-honorary-doctorate-urdu-maulana-azad-national-urdu-university-photos-359571-2016-12-26 |title=SEE PICS: Shah Rukh Khan receives honorary doctorate for promoting Urdu |date=26 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418001341/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/shah-rukh-khan-honorary-doctorate-urdu-maulana-azad-national-urdu-university-photos/1/843004.html |archive-date=18 April 2017 }}</ref> and his latest from The [[University of Law]] and [[La Trobe University]] in 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shah-rukh-khan-thanks-the-university-of-law-for-awarding-him-with-an-honorary-doctorate/articleshow/68732882.cms|title=Shah Rukh Khan thanks the University of Law for awarding him with an honorary doctorate|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 April 2019|access-date=1 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510190542/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shah-rukh-khan-thanks-the-university-of-law-for-awarding-him-with-an-honorary-doctorate/articleshow/68732882.cms|archive-date=10 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/aug/09/bollywood-comes-to-melbourne-as-shah-rukh-khan-given-honorary-doctorate|title=Bollywood comes to Melbourne as Shah Rukh Khan given honorary doctorate|work=The Guardian|date=9 August 2019|access-date=10 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809230738/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/aug/09/bollywood-comes-to-melbourne-as-shah-rukh-khan-given-honorary-doctorate|archive-date=9 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
[[File:Shahrukh Khan and Gauri at 'The Outsider' launch party.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Khan with his wife [[Gauri Khan|Gauri]] in 2012|alt=Shah Rukh Khan standing beside his wife Gauri at a party in 2012]]
Khan married [[Gauri Khan|Gauri Chibber]], a [[Punjabi Hindu]], in a traditional Hindu wedding ceremony on 25 October 1991, after a six-year courtship.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan/bday-special-shah-rukh-khan/articleshow/25059326.cms |title=B'day Special: Shah Rukh Khan (p. 16) |work=The Times of India |access-date=3 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109191757/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan/bday-special-shah-rukh-khan/articleshow/25059326.cms |archive-date=9 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lifestyle.in.msn.com/valentinesday/famous-inter-religious-marriages?page=3|title=Famous inter-religious marriages|date=30 January 2014|publisher=[[MSN]]|access-date=25 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703032243/http://lifestyle.in.msn.com/valentinesday/famous-inter-religious-marriages?page=3|archive-date=3 July 2014}}</ref> They have a son [[Aryan Khan|Aryan]] (born 1997)<ref>{{Citation|last=Dharma Productions|title=Reunion of the Kuch Kuch Hota Hai cast {{!}} Karan Johar {{!}} Shah Rukh Khan {{!}} Kajol {{!}} Rani|date=17 October 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KTVpVbESfbE&t=27m55s|access-date=6 December 2018|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011203539/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KTVpVbESfbE&t=27m55s|url-status=live}}</ref> and a daughter [[Suhana Khan|Suhana]] (born 2000).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2000/may/23shahruk.htm|title=rediff.com: Shah Rukh has a new(born) heroine in his life|website=m.rediff.com|access-date=6 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018044736/https://m.rediff.com/news/2000/may/23shahruk.htm|archive-date=18 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2013, they became parents of a third child named AbRam,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shah-rukh-khan-brings-baby-abram-home-denies-sex-determination-test-1859143 |title=Shah Rukh Khan brings baby AbRam home, denies sex determination test |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=9 July 2013 |access-date=23 September 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204173828/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shah-rukh-khan-brings-baby-abram-home-denies-sex-determination-test-1859143 |archive-date= 4 December 2013}}</ref> who was born through a surrogate mother.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/shah-rukh-khan-gauri-blessed-with-a-baby-boy/1137115/ |title=Shah Rukh Khan, Gauri blessed with a baby boy |work=[[The Indian Express]] |author=Sharma, Sarika |date=3 July 2013 |access-date=23 September 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905122414/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/shah-rukh-khan-gauri-blessed-with-a-baby-boy/1137115/ |archive-date= 5 September 2014 }}</ref> Both his elder children have made their debut in the entertainment industry; Khan has stated that Aryan studied filmmaking at the [[USC School of Cinematic Arts]] in [[California]], co-wrote and directed a Netflix series called ''[[The Ba***ds of Bollywood]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/shah-rukh-khan-feels-that-karan-johar-will-launch-aryan-khan-but-not-as-a-hero-details-inside/332260|title=Shah Rukh Khan feels that Karan Johar will launch Aryan Khan, but not as a HERO – details inside|website=Times Now|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|access-date=31 December 2018|date=17 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231092404/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/shah-rukh-khan-feels-that-karan-johar-will-launch-aryan-khan-but-not-as-a-hero-details-inside/332260|archive-date=31 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/this-video-of-shah-rukh-khans-son-aryan-khan-giving-money-to-a-beggar-is-going-viral-watch/266558|title=This video of Shah Rukh Khan's son Aryan Khan giving money to a beggar is going viral – watch{{!}}|website=Times Now|publisher=The Times Group|date=8 August 2018|access-date=30 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043130/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/this-video-of-shah-rukh-khans-son-aryan-khan-giving-money-to-a-beggar-is-going-viral-watch/266558|archive-date=31 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> while Suhana, who served as assistant director for Khan's film ''[[Zero (2018 film)|Zero]]'' (2018), has studied drama and acting at [[New York University Tisch School of the Arts|NYU's Tisch School of the Arts]]. She made her debut in the Netflix ''[[The Archies (film)|The Archies]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/151218/suhana-has-to-learn-the-craft-before-thinking-of-acting-shah-rukh-kha.html|title=Suhana has to learn the craft before thinking of acting: Shah Rukh Khan|last=Varma|first=Lipika|date=15 December 2018|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102095716/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/151218/suhana-has-to-learn-the-craft-before-thinking-of-acting-shah-rukh-kha.html|archive-date=2 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-from-deewana-to-zero-shah-rukh-khan-s-daughter-suhana-takes-cues-from-superstar-s-films-for-her-bollywood-debut-2781636|title=From 'Deewana' to 'Zero', Shah Rukh Khan's daughter Suhana takes cues from superstar's films for her Bollywood debut|date=14 August 2019|website=DNA India|language=en|access-date=17 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814065814/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-from-deewana-to-zero-shah-rukh-khan-s-daughter-suhana-takes-cues-from-superstar-s-films-for-her-bollywood-debut-2781636|archive-date=14 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Suhana made her acting debut in November 2019, in a short film titled ''The Grey Part of Blue''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/suhana-khan-s-acting-debut-the-grey-part-of-blue-is-out-fans-say-magnetic-screen-presence-watch-video/story-E6zNbz2tDceiqXWlMXMZ0N.html|title=Suhana Khan's acting debut The Grey Part of Blue is out, fans say she has 'magnetic screen presence'. Watch video|date=18 November 2019|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=18 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118111059/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/suhana-khan-s-acting-debut-the-grey-part-of-blue-is-out-fans-say-magnetic-screen-presence-watch-video/story-E6zNbz2tDceiqXWlMXMZ0N.html|archive-date=18 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Khan, while he strongly believes in [[Islam]], he also values his wife's religion. His children follow both religions; at his home the [[Qur'an]] is situated next to the [[murti]] of [[Hindu]] deities.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4274774.stm |title=Who's the real Shah Rukh Khan? |author=Zubair Ahmed |work=BBC News |date=23 September 2005 |access-date=26 August 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126235323/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4274774.stm |archive-date=26 January 2009 }}</ref>

Although Khan was given the birth name Shahrukh Khan, he prefers his name to be written as Shah Rukh Khan, and is commonly referred to by the initialism SRK.<ref name="time">{{cite magazine |last=James |first=Randy |date=18 August 2009 |title=2-Min. Bio: Bollywood Star Shah Rukh Khan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1917090,00.html |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111235225/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0%2C8599%2C1917090%2C00.html |archive-date=11 November 2013 |access-date=15 December 2011}}</ref>

In addition to his family life, Khan has been the subject of media speculation regarding his alleged relationship with actress Priyanka Chopra. Rumours of an affair between the two circulated widely in the early 2010s, though both actors publicly dismissed or avoided comment on the subject.<ref>{{cite news |title=When Shah Rukh Khan and Priyanka Chopra addressed their affair rumours publicly: 'Main Bandra se guzarti hoon toh log likhte hai ki hum chupke milte hai' |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/when-shah-rukh-khan-and-priyanka-chopra-addressed-their-affair-rumours-publicly-main-bandra-se-guzarti-hoon-toh-log-likhte-hai-ki-hum-chupke-milte-hai-article-12865814.html |work=Moneycontrol |date=25 April 2024 |access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref> In 2025, advertising professional Prahlad Kakkar suggested that Chopra had regarded the alleged affair as "serious and personal," while also noting her decision not to address the rumours publicly.<ref name=indianexpress2025>{{cite news |title='For Priyanka Chopra, the affair wasn't frivolous; it was serious, it was personal': Prahlad Kakkar praises PC for maintaining her dignity |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/priyanka-chopra-shah-rukh-khan-affair-wasnt-frivolous-it-was-serious-prahlad-kakkar-10254816/lite/ |work=The Indian Express |date=17 September 2025 |access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref> Friends of Khan, including film producer Vivek Vaswani, have dismissed such reports, describing him as "a one-woman man" devoted to his wife.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vivek Vaswani dismisses rumours of Shah Rukh Khan's relationship with Priyanka Chopra, calls him a 'one woman man' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vivek-vaswani-dismisses-rumours-of-shah-rukh-khans-relationship-with-priyanka-chopra-karan-johar-calls-him-a-one-woman-man/articleshow/107915529.cms |work=The Times of India |date=20 February 2024 |access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref> No confirmation of a romantic relationship between Khan and Chopra has ever been made by either party.<ref name=indianexpress2025 />

As of October 2025, Khan has a net worth of $1.4 billion.<ref name="BBC_Oct2025">{{cite news |last1=Mollan |first1=Cherylann |date=2 October 2025 |title=Shah Rukh Khan: Bollywood superstar enters the billionaire club |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1ed21d5ezno |work=BBC |access-date=10 October 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Khans of Bollywood]]
* [[List of awards and nominations received by Shah Rukh Khan]]

== Footnotes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|26em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|last1=Bharat|first1=Meenakshi|last2=Kumar|first2=Nirmal|title=Filming the Line of Control: The Indo-Pak Relationship Through the Cinematic Lens|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3zE6ndYKml0C&pg=PA43|date=27 April 2012|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-136-51605-4|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=26 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626213638/https://books.google.com/books?id=3zE6ndYKml0C&pg=PA43|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Bose |first=Derek |author1-link=Derek Bose |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wv_mmculJ8kC&pg=PA34 |title=Everybody Wants a Hit: 10 Mantras of Success in Bollywood Cinema |publisher=[[Jaico Publishing House]] |date=1 January 2006 |isbn=978-81-7992-558-4 |access-date=15 July 2016 |archive-date=30 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230074754/https://books.google.com/books?id=wv_mmculJ8kC&pg=PA34 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|last=Chandra|first=Anjana Motihar|title=India Condensed: 5,000 Years of History & Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7-IAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA128|date=15 July 2008|publisher=[[Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd]]|isbn=978-981-261-975-4|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230062924/https://books.google.com/books?id=b7-IAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA128|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Chopra|first=Anupama|author1-link=Anupama Chopra|title=King of Bollywood: Shah Rukh Khan and the Seductive World of Indian Cinema|title-link=King of Bollywood: Shah Rukh Khan and the Seductive World of Indian Cinema|date=2007|publisher=[[Grand Central Publishing]]|isbn=978-0-446-50898-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Ciecko|first=Anne Tereska|title=Contemporary Asian Cinema: Popular Culture in a Global Frame|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_PmysZli1cC&pg=PA142|year=2006|publisher=[[Berg Publishers]]|isbn=978-1-84520-237-8|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230074122/https://books.google.com/books?id=9_PmysZli1cC&pg=PA142|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last1=Dalmia|first1=Vasudha|last2=Sadana|first2=Rashmi|title=The Cambridge Companion to Modern Indian Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1hyIWIe4T0YC&pg=PA180|date=5 April 2012|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1-139-82546-7|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=4 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704214411/https://books.google.com/books?id=1hyIWIe4T0YC&pg=PA180|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Gehlawat |first1=Ajay |title=Stardom in contemporary Hindi cinema: celebrity and fame in globalized times |year=2020 |publisher=Springer Nature |location=Singapore |isbn=9789811501913 |pages=89–104 |chapter=Having It Both Ways: The Janus-Like Career of Kareena Kapoor}}
* {{cite book|last1=Gulazāra|last2=Nihalani|first2=Govind|last3=Chatterjee|first3=Saibal|author1-link=Gulzar|author2-link=Govind Nihalani|author3-link=Saibal Chatterjee|title=[[Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema]]|year=2003|publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]]|isbn=978-81-7991-066-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Hirji|first=Faiza|title=Dreaming in Canadian: South Asian Youth, Bollywood, and Belonging|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A3VvKZuI_0UC&pg=PA110|date=27 October 2010|publisher=[[UBC Press]]|isbn=978-0-7748-5971-4|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=19 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119080219/https://books.google.com/books?id=A3VvKZuI_0UC&pg=PA110|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last1=Mehta|first1=Rini Bhattacharya|last2=Pandharipande|first2=Rajeshwari V.|title=Bollywood and Globalization: Indian Popular Cinema, Nation, and Diaspora|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B7BD142N_gIC&pg=PA151|date=1 June 2011|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-0-85728-897-4|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230073815/https://books.google.com/books?id=B7BD142N_gIC&pg=PA151|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=O'Brien|first=Derek|author1-link=Derek O'Brien (politician)|title=Derek Introduces: 100 Iconic Indians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMOeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT217|year=2014|publisher=[[Rupa Publications]]|isbn=978-81-291-3413-4|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230073818/https://books.google.com/books?id=YMOeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT217|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Patel|first=Bhaichand|title=Bollywood's Top 20: Superstars of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RQL4dkVAnPIC&pg=PA253|year=2012|publisher=[[Penguin Books India]]|isbn=978-0-670-08572-9|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230074030/https://books.google.com/books?id=RQL4dkVAnPIC&pg=PA253|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Raj|first=Ashok|title=Hero Vol.2, Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wo9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT143|date=1 November 2009|publisher=[[Hay House]], Inc|isbn=978-93-81398-03-6|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230075920/https://books.google.com/books?id=2wo9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT143|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Roll|first=Martin|author1-link=Martin Roll|title=Asian Brand Strategy: How Asia Builds Strong Brands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VrO3O0h6I0wC&pg=PA91|date=17 October 2005|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|isbn=978-0-230-51306-8|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230121233/https://books.google.com/books?id=VrO3O0h6I0wC&pg=PA91|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Teo|first=Stephen|title=The Asian Cinematic Experience|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1H9mdj4mViAC&pg=PA125|date=26 April 2013|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-136-29609-3|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=11 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811135508/https://books.google.com/books?id=1H9mdj4mViAC&pg=PA125|url-status=live}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last1=Shiekh |first1=Mushtaq |author1-link=Mushtaq Shiekh |title=[[Still Reading Khan]] |date=2006 |publisher=Om Books International |isbn=978-81-871077-9-8}}
* {{cite book |last1=Shiekh |first1=Mushtaq |title=Shah Rukh Can |date=2007|publisher=Om Books International |isbn=978-81-87108-26-9}}

== External links ==

* {{Twitter}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}

{{Shah Rukh Khan}}
{{Navboxes
| title = Awards received by Shah Rukh Khan
| list =
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{National Film Award Best Actor}}
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{{ScreenAwardBestActor}}
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}}
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Draft:Dipanwita Deka

2026-10-09T14:38:37Z

Channel500k: Submitting draft for review

{{AfC submission||ts=20261009143837|u=Channel500k|ns=118}} 
{{Infobox artist
| name = Dipanwita Deka

| caption =
| native_name = দীপান্বিতা ডেকা
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1997|07|19}}
| birth_place = Assam, India
| residence = Guwahati, Assam, India
| occupation = Singer, playback singer, performer
| years_active = 2020–present
| genre = Assamese pop, Bihu, folk-fusion
| famous_works = "Rosoki Posoki", "Misakoi Nokobi", "Maloti", "Val Loga Loratu"
}}

'''Dipanwita Deka''' (born 19 July 1997) is an Indian playback singer, musician, and performer from Guwahati, Assam. Known for her contributions to modern Assamese pop and folk-fusion music, she has gained popularity for her original singles, Bihu releases, and collaborative tracks.

== Early life and background ==
Deka was born on 19 July 1997 in Assam, India. She developed a passion for music and performing arts at an early age and eventually established her musical career while based in Guwahati.

== Career ==
Dipanwita Deka started her mainstream music career by releasing original singles and collaborating with prominent artists in the Assamese music industry, including Neel Akash, Rakesh Reeyan, Diganta Bharati, and Anshuraj Kashyap.

Her popular vocal tracks include "Rosoki Posoki", "Misakoi Nokobi", "Maloti", "Val Loga Loratu", and "Milise Milibo Diya". She has regularly featured in festive seasonal releases, including Bihu music projects and theater soundtrack numbers. Deka actively performs at live concerts, cultural festivals, and stage events across Assam and Northeast India.

== Discography ==

=== Selected songs ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Track title !! Co-artist(s) / Composer !! Notes
|-
| 2021 || "Misakoi Nokobi" || Neel Akash || Popular regional duet
|-
| 2022 || "Rosoki Posoki" || Anshuraj Kashyap || Single release
|-
| 2023 || "Val Loga Loratu" || Independent || Solo single
|-
| 2024 || "Milise Milibo Diya" || Rakesh Reeyan || Hit duet track
|-
| 2026 || "Maloti" || Diganta Bharati || Bihu release
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="GaanaProfile">{{cite web |url=https://gaana.com/artist/dipanwita-deka |title=Dipanwita Deka Songs |publisher=Gaana |access-date=9 October 2026}}</ref>
<ref name="JioSaavnProfile">{{cite web |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/artist/dipanwita-deka-songs/GwHHLZ8MYvU_ |title=Dipanwita Deka - Top Songs |publisher=JioSaavn |access-date=9 October 2026}}</ref>
<ref name="NetTV4uProfile">{{cite web |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/assamese/singer/dipanwita-deka |title=Assamese Singer Dipanwita Deka Biography |publisher=NetTV4u |access-date=9 October 2026}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==
* {{YouTube channel|UCjvgDo_sgZ0lRNoG4XNpHvg|Dipanwita Deka official}}

Draft:Dipanwita Deka

2026-10-09T14:38:27Z

Channel500k:

{{Infobox artist
| name = Dipanwita Deka

| caption =
| native_name = দীপান্বিতা ডেকা
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1997|07|19}}
| birth_place = Assam, India
| residence = Guwahati, Assam, India
| occupation = Singer, playback singer, performer
| years_active = 2020–present
| genre = Assamese pop, Bihu, folk-fusion
| famous_works = "Rosoki Posoki", "Misakoi Nokobi", "Maloti", "Val Loga Loratu"
}}

'''Dipanwita Deka''' (born 19 July 1997) is an Indian playback singer, musician, and performer from Guwahati, Assam. Known for her contributions to modern Assamese pop and folk-fusion music, she has gained popularity for her original singles, Bihu releases, and collaborative tracks.

== Early life and background ==
Deka was born on 19 July 1997 in Assam, India. She developed a passion for music and performing arts at an early age and eventually established her musical career while based in Guwahati.

== Career ==
Dipanwita Deka started her mainstream music career by releasing original singles and collaborating with prominent artists in the Assamese music industry, including Neel Akash, Rakesh Reeyan, Diganta Bharati, and Anshuraj Kashyap.

Her popular vocal tracks include "Rosoki Posoki", "Misakoi Nokobi", "Maloti", "Val Loga Loratu", and "Milise Milibo Diya". She has regularly featured in festive seasonal releases, including Bihu music projects and theater soundtrack numbers. Deka actively performs at live concerts, cultural festivals, and stage events across Assam and Northeast India.

== Discography ==

=== Selected songs ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Track title !! Co-artist(s) / Composer !! Notes
|-
| 2021 || "Misakoi Nokobi" || Neel Akash || Popular regional duet
|-
| 2022 || "Rosoki Posoki" || Anshuraj Kashyap || Single release
|-
| 2023 || "Val Loga Loratu" || Independent || Solo single
|-
| 2024 || "Milise Milibo Diya" || Rakesh Reeyan || Hit duet track
|-
| 2026 || "Maloti" || Diganta Bharati || Bihu release
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="GaanaProfile">{{cite web |url=https://gaana.com/artist/dipanwita-deka |title=Dipanwita Deka Songs |publisher=Gaana |access-date=9 October 2026}}</ref>
<ref name="JioSaavnProfile">{{cite web |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/artist/dipanwita-deka-songs/GwHHLZ8MYvU_ |title=Dipanwita Deka - Top Songs |publisher=JioSaavn |access-date=9 October 2026}}</ref>
<ref name="NetTV4uProfile">{{cite web |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/assamese/singer/dipanwita-deka |title=Assamese Singer Dipanwita Deka Biography |publisher=NetTV4u |access-date=9 October 2026}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==
* {{YouTube channel|UCjvgDo_sgZ0lRNoG4XNpHvg|Dipanwita Deka official}}

Draft:Dipanwita Deka

2026-10-09T14:35:20Z

Channel500k:

{{Infobox artist
| name = Dipanwita Deka
[[File:Dipanwita Deka.jpg|center|Dipanwita Deka]]
| caption =
| native_name = দীপান্বিতা ডেকা
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1997|07|19}}
| birth_place = Assam, India
| residence = Guwahati, Assam, India
| occupation = Singer, playback singer, performer
| years_active = 2020–present
| genre = Assamese pop, Bihu, folk-fusion
| famous_works = "Rosoki Posoki", "Misakoi Nokobi", "Maloti", "Val Loga Loratu"
}}

'''Dipanwita Deka''' (born 19 July 1997) is an Indian playback singer, musician, and performer from Guwahati, Assam. Known for her contributions to modern Assamese pop and folk-fusion music, she has gained popularity for her original singles, Bihu releases, and collaborative tracks.

== Early life and background ==
Deka was born on 19 July 1997 in Assam, India. She developed a passion for music and performing arts at an early age and eventually established her musical career while based in Guwahati.

== Career ==
Dipanwita Deka started her mainstream music career by releasing original singles and collaborating with prominent artists in the Assamese music industry, including Neel Akash, Rakesh Reeyan, Diganta Bharati, and Anshuraj Kashyap.

Her popular vocal tracks include "Rosoki Posoki", "Misakoi Nokobi", "Maloti", "Val Loga Loratu", and "Milise Milibo Diya". She has regularly featured in festive seasonal releases, including Bihu music projects and theater soundtrack numbers. Deka actively performs at live concerts, cultural festivals, and stage events across Assam and Northeast India.

== Discography ==

=== Selected songs ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Track title !! Co-artist(s) / Composer !! Notes
|-
| 2021 || "Misakoi Nokobi" || Neel Akash || Popular regional duet
|-
| 2022 || "Rosoki Posoki" || Anshuraj Kashyap || Single release
|-
| 2023 || "Val Loga Loratu" || Independent || Solo single
|-
| 2024 || "Milise Milibo Diya" || Rakesh Reeyan || Hit duet track
|-
| 2026 || "Maloti" || Diganta Bharati || Bihu release
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
{{cite web |url=[https://gaana.com/artist/dipanwita-deka](https://gaana.com/artist/dipanwita-deka) |title=Dipanwita Deka Songs |publisher=Gaana |access-date=9 October 2026}}
{{cite web |url=[https://www.jiosaavn.com/artist/dipanwita-deka-songs/GwHHLZ8MYvU](https://www.jiosaavn.com/artist/dipanwita-deka-songs/GwHHLZ8MYvU)_ |title=Dipanwita Deka - Top Songs |publisher=JioSaavn |access-date=9 October 2026}}
{{cite web |url=[https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/assamese/singer/dipanwita-deka](https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/assamese/singer/dipanwita-deka) |title=Assamese Singer Dipanwita Deka Biography |publisher=NetTV4u |access-date=9 October 2026}}
}}

== External links ==

* {{YouTube channel|UCjvgDo_sgZ0lRNoG4XNpHvg|Dipanwita Deka official}}

---

You can explore her musical performances and official releases on her official [Dipanwita Deka YouTube Channel](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjvgDo_sgZ0lRNoG4XNpHvg), which highlights her live stage shows and video releases.

File:Dipanwita Deka.jpg

2026-10-09T14:34:31Z

Channel500k:

Dipanwita Deka

Draft:Dipanwita Deka

2026-10-09T14:31:39Z

Channel500k: Article created via ArticleWizard

{{Infobox artist
| name = Dipanwita Deka
}}

'''Dipanwita Deka'''.

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

Islam

2026-10-09T14:27:34Z

Channel500k:

{{Short description|Abrahamic monotheistic religion}}
{{About|the religion||Islam (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox religion
| native_name = {{lang|ar|{{Script|Arab|الإسلام}}}}<br/>{{transliteration|ar|al-Islām}}
| image = The Kaaba during Hajj - edited.jpg
| imagewidth = 275px
| caption = The [[Kaaba]] at [[Masjid al-Haram]] in [[Mecca]], [[Saudi Arabia]], the [[Holiest sites in Islam|holiest Islamic site]]
| type =
| main_classification = [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic]]
| scripture = {{Plainlist|
* [[Quran]]
* Traditions: [[Hadith]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The saheeh Sunnah is wahy (Revelation) from Allah |url=https://islamqa.info/en/answers/77243/the-saheeh-sunnah-is-wahy-(revelation)-from-allah |website=islamqa.info |access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref>
* Exegesis: [[Tafsir]]<ref>Mir, Mustansir. (1995). "Tafsīr". In John L. Esposito. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref>
}}
| theology = [[Tawhid|Monotheistic]]
| area = {{Plainlist|
* [[West Asia]]
* [[Central Asia]]
* [[Indian subcontinent]]
* [[Southeast Asia]]
* [[North Africa]]
* [[East Africa]]
* [[West Africa]]
* [[Caucasus]]
* [[Balkans]]
* [[Guianas]]
}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Center |first=Pew Research |date=2013-04-30 |title=The World's Muslims: Religion, Politics and Society |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2013/04/30/the-worlds-muslims-religion-politics-society-overview/ |access-date=2024-03-20 |publisher=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |archive-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025124036/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2013/04/30/the-worlds-muslims-religion-politics-society-overview/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://spice.fsi.stanford.edu/docs/the_spread_of_islam_in_west_africa_containment_mixing_and_reform_from_the_eighth_to_the_twentieth_century#:~:text=While%20the%20motivations%20of%20early,intensified%20the%20Trans%2DSaharan%20trade | title=The Spread of Islam in West Africa: Containment, Mixing, and Reform from }}</ref>
| language = [[Classical Arabic|Quranic Arabic]]
| territory = [[Islamic world]]
| founder = [[Muhammad]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Welch |first1=Alford T. |last2=Moussalli |first2=Ahmad S. |last3=Newby |first3=Gordon D. |date=2009 |entry=Muḥammad |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |editor-first=John L. |editor-last=Esposito |publisher=Oxford University Press |entry-url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211050118/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550 |archive-date=11 February 2017 }}</ref>
| founded_date = {{circa|610 CE}}
| founded_place = [[Jabal al-Nour]], [[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabian Peninsula]]
| number_of_followers = {{est.}} 2 billion<ref name="pew2010–2020" /> {{increase}} (individually referred to as [[Muslims]], collectively referred to as the {{transliteration|ar|[[Ummah]]}})
| separations = {{Plainlist|
* [[Druze faith]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford Handbook of American Islam |first=Yvonne |last=Yazbeck Haddad |year=2014 |isbn=9780199862634 |page=142|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>
* [[Baháʼí Faith]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Van der Vyer |first=J. D. |year=1996 |title=Religious human rights in global perspective: religious perspectives |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |isbn=90-411-0176-4 |page=449 |url=https://archive.org/details/religioushumanri0000unse |url-access=registration}}</ref>
}}
}}
{{Islam|expanded=}}
{{Islam and iman}}

'''Islam'''{{refn|group=A|name=arabic|{{lang-ar|{{Script|Arab|الإسلام|al-Islām}}|al-Islām}}, {{IPA|ar|alʔisˈlaːm|IPA}}, {{lit|submission [to the [[will of God]]]}}}} is an [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic]] [[Monotheism|monotheistic]] religion based on the [[Quran]] and the [[Sunnah|teachings]] of [[Muhammad]]. The religion's adherents, called [[Muslims]], are estimated to number [[Islam by country|2.02 billion worldwide]] and are the world's [[Major religious groups|second-largest religious population]] after [[Christianity|Christians]].
[[File:FirstSurahKoran.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Surah]] [[Al-Fatiha|al Fatiha (''The Opener'')]], from the [[Quran]].]]
Muslims believe that there is a [[Fitra|primordial faith]] that was revealed many times through earlier [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|prophets and messengers]], including [[Adam in Islam|Adam]], [[Noah in Islam|Noah]], [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]], [[Moses in Islam|Moses]], and Isa, and they believe that Islam is the universal and complete version of this faith. Muslims consider the Quran to be the verbatim word of [[God in Islam|God]] and the unaltered, final revelation. Alongside the Quran, Muslims also believe in previous [[Islamic holy books|revelation]]s, such as the [[Torah in Islam|''Tawrat'']] ([[Torah]]), the ''[[Zabur]]'' ([[Psalms]]), and the [[Gospel in Islam|''Injil'']] ([[Gospel]]). They believe that [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]] is the main and [[Last prophet|final]] of [[Seal of the Prophets|God's prophets]], through whom the religion was completed, and after whom no new prophet or divine law will come. The teachings and normative examples of Muhammad, called the [[Sunnah]], documented in accounts called [[hadith]], provide a constitutional model for Muslims. Islam is based on the belief in the oneness and uniqueness of God ({{Transliteration|ar|[[tawhid]]}}), and belief in an afterlife ({{Transliteration|ar|[[akhirah]]}}) with the [[Judgement Day in Islam|Last Judgment]]—wherein the righteous will be rewarded in paradise ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jannah]]}}) and the unrighteous will be punished in hell ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jahannam]]}}). The [[Five Pillars of Islam|Five Pillars]], considered [[Fard|obligatory]] acts of worship, are the Islamic oath and creed ({{Transliteration|ar|[[shahada]]}}), daily prayers ({{Transliteration|ar|[[salah]]}}), almsgiving ({{Transliteration|ar|[[zakat]]}}), fasting ({{Transliteration|ar|[[sawm]]}}) in the month of [[Ramadan]], and a [[pilgrimage]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[hajj]]}}) to [[Mecca]]. Islamic law, {{Transliteration|ar|[[sharia]]}}, touches on virtually every aspect of life, from [[Islamic banking and finance|banking and finance]] and [[Zakat|welfare]] to [[Gender roles in Islam|men's roles]] and [[Women in Islam|women's roles]] and the [[Islamic ethics#Environmentalism|environment]]. The two main [[Islamic holidays|religious festivals]] are [[Eid al-Fitr]] and [[Eid al-Adha]]. The three [[holiest sites in Islam]] are [[Masjid al-Haram]] in Mecca, [[Prophet's Mosque]] in [[Medina]], and [[al-Aqsa Mosque]] in [[Jerusalem]].

The religion of Islam originated in Mecca c. 610 CE. Muslims believe this is when [[Muhammad's first revelation|Muhammad received his first revelation]]. By the time of his death, most of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] had [[Conversion to Islam|converted to Islam]]. Muslim rule expanded outside Arabia under the [[Rashidun Caliphate]]. The two main [[Islamic schools and branches|Islamic branches]] are [[Sunni Islam]] (87–90%) and [[Shia Islam]] (10–13%).{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=1|ps=. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."}} While the [[Shia–Sunni divide]] initially arose from disagreements over the [[succession to Muhammad]], they grew to cover a broader dimension, both [[Schools of Islamic theology|theologically]] and [[Fiqh|juridically]]. The Sunni canonical hadith collection consists of [[Kutub al-Sittah|the six books]], while the Shia canonical hadith collection consists of [[The Four Books|the four books]]. Muslims make up a majority of the population in 53 countries.<ref name="pew2010–2020">{{cite web |date=June 9, 2025 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020. Muslims grew fastest; Christians lagged behind global population increase |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}}

*{{cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett |author2=Marcin Stonawski |author3=Yunping Tong |author4=Stephanie Kramer |author5=Anne Shi |author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf |access-date=2025-06-10 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Approximately 12% of the world's Muslims live [[Islam in Indonesia|in Indonesia]], the most populous Muslim-majority country; {{#expr: 100 * 480/1570 round 0}}% live [[Islam in South Asia|in South Asia]]; 20% live [[MENA#Religion|in the Middle East–North Africa]]; and 15% live [[Religion in Sub-Saharan Africa|in sub-Saharan Africa]]. Muslim communities are also present [[Islam in the Americas|in the Americas]], [[Islam in China|China]], and [[Islam in Europe|Europe]]. Muslims are the [[Muslim population growth|world's fastest-growing]] major religious group, according to [[Pew Research Center|Pew Research]]. This is primarily due to a higher [[fertility rate]] and younger age structure compared to other major religions.

== Etymology{{anchor|Etymology}} ==
{{See also|Muslims#Etymology}}
In Arabic, ''Islam'' ({{lang-ar|إسلام|lit=submission [to God]}})<ref name="Schimmel" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of Islam {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.dictionary.com |language=en |archive-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509110220/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Haywood |first=John |title=Historical Atlas of the Medieval World (AD 600 - 1492) |publisher=Barnes & Noble, Inc. |year=2002 |isbn=0-7607-1975-6 |edition=1st |location=Spain |pages=3.13 |language=en}}</ref> is the verbal noun of [[wikt:أسلم#Arabic|Form IV]] originating from the verb {{lang|ar|سلم}} ({{transliteration|ar|salama}}), from the [[Semitic root|triliteral root]] {{lang|ar|س-ل-م}} ({{transliteration|ar|[[Š-L-M|S-L-M]]}}), which forms a large class of words mostly relating to concepts of submission, safeness, and peace.<ref name="Lane-Lexicon-4">{{cite book |last=Lane |first=Edward William |author-link=Edward William Lane |title=An Arabic-English Lexicon |volume=4 |chapter=Siin |url=http://www.studyquran.co.uk/20_SIIN.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907230044/http://www.studyquran.co.uk/20_SIIN.htm |archive-date=2011-09-07 |via=[[The Study Quran|StudyQuran]] |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> In a religious context, it refers to the total surrender to the will of [[God]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=Barnard |last2=Churchill |first2=Buntzie Ellis |url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionpeo00lewi |title=Islam: The Religion and The People |publisher=Wharton School Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-13-223085-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamreligionpeo00lewi/page/8 8]}}</ref> A ''[[Muslims|Muslim]]'' ({{lang|ar|مُسْلِم}}), the word for a follower of Islam,<ref name="Lexico-Muslim">{{cite dictionary |title=Muslim |url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913192608/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |archive-date=2019-09-13 |dictionary=[[Lexico]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2020 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> is the [[Participle|active participle]] of the same verb form, and means "submitter (to God)" or "one who surrenders (to God)". However, [[Quranic studies]] scholar [[Mohsen Goudarzi]] has argued that in the Quran the word ''[[dīn]]'' means "[[worship]]", the ''islām'' means "[[monotheism]]" and the ''muslim'' means "monotheist".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudarzi |first=Mohsen |date=2023-08-01 |title=Worship (dīn), Monotheism (islām), and the Qurʾān's Cultic Decalogue |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006/html |journal=Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=30–71 |doi=10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006 |issn=2474-8420|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In the [[Hadith of Gabriel]], ''Islam'' is presented as one part of a triad that also includes {{transliteration|ar|[[Iman (Islam)|imān]]}} (faith), and {{transliteration|ar|[[Ihsan|ihsān]]}} (excellence).{{sfnp|Esposito|2000|pp=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john/page/76 76–77]}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahmutćehajić |first=Rusmir |url=https://archive.org/details/mosqueheartsubmi00mahm |title=The mosque: the heart of submission |publisher=[[Fordham University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8232-2584-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mosqueheartsubmi00mahm/page/n104 84] |url-access=registration}}</ref>

Islam itself was historically called [[Mohammedan|''Mohammedanism'']] in the [[English-speaking world]]. This term has fallen out of use and is sometimes said to be [[Religious offence|offensive]], as it suggests that a human being, rather than God, is central to Muslims' religion.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Oxford University Press| last = Gibb| first = Sir Hamilton| title = Mohammedanism: an historical survey|isbn=9780195002454| year = 1969| page=1 | quote=Modern Muslims dislike the terms Mohammedan and Mohammedanism, which seem to them to carry the implication of worship of Mohammed, as Christian and Christianity imply the worship of Christ.}}</ref>

== Articles of faith ==
{{Main|Aqidah|Iman (Islam)|l2 = Iman}}

The Islamic [[creed]] (''[[aqidah]]'') requires belief in [[Iman (Islam)#The Six Articles of Faith|six articles]]: God, angels, revelation, prophets, the [[Day of Resurrection]], and the divine predestination.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sourcebook of the World's Religions: An Interfaith Guide to Religion and Spirituality|publisher=New World Library|pages=68–9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbSPOoQfu0IC&pg=PA68|editor-first=Joel|editor-last=Beversluis|year=2011|isbn=9781577313328|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228022948/https://books.google.com/books?id=dbSPOoQfu0IC&pg=PA68#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== God ===
[[File:Istanbul,_Hagia_Sophia,_Allah.jpg|thumb|Calligraphy showing the word [[Allah]] in Arabic in [[Hagia Sophia]], [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]]]]
{{Main|God in Islam}}

The central concept of Islam is ''[[Tawhid|tawḥīd]]'' ({{langx|ar|توحيد|link=no}}), the oneness of God. It is usually thought of as a ''precise [[monotheism]]'', but is also [[panentheism|panentheistic]] in Islamic mystical teachings.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |title=Tawhid |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107041300/https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Gimaret|first=D.|year=2012|c=Tawḥīd |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7454}}</ref> God is seen as incomparable and without multiplicity of persons such as in the [[Christian Trinity]], and associating multiplicity to God or attributing God's attributes to others is seen as [[idolatory]], called [[Shirk (Islam)|''shirk'']]. Thus, Muslims are not [[iconodule]]s and do not attribute forms to God. God is instead described and referred to by several [[Names of God in Islam|names or attributes]], the most common being ''Ar-Rahmān'' ({{lang|ar|الرحمان}}) meaning "The Entirely Merciful", and ''Ar-Rahīm'' ({{lang|ar|الرحيم}}) meaning "The Especially Merciful" which are invoked at the beginning of most chapters of the Quran.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Kecia |title=Islam : the key concepts |date=2008 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |last2=Leaman |first2=Oliver |isbn=978-0-415-39638-7 |location=London |oclc=123136939}}</ref>{{sfnp|Campo|2009|p=34|loc="Allah"}}

Islam teaches that the creation of everything in the [[universe]] was brought into being by God's command as expressed by the wording, "[[Be, and it is]],"<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|2|117|b=yl}}</ref><ref name="Schimmel">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |title=Islam |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504201633/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/295507/Islam |url-status=live }}</ref> and that the [[Purpose of life|purpose of existence]] is to worship God.<ref>Leeming, David. 2005. ''The Oxford Companion to World Mythology''. Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-195-15669-0}}. p. 209.</ref> He is viewed as a personal god<ref name="Schimmel" /> and there are no intermediaries, such as [[clergy]], to contact God. Consciousness and awareness of God is referred to as [[Taqwa]]. ''[[Allāh]]'' is a term with no [[plural]] or [[gender]] being ascribed to it and is also used by Muslims and Arabic-speaking Christians and Jews in reference to God, whereas ''{{transliteration|ar|ISO|[[ʾilāh]]}}'' ({{lang|ar|إله}}) is a term used for a deity or a god in general.<ref>{{cite web |title=God |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |access-date=18 December 2010 |website=Islam: Empire of Faith |publisher=[[PBS]] |archive-date=27 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327034958/http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Angels ===
[[File:Rashid al-Din Tabib - Jami al-Tawarikh, f.45v detail - c. 1306-15.png|thumb|Muhammad receiving his first revelation from the angel Gabriel. From the manuscript [[Jami' al-Tawarikh]] by [[Rashid-al-Din Hamadani]], 1307.]]
{{Main|Angels in Islam}}

Angels (singular: {{langx|ar|ملك|link=no}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|malak}}'') are beings described in the Quran{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=23}} and hadith.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=79}} They are described as created to worship God and also to serve in other specific duties such as communicating [[revelation]]s from God, recording every person's actions, and taking a person's [[soul]] at the time of death. They are described as being created variously from 'light' ([[Nūr (Islam)|''nūr'']])<ref name="Encyclopedia-Nur">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Nūr |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/nur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423085030/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/nur |archive-date=2022-04-23 |encyclopedia=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |via=[[Encyclopedia.com]] |language=en |access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|last1=Hartner, W.|last2=Tj Boer |year=2012 |c=Nūr |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0874}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Elias |first=Jamal J. |year=2003|c=Light |in=McAuliffe}} {{doi|10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00261}}</ref> or 'fire' (''nār'').<ref>{{harvc|last=Campo|first=Juan E.|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/nar|c=Nar|in=Martin|year=2004}}. – via [[Encyclopedia.com]].</ref><ref>{{harvc|last=Fahd, T. |year=2012 |c=Nār |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0846}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Toelle |first=Heidi |year=2002 |c=Fire |in=McAuliffe}} {{doi|10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00156}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|McAuliffe|2003|p=45}}</ref> Islamic angels are often represented in [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic forms]] combined with [[supernatural]] images, such as wings, being of great size or wearing heavenly articles.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|pp=97–99}}<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=26–28}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Webb |first=Gisela |c=Angel |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|last1=MacDonald, D. B.|last2=Madelung, W. |year=2012 |c=Malāʾika |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}}{{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0642}}</ref> Common characteristics for angels include a lack of bodily needs and desires, such as eating and drinking.{{sfnp|Çakmak|2017|p=140}} Some of them, such as [[Gabriel]] (''Jibrīl'') and [[Michael (archangel)|Michael]] (''Mika'il''), are mentioned by name in the Quran. Angels play a significant role in literature about the [[Isra and Mi'raj|Mi'raj]], where Muhammad encounters several angels during his journey through the heavens.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=79}} Further angels have often been featured in [[Islamic eschatology]], [[Kalam|theology]] and [[Islamic philosophy|philosophy]].{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=22}}

=== Scriptures ===
[[File:Quran rzabasi1.JPG|thumb|A [[Quran]] manuscript resting on a [[Rehal (book rest)|rehal]], a book rest for the holy text, {{Circa|9th-century}}]]
{{Main|Islamic holy books|Quran|Wahy}}

{{See also|History of the Quran}}
The pre-eminent holy text of Islam is the [[Quran]]. Muslims believe that the verses of the Quran were revealed to Muhammad by God, through the [[archangel]] Gabriel, on multiple occasions between 610 CE<ref name="610CE">{{harvc|c=Muhammad|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|last2=Welch|first2=A.T.|last1=Buhl|first1=F.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Watt |first=William Montgomery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5 |title=Islam and the Integration of Society |date=2003 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn=978-0-415-17587-6 |pages=5 |access-date=15 June 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228022949/https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> and 632, the year Muhammad died.{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=17–18, 21}} While Muhammad was alive, these revelations were written down by [[Muhammad's companions|his companions]], although the primary method of transmission was orally through [[Hafiz (Quran)|memorization]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al Faruqi |first1=Lois Ibsen |author-link=Lois Lamya al-Faruqi |year=1987 |title=The Cantillation of the Qur'an |journal=[[Society for Asian Music|Asian Music]] |issue=Autumn – Winter 1987 |pages=3–4}}</ref> The Quran is divided into 114 chapters (''[[sūrah]]'') which contain a combined 6,236 verses (''[[ayah|āyāt]]''). The chronologically earlier chapters, revealed at [[Mecca]], are concerned primarily with spiritual topics, while the later [[Medina]]n chapters discuss more social and legal issues relevant to the Muslim community.<ref name="Schimmel" /><ref name="Ringgren">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ringgren |first=Helmer |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran |title=Qurʾān |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=5 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505001543/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/487666/Quran |url-status=live }} "The word ''Quran'' was invented and first used in the Quran itself. There are [[Quran#Etymology and meaning|two different theories]] about this term and its formation."</ref> Muslim jurists consult the ''hadith'' ('accounts'), or the written record of Muhammad's life, to both supplement the Quran and assist with its interpretation. The science of Quranic commentary and exegesis is known as ''[[tafsir]]''.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |title=Tafsīr |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019035210/https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=79–81}} In addition to its religious significance, the Quran is widely regarded as the finest work in [[Arabic literature]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Alan|last=Jones|location=London|publisher=[[Charles E. Tuttle Company]]|year=1994|page=1|title=The Koran|quote="Its outstanding literary merit should also be noted: it is by far, the finest work of Arabic prose in existence."|isbn=1842126091}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Arberry|title=The Koran Interpreted|location=London|publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]]|year=1956|quote="It may be affirmed that within the literature of the Arabs, wide and fecund as it is both in poetry and in elevated prose, there is nothing to compare with it."|page=191|isbn=0684825074}}</ref> and has influenced art and the Arabic language.<ref>Kadi, Wadad, and Mustansir Mir. "Literature and the Quran." In ''[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an]]'' 3. pp. 213, 216.</ref>

Islam also holds that God has sent revelations, called ''[[wahy]]'', to different prophets numerous times throughout history. However, Islam teaches that parts of the previously revealed scriptures, such as the ''[[Tawrat]]'' ([[Torah]]) and the ''[[Injil]]'' ([[Gospel in Islam|Gospel]]), have become [[tahrif|distorted]]—either in interpretation, in text, or both,<ref name="harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5">{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Peters|2003|p=9">{{harvp|Peters|2003|p=9}}</ref><ref name="610CE" /><ref>{{harvc|c=Tahrif |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=[[Hava Lazarus-Yafeh]]}}</ref> while the Quran ({{Lit|Recitation}}) is viewed as the final, verbatim and unaltered word of God.<ref name="Ringgren" /><ref>{{harvp|Teece|2003|pp=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Turner|2006|p=42}}</ref>{{sfnp|Bennett|2010|p=101}}

=== Prophets ===
{{Main|Prophets and messengers in Islam|Sunnah|Hadith}}

[[File:Medieval Persian manuscript Muhammad leads Abraham Moses Jesus.jpg|thumb|left|A 15th century<ref>{{cite web |title=BnF. Département des Manuscrits. Supplément turc 190 |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/view3if/ga/ark:/12148/btv1b8427195m/f16 |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |access-date=7 September 2023 |archive-date=9 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909130407/https://gallica.bnf.fr/view3if/ga/ark:/12148/btv1b8427195m/f16 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Persian miniature]] depicting [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]] leading [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]], [[Moses in Islam|Moses]], [[Jesus in Islam|Jesus]] and other prophets in prayer]]
Prophets (Arabic: {{langx|ar|أنبياء|label=none|translit=anbiyāʾ}}) are believed to have been chosen by God to preach a divine message. Some of these prophets additionally deliver a new book and are called "messengers" ({{langx|ar| رسول&lrm;|label=none|translit=rasūl}}).<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=225}}</ref> Muslims believe prophets are human and not divine. All of the prophets are said to have preached the same basic message of Islam – submission to the will of God – to various nations in the past, and this is said to account for many similarities among religions. The Quran recounts the names of numerous figures considered [[prophets in Islam]], including [[Adam in Islam|Adam]], [[Noah in Islam|Noah]], [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]], [[Moses in Islam|Moses]], [[David in Islam|David]] and [[Jesus in Islam|Jesus]], among others.<ref name="Schimmel" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Reeves |first=J. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC |title=Bible and Qurʼān: Essays in scriptural intertextuality |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2004 |isbn=90-04-12726-7 |location=[[Leiden]] |page=177 |access-date=21 August 2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164019/https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC |url-status=live }}</ref> The stories associated with the prophets beyond the Quranic accounts are collected and explored in the ''[[Qisas Al-Anbiya|Qisas al-Anbiya]]'' (Stories of the Prophets).

Muslims believe that God sent Muhammad as the final prophet ("[[Seal of the prophets]]") to convey the completed message of Islam.<ref name="Esposito-Islam">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Islam |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012298 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110124812/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012298 |archive-date=2021-01-10 |quote=Profession of Faith...affirms Islam's absolute monotheism and acceptance of Muḥammad as the messenger of Allah, the last and final prophet. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Peters-Allah">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Peters |first=F. E. |author-link=Francis Edward Peters |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Allāh |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095403960 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926053837/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095403960 |archive-date=2020-09-26 |quote=[T]he Muslims' understanding of Allāh is based...on the Qurʿān's public witness. Allāh is Unique, the Creator, Sovereign, and Judge of mankind. It is Allāh who directs the universe through his direct action on nature and who has guided human history through his prophets, Abraham, with whom he made his covenant, Moses/Moosa, Jesus/Eesa, and Muḥammad, through all of whom he founded his chosen communities, the 'Peoples of the Book.' |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In Islam, the "normative" example of Muhammad's life is called the ''[[sunnah]]'' (literally "trodden path"). Muslims are encouraged to emulate Muhammad's moral behaviors in their daily lives, and the sunnah is seen as crucial to guiding interpretation of the Quran.<ref>{{harvp|Martin|2004|p=666}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Hadith|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|author=J. Robson}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Sunna|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|author=D.W. Brown}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Goldman |first=Elizabeth |title=Believers: Spiritual Leaders of the World |date=1995 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-508240-1 |location=Oxford |page=63}}</ref> This example is preserved in traditions known as [[hadith]], which are accounts of his words, actions, and personal characteristics. [[Hadith qudsi|Hadith Qudsi]] is a sub-category of hadith, regarded as God's verbatim words quoted by Muhammad that are not part of the Quran. A hadith involves two elements: a chain of narrators, called [[Hadith studies#Traditional importance of the sanad|''sanad'']], and the actual wording, called ''[[Hadith studies|matn]]''. There are various methodologies to classify the authenticity of hadiths, with the commonly used grading scale being "authentic" or "correct" ({{langx|ar|صحيح|links=no|translit=[[Authentic hadith|ṣaḥīḥ]]|label=none}}); "good" ({{langx|ar|حسن|links=no|label=none|translit=[[Hasan (hadith)|ḥasan]]}}); or "weak" ({{langx|ar|ضعيف|label=none|translit=[[Da'if|ḍaʻīf]]}}), among others. The ''[[Kutub al-Sittah]]'' are a collection of six books, regarded as the most authentic reports in [[Sunni Islam]]. Among them is ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]'', often considered by Sunnis to be one of the most [[Hadith terminology#Terminology relating to the authenticity of a hadith|authentic]] sources after the Quran.<ref>[[Aisha Abd al-Rahman|al-Rahman, Aisha Abd]], ed. 1990. ''[[Introduction to the Science of Hadith|Muqaddimah Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ]]''. Cairo: Dar al-Ma'arif, 1990. pp. 160–69</ref> Another well-known source of hadiths is known as ''[[The Four Books]]'', which Shias consider as the most authentic hadith reference.<ref name="Awliyai-Four-Books">{{cite book |last=Awliya'i |first=Mustafa |title=Outlines of the Development of the Science of Hadith |volume=1 |chapter=The Four Books |url=https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912144702/https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books |archive-date=2017-09-12 |translator-last=Qara'i |translator-first=A. Q. |via=Al-Islam.org |access-date=2020-05-24 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Rizvi-Four-Books">{{cite book |last=Rizvi |first=Sayyid Sa'eed Akhtar |author-link=Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi |title=The Qur'an and Hadith |location=Tanzania |publisher=Bilal Muslim Mission |chapter=The Hadith §The Four Books (Al-Kutubu'l-Arb'ah) |url=https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912191319/https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah |archive-date=2017-09-12 |via=Al-Islam.org |access-date=2020-05-24 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Resurrection and judgment ===
[[Image:Syria, Damascus, The Umayyad Mosque.jpg|thumb|The [[Umayyad Mosque]] in [[Damascus]], where according to Islamic tradition [[Jesus in Islam|Isa]] (Jesus, seen as an Islamic prophet) will appear close to the [[Judgement Day in Islam|Day of Judgment]]]]
{{Main|Islamic eschatology}}

Belief in the "Day of Resurrection" or ''[[Qiyamah|Yawm al-Qiyāmah]]'' ({{langx|ar|يوم القيامة|link=no}}) is also crucial for Muslims. It is believed that the time of ''Qiyāmah'' is preordained by God, but unknown to man. The Quran and the hadith, as well as the commentaries of [[Ulama|scholars]], describe the trials and [[Great Tribulation|tribulations]] preceding and during the ''Qiyāmah''. The Quran emphasizes [[universal resurrection|bodily resurrection]], a break from the [[pre-Islamic Arabia]]n understanding of death.<ref>{{harvp|Glassé|2003|loc="Resurrection"|pp=382–383}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)|2012|loc="Avicenna"}}. {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_DUM_0467}}: "Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Sīnā is known in the West as 'Avicenna'."</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Qiyama |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=Gardet, L.}}</ref>

On Yawm al-Qiyāmah, Muslims believe all humankind will be judged by their good and bad deeds and consigned to ''[[Jannah]]'' (paradise) or ''[[Jahannam]]'' (hell).<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |editor-link=John Esposito |title=Eschatology |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588 |url-access=subscription |work=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] |via=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |access-date=18 April 2017 |archive-date=13 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913062714/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Quran in [[Surat al-Zalzalah]] describes this as: "So whoever does an atom's weight of good will see it. And whoever does an atom's weight of evil will see it." The Quran [[Islamic views of sin|lists several sins]] that can condemn a person to [[hell]]. However, the Quran makes it clear that God will forgive the sins of those who repent if he wishes. Good deeds, like charity, prayer, and compassion towards animals{{sfnp|Esposito|2011|p=130}} will be rewarded with entry to heaven. Muslims view heaven as a place of joy and blessings, with Quranic references describing its features. Mystical traditions in Islam place these heavenly delights in the context of an ecstatic awareness of God.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2006|p=89}}; ''Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World'', p. 565</ref><ref>{{harvc |c=Garden |first=Asma |last=Afsaruddin |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Paradise|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> ''Yawm al-Qiyāmah'' is also identified in the Quran as ''Yawm ad-Dīn'' ({{lang|ar|يوم الدين}} "Day of Religion");<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|1|4|b=y}};</ref> ''as-Sāʿah'' ({{lang|ar|الساعة}} "the Last Hour");<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|6|31|b=y}};</ref> and ''[[Al-Qaria|al-Qāriʿah]]'' ({{lang|ar|القارعة}} "The Clatterer").<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|101|1|b=y}}</ref>

=== Divine predestination ===
{{Main|Predestination in Islam}}

The concept of divine predestination in Islam ({{langx|ar|القضاء والقدر}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|al-qadāʾ wa l-qadar}}'') means that every matter, good or bad, is believed to have been decreed by God. ''Al-qadar'', meaning "power", derives from a root that means "to measure" or "calculating".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/AEDweb.htm |date=2002 |title=Andras Rajki's A. E. D. (Arabic Etymological Dictionary) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208204654/http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/AEDweb.htm |archive-date=8 December 2011 |access-date=13 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Cohen-Mor|2001|p=4}}: "The idea of predestination is reinforced by the frequent mention of events 'being written' or 'being in a book' before they happen": Say: "Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us..."</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Karamustafa |first=Ahmet T. |c=Fate |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}: The verb ''qadara'' literally means "to measure, to determine". Here it is used to mean that "God measures and orders his creation".</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Gardet|first=L.|year=2012|c=al-Ḳaḍāʾ Wa 'l-Ḳadar |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0407}}</ref> Muslims often express this belief in divine destiny with the phrase [[Inshallah|"In-sha-Allah"]] ({{langx|ar|إن شاء الله}}) meaning "if God wills" when speaking on future events.<ref>{{cite web |title=Muslim beliefs – Al-Qadr |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z43pfcw/revision/4 |access-date=13 November 2020 |publisher=BBC |work=Bitesize – GCSE – Edexcel |archive-date=15 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115112558/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z43pfcw/revision/4 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Acts of worship ==
{{Main|Five Pillars of Islam|Ibadah}}

There are five acts of worship that are considered [[fard|duties]]–the [[Shahada]] (declaration of faith), the five daily prayers, [[Zakat]] (almsgiving), [[fasting during Ramadan]], and the [[Hajj]] pilgrimage–collectively known as "The Pillars of Islam" (''Arkān al-Islām'').<ref name="www.britannica.com-2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pillars-of-Islam|title=Pillars of Islam | Islamic Beliefs & Practices | Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|date=3 May 2023|access-date=16 December 2021|archive-date=5 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905102524/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pillars-of-Islam|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition, Muslims also perform other optional [[Supererogation|supererogatory]] acts that are encouraged but not considered to be duties.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=ZAROUG|first=ABDULLAHI HASSAN|date=1985|title=THE CONCEPT OF PERMISSION, SUPEREROGATORY ACTS AND ASETICISM [sic] IN ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847307|journal=Islamic Studies|volume=24|issue=2|pages=167–180|jstor=20847307|issn=0578-8072|access-date=7 January 2023|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207140013/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847307|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Declaration of faith ===
[[File:Silver Rupee Akbar.jpg|thumb|right|Silver coin of the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Akbar]], c. 16th century, inscribed with the ''Shahadah'']]
{{Main|Shahada}}

The [[shahada]]h{{sfnp|Nasr|2003|pp=3, 39, 85, 270–272}} is an [[oath]] declaring belief in Islam. The expanded statement is "{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʾašhadu ʾal-lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāhu wa ʾašhadu ʾanna muħammadan rasūlu-llāh}}" ({{langx|ar|أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله وأشهد أن محمداً رسول الله|label=none}}), or, "I testify that there is no [[deity]] except [[God in Islam|God]] and I testify that Muhammad is the messenger of God."<ref name="Mohammad-1985">{{cite journal |last=Mohammad |first=Noor |date=1985 |title=The Doctrine of Jihad: An Introduction |journal=[[Journal of Law and Religion]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=381–397 |doi=10.2307/1051034 |jstor=1051034 |publisher=Journal of Law and Religion, Inc. |language=en}}</ref> Islam is sometimes argued to have a very simple creed with the shahada being the premise for the rest of the religion. Non-Muslims wishing to [[convert to Islam]] are required to recite the shahada in front of witnesses.<ref>{{harvc |last=Kasim |first=Husain |year=2004 |c=Islam |pp=195–197 |in=Salamone}}</ref><ref name="Galonnier-2021">{{cite book |last=Galonnier |first=Juliette |editor-last=van Nieuwkerk |editor-first=Karin |title=Moving In and Out of Islam |chapter=Moving In or Moving Toward? Reconceptualizing Conversion to Islam as a Liminal Process |location=New York |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2021 |pages=44–66 |doi=10.7560/317471-003 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/317471-003/html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023001/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/317471-003/html |archive-date=2023-12-28 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Prayer ===
{{Main|Salah}}

{{See also|Mosque|Jumu'ah}}
[[File:Mosque.jpg|thumb|Muslim men [[prostration|prostrating]] in prayer, at the [[Umayyad Mosque]], [[Damascus]]]]
Prayer in Islam, called [[salah|as-salah]] or aṣ-ṣalāt ({{langx|ar|الصلاة|link=no}}), is seen as a personal communication with God and consists of repeating units called [[rakat]] that include [[Ruku|bowing]] and [[Sujud|prostrating]] to God. There are five timed prayers each day that are considered duties. The prayers are recited in the Arabic language and performed in [[Qibla|the direction]] of the [[Kaaba]]. The act also requires a state of ritual purity achieved by means of either a routine ''[[wudu]]'' ritual wash or, in certain circumstances, a ''[[ghusl]]'' full body ritual wash.<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=18, 19}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hedayetullah|2006|pp=53–55}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Kobeisy|2004|pp=22–34}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Momen|1987|p=178}}</ref>

A [[mosque]] is a [[places of worship|place of worship]] for Muslims, who often refer to it by its Arabic name ''masjid''. Although the primary purpose of the mosque is to serve as a place of prayer, it is also an important social centre for the [[ummah|Muslim community]]. For example, the [[Al-Masjid an-Nabawi|Masjid an-Nabawi]] ("Prophetic Mosque") in Medina, [[Saudi Arabia]], used to also serve as a shelter for the poor.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Mattson |first=Ingrid |year=2006 |title=Women, Islam, and Mosques |pages=615–629 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America |series=Volume 2, Part VII. Islam |editor1=R. S. Keller |name-list-style=and |editor2=R. R. Ruether |place=Bloomington and Indianapolis |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |isbn=978-0-253-34687-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA615 |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023019/https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA615#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Minaret]]s are towers used to call the [[adhan]], a vocal call to signal the prayer time.<ref name="Pedersen-Masjid-2010">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Pedersen |first1=Johannes |last2=Hillenbrand |first2=Robert |last3=Burton-Page |first3=John |author-link3=John Burton-Page |title=Masd̲j̲id |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam |edition=2nd |location=Leiden |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2010 |doi=10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_COM_0694 |access-date=2020-05-25 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/mosque |title=Mosque |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928065350/https://www.britannica.com/topic/mosque |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Almsgiving ===
{{Main|Zakat}}

{{See also|Sadaqah}}
[[File:Slot at the Zaouia Moulay Idriss II 1.jpg|thumb|A slot for giving zakat at the [[Zawiya of Moulay Idris II]] in [[Fez, Morocco]]]]
[[Zakat]] ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: {{langx|ar|زكاة|translit=zakāh|label=none}}), also spelled ''Zakāt'' or ''Zakah'', is a type of [[almsgiving]] characterized by the giving of a fixed portion (2.5% annually)<ref name="Ahmed-Gianci-2005">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Ahmed |first1=Medani |last2=Gianci |first2=Sebastian |title=Zakat |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Taxation and Tax Policy |editor1-last=Cordes |editor1-first=Joseph J. |editor2-last=Ebel |editor2-first=Robert D. |editor3-last=Gravelle |editor3-first=Jane |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Urban Institute Press |year=2005 |page=479 |isbn=978-0877667520 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m66_BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA479 |language=en}}</ref> of [[Financial capital|accumulated wealth]] by those who can afford it to help the poor or needy, such as for freeing captives, those in [[bonded labour|debt]], or for (stranded) travellers, and for those employed to collect zakat. It acts as a form of [[welfare spending|welfare]] in Muslim societies.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ariff |first=Mohamed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NP4ZL0TJ9s4C&pg=PA55 |title=The Islamic Voluntary Sector in Southeast Asia: Islam and the Economic Development of Southeast Asia |publisher=[[Institute of Southeast Asian Studies]] |year=1991 |isbn=978-981-3016-07-1 |pages=55– |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023007/https://books.google.com/books?id=NP4ZL0TJ9s4C&&pg=PA55 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is considered a religious obligation that the well-off owe the needy because their wealth is seen as a trust from God's bounty,<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2010|p=109–110}}: This is not regarded as charity because it is not really voluntary but instead is owed, by those who have received their wealth as a trust from God's bounty, to the poor.</ref> and is seen as a purification of one's excess wealth.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = RoutledgeCurzon| isbn = 9780415297967| title =Major World Religions: From Their Origins to the Present.| location = United Kingdom| year = 2003| last=Ridgeon| first=Lloyd| url = | page = 258|quote=Aside from its function of purifying believers' wealth, the payment of zakat may have contributed in no small way to the economic welfare of the Muslim community in Mecca.}}</ref> The total annual value contributed due to zakat is 15 times greater than global humanitarian aid donations, using conservative estimates.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 June 2012 |title=A faith-based aid revolution in the Muslim world |work=[[The New Humanitarian]] |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/95564/analysis-faith-based-aid-revolution-muslim-world |access-date=27 August 2023 |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114014900/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/95564/analysis-faith-based-aid-revolution-muslim-world |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sadaqah]], as opposed to Zakat, is a much-encouraged optional charity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Said |first=Abdul Aziz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bs7g0O4eLYC&pg=PA145 |title=Contemporary Islam: Dynamic, Not Static |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-77011-8 |page=145 |display-authors=etal |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023121/https://books.google.com/books?id=4bs7g0O4eLYC&pg=PA145 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Stefon|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/72 72]}} A [[waqf]] is a perpetual [[charitable trust]], which finances hospitals and schools in Muslim societies.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hudson |first=A. |title=Equity and Trusts |year=2003 |edition=3rd |page=32 |location=London |publisher=Cavendish Publishing |isbn=1-85941-729-9}}</ref>

=== Fasting ===
[[File:Iftar for Ramadhan.jpg|thumb|A fast-breaking feast, known as ''[[Iftar]]'', is served traditionally with [[date (fruits)|dates]].]]
{{Main|Fasting in Islam}}

{{See also|Fasting during Ramadan}}
In Islam, fasting ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: {{langx|ar|صوم|translit=ṣawm|label=none}}) precludes food and drink, as well as other forms of consumption, such as [[Smoking in Islam|smoking]], and is performed from dawn to sunset. During the month of [[Ramadan]], it is considered a duty for Muslims to fast.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramadan |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009215438/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan |url-status=live }}</ref> The fast is to encourage a feeling of nearness to God by restraining oneself for God's sake from what is otherwise permissible and to think of the needy. In addition, there are other days, such as the [[Day of Arafah]], when fasting is optional.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher =Tughra Books | isbn = 9781597846110| title = Fasting In Islam And The Month Of Ramadan| location = United States| year =2006 | last=Ramadanali| url = |page=51
| quote = }}</ref>

=== Pilgrimage ===
{{Main|Hajj|Umrah}}

{{See also|Holiest sites in Islam}}
[[File:A packed house - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|right|Pilgrims at the [[Great Mosque of Mecca]] during the [[Hajj]] season]]

The Islamic [[pilgrimage]], called the {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḥajj}} ({{langx|ar|حج|link=no}}), is to be done at least once a lifetime by every Muslim with the means to do so during the [[Islamic calendar|Islamic month]] of [[Dhu al-Hijjah]]. Rituals of the Hajj mostly imitate the story of the family of [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Dr Zakir |author-link=Zakir Naik |date=7 January 2025 |title=What Are the Pillars of Islam? |url=https://islampidia.org/en/what-are-the-pillars-of-islam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115054332/https://islampidia.org/en/what-are-the-pillars-of-islam/ |archive-date=2025-11-15 |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Islampidia |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Five Pillars of Islam |url=https://localhost:5000/learn/educators/curriculum-resources/art-of-the-islamic-world/unit-one/the-five-pillars-of-islam |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art}}</ref> In [[Mecca]], pilgrims walk seven times around the [[Kaaba]], which Muslims believe Abraham built as a place of worship, and they walk seven times between Mount [[Safa and Marwa]], recounting the steps of Abraham's wife, [[Hagar]], who was looking for water for her baby [[Ishmael in Islam|Ishmael]] in the desert before Mecca developed into a settlement.<ref>{{harvp|Goldschmidt|Davidson|2005|p=48}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Farah|1994|pp=145–147}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Hajj |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> The pilgrimage also involves spending a day praying and worshipping in the plain of [[Mount Arafat]] as well as symbolically [[Stoning of the Devil|stoning the Devil]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F.E. |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-4008-2548-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA19 |page=20 |publisher=Princeton University Press |access-date=7 October 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023112/https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA19#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> All Muslim men wear only two simple white unstitched pieces of cloth called [[Ihram clothing|ihram]], intended to bring continuity through generations and uniformity among pilgrims despite class or origin.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cornell |first=Vincent J. |title=Voices of Islam: Voices of tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g5LNUS0ciAAC&pg=PA29 |access-date=26 August 2012 |year=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-98733-6 |page=29}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Glassé|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA207 207]}}</ref> Another form of pilgrimage, [[Umrah]], is optional and can be undertaken at any time of the year. Other sites of Islamic pilgrimage are [[Medina]], where Muhammad died, as well as [[Jerusalem]], a city of many Islamic prophets and the site of [[Al-Aqsa]], which was the direction of prayer before Mecca.<ref>{{cite book|author=Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ|title=The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades|publisher=Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University|year=1986|isbn=0918720583|editor1=Goss, V. P.|volume=21|page=208|editor2=Bornstein, C. V.|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023032/https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Trofimov-2008">{{cite book |last=Trofimov |first=Yaroslav |author-link=Yaroslav Trofimov |title=The Siege of Mecca: The 1979 Uprising at Islam's Holiest Shrine |location=New York |publisher=[[Knopf]] |date=2008 |page=79 |isbn=978-0-307-47290-8 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Other acts of worship ===
{{See also|Quran#Recitation|Dua|Dhikr}}
[[File:Men reading the Koran in Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, Syria.jpg|thumb|Muslim men reading the Quran in the [[Umayyad Mosque]] of [[Damascus]]]]
[[File:Live recitation of Surah Yusuf, verses 1 - 22 in Hafs an Asim.webm|thumb|left|350x350px|A young man reciting the Qur'an in the [[Islam in the United States|United States]].]]
{{Listen
|filename=112.AlIkhlas-MisharyRashedAlafasy.ogg
|title=''Al-Ikhlas''
|pos=right
|description= ''[[Al-Ikhlas|Sincerity]]'' is the Quran's [[List of surahs in the Quran|112{{sup|th}}]] [[surah|chapter]] as recited by [[Imam]] [[Mishary Rashid Alafasy]]
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Muslims recite and memorize the whole or parts of the Quran as acts of virtue. [[Tajwid]] refers to the set of rules for the proper [[elocution]] of the Quran.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = | isbn = | title = Foundation of Tajweed| location = | year = 2013|edition=2| last=Aboo Yahyaa| url = | page = 1
| quote = }}</ref> Many Muslims recite the whole Quran during the month of Ramadan.{{sfnp|Stefon|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/42 42–43]}} One who has memorized the whole Quran is called a hafiz ("memorizer"), and hadiths mention that these individuals will be able to intercede for others on Judgment Day.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=my7hnALd_NkC|page=70}} 70]}}

Supplication to God, called in Arabic {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|duʿāʾ}} ({{langx|ar|دعاء}} {{IPA|ar|dʊˈʕæːʔ|IPA}}) has its own etiquette such as [[Raising hands in dua|raising hands]] as if begging.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Brill| isbn = 9789004335523| title = The Quṣṣāṣ of Early Islam| location = Netherlands| year = 2016| last=Armstrong| first=Lyall| url = | page = 184| quote = }}</ref>

Remembrance of God ({{langx|ar|ذكر|translit=Dhikr'|label=none}}) refers to phrases repeated referencing God. Commonly, this includes Tahmid, declaring [[Alhamdulillah|praise be due to God]] ({{langx|ar|الحمد لله|translit=al-Ḥamdu lillāh|label=none}}) during prayer or when feeling thankful, [[Tasbih]], declaring glory to God during prayer or when in awe of something and saying '[[Basmala|in the name of God]]' ({{lang|ar|بسملة}}, {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|basmalah}}) before starting an act such as eating.<ref>{{Cite web|title=alhamdulillah |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/alhamdulillah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227042540/https://www.lexico.com/definition/alhamdulillah|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 27, 2020|access-date=2021-10-16|website=Lexico}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Islam}}

{{For timeline|Timeline of the history of Islam}}
{{See also|List of Muslim empires and dynasties}}
{{wide image|Madina Haram at evening.jpg|900px|align-cap=center|A 2004 panoramic view of [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi]] (the Mosque of the Prophet) in [[Medina]], [[Hejaz]] region, present-day [[Saudi Arabia]]. It is considered the second most sacred mosque in Islam}}

=== Muhammad and the beginning of Islam (570–632) ===
{{Main|Muhammad|Muhammad in Islam}}

{{for timeline|Timeline of early Islamic history}}
{{Further|Muhammad in Mecca|Early social changes under Islam|First Islamic state}}
[[File:Hira_Cave.jpg|thumb|[[Jabal al-Nour|Cave of Hira]]]]
According to Islamic tradition, Muhammad was born in [[Mecca]] in [[570]] [[Common Era|CE]] and was orphaned early in life. Growing up as a trader, he became known as the "[[Amin (name)|trusted one]]" ({{langx|ar|الامين}}) and was sought after as an impartial arbitrator. He later married his employer, the businesswoman [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadija]].{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=6}} In the year 610 CE, troubled by the moral decline and idolatry prevalent in Mecca and seeking seclusion and spiritual contemplation, Muhammad retreated to the [[Cave of Hira]] in the mountain [[Jabal al-Nour]], near Mecca. It was during his time in the cave that he is said to have [[Muhammad's first revelation|received the first revelation]] of the [[Quran]] from the angel [[Gabriel]].<ref name="610CE" /> The event of Muhammad's retreat to the cave and subsequent revelation is known as the "[[Night of Power]]" (''Laylat al-Qadr'') and is considered a significant event in Islamic history. During the next 22 years of his life, from age 40 onwards, Muhammad continued to receive revelations from God, becoming the last or [[seal of the prophets]] sent to mankind.<ref name="harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5"/><ref name="harvp|Peters|2003|p=9"/><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Muhammad |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref>

[[File:Siyer-i_Nebi_151b.jpg|thumb|"Muhammad at the Ka'ba" from the ''[[Siyer-i Nebi]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ottomans : religious painting |url=http://www.ee.bilkent.edu.tr/~history/ottoman33.html |access-date=1 May 2016}}</ref> Muhammad is shown with veiled face, {{Circa|1595}}.]]
During this time, [[Muhammad in Mecca|while in Mecca, Muhammad]] preached first in secret and then in public, imploring his listeners to abandon [[Arab polytheism|polytheism]] and worship one God. Many [[Early Muslims|early converts to Islam]] were women, the poor, foreigners, and slaves like the first [[muezzin]] [[Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi]].<ref>Rabah, Bilal B. ''[[Encyclopedia of Islam]].''</ref> The Meccan elite felt Muhammad was [[Early social changes under Islam|destabilizing their social order]] by preaching about one God and giving questionable ideas to the poor and slaves because they profited from the pilgrimages to the idols of the Kaaba.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ünal |first=Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1323 |title=The Qurʼan with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English |publisher=Tughra Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-59784-000-2 |pages=1323– |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024048/https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1323#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|p=36}}</ref>

After 12 years of the [[persecution of Muslims by the Meccans]], Muhammad and his [[Sahaba|companions]] performed the ''[[Hegira|Hijra]]'' ("emigration") in 622 to the city of Yathrib (current-day Medina). He established the [[first Islamic state]] there with the Medinan converts (the ''[[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]]'') and the Meccan migrants (the ''[[Muhajirun]]''). The [[Constitution of Medina]] was signed by all the tribes of Medina. This established religious freedoms and freedom to use their own laws among the Muslim and non-Muslim communities as well as an agreement to defend Medina from external threats.{{sfnp|Serjeant|1978|p=4}} Meccan forces and their allies lost against the Muslims at the [[Battle of Badr]] in 624 and then fought an inconclusive battle in the [[Battle of Uhud]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Peter Crawford |title=The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-oHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |page=83 |publisher=Pen & Sword Books Limited |isbn=9781473828650 |date=2013-07-16 |access-date=5 August 2022 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023957/https://books.google.com/books?id=d-oHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |url-status=live }}.</ref> before unsuccessfully besieging Medina in the [[Battle of the Trench]] (March–April 627). In 628, the [[Treaty of Hudaybiyyah]] was signed between Mecca and the Muslims, but it was broken by Mecca two years later. As more tribes converted to Islam, Meccan trade routes were cut off by the Muslims.<ref>{{harvp|Peters|2003|pp=78–79, 194}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|pp=23–28}}</ref> By 629 Muhammad was victorious in the nearly bloodless [[conquest of Mecca]], and by the time of his death in 632 (at age 62) he had united the [[tribes of Arabia]] into a single religious [[polity]].<ref name="610CE" />

=== Early Islamic period (632–750) ===
{{Further|Succession to Muhammad|Early Muslim conquests}}
{{See also|Ghadir Khumm|Saqifa|Canonization of Islamic scripture}}
[[File:Mohammad adil-Rashidun empire-slide.gif|thumb|right|Expansion of [[Rashidun Caliphate]]]]
[[File:16-04-04-Felsendom-Tempelberg-Jerusalem-RalfR-WAT 6385.jpg|thumb|[[Dome of the Rock]] in [[Jerusalem]] built by caliph [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan]]; completed at the end of the [[Second Fitna]]]]
Muhammad died in 632 and the first successors, called [[Caliph]]s – [[Abu Bakr]], [[Umar]], [[Uthman ibn al-Affan]], [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]] and sometimes [[Hasan ibn Ali]]<ref>{{Cite book| last1 = Melchert| first1 = Christopher| date = 2020| contribution = The Rightly Guided Caliphs: The Range of Views Preserved in Ḥadīth| editor1-last = al-Sarhan| editor1-first = Saud| title = Political Quietism in Islam: Sunni and Shi'i Practice and Thought| location = London and New York| publisher = [[I.B. Tauris]]| isbn = 978-1-83860-765-4| pages = 70–71| contribution-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=96TDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA63| access-date = 17 February 2022| archive-date = 28 December 2023| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023957/https://books.google.com/books?id=96TDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false| url-status = live}}</ref> – are known in Sunni Islam as ''al-khulafā' ar-rāshidūn'' ("[[Rightly Guided Caliphs]]").{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=40}} Some tribes left Islam and rebelled under leaders who declared themselves new prophets but were crushed by Abu Bakr in the [[Ridda wars]].<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|p=57}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hourani|2002|p=22}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=32}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Madelung|1996|p=43}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Ṭabāṭabāʼī|1979|pp=30–50}}</ref> Local populations of Jews and indigenous Christians, persecuted as religious minorities and heretics and taxed heavily, often helped Muslims take over their {{ambiguous|date=April 2025}} lands,{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=38}} resulting in rapid expansion of the caliphate into the [[Sassanid Empire|Persian]] and [[Byzantine]] empires.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|p=74}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Gardet|Jomier|2012">{{harvp|Gardet|Jomier|2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=J. Kuiper |first=Matthew |title=Da'wa: A Global History of Islamic Missionary Thought and Practice |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9781351510721 |page=85}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lapidus |first=Ira M. |title=A History of Islamic Societies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-521-51430-9 |pages=60–61 |author-link=Ira M. Lapidus}}</ref> Uthman [[election of Uthman|was elected in 644]] and his assassination by rebels led to Ali being elected the next Caliph. In the [[First Fitna|First Civil War]], Muhammad's widow, [[Aisha]], raised an army against Ali, attempting to avenge the death of Uthman, but was defeated at the [[Battle of the Camel]]. Ali attempted to remove the governor of Syria, [[Mu'awiya]], who was seen as corrupt. Mu'awiya then declared war on Ali and was defeated in the [[Battle of Siffin]]. Ali's decision to arbitrate angered the [[Kharijites]], an extremist sect, who felt that by not fighting a sinner, Ali became a sinner as well. The Kharijites rebelled and were defeated in the [[Battle of Nahrawan]] but a Kharijite assassin later killed Ali. Ali's son, Hasan ibn Ali, was elected Caliph and signed a [[Hasan–Muawiya treaty|peace treaty]] to avoid further fighting, abdicating to Mu'awiya in return for Mu'awiya not appointing a successor.{{sfnp|Holt|Lewis|1977|pp=67–72}} Mu'awiya began the [[Umayyad dynasty]] with the appointment of his son [[Yazid I]] as successor, sparking the [[Second Fitna|Second Civil War]]. During the [[Battle of Karbala]], [[Husayn ibn Ali]] was killed by Yazid's forces; the event has been [[Ashura|annually commemorated]] by Shias ever since. Sunnis, led by [[Ibn al-Zubayr]] and opposed to a dynastic caliphate, were defeated in the [[Siege of Mecca (692)|siege of Mecca]]. These disputes over leadership would give rise to the [[Sunni]]-[[Shia]] schism,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harney |first=John |date=3 January 2016 |title=How Do Sunni and Shia Islam Differ? |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/q-and-a-how-do-sunni-and-shia-islam-differ.html |access-date=4 January 2016 |archive-date=11 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511081444/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/q-and-a-how-do-sunni-and-shia-islam-differ.html |url-status=live }}</ref> with the Shia believing leadership belongs to Muhammad's family through Ali, called the [[ahl al-bayt]].{{sfnp|Waines|2003|p=46}}
Abu Bakr's leadership oversaw the beginning of the compilation of the Quran. The Caliph [[Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz]] set up the committee, [[The Seven Fuqaha of Medina]],{{sfnp|Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr|2012|p=505}}<ref>''Umar Ibn Abdul Aziz'' By Imam Abu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Abdul Hakam died 214 AH 829 C.E. Publisher Zam Zam Publishers Karachi, pp. 54–59</ref> and [[Malik ibn Anas]] wrote one of the earliest books on Islamic jurisprudence, the ''[[Muwatta Imam Malik|Muwatta]]'', as a consensus of the opinion of those jurists.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Noel James Coulson |title=History of Islamic Law |year=1964 |isbn=978-0-7486-0514-9 |page=103 |publisher=King Abdulaziz Public Library |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d5Ks31qHlSYC |access-date=7 October 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023959/https://books.google.com/books?id=d5Ks31qHlSYC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |editor-last1=Houtsma |editor-first1=M.T. |editor-last2=Wensinck |editor-first2=A.J. |editor-last3=Lévi-Provençal |editor-first3=E. |editor-last4=Gibb |editor-first4=H.A.R. |editor-last5=Heffening |editor-first5=W. |series=Volume V: L—Moriscos |title=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |year=1993 |edition=reprint |isbn=978-90-04-09791-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Va6oSxzojzoC |pages=207– |access-date=19 September 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024105/https://books.google.com/books?id=Va6oSxzojzoC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=[[Moshe Sharon]] |title=Studies in Islamic History and Civilization: In Honour of Professor David Ayalon |year=1986 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789652640147 |page=264 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_wUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA264 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024050/https://books.google.com/books?id=0_wUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA264#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Kharijites]] believed there was no compromised middle ground between good and evil, and any Muslim who committed a grave sin would become an unbeliever. The term "kharijites" would also be used to refer to later groups such as [[ISIS]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mamouri|first=Ali|date=8 January 2015|title=Who are the Kharijites and what do they have to do with IS?|work=Al-monitor|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2015/01/islamic-state-kjarijites-continuation.html|access-date=6 March 2022|archive-date=6 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306213145/https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2015/01/islamic-state-kjarijites-continuation.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Murji'ah]] taught that people's righteousness could be judged by God alone. Therefore, wrongdoers might be considered misguided, but not denounced as unbelievers.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|p=43}} This attitude came to prevail into mainstream Islamic beliefs.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}}

The Umayyad dynasty conquered the [[Maghreb]], the [[Iberian Peninsula]], [[Gallia Narbonensis|Narbonnese Gaul]] and [[Sindh]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Donald |last=Puchala |title=Theory and History in International Relations |page=137 |publisher=Routledge |year=2003}}</ref> The [[Early Muslim conquests]] have been described as [[Imperialism#Islamic|Islamic imperialism]].<ref name="n050">{{cite journal | last=Wright | first=Craig S | title=Arab Colonialism and the Roots of the Golden Age of Islam | journal=SSRN Electronic Journal | date=2022 | issn=1556-5068 | doi=10.2139/ssrn.4020040 | url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4020040 | access-date=2026-04-24 | page=}}</ref> The Umayyads struggled with a lack of legitimacy and relied on a heavily patronized military.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=45}} Since the [[jizya]] tax was a tax paid by non-Muslims which exempted them from military service, the Umayyads denied recognizing the conversion of non-Arabs, as it reduced revenue.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}} While the Rashidun Caliphate emphasized austerity, with Umar even requiring an inventory of each official's possessions,<ref>{{cite book |first1=Ahmad Ibn Jabir|last1=Al-Biladhuri |first2=Philip|last2=Hitti|title=Kitab Futuhu'l-Buldan|page=219 |publisher=AMS Press |year=1969}}</ref> Umayyad luxury bred dissatisfaction among the pious.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}} The Kharijites led the [[Berber Revolt]], leading to the first Muslim states independent of the Caliphate. In the [[Abbasid Revolution]], non-Arab converts (''[[mawali]]''), Arab clans pushed aside by the Umayyad clan, and some Shi'a rallied and overthrew the Umayyads, inaugurating the more cosmopolitan Abbasid dynasty in 750.<ref name=":1">{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=56}}</ref>{{sfnp|Lewis|1993|pp=71–83}}

=== Classical era (750–1258) ===
{{Further|Hadith studies|Islamic philosophy}}
{{See also|Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe|Turco-Persian tradition}}

Al-Shafi'i codified a method to determine the reliability of hadith.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|p=86}} During the early Abbasid era, scholars such as [[Muhammad al-Bukhari]] and [[Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj]] compiled the major [[Six major Hadith collections|Sunni hadith collections]] while scholars like [[Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni|Al-Kulayni]] and [[Ibn Babawayh]] compiled major Shia hadith collections. The four Sunni [[Madh'hab]]s, the Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki, and Shafi'i, were established around the teachings of [[Abū Ḥanīfa]], [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]], Malik ibn Anas and [[al-Shafi'i]]. In contrast, the teachings of [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]] formed the [[Ja'fari jurisprudence]]. In the 9th century, [[Al-Tabari]] completed the first commentary of the Quran, the ''[[Tafsir al-Tabari]]'', which became one of the most cited commentaries in Sunni Islam. Some Muslims began questioning the piety of indulgence in worldly life and emphasized poverty, humility, and avoidance of sin based on renunciation of bodily desires. Ascetics such as [[Hasan al-Basri]] inspired a movement that would evolve into ''tasawwuf'' or [[Sufism]].<ref name=EB-Sufism />{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|pp=90, 91}}

At this time, theological problems, notably on free will, were prominently tackled, with Hasan al Basri holding that although God knows people's actions, good and evil come from abuse of free will and the [[Iblis|devil]].{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|pp=38-39}}{{efn|"Hasan al Basri is often considered one of the first who rejected an angelic origin for the devil, arguing that his fall was the result of his own free-will, not God's determination. Hasan al Basri also argued that angels are incapable of sin or errors and nobler than humans and even prophets. Both early Shias and Sunnis opposed his view.<ref>Omar Hamdan ''Studien zur Kanonisierung des Korantextes: al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrīs Beiträge zur Geschichte des Korans'' Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 2006 {{ISBN|978-3447053495}} pp. 291–292 (German)</ref>}} Greek rationalist philosophy influenced a speculative school of thought known as [[Muʿtazila]], who famously advocated the notion of free-will originated by [[Wasil ibn Ata]].{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|p=50}} Caliph [[Mamun al Rashid]] made it an official creed and unsuccessfully attempted to force this position on the majority.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=88}} Caliph [[Al-Mu'tasim]] carried out [[Mihna|inquisition]]s, with the traditionalist [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]] notably refusing to conform to the Muʿtazila idea that the Quran was [[Quranic createdness|created rather than being eternal]], which resulted in him being tortured and kept in an unlit prison cell for nearly thirty months.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doi |first=Abdur Rahman |title=Shariah: The Islamic Law |location=London |publisher=Ta-Ha Publishers |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-907461-38-8 |page=110}}</ref> However, other [[Schools of Islamic theology|schools]] of [[Kalam|speculative theology]] – [[Maturidi|Māturīdism]] founded by [[Abu Mansur al-Maturidi]] and [[Ash'ari]] founded by [[Al-Ash'ari]] – were more successful in being widely adopted. Philosophers such as [[Al-Farabi]], [[Avicenna]] and [[Averroes]] sought to harmonize Aristotle's ideas with the teachings of Islam, similar to later [[scholasticism]] within [[Christianity in Europe]] and [[Maimonides]]' work within Judaism, while others like [[Al-Ghazali]] argued against such [[syncretism]] and ultimately prevailed.<ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=160}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Waines|2003|pp=126–127}}</ref>
[[File:Cheshm manuscript.jpg|thumb|The eye, according to [[Hunain ibn Ishaq]] from a manuscript dated c. 1200]]
This era is sometimes called the "[[Islamic Golden Age]]".<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|pp=80, 92, 105}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|pp=661–663}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{harvp|Lewis|1993|p=84}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Gardet|Jomier|2012"/> Islamic scientific achievements spanned a wide range of subject areas including [[Medicine in the medieval Islamic world|medicine]], [[Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world|mathematics]], [[Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world|astronomy]], and [[Arab Agricultural Revolution|agriculture]] as well as [[Physics in the medieval Islamic world|physics]], [[History of Islamic economics|economics]], [[List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world|engineering]] and [[Ibn al-Haytham|optics]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=King |first=David A. |year=1983 |title=The Astronomy of the Mamluks |journal=[[Isis (journal)|Isis]] |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=531–55 |doi=10.1086/353360 |s2cid=144315162 | issn=0021-1753}}</ref><ref name="Hassan-1996">{{cite book |last=Hassan |first=Ahmad Y. |author-link=Ahmad Y. al-Hassan |title=Islam and the Challenge of Modernity |chapter=Factors Behind the Decline of Islamic Science After the Sixteenth Century |editor-last=Al-Attas |editor-first=S. S. |editor-link=Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas |location=Kuala Lumpur |publisher=[[Ibn Khaldun International Institute of Advanced Research|International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization]] |year=1996 |pages=351–399 |url=http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%208.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402150434/http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%208.html |archive-date=2015-04-02 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ854295.pdf|title=Contributions of Islamic scholars to the scientific enterprise|access-date=13 December 2022|archive-date=23 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523192533/https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ854295.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The greatest scientific advances from the Muslim world|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=February 2010|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/feb/01/islamic-science|access-date=13 December 2022|archive-date=13 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213154451/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/feb/01/islamic-science|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Avicenna]] was a pioneer in [[Medical research|experimental medicine]],<ref>Jacquart, Danielle (2008). "Islamic Pharmacology in the Middle Ages: Theories and Substances". European Review (Cambridge University Press) 16: 219–227.</ref><ref>David W. Tschanz, MSPH, PhD (August 2003). "Arab Roots of European Medicine", Heart Views 4 (2).</ref> and his ''[[The Canon of Medicine]]'' was used as a standard medicinal text in the Islamic world and [[Europe]] for centuries. [[Rhazes]] was the first to identify the diseases [[smallpox]] and [[measles]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/alrazi.aspx|title=Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (Rhazes) (c. 865-925)|publisher=sciencemuseum.org.uk|access-date=31 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506072259/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/alrazi.aspx|archive-date=6 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Public hospital]]s of the time issued the first medical diplomas to license doctors.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alatas |first=Syed Farid |year=2006 |title=From Jami'ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue |url=https://zenodo.org/record/29439 |journal=[[Current Sociology]] |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=112–132 |doi=10.1177/0011392106058837 |s2cid=144509355 |access-date=12 September 2019 |archive-date=23 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923024727/https://zenodo.org/record/29439/files/6.1From_Jamiah_to_University.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Imamuddin |first=S.M. |title=Muslim Spain 711–1492 AD |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |year=1981 |isbn=978-90-04-06131-6 |page=169}}</ref> Ibn al-Haytham is regarded as the father of the modern [[scientific method]] and often referred to as the "world's first true scientist", in particular regarding his work in [[optics]].<ref>{{cite journal |author-link=Gerald J. Toomer|first=G. J. |last=Toomer |jstor=228328 |title=Review Work: Matthias Schramm (1963) ''Ibn Al-Haythams Weg zur Physik'' |journal=Isis |volume=55 |issue=4 |date=Dec 1964 |page=464 |quote=Schramm sums up [Ibn Al-Haytham's] achievement in the development of scientific method.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Al-Khalili |first=Jim |date=4 January 2009 |title=The 'first true scientist' |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm |access-date=24 September 2013 |archive-date=26 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426041228/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gorini |first=Rosanna |date=October 2003 |title=Al-Haytham the man of experience. First steps in the science of vision |journal=Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=53–55 |url=http://www.ishim.net/ishimj/4/10.pdf |access-date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=17 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717022851/http://www.ishim.net/ishimj/4/10.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In engineering, the [[Banū Mūsā]] brothers' [[Automaton|automatic]] [[flute]] player is considered to have been the first [[Program (machine)|programmable machine]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koetsier |first1=Teun |title=On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators |journal=Mechanism and Machine Theory |date=May 2001 |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=589–603 |doi=10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2 }}</ref> In [[Islamic mathematics|mathematics]], the concept of the [[algorithm]] is named after [[Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi]], who is considered a founder of [[algebra]], which is named after his book [[The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing|''al-jabr'']], while others developed the concept of a [[function (mathematics)|function]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Katz |first1=Victor J. |author1-link=Victor J. Katz |last2=Barton |first2=Bill |title=Stages in the History of Algebra with Implications for Teaching |journal=Educational Studies in Mathematics |date=18 September 2007 |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=185–201 |doi=10.1007/s10649-006-9023-7 |s2cid=120363574 }}</ref> The government paid scientists the equivalent salary of professional athletes today.<ref>{{harvp|Ahmed|2006|pp=23, 42, 84}}</ref> [[Guinness World Records]] recognizes the [[University of Al Karaouine]], founded in 859, as the world's oldest degree-granting university.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Young |first=Mark |url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofwo1998newy |title=The Guinness Book of Records |year=1998 |page=[https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofwo1998newy/page/242 242] |publisher=Bantam |isbn=978-0-553-57895-9}}</ref> Many non-Muslims, such as [[Christians]], [[Jews]] and [[Sabians]],<ref name="Brague 2009"/> [[Christian influences on the Islamic world|contributed to the Islamic civilization]] in various fields,<ref name="Hill-1993">{{cite book |last=Hill |first=Donald |author-link=Donald Routledge Hill |title=Islamic Science and Engineering |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=1993 |page=4 |isbn=0-7486-0455-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Brague-Assyrians">{{cite web |last=Brague |first=Rémi |author-link=Rémi Brague |title=Assyrians contributions to the Islamic civilization |url=http://www.christiansofiraq.com/assyriancontributionstotheislamiccivilization.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927015958/http://www.christiansofiraq.com/assyriancontributionstotheislamiccivilization.htm |archive-date=2013-09-27 |website=Christians of Iraq |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> and the institution known as the [[House of Wisdom]] employed [[List of Christian scientists and scholars of the medieval Islamic world|Christian]] and [[List of pre-modern Iranian scientists and scholars|Persian scholars]] to both translate works into Arabic and to develop new knowledge.<ref name="Meri-Bacharach-2006">{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Meri |editor-first1=Josef W. |editor-link1=Josef W. Meri |editor-last2=Bacharach |editor-first2=Jere L. |editor-link2=Jere L. Bacharach |title=Hadith |encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia |volume=1 |location=New York |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2006 |page=304 |isbn=978-0415966917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MypbfKdMePIC&pg=PA304 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024001/https://books.google.com/books?id=MypbfKdMePIC&pg=PA304#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=2023-12-28 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Brague 2009">{{cite book|title=The Legend of the Middle Ages: Philosophical Explorations of Medieval Christianity, Judaism, and Islam|first=Rémi |last=Brague|year= 2009| isbn=9780226070803| page =164|publisher=University of Chicago Press|quote=Neither were there any Muslims among the Ninth-Century translators. Almost all of them were Christians of various Eastern denominations: Jacobites, Melchites, and, above all, Nestorians... A few others were Sabians.}}</ref><ref name="Saliba-1994">{{cite book |last=Saliba |first=George |author-link=George Saliba |title=A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam |location=New York |publisher=[[New York University Press]] |year=1994 |pages=245, 250, 256–57 |isbn=0-8147-8023-7 |language=en}}</ref>

Soldiers broke away from the Abbasid empire and established their own dynasties, such as the [[Tulunid]]s in 868 in Egypt<ref>{{cite book|last=Holt|first=Peter Malcolm|author-link=Peter Holt (historian)|title=The Crusader States and Their Neighbours, 1098–1291|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0qLHVGgH7AC&pg=PA8|year=2004|publisher=Pearson Longman|isbn=978-0-582-36931-3|page=6|access-date=2 February 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024001/https://books.google.com/books?id=A0qLHVGgH7AC&pg=PA8|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Ghaznavid|Ghaznavid dynasty]] in 977 in Central Asia.<ref>{{cite book |title=Islamic Central Asia: an anthology of historical sources |editor-first1=Scott Cameron |editor-last1=Levi |editor-first2=Ron |editor-last2=Sela |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2010 |page=83}}</ref> In this fragmentation came the [[Shi'a Century]], roughly between 945 and 1055, which saw the rise of the [[millennialist]] [[Isma'ili]] Shi'a missionary movement. One Isma'ili group, the [[Fatimid dynasty]], took control of North Africa in the 10th century<ref>Neue Fischer Weltgeschichte "Islamisierung in Zentralasien bis zur Mongolenzeit" Band 10: Zentralasien, 2012, p. 191 (German)</ref> and another Isma'ili group, the [[Qarmatians]], sacked Mecca and stole the [[Black Stone]], a rock placed within the Kaaba, in their unsuccessful rebellion.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Glubb |first=John Bagot |title=Mecca (Saudi Arabia) |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mecca#ref887188 |access-date=18 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=6 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506004706/https://www.britannica.com/place/Mecca#ref887188 |url-status=live }}</ref> Yet another Isma'ili group, the [[Buyid dynasty]], conquered Baghdad and turned the Abbasids into a figurehead monarchy. The Sunni Seljuk dynasty campaigned to [[Sunni Revival|reassert Sunni Islam]] by promulgating the scholarly opinions of the time, notably with the construction of educational institutions known as [[Nizamiyya]]s, which are associated with al-Ghazali and [[Saadi Shirazi]].<ref>Andreas Graeser ''Zenon von Kition: Positionen u. Probleme'' [[Walter de Gruyter]] 1975 {{ISBN|978-3-11-004673-1}} p. 260</ref>

The expansion of the Muslim world continued with religious missions converting [[Volga Bulgaria]] to Islam. The [[Delhi Sultanate]] reached deep into the [[Indian subcontinent]] and many converted to Islam,{{sfnp|Arnold|1896|pp=227–228}} in particular [[Dalit|low-caste Hindu]]s whose descendants make up the vast majority of Indian Muslims.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36220329|title=Why are many Indian Muslims seen as untouchable?|publisher=BBCnews|date=10 May 2016|access-date=6 October 2022|archive-date=7 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007024220/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36220329|url-status=live}}</ref> Trade brought many [[Islam in China|Muslims to China]], where they virtually dominated the import and export industry of the [[Song dynasty]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Islam in China |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/china_1.shtml |access-date=10 August 2011 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122142756/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/china_1.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslims were recruited as a [[Semu|governing minority class]] in the [[Yuan dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lipman|first=Jonathan Newman|title=Familiar Strangers, a history of Muslims in Northwest China|location=Seattle, WA|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-295-97644-0|page=33}}</ref>

=== Pre-modern era (1258 – 18th century) ===
{{Further|Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam}}
[[File:GhazanConversionToIslam.JPG|thumb|right|[[Ghazan Khan]], 7{{sup|th}} [[Ilkhanate]] ruler of the [[Mongol Empire]], converts to Islam. 14th-century depiction]]
Through Muslim trade networks and the activity of Sufi orders,{{sfnp|Arnold|1896|pp=125–258}} Islam spread into new areas<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spread of Islam |url=http://www.yale.edu/yup/pdf/cim6.pdf |access-date=2 November 2013 |archive-date=3 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103220022/http://www.yale.edu/yup/pdf/cim6.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and Muslims assimilated into new cultures.

Under the [[Ottoman Empire]], Islam spread to [[Southeast Europe]].<ref>{{cite web |date=6 May 2008 |title=Ottoman Empire |publisher=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1801?_hi=41&_pos=3 |access-date=26 August 2010 |archive-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610093907/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1801?_hi=41 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Conversion to Islam often involved a degree of [[syncretism]],<ref>{{Cite book |title=Islamic and European Expansion |publisher=[[Temple University Press]] |year=1993 |editor-last=Adas |editor-first=Michael |location=Philadelphia |page=25}}</ref> as illustrated by Muhammad's appearance in [[Hinduism|Hindu]] folklore.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Barbara |title=Islam in South Asia in Practice |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=2009 |page=104}}</ref> Muslim Turks incorporated elements of [[Tengrism|Turkish Shamanism beliefs]] to Islam.{{efn|"In recent years, the idea of syncretism has been challenged. Given the lack of authority to define or enforce an Orthodox doctrine about Islam, some scholars argue there had no prescribed beliefs, only prescribed practise, in Islam before the 16th century.{{sfnp|Peacock|2019|p=20–22}}}}{{sfnp|Çakmak|2017|pp=1425–1429}} [[Islam during the Ming dynasty|Muslims in Ming Dynasty China]] who were descended from earlier immigrants were assimilated, sometimes through laws mandating assimilation,<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Farmer|editor1-first=Edward L.|title=Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation: The Reordering of Chinese Society Following the Era of Mongol Rule|date=1995|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004103910|page=82|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TCIjZ7l6TX8C&pg=PA82|access-date=19 February 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024330/https://books.google.com/books?id=TCIjZ7l6TX8C&pg=PA82#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> by adopting Chinese names and [[Chinese culture|culture]] while [[Nanjing]] became an important centre of Islamic study.<ref>Israeli, Raphael (2002). ''Islam in China''. p. 292. [[Lexington Books]]. {{ISBN|0-7391-0375-X}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dillon |first=Michael |year=1999 |title=China's Muslim Hui Community |publisher=Curzon |url=https://archive.org/details/chinasmuslimhuic00dill |isbn=978-0-7007-1026-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/chinasmuslimhuic00dill/page/n62 37] |url-access=registration}}</ref>

Cultural shifts were evident with the decrease in Arab influence after the [[Mongol invasions and conquests|Mongol destruction]] of the Abbasid Caliphate.<ref>{{harvp|Bulliet|2005|p=497}}</ref> The Muslim Mongol Khanates in [[Ilkhanate|Iran]] and [[Chagatai Khanate|Central Asia]] benefited from increased cross-cultural access to East Asia under [[Pax Mongolica|Mongol rule]] and thus flourished and developed more distinctively from Arab influence, such as the [[Timurid Renaissance]] under the [[Timurid dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Subtelny |first=Maria Eva |date=November 1988 |title=Socioeconomic Bases of Cultural Patronage under the Later Timurids |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/socioeconomic-bases-of-cultural-patronage-under-the-later-timurids/2A0F3018EE155F23FC4A7F5F25D7DE6D |journal=[[International Journal of Middle East Studies]] |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=479–505 |doi=10.1017/S0020743800053861 |s2cid=162411014 |access-date=7 November 2016 |archive-date=13 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813204329/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/socioeconomic-bases-of-cultural-patronage-under-the-later-timurids/2A0F3018EE155F23FC4A7F5F25D7DE6D |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]] (1201–1274) proposed the [[Tusi couple|mathematical model]] that was later argued to be adopted by [[Copernicus]] unrevised in his [[heliocentrism|heliocentric]] model,<ref>{{cite web|date=1999|title=Nasir al-Din al-Tusi|publisher=University of St Andrews|url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Tusi_Nasir/|access-date=27 August 2023|archive-date=6 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006055638/http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Tusi_Nasir.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Jamshīd al-Kāshī]]'s estimate of [[pi]] would not be surpassed for 180 years.<ref>{{cite web |date=1999 |title=Ghiyath al-Din Jamshid Mas'ud al-Kashi |publisher=University of St Andrews |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Kashi/ |access-date=29 December 2021 |archive-date=4 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104103227/https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Kashi/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

After the introduction of gunpowder weapons, large and centralized Muslim states consolidated around [[gunpowder empires]], these had been previously splintered amongst various territories. The [[Ottoman Caliphate|caliphate]] was claimed by the [[Ottoman dynasty]] of the Ottoman Empire and its claims were strengthened in 1517 as [[Selim I]] became the [[Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques|ruler of Mecca and Medina]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Drews |first=Robert |url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/publications/ |title=Coursebook: Judaism, Christianity and Islam, to the Beginnings of Modern Civilization |date=August 2011 |publisher=[[Vanderbilt University]] |chapter=Chapter Thirty – "The Ottoman Empire, Judaism, and Eastern Europe to 1648" |chapter-url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/files/2014/01/Chapter-Thirty.-The-Ottoman-Empire-Judaism-and-Eastern-Europe-to-1648.pdf |access-date=21 April 2020 |archive-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226173808/https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/publications/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Shia [[Safavid dynasty]] rose to power in 1501 and later conquered all of Iran.<ref>Peter B. Golden: An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples; In: Osman Karatay, Ankara 2002, p. 321</ref> In South Asia, [[Babur]] founded the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref>{{citation|last=Gilbert|first=Marc Jason|title=South Asia in World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1dhKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75|year=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-066137-3|pages=75|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922031915/https://books.google.com/books?id=1dhKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75|url-status=live}}</ref>

The religion of the centralized states of the gunpowder empires influenced the religious practice of their constituent populations. A [[symbiosis]] between [[list of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman rulers]] and Sufism strongly influenced Islamic reign by the Ottomans from the beginning. The [[Mevlevi Order]] and the [[Bektashis]] had a close relation to the sultans,<ref>Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' [[Infobase Publishing]] 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-4381-1025-7}} p. 540</ref> as Sufi-mystical as well as [[heterodox]] and [[syncretic]] approaches to Islam flourished.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Algar |first=Ayla Esen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fc69BhBDjhwC&q=ottomans+sufism |title=The Dervish Lodge: Architecture, Art, and Sufism in Ottoman Turkey |page=15 |date=1 January 1992 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-07060-8 |access-date=29 April 2020 |via=Google Books |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024414/https://books.google.com/books?id=fc69BhBDjhwC&q=ottomans+sufism#v=snippet&q=ottomans%20sufism&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The often forceful [[Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam|Safavid conversion of Iran]] to the Twelver Shia Islam of the Safavid Empire ensured the final dominance of the [[Twelver|Twelver sect]] within Shia Islam. Persian migrants to South Asia, as influential bureaucrats and landholders, helped spread Shia Islam, forming some of the largest Shia populations outside Iran.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/conversion-iii|title=CONVERSION To Imami Shiʿism in India|publisher=Iranica Online|language=English|access-date=6 October 2022|archive-date=7 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007024220/https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/conversion-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Nader Shah]], who overthrew the Safavids, attempted to improve relations with Sunnis by propagating the integration of Twelverism into Sunni Islam as a fifth ''madhhab'', called Ja'farism,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Nadir Shah and the Ja 'fari Madhhab Reconsidered |first=Ernest |last=Tucker |journal=Iranian Studies |volume=27 |issue=1–4 |date=1994 |pages=163–179 |doi=10.1080/00210869408701825 |jstor=4310891}}</ref> which failed to gain recognition from the Ottomans.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Nāder Shāh |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nader-shah |date=29 March 2006 |first=Ernest |last=Tucker |access-date=9 March 2021 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225103212/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nader-shah%20 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Modern era (18th–20th centuries) ===
[[File:Portrait Caliph Abdulmecid II.jpg|thumb|right|[[Abdülmecid II]], the last Caliph from the [[Ottoman dynasty]].]]

Earlier in the 14th century, [[Ibn Taymiyya]] promoted a [[puritan]]ical form of Islam,<ref name="ReferenceA">Mary Hawkesworth, Maurice Kogan ''Encyclopedia of Government and Politics: 2-volume set'' [[Routledge]] 2013 {{ISBN|978-1-136-91332-7}} pp. 270–271</ref> rejecting philosophical approaches in favor of simpler theology,<ref name="ReferenceA" /> and called to open the gates of [[itjihad]] rather than blind imitation of scholars.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=150}} He called for a jihad against those he deemed heretics,<ref>Richard Gauvain ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'' [[Routledge]] 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-7103-1356-0}} p. 6</ref> but his writings only played a marginal role during his lifetime.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spevack |first=Aaron |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=htx8BAAAQBAJ |title=The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of al-Bajuri |date=2014 |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |isbn=978-1-4384-5371-2 |pages=129–130 |access-date=10 December 2018 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024415/https://books.google.com/books?id=htx8BAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> During the 18th century in Arabia, [[Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab|Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab]], influenced by the works of Ibn Taymiyya and [[Ibn al-Qayyim]], founded a movement called [[Wahhabi]] to return to what he saw as unadultered Islam.<ref>Donald Quataert ''The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922'' [[Cambridge University Press]] 2005 {{ISBN|978-0-521-83910-5}} p. 50</ref><ref name="ReferenceE">Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' [[Infobase Publishing]] 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-4381-1025-7}} p. 260</ref> He condemned many local Islamic customs, such as visiting the grave of Muhammad or saints, as later [[bidah|innovations]] and sinful<ref name="ReferenceE" /><ref name="Musa-2022">{{Cite thesis |title=The Emergence of a Scholar from a Garrison Society: A contextual analysis of Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhāb's doctrine in the light of the Qur'ān and Hadīth |url=https://repository.uwtsd.ac.uk/id/eprint/2096/ |publisher=University of Wales Trinity Saint David |date=2022-08-23 |degree=masters |language=en |first=Shahajada Md |last=Musa |access-date=19 December 2023 |archive-date=2 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502100026/https://repository.uwtsd.ac.uk/id/eprint/2096/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and destroyed sacred rocks and trees, Sufi shrines, the [[Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia|tombs of Muhammad and his companions]] and the tomb of Husayn at Karbala, a major Shia pilgrimage site.<ref name="Musa-2022" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 September 2013 |title=Graves desecrated in Mizdah |work=[[Libya Herald]] |url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2013/09/04/graves-desecrated-in-mizdah/#axzz2jWG0vDDO |access-date=2 November 2013 |archive-date=3 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103172759/http://www.libyaherald.com/2013/09/04/graves-desecrated-in-mizdah/#axzz2jWG0vDDO |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=146}} He formed an alliance with the [[House of Saud|Saud family]], which, by the 1920s, completed their conquest of the area that would become [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref name="Musa-2022" /><ref>Nicolas Laos ''The Metaphysics of World Order: A Synthesis of Philosophy, Theology, and Politics'' [[Wipf and Stock]] Publishers 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4982-0102-5}} p. 177</ref> [[Ma Wanfu]] and Ma Debao promoted salafist movements in the 19th century such as [[Sailaifengye]] in China after returning from Mecca but were eventually persecuted and forced into hiding by Sufi groups.<ref>{{cite book|first=Barry M.|last=Rubin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEih57-GWQQC&pg=PA79|page=79|title=Guide to Islamist Movements|year=2000|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=0-7656-1747-1|access-date=28 June 2010|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024259/https://books.google.com/books?id=wEih57-GWQQC&pg=PA79#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Other groups sought to reform Sufism rather than reject it, with the [[Senusiyya]] and [[Muhammad Ahmad]] both waging war and establishing states in Libya and Sudan respectively.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=147}}{{Page needed|date=June 2025}} In India, [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]] attempted a more conciliatory style against Sufism and influenced the [[Deobandi]] movement.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=149}} In response to the Deobandi movement, the [[Barelwi]] movement was founded as a mass movement, defending popular [[Sufism]] and reforming its practices.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robert L. Canfield |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3JhKNSk8tQC&pg=PAPA131 |title=Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective |date=2002 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-52291-5 |pages=131– |access-date=1 December 2018 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024259/https://books.google.com/books?id=g3JhKNSk8tQC&pg=PAPA131#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanyal |first=Usha |date=23 July 1998 |title=Generational Changes in the Leadership of the Ahl-e Sunnat Movement in North India during the twentieth Century |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/generational-changes-in-the-leadership-of-the-ahle-sunnat-movement-in-north-india-during-the-twentieth-century/8AAAC4CFEFC4F4084731C3964A5CAE84 |journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]] |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=635–656 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X98003059 |via=Cambridge Core |access-date=23 February 2020 |archive-date=17 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317013822/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/generational-changes-in-the-leadership-of-the-ahle-sunnat-movement-in-north-india-during-the-twentieth-century/8AAAC4CFEFC4F4084731C3964A5CAE84 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The [[Muslim world]] was generally in political decline starting the 1800s, especially compared to non-Muslim European powers. Earlier, in the 15th century, the [[Reconquista]] succeeded in ending the [[Taifa|Muslim presence in Iberia]]. By the 19th century, the British [[Company rule in India|East India Company]] had formally annexed the [[Mughal dynasty]] in India.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|pp=358, 378–380, 624}} As a response to [[Imperialism|Western Imperialism]], many intellectuals sought to [[Islamic revival|reform Islam]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Buzpinar |first=Ş. Tufan |date=March 2007 |title=Celal Nuri's Concepts of Westernization and Religion |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=247–258 |doi=10.1080/00263200601114091 |jstor=4284539|s2cid=144461915 }}</ref> [[Islamic modernism]], initially labelled by Western scholars as [[Salafi movement|''Salafiyya'']], embraced modern values and institutions such as [[Islam and democracy|democracy while being scripture oriented]]. Notable forerunners in the movement include [[Muhammad Abduh|Muhammad 'Abduh]] and [[Jamal al-Din al-Afghani]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauziere|first=Henri|title=The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-231-17550-0|location=New York, Chichester, West Sussex|pages=231–232|quote="Beginning with Louis Massignon in 1919, it is true that Westerners played a leading role in labeling Islamic modernists as Salafis, even though the term was a misnomer. At the time, European and American scholars felt the need for a useful conceptual box to place Muslim figures such as Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Muhammad Abduh, and their epigones, all of whom seemed inclined toward a scripturalist understanding of Islam but proved open to rationalism and Western modernity. They chose to adopt salafiyya—a technical term of theology, which they mistook for a reformist slogan and wrongly associated with all kinds of modernist Muslim intellectuals."}}</ref> [[Abul A'la Maududi]] helped influence modern [[political Islam]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2014 |title=Political Islam: A movement in motion |work=[[Economist Magazine]] |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2014/01/political-islam |access-date=1 January 2014 |archive-date=4 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104032602/http://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2014/01/political-islam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Wilfred Cantwell |title=Islam in Modern History |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1957 |isbn=0-691-03030-8 |page=233 |author-link=Wilfred Cantwell Smith}}</ref> Similar to contemporary [[Civil code|codification]], sharia was for the first time partially codified into law in 1869 in the Ottoman Empire's [[Mecelle]] code.<ref name=Oxfordref>{{cite web |editor-link=John Esposito |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Mecelle |work=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100146176 |url-access=subscription |via=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |access-date=17 August 2023 |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817003534/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100146176 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Fall of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire dissolved]] after [[World War I]], the [[Ottoman Caliphate]] [[Abolition of the Caliphate|was abolished in 1924]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 June – 5 July 2000 |title=New Turkey |work=[[Al-Ahram Weekly]] |issue=488 |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/488/chrncls.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=16 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101004145229/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/488/chrncls.htm |archive-date=4 October 2010}}</ref> and the subsequent [[Sharifian Caliphate]] fell quickly,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=الوطن |first1=جريدة |last2=webmaster |date=2020-05-05 |title="مملكة الحجاز".. وقــصـــة الـغــزو المـســلّـــح |url=https://www.al-watan.com/article/230610/NEWS/%C2%AB%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%C2%BB-%D9%88%D9%82%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B5%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%80%D8%BA%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B2%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%80%D8%B3%D9%80%D9%80%D9%84%D9%91%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%AD |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=جريدة الوطن |language=ar |archive-date=16 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516230552/https://www.al-watan.com/article/230610/NEWS/%C2%AB%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%C2%BB-%D9%88%D9%82%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B5%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%80%D8%BA%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B2%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%80%D8%B3%D9%80%D9%80%D9%84%D9%91%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%AD |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bani Issa |first=Mohammad Saleh |date=2023-11-01 |title=Factors of stability and sustainable development in Jordan in its first centenary 1921–2021 (an analytical descriptive study) |journal=Heliyon |volume=9 |issue=11 |article-number=e20993 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20993 |issn=2405-8440 |doi-access=free|pmid=37928029 |pmc=10623165 |bibcode=2023Heliy...920993B }}</ref><ref name="والخلفاء-2023">{{Cite book |last=والخلفاء |first=قصص الخلافة الإسلامية |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r-5EAAAQBAJ |title=قصص الخلافة الإسلامية والخلفاء |date=2023-03-31 |publisher=Austin Macauley Publishers |isbn=978-1-3984-9251-6 |language=en |access-date=26 December 2023 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024259/https://books.google.com/books?id=_r-5EAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> thus leaving Islam without a [[Caliphate|Caliph]].<ref name="والخلفاء-2023" /> [[Pan-Islam]]ists attempted to unify Muslims and competed with growing nationalist forces, such as [[pan-Arabism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doran |first=Michael |title=Pan-Arabism before Nasser: Egyptian power politics and the Palestine question |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford university press |isbn=978-0-19-512361-6 |series=Studies in Middle Eastern history |location=New York Oxford}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Landau |first=Yaʿaqov M. |title=The politics of Pan-Islam: ideology and organization |date=1994 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-827709-5 |edition=[Rev. and updated] paperback (with additions and corr.) |location=Oxford}}</ref> The [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC), consisting of [[Islam by country|Muslim-majority countries]], was established in 1969 after the burning of the [[Qibli Mosque|Al-Aqsa Mosque]] in [[Jerusalem]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 December 2010 |title=Organization of the Islamic Conference |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/1555062.stm |access-date=24 September 2013 |archive-date=28 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628190335/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/1555062.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Contact with industrialized nations brought Muslim populations to new areas through economic migration. Many Muslims migrated as indentured servants (mostly from India and Indonesia) to the Caribbean, forming the largest Muslim populations by percentage in the Americas.{{sfnp|Haddad|Smith|2002|p=271}} Migration from Syria and Lebanon contributed to the [[Islam in Latin America|Muslim population in Latin America]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zabel|first=Darcy|title=Arabs in the Americas: Interdisciplinary Essays on the Arab Diaspora|publisher=Peter Lang|year=2006|isbn=9780820481111|location=Austria|page=5}}</ref> The resulting urbanization and increase in trade in sub-Saharan Africa brought Muslims to settle in new areas and spread their faith,<ref name="Pew Research Center-2011">{{Cite report |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209094904/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=9 February 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> likely doubling its Muslim population between 1869 and 1914.<ref>{{harvp|Bulliet|2005|p=722}}</ref>

=== Contemporary era (20th century–present) ===
[[File:13. Session of the Islamic Summit Conference.jpg|thumb|right|Leaders of Muslim countries during session of the [[Islamic Summit Conference]] in Istanbul, Turkey|upright=1.35]]
Forerunners of Islamic modernism influenced Islamist political movements such as the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] and related parties in the Arab world,<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2011 |title=Are secular forces being squeezed out of Arab Spring? |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14447820 |access-date=10 August 2011 |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104171024/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14447820 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=23 December 2008 |title=Jordanian students rebel, embracing conservative Islam |work=[[New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/24/world/middleeast/24jordan.html |access-date=15 August 2011 |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104153440/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/24/world/middleeast/24jordan.html |url-status=live }}</ref> which performed well in elections following the [[Arab Spring]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kirkpatrick |first=David D. |date=3 December 2011 |title=Egypt's vote puts emphasis on split over religious rule |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/04/world/middleeast/egypts-vote-propels-islamic-law-into-spotlight.html |access-date=8 December 2011 |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104153442/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/04/world/middleeast/egypts-vote-propels-islamic-law-into-spotlight.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Jamaat-e-Islami]] in South Asia and the [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|AK Party]], which has democratically been in power in Turkey for decades. In [[Iran]], [[Iranian Revolution|revolution]] replaced a [[secularism|secular]] monarchy with an [[Islamic state]]. Others such as [[Rashid Rida|Sayyid Rashid Rida]] broke away from Islamic modernists<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauziere|first=Henri|title=The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-231-17550-0|location=New York, Chichester, West Sussex|page=237|quote="Prior to the fall of the Ottoman Empire, leading reformers who happened to be Salafi in creed were surprisingly open-minded: although they adhered to neo-Hanbali theology. However, the aftermath of the First World War and the expansion of European colonialism paved the way for a series of shifts in thought and attitude. The experiences of Rida offer many examples... he turned against the Shi'is who dared, with reason, to express doubts about the Saudi-Wahhabi project... . Shi'is were not the only victims: Rida and his associates showed their readiness to turn against fellow Salafis who questioned some of the Wahhabis' religious interpretations."}}</ref> and pushed against embracing what he saw as Western influence.<ref>{{Cite book|last=G. Rabil|first=Robert|title=Salafism in Lebanon: From Apoliticism to Transnational Jihadism|publisher=Georgetown University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-62616-116-0|location=Washington DC, US|pages=32–33|quote="Western colonialists established in these countries political orders... that, even though not professing enmity to Islam and its institutions, left no role for Islam in society. This caused a crisis among Muslim reformists, who felt betrayed not only by the West but also by those nationalists, many of whom were brought to power by the West... Nothing reflects this crisis more than the ideological transformation of Rashid Rida (1865–1935)... He also revived the works of Ibn Taymiyah by publishing his writings and promoting his ideas. Subsequently, taking note of the cataclysmic events brought about by Western policies in the Muslim world and shocked by the abolition of the caliphate, he transformed into a Muslim intellectual mostly concerned about protecting Muslim culture, identity, and politics from Western influence. He supported a theory that essentially emphasized the necessity of an Islamic state in which the scholars of Islam would have a leading role... Rida was a forerunner of Islamist thought. He apparently intended to provide a theoretical platform for a modern Islamic state. His ideas were later incorporated into the works of Islamic scholars. Significantly, his ideas influenced none other than Hassan al-Bannah, founder of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt... The Muslim Brethren have taken up Rida's Islamic fundamentalism, a right-wing radical movement founded in 1928,.."}}</ref> The group [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] would even attempt to recreate the modern gold dinar as their monetary system. While some of those who broke away were [[political quietism in Islam|quietist]], others believed in violence against those opposing them, even against other Muslims.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/14/isis-gold-silver-copper-islamic-dinar-coins |title=Isis to mint own Islamic dinar coins in gold, silver and copper |work=The Guardian |date=21 November 2014 |access-date=31 July 2022 |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104153442/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/14/isis-gold-silver-copper-islamic-dinar-coins |url-status=live }}</ref>

In opposition to Islamic political movements, in 20th century Turkey, the military carried out [[1997 Turkish military memorandum|coups]] to oust Islamist governments, and headscarves were legally restricted, as also happened in Tunisia.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 April 2011 |title=Huge rally for Turkish secularism |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6604643.stm |access-date=6 December 2011 |archive-date=29 May 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120529003102/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6604643.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Saleh |first=Heba |date=15 October 2011 |title=Tunisia moves against headscarves |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6053380.stm |access-date=6 December 2011 |archive-date=29 May 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120529003101/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6053380.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> In other places, religious authority was co-opted and is now often seen as puppets of the state. For example, in Saudi Arabia, the state monopolized religious scholarship<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 June 2007 |title=Laying down the law: Islam's authority deficit |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/international/2007/06/28/islams-authority-deficit |access-date=15 August 2011 |archive-date=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306094736/http://www.economist.com/node/9409354?story_id=9409354 |url-status=live }}</ref> and, in Egypt, the state nationalized [[Al-Azhar University]], previously an independent voice checking state power.<ref>{{cite book| title = The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought| last1 = Bowering | first1 = Gerhard | last2=Mirza |first2=Mahan |last3=Crone |first3=Patricia| year = 2013 | publisher = Princeton University Press | page=59| isbn = 9780691134840
}}</ref> Salafism was funded in the Middle East for its quietism.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 October 2008 |title=Ultraconservative Islam on rise in Mideast |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna27256187 |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=[[MSNBC]] |archive-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104032423/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/27256187/page/2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Saudi Arabia campaigned against revolutionary Islamist movements in the Middle East, in opposition to Iran.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Almukhtar |first1=Sarah |last2=Peçanha |first2=Sergio |last3=Wallace |first3=Tim |date=5 January 2016 |title=Behind Stark Political Divisions, a More Complex Map of Sunnis and Shiites |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/sunni-shiite-map-middle-east-iran-saudi-arabia.html |access-date=6 January 2016 |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104153442/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/sunni-shiite-map-middle-east-iran-saudi-arabia.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Muslim minorities of various ethnicities have been persecuted as a religious group.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thames |first1=Knox |title=Why the Persecution of Muslims Should Be on Biden's Agenda |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/muslims-islam-china-india-myanmar-persecution-repression-biden-human-rights/ |work=[[Foreign Policy Magazine]] |date=6 January 2021 |language=English |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=11 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211114303/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/muslims-islam-china-india-myanmar-persecution-repression-biden-human-rights/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This has been undertaken by communist forces like the [[Khmer Rouge]], who viewed them as their primary enemy to be exterminated since their religious practice made them stand out from the rest of the population,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Perrin |first=Andrew |date=10 October 2003 |title=Weakness in numbers |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,428133,00.html |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=24 September 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130924035829/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,428133,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Chinese Communist Party]] in [[Xinjiang internment camps|Xinjiang]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Beydoun |first1=Khaled A. |title=For China, Islam is a 'mental illness' that needs to be 'cured' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/china-islam-mental-illness-cured-181127135358356.html |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=English |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210012542/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/china-islam-mental-illness-cured-181127135358356.html |archive-date=10 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> and by nationalist forces such as during the [[Bosnian genocide]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Mojzes |first=Paul |title=Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the Twentieth Century |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4422-0663-2|page=178}}</ref> Myanmar military's [[Tatmadaw]] targeting of [[Rohingya people|Rohingya Muslims]] has been labeled as a crime against humanity by the UN and Amnesty International,<ref>{{cite news |author=Oliver Holmes |date=19 December 2016 |title=Myanmar's Rohingya campaign 'may be crime against humanity' |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/19/myanmars-rohingya-campaign-may-be-against-humanity |url-status=live |access-date=5 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106013700/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/19/myanmars-rohingya-campaign-may-be-against-humanity |archive-date=6 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 December 2016|title=Rohingya abuse may be crimes against humanity: Amnesty|website=Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/19/rohingya-abuse-may-be-crimes-against-humanity-amnesty/|access-date=2023-02-21|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922232529/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/19/rohingya-abuse-may-be-crimes-against-humanity-amnesty/|url-status=live}}</ref> while the [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|OHCHR]] Fact-Finding Mission identified [[Rohingya genocide|genocide]], ethnic cleansing, and other crimes against humanity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/MyanmarFFM/Pages/ReportoftheMyanmarFFM.aspx|title=Report of Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar |date=27 August 2018|website=ohchr.org|access-date=14 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019232309/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/MyanmarFFM/Pages/ReportoftheMyanmarFFM.aspx|archive-date=19 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

The advancement of global communication has facilitated the widespread dissemination of religious knowledge. The adoption of the [[hijab]] has grown more common<ref>{{Cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=28 January 2007 |title=In Egypt, a new battle begins over the veil |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/weekinreview/28slackman.html |access-date=15 August 2011 |archive-date=3 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503150409/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/weekinreview/28slackman.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and some Muslim intellectuals are increasingly striving to separate scriptural Islamic beliefs from cultural traditions.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=41}} Among other groups, this access to information has led to the rise of popular "[[televangelist]]" preachers, such as [[Amr Khaled]], who compete with the traditional [[ulema]] in their reach and have decentralized religious authority.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|title=Islamic televangelist; holy smoke|agency=[[The Economist]]|url=https://www.economist.com/international/2011/10/29/holy-smoke|access-date=5 February 2022|archive-date=4 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904164441/http://www.economist.com/node/21534763|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=263}} More "individualized" interpretations of Islam<ref>V. Šisler: ''The Internet and the Construction of Islamic Knowledge in Europe'' p. 212</ref> notably involve [[Liberal Muslims]] who attempt to align religious traditions with contemporary secular governance,{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=118–119, 179}}{{sfnp|Rippin|2001|p=288}} an approach that has been criticized by some regarding its compatibility.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Adams, Charles J.|editor1-last=Esposito|editor1-first=John L.|title=Voices of Resurgent Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen|url-access=registration|date=1983|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen/page/113 113–4] |chapter=Maududi and the Islamic State|quote=[Maududi believed that] when religion is relegated to the personal realm, men inevitably give way to their bestial impulses and perpetrate evil upon one another. In fact it is precisely because they wish to escape the restraints of morality and the divine guidance that men espouse secularism.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Meisami|first=Sayeh|date=2013|title='Abdolkarim Soroush |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0034.xml|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-12 |website=Oxford Bibliographies|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105164410/http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0034.xml |archive-date=2013-11-05 }}</ref> Moreover, secularism is perceived as a foreign ideology imposed by invaders and perpetuated by post-colonial [[Ruling class|ruling elites]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Secularism, State Neutrality, and Islam|author=Abdullah Saeed|encyclopedia=The Oxford Handbook of Secularism|editor1=Phil Zuckerman|editor2=John R. Shook |url=http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/abstract/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199988457-e-12|year=2017|page=188 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.12|isbn=978-0-19-998845-7|access-date=7 August 2023|archive-date=3 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903020955/https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/abstract/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199988457-e-12|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> and is frequently understood to be equivalent to [[Antireligion|anti-religion]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Nader Hashemi|title=Secularism|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0714|access-date=7 August 2023|archive-date=6 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206153300/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0714|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Muslim world|Ummah}}

{{See also|Islam by country|Muslim population growth}}
[[File:2020+ Proportion of people in world religions.svg |thumb|Global percentage of adherents by religion. Muslims comprise about 25.6% of the world's population, a slightly smaller percentage than Christians.<ref name=Pew_20250609>{{cite web |last1=Hackett |first1=Conrad |last2=Stonawski |first2=Marcin |last3=Tong |first3=Yunping |last4=Kramer |first4=Stephanie |last5=Shi |first5=Anne |last6=Fahmy |first6=Dalia |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |publisher=Pew Research Center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260222070137/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |archive-date=22 February 2026 |date=9 June 2025 |url-status=live |quote=Source: Pew Research Center estimates based on more than 2,700 censuses and surveys. "How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020"}}</ref>]]
[[File:Islam percent population in each nation World Map Muslim data by Pew Research.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|World percentage of Muslims by country (2010)<ref name="pew2015" />{{rp|234–245}}]]
As of 2020, about 25.6% of the global population, or about 2 billion people, are Muslims.<ref name="pew2010–2020" /><ref name="pewresearch.orgReligion">{{Cite web |title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |date=21 December 2022 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128120036/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="www.pewresearch.org-2022">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project - Research and data from Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205195540/https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|date=27 January 2011|access-date=26 October 2022|archive-date=30 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930233955/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/ | title=Muslims and Islam: Key findings in the U.S. and around the world | date=9 August 2017 | access-date=19 December 2022 | archive-date=8 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108121140/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Pew-Growth-2017">{{cite web |last1=Lipka |first1=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |author-link2=Conrad Hackett |title=Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514123559/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |archive-date=2019-05-14 |website=Fact Tank |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |date=2017-04-06 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> In 1900, this estimate was 12.3%,<ref name="Barrett-2001">{{cite book |last1=Barrett |first1=David B. |last2=Kurian |first2=George T. |last3=Johnson |first3=Todd M. |title=World Christian Encyclopedia: A Comparative Survey of Churches and Religions in the Modern World |volume=1: The World by Countries: Religionists, Churches, Ministries |edition=2nd |location=New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2001 |page=4 |isbn=978-0195079630 |language=en}}</ref> in 1990 it was 19.9%<ref name="Pew Research Center-2011" /> and projections suggest the proportion will be 29.7% by 2050.<ref name=pew2015 />{{rp|8}} A Pew study from 2020 found that the global Muslim population was the fastest-growing religious group over the decade, mainly because Muslims tend to be younger on average and have higher birth rates—two key factors driving natural population growth.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett|author2=Marcin Stonawski|author3=Yunping Tong|author4=Stephanie Kramer|author5=Anne Shi|author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf|access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Pew Research Center |page=9|quote=Increases in the global Muslim population are largely due to Muslims having a relatively young age structure and high fertility rate, two characteristics that result in natural population growth.}}</ref>{{rp|9}} According to the 2020 population estimate, 65% of the Muslim population is concentrated in ten countries, with the largest populations residing in [[Indonesia]], [[Pakistan]], [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nigeria]], [[Egypt]], [[Iran]], [[Turkey]], [[Sudan]], and [[Algeria]], in descending order. Indonesia is home to over 230,000,000 Muslims, Pakistan over 220,000,000, India over 210,000,000, Bangladesh over 150,000,000, Nigeria over 110,000,000, Egypt over 100,000,000, Iran and Turkey each over 80,000,000, and Sudan and Algeria each over 40,000,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/muslim-population-change/|title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020: 3. Muslim population change|date=9 June 2025|access-date=12 February 2026|website=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref>

Pew Research estimates that 87–90% of Muslims are Sunni and 10–13% are Shia.{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=1|ps=. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."}}<ref name="Shia2">See

* {{cite encyclopedia |title=Shiʿi |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii |access-date=2019-09-30 |date=2019-10-04 |quote=In the early 21st century some 10–13 percent of the world’s 1.6 billion Muslims were Shiʿi. }}
* {{Cite news |date=2011-12-06 |title=Sunnis and Shia: Islam's ancient schism |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-16047709 |access-date=2025-11-30 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB |quote=Shia constitute about 10% of all Muslims, and globally their population is estimated at between 154 and 200 million. }}
* {{Cite news |title=Understanding the branches of Islam: Shia Islam |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EPRS_BRI(2016)573914 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901052114/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EPRS_BRI(2016)573914 |archive-date=1 September 2022 |access-date=2025-11-30 |work=[[European Parliament]] |language=en |quote=Shiite Muslims – estimated to make up 10-13% of the global Muslim population |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |date=7 October 2009 |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/ |access-date=24 September 2013 |work=[[Pew Research Center]] |quote=The Pew Forum's estimate of the Shia population (10–13%) is in keeping with previous estimates, which generally have been in the range of 10–15%. Some previous estimates, however, have placed the number of Shias at nearly 20% of the world's Muslim population. }}
* {{cite web |title=Shia |url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/shi-a |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215070956/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/shi-a |archive-date=15 December 2012 |access-date=5 December 2011 |publisher=Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs |quote=Shi'a Islam is the second largest branch of the tradition, with up to 200 million followers who comprise around 15% of all Muslims worldwide... }}</ref><ref name="Sunni2">* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780761479260 |title=Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures |publisher=Marshall Cavendish Reference |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-7614-7926-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780761479260/page/130 130] |quote=Within the Muslim community, the percentage of Sunnis is generally thought to be between 85 percent, with the Shia accounting for 15.5 percent and with the wahabis controlling 5 percent, although some sources estimate their numbers at 20 percent. A common compromise figure ranks Sunnis at 90 percent and Shias at 10 percent. |access-date=2019-11-30 |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite web |date=2009-10-07 |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/ |access-date=2019-11-30 |work=[[Pew Research Center]] |quote=Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims.}}
* {{cite news |date=2011-12-06 |title=Quick guide: Sunnis and Shias |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16047709 |access-date=2019-11-30 |work=BBC News |quote=The great majority of the world's more than 1.5 billion Muslims are Sunnis – estimates suggest the figure is somewhere between 85% and 90%.}}
* {{cite book |author=Frederick Denny |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5_N97bAiJ0C&pg=PA3 |title=Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-019980647-8 |page=3 |quote=Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90 percent) of that community.}}
* {{cite web |title=Sunni |url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012090751/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |archive-date=12 October 2014 |access-date=2019-11-30 |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |quote=Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam, comprising about 85 percent of the world's over 1.5 billion Muslims.}}
* {{cite news |date=2007-09-24 |title=Tension between Sunnis, Shiites emerging in USA |url=http://usatoday.com/news/religion/2007-09-24-muslim-tension_N.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713014245/http://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2007-09-24-muslim-tension_N.htm |archive-date=13 July 2012 |access-date=2019-11-30 |publisher=[[USA Today]] |quote=Among the world's estimated 1.4 billion Muslims, about 85% are Sunni and about 15% are Shiite.}}
* {{cite book |author=Riaz Hassan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4Ts0GkJBKgC&pg=PA20 |title=Inside Muslim Minds |publisher=Melbourne University Press |year=2008 |isbn=9780522854817 |page=20 |quote=Approximately 20 per cent of the world's Muslims belong to the Shi'ah sect; around 80 per cent are Sunni Muslims.}}
*{{cite book |last=Webber |first=Robert E. |author-link=Robert E. Webber |title=Who Gets to Narrate the World?: Contending for the Christian Story in an Age of Rivals |location=Downers Grove, Illinois |publisher=InterVarsity Press |year=2009 |page=103 |isbn=978-0830834884 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3w_ngX--ji4C&pg=PA103 |quote=The Sunnis (approximately 80%) |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last=Reat |first=N. Ross |author-link=Noble Ross Reat |title=A World Theology: The Central Spiritual Reality of Humankind |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1991 |page=265 |isbn=978-0521401340 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vD2TJNc7NE4C&pg=PA265 |quote=80% being the Sunni |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last=Inam-ul-Haq |first= |title=Islam and the Kadiyani Jama'at |location=Chicago |publisher=Kazi Publications |year=1994 |page=32 |isbn=978-1567444742 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q78O1mjX2tMC&pg=PA32 |quote=The Sunni segment, accounting for at least 80% of the worlds Muslim population |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |author=David Robertson |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmode0000robe |title=A Dictionary of Modern Politics |publisher=Europa Publications |year=2002 |isbn=1-85743-093-X |edition=Third |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmode0000robe/page/252 252] |quote=It is notable that while a large majority, probably 80%, of the world's Muslims are Sunni... |url-access=registration}}</ref> Approximately 49 countries are [[List of Muslim majority countries|Muslim-majority]],{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=11}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ba-Yunus |first1=Ilyas |title=Muslims in the United States |last2=Kone, Kassim |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing]] Group |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/muslimsunitedsta00bayu/page/n186 172] |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsunitedsta00bayu |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-313-32825-1}}</ref><ref name="Pew-Landscape-2012">{{cite report |author=[[Pew Forum|The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life]] |title=The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010 |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323215026/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf |archive-date=2018-03-23 |date=December 2012 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 March 2018 |title=Islam in Russia |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2018/3/7/islam-in-russia/ |access-date=15 June 2021 |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |publisher=[[Anadolu Agency|Anadolu News Agency]] |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024349/https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/features/2018/3/7/islam-in-russia |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Book review: Russia's Muslim Heartlands reveals diverse population |date=21 April 2018 |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230 |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |access-date=13 January 2019 |archive-date=14 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114210257/https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230 |url-status=live }}</ref> with 62% of the world's Muslims living in Asia, and 683 million adherents in [[Islam in Indonesia|Indonesia]],<ref name="Pew-Projections-2050">{{cite web |title=10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050 |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207115222/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/ |archive-date=2017-02-07 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |publisher=Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life |date=2015-04-02 |type=Projections table |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> [[Islam in Pakistan|Pakistan]], [[Islam in India|India]], and [[Islam in Bangladesh|Bangladesh]] alone.<ref>{{cite web|title=Secrets of Islam|url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm|access-date=24 September 2013|website=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|archive-date=22 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122200555/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm|url-status=live}} Information provided by the International Population Center, Department of Geography, [[San Diego State University]] (2005).</ref>{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|pp=15, 17}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pechilis |first1=Karen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C |title=South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today |last2=Raj |first2=Selva J. |date=2013 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-44851-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C&pg=PA193 193] |access-date=3 May 2019 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024331/https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Arab Muslims]] form the [[List of contemporary ethnic groups|largest ethnic group among Muslims]] in the world,<ref name="Nydell-2005">{{cite book |last=Nydell |first=Margaret Kleffner |title=Understanding Arabs: A Guide for Modern Times |edition=4th |location=Yarmouth, Maine |publisher=Intercultural Press |year=2005 |pages=xxiii, 14 |isbn=978-1931930253 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024737/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC |archive-date=2023-12-28 |language=en}}</ref> followed by [[Bengali Muslims|Bengalis]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Eaton|editor=Barbara D. Metcalf|title=Islam in South Asia in Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pR0LzVCpfw8C|date=8 September 2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-3138-8|page=275|chapter=Forest Clearing and the Growth of Islam in Bengal}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |title=The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics |author1=Meghna Guhathakurta |author2=Willem van Schendel |page=50 |date=30 April 2013 |publisher=Duke University Press |access-date=7 November 2016 |isbn=978-0822353188 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092408/https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Punjabi Muslims|Punjabis]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|title=Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten|year=2013|page=1|publisher=Aleph Book Company|location=New Delhi, India, Urbana, [[Illinois]]|isbn=978-93-83064-41-0}}.</ref> Most estimates indicate [[Islam in China|China]] has approximately 20 to 30 million Muslims (1.5% to 2% of the population).<ref>{{cite web |work=[[The World Factbook]] |title=Explore All Countries – China |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |access-date=15 September 2009 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |archive-date=13 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213122152/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=China (includes Hong Kong, Macau, and Tibet) |website=Archived Content |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=U.S. Department of State |archive-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710075050/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Islam in Europe]] is the second-largest religion after [[Christianity]] in many countries, with growth rates due primarily to immigration and higher birth rates of Muslims in 2005,<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 December 2005 |title=Muslims in Europe: Country guide |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm |access-date=1 April 2010 |archive-date=29 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929213440/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> accounting for 4.9% of all of Europe's population in 2016.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/|title=5 facts about the Muslim population in Europe|date=November 29, 2017|work=[[Pew Research Center]]|first=Conrad|last=Hackett|access-date=17 January 2023|archive-date=5 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105202657/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Conversion to Islam|Religious conversion]] has no net impact on the Muslim population growth as "the number of people who [[convert to Islam|become Muslims through conversion]] seems to be roughly equal to the number of Muslims who leave the faith."<ref>{{Cite report |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |section=Conversion |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=Pew Research Center |section-url=https://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-related-factors/#conversion |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |quote=there is no substantial net gain or loss in the number of Muslims through conversion globally; the number of people who become Muslims through conversion seems to be roughly equal to the number of Muslims who leave the faith |access-date=12 May 2020 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211126/http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Although, Islam is expected to experience a modest gain of 3 million through religious conversion between 2010 and 2050, mostly from [[Sub Saharan Africa]] (2.9 million).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf|title=Cumulative Change Due to Religious Switching, 2010–2050, p.43|access-date=4 May 2016|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf|archive-date=29 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|title=The Changing Global Religious Landscape|work=Pew Research Center|date=5 April 2017|access-date=17 December 2022|archive-date=18 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218030628/https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a 2020 Pew study, about 1% of adults raised Muslim leave the faith, while an equal proportion —about 1%— convert to Islam from other religions, resulting in low levels of religious switching both into and out of Islam.<ref name="pew2029">{{Cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett|author2=Marcin Stonawski|author3=Yunping Tong|author4=Stephanie Kramer|author5=Anne Shi|author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf|access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US|page=39|quote=Muslims and Hindus have been the least likely to gain or lose adherents from religious switching. About one in every 100 adults raised Muslim (or Hindu) has left their childhood religion, and a similar number from a different religious category have switched into Islam (or Hinduism).}}</ref> [[Ex-Muslims]] are more likely to convert to another religion than to become Irreligious.<ref name="pew2010–2020" />

According to a report by [[CNN]], "Islam has drawn converts from all walks of life, most notably African-Americans".<ref>{{cite news|title=Fast-growing Islam winning converts in Western world|publisher=[[CNN]]|url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/14/egypt.islam/|access-date=6 May 2016|archive-date=15 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015114027/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/14/egypt.islam/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Islam in Britain|In Britain]], around 6,000 people convert to Islam per year and, according to an article in the British Muslims Monthly Survey, the majority of new Muslim converts in Britain were women.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert |title=British Muslims Monthly Survey for June 2000, Vol. VIII, No. 6 |at=Women convert |access-date=2020-09-28 |archive-date=2008-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214160750/http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert |url-status=live }}</ref> According to ''The Huffington Post'', "observers estimate that as many as 20,000 Americans convert to Islam annually", most of them being [[Women in Islam|women]] and [[African-American Muslims|African-Americans]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-08-24|title=Conversion To Islam One Result Of Post-9/11 Curiosity|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/post-911-islam-converts_n_935572|access-date=2020-11-26|website=HuffPost|language=en|archive-date=2021-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111201117/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/post-911-islam-converts_n_935572|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author-first=Julie|author-last=Bindel|author-link=Julie Bindel|title=Why do Western Women Convert?|url=http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion|access-date=8 May 2016|work=[[Standpoint (magazine)|Standpoint]]|date=26 April 2010|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102003/http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion|url-status=live}}</ref>

By both percentage and total numbers, Islam is the world's fastest growing major religious group, and is projected to be the world's largest by the end of the 21st century, surpassing that of [[Christianity]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lipka |first1=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |date=April 6, 2017 |title=Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514123559/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="pew2015" />{{rp|14}} It is estimated that, by 2050, the number of Muslims will nearly equal the number of Christians around the world, "due to the young age and high [[fertility rate]] of Muslims relative to other religious groups."<ref name="pew2015">{{cite report |author=[[Pew Forum|The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life]] |title=The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010–2050 |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211090450/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf |archive-date=2020-12-11 |date=2015-04-02 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|70}}

==Main branches or denominations==
{{Main|Islamic schools and branches#Main branches or denominations}}

{{See also|Shia–Sunni relations}}

=== Sunni ===
{{Main|Sunni Islam}}

[[File:Sahih Al-Bukhari in English.png|thumb|right|The nine volumes of [[Sahih Al-Bukhari]], one of the [[Al-Kutub Al-Sittah|six Sunni hadith books]]]]
Sunni Islam, or Sunnism, is the name for the largest denomination in Islam.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sunni |title=Sunni |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |archive-date=30 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430101807/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/574006/Sunnite |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Sunni Islam |editor-first=John L. |editor-last=Esposito |encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2014 |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |access-date=10 January 2010 |archive-date=5 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005013247/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Denny-2010">{{cite book |last=Denny |first=Frederick |author-link=Frederick M. Denny |title=Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2010 |page=3 |isbn=978-0199804153 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5_N97bAiJ0C&pg=PA3 |quote=Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90%) of that community. |language=en}}</ref><ref name="pew2010–2020" /><ref>{{citation |title=Glossary of Islamic Terms |url=https://mpeb.ie/for-teachers/glossary-of-islamic-terms/ |access-date=17 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lawson |first1=Russell M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_krEEAAAQBAJ&dq=islam+based+on+the+teachings+of+muhammad&pg=PA419 |title=Science in the Ancient World: From Antiquity through the Middle Ages |date=23 September 2021 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=978-1-4408-7353-9 |page=419 |language=en}}</ref> The term is a contraction of the phrase "ahl as-sunna wa al-jama'at", which means "people of the [[Sunnah|sunna]] (the traditions of Muhammad) and the community".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ahl as-Sunnah |encyclopedia=[[Islam Ansiklopedisi]] |publisher=Turkish Diyanet Foundation |location=Istanbul |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ehl-i-sunnet |last=Yavuz |first=Yusuf Şevki |date=1994 |volume=10 |pages=525–530 |lang=tr |access-date=28 December 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228114411/https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ehl-i-sunnet |url-status=live }}</ref> Sunni Islam is sometimes referred to as "orthodox Islam",<ref>{{cite book |author1=John Richard Thackrah |title=Dictionary of Terrorism |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1135165956 |edition=2, revised |page=252}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Status of Women Under Islamic Law and Modern Islamic Legislation |date=2009 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004172739 |editor1-last=Nasir |editor1-first=Jamal J. |edition=revised |page=11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=George W. Braswell |title=What You Need to Know about Islam & Muslims |date=2000 |publisher=B&H Publishing Group |isbn=978-0805418293 |edition=illustrated |page=62}}</ref> though some scholars view this as inappropriate, and many non-Sunnis may find this offensive.<ref>An Introduction to the Hadith. John Burton. Published by Edinburgh University Press. 1996. p. 201. Cite: "Sunni: Of or pertaining ''sunna'', especially the ''Sunna'' of the Prophet. Used in conscious opposition to Shi'a, Shi'í. There being no ecclesia or centralized magisterium, the translation 'orthodox' is inappropriate. To the Muslim 'unorthodox' implies heretical, ''mubtadi'', from ''bid'a'', the contrary of ''sunna'' and so 'innovation'."</ref> Sunnis, or sometimes Sunnites, believe that the first four caliphs were the rightful successors to Muhammad and primarily reference [[Al-Kutub Al-Sittah|six major hadith works]] for legal matters, while following one of the four traditional schools of jurisprudence: [[Hanafi]], [[Hanbali]], [[Maliki]] or [[Shafi'i]].<ref name="Lexico">{{cite web |title=sharia |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/sharia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122164555/https://www.lexico.com/definition/sharia |archive-date=22 January 2020 |website=Lexico |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|pp=275, 306}}</ref>

[[Traditionalist theology (Islam)|Traditionalist theology]] is a Sunni school of thought, prominently advocated by [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]] (780–855 CE), that is characterized by its adherence to a [[Textualism|textualist]] understanding of the Quran and the sunnah, the belief that the Quran is uncreated and eternal, and opposition to speculative theology, called [[kalam]], in religious and ethical matters.<ref>Hadi Enayat ''Islam and Secularism in Post-Colonial Thought: A Cartography of Asadian Genealogies'' [[Springer Publishing]], 30 June 2017 {{ISBN|978-3-319-52611-9}} p.48</ref> [[Maturidism]], founded by [[Abu Mansur al-Maturidi]] (853–944 CE), asserts that scripture is not needed for basic ethics and that ''good'' and ''evil'' can be understood by reason alone,<ref>Rico Isaacs, Alessandro Frigerio ''Theorizing Central Asian Politics: The State, Ideology and Power'' [[Springer Publishing]] 2018 {{ISBN|978-3-319-97355-5}} p. 108</ref> but people rely on revelation, for matters beyond human's comprehension. [[Ash'arism]], founded by [[Al-Ashʿarī]] (c. 874–936), holds that ethics can derive just from divine revelation but accepts reason regarding exegetical matters and combines Muʿtazila approaches with traditionalist ideas.{{sfnp|Esposito|1999|p=280}}

[[Salafism]] is a revival movement advocating the return to the practices of the earliest generations of Muslims. In the 18th century, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab led a [[Salafi movement]], referred by outsiders as [[Wahhabism]], in modern-day Saudi Arabia.<ref>Richard Gauvain ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'' [[Routledge]] 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-7103-1356-0}} page 8</ref> A similar movement called [[Ahl al-Hadith]] also de-emphasized the centuries' old Sunni legal tradition, preferring to directly follow the Quran and Hadith. The ''[[Nur movement|Nurcu]]'' Sunni movement was initiated by [[Said Nursi]] (1877–1960);<ref name="Svante E. Cornell p. 283">Svante E. Cornell ''Azerbaijan Since Independence'' [[M.E. Sharpe]] {{ISBN|9780765630049}} p. 283</ref> it incorporates elements of Sufism and science.<ref name="Svante E. Cornell p. 283" /><ref>Robert W. Hefner ''Shariʻa Politics: Islamic Law and Society in the Modern World'' [[Indiana University Press]] 2011 {{ISBN|978-0-253-22310-4}} p. 170</ref>

=== Shia ===
{{Main|Shia Islam}}

[[File:Nahj al-Balagha.jpg|thumb|[[Nahj al-balagha]], collection of sermons, letters, and sayings attributed to [[Ali|Imam Ali]].]]
Shia Islam is the second-largest Muslim denomination.<ref>{{cite web |title=Field Listing :: Religions |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706231326/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |archive-date=6 July 2010 |access-date=25 October 2010 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |quote=Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population." ... "Shia Islam represents 10–15% of Muslims worldwide.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sunni |url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614103622/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |archive-date=14 June 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020 |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |quote=Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam, comprising about 85% of the world's over 1.5 billion Muslims.}}</ref>{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=1|ps=. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."}} Shias maintain that Muhammad's [[Succession to Muhammad|successor]] as leader, must be from certain descendants of Muhammad's family known as the [[Ahl al-Bayt]] and those leaders, referred to as [[Imamate in Shia doctrine|Imam]]s, have additional spiritual authority.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii|title=Shiʿi|last=Newman|first=Andrew J.|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=28 December 2021|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720054917/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Sunni Islam |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|MacMillan]] Reference |editor-last=Philip Mattar |edition=2nd |author1=Tayeb El-Hibri|author2=Maysam J. al Faruqi}}</ref> Shias are guided by the [[Ja'fari school|Ja'fari school of jurisprudence]].<ref>{{Cite book |author1=John Corrigan|author2=Frederick Denny|author3=Martin S Jaffee|author4=Carlos Eire |year=2011 |title=Jews, Christians, Muslims: A Comparative Introduction to Monotheistic Religions |publisher= Cambridge University Press |id=978-0205026340 }}</ref>

According to both Sunni and Shia Muslims, a significant event took place at [[Ghadir Khumm]] during Muhammad's return from his final pilgrimage to Mecca, where he stopped thousands of Muslims in the midday heat.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam |author-first=Maria Massi |author-last=Dakake |year=2007 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791470336 |author-link=Maria Massi Dakake}}</ref> Muhammad appointed his cousin [[Ali]] as the executor of his last will and testament, as well as his [[Wali]] (authority).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Veccia Vaglieri|first=L.|date=2012|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_2439|section=G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm|publisher=Brill|access-date=July 14, 2023|isbn=9789004161214|archive-date=14 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714174420/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_2439|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfnp|Campo|2009|pp=257–258}} Shias recognize that Muhammad designated Ali as his successor (khalīfa) and [[Imamate in Shia doctrine|Imam]] (spiritual and political leader) after him, but was prevented from succeeding Muhammad as the leader of the [[Muslims]] because of some [[Companions of the Prophet|other companions]] who selected [[Abu Bakr|Abū Bakr]] as [[Caliphate|caliph]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Foody |first=Kathleen |date=September 2015 |title=Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Andrea R. |journal=[[Journal of the American Academy of Religion]] |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=599–623 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfv029 |doi-access=free |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] on behalf of the [[American Academy of Religion]] |eissn=1477-4585 |issn=0002-7189 |jstor=24488178 |lccn=sc76000837 |oclc=1479270 |quote=For Shiʿi Muslims, Muhammad not only designated Ali as his friend, but appointed him as his successor—as the "lord" or "master" of the new Muslim community. Ali and his descendants would become known as the Imams, divinely guided leaders of the Shiʿi communities, sinless, and granted special insight into the Qurʾanic text. The theology of the Imams that developed over the next several centuries made little distinction between the authority of the Imams to politically lead the Muslim community and their spiritual prowess; quite to the contrary, their right to political leadership was grounded in their special spiritual insight. While in theory, the only just ruler of the Muslim community was the Imam, the Imams were politically marginal after the first generation. In practice, Shiʿi Muslims negotiated varied approaches to both interpretative authority over Islamic texts and governance of the community, both during the lifetimes of the Imams themselves and even more so following the disappearance of the twelfth and final Imam in the ninth century.}}</ref> Sunnis, instead believe that Muhammad did not appoint a successor before [[Death of Muhammad|his death]] and consider Abū Bakr to be the first [[Rashidun|rightful]] caliph after Muhammad.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Foody |first=Kathleen |date=September 2015 |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Andrea R. |title=Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran |journal=[[Journal of the American Academy of Religion]] |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] on behalf of the [[American Academy of Religion]] |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=599–623 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfv029 |issn=0002-7189 |eissn=1477-4585 |jstor=24488178 |lccn=sc76000837 |oclc=1479270 |quote=For Shiʿi Muslims, Muhammad not only designated Ali as his friend, but appointed him as his successor—as the "lord" or "master" of the new Muslim community. Ali and his descendants would become known as the Imams, divinely guided leaders of the Shiʿi communities, sinless, and granted special insight into the Qurʾanic text. The theology of the Imams that developed over the next several centuries made little distinction between the authority of the Imams to politically lead the Muslim community and their spiritual prowess; quite to the contrary, their right to political leadership was grounded in their special spiritual insight. While in theory, the only just ruler of the Muslim community was the Imam, the Imams were politically marginal after the first generation. In practice, Shiʿi Muslims negotiated varied approaches to both interpretative authority over Islamic texts and governance of the community, both during the lifetimes of the Imams themselves and even more so following the disappearance of the twelfth and final Imam in the ninth century. |doi-access=free}}</ref> Shias state the community deliberately ignored Ali's nomination,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Daftary |first1=Farhad |title=A History Of Shi'i Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/shii-heritage-series-farhad-daftary-a-history-of-shii-islam-i.-b.-tauris-2013_202104/mode/2up |website=Internet Archive |access-date=July 22, 2024 |date=2013}}</ref> citing [[Umar]]'s appointment by Abu Bakr,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lalani |first1=Arzina R. |title=Early Shi'i Thought: The Teachings of Imam Muhammad al-Baqir |date=2000 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=1850435928}}</ref> other historical evidence,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Amir-Moezzi |author-first=Mohammad Ali |title=Ghadīr Khumm |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=Third |editor1-first=Kate |editor1-last=Fleet |editor2-first=Gudrun |editor2-last=Krämer |editor3-first=Denis |editor3-last=Matringe |editor4-first=John |editor4-last=Nawas |editor5-first=Devin J. |editor5-last=Stewart |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419 |year=2014 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419 |isbn=9789004269613 |author-link=Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi |url-access=subscription}}</ref> and the [[Qur'an]]'s stance that majority does not imply legitimacy.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mavani|first=Hamid|url=https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/|title=Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=9780415624404|url-access=registration}}</ref>

Some of the first Shia Imams are revered by all Shia and Sunnis Muslims, such as Ali and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Armajani |first=Jon |title=Shia Islam and Politics: Iran, Iraq, and Lebanon |date=2020 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-1-7936-2136-8 |location=Lanham (Md.) |pages=11}}</ref> [[Twelvers]], the largest Shia branch and most influential, believe in [[Twelve Imams]], the last of whom went into [[Occultation (Islam)|occultation]] to return one day. They recognize that the prophecy of the Twelve Imams has been foretold in the [[Hadith of the Twelve Successors]] which is recorded by both Sunni and Shia sources.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kohlberg|first=Etan|title=From Imāmiyya to Ithnā-'ashariyya|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/abs/from-imamiyya-to-ithnaashariyya/32F60507F79BEE8C3732011F4D092CAF|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|year=1976|volume=39|issue=3|pages=521–534|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00050989|s2cid=155070530|access-date=July 14, 2023|archive-date=14 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714174420/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/abs/from-imamiyya-to-ithnaashariyya/32F60507F79BEE8C3732011F4D092CAF|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Zaydism]] rejects infallibility of Imams and were sometimes regarded a 'fifth school' of Sunni Islam rather than a Shia denomination.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social and Military History |editor-first1=Spencer C. |editor-last1=Tucker |editor2=Priscilla Mary Roberts |year=2008 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-842-2 |page=917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA917 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024726/https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA917 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Iraq Effect: The Middle East After the Iraq War |first=Frederic M. |last=Wehrey |year=2010 |publisher=Rand Corporation |isbn=978-0-8330-4788-5 |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-3LAlfW7DIC&pg=PA91 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024742/https://books.google.com/books?id=i-3LAlfW7DIC&pg=PA91#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> They differed with other Shias over the status of the fifth imam and are sometimes known as "Fivers".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peterson |first=Daniel |title=Zaydiyya |url=|journal=Islamic Studies |year=2011 |language=en |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi=10.1093/obo/9780195390155-0153 |issn=}}</ref> The [[Ismailism|Isma'ilis]] split with the Twelvers over who was the seventh Imam and have further fragmented into more groups over the status of successive Imams, with the largest group being the [[Nizari Isma'ilism|Nizari]]s.<ref>{{cite book|last=Newman|first=Andrew J.|author-link=Andrew J. Newman|title=Twelver Shiism: Unity and Diversity in the Life of Islam, 632 to 1722|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-7833-4|chapter=Introduction|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ&pg=PP18|page=2|access-date=13 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501201413/https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

For Shias, the [[Imam Ali Shrine]] in Najaf, the [[Imam Husayn Shrine]] in Karbala, and the [[Fatima Masumeh Shrine]] in [[Qom]] are also among the [[Holiest sites in Islam|Islamic Holy sites]].<ref name="Sardeg2">{{cite web |last=Escobar |first=Pepe |date=May 24, 2002 |title=Knocking on heaven's door |url=http://www.atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020603155002/http://atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html |archive-date=June 3, 2002 |access-date=2006-11-12 |work=[[Asia Times Online]] |quote=our sixth imam, Imam Sadeg, says that we have five definitive holy places... first is Mecca... second is Medina... third belongs to our first imam of Shia, Ali, which is in Najaf. The fourth belongs to our third imam, Hussein, in Kerbala. The last one belongs to the daughter of our seventh imam and sister of our eighth imam, who is called Fatemah, and will be buried in Qom. |department=Central Asia/Russia}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align = center
| image1 = Imam_Ali_shrine_-_1_May_2015_19.jpg
| width1 = 217
| alt1 =
| caption1 = [[Imam Ali Shrine]] in [[Najaf]], the third holiest place for Shia Muslims after Mecca and Medina.
| image2 = حرم الامام الحسين.jpg
| width2 = 200
| alt2 =
| caption2 = [[Imam Hussein Shrine]] in [[Karbala]], a holy site for Shia Muslims.
| width3 = 289
| alt3 =
| footer =
| image3 = ImamReza(A).jpg
| caption3 = [[Imam Reza shrine]], the world's largest mosque, in [[Mashhad]], [[Iran]]. 25 million Shias visiting the shrine each year.
}}

=== Muhakkima ===
{{Main|Muhakkima|Ibadi Islam|Kharijites}}

[[Ibadism]] is the third-largest branch of Islam whose roots go back to the [[Kharijites|Kharijite]] secession from the fourth Caliph, Ali.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2014 |entry=Ibadis |encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |entry-url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e913 |editor=John L. Esposito |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820035842/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e913 |archive-date=2017-08-20 |quote=Ibadis [:] subsect of Khariji Islam founded in the eighth century. Has its strongest presence in [[Oman]], but is also found in North Africa and various communities on the [[Swahili Coast]].}}</ref> It is practised by 1.45 million Muslims around the world (~0.08% of all Muslims), most of them in [[Oman]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robert Brenton Betts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vFq_KUqqWJMC&pg=PA15 |title=The Sunni-Shi'a Divide: Islam's Internal Divisions and Their Global Consequences |date=31 July 2013 |isbn=978-1-61234-522-2 |pages=14–15 |publisher=Potomac Books |access-date=7 January 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024743/https://books.google.com/books?id=vFq_KUqqWJMC&pg=PA15#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Ibadism is often associated with and viewed as a moderate variation of the Kharijites, though Ibadis themselves object to this classification. The kharijites were groups that rebelled against Caliph Ali for his acceptance of arbitration with someone they viewed as a sinner. Unlike most kharijite groups, Ibadism does not regard sinful Muslims as unbelievers. Ibadi hadiths, such as the [[Jami Sahih]] collection, use chains of narrators from early Islamic history they consider trustworthy, but most Ibadi hadiths are also found in standard Sunni collections and contemporary Ibadis often approve of the standard Sunni collections.<ref>{{Cite book|first= Valerie Jon|last= Hoffman|title= The Essentials of Ibadi Islam|location= [[Syracuse, New York|Syracuse]]|pages=3–4|publisher= [[Syracuse University Press]]|year= 2012|isbn= 9780815650843|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JNxvMRJM3EAC}}</ref>
[[File:Islam branches and schools..png|centre|An overview of the major sects and ''madhahib'' of Islam]]

=== Other denominations ===

* The [[Ahmadiyya Movement]] was founded in British India in 1889 by [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]] of [[Qadian]], who claimed to be the promised [[Messiah]] ("[[Second Coming]] of [[Jesus in Islam|Christ]]"), the [[Mahdi]] awaited by the Muslims as well as a [[Prophethood (Ahmadiyya)|"subordinate" prophet]] to the Islamic prophet Muhammad.<ref name="Upal 2021">{{cite book |author-last=Upal |author-first=M. Afzal |author-link=Afzal Upal |title=Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-90-04-43554-4 |editor1-last=Cusack |editor1-first=Carole M. |editor1-link=Carole M. Cusack |series=Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion |volume=21 |location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]] |pages=637–657 |chapter=The Cultural Genetics of the Aḥmadiyya Muslim Jamāʿat |doi=10.1163/9789004435544_034 |issn=1874-6691 |editor2-last=Upal |editor2-first=M. Afzal |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Turner 2003">{{cite book |last=Turner |first=Richard Brent |title=Islam in the African-American Experience |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=9780253216304 |edition=2nd |location=[[Bloomington, Indiana]] and [[Indianapolis]] |pages=109–146 |chapter=The Ahmadiyya Mission to America: A Multi-Racial Model for American Islam |lccn=2003009791 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XMuLWlTgjMC&pg=PA109 }}</ref> There are a wide variety of distinct beliefs and teachings of Ahmadis compared to those of ''most other'' Muslims,<ref name="Upal 2021" /><ref name="Drover 2020">{{cite book |author-last=Drover |author-first=Lauren |title=New Religious Movements in Modern Asian History: Socio-Cultural Alternatives |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-7936-3403-0 |editor-last=Kim |editor-first=David W. |series=Ethnographies of Religion |location=[[Lanham, Maryland]] |pages=21–36 |chapter=The Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat: A New Religious Movement Derived from Islam? |oclc=1220880253 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9WQGEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Korbel |first1=Jonathan |title=Religious Dynamics under the Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism |last2=Preckel |first2=Claudia |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-90-04-32511-1 |editor1-last=Bentlage |editor1-first=Björn |series=Numen Book Series |volume=154 |location=[[Leiden]] |pages=426–442 |chapter=Ghulām Aḥmad al-Qādiyānī: The Messiah of the Christians—Peace upon Him—in India (India, 1908) |doi=10.1163/9789004329003_034 |editor2-last=Eggert |editor2-first=Marion |editor3-last=Krämer |editor3-first=Hans-Martin |editor4-last=Reichmuth |editor4-first=Stefan |editor4-link=Stefan Reichmuth (academic) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtY6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA426}}</ref><ref name="Turner 2003" /> which include the interpretation of the Quranic title ''[[Khatam an-Nabiyyin]]''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Balzani |first=Marzia |title=Ahmadiyya Islam and the Muslim Diaspora: Living at the End of Days |isbn=978-1-315-19728-9 |location=Abingdon, Oxon |pages=6–8 |oclc=1137739779}}</ref> and interpretation of the [[Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam|Messiah's Second Coming]].<ref name="Drover 2020" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-23 |title=What are the Signs of the Second Coming of the Messiah? |url=https://www.reviewofreligions.org/12457/what-are-the-signs-of-the-second-coming-of-the-messiah/ |access-date=2020-06-23 |website=Review of Religions |language=en-GB}}</ref> These perceived deviations from normative Islamic thought have resulted in rejection by most Muslims as heretics<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paracha |first=Nadeem F. |date=2013-11-21 |title=The 1974 ouster of the 'heretics': What really happened? |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1057427 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613025520/http://www.dawn.com/news/1057427 |archive-date=13 June 2015 |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=DAWN.COM |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> and [[persecution of Ahmadis]] in various countries,<ref name="Drover 2020" /> particularly [[Ahmadiyya in Pakistan|Pakistan]],<ref name="Drover 2020" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Uddin |first=Asma T. |title=State Responses to Minority Religions |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]]/[[Routledge]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-4724-1647-6 |editor-last=Kirkham |editor-first=David M. |series=Ashgate Inform Series on Minority Religions and Spiritual Movements |location=[[Farnham|Farnham, U.K.]] and [[Burlington, Vermont]] |pages=81–98 |chapter=A Legal Analysis of Ahmadi Persecution in Pakistan |lccn=2013019344 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k9TVCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA81 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> where they have been officially declared as non-Muslims by the [[Government of Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution (Second Amendment) Act, 1974 |url=https://pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/amendments/2amendment.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717144752/http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/amendments/2amendment.html |archive-date=17 July 2017 |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=pakistani.org}}</ref> The followers of the Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam are divided into two groups: the first being the [[Ahmadiyya Muslim Community]], currently the dominant group, and the [[Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam]].<ref name="Drover 2020" />
* [[Alevism]] is a [[Syncretism|syncretic]] and [[Heterodoxy|heterodox]] local Islamic tradition, whose adherents follow the mystical ([[Batin (Islam)|bāṭenī]]) teachings of Ali and [[Haji Bektash Veli]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bektāšīya |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bektasiya |website=Encyclopaedia Iranica |first1=Hamid |last1=Algar |date=December 15, 1989 |access-date=13 February 2019 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910201955/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bektasiya |url-status=live }}</ref> Alevism is a blend of traditional 14th century Turkish beliefs,<ref>Jorgen S Nielsen Muslim ''Political Participation in Europe'' [[Edinburgh University Press]] 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-748-67753-5}} page 255</ref> with possible syncretist origins in [[Tengrism|Shamanism]] and [[Animism]], alongside Shia and Sufi beliefs. It has been estimated that there are 10 million to over 20 million (~0.5–1% of all Muslims) Alevis worldwide.<ref name="Shindeldecker-Alevi">{{cite web |last=Shindeldecker |first=John |title=Turkish Alevis Today: II Alevi Population Size and Distribution |url=http://www.alevi.dk/ENGELSK/Turkish_Alevis_Today.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130111738/http://www.alevi.dk/ENGELSK/Turkish_Alevis_Today.pdf |archive-date=2016-11-30 |format=PDF |access-date=2017-05-30 |language=en}}. See also: {{cite encyclopedia |title=Alevi |url=http://i-cias.com/e.o/alevi.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613045624/https://i-cias.com/e.o/alevi.htm |archive-date=2021-06-13 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Orient |access-date=2017-05-30 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Quranism]] is a religious movement of Islam based on the belief that Islamic law and guidance should only be based on the [[Quran]] and not the [[sunnah]] or [[Hadith]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Musa |first=Aisha Y. |date=2010 |title=The Qur'anists |journal=Religion Compass |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=12–21 |doi=10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00189.x}}</ref> with Quranists notably differing in their approach to the [[five pillars of Islam]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Musa |first=Aisha Y. |title=The Qur'anists |url=https://www.academia.edu/1035742 |journal=Religion Compass |year=2010 |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=12–21 |doi=10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00189.x |issn=1749-8171 |access-date=8 June 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128062123/https://www.academia.edu/1035742 |url-status=live }}</ref> The movement developed from the 19th century onwards, with thinkers like [[Syed Ahmad Khan]], Abdullah Chakralawi and [[Ghulam Ahmed Perwez]] in India questioning the hadith tradition.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Daniel W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6RPcYgx5u_MC |title=Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought |date=1999-03-04 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-65394-7 |pages=7–45, 68 |language=en}}</ref> In Egypt, [[Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi]] penned the article ''Islam is the Quran alone'' in the magazine ''[[Al-Manār (magazine)|Al-Manār]]'', arguing for the sole authority of the Quran.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Juynboll |first=G. H. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xAUVAAAAIAAJ |title=The Authenticity of the Tradition Literature: Discussions in Modern Egypt,... G.H.A. Juynboll,... |date=1969 |publisher=Brill Archive |pages=23–25 |language=en}}</ref> A prominent late 20th century Quranist was [[Rashad Khalifa]], an Egyptian-American biochemist who claimed to have discovered a [[numerology|numerological]] [[Quran code|code in the Quran]], and founded the Quranist organization [[United Submitters International]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=September 1989 |title=Why the name change? |url=http://www.quranalone.com/SP/57_1989_09.pdf |journal=Submission Perspective |volume=57 |page=1 |access-date=29 August 2022 |archive-date=31 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731115713/https://www.quranalone.com/SP/57_1989_09.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Mu'tazilism]] was an early Islamic theological school known for their use of [[rationalism]], particularly towards the two primary sources of Islam, the [[Qur'an]] and the [[hadith]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abd al-Jabbār |first=Al-Qāḍī |title=Kitab al-Mughni fi abwab al-tawhid wal-adl}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=al-Asadābādī |first=ʻAbd al-Jabbār ibn Aḥmad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_PilAQAACAAJ |title=Sharḥ al-uṣūl al-khamsah |date=1965 |publisher=Maktabat wahbah |language=ar}}</ref> The school was founded on five main principles: the monotheism ([[tawhid]]), [[divine justice]], the certainty of divine promises and threats, an intermediate position regarding the status of great sinners, and the obligation to enjoin good and forbid evil.<ref name=":0" /> Unlike the Sunnis, Mu'tazilite rejected the traditional view that the Qur'an was the uncreated word of God, and instead held that the [[Quranic createdness|Qur'an was a created revelation]], to affirm the absolute oneness of God.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Campanini |first=Massimo |date=2012 |title=The Mu'tazila in Islamic History and Thought |url=https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00273.x |journal=Religion Compass |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=41–50 |doi=10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00273.x |issn=1749-8171|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Emphasizing the use of reason, they argued that human [[free will]] allowed individuals to choose between good and evil, making them responsible for their actions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fakhry |first=Majid |title=A history of Islamic philosophy |date= |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-13220-6 |edition= |location=New York |pages=47}}</ref> Although the Mu'tazila's influence waned due to social and political pressure from orthodox Sunnis, their rationalist legacy remains important in [[Islamic modernity|Islamic intellectualism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Martin |first1=Richard C. |title=Defenders of reason in Islam: Muʻtazilism from medieval school to modern symbol |last2=Woodward |first2=Mark R. |last3=Atmaja |first3=Dwi S. |date=1997 |publisher=Oneworld Publications |isbn=978-1-85168-147-1 |location=Oxford, England; Rockport, MA, USA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vasalou |first=Sophia |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/VASMAA-2 |title=Moral Agents and Their Deserts: The Character of Mu'tazilite Ethics |date=2008 |publisher=Princeton University Press}}</ref>

=== Non-denominational Muslims ===
{{Main|Non-denominational Muslim}}

Non-denominational Muslims is an [[umbrella term]] that has been used for and by Muslims who do not belong to or do not self-identify with a specific [[Islamic denomination]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophoobia in Europe! |work=New Europe |location=Brussels |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |url-status=dead |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |quote=Anyone who has travelled to Central Asia knows of the non-denominational Muslims—those who are neither Shiites nor Sounites, but who accept Islam as a religion generally.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Kenneth |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=jQGZBAAAQBAJ|page=29}} |title=Unthinkable: Iran, the Bomb, and American Strategy |date=2014 |isbn=978-1-4767-3393-7 |page=29 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |quote=Although many Iranian hardliners are Shi'a chauvinists, Khomeini's ideology saw the revolution as pan-Islamist, and therefore embracing Sunni, Shi'a, Sufi, and other, more nondenominational Muslims}}</ref> Recent surveys report that large proportions of Muslims in some parts of the world self-identify as "just Muslim", although there is little published analysis available regarding the motivations underlying this response.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burns |first=Robert |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=akWUGyN7fwEC|page=55}} |title=Christianity, Islam, and the West |date=2011 |isbn=978-0-7618-5560-6 |page=55 |publisher=University Press of America |quote=40 per cent called themselves "just a Muslim" according to the Council of American-Islamic relations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tatari |first=Eren |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=x_4QBQAAQBAJ|page=111}} |title=Muslims in British Local Government: Representing Minority Interests in Hackney, Newham and Tower Hamlets |date=2014 |isbn=978-90-04-27226-2 |page=111 |publisher=BRILL |quote=Nineteen said that they are Sunni Muslims, six said they are just Muslim without specifying a sect, two said they are Ahmadi, and two said their families are Alevi}}</ref> Pew Research reports that respondents self-identifying as "just Muslim" make up a majority of Muslims in seven countries (and a plurality in three others), with the highest proportion in [[Kazakhstan]] at 74%. At least one in five Muslims in at least 22 countries self-identifies in this way.<ref name="Pew" />

== Mysticism ==
{{Main|Sufism}}

{{See also|Sufi–Salafi relations}}
[[File:Mevlana Konya.jpg|thumb|The Whirling Dervishes, or [[Mevlevi Order]] by the tomb of Sufi-mystic [[Rumi]]]]
[[File:Sema ceremony many.jpg|thumb|[[Sufism]] in [[Konya]], [[Turkey]]]]
Sufism (Arabic: {{langx|ar|تصوف|translit=tasawwuf|label=none}}), is a [[mystical]]-[[ascetic]] approach to Islam that seeks to find a direct [[Divine presence|personal experience of God]]. Classical Sufi scholars defined ''tasawwuf'' as "a science whose objective is the reparation of the heart and turning it away from all else but God", through "intuitive and emotional faculties" that one must be trained to use.<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=302}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Malik|Hinnells|2006|p=3}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Turner|1998|p=145}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Trimingham|1998|p=1}}</ref> [[Ahmad ibn Ajiba]] defined tasawwuf as "a return to the tradition, and its beginning is knowledge, its middle is action [upon that knowledge], and its end is a gift [from Allah]."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ibn-ʿAǧība |first1=Aḥmad Ibn-Muḥammad |last2=Aresmouk |first2=Mohamed Fouad |last3=Fitzgerald |first3=Michael Abdurrahman |last4=Ibn-ʿAǧība |first4=Aḥmad Ibn-Muḥammad |title=The Book of ascension to the essential truths of Sufism: a lexicon of Sufic terminology = Miʿrāj al-tashawwuf ilā ḥaqāʾiq al-taṣawwuf |date=2011 |publisher=Fons Vitae |location=Louisville, KY |isbn=978-1891785849}}</ref> It is not a sect of Islam, and its adherents belong to the various Muslim denominations. [[Isma'ilism]], whose teachings are rooted in [[Gnosticism]] and [[Neoplatonism]]<ref name="Andani-2016">{{cite journal |last=Andani |first=Khalil |author-link=Khalil Andani |date=2016 |title=A Survey of Ismaili Studies Part 1: Early Ismailism and Fatimid Ismailism |journal=[[Religion Compass]] |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=191–206 |doi=10.1111/rec3.12205 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/rec3.12205 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref> as well as by the [[Illuminationism|Illuminationist]] and [[School of Isfahan|Isfahan]] schools of Islamic philosophy, has developed mystical interpretations of Islam.<ref name="Aminrazavi-2016">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Aminrazavi |first=Mehdi |author-link=Mehdi Aminrazavi |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |editor-link=Edward N. Zalta |title=Mysticism in Arabic and Islamic Philosophy |encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |edition=Summer 2016 |publisher=Stanford University |date=2016 |orig-year=2009 |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2016/entries/arabic-islamic-mysticism/ |access-date=2020-05-25 |language=en}}</ref> [[Hasan al-Basri]], the early Sufi ascetic often portrayed as one of the earliest Sufis,<ref name="Knysh-2015">{{cite book |last=Knysh |first=Alexander |author-link=Alexander Knysh |title=Islam in Historical Perspective |location=London |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |page=214 |isbn=978-1-317-34712-5 |language=en}}</ref> emphasized fear of failing God's expectations of obedience. In contrast, later prominent Sufis, such as [[Mansur Al-Hallaj]] and [[Rumi|Jalaluddin Rumi]], emphasized religiosity based on love towards God. Such devotion would also have an impact on the arts, with Rumi still one of the bestselling poets in America.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Haviland |first=Charles |date=30 September 2007 |title=The roar of Rumi – 800 years on |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7016090.stm |access-date=10 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=1 September 2009 |title=Islam: Jalaluddin Rumi |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/art/rumi_1.shtml |access-date=10 August 2011 |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

Sufis see ''tasawwuf'' as an inseparable part of Islam.{{sfnp|Chittick|2008|pp=3–4, 11}} Traditional Sufis, such as [[Bayazid Bastami]], Jalaluddin Rumi, [[Haji Bektash Veli]], [[Junaid Baghdadi]], and Al-Ghazali, argued for Sufism as being based upon the tenets of Islam and the teachings of the prophet.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed Hossein |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontois00nasr |access-date=17 January 2015 |title=An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines |date=1993 |isbn=978-0-7914-1515-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontois00nasr/page/192 192]|publisher=SUNY Press }}</ref>{{sfnp|Chittick|2008|pp=3–4, 11}} Historian [[Nile Green]] argued that Islam in the medieval period was more or less Sufism.{{sfnp|Peacock|2019|p=24,77}} Followers of the Sunni [[Islamic revival|revivalist]] movement known as [[Salafism]] have viewed popular devotional practices, such as the veneration of Sufi saints, as innovations from the original religion. Salafists have sometimes physically attacked Sufis, leading to a deterioration in [[Sufi–Salafi relations]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Cook |author-first=David |author-link=David Cook (historian) |date=May 2015 |title=Mysticism in Sufi Islam |url=https://oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.51 |isbn=9780199340378 |doi-access=free |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128012740/http://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |archive-date=28 November 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=15 January 2023}}</ref>

Sufi congregations form orders (''[[tariqa]]'') centred around a teacher (''[[wali]]'') who traces a spiritual chain back to Muhammad.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url= https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/583591/tariqa |title= tariqa | Islam |encyclopedia= Britannica.com |date= 4 February 2014 |access-date= 29 May 2015}}</ref> Sufis played an important role in the formation of Muslim societies through their missionary and educational activities.<ref name=EB-Sufism>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sufism |title=Sufism |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The Sufism-influenced Ahle Sunnat movement or [[Barelvi]] movement claims over 200 million followers in South Asia.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bowker |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780192800947 |title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-280094-7 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780192800947.001.0001}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Sanyal |first=Usha |date=1998 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1&fid=69415&jid=ASS&volumeId=32&issueId=03&aid=69414 |title=Generational Changes in the Leadership of the Ahl-e Sunnat Movement in North India during the Twentieth Century |journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]] |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=635–656 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X98003059 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=17 March 2020 |access-date=1 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317013822/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/generational-changes-in-the-leadership-of-the-ahle-sunnat-movement-in-north-india-during-the-twentieth-century/8AAAC4CFEFC4F4084731C3964A5CAE84 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|loc=[http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095357101 "Ahl al-Sunnah wa'l-Jamaah"]}} – via Oxford Reference.</ref> Sufism is prominent in Central Asia,<ref>{{cite web |last=Alvi |first=Farhat |title=The Significant Role of Sufism in Central Asia |url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/uoc/PDF-FILES/(2)%20The%20Significant%20Role%20of%20Sufism%20in%20Central%20Asia%20(Dr.%20Farh.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johns |first=Anthony H |year=1995 |title=Sufism in Southeast Asia: Reflections and Reconsiderations |journal=[[Journal of Southeast Asian Studies]] |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=169–183 |doi=10.1017/S0022463400010560 |jstor=20071709|s2cid=154870820 }}</ref> as well as in African countries like [[Tunisia]], [[Algeria]], [[Morocco]], [[Senegal]], [[Chad]] and [[Niger]].<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|date=9 August 2012|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|access-date=4 September 2013|website=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Babou |first=Cheikh Anta |date=2007 |title=Sufism and Religious Brotherhoods in Senegal |journal=[[International Journal of African Historical Studies]] |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=184–186}}</ref>

== Law and jurisprudence ==
{{Main|Sharia|Fiqh}}

{{See also|Logic in Islamic philosophy#Islamic law and theology}}
[[File:Madhhab Map3.png|thumb|Islamic [[madh'hab|schools of law]] in the [[Muslim world]]{{Citation needed|date=May 2025|reason=Our Fiqh map does need an update, for example Bahrain is mostly orange (representing Ja'fari) while its Monarchy is Maliki and a majority of its citizens Sunni. Would be very helpful to get an update to date SVG version of the map as there are some tiny island Indian Ocean countries who are not shown on the map}}]]
[[Shariah]] is the body of Islamic [[religious law]].<ref name="Lexico" />{{sfnp|Esposito|2002b|pp=17, 111–112, 118}} The desire to delineate and discover laws in a comprehensive and consistent method led to the development of the [[jurisprudence|theory of law]], called [[fiqh]].<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2010|p=96}}</ref><ref name="vikor">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Vikør |first=Knut S. |author-link=Knut S. Vikør |editor-last=Shahin |editor-first=Emad |editor-link=Emad El-Din Shahin |title=Sharīʿah |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0199739356 |url=http://bridgingcultures.neh.gov/muslimjourneys/items/show/226 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604214623/http://bridgingcultures.neh.gov/muslimjourneys/items/show/226 |archive-date=2014-06-04 |access-date=2020-05-25 |language=en}}</ref> Conversely, [[bid'ah]] is used to refer to unlawful innovations in matters of religion.<ref>{{cite book|last1 = A.C. Brown|first1 = Jonathan|author-link=Jonathan A.C. Brown|title = Hadith: Muhammad's Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World ''(Foundations of Islam)''|date = 2009|publisher = [[Oneworld Publications]]|isbn = 978-1851686636|page = 277}}</ref> Differing methodologies, called principles of fiqh or ''[[Usul al-fiqh]]'', have developed and a school of jurisprudence arising around a methodology is known as a ''madhhab'' ({{langx|ar|مذهب}}). The conformity in following of decisions by a religious expert or school is called ''[[taqlid]]''. The term ''[[Salafi movement#Views on Taqlid (adherence to legal precedent)|ghayr muqallid]]'' refers to those who do not use taqlid and, by extension, do not have a madhab.<ref>{{cite book| last = Bharathi| first = K. S.| title = Encyclopedia of Eminent Thinkers| location = New Delhi| publisher = Concept Publishing Company| year = 1998| language = en| isbn = 978-81-7022-684-0| ref = {{harvid|Bharathi|1998}}}}</ref> The practice of an individual interpreting law with independent reasoning is called ''[[ijtihad]]''.{{sfnp|Weiss|2002|pp=3, 161}}<ref name="ODI">{{cite web |editor-link=John Esposito|editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Islamic Law |work=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t125/e1107 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203033813/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t125/e1107 |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2017 |via=Oxford Islamic Studies Online}}</ref> Those who interpret shariah are known as [[mufti]]s and their legal opinions are called [[fatwa]]s.<ref name="ODI" /><ref name="vikor" />

The primary sources of Shariah are the Quran and Sunnah.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Esposito |first1=John L. |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=MOmaDq8HKCgC|page=2}} |title=Women in Muslim Family Law |last2=DeLong-Bas |first2=Natana J. |publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8156-2908-5 |pages=2– |author-link=John Esposito |author-link2=Natana J. DeLong-Bas|quote= "[...], by the ninth century, the classical theory of law fixed the sources of Islamic law at four: the ''Quran'', the ''Sunnah'' of the Prophet, ''qiyas'' (analogical reasoning), and ''ijma'' (consensus)."}}</ref> A common third source is [[qiyas]] (analogical reasoning) which is used for legal questions not dealt with literally in the Qur’ān or Sunnah. Parallels would be searched for to find the ''illah'', or effective cause, which is the reason behind the existing ruling.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095957640|publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=1 October 2024 |location=Oxford |title=illah}}</ref> For example, from the specific prohibition of wine is deduced a broad prohibition on alcohol as they share the operative cause identified as the mind-altering nature of all alcoholic drinks.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Fairak |first1= A. |title= Analogy (Islamic)|edition=2014|page=56|year=2014|publisher=Springer |location=Boston|isbn= 978-1-4614-6085-5|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last= Fairak |first= A. |year=2014 |title= Analogy (Islamic)|journal= Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion|volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=531–55 |doi=10.1086/353360 |s2cid=144315162 | issn=0021-1753}}</ref> The [[Zahiri school]] adheres to strict literalism and thus rejects qiyas. Consensus of opinion is [[ijma]], while [[ikhtilaf]] refers to scholarly disagreement. Rulings assign actions to one of five categories called [[ahkam]]: mandatory (''[[fard]]''), recommended (''[[mustahabb]]''), permitted (''[[mubah]]''), abhorred (''[[makruh]]''), and prohibited (''[[haram]]'').<ref name="ODI" /><ref name="vikor" />

In the modern era, sharia-based criminal laws were widely replaced by statutes inspired by European models.<ref name="vikor" /> The [[Ottoman Empire]]'s 19th century [[Tanzimat]] reforms led to the [[Mecelle]] civil code and represented the first attempt to [[Codification (law)|codify]] sharia.<ref name=Oxfordref/> While the constitutions of most Muslim-majority states contain references to sharia, its classical rules were largely retained only in [[Status (law)|personal status]] (family) laws.<ref name="vikor" /> Legislative bodies which codified these laws sought to modernize them without abandoning their foundations in traditional jurisprudence.<ref name="vikor" /><ref name="mayer">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Mayer |first=Ann Elizabeth |author-link=Ann Elizabeth Mayer |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |editor-link=John Esposito |title=Law: Modern Legal Reform |encyclopedia=[[The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World]] |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0195305135 |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0473 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121033722/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0473 |archive-date=2008-11-21 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Islamic revival]] of the late 20th century brought along calls by [[Islamist]] movements for complete implementation of sharia.<ref name="vikor" /><ref name="mayer" /> The role of sharia has become a contested topic around the world. There are ongoing debates as to whether sharia is compatible with secular forms of government, human rights, [[freedom of thought]], and [[women's rights]] due to concerns including on [[Religious censorship#In Islam|censorship]] and [[Islam and violence|violence]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=An-Na'im |first=Abdullahi A. |title=Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective: Religious Perspectives |year=1996 |isbn=978-90-411-0179-2 |editor-last=Witte |editor-first=John |pages=337–359 |chapter=Islamic Foundations of Religious Human Rights |publisher=BRILL |editor-last2=van der Vyver |editor-first2=Johan D. |chapter-url={{Google books|aqyWwF5YA1gC|page=337|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hajjar |first=Lisa |year=2004 |title=Religion, State Power, and Domestic Violence in Muslim Societies: A Framework for Comparative Analysis |journal=[[Law & Social Inquiry]] |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=1–38 |doi=10.1111/j.1747-4469.2004.tb00329.x |jstor=4092696 |s2cid=145681085}}</ref>

== Society ==
=== Religious personages ===
{{Main|Ulama}}

[[File:Карло Боссоли. Татарская школа для детей (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Crimean Tatars|Crimean Tatar]] Muslim students (1856)]]
Islam has no clergy in the [[sacerdotalism|sacerdotal]] sense, such as priests who mediate between God and people. ''[[Imam]]'' ({{langx|ar|إمام|label=none}}) is the religious title used to refer to an Islamic leadership position, often in the context of conducting an Islamic worship service.<ref>{{cite web |title=Imam|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/imam|access-date=15 January 2023|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Religious interpretation is presided over by the '''ulama'' (Arabic: علماء), a term used describe the body of Muslim scholars who have received training in [[Islamic studies]]. A scholar of the hadith is called a ''[[muhaddith]]'', a scholar of jurisprudence is called a ''[[faqih]]'' ({{langx|ar|فقيه|label=none}}), a jurist who is qualified to issue legal opinions or ''[[fatwas]]'' is called a [[mufti]], and a ''[[qadi]]'' is an Islamic judge. [[Honorific]] titles given to scholars include [[sheikh]], [[mullah]] and ''[[Mawlawi (Islamic title)|mawlawi]]''. Some Muslims also venerate [[Saints in Islam|saints]] associated with [[Islamic view of miracles|miracles]] ({{langx|ar|كرامات|translit=karāmāt|label=none}}).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Radtke |first1=B. |last2=Lory |first2=P. |last3=Zarcone |first3=Th. |last4=DeWeese |first4=D. |last5=Gaborieau |first5=M. |last6=Denny |first6=F. M. |last7=Aubin |first7=F. |last8=Hunwick |first8=J. O. |last9=Mchugh |first9=N. |title=Walī |orig-year=1993 |year=2012 |editor1-last=Bearman |editor1-first=P. J. |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-link=Thierry Bianquis |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-first=C. E. |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor4-first=E. J. |editor4-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-first=W. P. |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |edition=2nd |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1335 |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4}}</ref>

=== Governance ===

{{See also|Political aspects of Islam|Islamic economics|Islamic military jurisprudence|tasamuh|Jihad}}
In [[Islamic economic jurisprudence]], hoarding of wealth is reviled and thus [[monopoly|monopolistic]] behavior is frowned upon.<ref name="Iqbal2010">{{cite book | last1 = Iqbal | first1 = Zamir | last2 = Mirakhor | first2 = Abbas | last3 = Krichenne | first3 = Noureddine | last4 = Askari | first4 = Hossein | title = The Stability of Islamic Finance: Creating a Resilient Financial Environment | location = Singapore | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 2010 | language = en | isbn = 978-0-470-82518-1 | p = 75}}</ref> Attempts to comply with sharia has led to the development of [[Islamic banking]]. Islam prohibits ''[[riba]]'', usually translated as [[usury]], which refers to any unfair gain in trade and is most commonly used to mean [[interest]].<ref>{{harvc |c=Riba |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |year=n.d. |last1= Schacht|first1=Joseph}}</ref> Instead, Islamic banks go into partnership with the borrower, and both share from the profits and any losses from the venture. Another feature is the avoidance of uncertainty, which is seen as gambling<ref>{{Cite news |last=Foster|first=John |date=1 December 2009|title=How Islamic finance missed heavenly chance|work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8388644.stm|access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref> and Islamic banks traditionally avoid derivative instruments such as futures or options which has historically protected them from market downturns.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Domat|first=Chloe|date=20 October 2020|title=What Is Islamic Finance And How Does It Work?|work=Global Finance magazine|url=https://www.gfmag.com/topics/blogs/islamic-finance-faq-what-islamic-finance-and-how-does-it-work|access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref> The Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphate used to be involved in distribution of charity from the treasury, known as [[Bayt al-mal]], before it became a largely individual pursuit around the year 720. The first [[Caliph]], [[Abu Bakr]], distributed zakat as one of the first examples of a [[guaranteed minimum income]], with each citizen getting 10 to 20 [[dirhams]] annually.<ref>{{cite web |last=Merchant, Brian |date=14 November 2013 |title=Guaranteeing a Minimum Income Has Been a Utopian Dream for Centuries |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/guaranteeing-a-minimum-income-has-been-a-utopian-dream-for-centuries/ |access-date=3 June 2019 |website=[[Vice Media|VICE]]}}</ref> During the reign of the second Caliph Umar, [[child support]] was introduced and the old and disabled were entitled to stipends,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Al-Buraey |first=Muhammad |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=lT8OAAAAQAAJ|page=}} |title=Administrative Development: An Islamic Perspective |publisher=KPI |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-7103-0059-1 |pages=252–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Akgündüz |first1=Ahmed |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=EnT_zhqEe5cC|page=539}} |title=Ottoman History: Misperceptions and Truths |last2=Öztürk |first2=Said |publisher=IUR Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-90-90-26108-9 |pages=539– |access-date=7 October 2014}}</ref> while the Umayyad Caliph [[Umar II]] assigned a servant for each blind person and for every two chronically ill persons.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Al-Jawzi|first1=Ibn |url=|title=The Biography and Virtues of Omar Bin Abd al-Aziz – The Ascetic Caliph |publisher=IUR Press |year=2001 |isbn= |page=130 }}</ref>

[[Jihad]] means "to strive or struggle [in the way of God]" and, in its broadest sense, is "exerting one's utmost power, efforts, endeavors, or ability in contending with an object of [[wikt:disapprobation|disapprobation]]".{{sfnp|Firestone|1999|pp=17–18}} Shias in particular emphasize the "greater jihad" of striving to attain spiritual [[self-improvement|self-perfection]]<ref name="Afsaruddin">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Afsaruddin |first=Asma |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/jihad |title=Jihad |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Brockopp|2003|pp=99–100}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=93}}</ref> while the "lesser jihad" is defined as warfare.{{sfnp|Firestone|1999|p=17}}<ref name="EI2">{{harvc|last=Tyan, E. |year=2012 |c=D̲j̲ihād |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}}. {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0189}}</ref> When used without a qualifier, jihad is often understood in its military form.{{sfnp|Firestone|1999|pp=17–18}}<ref name="Afsaruddin" /> Jihad is the only form of warfare permissible in Islamic law and may be declared against illegal works, terrorists, criminal groups, rebels, [[Apostasy in Islam|apostates]], and leaders or states who oppress Muslims.{{sfnp|Firestone|1999|p=17}}<ref name="EI2" /> Most Muslims today interpret Jihad as only a defensive form of warfare.<ref name="Habeck2006">{{cite book | last = Habeck | first = Mary R. | title = Knowing the Enemy: Jihadist Ideology and the War on Terror | location = New Haven | publisher = Yale University Press | year = 2006 | language = en | isbn = 978-0-300-11306-8 | pp = 108–109, 118 }}</ref> Jihad only becomes an individual duty for those vested with authority. For the rest of the populace, this happens only in the case of a [[general mobilization]].<ref name="EI2" /> For most [[Twelver|Twelver Shias]], [[offensive jihad]] can only be declared by a [[Imamate in Twelver doctrine|divinely appointed leader]] of the Muslim community, and as such, is suspended since [[Muhammad al-Mahdi]]'s [[occultation (Islam)|occultation]] in 868 CE.{{sfnp|Sachedina|1998|pp=105–106}}{{sfnp|Nasr|2003|p=72}}

=== Daily and family life ===
{{See also|Adab (Islam)|Islamic dietary laws|Islam and children|Marriage in Islam|Women in Islam|Polygyny in Islam}}
[[File:Salat Eid al-Fitr, Tehran (113344343).jpg|thumb|A woman wearing an [[Hijab|Islamic veil]]]]
Many daily practices fall in the category of ''adab'', or etiquette. Specific prohibited foods include pork products, blood and [[carrion]]. Health is viewed as a trust from God and [[khamr|intoxicants]], such as [[alcoholic drink]]s, are prohibited.<ref>{{cite book|author=Fahd Salem Bahammam|title=Food and Dress in Islam: An explanation of matters relating to food and drink and dress in Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CRojJ7lnb18C&pg=PP1|publisher=Modern Guide|isbn=978-1-909322-99-8|page=1}}</ref> All meat must come from a [[herbivorous]] animal slaughtered in the name of God by a Muslim, Jew, or Christian, except for game that one has hunted or fished for oneself.<ref>{{harvp|Curtis|2005|p=164}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|p=111}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |c=Slaughter |first=Ersilia |last=Francesca |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref> Beards are often encouraged among men as something natural<ref>{{Cite news |last=De Sondy |first=Amanullah |date=28 January 2016|title=The relationship between Muslim men and their beards is a tangled one|work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jan/28/muslim-men-beards-facial-hair-islam |access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref> and body modifications, such as [[Religious perspectives on tattooing#Islam|permanent tattoos]], are usually forbidden as violating the creation.{{efn|Some Muslims in dynastic era China resisted [[footbinding]] of girls for the same reason.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/religionsofchina00legg|quote=mohammedan.|title=The religions of China: Confucianism and Tâoism described and compared with Christianity|first=James|last=Legge|year=1880|publisher=Hodder and Stoughton|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/religionsofchina00legg/page/111 111]|access-date=28 June 2010}}(Original from Harvard University)</ref> }}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/tattoos-in-islam-2004393|title=Are Muslims Allowed to Get Tattoos? |website=|access-date=7 March 2022 }}</ref> Silk and gold are prohibited for men in Islam to maintain a state of sobriety.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Glassé |first1=Cyril |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |page=158 |language=en|year=2001}}</ref> ''[[Haya (Islam)|Haya]]'', often translated as "shame" or "modesty", is sometimes described as the innate character of Islam<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zine |first1=Jasmin |last2=Babana-Hampton |first2=Safoi |last3=Mazid |first3=Nergis |last4=Bullock |first4=Katherine |last5=Chishti |first5=Maliha |title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 19:4 |publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) |page=59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JM4DwAAQBAJ&q=haya+islam&pg=PA59 |access-date=4 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> and informs much of Muslim daily life. For example, [[Islamic clothing|clothing in Islam]] emphasizes a standard of modesty, which has included the ''[[hijab]]'' for women. Similarly, [[Islamic hygienical jurisprudence|personal hygiene]] is encouraged with certain requirements.<ref>{{cite web |last=Esposito |first=John |title=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e4 |access-date=3 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114153249/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e4 |archive-date=14 November 2016}}</ref>

[[File:Muslim Couple (cropped).jpg|thumb|A Muslim couple]]
In [[Marriage in Islam|Islamic marriage]], the groom is required to pay a bridal gift (''[[mahr]]'').<ref>{{harvp|Waines|2003|pp=93–96}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=339}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|1998|p=79}}</ref> Most families in the Islamic world are monogamous.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Newby |first=Gordon D. |url=https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00newb |title=A concise encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=[[Oneworld Publications|Oneworld]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-85168-295-9 |location=Oxford |page=[https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00newb/page/141 141]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed Hossein |url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionhis00nasr_0/page/68 |title=Islam : religion, history, and civilization |publisher=[[HarperOne]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-06-050714-5 |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamreligionhis00nasr_0/page/68 68]}}</ref> Muslim men are allowed to practice [[polygyny]] and can have up to four wives simultaneously. Islamic teachings strongly advise that if a man cannot ensure equal financial and emotional support for each of his wives, it is recommended that he marry just one woman. One reason cited for polygyny is that it allows a man to give financial protection to multiple women, who might otherwise not have any support (e.g. widows). However, the first wife can set a condition in the marriage contract that the husband cannot marry another woman during their marriage.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ratno Lukito|title=Legal Pluralism in Indonesia: Bridging the Unbridgeable|page=81|publisher=[[Routledge]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.islamweb.net/ver2/fatwa/ShowFatwa.php?lang=A&Id=18444&Option=FatwaId |title=IslamWeb |publisher=IslamWeb |date=7 February 2002 |access-date=13 September 2011}}</ref> There are also cultural variations in weddings.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Gai |url=https://archive.org/details/rememberinggodre0000eato |title=Remembering God: Reflections on Islam |publisher=The [[Islamic Texts Society]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-946621-84-2 |location=Cambridge |pages=[https://archive.org/details/rememberinggodre0000eato/page/92 92–93]}}</ref> [[Polyandry]], a practice wherein a woman takes on two or more husbands, is prohibited in Islam.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Can't a Woman have 2 Husbands? |url=http://www.14publications.com/question-and-answer/why-cant-a-woman-have-2-husbands/ |access-date=27 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223012707/http://www.14publications.com/question-and-answer/why-cant-a-woman-have-2-husbands/ |archive-date=23 December 2015 |website=14 Publications}}</ref>

[[File:عکس های مراسم ترتیل خوانی یا جزء خوانی یا قرائت قرآن در ایام ماه رمضان در حرم فاطمه معصومه در شهر قم 20.jpg|thumb|[[Muslim]] girls studying the [[Quran]] placed atop folding [[lectern]]s ([[Rehal (book rest)|''rehal'']]) during [[Ramadan]] in [[Qom]], [[Iran]]]]
After the birth of a child, the ''[[adhan]]'' is pronounced in the right ear.{{sfnp|Campo|2009|p=106}} On the seventh day, the ''[[aqiqah]]'' ceremony is performed, in which an animal is sacrificed and its meat is distributed among the poor.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=my7hnALd_NkC|page=120}} 120]}} The child's head is shaved, and an amount of money equaling the weight of its hair is donated to the poor.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=my7hnALd_NkC|page=120}} 120]}} Male [[circumcision]], called ''[[Khitan (circumcision)|khitan]]'',<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2014 |title=Khitān |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/khitan-Islam |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127165754/https://www.britannica.com/topic/khitan-Islam |archive-date=27 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> is often practised in the Muslim world.<ref>{{cite journal |date=January 2017 |title=Reported Male Circumcision Practices in a Muslim-Majority Setting |journal=[[BioMed Research International]] |publisher=[[Hindawi Publishing Corporation]] |volume=2017 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1155/2017/4957348 |pmc=5282422 |pmid=28194416 |doi-access=free |author1-last=Anwer |author1-first=Abdul Wahid |author2-last=Samad |author2-first=Lubna |author3-last=Baig-Ansari |author3-first=Naila |author4-last=Iftikhar |author4-first=Sundus}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 August 2009 |title=Islam: Circumcision of boys |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112170938/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |archive-date=12 November 2012 |access-date=27 May 2020 |work=Religion & ethics—Islam |publisher=[[Bbc.co.uk]]}}</ref> Respecting and obeying one's parents, and taking care of them especially in their old age is a religious obligation.{{sfnp|Campo|2009|p=136}}

A [[Islamic view of death|dying Muslim]] is encouraged to pronounce the ''Shahada'' as their last words.<ref>{{Cite book| isbn = 9783643900678| title =Changing European Death Ways| location = Austria| year = 2013| last1=Mathijssen| first1=Brenda|last2=Venhorst|first2=Claudia|last3=Venbrux|first3=Eric|last4=Quartier|first4=Thomas| url =| page = 265 |publisher=Lit }}</ref> Paying respects to the dead and attending funerals in the community are considered among the virtuous acts. In [[Islamic funeral|Islamic burial rituals]], burial is encouraged as soon as possible, usually within 24 hours. The body is washed, except for martyrs, by members of the same gender and enshrouded in a garment that must not be elaborate called ''kafan''.{{sfnp|Stefon|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/83 83]}} A "funeral prayer" called ''[[Salat al-Janazah]]'' is performed. Wailing, or loud, mournful outcrying, is discouraged. Coffins are often not preferred and graves are often unmarked, even for kings.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rahman|first=Rema |date=25 October 2011|title=Who, What, Why: What are the burial customs in Islam?|work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-15444275|access-date=28 January 2022}}</ref>

=== Arts and culture ===
{{Main|Islamic culture}}

{{See also|Islamic art|Islamic architecture|Islamic literature|Islam in association football|Cultural Muslims}}

The term "[[Islamic culture]]" can be used to mean aspects of culture that pertain to the religion, such as [[festivals]] and [[Islamic clothing|dress code]]. It is also controversially used to denote the cultural aspects of traditionally Muslim people.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Melikian |first=Souren |author-link=Souren Melikian |date=4 November 2011 |title='Islamic' Culture: A Groundless Myth |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/05/arts/05iht-rartmelikian05.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=25 November 2013}}</ref> Finally, "Islamic civilization" may also refer to the aspects of the synthesized culture of the early Caliphates, including that of non-Muslims,{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=56}} sometimes referred to as "[[wikt:Islamicate|Islamicate]]".<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Wiley| isbn = 9781405155144| title =Islamicate Cosmopolitan Spirit | location = United Kingdom| year = 2021| last=Lawrence| first=Bruce| url =| page = xii| quote = }}</ref>

[[Islamic art]] encompasses the [[visual arts]] including fields as varied as [[Islamic architecture|architecture]], [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphy]], painting, and [[Islamic ceramics|ceramics]], among others.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ettinghausen |first1=Richard |first2=Oleg |last2=Grabar |first3=Marilyn |last3=Jenkins-Madina |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300088670/page/3 |title=Islamic Art and Architecture 650-1250 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=0-300-08869-8 |edition=2nd |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300088670/page/3 3]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Suarez|first=Michael F.|title=The Oxford companion to the book|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780198606536|location=Oxford and New York|pages=331ff|chapter=38 The History of the Book in the Muslim World|oclc=50238944}}</ref> While the making of images of animate beings has often been frowned upon in connection with [[Aniconism in Islam|laws against idolatry]], this rule has been interpreted in different ways by different scholars and in different historical periods. This stricture has been used to explain the prevalence of calligraphy, [[tessellation]], and pattern as key aspects of Islamic artistic culture.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Salim Ayduz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=or-6BwAAQBAJ&q=islamic+art+idolatry+geometry&pg=PA263 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam |last2=Ibrahim Kalin |last3=Caner Dagli |date=2014 |page=263|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-981257-8 |quote=Figural representation is virtually unused in Islamic art because of Islam's strong antagonism of idolatry. It was important for Muslim scholars and artists to find a style of art that represented the Islamic ideals of unity (''tawhid'') and order without figural representation. Geometric patterns perfectly suited this goal.}}</ref> Additionally, the [[Depictions of Muhammad|depiction of Muhammad]] is a contentious issue among Muslims.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=860736| title = An Indian Picture of Muhammad and His Companions
| author = T. W. Arnold| journal = The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs
| author-link = T. W. Arnold| date = June 1919| volume = 34| issue = 195
| publisher = The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, Vol. 34, No. 195.
| pages = 249–252}}</ref> In Islamic architecture, varying cultures show influence such as North African and Spanish Islamic architecture such as the [[Great Mosque of Kairouan]] containing [[marble]] and [[Porphyry (geology)|porphyry]] columns from Roman and Byzantine buildings,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Isichei |first=Elizabeth Allo |url={{Google books|LgnhYDozENgC|page=PA175|keywords=mosque%20kairouan%20roman columns|text=mosque+kairouan+roman+columns|plainurl=yes}} |title=A history of African societies to 1870 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-521-45599-2 |location=Cambridge |pages=175 |access-date=6 August 2010}}</ref> while [[mosques in Indonesia]] often have multi-tiered roofs from local [[Java]]nese styles.<ref>{{cite book |first=Gunawan |last=Tjahjono |title=Indonesian Heritage-Architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/architecture00indo/page/88 |year=1998 |publisher=Archipelago Press |location=Singapore |isbn=981-3018-30-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/architecture00indo/page/88 88–89] }}</ref>

The [[Islamic calendar]] is a [[lunar calendar]] that begins with the [[Hegira|Hijra]] of 622 CE, a date that was reportedly chosen by Caliph Umar as it was an important turning point in Muhammad's fortunes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Muslim-calendar|title=Islamic calendar|website=www.britannica.com|date=|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref> Islamic [[Muslim holidays|holy days]] fall on fixed dates of the lunar calendar, meaning they occur in [[seasons|different seasons]] in different years in the [[Gregorian calendar]]. The most important Islamic festivals are ''[[Eid al-Fitr]]'' ({{langx|ar|عيد الفطر}}) on the 1st of ''[[Shawwal]]'', marking the end of the fasting month ''Ramadan'', and ''[[Eid al-Adha]]'' ({{lang|ar|عيد الأضحى}}) on the 10th of ''Dhu al-Hijjah'', coinciding with the end of the [[Hajj]] (pilgrimage).<ref>{{Cite book| publisher =Oxford University Press| isbn =9780195165203| title =The Islamic World: Past and Present| year = 2004| last=Esposito| first=John| pages = 75–76 |ref=none}}</ref><ref name="www.britannica.com-2023" />

[[Cultural Muslims]] are religiously non-practicing individuals who still identify with Islam due to family backgrounds, personal experiences, or the social and cultural environment in which they grew up.<ref>{{cite book|first1= Cara|last1= Aitchison|author1-link= Cara Aitchison|first2= Peter E.|last2= Hopkins|author3-link= Mei-Po Kwan|author3= Mei-Po Kwan|title= Geographies of Muslim Identities: Diaspora, Gender and Belonging|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DRnthQxB8lYC&pg=PA147|access-date= 30 June 2013|year= 2007|publisher= Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn= 978-1-4094-8747-0|pages=147}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Islamic Counselling: An Introduction to theory and practice|first=G. Hussein|last= Rassool|year= 2015| isbn=9781317441250| page =10|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_QsCgAAQBAJ&dq=Muslims+who+are+religiously+unobservant,+secular+or+irreligious+individuals+who+still+identify+with+the+Muslim&pg=PA10|quote=The label 'Cultural Muslim' is used in the literature to describe those Muslims who are religiously unobservant, secular or irreligious individuals who still identify with the Muslim culture due to family background, personal experiences, or the social and cultural environment in which they grew up... For Cultural Muslim the declaration of faith is superficial and has no effect of their religious practices.}}</ref>

<gallery class="left">
File:Sixty Dome Mosque,Bagerhat.jpg|14th century [[Sixty Dome Mosque]], in [[Khalifatabad]], [[Bangladesh]]
File:Djenne great mud mosque.jpg|[[Great Mosque of Djenné]], in the [[west Africa]]n country of [[Mali]]
File:Closeup of Mir-i-Arab Madrasa.jpg|Dome in [[Po-i-Kalyan]], [[Bukhara]], [[Uzbekistan]]
File:1 great mosque xian 2011.JPG|14th century [[Great Mosque of Xi'an]] in China
File:Masjid Menara Kudus.jpg|16th century [[Menara Kudus Mosque]] in Indonesia showing Indian influence
File:Basmalah-1wm.svg|The phrase ''[[Basmala|Bismillah]]'' in an 18th-century Islamic calligraphy from the [[Ottoman empire|Ottoman]] region
File:Roof hafez tomb.jpg|Geometric arabesque tiling on the underside of the dome of Hafiz Shirazi's tomb in [[Shiraz]], [[Iran]]
</gallery>

== Islamist movements ==
{{Main|Islamism}}

{{See also|Islamism by country}}

[[Islamism]] is a range of [[Religion|religious]] and [[Politics|political]] [[Ideology|ideological]] movements that believe that Islam should influence political systems; among the most prominent are the [[Khilafat Movement]], [[Islamic revival]], [[Islamic democracy]], the [[Deobandi movement]], the [[Salafi movement]], among others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Islamism |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/islamism |website=Cambridge dictionary}}</ref> Its proponents believe Islam is innately political, and that Islam as a political system is superior to [[communism]], [[liberal democracy]], [[capitalism]], and other alternatives in achieving a just, successful society.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cox |first=Caroline |date=June 2003 |title=The 'West', Islam and Islamism |url=https://civitas.org.uk/pdf/cs29.pdf |access-date=28 November 2024 |website=Civitas: Institute for the Study of Civil Society}}</ref> The advocates of Islamism, also known as "al-Islamiyyun", are usually affiliated with Islamic institutions or social mobilization movements,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Islamism |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012444 |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=Oxford Reference|archive-date=25 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825061146/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012444 |url-status=live }}</ref> emphasizing the implementation of ''[[sharia]]'',<ref name="eikmeier-2007">{{cite journal |last1=Eikmeier |first1=Dale |title=Qutbism: An Ideology of Islamic-Fascism |journal=The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters |date=2007 |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=85–97 |doi=10.55540/0031-1723.2340|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[pan-Islamic]] political unity,<ref name="eikmeier-2007" /> and the creation of [[Islamic state]]s.<ref>Soage, Ana Belén. "Introduction to Political Islam." Religion Compass 3.5 (2009): 887–96.</ref>

== Influences on other religions ==
Whether movements such as the [[Druze]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=De McLaurin |first=Ronald |url=https://archive.org/details/politicalroleofm0000unse |title=The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East |publisher=Michigan University Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-03-052596-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/politicalroleofm0000unse/page/114 114] |quote=Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles, the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hunter |first=Shireen |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofislami0000unse |title=The Politics of Islamic Revivalism: Diversity and Unity: Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.), Georgetown University. Center for Strategic and International Studies |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-253-34549-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/politicsofislami0000unse/page/33 33] |quote=Druze – An offshoot of Shi'ism; its members are not considered Muslims by orthodox Muslims.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=R. Williams |first=Victoria |title=Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 volumes] |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-4408-6118-5 |page=318 |quote=As Druze is a nonritualistic religion without requirements to pray, fast, make pilgrimages, or observe days of rest, the Druze are not considered an Islamic people by Sunni Muslims.}}</ref> [[Berghouata]] and [[Ha-Mim]], either emerged from Islam or came to share certain beliefs with Islam, and whether each is a separate religion or a sect of Islam are controversial viewpoints.<ref>{{Cite book |last=D. Grafton |first=David |title=Piety, Politics, and Power: Lutherans Encountering Islam in the Middle East |publisher=[[Wipf and Stock Publishers]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-63087-718-7 |page=14 |quote=In addition, there are several quasi-Muslim sects, in that, although they follow many of the beliefs and practices of orthodox Islam, the majority of Sunnis consider them heretical. These would be the Ahmadiyya, Druze, Ibadi, and the Yazidis.}}</ref> The Druze faith further split from [[Isma'ilism]] as it developed its own unique doctrines, and finally separated from both Ismāʿīlīsm and Islam altogether; these include the belief that the Imam [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah|Al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh]] was [[Incarnation|God incarnate]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Poonawala |first=Ismail K. |date=July–September 1999 |title=Review: ''The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning'' by Heinz Halm |journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]] |publisher=[[American Oriental Society]] |volume=119 |issue=3 |page=542 |doi=10.2307/605981 |issn=0003-0279 |jstor=605981 |lccn=12032032 |oclc=47785421}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Bryer | first = David R. W. | title = The Origins of the Druze Religion (Fortsetzung) | journal = [[Der Islam]] | year = 1975 | volume = 52 | issue = 2 | pages = 239–262 | doi = 10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 | s2cid = 162363556 | url = https://doi.org/10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 | issn = 1613-0928 | ref = {{harvid|Bryer|1975b}} | url-access = subscription }}</ref> [[Yazdânism]] is seen as a blend of local Kurdish beliefs and Islamic Sufi doctrine introduced to [[Kurdistan]] by [[Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir]] in the 12th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Foltz |first=Richard |title=Religions of Iran: From Prehistory to the Present |date=7 November 2013 |isbn=978-1-78074-307-3 |page=219 |chapter=Two Kurdish Sects: The Yezidis and the Yaresan |publisher=Oneworld Publications |chapter-url= |chapter-url-access=}}</ref> [[Bábism]] stems from Twelver Shia passed through [[Siyyid 'Ali Muhammad i-Shirazi al-Bab]] while one of his followers Mirza Husayn 'Ali Nuri [[Baha'u'llah]] founded the [[Baháʼí Faith]].<ref>{{cite web |last=House of Justice |first=Universal |title=One Common Faith |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/bic/OCF/ocf-8.html |access-date=1 April 2017 |website=reference.bahai.org}}</ref> [[Yarsanism]],<ref name="Z. Mir-Hosseini 1994, p.267">{{cite journal |last=Mir-Hosseini |first=Z. |date=1994 |title=Inner Truth and Outer History: The Two Worlds of the Ahl-e Haqq of Kurdistan |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=26 |pages=267–268}}</ref> [[Din-i Ilahi]],{{sfnp|Roychoudhury|1941|page=306}} and [[Ali-Illahism]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Layard |first=Austen Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SQe_sNtIaMC&q=ali%2520illahism&pg=PA216 |title=Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon: With Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan and the Desert: Being the Result of a Second Expedition Undertaken for the Trustees of the British Museum |date=2010-08-31 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108016773 |page=216 |language=en}}</ref> are considered separations from Islam. [[Sikhism]], founded by [[Guru Nanak]] in late 15th century [[Punjab]], primarily incorporates aspects of Islam and [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Elsberg |first=Constance |date=2003 |title=Graceful Women |publisher=University of Tennessee Press |isbn=978-1-57233-214-0 |pages=27–28}}</ref>

== Criticism ==
{{Main|Criticism of Islam}}

{{see also|Criticism of Muhammad|Criticism of the Quran}}
[[File:John Damascus (arabic icon).gif|right|thumb|[[John of Damascus]], under the [[Umayyad Caliphate]], viewed Islamic doctrines as a hodgepodge from the [[Bible]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/general/stjohn_islam.aspx |title=Writings by St John of Damascus |publisher=Catholic University of America Press |year=1958 |series=The Fathers of the Church |volume=37 |location=Washington, DC |pages=153–160 |chapter=St. John of Damascus's Critique of Islam |access-date=8 July 2019}}</ref>]]

Criticism of Islam has existed since its formative stages. Early criticism came from Jewish authors, such as [[Ibn Kammuna]], and Christian authors, many of whom viewed Islam as a [[Medieval Christian views on Muhammad|Christian heresy]] or a form of [[idolatry]], often explaining it in [[Apocalypticism|apocalyptic]] terms.{{sfnp|Fahlbusch et al|2001|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=yaecVMhMWaEC|page=759}} 759]}}

Christian writers criticized Islam's sensual descriptions of paradise. 9th century Muslim scholar [[Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari]] defended the Quranic description of paradise by asserting that the Bible also implies such ideas, such as drinking wine in heaven in the [[Gospel of Matthew]]. Christian 4th century theologian [[Augustine of Hippo]]'s doctrines led to the broad repudiation of bodily pleasure in both life and the afterlife.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Christian Lange |title=Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-521-50637-3 |pages=18–20}}</ref>

A study{{what|date=April 2026}} found higher Islamic religiosity correlated with higher [[Islamic extremism]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kamenowski |first1=Maria |last2=Manzoni |first2=Patrik |last3=Haymoz |first3=Sandrine |last4=Isenhardt |first4=Anna |last5=Jacot |first5=Cédric |last6=Baier |first6=Dirk |date=2021-06-17 |title=Religion as an influencing factor of right-wing, left-wing and Islamist extremism. Findings of a Swiss youth study |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=6 |article-number=e0252851 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0252851 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8211158 |pmid=34138885 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1652851K }}</ref>

Defamatory images of [[medieval Christian views on Muhammad|Muhammad]], derived from early 7th-century depictions of the [[Eastern Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire|Byzantine Church]],<ref>[[Minou Reeves|Reeves, Minou]], and P. J. Stewart. 2003. ''Muhammad in Europe: A Thousand Years of Western Myth-Making''. [[New York University Press|NYU Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-8147-7564-6}}. p. 93–96.</ref> appear in the 14th-century epic poem ''[[Divine Comedy]]'' by [[Dante Alighieri]].<ref name="Stone">Stone, G. 2006. ''Dante's Pluralism and the Islamic Philosophy of Religion''. [[Springer Publishing]]. {{ISBN|978-1-4039-8309-1}}. p. 53–54.</ref> Here, Muhammad is depicted in the eighth circle of hell, along with Ali. Dante does not blame Islam as a whole but accuses Muhammad of [[schism]], by establishing another religion after Christianity.<ref name="Stone" />

Other criticisms centre on the [[Human rights in Muslim-majority countries|treatment of individuals within modern Muslim-majority countries]], including issues related to human rights, particularly in relation to the application of Islamic law.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Yohanan|last1=Friedmann|year=2003|title=Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/tolerancecoercio00frie|url-access=limited|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/tolerancecoercio00frie/page/n31 18], 35|isbn=978-0-521-02699-4}}</ref> Furthermore, in the wake of the recent [[multiculturalism]] trend, Islam's influence on the ability of [[Muslim diaspora|Muslim immigrants]] in the West to assimilate has been [[criticism of multiculturalism|criticized]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Modood |first=Tariq |url=https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo |title=Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A European Approach |date=6 April 2006 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-35515-5 |edition=1st |page=[https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo/page/n43 29] |url-access=registration}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Islam|Religion
}}
* [[Glossary of Islam]]
* [[Index of Islam-related articles]]
* [[Islamic mythology]]
* [[Islamic studies]]
* [[List of scientists in medieval Islamic world]]
* [[Major religious groups]]
* [[Outline of Islam]]
* [[Quranism]]
* [[Ban on Hadith]]

==References==
===Footnotes===
{{notelist}}
<references group="A"/>

===Quran and hadith===
{{Reflist|group=lower-roman}}

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
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* {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |title=The Jews of Islam |publisher=[[Routledge & Kegan Paul]] |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-7102-0462-2 |author-link=Bernard Lewis}}
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* {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/islaminhistory00bern |title=Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East |publisher=[[Open Court Publishing Company]]|year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8126-9518-2 |edition=2nd |author-mask=1 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/whatwentwrongcl00lewi |title=What Went Wrong?: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East |publisher=[[Harper Perennial]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-06-051605-5 |edition=reprint |author-mask=1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/crisisofislam00bern |title=The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror |publisher=[[Random House, Inc.]], New York |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8129-6785-2 |author-mask=1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Madelung |first=Wilferd |title=The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-64696-3 |author-link=Wilferd Madelung}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Malik |first1=Jamal |title=Sufism in the West |last2=Hinnells |first2=John R. |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-27408-1}}
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* {{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyed Hossein |author-link=Seyyed Hossein Nasr |year=2003 |title=The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyed Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/ourreligions00shar |title=Our Religions: The Seven World Religions Introduced by Preeminent Scholars from Each Tradition (Chapter 7) |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-06-067700-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nigosian |first=Solomon Alexander |title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-253-21627-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Peacock|first=A.C.S.|title=Islam, Literature and Society in Mongol Anatolia|date=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume= |page=|doi= 10.1017/9781108582124|isbn=978-1-108-58212-4|s2cid=211657444}}
* {{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |url=https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-691-11553-5}}
* {{Cite report |date=October 2009 |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2009/10/Muslimpopulation.pdf |access-date=25 May 2020 |ref={{sfnref|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009}} }} [https://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/ Overview].
* {{Cite book |last=Rippin |first=Andrew |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimstheirreli0000ripp |title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-415-21781-1 |edition=2nd |author-link=Andrew Rippin}}
* {{cite book |last=Roychoudhury |first=Makhanlal |year=1941 |title=The Din-i Ilahi, or, The Religion of Akbar |publisher=University of Calcutta |oclc=3312929 |url=https://archive.org/details/diniilahiorthere031361mbp |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}
* {{cite journal |last=Serjeant |first=R.B. |date=1978 |title=Sunnah Jami'ah, pacts with the Yathrib Jews, and the Tahrim of Yathrib |journal=[[Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies]] |volume=41 |pages=1–42 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00057761 |s2cid=161485671 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Sachedina |first=Abdulaziz |title=The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] US |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-511915-2 |author-link=Abdulaziz Sachedina}}
* {{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Jane I. |author-link=Jane Idleman Smith |title=The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-515649-2}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Stefon |editor-first=Matt |title=Islamic Beliefs and Practices |publisher=[[Britannica Educational Publishing]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-61530-060-0 |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Ṭabāṭabāʼī |first1=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn |title=Shi'ite Islam |translator-last=Nasr |translator-first=Seyyed Hossein |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-87395-272-9 |author-link=Allameh Tabatabaei}}
* {{Cite book |last=Teece |first=Geoff |url=https://archive.org/details/islam0000teec_a5d6 |title=Religion in Focus: Islam |publisher=[[Grolier|Franklin Watts Ltd]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7496-4796-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Trimingham |first=John Spencer |title=The Sufi Orders in Islam |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-512058-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Colin |title=Islam: the Basics |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-34106-6 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Bryan S. |title=Weber and Islam |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-415-17458-9 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Waines |first=David |title=An Introduction to Islam |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-53906-7}}
* {{Cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |title=The Formative Period of Islamic Thought |publisher=University Press Edinburgh |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-85224-245-2 |author-link=William Montgomery Watt}}
* {{Cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt |title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1974 |isbn=978-0-19-881078-0 |edition=New |author-mask=1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Weiss |first=Bernard G. |title=Studies in Islamic Legal Theory |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill Academic publishers]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-90-04-12066-2 |location=Boston |author-link=Bernard G. Weiss}}
{{Refend}}

=== Encyclopedias and dictionaries ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{harvc |last1=Gardet|first1=L.|last2=Jomier|first2=J.|year=2012|c=Islām |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0387}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]]}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |ref={{harvid|Fahlbusch et al|2001}} |editor-last=Fahlbusch |editor-first=Erwin |display-editors=etal |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=yaecVMhMWaEC}} |title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-90-04-11695-5 |volume=2}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |year=1913–1936 |title=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |editor1-last=Houtsma |editor1-first=M.T. |editor1-link=Martijn Theodoor Houtsma |editor2-first=T.W. |editor2-last=Arnold |editor2-link=Thomas Walker Arnold |editor3-first=R. |editor3-last=Basset |editor4-first=R. |editor4-last=Hartmann |edition=1st |place=Leiden |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn=978-90-04-08265-6 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam (1st ed.)|1913–1936}}}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |year=2012 |title=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P.J. |issn=1573-3912 |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |edition=2nd |place=Leiden |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)|2012}}}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |publisher=[[Brill Academic Publishers]] |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P.J. |issn=1573-3912 |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|n.d.}} |date=n.d. |url=https://brill.com/view/package/eio?language=en |url-access=subscription}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World |series=[[Macmillan Reference Books]] |publisher=[[Thomson-Gale]] |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0001unse |editor-last=Martin |editor-first=Richard C. |isbn=978-0-02-865603-8}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |title=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online]] |publisher=[[Brill Academic Publishers]] |date=n.d. |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |editor-link=Jane Dammen McAuliffe}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān]] |volume=2 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=[[Brill Academic Publishers]] |year=2002}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān]] |volume=3 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=[[Brill Academic Publishers]] |year=2003}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals |publisher=[[Routledge]] |editor-last=Salamone |editor-first=Frank |edition=1st |isbn=978-0-415-94180-8 |series=Routledge Encyclopedias of Religion and Society |volume=6 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre00sala |jstor=j.ctt1jd94wq |year=2004 }}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2003 |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=[[AltaMira Press]] |url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas |editor-last=Glassé |editor-first=Cyril |series=Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam |isbn=978-0-7591-0190-6 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-512558-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada |url-access=registration}} {{doi|10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001}} – via Oxford Reference.
* {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |place=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-975726-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title=The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=isDgI0-0Ip4C|page=}} |editor-last=Leaman |editor-first=Oliver |isbn=978-0-415-32639-1}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin}}
* Abdul-Haqq, Abdiyah Akbar (1980). ''Sharing Your Faith with a Muslim''. Minneapolis: [[Bethany House Publishers]]. ''N.B''. Presents the genuine doctrines and concepts of Islam and of the Holy Qur'an, and this religion's affinities with Christianity and its Sacred Scriptures, in order to "dialogue" on the basis of what both faiths really teach. {{ISBN|0-87123-553-6}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE]]; [[Cato Institute]] |location=Thousand Oaks, CA |last=Ahmad |first=Imad-ad-Dean |title=Islam |author-link=Imad-ad-Dean Ahmad |editor-last=Hamowy |editor-first=Ronald |editor-link=Ronald Hamowy |pages=256–258 |doi=10.4135/9781412965811.n155 |isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4 |lccn=2008009151 |oclc=750831024 |url={{Google books|yxNgXs3TkJYC|plainurl=yes}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Akyol |first=Mustafa |url=https://archive.org/details/islamwithoutextr0000akyo |title=Islam Without Extremes |publisher=[[W.W. Norton & Company]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-393-07086-6 |edition=1st |author-link=Mustafa Akyol}}
* {{Cite book |last=Arberry |first=A.J. |url=https://archive.org/details/koraninterpreted00ajar |title=The Koran Interpreted: A Translation |publisher=Touchstone |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-684-82507-6 |edition=1st |author-link=A. J. Arberry}}
* Cragg, Kenneth (1975). ''The House of Islam'', in ''The Religious Life of Man Series''. Second ed. Belmont, CA: [[Wadsworth Publishing Company]] 1975. xiii, 145 p. {{ISBN|0-8221-0139-4}}.
* {{Cite book |last=Hafez |first=Sherine |title=An Islam of Her Own: Reconsidering Religion and Secularism in Women's Islamic Movements |year=2011 |publisher=[[New York University Press]] |isbn=9780814773055 |url=https://opensquare.nyupress.org/books/9780814790724/}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Muhammad Muhsin |title=Noble Quran |last2=Al-Hilali Khan |last3=Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din |publisher=[[Dar-us-Salam Publications]] |year=1999 |isbn=978-9960-740-79-9 |edition=1st |author-link=Muhammad Muhsin Khan}}
* Khanbaghi, A, (2006). ''The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran''. [[I. B. Tauris]].
* Khavari, Farid A. (1990). ''Oil and Islam: the Ticking Bomb''. First ed. Malibu, Calif.: Roundtable Publications. viii, 277 p., ill. with maps and charts. {{ISBN|0-915677-55-5}}.
* {{Cite book |title=The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis |publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]] |year=1999 |isbn=978-965-224-040-8 |editor-last=Kramer |editor-first=Martin |editor-link=Martin Kramer}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kuban |first=Dogan |title=Muslim Religious Architecture |publisher=[[Brill Academic Publishers]] |year=1974 |isbn=978-90-04-03813-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/islamwest00lewi_0 |title=Islam and the West |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-19-509061-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/culturesinconfli0000lewi |title=Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-510283-3 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mubarkpuri |first=Saifur-Rahman |title=The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Prophet |publisher=[[Dar-us-Salam Publications]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-59144-071-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Najeebabadi |first=Akbar Shah |title=History of Islam |publisher=[[Dar-us-Salam Publications]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-59144-034-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sayilgan |first=Salih |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/god-evil-and-suffering-in-islam/C4C89591ADAAF25F104D517C4F4634B3 |title=God, Evil, and Suffering in Islam |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2023 |isbn=9781009377294}}
* {{Cite book |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |url=https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam |title=Deciphering the Signs of God: A Phenomenological Approach to Islam |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-7914-1982-3 |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |access-date=31 January 2019 |archive-date=22 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422154518/https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam |url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite book |last=Schuon |first=Frithjof |title=Understanding Islam |publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]] |year=1963 |isbn=978-0941532242 |edition=3rd |author-link=Frithjof Schuon}}
* {{Cite book |last=Stoddard |first=Lothrop |title=The New World of Islam |publisher=[[Chapman & Hall]] |year=1922 |url=https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/24107}}
* {{Cite book |last=Walker |first=Benjamin |title=Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith |publisher=[[Peter Owen Publishers]] |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7206-1038-3 |author-link=Benjamin Walker (author)}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Library resources box}}
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam "Islam"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/index.shtml Religion & Ethics – Islam] A number of introductory articles on Christianity from the BBC

{{Islam topics}}
{{Religion topics}}
{{Subject bar|Islam|Religion
|b = Subject:Islam
|commons = Category:Islam
|d = Q432
|n = Category:Islam
|q = Islam
|s = Portal:Islam
|v = Islam
|voy = Islam
|wikt = Islam}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Islam| ]]
[[Category:610 establishments]]
[[Category:7th-century Islam]]
[[Category:Abrahamic religions]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Monotheistic religions]]
[[Category:Organizations established in the 7th century]]

Islam

2026-10-09T14:15:16Z

Channel500k:

{{Short description|Abrahamic monotheistic religion}}
{{About|the religion||Islam (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox religion
| native_name = {{lang|ar|{{Script|Arab|الإسلام}}}}<br/>{{transliteration|ar|al-Islām}}
| image = The Kaaba during Hajj - edited.jpg
| imagewidth = 275px
| caption = The [[Kaaba]] at [[Masjid al-Haram]] in [[Mecca]], [[Saudi Arabia]], the [[Holiest sites in Islam|holiest Islamic site]]
| type =
| main_classification = [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic]]
| scripture = {{Plainlist|
* [[Quran]]
* Traditions: [[Hadith]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The saheeh Sunnah is wahy (Revelation) from Allah |url=https://islamqa.info/en/answers/77243/the-saheeh-sunnah-is-wahy-(revelation)-from-allah |website=islamqa.info |access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref>
* Exegesis: [[Tafsir]]<ref>Mir, Mustansir. (1995). "Tafsīr". In John L. Esposito. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref>
}}
| theology = [[Tawhid|Monotheistic]]
| area = {{Plainlist|
* [[West Asia]]
* [[Central Asia]]
* [[Indian subcontinent]]
* [[Southeast Asia]]
* [[North Africa]]
* [[East Africa]]
* [[West Africa]]
* [[Caucasus]]
* [[Balkans]]
* [[Guianas]]
}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Center |first=Pew Research |date=2013-04-30 |title=The World's Muslims: Religion, Politics and Society |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2013/04/30/the-worlds-muslims-religion-politics-society-overview/ |access-date=2024-03-20 |publisher=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |archive-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025124036/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2013/04/30/the-worlds-muslims-religion-politics-society-overview/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://spice.fsi.stanford.edu/docs/the_spread_of_islam_in_west_africa_containment_mixing_and_reform_from_the_eighth_to_the_twentieth_century#:~:text=While%20the%20motivations%20of%20early,intensified%20the%20Trans%2DSaharan%20trade | title=The Spread of Islam in West Africa: Containment, Mixing, and Reform from }}</ref>
| language = [[Classical Arabic|Quranic Arabic]]
| territory = [[Islamic world]]
| founder = [[Muhammad]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Welch |first1=Alford T. |last2=Moussalli |first2=Ahmad S. |last3=Newby |first3=Gordon D. |date=2009 |entry=Muḥammad |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |editor-first=John L. |editor-last=Esposito |publisher=Oxford University Press |entry-url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211050118/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550 |archive-date=11 February 2017 }}</ref>
| founded_date = {{circa|610 CE}}
| founded_place = [[Jabal al-Nour]], [[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]], [[Arabian Peninsula]]
| number_of_followers = {{est.}} 2 billion<ref name="pew2010–2020" /> {{increase}} (individually referred to as [[Muslims]], collectively referred to as the {{transliteration|ar|[[Ummah]]}})
| separations = {{Plainlist|
* [[Druze faith]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford Handbook of American Islam |first=Yvonne |last=Yazbeck Haddad |year=2014 |isbn=9780199862634 |page=142|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>
* [[Baháʼí Faith]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Van der Vyer |first=J. D. |year=1996 |title=Religious human rights in global perspective: religious perspectives |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |isbn=90-411-0176-4 |page=449 |url=https://archive.org/details/religioushumanri0000unse |url-access=registration}}</ref>
}}
}}
{{Islam|expanded=}}
{{Islam and iman}}

'''Islam'''{{refn|group=A|name=arabic|{{lang-ar|{{Script|Arab|الإسلام|al-Islām}}|al-Islām}}, {{IPA|ar|alʔisˈlaːm|IPA}}, {{lit|submission [to the [[will of God]]]}}}} is an [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic]] [[Monotheism|monotheistic]] religion based on the [[Quran]] and the [[Sunnah|teachings]] of [[Muhammad]]. The religion's adherents, called [[Muslims]], are estimated to number [[Islam by country|2.02 billion worldwide]] and are the world's [[Major religious groups|second-largest religious population]] after [[Christianity|Christians]].
[[File:FirstSurahKoran.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Surah]] [[Al-Fatiha|al Fatiha (''The Opener'')]], from the [[Quran]].]]
Muslims believe that there is a [[Fitra|primordial faith]] that was revealed many times through earlier [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|prophets and messengers]], including [[Adam in Islam|Adam]], [[Noah in Islam|Noah]], [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]], [[Moses in Islam|Moses]], and [[Jesus in Islam|Jesus]], and they believe that Islam is the universal and complete version of this faith. Muslims consider the Quran to be the verbatim word of [[God in Islam|God]] and the unaltered, final revelation. Alongside the Quran, Muslims also believe in previous [[Islamic holy books|revelation]]s, such as the [[Torah in Islam|''Tawrat'']] ([[Torah]]), the ''[[Zabur]]'' ([[Psalms]]), and the [[Gospel in Islam|''Injil'']] ([[Gospel]]). They believe that [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]] is the main and [[Last prophet|final]] of [[Seal of the Prophets|God's prophets]], through whom the religion was completed, and after whom no new prophet or divine law will come. The teachings and normative examples of Muhammad, called the [[Sunnah]], documented in accounts called [[hadith]], provide a constitutional model for Muslims. Islam is based on the belief in the oneness and uniqueness of God ({{Transliteration|ar|[[tawhid]]}}), and belief in an afterlife ({{Transliteration|ar|[[akhirah]]}}) with the [[Judgement Day in Islam|Last Judgment]]—wherein the righteous will be rewarded in paradise ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jannah]]}}) and the unrighteous will be punished in hell ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jahannam]]}}). The [[Five Pillars of Islam|Five Pillars]], considered [[Fard|obligatory]] acts of worship, are the Islamic oath and creed ({{Transliteration|ar|[[shahada]]}}), daily prayers ({{Transliteration|ar|[[salah]]}}), almsgiving ({{Transliteration|ar|[[zakat]]}}), fasting ({{Transliteration|ar|[[sawm]]}}) in the month of [[Ramadan]], and a [[pilgrimage]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[hajj]]}}) to [[Mecca]]. Islamic law, {{Transliteration|ar|[[sharia]]}}, touches on virtually every aspect of life, from [[Islamic banking and finance|banking and finance]] and [[Zakat|welfare]] to [[Gender roles in Islam|men's roles]] and [[Women in Islam|women's roles]] and the [[Islamic ethics#Environmentalism|environment]]. The two main [[Islamic holidays|religious festivals]] are [[Eid al-Fitr]] and [[Eid al-Adha]]. The three [[holiest sites in Islam]] are [[Masjid al-Haram]] in Mecca, [[Prophet's Mosque]] in [[Medina]], and [[al-Aqsa Mosque]] in [[Jerusalem]].

The religion of Islam originated in Mecca c. 610 CE. Muslims believe this is when [[Muhammad's first revelation|Muhammad received his first revelation]]. By the time of his death, most of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] had [[Conversion to Islam|converted to Islam]]. Muslim rule expanded outside Arabia under the [[Rashidun Caliphate]]. The two main [[Islamic schools and branches|Islamic branches]] are [[Sunni Islam]] (87–90%) and [[Shia Islam]] (10–13%).{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=1|ps=. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."}} While the [[Shia–Sunni divide]] initially arose from disagreements over the [[succession to Muhammad]], they grew to cover a broader dimension, both [[Schools of Islamic theology|theologically]] and [[Fiqh|juridically]]. The Sunni canonical hadith collection consists of [[Kutub al-Sittah|the six books]], while the Shia canonical hadith collection consists of [[The Four Books|the four books]]. Muslims make up a majority of the population in 53 countries.<ref name="pew2010–2020">{{cite web |date=June 9, 2025 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020. Muslims grew fastest; Christians lagged behind global population increase |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}}

*{{cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett |author2=Marcin Stonawski |author3=Yunping Tong |author4=Stephanie Kramer |author5=Anne Shi |author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf |access-date=2025-06-10 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Approximately 12% of the world's Muslims live [[Islam in Indonesia|in Indonesia]], the most populous Muslim-majority country; {{#expr: 100 * 480/1570 round 0}}% live [[Islam in South Asia|in South Asia]]; 20% live [[MENA#Religion|in the Middle East–North Africa]]; and 15% live [[Religion in Sub-Saharan Africa|in sub-Saharan Africa]]. Muslim communities are also present [[Islam in the Americas|in the Americas]], [[Islam in China|China]], and [[Islam in Europe|Europe]]. Muslims are the [[Muslim population growth|world's fastest-growing]] major religious group, according to [[Pew Research Center|Pew Research]]. This is primarily due to a higher [[fertility rate]] and younger age structure compared to other major religions.

== Etymology{{anchor|Etymology}} ==
{{See also|Muslims#Etymology}}
In Arabic, ''Islam'' ({{lang-ar|إسلام|lit=submission [to God]}})<ref name="Schimmel" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of Islam {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.dictionary.com |language=en |archive-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509110220/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Haywood |first=John |title=Historical Atlas of the Medieval World (AD 600 - 1492) |publisher=Barnes & Noble, Inc. |year=2002 |isbn=0-7607-1975-6 |edition=1st |location=Spain |pages=3.13 |language=en}}</ref> is the verbal noun of [[wikt:أسلم#Arabic|Form IV]] originating from the verb {{lang|ar|سلم}} ({{transliteration|ar|salama}}), from the [[Semitic root|triliteral root]] {{lang|ar|س-ل-م}} ({{transliteration|ar|[[Š-L-M|S-L-M]]}}), which forms a large class of words mostly relating to concepts of submission, safeness, and peace.<ref name="Lane-Lexicon-4">{{cite book |last=Lane |first=Edward William |author-link=Edward William Lane |title=An Arabic-English Lexicon |volume=4 |chapter=Siin |url=http://www.studyquran.co.uk/20_SIIN.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907230044/http://www.studyquran.co.uk/20_SIIN.htm |archive-date=2011-09-07 |via=[[The Study Quran|StudyQuran]] |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> In a religious context, it refers to the total surrender to the will of [[God]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=Barnard |last2=Churchill |first2=Buntzie Ellis |url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionpeo00lewi |title=Islam: The Religion and The People |publisher=Wharton School Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-13-223085-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamreligionpeo00lewi/page/8 8]}}</ref> A ''[[Muslims|Muslim]]'' ({{lang|ar|مُسْلِم}}), the word for a follower of Islam,<ref name="Lexico-Muslim">{{cite dictionary |title=Muslim |url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913192608/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |archive-date=2019-09-13 |dictionary=[[Lexico]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2020 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> is the [[Participle|active participle]] of the same verb form, and means "submitter (to God)" or "one who surrenders (to God)". However, [[Quranic studies]] scholar [[Mohsen Goudarzi]] has argued that in the Quran the word ''[[dīn]]'' means "[[worship]]", the ''islām'' means "[[monotheism]]" and the ''muslim'' means "monotheist".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudarzi |first=Mohsen |date=2023-08-01 |title=Worship (dīn), Monotheism (islām), and the Qurʾān's Cultic Decalogue |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006/html |journal=Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=30–71 |doi=10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006 |issn=2474-8420|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In the [[Hadith of Gabriel]], ''Islam'' is presented as one part of a triad that also includes {{transliteration|ar|[[Iman (Islam)|imān]]}} (faith), and {{transliteration|ar|[[Ihsan|ihsān]]}} (excellence).{{sfnp|Esposito|2000|pp=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john/page/76 76–77]}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahmutćehajić |first=Rusmir |url=https://archive.org/details/mosqueheartsubmi00mahm |title=The mosque: the heart of submission |publisher=[[Fordham University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8232-2584-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mosqueheartsubmi00mahm/page/n104 84] |url-access=registration}}</ref>

Islam itself was historically called [[Mohammedan|''Mohammedanism'']] in the [[English-speaking world]]. This term has fallen out of use and is sometimes said to be [[Religious offence|offensive]], as it suggests that a human being, rather than God, is central to Muslims' religion.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Oxford University Press| last = Gibb| first = Sir Hamilton| title = Mohammedanism: an historical survey|isbn=9780195002454| year = 1969| page=1 | quote=Modern Muslims dislike the terms Mohammedan and Mohammedanism, which seem to them to carry the implication of worship of Mohammed, as Christian and Christianity imply the worship of Christ.}}</ref>

== Articles of faith ==
{{Main|Aqidah|Iman (Islam)|l2 = Iman}}

The Islamic [[creed]] (''[[aqidah]]'') requires belief in [[Iman (Islam)#The Six Articles of Faith|six articles]]: God, angels, revelation, prophets, the [[Day of Resurrection]], and the divine predestination.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sourcebook of the World's Religions: An Interfaith Guide to Religion and Spirituality|publisher=New World Library|pages=68–9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbSPOoQfu0IC&pg=PA68|editor-first=Joel|editor-last=Beversluis|year=2011|isbn=9781577313328|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228022948/https://books.google.com/books?id=dbSPOoQfu0IC&pg=PA68#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== God ===
[[File:Istanbul,_Hagia_Sophia,_Allah.jpg|thumb|Calligraphy showing the word [[Allah]] in Arabic in [[Hagia Sophia]], [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]]]]
{{Main|God in Islam}}

The central concept of Islam is ''[[Tawhid|tawḥīd]]'' ({{langx|ar|توحيد|link=no}}), the oneness of God. It is usually thought of as a ''precise [[monotheism]]'', but is also [[panentheism|panentheistic]] in Islamic mystical teachings.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |title=Tawhid |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107041300/https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Gimaret|first=D.|year=2012|c=Tawḥīd |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7454}}</ref> God is seen as incomparable and without multiplicity of persons such as in the [[Christian Trinity]], and associating multiplicity to God or attributing God's attributes to others is seen as [[idolatory]], called [[Shirk (Islam)|''shirk'']]. Thus, Muslims are not [[iconodule]]s and do not attribute forms to God. God is instead described and referred to by several [[Names of God in Islam|names or attributes]], the most common being ''Ar-Rahmān'' ({{lang|ar|الرحمان}}) meaning "The Entirely Merciful", and ''Ar-Rahīm'' ({{lang|ar|الرحيم}}) meaning "The Especially Merciful" which are invoked at the beginning of most chapters of the Quran.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Kecia |title=Islam : the key concepts |date=2008 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |last2=Leaman |first2=Oliver |isbn=978-0-415-39638-7 |location=London |oclc=123136939}}</ref>{{sfnp|Campo|2009|p=34|loc="Allah"}}

Islam teaches that the creation of everything in the [[universe]] was brought into being by God's command as expressed by the wording, "[[Be, and it is]],"<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|2|117|b=yl}}</ref><ref name="Schimmel">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |title=Islam |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504201633/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/295507/Islam |url-status=live }}</ref> and that the [[Purpose of life|purpose of existence]] is to worship God.<ref>Leeming, David. 2005. ''The Oxford Companion to World Mythology''. Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-195-15669-0}}. p. 209.</ref> He is viewed as a personal god<ref name="Schimmel" /> and there are no intermediaries, such as [[clergy]], to contact God. Consciousness and awareness of God is referred to as [[Taqwa]]. ''[[Allāh]]'' is a term with no [[plural]] or [[gender]] being ascribed to it and is also used by Muslims and Arabic-speaking Christians and Jews in reference to God, whereas ''{{transliteration|ar|ISO|[[ʾilāh]]}}'' ({{lang|ar|إله}}) is a term used for a deity or a god in general.<ref>{{cite web |title=God |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |access-date=18 December 2010 |website=Islam: Empire of Faith |publisher=[[PBS]] |archive-date=27 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327034958/http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Angels ===
[[File:Rashid al-Din Tabib - Jami al-Tawarikh, f.45v detail - c. 1306-15.png|thumb|Muhammad receiving his first revelation from the angel Gabriel. From the manuscript [[Jami' al-Tawarikh]] by [[Rashid-al-Din Hamadani]], 1307.]]
{{Main|Angels in Islam}}

Angels (singular: {{langx|ar|ملك|link=no}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|malak}}'') are beings described in the Quran{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=23}} and hadith.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=79}} They are described as created to worship God and also to serve in other specific duties such as communicating [[revelation]]s from God, recording every person's actions, and taking a person's [[soul]] at the time of death. They are described as being created variously from 'light' ([[Nūr (Islam)|''nūr'']])<ref name="Encyclopedia-Nur">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Nūr |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/nur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423085030/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/nur |archive-date=2022-04-23 |encyclopedia=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |via=[[Encyclopedia.com]] |language=en |access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|last1=Hartner, W.|last2=Tj Boer |year=2012 |c=Nūr |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0874}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Elias |first=Jamal J. |year=2003|c=Light |in=McAuliffe}} {{doi|10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00261}}</ref> or 'fire' (''nār'').<ref>{{harvc|last=Campo|first=Juan E.|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/nar|c=Nar|in=Martin|year=2004}}. – via [[Encyclopedia.com]].</ref><ref>{{harvc|last=Fahd, T. |year=2012 |c=Nār |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0846}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Toelle |first=Heidi |year=2002 |c=Fire |in=McAuliffe}} {{doi|10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00156}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|McAuliffe|2003|p=45}}</ref> Islamic angels are often represented in [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic forms]] combined with [[supernatural]] images, such as wings, being of great size or wearing heavenly articles.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|pp=97–99}}<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=26–28}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Webb |first=Gisela |c=Angel |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|last1=MacDonald, D. B.|last2=Madelung, W. |year=2012 |c=Malāʾika |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}}{{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0642}}</ref> Common characteristics for angels include a lack of bodily needs and desires, such as eating and drinking.{{sfnp|Çakmak|2017|p=140}} Some of them, such as [[Gabriel]] (''Jibrīl'') and [[Michael (archangel)|Michael]] (''Mika'il''), are mentioned by name in the Quran. Angels play a significant role in literature about the [[Isra and Mi'raj|Mi'raj]], where Muhammad encounters several angels during his journey through the heavens.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=79}} Further angels have often been featured in [[Islamic eschatology]], [[Kalam|theology]] and [[Islamic philosophy|philosophy]].{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=22}}

=== Scriptures ===
[[File:Quran rzabasi1.JPG|thumb|A [[Quran]] manuscript resting on a [[Rehal (book rest)|rehal]], a book rest for the holy text, {{Circa|9th-century}}]]
{{Main|Islamic holy books|Quran|Wahy}}

{{See also|History of the Quran}}
The pre-eminent holy text of Islam is the [[Quran]]. Muslims believe that the verses of the Quran were revealed to Muhammad by God, through the [[archangel]] Gabriel, on multiple occasions between 610 CE<ref name="610CE">{{harvc|c=Muhammad|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|last2=Welch|first2=A.T.|last1=Buhl|first1=F.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Watt |first=William Montgomery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5 |title=Islam and the Integration of Society |date=2003 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn=978-0-415-17587-6 |pages=5 |access-date=15 June 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228022949/https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> and 632, the year Muhammad died.{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=17–18, 21}} While Muhammad was alive, these revelations were written down by [[Muhammad's companions|his companions]], although the primary method of transmission was orally through [[Hafiz (Quran)|memorization]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al Faruqi |first1=Lois Ibsen |author-link=Lois Lamya al-Faruqi |year=1987 |title=The Cantillation of the Qur'an |journal=[[Society for Asian Music|Asian Music]] |issue=Autumn – Winter 1987 |pages=3–4}}</ref> The Quran is divided into 114 chapters (''[[sūrah]]'') which contain a combined 6,236 verses (''[[ayah|āyāt]]''). The chronologically earlier chapters, revealed at [[Mecca]], are concerned primarily with spiritual topics, while the later [[Medina]]n chapters discuss more social and legal issues relevant to the Muslim community.<ref name="Schimmel" /><ref name="Ringgren">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ringgren |first=Helmer |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran |title=Qurʾān |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=5 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505001543/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/487666/Quran |url-status=live }} "The word ''Quran'' was invented and first used in the Quran itself. There are [[Quran#Etymology and meaning|two different theories]] about this term and its formation."</ref> Muslim jurists consult the ''hadith'' ('accounts'), or the written record of Muhammad's life, to both supplement the Quran and assist with its interpretation. The science of Quranic commentary and exegesis is known as ''[[tafsir]]''.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |title=Tafsīr |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019035210/https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=79–81}} In addition to its religious significance, the Quran is widely regarded as the finest work in [[Arabic literature]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Alan|last=Jones|location=London|publisher=[[Charles E. Tuttle Company]]|year=1994|page=1|title=The Koran|quote="Its outstanding literary merit should also be noted: it is by far, the finest work of Arabic prose in existence."|isbn=1842126091}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Arberry|title=The Koran Interpreted|location=London|publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]]|year=1956|quote="It may be affirmed that within the literature of the Arabs, wide and fecund as it is both in poetry and in elevated prose, there is nothing to compare with it."|page=191|isbn=0684825074}}</ref> and has influenced art and the Arabic language.<ref>Kadi, Wadad, and Mustansir Mir. "Literature and the Quran." In ''[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an]]'' 3. pp. 213, 216.</ref>

Islam also holds that God has sent revelations, called ''[[wahy]]'', to different prophets numerous times throughout history. However, Islam teaches that parts of the previously revealed scriptures, such as the ''[[Tawrat]]'' ([[Torah]]) and the ''[[Injil]]'' ([[Gospel in Islam|Gospel]]), have become [[tahrif|distorted]]—either in interpretation, in text, or both,<ref name="harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5">{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Peters|2003|p=9">{{harvp|Peters|2003|p=9}}</ref><ref name="610CE" /><ref>{{harvc|c=Tahrif |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=[[Hava Lazarus-Yafeh]]}}</ref> while the Quran ({{Lit|Recitation}}) is viewed as the final, verbatim and unaltered word of God.<ref name="Ringgren" /><ref>{{harvp|Teece|2003|pp=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Turner|2006|p=42}}</ref>{{sfnp|Bennett|2010|p=101}}

=== Prophets ===
{{Main|Prophets and messengers in Islam|Sunnah|Hadith}}

[[File:Medieval Persian manuscript Muhammad leads Abraham Moses Jesus.jpg|thumb|left|A 15th century<ref>{{cite web |title=BnF. Département des Manuscrits. Supplément turc 190 |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/view3if/ga/ark:/12148/btv1b8427195m/f16 |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |access-date=7 September 2023 |archive-date=9 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909130407/https://gallica.bnf.fr/view3if/ga/ark:/12148/btv1b8427195m/f16 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Persian miniature]] depicting [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]] leading [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]], [[Moses in Islam|Moses]], [[Jesus in Islam|Jesus]] and other prophets in prayer]]
Prophets (Arabic: {{langx|ar|أنبياء|label=none|translit=anbiyāʾ}}) are believed to have been chosen by God to preach a divine message. Some of these prophets additionally deliver a new book and are called "messengers" ({{langx|ar| رسول&lrm;|label=none|translit=rasūl}}).<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=225}}</ref> Muslims believe prophets are human and not divine. All of the prophets are said to have preached the same basic message of Islam – submission to the will of God – to various nations in the past, and this is said to account for many similarities among religions. The Quran recounts the names of numerous figures considered [[prophets in Islam]], including [[Adam in Islam|Adam]], [[Noah in Islam|Noah]], [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]], [[Moses in Islam|Moses]], [[David in Islam|David]] and [[Jesus in Islam|Jesus]], among others.<ref name="Schimmel" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Reeves |first=J. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC |title=Bible and Qurʼān: Essays in scriptural intertextuality |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2004 |isbn=90-04-12726-7 |location=[[Leiden]] |page=177 |access-date=21 August 2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164019/https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC |url-status=live }}</ref> The stories associated with the prophets beyond the Quranic accounts are collected and explored in the ''[[Qisas Al-Anbiya|Qisas al-Anbiya]]'' (Stories of the Prophets).

Muslims believe that God sent Muhammad as the final prophet ("[[Seal of the prophets]]") to convey the completed message of Islam.<ref name="Esposito-Islam">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Islam |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012298 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110124812/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012298 |archive-date=2021-01-10 |quote=Profession of Faith...affirms Islam's absolute monotheism and acceptance of Muḥammad as the messenger of Allah, the last and final prophet. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Peters-Allah">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Peters |first=F. E. |author-link=Francis Edward Peters |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Allāh |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095403960 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926053837/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095403960 |archive-date=2020-09-26 |quote=[T]he Muslims' understanding of Allāh is based...on the Qurʿān's public witness. Allāh is Unique, the Creator, Sovereign, and Judge of mankind. It is Allāh who directs the universe through his direct action on nature and who has guided human history through his prophets, Abraham, with whom he made his covenant, Moses/Moosa, Jesus/Eesa, and Muḥammad, through all of whom he founded his chosen communities, the 'Peoples of the Book.' |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In Islam, the "normative" example of Muhammad's life is called the ''[[sunnah]]'' (literally "trodden path"). Muslims are encouraged to emulate Muhammad's moral behaviors in their daily lives, and the sunnah is seen as crucial to guiding interpretation of the Quran.<ref>{{harvp|Martin|2004|p=666}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Hadith|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|author=J. Robson}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Sunna|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|author=D.W. Brown}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Goldman |first=Elizabeth |title=Believers: Spiritual Leaders of the World |date=1995 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-508240-1 |location=Oxford |page=63}}</ref> This example is preserved in traditions known as [[hadith]], which are accounts of his words, actions, and personal characteristics. [[Hadith qudsi|Hadith Qudsi]] is a sub-category of hadith, regarded as God's verbatim words quoted by Muhammad that are not part of the Quran. A hadith involves two elements: a chain of narrators, called [[Hadith studies#Traditional importance of the sanad|''sanad'']], and the actual wording, called ''[[Hadith studies|matn]]''. There are various methodologies to classify the authenticity of hadiths, with the commonly used grading scale being "authentic" or "correct" ({{langx|ar|صحيح|links=no|translit=[[Authentic hadith|ṣaḥīḥ]]|label=none}}); "good" ({{langx|ar|حسن|links=no|label=none|translit=[[Hasan (hadith)|ḥasan]]}}); or "weak" ({{langx|ar|ضعيف|label=none|translit=[[Da'if|ḍaʻīf]]}}), among others. The ''[[Kutub al-Sittah]]'' are a collection of six books, regarded as the most authentic reports in [[Sunni Islam]]. Among them is ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]'', often considered by Sunnis to be one of the most [[Hadith terminology#Terminology relating to the authenticity of a hadith|authentic]] sources after the Quran.<ref>[[Aisha Abd al-Rahman|al-Rahman, Aisha Abd]], ed. 1990. ''[[Introduction to the Science of Hadith|Muqaddimah Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ]]''. Cairo: Dar al-Ma'arif, 1990. pp. 160–69</ref> Another well-known source of hadiths is known as ''[[The Four Books]]'', which Shias consider as the most authentic hadith reference.<ref name="Awliyai-Four-Books">{{cite book |last=Awliya'i |first=Mustafa |title=Outlines of the Development of the Science of Hadith |volume=1 |chapter=The Four Books |url=https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912144702/https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books |archive-date=2017-09-12 |translator-last=Qara'i |translator-first=A. Q. |via=Al-Islam.org |access-date=2020-05-24 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Rizvi-Four-Books">{{cite book |last=Rizvi |first=Sayyid Sa'eed Akhtar |author-link=Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi |title=The Qur'an and Hadith |location=Tanzania |publisher=Bilal Muslim Mission |chapter=The Hadith §The Four Books (Al-Kutubu'l-Arb'ah) |url=https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912191319/https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah |archive-date=2017-09-12 |via=Al-Islam.org |access-date=2020-05-24 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Resurrection and judgment ===
[[Image:Syria, Damascus, The Umayyad Mosque.jpg|thumb|The [[Umayyad Mosque]] in [[Damascus]], where according to Islamic tradition [[Jesus in Islam|Isa]] (Jesus, seen as an Islamic prophet) will appear close to the [[Judgement Day in Islam|Day of Judgment]]]]
{{Main|Islamic eschatology}}

Belief in the "Day of Resurrection" or ''[[Qiyamah|Yawm al-Qiyāmah]]'' ({{langx|ar|يوم القيامة|link=no}}) is also crucial for Muslims. It is believed that the time of ''Qiyāmah'' is preordained by God, but unknown to man. The Quran and the hadith, as well as the commentaries of [[Ulama|scholars]], describe the trials and [[Great Tribulation|tribulations]] preceding and during the ''Qiyāmah''. The Quran emphasizes [[universal resurrection|bodily resurrection]], a break from the [[pre-Islamic Arabia]]n understanding of death.<ref>{{harvp|Glassé|2003|loc="Resurrection"|pp=382–383}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)|2012|loc="Avicenna"}}. {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_DUM_0467}}: "Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Sīnā is known in the West as 'Avicenna'."</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Qiyama |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=Gardet, L.}}</ref>

On Yawm al-Qiyāmah, Muslims believe all humankind will be judged by their good and bad deeds and consigned to ''[[Jannah]]'' (paradise) or ''[[Jahannam]]'' (hell).<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |editor-link=John Esposito |title=Eschatology |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588 |url-access=subscription |work=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] |via=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |access-date=18 April 2017 |archive-date=13 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913062714/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Quran in [[Surat al-Zalzalah]] describes this as: "So whoever does an atom's weight of good will see it. And whoever does an atom's weight of evil will see it." The Quran [[Islamic views of sin|lists several sins]] that can condemn a person to [[hell]]. However, the Quran makes it clear that God will forgive the sins of those who repent if he wishes. Good deeds, like charity, prayer, and compassion towards animals{{sfnp|Esposito|2011|p=130}} will be rewarded with entry to heaven. Muslims view heaven as a place of joy and blessings, with Quranic references describing its features. Mystical traditions in Islam place these heavenly delights in the context of an ecstatic awareness of God.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2006|p=89}}; ''Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World'', p. 565</ref><ref>{{harvc |c=Garden |first=Asma |last=Afsaruddin |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Paradise|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> ''Yawm al-Qiyāmah'' is also identified in the Quran as ''Yawm ad-Dīn'' ({{lang|ar|يوم الدين}} "Day of Religion");<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|1|4|b=y}};</ref> ''as-Sāʿah'' ({{lang|ar|الساعة}} "the Last Hour");<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|6|31|b=y}};</ref> and ''[[Al-Qaria|al-Qāriʿah]]'' ({{lang|ar|القارعة}} "The Clatterer").<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|101|1|b=y}}</ref>

=== Divine predestination ===
{{Main|Predestination in Islam}}

The concept of divine predestination in Islam ({{langx|ar|القضاء والقدر}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|al-qadāʾ wa l-qadar}}'') means that every matter, good or bad, is believed to have been decreed by God. ''Al-qadar'', meaning "power", derives from a root that means "to measure" or "calculating".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/AEDweb.htm |date=2002 |title=Andras Rajki's A. E. D. (Arabic Etymological Dictionary) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208204654/http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/AEDweb.htm |archive-date=8 December 2011 |access-date=13 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Cohen-Mor|2001|p=4}}: "The idea of predestination is reinforced by the frequent mention of events 'being written' or 'being in a book' before they happen": Say: "Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us..."</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Karamustafa |first=Ahmet T. |c=Fate |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}: The verb ''qadara'' literally means "to measure, to determine". Here it is used to mean that "God measures and orders his creation".</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Gardet|first=L.|year=2012|c=al-Ḳaḍāʾ Wa 'l-Ḳadar |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0407}}</ref> Muslims often express this belief in divine destiny with the phrase [[Inshallah|"In-sha-Allah"]] ({{langx|ar|إن شاء الله}}) meaning "if God wills" when speaking on future events.<ref>{{cite web |title=Muslim beliefs – Al-Qadr |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z43pfcw/revision/4 |access-date=13 November 2020 |publisher=BBC |work=Bitesize – GCSE – Edexcel |archive-date=15 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115112558/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z43pfcw/revision/4 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Acts of worship ==
{{Main|Five Pillars of Islam|Ibadah}}

There are five acts of worship that are considered [[fard|duties]]–the [[Shahada]] (declaration of faith), the five daily prayers, [[Zakat]] (almsgiving), [[fasting during Ramadan]], and the [[Hajj]] pilgrimage–collectively known as "The Pillars of Islam" (''Arkān al-Islām'').<ref name="www.britannica.com-2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pillars-of-Islam|title=Pillars of Islam | Islamic Beliefs & Practices | Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|date=3 May 2023|access-date=16 December 2021|archive-date=5 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905102524/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pillars-of-Islam|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition, Muslims also perform other optional [[Supererogation|supererogatory]] acts that are encouraged but not considered to be duties.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=ZAROUG|first=ABDULLAHI HASSAN|date=1985|title=THE CONCEPT OF PERMISSION, SUPEREROGATORY ACTS AND ASETICISM [sic] IN ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847307|journal=Islamic Studies|volume=24|issue=2|pages=167–180|jstor=20847307|issn=0578-8072|access-date=7 January 2023|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207140013/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847307|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Declaration of faith ===
[[File:Silver Rupee Akbar.jpg|thumb|right|Silver coin of the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Akbar]], c. 16th century, inscribed with the ''Shahadah'']]
{{Main|Shahada}}

The [[shahada]]h{{sfnp|Nasr|2003|pp=3, 39, 85, 270–272}} is an [[oath]] declaring belief in Islam. The expanded statement is "{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʾašhadu ʾal-lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāhu wa ʾašhadu ʾanna muħammadan rasūlu-llāh}}" ({{langx|ar|أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله وأشهد أن محمداً رسول الله|label=none}}), or, "I testify that there is no [[deity]] except [[God in Islam|God]] and I testify that Muhammad is the messenger of God."<ref name="Mohammad-1985">{{cite journal |last=Mohammad |first=Noor |date=1985 |title=The Doctrine of Jihad: An Introduction |journal=[[Journal of Law and Religion]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=381–397 |doi=10.2307/1051034 |jstor=1051034 |publisher=Journal of Law and Religion, Inc. |language=en}}</ref> Islam is sometimes argued to have a very simple creed with the shahada being the premise for the rest of the religion. Non-Muslims wishing to [[convert to Islam]] are required to recite the shahada in front of witnesses.<ref>{{harvc |last=Kasim |first=Husain |year=2004 |c=Islam |pp=195–197 |in=Salamone}}</ref><ref name="Galonnier-2021">{{cite book |last=Galonnier |first=Juliette |editor-last=van Nieuwkerk |editor-first=Karin |title=Moving In and Out of Islam |chapter=Moving In or Moving Toward? Reconceptualizing Conversion to Islam as a Liminal Process |location=New York |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2021 |pages=44–66 |doi=10.7560/317471-003 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/317471-003/html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023001/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/317471-003/html |archive-date=2023-12-28 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Prayer ===
{{Main|Salah}}

{{See also|Mosque|Jumu'ah}}
[[File:Mosque.jpg|thumb|Muslim men [[prostration|prostrating]] in prayer, at the [[Umayyad Mosque]], [[Damascus]]]]
Prayer in Islam, called [[salah|as-salah]] or aṣ-ṣalāt ({{langx|ar|الصلاة|link=no}}), is seen as a personal communication with God and consists of repeating units called [[rakat]] that include [[Ruku|bowing]] and [[Sujud|prostrating]] to God. There are five timed prayers each day that are considered duties. The prayers are recited in the Arabic language and performed in [[Qibla|the direction]] of the [[Kaaba]]. The act also requires a state of ritual purity achieved by means of either a routine ''[[wudu]]'' ritual wash or, in certain circumstances, a ''[[ghusl]]'' full body ritual wash.<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=18, 19}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hedayetullah|2006|pp=53–55}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Kobeisy|2004|pp=22–34}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Momen|1987|p=178}}</ref>

A [[mosque]] is a [[places of worship|place of worship]] for Muslims, who often refer to it by its Arabic name ''masjid''. Although the primary purpose of the mosque is to serve as a place of prayer, it is also an important social centre for the [[ummah|Muslim community]]. For example, the [[Al-Masjid an-Nabawi|Masjid an-Nabawi]] ("Prophetic Mosque") in Medina, [[Saudi Arabia]], used to also serve as a shelter for the poor.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Mattson |first=Ingrid |year=2006 |title=Women, Islam, and Mosques |pages=615–629 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America |series=Volume 2, Part VII. Islam |editor1=R. S. Keller |name-list-style=and |editor2=R. R. Ruether |place=Bloomington and Indianapolis |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |isbn=978-0-253-34687-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA615 |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023019/https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA615#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Minaret]]s are towers used to call the [[adhan]], a vocal call to signal the prayer time.<ref name="Pedersen-Masjid-2010">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Pedersen |first1=Johannes |last2=Hillenbrand |first2=Robert |last3=Burton-Page |first3=John |author-link3=John Burton-Page |title=Masd̲j̲id |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam |edition=2nd |location=Leiden |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2010 |doi=10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_COM_0694 |access-date=2020-05-25 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/mosque |title=Mosque |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928065350/https://www.britannica.com/topic/mosque |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Almsgiving ===
{{Main|Zakat}}

{{See also|Sadaqah}}
[[File:Slot at the Zaouia Moulay Idriss II 1.jpg|thumb|A slot for giving zakat at the [[Zawiya of Moulay Idris II]] in [[Fez, Morocco]]]]
[[Zakat]] ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: {{langx|ar|زكاة|translit=zakāh|label=none}}), also spelled ''Zakāt'' or ''Zakah'', is a type of [[almsgiving]] characterized by the giving of a fixed portion (2.5% annually)<ref name="Ahmed-Gianci-2005">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Ahmed |first1=Medani |last2=Gianci |first2=Sebastian |title=Zakat |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Taxation and Tax Policy |editor1-last=Cordes |editor1-first=Joseph J. |editor2-last=Ebel |editor2-first=Robert D. |editor3-last=Gravelle |editor3-first=Jane |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Urban Institute Press |year=2005 |page=479 |isbn=978-0877667520 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m66_BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA479 |language=en}}</ref> of [[Financial capital|accumulated wealth]] by those who can afford it to help the poor or needy, such as for freeing captives, those in [[bonded labour|debt]], or for (stranded) travellers, and for those employed to collect zakat. It acts as a form of [[welfare spending|welfare]] in Muslim societies.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ariff |first=Mohamed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NP4ZL0TJ9s4C&pg=PA55 |title=The Islamic Voluntary Sector in Southeast Asia: Islam and the Economic Development of Southeast Asia |publisher=[[Institute of Southeast Asian Studies]] |year=1991 |isbn=978-981-3016-07-1 |pages=55– |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023007/https://books.google.com/books?id=NP4ZL0TJ9s4C&&pg=PA55 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is considered a religious obligation that the well-off owe the needy because their wealth is seen as a trust from God's bounty,<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2010|p=109–110}}: This is not regarded as charity because it is not really voluntary but instead is owed, by those who have received their wealth as a trust from God's bounty, to the poor.</ref> and is seen as a purification of one's excess wealth.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = RoutledgeCurzon| isbn = 9780415297967| title =Major World Religions: From Their Origins to the Present.| location = United Kingdom| year = 2003| last=Ridgeon| first=Lloyd| url = | page = 258|quote=Aside from its function of purifying believers' wealth, the payment of zakat may have contributed in no small way to the economic welfare of the Muslim community in Mecca.}}</ref> The total annual value contributed due to zakat is 15 times greater than global humanitarian aid donations, using conservative estimates.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 June 2012 |title=A faith-based aid revolution in the Muslim world |work=[[The New Humanitarian]] |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/95564/analysis-faith-based-aid-revolution-muslim-world |access-date=27 August 2023 |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114014900/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/95564/analysis-faith-based-aid-revolution-muslim-world |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sadaqah]], as opposed to Zakat, is a much-encouraged optional charity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Said |first=Abdul Aziz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bs7g0O4eLYC&pg=PA145 |title=Contemporary Islam: Dynamic, Not Static |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-77011-8 |page=145 |display-authors=etal |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023121/https://books.google.com/books?id=4bs7g0O4eLYC&pg=PA145 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Stefon|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/72 72]}} A [[waqf]] is a perpetual [[charitable trust]], which finances hospitals and schools in Muslim societies.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hudson |first=A. |title=Equity and Trusts |year=2003 |edition=3rd |page=32 |location=London |publisher=Cavendish Publishing |isbn=1-85941-729-9}}</ref>

=== Fasting ===
[[File:Iftar for Ramadhan.jpg|thumb|A fast-breaking feast, known as ''[[Iftar]]'', is served traditionally with [[date (fruits)|dates]].]]
{{Main|Fasting in Islam}}

{{See also|Fasting during Ramadan}}
In Islam, fasting ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: {{langx|ar|صوم|translit=ṣawm|label=none}}) precludes food and drink, as well as other forms of consumption, such as [[Smoking in Islam|smoking]], and is performed from dawn to sunset. During the month of [[Ramadan]], it is considered a duty for Muslims to fast.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramadan |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009215438/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan |url-status=live }}</ref> The fast is to encourage a feeling of nearness to God by restraining oneself for God's sake from what is otherwise permissible and to think of the needy. In addition, there are other days, such as the [[Day of Arafah]], when fasting is optional.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher =Tughra Books | isbn = 9781597846110| title = Fasting In Islam And The Month Of Ramadan| location = United States| year =2006 | last=Ramadanali| url = |page=51
| quote = }}</ref>

=== Pilgrimage ===
{{Main|Hajj|Umrah}}

{{See also|Holiest sites in Islam}}
[[File:A packed house - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|right|Pilgrims at the [[Great Mosque of Mecca]] during the [[Hajj]] season]]

The Islamic [[pilgrimage]], called the {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḥajj}} ({{langx|ar|حج|link=no}}), is to be done at least once a lifetime by every Muslim with the means to do so during the [[Islamic calendar|Islamic month]] of [[Dhu al-Hijjah]]. Rituals of the Hajj mostly imitate the story of the family of [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Dr Zakir |author-link=Zakir Naik |date=7 January 2025 |title=What Are the Pillars of Islam? |url=https://islampidia.org/en/what-are-the-pillars-of-islam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115054332/https://islampidia.org/en/what-are-the-pillars-of-islam/ |archive-date=2025-11-15 |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Islampidia |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Five Pillars of Islam |url=https://localhost:5000/learn/educators/curriculum-resources/art-of-the-islamic-world/unit-one/the-five-pillars-of-islam |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art}}</ref> In [[Mecca]], pilgrims walk seven times around the [[Kaaba]], which Muslims believe Abraham built as a place of worship, and they walk seven times between Mount [[Safa and Marwa]], recounting the steps of Abraham's wife, [[Hagar]], who was looking for water for her baby [[Ishmael in Islam|Ishmael]] in the desert before Mecca developed into a settlement.<ref>{{harvp|Goldschmidt|Davidson|2005|p=48}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Farah|1994|pp=145–147}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Hajj |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> The pilgrimage also involves spending a day praying and worshipping in the plain of [[Mount Arafat]] as well as symbolically [[Stoning of the Devil|stoning the Devil]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F.E. |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-4008-2548-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA19 |page=20 |publisher=Princeton University Press |access-date=7 October 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023112/https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA19#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> All Muslim men wear only two simple white unstitched pieces of cloth called [[Ihram clothing|ihram]], intended to bring continuity through generations and uniformity among pilgrims despite class or origin.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cornell |first=Vincent J. |title=Voices of Islam: Voices of tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g5LNUS0ciAAC&pg=PA29 |access-date=26 August 2012 |year=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-98733-6 |page=29}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Glassé|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA207 207]}}</ref> Another form of pilgrimage, [[Umrah]], is optional and can be undertaken at any time of the year. Other sites of Islamic pilgrimage are [[Medina]], where Muhammad died, as well as [[Jerusalem]], a city of many Islamic prophets and the site of [[Al-Aqsa]], which was the direction of prayer before Mecca.<ref>{{cite book|author=Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ|title=The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades|publisher=Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University|year=1986|isbn=0918720583|editor1=Goss, V. P.|volume=21|page=208|editor2=Bornstein, C. V.|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023032/https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Trofimov-2008">{{cite book |last=Trofimov |first=Yaroslav |author-link=Yaroslav Trofimov |title=The Siege of Mecca: The 1979 Uprising at Islam's Holiest Shrine |location=New York |publisher=[[Knopf]] |date=2008 |page=79 |isbn=978-0-307-47290-8 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Other acts of worship ===
{{See also|Quran#Recitation|Dua|Dhikr}}
[[File:Men reading the Koran in Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, Syria.jpg|thumb|Muslim men reading the Quran in the [[Umayyad Mosque]] of [[Damascus]]]]
[[File:Live recitation of Surah Yusuf, verses 1 - 22 in Hafs an Asim.webm|thumb|left|350x350px|A young man reciting the Qur'an in the [[Islam in the United States|United States]].]]
{{Listen
|filename=112.AlIkhlas-MisharyRashedAlafasy.ogg
|title=''Al-Ikhlas''
|pos=right
|description= ''[[Al-Ikhlas|Sincerity]]'' is the Quran's [[List of surahs in the Quran|112{{sup|th}}]] [[surah|chapter]] as recited by [[Imam]] [[Mishary Rashid Alafasy]]
|format=[[Ogg]]
}}
Muslims recite and memorize the whole or parts of the Quran as acts of virtue. [[Tajwid]] refers to the set of rules for the proper [[elocution]] of the Quran.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = | isbn = | title = Foundation of Tajweed| location = | year = 2013|edition=2| last=Aboo Yahyaa| url = | page = 1
| quote = }}</ref> Many Muslims recite the whole Quran during the month of Ramadan.{{sfnp|Stefon|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/42 42–43]}} One who has memorized the whole Quran is called a hafiz ("memorizer"), and hadiths mention that these individuals will be able to intercede for others on Judgment Day.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=my7hnALd_NkC|page=70}} 70]}}

Supplication to God, called in Arabic {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|duʿāʾ}} ({{langx|ar|دعاء}} {{IPA|ar|dʊˈʕæːʔ|IPA}}) has its own etiquette such as [[Raising hands in dua|raising hands]] as if begging.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Brill| isbn = 9789004335523| title = The Quṣṣāṣ of Early Islam| location = Netherlands| year = 2016| last=Armstrong| first=Lyall| url = | page = 184| quote = }}</ref>

Remembrance of God ({{langx|ar|ذكر|translit=Dhikr'|label=none}}) refers to phrases repeated referencing God. Commonly, this includes Tahmid, declaring [[Alhamdulillah|praise be due to God]] ({{langx|ar|الحمد لله|translit=al-Ḥamdu lillāh|label=none}}) during prayer or when feeling thankful, [[Tasbih]], declaring glory to God during prayer or when in awe of something and saying '[[Basmala|in the name of God]]' ({{lang|ar|بسملة}}, {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|basmalah}}) before starting an act such as eating.<ref>{{Cite web|title=alhamdulillah |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/alhamdulillah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227042540/https://www.lexico.com/definition/alhamdulillah|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 27, 2020|access-date=2021-10-16|website=Lexico}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Islam}}

{{For timeline|Timeline of the history of Islam}}
{{See also|List of Muslim empires and dynasties}}
{{wide image|Madina Haram at evening.jpg|900px|align-cap=center|A 2004 panoramic view of [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi]] (the Mosque of the Prophet) in [[Medina]], [[Hejaz]] region, present-day [[Saudi Arabia]]. It is considered the second most sacred mosque in Islam}}

=== Muhammad and the beginning of Islam (570–632) ===
{{Main|Muhammad|Muhammad in Islam}}

{{for timeline|Timeline of early Islamic history}}
{{Further|Muhammad in Mecca|Early social changes under Islam|First Islamic state}}
[[File:Hira_Cave.jpg|thumb|[[Jabal al-Nour|Cave of Hira]]]]
According to Islamic tradition, Muhammad was born in [[Mecca]] in [[570]] [[Common Era|CE]] and was orphaned early in life. Growing up as a trader, he became known as the "[[Amin (name)|trusted one]]" ({{langx|ar|الامين}}) and was sought after as an impartial arbitrator. He later married his employer, the businesswoman [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadija]].{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=6}} In the year 610 CE, troubled by the moral decline and idolatry prevalent in Mecca and seeking seclusion and spiritual contemplation, Muhammad retreated to the [[Cave of Hira]] in the mountain [[Jabal al-Nour]], near Mecca. It was during his time in the cave that he is said to have [[Muhammad's first revelation|received the first revelation]] of the [[Quran]] from the angel [[Gabriel]].<ref name="610CE" /> The event of Muhammad's retreat to the cave and subsequent revelation is known as the "[[Night of Power]]" (''Laylat al-Qadr'') and is considered a significant event in Islamic history. During the next 22 years of his life, from age 40 onwards, Muhammad continued to receive revelations from God, becoming the last or [[seal of the prophets]] sent to mankind.<ref name="harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5"/><ref name="harvp|Peters|2003|p=9"/><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Muhammad |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref>

[[File:Siyer-i_Nebi_151b.jpg|thumb|"Muhammad at the Ka'ba" from the ''[[Siyer-i Nebi]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ottomans : religious painting |url=http://www.ee.bilkent.edu.tr/~history/ottoman33.html |access-date=1 May 2016}}</ref> Muhammad is shown with veiled face, {{Circa|1595}}.]]
During this time, [[Muhammad in Mecca|while in Mecca, Muhammad]] preached first in secret and then in public, imploring his listeners to abandon [[Arab polytheism|polytheism]] and worship one God. Many [[Early Muslims|early converts to Islam]] were women, the poor, foreigners, and slaves like the first [[muezzin]] [[Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi]].<ref>Rabah, Bilal B. ''[[Encyclopedia of Islam]].''</ref> The Meccan elite felt Muhammad was [[Early social changes under Islam|destabilizing their social order]] by preaching about one God and giving questionable ideas to the poor and slaves because they profited from the pilgrimages to the idols of the Kaaba.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ünal |first=Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1323 |title=The Qurʼan with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English |publisher=Tughra Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-59784-000-2 |pages=1323– |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024048/https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1323#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|p=36}}</ref>

After 12 years of the [[persecution of Muslims by the Meccans]], Muhammad and his [[Sahaba|companions]] performed the ''[[Hegira|Hijra]]'' ("emigration") in 622 to the city of Yathrib (current-day Medina). He established the [[first Islamic state]] there with the Medinan converts (the ''[[Ansar (Islam)|Ansar]]'') and the Meccan migrants (the ''[[Muhajirun]]''). The [[Constitution of Medina]] was signed by all the tribes of Medina. This established religious freedoms and freedom to use their own laws among the Muslim and non-Muslim communities as well as an agreement to defend Medina from external threats.{{sfnp|Serjeant|1978|p=4}} Meccan forces and their allies lost against the Muslims at the [[Battle of Badr]] in 624 and then fought an inconclusive battle in the [[Battle of Uhud]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Peter Crawford |title=The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-oHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |page=83 |publisher=Pen & Sword Books Limited |isbn=9781473828650 |date=2013-07-16 |access-date=5 August 2022 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023957/https://books.google.com/books?id=d-oHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |url-status=live }}.</ref> before unsuccessfully besieging Medina in the [[Battle of the Trench]] (March–April 627). In 628, the [[Treaty of Hudaybiyyah]] was signed between Mecca and the Muslims, but it was broken by Mecca two years later. As more tribes converted to Islam, Meccan trade routes were cut off by the Muslims.<ref>{{harvp|Peters|2003|pp=78–79, 194}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|pp=23–28}}</ref> By 629 Muhammad was victorious in the nearly bloodless [[conquest of Mecca]], and by the time of his death in 632 (at age 62) he had united the [[tribes of Arabia]] into a single religious [[polity]].<ref name="610CE" />

=== Early Islamic period (632–750) ===
{{Further|Succession to Muhammad|Early Muslim conquests}}
{{See also|Ghadir Khumm|Saqifa|Canonization of Islamic scripture}}
[[File:Mohammad adil-Rashidun empire-slide.gif|thumb|right|Expansion of [[Rashidun Caliphate]]]]
[[File:16-04-04-Felsendom-Tempelberg-Jerusalem-RalfR-WAT 6385.jpg|thumb|[[Dome of the Rock]] in [[Jerusalem]] built by caliph [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan]]; completed at the end of the [[Second Fitna]]]]
Muhammad died in 632 and the first successors, called [[Caliph]]s – [[Abu Bakr]], [[Umar]], [[Uthman ibn al-Affan]], [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]] and sometimes [[Hasan ibn Ali]]<ref>{{Cite book| last1 = Melchert| first1 = Christopher| date = 2020| contribution = The Rightly Guided Caliphs: The Range of Views Preserved in Ḥadīth| editor1-last = al-Sarhan| editor1-first = Saud| title = Political Quietism in Islam: Sunni and Shi'i Practice and Thought| location = London and New York| publisher = [[I.B. Tauris]]| isbn = 978-1-83860-765-4| pages = 70–71| contribution-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=96TDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA63| access-date = 17 February 2022| archive-date = 28 December 2023| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023957/https://books.google.com/books?id=96TDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false| url-status = live}}</ref> – are known in Sunni Islam as ''al-khulafā' ar-rāshidūn'' ("[[Rightly Guided Caliphs]]").{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=40}} Some tribes left Islam and rebelled under leaders who declared themselves new prophets but were crushed by Abu Bakr in the [[Ridda wars]].<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|p=57}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hourani|2002|p=22}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=32}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Madelung|1996|p=43}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Ṭabāṭabāʼī|1979|pp=30–50}}</ref> Local populations of Jews and indigenous Christians, persecuted as religious minorities and heretics and taxed heavily, often helped Muslims take over their {{ambiguous|date=April 2025}} lands,{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=38}} resulting in rapid expansion of the caliphate into the [[Sassanid Empire|Persian]] and [[Byzantine]] empires.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|p=74}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Gardet|Jomier|2012">{{harvp|Gardet|Jomier|2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=J. Kuiper |first=Matthew |title=Da'wa: A Global History of Islamic Missionary Thought and Practice |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9781351510721 |page=85}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lapidus |first=Ira M. |title=A History of Islamic Societies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-521-51430-9 |pages=60–61 |author-link=Ira M. Lapidus}}</ref> Uthman [[election of Uthman|was elected in 644]] and his assassination by rebels led to Ali being elected the next Caliph. In the [[First Fitna|First Civil War]], Muhammad's widow, [[Aisha]], raised an army against Ali, attempting to avenge the death of Uthman, but was defeated at the [[Battle of the Camel]]. Ali attempted to remove the governor of Syria, [[Mu'awiya]], who was seen as corrupt. Mu'awiya then declared war on Ali and was defeated in the [[Battle of Siffin]]. Ali's decision to arbitrate angered the [[Kharijites]], an extremist sect, who felt that by not fighting a sinner, Ali became a sinner as well. The Kharijites rebelled and were defeated in the [[Battle of Nahrawan]] but a Kharijite assassin later killed Ali. Ali's son, Hasan ibn Ali, was elected Caliph and signed a [[Hasan–Muawiya treaty|peace treaty]] to avoid further fighting, abdicating to Mu'awiya in return for Mu'awiya not appointing a successor.{{sfnp|Holt|Lewis|1977|pp=67–72}} Mu'awiya began the [[Umayyad dynasty]] with the appointment of his son [[Yazid I]] as successor, sparking the [[Second Fitna|Second Civil War]]. During the [[Battle of Karbala]], [[Husayn ibn Ali]] was killed by Yazid's forces; the event has been [[Ashura|annually commemorated]] by Shias ever since. Sunnis, led by [[Ibn al-Zubayr]] and opposed to a dynastic caliphate, were defeated in the [[Siege of Mecca (692)|siege of Mecca]]. These disputes over leadership would give rise to the [[Sunni]]-[[Shia]] schism,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harney |first=John |date=3 January 2016 |title=How Do Sunni and Shia Islam Differ? |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/q-and-a-how-do-sunni-and-shia-islam-differ.html |access-date=4 January 2016 |archive-date=11 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511081444/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/q-and-a-how-do-sunni-and-shia-islam-differ.html |url-status=live }}</ref> with the Shia believing leadership belongs to Muhammad's family through Ali, called the [[ahl al-bayt]].{{sfnp|Waines|2003|p=46}}
Abu Bakr's leadership oversaw the beginning of the compilation of the Quran. The Caliph [[Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz]] set up the committee, [[The Seven Fuqaha of Medina]],{{sfnp|Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr|2012|p=505}}<ref>''Umar Ibn Abdul Aziz'' By Imam Abu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Abdul Hakam died 214 AH 829 C.E. Publisher Zam Zam Publishers Karachi, pp. 54–59</ref> and [[Malik ibn Anas]] wrote one of the earliest books on Islamic jurisprudence, the ''[[Muwatta Imam Malik|Muwatta]]'', as a consensus of the opinion of those jurists.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Noel James Coulson |title=History of Islamic Law |year=1964 |isbn=978-0-7486-0514-9 |page=103 |publisher=King Abdulaziz Public Library |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d5Ks31qHlSYC |access-date=7 October 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023959/https://books.google.com/books?id=d5Ks31qHlSYC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |editor-last1=Houtsma |editor-first1=M.T. |editor-last2=Wensinck |editor-first2=A.J. |editor-last3=Lévi-Provençal |editor-first3=E. |editor-last4=Gibb |editor-first4=H.A.R. |editor-last5=Heffening |editor-first5=W. |series=Volume V: L—Moriscos |title=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |year=1993 |edition=reprint |isbn=978-90-04-09791-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Va6oSxzojzoC |pages=207– |access-date=19 September 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024105/https://books.google.com/books?id=Va6oSxzojzoC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=[[Moshe Sharon]] |title=Studies in Islamic History and Civilization: In Honour of Professor David Ayalon |year=1986 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789652640147 |page=264 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_wUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA264 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024050/https://books.google.com/books?id=0_wUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA264#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Kharijites]] believed there was no compromised middle ground between good and evil, and any Muslim who committed a grave sin would become an unbeliever. The term "kharijites" would also be used to refer to later groups such as [[ISIS]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mamouri|first=Ali|date=8 January 2015|title=Who are the Kharijites and what do they have to do with IS?|work=Al-monitor|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2015/01/islamic-state-kjarijites-continuation.html|access-date=6 March 2022|archive-date=6 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306213145/https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2015/01/islamic-state-kjarijites-continuation.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Murji'ah]] taught that people's righteousness could be judged by God alone. Therefore, wrongdoers might be considered misguided, but not denounced as unbelievers.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|p=43}} This attitude came to prevail into mainstream Islamic beliefs.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}}

The Umayyad dynasty conquered the [[Maghreb]], the [[Iberian Peninsula]], [[Gallia Narbonensis|Narbonnese Gaul]] and [[Sindh]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Donald |last=Puchala |title=Theory and History in International Relations |page=137 |publisher=Routledge |year=2003}}</ref> The [[Early Muslim conquests]] have been described as [[Imperialism#Islamic|Islamic imperialism]].<ref name="n050">{{cite journal | last=Wright | first=Craig S | title=Arab Colonialism and the Roots of the Golden Age of Islam | journal=SSRN Electronic Journal | date=2022 | issn=1556-5068 | doi=10.2139/ssrn.4020040 | url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4020040 | access-date=2026-04-24 | page=}}</ref> The Umayyads struggled with a lack of legitimacy and relied on a heavily patronized military.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=45}} Since the [[jizya]] tax was a tax paid by non-Muslims which exempted them from military service, the Umayyads denied recognizing the conversion of non-Arabs, as it reduced revenue.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}} While the Rashidun Caliphate emphasized austerity, with Umar even requiring an inventory of each official's possessions,<ref>{{cite book |first1=Ahmad Ibn Jabir|last1=Al-Biladhuri |first2=Philip|last2=Hitti|title=Kitab Futuhu'l-Buldan|page=219 |publisher=AMS Press |year=1969}}</ref> Umayyad luxury bred dissatisfaction among the pious.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}} The Kharijites led the [[Berber Revolt]], leading to the first Muslim states independent of the Caliphate. In the [[Abbasid Revolution]], non-Arab converts (''[[mawali]]''), Arab clans pushed aside by the Umayyad clan, and some Shi'a rallied and overthrew the Umayyads, inaugurating the more cosmopolitan Abbasid dynasty in 750.<ref name=":1">{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=56}}</ref>{{sfnp|Lewis|1993|pp=71–83}}

=== Classical era (750–1258) ===
{{Further|Hadith studies|Islamic philosophy}}
{{See also|Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe|Turco-Persian tradition}}

Al-Shafi'i codified a method to determine the reliability of hadith.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|p=86}} During the early Abbasid era, scholars such as [[Muhammad al-Bukhari]] and [[Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj]] compiled the major [[Six major Hadith collections|Sunni hadith collections]] while scholars like [[Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni|Al-Kulayni]] and [[Ibn Babawayh]] compiled major Shia hadith collections. The four Sunni [[Madh'hab]]s, the Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki, and Shafi'i, were established around the teachings of [[Abū Ḥanīfa]], [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]], Malik ibn Anas and [[al-Shafi'i]]. In contrast, the teachings of [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]] formed the [[Ja'fari jurisprudence]]. In the 9th century, [[Al-Tabari]] completed the first commentary of the Quran, the ''[[Tafsir al-Tabari]]'', which became one of the most cited commentaries in Sunni Islam. Some Muslims began questioning the piety of indulgence in worldly life and emphasized poverty, humility, and avoidance of sin based on renunciation of bodily desires. Ascetics such as [[Hasan al-Basri]] inspired a movement that would evolve into ''tasawwuf'' or [[Sufism]].<ref name=EB-Sufism />{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|pp=90, 91}}

At this time, theological problems, notably on free will, were prominently tackled, with Hasan al Basri holding that although God knows people's actions, good and evil come from abuse of free will and the [[Iblis|devil]].{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|pp=38-39}}{{efn|"Hasan al Basri is often considered one of the first who rejected an angelic origin for the devil, arguing that his fall was the result of his own free-will, not God's determination. Hasan al Basri also argued that angels are incapable of sin or errors and nobler than humans and even prophets. Both early Shias and Sunnis opposed his view.<ref>Omar Hamdan ''Studien zur Kanonisierung des Korantextes: al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrīs Beiträge zur Geschichte des Korans'' Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 2006 {{ISBN|978-3447053495}} pp. 291–292 (German)</ref>}} Greek rationalist philosophy influenced a speculative school of thought known as [[Muʿtazila]], who famously advocated the notion of free-will originated by [[Wasil ibn Ata]].{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|p=50}} Caliph [[Mamun al Rashid]] made it an official creed and unsuccessfully attempted to force this position on the majority.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=88}} Caliph [[Al-Mu'tasim]] carried out [[Mihna|inquisition]]s, with the traditionalist [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]] notably refusing to conform to the Muʿtazila idea that the Quran was [[Quranic createdness|created rather than being eternal]], which resulted in him being tortured and kept in an unlit prison cell for nearly thirty months.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doi |first=Abdur Rahman |title=Shariah: The Islamic Law |location=London |publisher=Ta-Ha Publishers |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-907461-38-8 |page=110}}</ref> However, other [[Schools of Islamic theology|schools]] of [[Kalam|speculative theology]] – [[Maturidi|Māturīdism]] founded by [[Abu Mansur al-Maturidi]] and [[Ash'ari]] founded by [[Al-Ash'ari]] – were more successful in being widely adopted. Philosophers such as [[Al-Farabi]], [[Avicenna]] and [[Averroes]] sought to harmonize Aristotle's ideas with the teachings of Islam, similar to later [[scholasticism]] within [[Christianity in Europe]] and [[Maimonides]]' work within Judaism, while others like [[Al-Ghazali]] argued against such [[syncretism]] and ultimately prevailed.<ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=160}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Waines|2003|pp=126–127}}</ref>
[[File:Cheshm manuscript.jpg|thumb|The eye, according to [[Hunain ibn Ishaq]] from a manuscript dated c. 1200]]
This era is sometimes called the "[[Islamic Golden Age]]".<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|pp=80, 92, 105}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|pp=661–663}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{harvp|Lewis|1993|p=84}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Gardet|Jomier|2012"/> Islamic scientific achievements spanned a wide range of subject areas including [[Medicine in the medieval Islamic world|medicine]], [[Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world|mathematics]], [[Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world|astronomy]], and [[Arab Agricultural Revolution|agriculture]] as well as [[Physics in the medieval Islamic world|physics]], [[History of Islamic economics|economics]], [[List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world|engineering]] and [[Ibn al-Haytham|optics]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=King |first=David A. |year=1983 |title=The Astronomy of the Mamluks |journal=[[Isis (journal)|Isis]] |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=531–55 |doi=10.1086/353360 |s2cid=144315162 | issn=0021-1753}}</ref><ref name="Hassan-1996">{{cite book |last=Hassan |first=Ahmad Y. |author-link=Ahmad Y. al-Hassan |title=Islam and the Challenge of Modernity |chapter=Factors Behind the Decline of Islamic Science After the Sixteenth Century |editor-last=Al-Attas |editor-first=S. S. |editor-link=Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas |location=Kuala Lumpur |publisher=[[Ibn Khaldun International Institute of Advanced Research|International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization]] |year=1996 |pages=351–399 |url=http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%208.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402150434/http://www.history-science-technology.com/articles/articles%208.html |archive-date=2015-04-02 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ854295.pdf|title=Contributions of Islamic scholars to the scientific enterprise|access-date=13 December 2022|archive-date=23 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523192533/https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ854295.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The greatest scientific advances from the Muslim world|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=February 2010|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/feb/01/islamic-science|access-date=13 December 2022|archive-date=13 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213154451/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/feb/01/islamic-science|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Avicenna]] was a pioneer in [[Medical research|experimental medicine]],<ref>Jacquart, Danielle (2008). "Islamic Pharmacology in the Middle Ages: Theories and Substances". European Review (Cambridge University Press) 16: 219–227.</ref><ref>David W. Tschanz, MSPH, PhD (August 2003). "Arab Roots of European Medicine", Heart Views 4 (2).</ref> and his ''[[The Canon of Medicine]]'' was used as a standard medicinal text in the Islamic world and [[Europe]] for centuries. [[Rhazes]] was the first to identify the diseases [[smallpox]] and [[measles]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/alrazi.aspx|title=Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (Rhazes) (c. 865-925)|publisher=sciencemuseum.org.uk|access-date=31 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506072259/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/alrazi.aspx|archive-date=6 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Public hospital]]s of the time issued the first medical diplomas to license doctors.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alatas |first=Syed Farid |year=2006 |title=From Jami'ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue |url=https://zenodo.org/record/29439 |journal=[[Current Sociology]] |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=112–132 |doi=10.1177/0011392106058837 |s2cid=144509355 |access-date=12 September 2019 |archive-date=23 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923024727/https://zenodo.org/record/29439/files/6.1From_Jamiah_to_University.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Imamuddin |first=S.M. |title=Muslim Spain 711–1492 AD |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |year=1981 |isbn=978-90-04-06131-6 |page=169}}</ref> Ibn al-Haytham is regarded as the father of the modern [[scientific method]] and often referred to as the "world's first true scientist", in particular regarding his work in [[optics]].<ref>{{cite journal |author-link=Gerald J. Toomer|first=G. J. |last=Toomer |jstor=228328 |title=Review Work: Matthias Schramm (1963) ''Ibn Al-Haythams Weg zur Physik'' |journal=Isis |volume=55 |issue=4 |date=Dec 1964 |page=464 |quote=Schramm sums up [Ibn Al-Haytham's] achievement in the development of scientific method.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Al-Khalili |first=Jim |date=4 January 2009 |title=The 'first true scientist' |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm |access-date=24 September 2013 |archive-date=26 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426041228/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gorini |first=Rosanna |date=October 2003 |title=Al-Haytham the man of experience. First steps in the science of vision |journal=Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=53–55 |url=http://www.ishim.net/ishimj/4/10.pdf |access-date=25 September 2008 |archive-date=17 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717022851/http://www.ishim.net/ishimj/4/10.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In engineering, the [[Banū Mūsā]] brothers' [[Automaton|automatic]] [[flute]] player is considered to have been the first [[Program (machine)|programmable machine]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koetsier |first1=Teun |title=On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators |journal=Mechanism and Machine Theory |date=May 2001 |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=589–603 |doi=10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2 }}</ref> In [[Islamic mathematics|mathematics]], the concept of the [[algorithm]] is named after [[Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi]], who is considered a founder of [[algebra]], which is named after his book [[The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing|''al-jabr'']], while others developed the concept of a [[function (mathematics)|function]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Katz |first1=Victor J. |author1-link=Victor J. Katz |last2=Barton |first2=Bill |title=Stages in the History of Algebra with Implications for Teaching |journal=Educational Studies in Mathematics |date=18 September 2007 |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=185–201 |doi=10.1007/s10649-006-9023-7 |s2cid=120363574 }}</ref> The government paid scientists the equivalent salary of professional athletes today.<ref>{{harvp|Ahmed|2006|pp=23, 42, 84}}</ref> [[Guinness World Records]] recognizes the [[University of Al Karaouine]], founded in 859, as the world's oldest degree-granting university.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Young |first=Mark |url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofwo1998newy |title=The Guinness Book of Records |year=1998 |page=[https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofwo1998newy/page/242 242] |publisher=Bantam |isbn=978-0-553-57895-9}}</ref> Many non-Muslims, such as [[Christians]], [[Jews]] and [[Sabians]],<ref name="Brague 2009"/> [[Christian influences on the Islamic world|contributed to the Islamic civilization]] in various fields,<ref name="Hill-1993">{{cite book |last=Hill |first=Donald |author-link=Donald Routledge Hill |title=Islamic Science and Engineering |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=1993 |page=4 |isbn=0-7486-0455-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Brague-Assyrians">{{cite web |last=Brague |first=Rémi |author-link=Rémi Brague |title=Assyrians contributions to the Islamic civilization |url=http://www.christiansofiraq.com/assyriancontributionstotheislamiccivilization.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927015958/http://www.christiansofiraq.com/assyriancontributionstotheislamiccivilization.htm |archive-date=2013-09-27 |website=Christians of Iraq |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> and the institution known as the [[House of Wisdom]] employed [[List of Christian scientists and scholars of the medieval Islamic world|Christian]] and [[List of pre-modern Iranian scientists and scholars|Persian scholars]] to both translate works into Arabic and to develop new knowledge.<ref name="Meri-Bacharach-2006">{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Meri |editor-first1=Josef W. |editor-link1=Josef W. Meri |editor-last2=Bacharach |editor-first2=Jere L. |editor-link2=Jere L. Bacharach |title=Hadith |encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia |volume=1 |location=New York |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2006 |page=304 |isbn=978-0415966917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MypbfKdMePIC&pg=PA304 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024001/https://books.google.com/books?id=MypbfKdMePIC&pg=PA304#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=2023-12-28 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Brague 2009">{{cite book|title=The Legend of the Middle Ages: Philosophical Explorations of Medieval Christianity, Judaism, and Islam|first=Rémi |last=Brague|year= 2009| isbn=9780226070803| page =164|publisher=University of Chicago Press|quote=Neither were there any Muslims among the Ninth-Century translators. Almost all of them were Christians of various Eastern denominations: Jacobites, Melchites, and, above all, Nestorians... A few others were Sabians.}}</ref><ref name="Saliba-1994">{{cite book |last=Saliba |first=George |author-link=George Saliba |title=A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam |location=New York |publisher=[[New York University Press]] |year=1994 |pages=245, 250, 256–57 |isbn=0-8147-8023-7 |language=en}}</ref>

Soldiers broke away from the Abbasid empire and established their own dynasties, such as the [[Tulunid]]s in 868 in Egypt<ref>{{cite book|last=Holt|first=Peter Malcolm|author-link=Peter Holt (historian)|title=The Crusader States and Their Neighbours, 1098–1291|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0qLHVGgH7AC&pg=PA8|year=2004|publisher=Pearson Longman|isbn=978-0-582-36931-3|page=6|access-date=2 February 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024001/https://books.google.com/books?id=A0qLHVGgH7AC&pg=PA8|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Ghaznavid|Ghaznavid dynasty]] in 977 in Central Asia.<ref>{{cite book |title=Islamic Central Asia: an anthology of historical sources |editor-first1=Scott Cameron |editor-last1=Levi |editor-first2=Ron |editor-last2=Sela |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2010 |page=83}}</ref> In this fragmentation came the [[Shi'a Century]], roughly between 945 and 1055, which saw the rise of the [[millennialist]] [[Isma'ili]] Shi'a missionary movement. One Isma'ili group, the [[Fatimid dynasty]], took control of North Africa in the 10th century<ref>Neue Fischer Weltgeschichte "Islamisierung in Zentralasien bis zur Mongolenzeit" Band 10: Zentralasien, 2012, p. 191 (German)</ref> and another Isma'ili group, the [[Qarmatians]], sacked Mecca and stole the [[Black Stone]], a rock placed within the Kaaba, in their unsuccessful rebellion.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Glubb |first=John Bagot |title=Mecca (Saudi Arabia) |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mecca#ref887188 |access-date=18 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=6 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506004706/https://www.britannica.com/place/Mecca#ref887188 |url-status=live }}</ref> Yet another Isma'ili group, the [[Buyid dynasty]], conquered Baghdad and turned the Abbasids into a figurehead monarchy. The Sunni Seljuk dynasty campaigned to [[Sunni Revival|reassert Sunni Islam]] by promulgating the scholarly opinions of the time, notably with the construction of educational institutions known as [[Nizamiyya]]s, which are associated with al-Ghazali and [[Saadi Shirazi]].<ref>Andreas Graeser ''Zenon von Kition: Positionen u. Probleme'' [[Walter de Gruyter]] 1975 {{ISBN|978-3-11-004673-1}} p. 260</ref>

The expansion of the Muslim world continued with religious missions converting [[Volga Bulgaria]] to Islam. The [[Delhi Sultanate]] reached deep into the [[Indian subcontinent]] and many converted to Islam,{{sfnp|Arnold|1896|pp=227–228}} in particular [[Dalit|low-caste Hindu]]s whose descendants make up the vast majority of Indian Muslims.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36220329|title=Why are many Indian Muslims seen as untouchable?|publisher=BBCnews|date=10 May 2016|access-date=6 October 2022|archive-date=7 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007024220/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36220329|url-status=live}}</ref> Trade brought many [[Islam in China|Muslims to China]], where they virtually dominated the import and export industry of the [[Song dynasty]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Islam in China |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/china_1.shtml |access-date=10 August 2011 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122142756/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/china_1.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslims were recruited as a [[Semu|governing minority class]] in the [[Yuan dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lipman|first=Jonathan Newman|title=Familiar Strangers, a history of Muslims in Northwest China|location=Seattle, WA|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-295-97644-0|page=33}}</ref>

=== Pre-modern era (1258 – 18th century) ===
{{Further|Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam}}
[[File:GhazanConversionToIslam.JPG|thumb|right|[[Ghazan Khan]], 7{{sup|th}} [[Ilkhanate]] ruler of the [[Mongol Empire]], converts to Islam. 14th-century depiction]]
Through Muslim trade networks and the activity of Sufi orders,{{sfnp|Arnold|1896|pp=125–258}} Islam spread into new areas<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spread of Islam |url=http://www.yale.edu/yup/pdf/cim6.pdf |access-date=2 November 2013 |archive-date=3 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103220022/http://www.yale.edu/yup/pdf/cim6.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and Muslims assimilated into new cultures.

Under the [[Ottoman Empire]], Islam spread to [[Southeast Europe]].<ref>{{cite web |date=6 May 2008 |title=Ottoman Empire |publisher=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1801?_hi=41&_pos=3 |access-date=26 August 2010 |archive-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610093907/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1801?_hi=41 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Conversion to Islam often involved a degree of [[syncretism]],<ref>{{Cite book |title=Islamic and European Expansion |publisher=[[Temple University Press]] |year=1993 |editor-last=Adas |editor-first=Michael |location=Philadelphia |page=25}}</ref> as illustrated by Muhammad's appearance in [[Hinduism|Hindu]] folklore.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Barbara |title=Islam in South Asia in Practice |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=2009 |page=104}}</ref> Muslim Turks incorporated elements of [[Tengrism|Turkish Shamanism beliefs]] to Islam.{{efn|"In recent years, the idea of syncretism has been challenged. Given the lack of authority to define or enforce an Orthodox doctrine about Islam, some scholars argue there had no prescribed beliefs, only prescribed practise, in Islam before the 16th century.{{sfnp|Peacock|2019|p=20–22}}}}{{sfnp|Çakmak|2017|pp=1425–1429}} [[Islam during the Ming dynasty|Muslims in Ming Dynasty China]] who were descended from earlier immigrants were assimilated, sometimes through laws mandating assimilation,<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Farmer|editor1-first=Edward L.|title=Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation: The Reordering of Chinese Society Following the Era of Mongol Rule|date=1995|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004103910|page=82|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TCIjZ7l6TX8C&pg=PA82|access-date=19 February 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024330/https://books.google.com/books?id=TCIjZ7l6TX8C&pg=PA82#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> by adopting Chinese names and [[Chinese culture|culture]] while [[Nanjing]] became an important centre of Islamic study.<ref>Israeli, Raphael (2002). ''Islam in China''. p. 292. [[Lexington Books]]. {{ISBN|0-7391-0375-X}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dillon |first=Michael |year=1999 |title=China's Muslim Hui Community |publisher=Curzon |url=https://archive.org/details/chinasmuslimhuic00dill |isbn=978-0-7007-1026-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/chinasmuslimhuic00dill/page/n62 37] |url-access=registration}}</ref>

Cultural shifts were evident with the decrease in Arab influence after the [[Mongol invasions and conquests|Mongol destruction]] of the Abbasid Caliphate.<ref>{{harvp|Bulliet|2005|p=497}}</ref> The Muslim Mongol Khanates in [[Ilkhanate|Iran]] and [[Chagatai Khanate|Central Asia]] benefited from increased cross-cultural access to East Asia under [[Pax Mongolica|Mongol rule]] and thus flourished and developed more distinctively from Arab influence, such as the [[Timurid Renaissance]] under the [[Timurid dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Subtelny |first=Maria Eva |date=November 1988 |title=Socioeconomic Bases of Cultural Patronage under the Later Timurids |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/socioeconomic-bases-of-cultural-patronage-under-the-later-timurids/2A0F3018EE155F23FC4A7F5F25D7DE6D |journal=[[International Journal of Middle East Studies]] |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=479–505 |doi=10.1017/S0020743800053861 |s2cid=162411014 |access-date=7 November 2016 |archive-date=13 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813204329/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/socioeconomic-bases-of-cultural-patronage-under-the-later-timurids/2A0F3018EE155F23FC4A7F5F25D7DE6D |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]] (1201–1274) proposed the [[Tusi couple|mathematical model]] that was later argued to be adopted by [[Copernicus]] unrevised in his [[heliocentrism|heliocentric]] model,<ref>{{cite web|date=1999|title=Nasir al-Din al-Tusi|publisher=University of St Andrews|url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Tusi_Nasir/|access-date=27 August 2023|archive-date=6 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006055638/http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Tusi_Nasir.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Jamshīd al-Kāshī]]'s estimate of [[pi]] would not be surpassed for 180 years.<ref>{{cite web |date=1999 |title=Ghiyath al-Din Jamshid Mas'ud al-Kashi |publisher=University of St Andrews |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Kashi/ |access-date=29 December 2021 |archive-date=4 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104103227/https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Kashi/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

After the introduction of gunpowder weapons, large and centralized Muslim states consolidated around [[gunpowder empires]], these had been previously splintered amongst various territories. The [[Ottoman Caliphate|caliphate]] was claimed by the [[Ottoman dynasty]] of the Ottoman Empire and its claims were strengthened in 1517 as [[Selim I]] became the [[Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques|ruler of Mecca and Medina]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Drews |first=Robert |url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/publications/ |title=Coursebook: Judaism, Christianity and Islam, to the Beginnings of Modern Civilization |date=August 2011 |publisher=[[Vanderbilt University]] |chapter=Chapter Thirty – "The Ottoman Empire, Judaism, and Eastern Europe to 1648" |chapter-url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/files/2014/01/Chapter-Thirty.-The-Ottoman-Empire-Judaism-and-Eastern-Europe-to-1648.pdf |access-date=21 April 2020 |archive-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226173808/https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/publications/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Shia [[Safavid dynasty]] rose to power in 1501 and later conquered all of Iran.<ref>Peter B. Golden: An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples; In: Osman Karatay, Ankara 2002, p. 321</ref> In South Asia, [[Babur]] founded the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref>{{citation|last=Gilbert|first=Marc Jason|title=South Asia in World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1dhKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75|year=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-066137-3|pages=75|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922031915/https://books.google.com/books?id=1dhKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75|url-status=live}}</ref>

The religion of the centralized states of the gunpowder empires influenced the religious practice of their constituent populations. A [[symbiosis]] between [[list of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman rulers]] and Sufism strongly influenced Islamic reign by the Ottomans from the beginning. The [[Mevlevi Order]] and the [[Bektashis]] had a close relation to the sultans,<ref>Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' [[Infobase Publishing]] 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-4381-1025-7}} p. 540</ref> as Sufi-mystical as well as [[heterodox]] and [[syncretic]] approaches to Islam flourished.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Algar |first=Ayla Esen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fc69BhBDjhwC&q=ottomans+sufism |title=The Dervish Lodge: Architecture, Art, and Sufism in Ottoman Turkey |page=15 |date=1 January 1992 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-07060-8 |access-date=29 April 2020 |via=Google Books |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024414/https://books.google.com/books?id=fc69BhBDjhwC&q=ottomans+sufism#v=snippet&q=ottomans%20sufism&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The often forceful [[Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam|Safavid conversion of Iran]] to the Twelver Shia Islam of the Safavid Empire ensured the final dominance of the [[Twelver|Twelver sect]] within Shia Islam. Persian migrants to South Asia, as influential bureaucrats and landholders, helped spread Shia Islam, forming some of the largest Shia populations outside Iran.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/conversion-iii|title=CONVERSION To Imami Shiʿism in India|publisher=Iranica Online|language=English|access-date=6 October 2022|archive-date=7 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007024220/https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/conversion-iii|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Nader Shah]], who overthrew the Safavids, attempted to improve relations with Sunnis by propagating the integration of Twelverism into Sunni Islam as a fifth ''madhhab'', called Ja'farism,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Nadir Shah and the Ja 'fari Madhhab Reconsidered |first=Ernest |last=Tucker |journal=Iranian Studies |volume=27 |issue=1–4 |date=1994 |pages=163–179 |doi=10.1080/00210869408701825 |jstor=4310891}}</ref> which failed to gain recognition from the Ottomans.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Nāder Shāh |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nader-shah |date=29 March 2006 |first=Ernest |last=Tucker |access-date=9 March 2021 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225103212/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nader-shah%20 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Modern era (18th–20th centuries) ===
[[File:Portrait Caliph Abdulmecid II.jpg|thumb|right|[[Abdülmecid II]], the last Caliph from the [[Ottoman dynasty]].]]

Earlier in the 14th century, [[Ibn Taymiyya]] promoted a [[puritan]]ical form of Islam,<ref name="ReferenceA">Mary Hawkesworth, Maurice Kogan ''Encyclopedia of Government and Politics: 2-volume set'' [[Routledge]] 2013 {{ISBN|978-1-136-91332-7}} pp. 270–271</ref> rejecting philosophical approaches in favor of simpler theology,<ref name="ReferenceA" /> and called to open the gates of [[itjihad]] rather than blind imitation of scholars.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=150}} He called for a jihad against those he deemed heretics,<ref>Richard Gauvain ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'' [[Routledge]] 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-7103-1356-0}} p. 6</ref> but his writings only played a marginal role during his lifetime.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spevack |first=Aaron |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=htx8BAAAQBAJ |title=The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of al-Bajuri |date=2014 |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |isbn=978-1-4384-5371-2 |pages=129–130 |access-date=10 December 2018 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024415/https://books.google.com/books?id=htx8BAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> During the 18th century in Arabia, [[Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab|Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab]], influenced by the works of Ibn Taymiyya and [[Ibn al-Qayyim]], founded a movement called [[Wahhabi]] to return to what he saw as unadultered Islam.<ref>Donald Quataert ''The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922'' [[Cambridge University Press]] 2005 {{ISBN|978-0-521-83910-5}} p. 50</ref><ref name="ReferenceE">Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' [[Infobase Publishing]] 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-4381-1025-7}} p. 260</ref> He condemned many local Islamic customs, such as visiting the grave of Muhammad or saints, as later [[bidah|innovations]] and sinful<ref name="ReferenceE" /><ref name="Musa-2022">{{Cite thesis |title=The Emergence of a Scholar from a Garrison Society: A contextual analysis of Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhāb's doctrine in the light of the Qur'ān and Hadīth |url=https://repository.uwtsd.ac.uk/id/eprint/2096/ |publisher=University of Wales Trinity Saint David |date=2022-08-23 |degree=masters |language=en |first=Shahajada Md |last=Musa |access-date=19 December 2023 |archive-date=2 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502100026/https://repository.uwtsd.ac.uk/id/eprint/2096/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and destroyed sacred rocks and trees, Sufi shrines, the [[Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia|tombs of Muhammad and his companions]] and the tomb of Husayn at Karbala, a major Shia pilgrimage site.<ref name="Musa-2022" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 September 2013 |title=Graves desecrated in Mizdah |work=[[Libya Herald]] |url=http://www.libyaherald.com/2013/09/04/graves-desecrated-in-mizdah/#axzz2jWG0vDDO |access-date=2 November 2013 |archive-date=3 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103172759/http://www.libyaherald.com/2013/09/04/graves-desecrated-in-mizdah/#axzz2jWG0vDDO |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=146}} He formed an alliance with the [[House of Saud|Saud family]], which, by the 1920s, completed their conquest of the area that would become [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref name="Musa-2022" /><ref>Nicolas Laos ''The Metaphysics of World Order: A Synthesis of Philosophy, Theology, and Politics'' [[Wipf and Stock]] Publishers 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4982-0102-5}} p. 177</ref> [[Ma Wanfu]] and Ma Debao promoted salafist movements in the 19th century such as [[Sailaifengye]] in China after returning from Mecca but were eventually persecuted and forced into hiding by Sufi groups.<ref>{{cite book|first=Barry M.|last=Rubin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEih57-GWQQC&pg=PA79|page=79|title=Guide to Islamist Movements|year=2000|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=0-7656-1747-1|access-date=28 June 2010|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024259/https://books.google.com/books?id=wEih57-GWQQC&pg=PA79#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Other groups sought to reform Sufism rather than reject it, with the [[Senusiyya]] and [[Muhammad Ahmad]] both waging war and establishing states in Libya and Sudan respectively.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=147}}{{Page needed|date=June 2025}} In India, [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]] attempted a more conciliatory style against Sufism and influenced the [[Deobandi]] movement.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=149}} In response to the Deobandi movement, the [[Barelwi]] movement was founded as a mass movement, defending popular [[Sufism]] and reforming its practices.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robert L. Canfield |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3JhKNSk8tQC&pg=PAPA131 |title=Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective |date=2002 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-52291-5 |pages=131– |access-date=1 December 2018 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024259/https://books.google.com/books?id=g3JhKNSk8tQC&pg=PAPA131#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanyal |first=Usha |date=23 July 1998 |title=Generational Changes in the Leadership of the Ahl-e Sunnat Movement in North India during the twentieth Century |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/generational-changes-in-the-leadership-of-the-ahle-sunnat-movement-in-north-india-during-the-twentieth-century/8AAAC4CFEFC4F4084731C3964A5CAE84 |journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]] |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=635–656 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X98003059 |via=Cambridge Core |access-date=23 February 2020 |archive-date=17 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317013822/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/generational-changes-in-the-leadership-of-the-ahle-sunnat-movement-in-north-india-during-the-twentieth-century/8AAAC4CFEFC4F4084731C3964A5CAE84 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The [[Muslim world]] was generally in political decline starting the 1800s, especially compared to non-Muslim European powers. Earlier, in the 15th century, the [[Reconquista]] succeeded in ending the [[Taifa|Muslim presence in Iberia]]. By the 19th century, the British [[Company rule in India|East India Company]] had formally annexed the [[Mughal dynasty]] in India.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|pp=358, 378–380, 624}} As a response to [[Imperialism|Western Imperialism]], many intellectuals sought to [[Islamic revival|reform Islam]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Buzpinar |first=Ş. Tufan |date=March 2007 |title=Celal Nuri's Concepts of Westernization and Religion |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=247–258 |doi=10.1080/00263200601114091 |jstor=4284539|s2cid=144461915 }}</ref> [[Islamic modernism]], initially labelled by Western scholars as [[Salafi movement|''Salafiyya'']], embraced modern values and institutions such as [[Islam and democracy|democracy while being scripture oriented]]. Notable forerunners in the movement include [[Muhammad Abduh|Muhammad 'Abduh]] and [[Jamal al-Din al-Afghani]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauziere|first=Henri|title=The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-231-17550-0|location=New York, Chichester, West Sussex|pages=231–232|quote="Beginning with Louis Massignon in 1919, it is true that Westerners played a leading role in labeling Islamic modernists as Salafis, even though the term was a misnomer. At the time, European and American scholars felt the need for a useful conceptual box to place Muslim figures such as Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Muhammad Abduh, and their epigones, all of whom seemed inclined toward a scripturalist understanding of Islam but proved open to rationalism and Western modernity. They chose to adopt salafiyya—a technical term of theology, which they mistook for a reformist slogan and wrongly associated with all kinds of modernist Muslim intellectuals."}}</ref> [[Abul A'la Maududi]] helped influence modern [[political Islam]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2014 |title=Political Islam: A movement in motion |work=[[Economist Magazine]] |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2014/01/political-islam |access-date=1 January 2014 |archive-date=4 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104032602/http://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2014/01/political-islam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Wilfred Cantwell |title=Islam in Modern History |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1957 |isbn=0-691-03030-8 |page=233 |author-link=Wilfred Cantwell Smith}}</ref> Similar to contemporary [[Civil code|codification]], sharia was for the first time partially codified into law in 1869 in the Ottoman Empire's [[Mecelle]] code.<ref name=Oxfordref>{{cite web |editor-link=John Esposito |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Mecelle |work=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100146176 |url-access=subscription |via=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |access-date=17 August 2023 |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817003534/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100146176 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Fall of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire dissolved]] after [[World War I]], the [[Ottoman Caliphate]] [[Abolition of the Caliphate|was abolished in 1924]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 June – 5 July 2000 |title=New Turkey |work=[[Al-Ahram Weekly]] |issue=488 |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/488/chrncls.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=16 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101004145229/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/488/chrncls.htm |archive-date=4 October 2010}}</ref> and the subsequent [[Sharifian Caliphate]] fell quickly,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=الوطن |first1=جريدة |last2=webmaster |date=2020-05-05 |title="مملكة الحجاز".. وقــصـــة الـغــزو المـســلّـــح |url=https://www.al-watan.com/article/230610/NEWS/%C2%AB%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%C2%BB-%D9%88%D9%82%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B5%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%80%D8%BA%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B2%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%80%D8%B3%D9%80%D9%80%D9%84%D9%91%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%AD |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=جريدة الوطن |language=ar |archive-date=16 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516230552/https://www.al-watan.com/article/230610/NEWS/%C2%AB%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%C2%BB-%D9%88%D9%82%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B5%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%80%D8%BA%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B2%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%80%D8%B3%D9%80%D9%80%D9%84%D9%91%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%AD |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bani Issa |first=Mohammad Saleh |date=2023-11-01 |title=Factors of stability and sustainable development in Jordan in its first centenary 1921–2021 (an analytical descriptive study) |journal=Heliyon |volume=9 |issue=11 |article-number=e20993 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20993 |issn=2405-8440 |doi-access=free|pmid=37928029 |pmc=10623165 |bibcode=2023Heliy...920993B }}</ref><ref name="والخلفاء-2023">{{Cite book |last=والخلفاء |first=قصص الخلافة الإسلامية |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r-5EAAAQBAJ |title=قصص الخلافة الإسلامية والخلفاء |date=2023-03-31 |publisher=Austin Macauley Publishers |isbn=978-1-3984-9251-6 |language=en |access-date=26 December 2023 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024259/https://books.google.com/books?id=_r-5EAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> thus leaving Islam without a [[Caliphate|Caliph]].<ref name="والخلفاء-2023" /> [[Pan-Islam]]ists attempted to unify Muslims and competed with growing nationalist forces, such as [[pan-Arabism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doran |first=Michael |title=Pan-Arabism before Nasser: Egyptian power politics and the Palestine question |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford university press |isbn=978-0-19-512361-6 |series=Studies in Middle Eastern history |location=New York Oxford}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Landau |first=Yaʿaqov M. |title=The politics of Pan-Islam: ideology and organization |date=1994 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-827709-5 |edition=[Rev. and updated] paperback (with additions and corr.) |location=Oxford}}</ref> The [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC), consisting of [[Islam by country|Muslim-majority countries]], was established in 1969 after the burning of the [[Qibli Mosque|Al-Aqsa Mosque]] in [[Jerusalem]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 December 2010 |title=Organization of the Islamic Conference |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/1555062.stm |access-date=24 September 2013 |archive-date=28 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628190335/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/1555062.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Contact with industrialized nations brought Muslim populations to new areas through economic migration. Many Muslims migrated as indentured servants (mostly from India and Indonesia) to the Caribbean, forming the largest Muslim populations by percentage in the Americas.{{sfnp|Haddad|Smith|2002|p=271}} Migration from Syria and Lebanon contributed to the [[Islam in Latin America|Muslim population in Latin America]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zabel|first=Darcy|title=Arabs in the Americas: Interdisciplinary Essays on the Arab Diaspora|publisher=Peter Lang|year=2006|isbn=9780820481111|location=Austria|page=5}}</ref> The resulting urbanization and increase in trade in sub-Saharan Africa brought Muslims to settle in new areas and spread their faith,<ref name="Pew Research Center-2011">{{Cite report |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209094904/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=9 February 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> likely doubling its Muslim population between 1869 and 1914.<ref>{{harvp|Bulliet|2005|p=722}}</ref>

=== Contemporary era (20th century–present) ===
[[File:13. Session of the Islamic Summit Conference.jpg|thumb|right|Leaders of Muslim countries during session of the [[Islamic Summit Conference]] in Istanbul, Turkey|upright=1.35]]
Forerunners of Islamic modernism influenced Islamist political movements such as the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] and related parties in the Arab world,<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2011 |title=Are secular forces being squeezed out of Arab Spring? |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14447820 |access-date=10 August 2011 |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104171024/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14447820 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=23 December 2008 |title=Jordanian students rebel, embracing conservative Islam |work=[[New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/24/world/middleeast/24jordan.html |access-date=15 August 2011 |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104153440/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/24/world/middleeast/24jordan.html |url-status=live }}</ref> which performed well in elections following the [[Arab Spring]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kirkpatrick |first=David D. |date=3 December 2011 |title=Egypt's vote puts emphasis on split over religious rule |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/04/world/middleeast/egypts-vote-propels-islamic-law-into-spotlight.html |access-date=8 December 2011 |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104153442/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/04/world/middleeast/egypts-vote-propels-islamic-law-into-spotlight.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Jamaat-e-Islami]] in South Asia and the [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|AK Party]], which has democratically been in power in Turkey for decades. In [[Iran]], [[Iranian Revolution|revolution]] replaced a [[secularism|secular]] monarchy with an [[Islamic state]]. Others such as [[Rashid Rida|Sayyid Rashid Rida]] broke away from Islamic modernists<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauziere|first=Henri|title=The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-231-17550-0|location=New York, Chichester, West Sussex|page=237|quote="Prior to the fall of the Ottoman Empire, leading reformers who happened to be Salafi in creed were surprisingly open-minded: although they adhered to neo-Hanbali theology. However, the aftermath of the First World War and the expansion of European colonialism paved the way for a series of shifts in thought and attitude. The experiences of Rida offer many examples... he turned against the Shi'is who dared, with reason, to express doubts about the Saudi-Wahhabi project... . Shi'is were not the only victims: Rida and his associates showed their readiness to turn against fellow Salafis who questioned some of the Wahhabis' religious interpretations."}}</ref> and pushed against embracing what he saw as Western influence.<ref>{{Cite book|last=G. Rabil|first=Robert|title=Salafism in Lebanon: From Apoliticism to Transnational Jihadism|publisher=Georgetown University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-62616-116-0|location=Washington DC, US|pages=32–33|quote="Western colonialists established in these countries political orders... that, even though not professing enmity to Islam and its institutions, left no role for Islam in society. This caused a crisis among Muslim reformists, who felt betrayed not only by the West but also by those nationalists, many of whom were brought to power by the West... Nothing reflects this crisis more than the ideological transformation of Rashid Rida (1865–1935)... He also revived the works of Ibn Taymiyah by publishing his writings and promoting his ideas. Subsequently, taking note of the cataclysmic events brought about by Western policies in the Muslim world and shocked by the abolition of the caliphate, he transformed into a Muslim intellectual mostly concerned about protecting Muslim culture, identity, and politics from Western influence. He supported a theory that essentially emphasized the necessity of an Islamic state in which the scholars of Islam would have a leading role... Rida was a forerunner of Islamist thought. He apparently intended to provide a theoretical platform for a modern Islamic state. His ideas were later incorporated into the works of Islamic scholars. Significantly, his ideas influenced none other than Hassan al-Bannah, founder of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt... The Muslim Brethren have taken up Rida's Islamic fundamentalism, a right-wing radical movement founded in 1928,.."}}</ref> The group [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] would even attempt to recreate the modern gold dinar as their monetary system. While some of those who broke away were [[political quietism in Islam|quietist]], others believed in violence against those opposing them, even against other Muslims.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/14/isis-gold-silver-copper-islamic-dinar-coins |title=Isis to mint own Islamic dinar coins in gold, silver and copper |work=The Guardian |date=21 November 2014 |access-date=31 July 2022 |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104153442/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/14/isis-gold-silver-copper-islamic-dinar-coins |url-status=live }}</ref>

In opposition to Islamic political movements, in 20th century Turkey, the military carried out [[1997 Turkish military memorandum|coups]] to oust Islamist governments, and headscarves were legally restricted, as also happened in Tunisia.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 April 2011 |title=Huge rally for Turkish secularism |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6604643.stm |access-date=6 December 2011 |archive-date=29 May 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120529003102/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6604643.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Saleh |first=Heba |date=15 October 2011 |title=Tunisia moves against headscarves |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6053380.stm |access-date=6 December 2011 |archive-date=29 May 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120529003101/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6053380.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> In other places, religious authority was co-opted and is now often seen as puppets of the state. For example, in Saudi Arabia, the state monopolized religious scholarship<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 June 2007 |title=Laying down the law: Islam's authority deficit |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/international/2007/06/28/islams-authority-deficit |access-date=15 August 2011 |archive-date=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306094736/http://www.economist.com/node/9409354?story_id=9409354 |url-status=live }}</ref> and, in Egypt, the state nationalized [[Al-Azhar University]], previously an independent voice checking state power.<ref>{{cite book| title = The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought| last1 = Bowering | first1 = Gerhard | last2=Mirza |first2=Mahan |last3=Crone |first3=Patricia| year = 2013 | publisher = Princeton University Press | page=59| isbn = 9780691134840
}}</ref> Salafism was funded in the Middle East for its quietism.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 October 2008 |title=Ultraconservative Islam on rise in Mideast |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna27256187 |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=[[MSNBC]] |archive-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104032423/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/27256187/page/2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Saudi Arabia campaigned against revolutionary Islamist movements in the Middle East, in opposition to Iran.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Almukhtar |first1=Sarah |last2=Peçanha |first2=Sergio |last3=Wallace |first3=Tim |date=5 January 2016 |title=Behind Stark Political Divisions, a More Complex Map of Sunnis and Shiites |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/sunni-shiite-map-middle-east-iran-saudi-arabia.html |access-date=6 January 2016 |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104153442/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/sunni-shiite-map-middle-east-iran-saudi-arabia.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Muslim minorities of various ethnicities have been persecuted as a religious group.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thames |first1=Knox |title=Why the Persecution of Muslims Should Be on Biden's Agenda |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/muslims-islam-china-india-myanmar-persecution-repression-biden-human-rights/ |work=[[Foreign Policy Magazine]] |date=6 January 2021 |language=English |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-date=11 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211114303/https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/muslims-islam-china-india-myanmar-persecution-repression-biden-human-rights/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This has been undertaken by communist forces like the [[Khmer Rouge]], who viewed them as their primary enemy to be exterminated since their religious practice made them stand out from the rest of the population,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Perrin |first=Andrew |date=10 October 2003 |title=Weakness in numbers |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,428133,00.html |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=24 September 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130924035829/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,428133,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Chinese Communist Party]] in [[Xinjiang internment camps|Xinjiang]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Beydoun |first1=Khaled A. |title=For China, Islam is a 'mental illness' that needs to be 'cured' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/china-islam-mental-illness-cured-181127135358356.html |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=English |access-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210012542/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/china-islam-mental-illness-cured-181127135358356.html |archive-date=10 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> and by nationalist forces such as during the [[Bosnian genocide]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Mojzes |first=Paul |title=Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the Twentieth Century |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4422-0663-2|page=178}}</ref> Myanmar military's [[Tatmadaw]] targeting of [[Rohingya people|Rohingya Muslims]] has been labeled as a crime against humanity by the UN and Amnesty International,<ref>{{cite news |author=Oliver Holmes |date=19 December 2016 |title=Myanmar's Rohingya campaign 'may be crime against humanity' |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/19/myanmars-rohingya-campaign-may-be-against-humanity |url-status=live |access-date=5 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106013700/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/19/myanmars-rohingya-campaign-may-be-against-humanity |archive-date=6 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 December 2016|title=Rohingya abuse may be crimes against humanity: Amnesty|website=Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/19/rohingya-abuse-may-be-crimes-against-humanity-amnesty/|access-date=2023-02-21|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922232529/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/19/rohingya-abuse-may-be-crimes-against-humanity-amnesty/|url-status=live}}</ref> while the [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|OHCHR]] Fact-Finding Mission identified [[Rohingya genocide|genocide]], ethnic cleansing, and other crimes against humanity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/MyanmarFFM/Pages/ReportoftheMyanmarFFM.aspx|title=Report of Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar |date=27 August 2018|website=ohchr.org|access-date=14 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019232309/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/MyanmarFFM/Pages/ReportoftheMyanmarFFM.aspx|archive-date=19 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

The advancement of global communication has facilitated the widespread dissemination of religious knowledge. The adoption of the [[hijab]] has grown more common<ref>{{Cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=28 January 2007 |title=In Egypt, a new battle begins over the veil |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/weekinreview/28slackman.html |access-date=15 August 2011 |archive-date=3 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503150409/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/weekinreview/28slackman.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and some Muslim intellectuals are increasingly striving to separate scriptural Islamic beliefs from cultural traditions.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=41}} Among other groups, this access to information has led to the rise of popular "[[televangelist]]" preachers, such as [[Amr Khaled]], who compete with the traditional [[ulema]] in their reach and have decentralized religious authority.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|title=Islamic televangelist; holy smoke|agency=[[The Economist]]|url=https://www.economist.com/international/2011/10/29/holy-smoke|access-date=5 February 2022|archive-date=4 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904164441/http://www.economist.com/node/21534763|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=263}} More "individualized" interpretations of Islam<ref>V. Šisler: ''The Internet and the Construction of Islamic Knowledge in Europe'' p. 212</ref> notably involve [[Liberal Muslims]] who attempt to align religious traditions with contemporary secular governance,{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=118–119, 179}}{{sfnp|Rippin|2001|p=288}} an approach that has been criticized by some regarding its compatibility.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Adams, Charles J.|editor1-last=Esposito|editor1-first=John L.|title=Voices of Resurgent Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen|url-access=registration|date=1983|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen/page/113 113–4] |chapter=Maududi and the Islamic State|quote=[Maududi believed that] when religion is relegated to the personal realm, men inevitably give way to their bestial impulses and perpetrate evil upon one another. In fact it is precisely because they wish to escape the restraints of morality and the divine guidance that men espouse secularism.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Meisami|first=Sayeh|date=2013|title='Abdolkarim Soroush |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0034.xml|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-12 |website=Oxford Bibliographies|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105164410/http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0034.xml |archive-date=2013-11-05 }}</ref> Moreover, secularism is perceived as a foreign ideology imposed by invaders and perpetuated by post-colonial [[Ruling class|ruling elites]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Secularism, State Neutrality, and Islam|author=Abdullah Saeed|encyclopedia=The Oxford Handbook of Secularism|editor1=Phil Zuckerman|editor2=John R. Shook |url=http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/abstract/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199988457-e-12|year=2017|page=188 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.12|isbn=978-0-19-998845-7|access-date=7 August 2023|archive-date=3 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903020955/https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/abstract/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199988457-e-12|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> and is frequently understood to be equivalent to [[Antireligion|anti-religion]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Nader Hashemi|title=Secularism|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0714|access-date=7 August 2023|archive-date=6 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206153300/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0714|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Muslim world|Ummah}}

{{See also|Islam by country|Muslim population growth}}
[[File:2020+ Proportion of people in world religions.svg |thumb|Global percentage of adherents by religion. Muslims comprise about 25.6% of the world's population, a slightly smaller percentage than Christians.<ref name=Pew_20250609>{{cite web |last1=Hackett |first1=Conrad |last2=Stonawski |first2=Marcin |last3=Tong |first3=Yunping |last4=Kramer |first4=Stephanie |last5=Shi |first5=Anne |last6=Fahmy |first6=Dalia |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |publisher=Pew Research Center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260222070137/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |archive-date=22 February 2026 |date=9 June 2025 |url-status=live |quote=Source: Pew Research Center estimates based on more than 2,700 censuses and surveys. "How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020"}}</ref>]]
[[File:Islam percent population in each nation World Map Muslim data by Pew Research.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|World percentage of Muslims by country (2010)<ref name="pew2015" />{{rp|234–245}}]]
As of 2020, about 25.6% of the global population, or about 2 billion people, are Muslims.<ref name="pew2010–2020" /><ref name="pewresearch.orgReligion">{{Cite web |title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |date=21 December 2022 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128120036/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="www.pewresearch.org-2022">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project - Research and data from Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205195540/https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|date=27 January 2011|access-date=26 October 2022|archive-date=30 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930233955/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/ | title=Muslims and Islam: Key findings in the U.S. and around the world | date=9 August 2017 | access-date=19 December 2022 | archive-date=8 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108121140/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Pew-Growth-2017">{{cite web |last1=Lipka |first1=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |author-link2=Conrad Hackett |title=Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514123559/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |archive-date=2019-05-14 |website=Fact Tank |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |date=2017-04-06 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> In 1900, this estimate was 12.3%,<ref name="Barrett-2001">{{cite book |last1=Barrett |first1=David B. |last2=Kurian |first2=George T. |last3=Johnson |first3=Todd M. |title=World Christian Encyclopedia: A Comparative Survey of Churches and Religions in the Modern World |volume=1: The World by Countries: Religionists, Churches, Ministries |edition=2nd |location=New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2001 |page=4 |isbn=978-0195079630 |language=en}}</ref> in 1990 it was 19.9%<ref name="Pew Research Center-2011" /> and projections suggest the proportion will be 29.7% by 2050.<ref name=pew2015 />{{rp|8}} A Pew study from 2020 found that the global Muslim population was the fastest-growing religious group over the decade, mainly because Muslims tend to be younger on average and have higher birth rates—two key factors driving natural population growth.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett|author2=Marcin Stonawski|author3=Yunping Tong|author4=Stephanie Kramer|author5=Anne Shi|author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf|access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Pew Research Center |page=9|quote=Increases in the global Muslim population are largely due to Muslims having a relatively young age structure and high fertility rate, two characteristics that result in natural population growth.}}</ref>{{rp|9}} According to the 2020 population estimate, 65% of the Muslim population is concentrated in ten countries, with the largest populations residing in [[Indonesia]], [[Pakistan]], [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nigeria]], [[Egypt]], [[Iran]], [[Turkey]], [[Sudan]], and [[Algeria]], in descending order. Indonesia is home to over 230,000,000 Muslims, Pakistan over 220,000,000, India over 210,000,000, Bangladesh over 150,000,000, Nigeria over 110,000,000, Egypt over 100,000,000, Iran and Turkey each over 80,000,000, and Sudan and Algeria each over 40,000,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/muslim-population-change/|title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020: 3. Muslim population change|date=9 June 2025|access-date=12 February 2026|website=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref>

Pew Research estimates that 87–90% of Muslims are Sunni and 10–13% are Shia.{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=1|ps=. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."}}<ref name="Shia2">See

* {{cite encyclopedia |title=Shiʿi |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii |access-date=2019-09-30 |date=2019-10-04 |quote=In the early 21st century some 10–13 percent of the world’s 1.6 billion Muslims were Shiʿi. }}
* {{Cite news |date=2011-12-06 |title=Sunnis and Shia: Islam's ancient schism |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-16047709 |access-date=2025-11-30 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB |quote=Shia constitute about 10% of all Muslims, and globally their population is estimated at between 154 and 200 million. }}
* {{Cite news |title=Understanding the branches of Islam: Shia Islam |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EPRS_BRI(2016)573914 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901052114/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EPRS_BRI(2016)573914 |archive-date=1 September 2022 |access-date=2025-11-30 |work=[[European Parliament]] |language=en |quote=Shiite Muslims – estimated to make up 10-13% of the global Muslim population |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |date=7 October 2009 |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/ |access-date=24 September 2013 |work=[[Pew Research Center]] |quote=The Pew Forum's estimate of the Shia population (10–13%) is in keeping with previous estimates, which generally have been in the range of 10–15%. Some previous estimates, however, have placed the number of Shias at nearly 20% of the world's Muslim population. }}
* {{cite web |title=Shia |url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/shi-a |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215070956/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/shi-a |archive-date=15 December 2012 |access-date=5 December 2011 |publisher=Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs |quote=Shi'a Islam is the second largest branch of the tradition, with up to 200 million followers who comprise around 15% of all Muslims worldwide... }}</ref><ref name="Sunni2">* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780761479260 |title=Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures |publisher=Marshall Cavendish Reference |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-7614-7926-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780761479260/page/130 130] |quote=Within the Muslim community, the percentage of Sunnis is generally thought to be between 85 percent, with the Shia accounting for 15.5 percent and with the wahabis controlling 5 percent, although some sources estimate their numbers at 20 percent. A common compromise figure ranks Sunnis at 90 percent and Shias at 10 percent. |access-date=2019-11-30 |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite web |date=2009-10-07 |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/ |access-date=2019-11-30 |work=[[Pew Research Center]] |quote=Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims.}}
* {{cite news |date=2011-12-06 |title=Quick guide: Sunnis and Shias |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16047709 |access-date=2019-11-30 |work=BBC News |quote=The great majority of the world's more than 1.5 billion Muslims are Sunnis – estimates suggest the figure is somewhere between 85% and 90%.}}
* {{cite book |author=Frederick Denny |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5_N97bAiJ0C&pg=PA3 |title=Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-019980647-8 |page=3 |quote=Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90 percent) of that community.}}
* {{cite web |title=Sunni |url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012090751/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |archive-date=12 October 2014 |access-date=2019-11-30 |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |quote=Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam, comprising about 85 percent of the world's over 1.5 billion Muslims.}}
* {{cite news |date=2007-09-24 |title=Tension between Sunnis, Shiites emerging in USA |url=http://usatoday.com/news/religion/2007-09-24-muslim-tension_N.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713014245/http://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2007-09-24-muslim-tension_N.htm |archive-date=13 July 2012 |access-date=2019-11-30 |publisher=[[USA Today]] |quote=Among the world's estimated 1.4 billion Muslims, about 85% are Sunni and about 15% are Shiite.}}
* {{cite book |author=Riaz Hassan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4Ts0GkJBKgC&pg=PA20 |title=Inside Muslim Minds |publisher=Melbourne University Press |year=2008 |isbn=9780522854817 |page=20 |quote=Approximately 20 per cent of the world's Muslims belong to the Shi'ah sect; around 80 per cent are Sunni Muslims.}}
*{{cite book |last=Webber |first=Robert E. |author-link=Robert E. Webber |title=Who Gets to Narrate the World?: Contending for the Christian Story in an Age of Rivals |location=Downers Grove, Illinois |publisher=InterVarsity Press |year=2009 |page=103 |isbn=978-0830834884 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3w_ngX--ji4C&pg=PA103 |quote=The Sunnis (approximately 80%) |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last=Reat |first=N. Ross |author-link=Noble Ross Reat |title=A World Theology: The Central Spiritual Reality of Humankind |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1991 |page=265 |isbn=978-0521401340 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vD2TJNc7NE4C&pg=PA265 |quote=80% being the Sunni |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last=Inam-ul-Haq |first= |title=Islam and the Kadiyani Jama'at |location=Chicago |publisher=Kazi Publications |year=1994 |page=32 |isbn=978-1567444742 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q78O1mjX2tMC&pg=PA32 |quote=The Sunni segment, accounting for at least 80% of the worlds Muslim population |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}
* {{cite book |author=David Robertson |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmode0000robe |title=A Dictionary of Modern Politics |publisher=Europa Publications |year=2002 |isbn=1-85743-093-X |edition=Third |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmode0000robe/page/252 252] |quote=It is notable that while a large majority, probably 80%, of the world's Muslims are Sunni... |url-access=registration}}</ref> Approximately 49 countries are [[List of Muslim majority countries|Muslim-majority]],{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=11}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ba-Yunus |first1=Ilyas |title=Muslims in the United States |last2=Kone, Kassim |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing]] Group |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/muslimsunitedsta00bayu/page/n186 172] |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsunitedsta00bayu |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-313-32825-1}}</ref><ref name="Pew-Landscape-2012">{{cite report |author=[[Pew Forum|The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life]] |title=The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010 |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323215026/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf |archive-date=2018-03-23 |date=December 2012 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 March 2018 |title=Islam in Russia |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2018/3/7/islam-in-russia/ |access-date=15 June 2021 |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |publisher=[[Anadolu Agency|Anadolu News Agency]] |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024349/https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/features/2018/3/7/islam-in-russia |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Book review: Russia's Muslim Heartlands reveals diverse population |date=21 April 2018 |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230 |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |access-date=13 January 2019 |archive-date=14 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114210257/https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230 |url-status=live }}</ref> with 62% of the world's Muslims living in Asia, and 683 million adherents in [[Islam in Indonesia|Indonesia]],<ref name="Pew-Projections-2050">{{cite web |title=10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050 |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207115222/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/ |archive-date=2017-02-07 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |publisher=Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life |date=2015-04-02 |type=Projections table |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> [[Islam in Pakistan|Pakistan]], [[Islam in India|India]], and [[Islam in Bangladesh|Bangladesh]] alone.<ref>{{cite web|title=Secrets of Islam|url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm|access-date=24 September 2013|website=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|archive-date=22 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122200555/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm|url-status=live}} Information provided by the International Population Center, Department of Geography, [[San Diego State University]] (2005).</ref>{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|pp=15, 17}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pechilis |first1=Karen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C |title=South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today |last2=Raj |first2=Selva J. |date=2013 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-44851-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C&pg=PA193 193] |access-date=3 May 2019 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024331/https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Arab Muslims]] form the [[List of contemporary ethnic groups|largest ethnic group among Muslims]] in the world,<ref name="Nydell-2005">{{cite book |last=Nydell |first=Margaret Kleffner |title=Understanding Arabs: A Guide for Modern Times |edition=4th |location=Yarmouth, Maine |publisher=Intercultural Press |year=2005 |pages=xxiii, 14 |isbn=978-1931930253 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024737/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC |archive-date=2023-12-28 |language=en}}</ref> followed by [[Bengali Muslims|Bengalis]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Eaton|editor=Barbara D. Metcalf|title=Islam in South Asia in Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pR0LzVCpfw8C|date=8 September 2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-3138-8|page=275|chapter=Forest Clearing and the Growth of Islam in Bengal}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |title=The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics |author1=Meghna Guhathakurta |author2=Willem van Schendel |page=50 |date=30 April 2013 |publisher=Duke University Press |access-date=7 November 2016 |isbn=978-0822353188 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092408/https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Punjabi Muslims|Punjabis]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|title=Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten|year=2013|page=1|publisher=Aleph Book Company|location=New Delhi, India, Urbana, [[Illinois]]|isbn=978-93-83064-41-0}}.</ref> Most estimates indicate [[Islam in China|China]] has approximately 20 to 30 million Muslims (1.5% to 2% of the population).<ref>{{cite web |work=[[The World Factbook]] |title=Explore All Countries – China |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |access-date=15 September 2009 |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |archive-date=13 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213122152/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=China (includes Hong Kong, Macau, and Tibet) |website=Archived Content |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=U.S. Department of State |archive-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710075050/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Islam in Europe]] is the second-largest religion after [[Christianity]] in many countries, with growth rates due primarily to immigration and higher birth rates of Muslims in 2005,<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 December 2005 |title=Muslims in Europe: Country guide |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm |access-date=1 April 2010 |archive-date=29 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929213440/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> accounting for 4.9% of all of Europe's population in 2016.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/|title=5 facts about the Muslim population in Europe|date=November 29, 2017|work=[[Pew Research Center]]|first=Conrad|last=Hackett|access-date=17 January 2023|archive-date=5 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105202657/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Conversion to Islam|Religious conversion]] has no net impact on the Muslim population growth as "the number of people who [[convert to Islam|become Muslims through conversion]] seems to be roughly equal to the number of Muslims who leave the faith."<ref>{{Cite report |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |section=Conversion |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=Pew Research Center |section-url=https://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-related-factors/#conversion |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |quote=there is no substantial net gain or loss in the number of Muslims through conversion globally; the number of people who become Muslims through conversion seems to be roughly equal to the number of Muslims who leave the faith |access-date=12 May 2020 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211126/http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Although, Islam is expected to experience a modest gain of 3 million through religious conversion between 2010 and 2050, mostly from [[Sub Saharan Africa]] (2.9 million).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf|title=Cumulative Change Due to Religious Switching, 2010–2050, p.43|access-date=4 May 2016|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf|archive-date=29 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|title=The Changing Global Religious Landscape|work=Pew Research Center|date=5 April 2017|access-date=17 December 2022|archive-date=18 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218030628/https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a 2020 Pew study, about 1% of adults raised Muslim leave the faith, while an equal proportion —about 1%— convert to Islam from other religions, resulting in low levels of religious switching both into and out of Islam.<ref name="pew2029">{{Cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett|author2=Marcin Stonawski|author3=Yunping Tong|author4=Stephanie Kramer|author5=Anne Shi|author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf|access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US|page=39|quote=Muslims and Hindus have been the least likely to gain or lose adherents from religious switching. About one in every 100 adults raised Muslim (or Hindu) has left their childhood religion, and a similar number from a different religious category have switched into Islam (or Hinduism).}}</ref> [[Ex-Muslims]] are more likely to convert to another religion than to become Irreligious.<ref name="pew2010–2020" />

According to a report by [[CNN]], "Islam has drawn converts from all walks of life, most notably African-Americans".<ref>{{cite news|title=Fast-growing Islam winning converts in Western world|publisher=[[CNN]]|url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/14/egypt.islam/|access-date=6 May 2016|archive-date=15 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015114027/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/14/egypt.islam/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Islam in Britain|In Britain]], around 6,000 people convert to Islam per year and, according to an article in the British Muslims Monthly Survey, the majority of new Muslim converts in Britain were women.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert |title=British Muslims Monthly Survey for June 2000, Vol. VIII, No. 6 |at=Women convert |access-date=2020-09-28 |archive-date=2008-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214160750/http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert |url-status=live }}</ref> According to ''The Huffington Post'', "observers estimate that as many as 20,000 Americans convert to Islam annually", most of them being [[Women in Islam|women]] and [[African-American Muslims|African-Americans]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-08-24|title=Conversion To Islam One Result Of Post-9/11 Curiosity|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/post-911-islam-converts_n_935572|access-date=2020-11-26|website=HuffPost|language=en|archive-date=2021-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111201117/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/post-911-islam-converts_n_935572|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author-first=Julie|author-last=Bindel|author-link=Julie Bindel|title=Why do Western Women Convert?|url=http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion|access-date=8 May 2016|work=[[Standpoint (magazine)|Standpoint]]|date=26 April 2010|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102003/http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion|url-status=live}}</ref>

By both percentage and total numbers, Islam is the world's fastest growing major religious group, and is projected to be the world's largest by the end of the 21st century, surpassing that of [[Christianity]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lipka |first1=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |date=April 6, 2017 |title=Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514123559/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="pew2015" />{{rp|14}} It is estimated that, by 2050, the number of Muslims will nearly equal the number of Christians around the world, "due to the young age and high [[fertility rate]] of Muslims relative to other religious groups."<ref name="pew2015">{{cite report |author=[[Pew Forum|The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life]] |title=The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010–2050 |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211090450/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf |archive-date=2020-12-11 |date=2015-04-02 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|70}}

==Main branches or denominations==
{{Main|Islamic schools and branches#Main branches or denominations}}

{{See also|Shia–Sunni relations}}

=== Sunni ===
{{Main|Sunni Islam}}

[[File:Sahih Al-Bukhari in English.png|thumb|right|The nine volumes of [[Sahih Al-Bukhari]], one of the [[Al-Kutub Al-Sittah|six Sunni hadith books]]]]
Sunni Islam, or Sunnism, is the name for the largest denomination in Islam.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sunni |title=Sunni |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |archive-date=30 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430101807/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/574006/Sunnite |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Sunni Islam |editor-first=John L. |editor-last=Esposito |encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2014 |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |access-date=10 January 2010 |archive-date=5 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005013247/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Denny-2010">{{cite book |last=Denny |first=Frederick |author-link=Frederick M. Denny |title=Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2010 |page=3 |isbn=978-0199804153 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5_N97bAiJ0C&pg=PA3 |quote=Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90%) of that community. |language=en}}</ref><ref name="pew2010–2020" /><ref>{{citation |title=Glossary of Islamic Terms |url=https://mpeb.ie/for-teachers/glossary-of-islamic-terms/ |access-date=17 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lawson |first1=Russell M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_krEEAAAQBAJ&dq=islam+based+on+the+teachings+of+muhammad&pg=PA419 |title=Science in the Ancient World: From Antiquity through the Middle Ages |date=23 September 2021 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=978-1-4408-7353-9 |page=419 |language=en}}</ref> The term is a contraction of the phrase "ahl as-sunna wa al-jama'at", which means "people of the [[Sunnah|sunna]] (the traditions of Muhammad) and the community".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ahl as-Sunnah |encyclopedia=[[Islam Ansiklopedisi]] |publisher=Turkish Diyanet Foundation |location=Istanbul |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ehl-i-sunnet |last=Yavuz |first=Yusuf Şevki |date=1994 |volume=10 |pages=525–530 |lang=tr |access-date=28 December 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228114411/https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ehl-i-sunnet |url-status=live }}</ref> Sunni Islam is sometimes referred to as "orthodox Islam",<ref>{{cite book |author1=John Richard Thackrah |title=Dictionary of Terrorism |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1135165956 |edition=2, revised |page=252}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Status of Women Under Islamic Law and Modern Islamic Legislation |date=2009 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004172739 |editor1-last=Nasir |editor1-first=Jamal J. |edition=revised |page=11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=George W. Braswell |title=What You Need to Know about Islam & Muslims |date=2000 |publisher=B&H Publishing Group |isbn=978-0805418293 |edition=illustrated |page=62}}</ref> though some scholars view this as inappropriate, and many non-Sunnis may find this offensive.<ref>An Introduction to the Hadith. John Burton. Published by Edinburgh University Press. 1996. p. 201. Cite: "Sunni: Of or pertaining ''sunna'', especially the ''Sunna'' of the Prophet. Used in conscious opposition to Shi'a, Shi'í. There being no ecclesia or centralized magisterium, the translation 'orthodox' is inappropriate. To the Muslim 'unorthodox' implies heretical, ''mubtadi'', from ''bid'a'', the contrary of ''sunna'' and so 'innovation'."</ref> Sunnis, or sometimes Sunnites, believe that the first four caliphs were the rightful successors to Muhammad and primarily reference [[Al-Kutub Al-Sittah|six major hadith works]] for legal matters, while following one of the four traditional schools of jurisprudence: [[Hanafi]], [[Hanbali]], [[Maliki]] or [[Shafi'i]].<ref name="Lexico">{{cite web |title=sharia |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/sharia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122164555/https://www.lexico.com/definition/sharia |archive-date=22 January 2020 |website=Lexico |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|pp=275, 306}}</ref>

[[Traditionalist theology (Islam)|Traditionalist theology]] is a Sunni school of thought, prominently advocated by [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]] (780–855 CE), that is characterized by its adherence to a [[Textualism|textualist]] understanding of the Quran and the sunnah, the belief that the Quran is uncreated and eternal, and opposition to speculative theology, called [[kalam]], in religious and ethical matters.<ref>Hadi Enayat ''Islam and Secularism in Post-Colonial Thought: A Cartography of Asadian Genealogies'' [[Springer Publishing]], 30 June 2017 {{ISBN|978-3-319-52611-9}} p.48</ref> [[Maturidism]], founded by [[Abu Mansur al-Maturidi]] (853–944 CE), asserts that scripture is not needed for basic ethics and that ''good'' and ''evil'' can be understood by reason alone,<ref>Rico Isaacs, Alessandro Frigerio ''Theorizing Central Asian Politics: The State, Ideology and Power'' [[Springer Publishing]] 2018 {{ISBN|978-3-319-97355-5}} p. 108</ref> but people rely on revelation, for matters beyond human's comprehension. [[Ash'arism]], founded by [[Al-Ashʿarī]] (c. 874–936), holds that ethics can derive just from divine revelation but accepts reason regarding exegetical matters and combines Muʿtazila approaches with traditionalist ideas.{{sfnp|Esposito|1999|p=280}}

[[Salafism]] is a revival movement advocating the return to the practices of the earliest generations of Muslims. In the 18th century, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab led a [[Salafi movement]], referred by outsiders as [[Wahhabism]], in modern-day Saudi Arabia.<ref>Richard Gauvain ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'' [[Routledge]] 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-7103-1356-0}} page 8</ref> A similar movement called [[Ahl al-Hadith]] also de-emphasized the centuries' old Sunni legal tradition, preferring to directly follow the Quran and Hadith. The ''[[Nur movement|Nurcu]]'' Sunni movement was initiated by [[Said Nursi]] (1877–1960);<ref name="Svante E. Cornell p. 283">Svante E. Cornell ''Azerbaijan Since Independence'' [[M.E. Sharpe]] {{ISBN|9780765630049}} p. 283</ref> it incorporates elements of Sufism and science.<ref name="Svante E. Cornell p. 283" /><ref>Robert W. Hefner ''Shariʻa Politics: Islamic Law and Society in the Modern World'' [[Indiana University Press]] 2011 {{ISBN|978-0-253-22310-4}} p. 170</ref>

=== Shia ===
{{Main|Shia Islam}}

[[File:Nahj al-Balagha.jpg|thumb|[[Nahj al-balagha]], collection of sermons, letters, and sayings attributed to [[Ali|Imam Ali]].]]
Shia Islam is the second-largest Muslim denomination.<ref>{{cite web |title=Field Listing :: Religions |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706231326/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |archive-date=6 July 2010 |access-date=25 October 2010 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |quote=Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population." ... "Shia Islam represents 10–15% of Muslims worldwide.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sunni |url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614103622/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |archive-date=14 June 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020 |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |quote=Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam, comprising about 85% of the world's over 1.5 billion Muslims.}}</ref>{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=1|ps=. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."}} Shias maintain that Muhammad's [[Succession to Muhammad|successor]] as leader, must be from certain descendants of Muhammad's family known as the [[Ahl al-Bayt]] and those leaders, referred to as [[Imamate in Shia doctrine|Imam]]s, have additional spiritual authority.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii|title=Shiʿi|last=Newman|first=Andrew J.|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=28 December 2021|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720054917/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Sunni Islam |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|MacMillan]] Reference |editor-last=Philip Mattar |edition=2nd |author1=Tayeb El-Hibri|author2=Maysam J. al Faruqi}}</ref> Shias are guided by the [[Ja'fari school|Ja'fari school of jurisprudence]].<ref>{{Cite book |author1=John Corrigan|author2=Frederick Denny|author3=Martin S Jaffee|author4=Carlos Eire |year=2011 |title=Jews, Christians, Muslims: A Comparative Introduction to Monotheistic Religions |publisher= Cambridge University Press |id=978-0205026340 }}</ref>

According to both Sunni and Shia Muslims, a significant event took place at [[Ghadir Khumm]] during Muhammad's return from his final pilgrimage to Mecca, where he stopped thousands of Muslims in the midday heat.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam |author-first=Maria Massi |author-last=Dakake |year=2007 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791470336 |author-link=Maria Massi Dakake}}</ref> Muhammad appointed his cousin [[Ali]] as the executor of his last will and testament, as well as his [[Wali]] (authority).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Veccia Vaglieri|first=L.|date=2012|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_2439|section=G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm|publisher=Brill|access-date=July 14, 2023|isbn=9789004161214|archive-date=14 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714174420/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_2439|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfnp|Campo|2009|pp=257–258}} Shias recognize that Muhammad designated Ali as his successor (khalīfa) and [[Imamate in Shia doctrine|Imam]] (spiritual and political leader) after him, but was prevented from succeeding Muhammad as the leader of the [[Muslims]] because of some [[Companions of the Prophet|other companions]] who selected [[Abu Bakr|Abū Bakr]] as [[Caliphate|caliph]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Foody |first=Kathleen |date=September 2015 |title=Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Andrea R. |journal=[[Journal of the American Academy of Religion]] |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=599–623 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfv029 |doi-access=free |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] on behalf of the [[American Academy of Religion]] |eissn=1477-4585 |issn=0002-7189 |jstor=24488178 |lccn=sc76000837 |oclc=1479270 |quote=For Shiʿi Muslims, Muhammad not only designated Ali as his friend, but appointed him as his successor—as the "lord" or "master" of the new Muslim community. Ali and his descendants would become known as the Imams, divinely guided leaders of the Shiʿi communities, sinless, and granted special insight into the Qurʾanic text. The theology of the Imams that developed over the next several centuries made little distinction between the authority of the Imams to politically lead the Muslim community and their spiritual prowess; quite to the contrary, their right to political leadership was grounded in their special spiritual insight. While in theory, the only just ruler of the Muslim community was the Imam, the Imams were politically marginal after the first generation. In practice, Shiʿi Muslims negotiated varied approaches to both interpretative authority over Islamic texts and governance of the community, both during the lifetimes of the Imams themselves and even more so following the disappearance of the twelfth and final Imam in the ninth century.}}</ref> Sunnis, instead believe that Muhammad did not appoint a successor before [[Death of Muhammad|his death]] and consider Abū Bakr to be the first [[Rashidun|rightful]] caliph after Muhammad.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Foody |first=Kathleen |date=September 2015 |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Andrea R. |title=Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran |journal=[[Journal of the American Academy of Religion]] |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] on behalf of the [[American Academy of Religion]] |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=599–623 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfv029 |issn=0002-7189 |eissn=1477-4585 |jstor=24488178 |lccn=sc76000837 |oclc=1479270 |quote=For Shiʿi Muslims, Muhammad not only designated Ali as his friend, but appointed him as his successor—as the "lord" or "master" of the new Muslim community. Ali and his descendants would become known as the Imams, divinely guided leaders of the Shiʿi communities, sinless, and granted special insight into the Qurʾanic text. The theology of the Imams that developed over the next several centuries made little distinction between the authority of the Imams to politically lead the Muslim community and their spiritual prowess; quite to the contrary, their right to political leadership was grounded in their special spiritual insight. While in theory, the only just ruler of the Muslim community was the Imam, the Imams were politically marginal after the first generation. In practice, Shiʿi Muslims negotiated varied approaches to both interpretative authority over Islamic texts and governance of the community, both during the lifetimes of the Imams themselves and even more so following the disappearance of the twelfth and final Imam in the ninth century. |doi-access=free}}</ref> Shias state the community deliberately ignored Ali's nomination,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Daftary |first1=Farhad |title=A History Of Shi'i Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/shii-heritage-series-farhad-daftary-a-history-of-shii-islam-i.-b.-tauris-2013_202104/mode/2up |website=Internet Archive |access-date=July 22, 2024 |date=2013}}</ref> citing [[Umar]]'s appointment by Abu Bakr,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lalani |first1=Arzina R. |title=Early Shi'i Thought: The Teachings of Imam Muhammad al-Baqir |date=2000 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=1850435928}}</ref> other historical evidence,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Amir-Moezzi |author-first=Mohammad Ali |title=Ghadīr Khumm |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=Third |editor1-first=Kate |editor1-last=Fleet |editor2-first=Gudrun |editor2-last=Krämer |editor3-first=Denis |editor3-last=Matringe |editor4-first=John |editor4-last=Nawas |editor5-first=Devin J. |editor5-last=Stewart |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419 |year=2014 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419 |isbn=9789004269613 |author-link=Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi |url-access=subscription}}</ref> and the [[Qur'an]]'s stance that majority does not imply legitimacy.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mavani|first=Hamid|url=https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/|title=Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=9780415624404|url-access=registration}}</ref>

Some of the first Shia Imams are revered by all Shia and Sunnis Muslims, such as Ali and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Armajani |first=Jon |title=Shia Islam and Politics: Iran, Iraq, and Lebanon |date=2020 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-1-7936-2136-8 |location=Lanham (Md.) |pages=11}}</ref> [[Twelvers]], the largest Shia branch and most influential, believe in [[Twelve Imams]], the last of whom went into [[Occultation (Islam)|occultation]] to return one day. They recognize that the prophecy of the Twelve Imams has been foretold in the [[Hadith of the Twelve Successors]] which is recorded by both Sunni and Shia sources.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kohlberg|first=Etan|title=From Imāmiyya to Ithnā-'ashariyya|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/abs/from-imamiyya-to-ithnaashariyya/32F60507F79BEE8C3732011F4D092CAF|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|year=1976|volume=39|issue=3|pages=521–534|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00050989|s2cid=155070530|access-date=July 14, 2023|archive-date=14 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714174420/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/abs/from-imamiyya-to-ithnaashariyya/32F60507F79BEE8C3732011F4D092CAF|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Zaydism]] rejects infallibility of Imams and were sometimes regarded a 'fifth school' of Sunni Islam rather than a Shia denomination.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social and Military History |editor-first1=Spencer C. |editor-last1=Tucker |editor2=Priscilla Mary Roberts |year=2008 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-842-2 |page=917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA917 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024726/https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA917 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Iraq Effect: The Middle East After the Iraq War |first=Frederic M. |last=Wehrey |year=2010 |publisher=Rand Corporation |isbn=978-0-8330-4788-5 |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-3LAlfW7DIC&pg=PA91 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024742/https://books.google.com/books?id=i-3LAlfW7DIC&pg=PA91#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> They differed with other Shias over the status of the fifth imam and are sometimes known as "Fivers".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peterson |first=Daniel |title=Zaydiyya |url=|journal=Islamic Studies |year=2011 |language=en |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi=10.1093/obo/9780195390155-0153 |issn=}}</ref> The [[Ismailism|Isma'ilis]] split with the Twelvers over who was the seventh Imam and have further fragmented into more groups over the status of successive Imams, with the largest group being the [[Nizari Isma'ilism|Nizari]]s.<ref>{{cite book|last=Newman|first=Andrew J.|author-link=Andrew J. Newman|title=Twelver Shiism: Unity and Diversity in the Life of Islam, 632 to 1722|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-7833-4|chapter=Introduction|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ&pg=PP18|page=2|access-date=13 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501201413/https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

For Shias, the [[Imam Ali Shrine]] in Najaf, the [[Imam Husayn Shrine]] in Karbala, and the [[Fatima Masumeh Shrine]] in [[Qom]] are also among the [[Holiest sites in Islam|Islamic Holy sites]].<ref name="Sardeg2">{{cite web |last=Escobar |first=Pepe |date=May 24, 2002 |title=Knocking on heaven's door |url=http://www.atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020603155002/http://atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html |archive-date=June 3, 2002 |access-date=2006-11-12 |work=[[Asia Times Online]] |quote=our sixth imam, Imam Sadeg, says that we have five definitive holy places... first is Mecca... second is Medina... third belongs to our first imam of Shia, Ali, which is in Najaf. The fourth belongs to our third imam, Hussein, in Kerbala. The last one belongs to the daughter of our seventh imam and sister of our eighth imam, who is called Fatemah, and will be buried in Qom. |department=Central Asia/Russia}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align = center
| image1 = Imam_Ali_shrine_-_1_May_2015_19.jpg
| width1 = 217
| alt1 =
| caption1 = [[Imam Ali Shrine]] in [[Najaf]], the third holiest place for Shia Muslims after Mecca and Medina.
| image2 = حرم الامام الحسين.jpg
| width2 = 200
| alt2 =
| caption2 = [[Imam Hussein Shrine]] in [[Karbala]], a holy site for Shia Muslims.
| width3 = 289
| alt3 =
| footer =
| image3 = ImamReza(A).jpg
| caption3 = [[Imam Reza shrine]], the world's largest mosque, in [[Mashhad]], [[Iran]]. 25 million Shias visiting the shrine each year.
}}

=== Muhakkima ===
{{Main|Muhakkima|Ibadi Islam|Kharijites}}

[[Ibadism]] is the third-largest branch of Islam whose roots go back to the [[Kharijites|Kharijite]] secession from the fourth Caliph, Ali.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2014 |entry=Ibadis |encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |entry-url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e913 |editor=John L. Esposito |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820035842/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e913 |archive-date=2017-08-20 |quote=Ibadis [:] subsect of Khariji Islam founded in the eighth century. Has its strongest presence in [[Oman]], but is also found in North Africa and various communities on the [[Swahili Coast]].}}</ref> It is practised by 1.45 million Muslims around the world (~0.08% of all Muslims), most of them in [[Oman]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robert Brenton Betts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vFq_KUqqWJMC&pg=PA15 |title=The Sunni-Shi'a Divide: Islam's Internal Divisions and Their Global Consequences |date=31 July 2013 |isbn=978-1-61234-522-2 |pages=14–15 |publisher=Potomac Books |access-date=7 January 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024743/https://books.google.com/books?id=vFq_KUqqWJMC&pg=PA15#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Ibadism is often associated with and viewed as a moderate variation of the Kharijites, though Ibadis themselves object to this classification. The kharijites were groups that rebelled against Caliph Ali for his acceptance of arbitration with someone they viewed as a sinner. Unlike most kharijite groups, Ibadism does not regard sinful Muslims as unbelievers. Ibadi hadiths, such as the [[Jami Sahih]] collection, use chains of narrators from early Islamic history they consider trustworthy, but most Ibadi hadiths are also found in standard Sunni collections and contemporary Ibadis often approve of the standard Sunni collections.<ref>{{Cite book|first= Valerie Jon|last= Hoffman|title= The Essentials of Ibadi Islam|location= [[Syracuse, New York|Syracuse]]|pages=3–4|publisher= [[Syracuse University Press]]|year= 2012|isbn= 9780815650843|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JNxvMRJM3EAC}}</ref>
[[File:Islam branches and schools..png|centre|An overview of the major sects and ''madhahib'' of Islam]]

=== Other denominations ===

* The [[Ahmadiyya Movement]] was founded in British India in 1889 by [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]] of [[Qadian]], who claimed to be the promised [[Messiah]] ("[[Second Coming]] of [[Jesus in Islam|Christ]]"), the [[Mahdi]] awaited by the Muslims as well as a [[Prophethood (Ahmadiyya)|"subordinate" prophet]] to the Islamic prophet Muhammad.<ref name="Upal 2021">{{cite book |author-last=Upal |author-first=M. Afzal |author-link=Afzal Upal |title=Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-90-04-43554-4 |editor1-last=Cusack |editor1-first=Carole M. |editor1-link=Carole M. Cusack |series=Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion |volume=21 |location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]] |pages=637–657 |chapter=The Cultural Genetics of the Aḥmadiyya Muslim Jamāʿat |doi=10.1163/9789004435544_034 |issn=1874-6691 |editor2-last=Upal |editor2-first=M. Afzal |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Turner 2003">{{cite book |last=Turner |first=Richard Brent |title=Islam in the African-American Experience |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=9780253216304 |edition=2nd |location=[[Bloomington, Indiana]] and [[Indianapolis]] |pages=109–146 |chapter=The Ahmadiyya Mission to America: A Multi-Racial Model for American Islam |lccn=2003009791 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XMuLWlTgjMC&pg=PA109 }}</ref> There are a wide variety of distinct beliefs and teachings of Ahmadis compared to those of ''most other'' Muslims,<ref name="Upal 2021" /><ref name="Drover 2020">{{cite book |author-last=Drover |author-first=Lauren |title=New Religious Movements in Modern Asian History: Socio-Cultural Alternatives |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-7936-3403-0 |editor-last=Kim |editor-first=David W. |series=Ethnographies of Religion |location=[[Lanham, Maryland]] |pages=21–36 |chapter=The Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat: A New Religious Movement Derived from Islam? |oclc=1220880253 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9WQGEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Korbel |first1=Jonathan |title=Religious Dynamics under the Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism |last2=Preckel |first2=Claudia |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-90-04-32511-1 |editor1-last=Bentlage |editor1-first=Björn |series=Numen Book Series |volume=154 |location=[[Leiden]] |pages=426–442 |chapter=Ghulām Aḥmad al-Qādiyānī: The Messiah of the Christians—Peace upon Him—in India (India, 1908) |doi=10.1163/9789004329003_034 |editor2-last=Eggert |editor2-first=Marion |editor3-last=Krämer |editor3-first=Hans-Martin |editor4-last=Reichmuth |editor4-first=Stefan |editor4-link=Stefan Reichmuth (academic) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtY6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA426}}</ref><ref name="Turner 2003" /> which include the interpretation of the Quranic title ''[[Khatam an-Nabiyyin]]''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Balzani |first=Marzia |title=Ahmadiyya Islam and the Muslim Diaspora: Living at the End of Days |isbn=978-1-315-19728-9 |location=Abingdon, Oxon |pages=6–8 |oclc=1137739779}}</ref> and interpretation of the [[Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam|Messiah's Second Coming]].<ref name="Drover 2020" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-23 |title=What are the Signs of the Second Coming of the Messiah? |url=https://www.reviewofreligions.org/12457/what-are-the-signs-of-the-second-coming-of-the-messiah/ |access-date=2020-06-23 |website=Review of Religions |language=en-GB}}</ref> These perceived deviations from normative Islamic thought have resulted in rejection by most Muslims as heretics<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paracha |first=Nadeem F. |date=2013-11-21 |title=The 1974 ouster of the 'heretics': What really happened? |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1057427 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613025520/http://www.dawn.com/news/1057427 |archive-date=13 June 2015 |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=DAWN.COM |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> and [[persecution of Ahmadis]] in various countries,<ref name="Drover 2020" /> particularly [[Ahmadiyya in Pakistan|Pakistan]],<ref name="Drover 2020" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Uddin |first=Asma T. |title=State Responses to Minority Religions |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]]/[[Routledge]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-4724-1647-6 |editor-last=Kirkham |editor-first=David M. |series=Ashgate Inform Series on Minority Religions and Spiritual Movements |location=[[Farnham|Farnham, U.K.]] and [[Burlington, Vermont]] |pages=81–98 |chapter=A Legal Analysis of Ahmadi Persecution in Pakistan |lccn=2013019344 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k9TVCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA81 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> where they have been officially declared as non-Muslims by the [[Government of Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution (Second Amendment) Act, 1974 |url=https://pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/amendments/2amendment.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717144752/http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/amendments/2amendment.html |archive-date=17 July 2017 |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=pakistani.org}}</ref> The followers of the Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam are divided into two groups: the first being the [[Ahmadiyya Muslim Community]], currently the dominant group, and the [[Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam]].<ref name="Drover 2020" />
* [[Alevism]] is a [[Syncretism|syncretic]] and [[Heterodoxy|heterodox]] local Islamic tradition, whose adherents follow the mystical ([[Batin (Islam)|bāṭenī]]) teachings of Ali and [[Haji Bektash Veli]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bektāšīya |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bektasiya |website=Encyclopaedia Iranica |first1=Hamid |last1=Algar |date=December 15, 1989 |access-date=13 February 2019 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910201955/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bektasiya |url-status=live }}</ref> Alevism is a blend of traditional 14th century Turkish beliefs,<ref>Jorgen S Nielsen Muslim ''Political Participation in Europe'' [[Edinburgh University Press]] 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-748-67753-5}} page 255</ref> with possible syncretist origins in [[Tengrism|Shamanism]] and [[Animism]], alongside Shia and Sufi beliefs. It has been estimated that there are 10 million to over 20 million (~0.5–1% of all Muslims) Alevis worldwide.<ref name="Shindeldecker-Alevi">{{cite web |last=Shindeldecker |first=John |title=Turkish Alevis Today: II Alevi Population Size and Distribution |url=http://www.alevi.dk/ENGELSK/Turkish_Alevis_Today.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130111738/http://www.alevi.dk/ENGELSK/Turkish_Alevis_Today.pdf |archive-date=2016-11-30 |format=PDF |access-date=2017-05-30 |language=en}}. See also: {{cite encyclopedia |title=Alevi |url=http://i-cias.com/e.o/alevi.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613045624/https://i-cias.com/e.o/alevi.htm |archive-date=2021-06-13 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Orient |access-date=2017-05-30 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Quranism]] is a religious movement of Islam based on the belief that Islamic law and guidance should only be based on the [[Quran]] and not the [[sunnah]] or [[Hadith]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Musa |first=Aisha Y. |date=2010 |title=The Qur'anists |journal=Religion Compass |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=12–21 |doi=10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00189.x}}</ref> with Quranists notably differing in their approach to the [[five pillars of Islam]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Musa |first=Aisha Y. |title=The Qur'anists |url=https://www.academia.edu/1035742 |journal=Religion Compass |year=2010 |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=12–21 |doi=10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00189.x |issn=1749-8171 |access-date=8 June 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128062123/https://www.academia.edu/1035742 |url-status=live }}</ref> The movement developed from the 19th century onwards, with thinkers like [[Syed Ahmad Khan]], Abdullah Chakralawi and [[Ghulam Ahmed Perwez]] in India questioning the hadith tradition.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Daniel W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6RPcYgx5u_MC |title=Rethinking Tradition in Modern Islamic Thought |date=1999-03-04 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-65394-7 |pages=7–45, 68 |language=en}}</ref> In Egypt, [[Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi]] penned the article ''Islam is the Quran alone'' in the magazine ''[[Al-Manār (magazine)|Al-Manār]]'', arguing for the sole authority of the Quran.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Juynboll |first=G. H. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xAUVAAAAIAAJ |title=The Authenticity of the Tradition Literature: Discussions in Modern Egypt,... G.H.A. Juynboll,... |date=1969 |publisher=Brill Archive |pages=23–25 |language=en}}</ref> A prominent late 20th century Quranist was [[Rashad Khalifa]], an Egyptian-American biochemist who claimed to have discovered a [[numerology|numerological]] [[Quran code|code in the Quran]], and founded the Quranist organization [[United Submitters International]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=September 1989 |title=Why the name change? |url=http://www.quranalone.com/SP/57_1989_09.pdf |journal=Submission Perspective |volume=57 |page=1 |access-date=29 August 2022 |archive-date=31 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731115713/https://www.quranalone.com/SP/57_1989_09.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Mu'tazilism]] was an early Islamic theological school known for their use of [[rationalism]], particularly towards the two primary sources of Islam, the [[Qur'an]] and the [[hadith]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abd al-Jabbār |first=Al-Qāḍī |title=Kitab al-Mughni fi abwab al-tawhid wal-adl}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=al-Asadābādī |first=ʻAbd al-Jabbār ibn Aḥmad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_PilAQAACAAJ |title=Sharḥ al-uṣūl al-khamsah |date=1965 |publisher=Maktabat wahbah |language=ar}}</ref> The school was founded on five main principles: the monotheism ([[tawhid]]), [[divine justice]], the certainty of divine promises and threats, an intermediate position regarding the status of great sinners, and the obligation to enjoin good and forbid evil.<ref name=":0" /> Unlike the Sunnis, Mu'tazilite rejected the traditional view that the Qur'an was the uncreated word of God, and instead held that the [[Quranic createdness|Qur'an was a created revelation]], to affirm the absolute oneness of God.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Campanini |first=Massimo |date=2012 |title=The Mu'tazila in Islamic History and Thought |url=https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00273.x |journal=Religion Compass |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=41–50 |doi=10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00273.x |issn=1749-8171|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Emphasizing the use of reason, they argued that human [[free will]] allowed individuals to choose between good and evil, making them responsible for their actions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fakhry |first=Majid |title=A history of Islamic philosophy |date= |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-13220-6 |edition= |location=New York |pages=47}}</ref> Although the Mu'tazila's influence waned due to social and political pressure from orthodox Sunnis, their rationalist legacy remains important in [[Islamic modernity|Islamic intellectualism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Martin |first1=Richard C. |title=Defenders of reason in Islam: Muʻtazilism from medieval school to modern symbol |last2=Woodward |first2=Mark R. |last3=Atmaja |first3=Dwi S. |date=1997 |publisher=Oneworld Publications |isbn=978-1-85168-147-1 |location=Oxford, England; Rockport, MA, USA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vasalou |first=Sophia |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/VASMAA-2 |title=Moral Agents and Their Deserts: The Character of Mu'tazilite Ethics |date=2008 |publisher=Princeton University Press}}</ref>

=== Non-denominational Muslims ===
{{Main|Non-denominational Muslim}}

Non-denominational Muslims is an [[umbrella term]] that has been used for and by Muslims who do not belong to or do not self-identify with a specific [[Islamic denomination]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophoobia in Europe! |work=New Europe |location=Brussels |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |url-status=dead |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |quote=Anyone who has travelled to Central Asia knows of the non-denominational Muslims—those who are neither Shiites nor Sounites, but who accept Islam as a religion generally.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Kenneth |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=jQGZBAAAQBAJ|page=29}} |title=Unthinkable: Iran, the Bomb, and American Strategy |date=2014 |isbn=978-1-4767-3393-7 |page=29 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |quote=Although many Iranian hardliners are Shi'a chauvinists, Khomeini's ideology saw the revolution as pan-Islamist, and therefore embracing Sunni, Shi'a, Sufi, and other, more nondenominational Muslims}}</ref> Recent surveys report that large proportions of Muslims in some parts of the world self-identify as "just Muslim", although there is little published analysis available regarding the motivations underlying this response.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burns |first=Robert |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=akWUGyN7fwEC|page=55}} |title=Christianity, Islam, and the West |date=2011 |isbn=978-0-7618-5560-6 |page=55 |publisher=University Press of America |quote=40 per cent called themselves "just a Muslim" according to the Council of American-Islamic relations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tatari |first=Eren |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=x_4QBQAAQBAJ|page=111}} |title=Muslims in British Local Government: Representing Minority Interests in Hackney, Newham and Tower Hamlets |date=2014 |isbn=978-90-04-27226-2 |page=111 |publisher=BRILL |quote=Nineteen said that they are Sunni Muslims, six said they are just Muslim without specifying a sect, two said they are Ahmadi, and two said their families are Alevi}}</ref> Pew Research reports that respondents self-identifying as "just Muslim" make up a majority of Muslims in seven countries (and a plurality in three others), with the highest proportion in [[Kazakhstan]] at 74%. At least one in five Muslims in at least 22 countries self-identifies in this way.<ref name="Pew" />

== Mysticism ==
{{Main|Sufism}}

{{See also|Sufi–Salafi relations}}
[[File:Mevlana Konya.jpg|thumb|The Whirling Dervishes, or [[Mevlevi Order]] by the tomb of Sufi-mystic [[Rumi]]]]
[[File:Sema ceremony many.jpg|thumb|[[Sufism]] in [[Konya]], [[Turkey]]]]
Sufism (Arabic: {{langx|ar|تصوف|translit=tasawwuf|label=none}}), is a [[mystical]]-[[ascetic]] approach to Islam that seeks to find a direct [[Divine presence|personal experience of God]]. Classical Sufi scholars defined ''tasawwuf'' as "a science whose objective is the reparation of the heart and turning it away from all else but God", through "intuitive and emotional faculties" that one must be trained to use.<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=302}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Malik|Hinnells|2006|p=3}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Turner|1998|p=145}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Trimingham|1998|p=1}}</ref> [[Ahmad ibn Ajiba]] defined tasawwuf as "a return to the tradition, and its beginning is knowledge, its middle is action [upon that knowledge], and its end is a gift [from Allah]."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ibn-ʿAǧība |first1=Aḥmad Ibn-Muḥammad |last2=Aresmouk |first2=Mohamed Fouad |last3=Fitzgerald |first3=Michael Abdurrahman |last4=Ibn-ʿAǧība |first4=Aḥmad Ibn-Muḥammad |title=The Book of ascension to the essential truths of Sufism: a lexicon of Sufic terminology = Miʿrāj al-tashawwuf ilā ḥaqāʾiq al-taṣawwuf |date=2011 |publisher=Fons Vitae |location=Louisville, KY |isbn=978-1891785849}}</ref> It is not a sect of Islam, and its adherents belong to the various Muslim denominations. [[Isma'ilism]], whose teachings are rooted in [[Gnosticism]] and [[Neoplatonism]]<ref name="Andani-2016">{{cite journal |last=Andani |first=Khalil |author-link=Khalil Andani |date=2016 |title=A Survey of Ismaili Studies Part 1: Early Ismailism and Fatimid Ismailism |journal=[[Religion Compass]] |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=191–206 |doi=10.1111/rec3.12205 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/rec3.12205 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref> as well as by the [[Illuminationism|Illuminationist]] and [[School of Isfahan|Isfahan]] schools of Islamic philosophy, has developed mystical interpretations of Islam.<ref name="Aminrazavi-2016">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Aminrazavi |first=Mehdi |author-link=Mehdi Aminrazavi |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |editor-link=Edward N. Zalta |title=Mysticism in Arabic and Islamic Philosophy |encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |edition=Summer 2016 |publisher=Stanford University |date=2016 |orig-year=2009 |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2016/entries/arabic-islamic-mysticism/ |access-date=2020-05-25 |language=en}}</ref> [[Hasan al-Basri]], the early Sufi ascetic often portrayed as one of the earliest Sufis,<ref name="Knysh-2015">{{cite book |last=Knysh |first=Alexander |author-link=Alexander Knysh |title=Islam in Historical Perspective |location=London |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |page=214 |isbn=978-1-317-34712-5 |language=en}}</ref> emphasized fear of failing God's expectations of obedience. In contrast, later prominent Sufis, such as [[Mansur Al-Hallaj]] and [[Rumi|Jalaluddin Rumi]], emphasized religiosity based on love towards God. Such devotion would also have an impact on the arts, with Rumi still one of the bestselling poets in America.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Haviland |first=Charles |date=30 September 2007 |title=The roar of Rumi – 800 years on |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7016090.stm |access-date=10 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=1 September 2009 |title=Islam: Jalaluddin Rumi |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/art/rumi_1.shtml |access-date=10 August 2011 |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

Sufis see ''tasawwuf'' as an inseparable part of Islam.{{sfnp|Chittick|2008|pp=3–4, 11}} Traditional Sufis, such as [[Bayazid Bastami]], Jalaluddin Rumi, [[Haji Bektash Veli]], [[Junaid Baghdadi]], and Al-Ghazali, argued for Sufism as being based upon the tenets of Islam and the teachings of the prophet.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed Hossein |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontois00nasr |access-date=17 January 2015 |title=An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines |date=1993 |isbn=978-0-7914-1515-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontois00nasr/page/192 192]|publisher=SUNY Press }}</ref>{{sfnp|Chittick|2008|pp=3–4, 11}} Historian [[Nile Green]] argued that Islam in the medieval period was more or less Sufism.{{sfnp|Peacock|2019|p=24,77}} Followers of the Sunni [[Islamic revival|revivalist]] movement known as [[Salafism]] have viewed popular devotional practices, such as the veneration of Sufi saints, as innovations from the original religion. Salafists have sometimes physically attacked Sufis, leading to a deterioration in [[Sufi–Salafi relations]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Cook |author-first=David |author-link=David Cook (historian) |date=May 2015 |title=Mysticism in Sufi Islam |url=https://oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.51 |isbn=9780199340378 |doi-access=free |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128012740/http://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |archive-date=28 November 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=15 January 2023}}</ref>

Sufi congregations form orders (''[[tariqa]]'') centred around a teacher (''[[wali]]'') who traces a spiritual chain back to Muhammad.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url= https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/583591/tariqa |title= tariqa | Islam |encyclopedia= Britannica.com |date= 4 February 2014 |access-date= 29 May 2015}}</ref> Sufis played an important role in the formation of Muslim societies through their missionary and educational activities.<ref name=EB-Sufism>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sufism |title=Sufism |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The Sufism-influenced Ahle Sunnat movement or [[Barelvi]] movement claims over 200 million followers in South Asia.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bowker |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780192800947 |title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-280094-7 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780192800947.001.0001}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Sanyal |first=Usha |date=1998 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1&fid=69415&jid=ASS&volumeId=32&issueId=03&aid=69414 |title=Generational Changes in the Leadership of the Ahl-e Sunnat Movement in North India during the Twentieth Century |journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]] |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=635–656 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X98003059 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=17 March 2020 |access-date=1 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317013822/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/generational-changes-in-the-leadership-of-the-ahle-sunnat-movement-in-north-india-during-the-twentieth-century/8AAAC4CFEFC4F4084731C3964A5CAE84 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|loc=[http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095357101 "Ahl al-Sunnah wa'l-Jamaah"]}} – via Oxford Reference.</ref> Sufism is prominent in Central Asia,<ref>{{cite web |last=Alvi |first=Farhat |title=The Significant Role of Sufism in Central Asia |url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/uoc/PDF-FILES/(2)%20The%20Significant%20Role%20of%20Sufism%20in%20Central%20Asia%20(Dr.%20Farh.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johns |first=Anthony H |year=1995 |title=Sufism in Southeast Asia: Reflections and Reconsiderations |journal=[[Journal of Southeast Asian Studies]] |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=169–183 |doi=10.1017/S0022463400010560 |jstor=20071709|s2cid=154870820 }}</ref> as well as in African countries like [[Tunisia]], [[Algeria]], [[Morocco]], [[Senegal]], [[Chad]] and [[Niger]].<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|date=9 August 2012|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|access-date=4 September 2013|website=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Babou |first=Cheikh Anta |date=2007 |title=Sufism and Religious Brotherhoods in Senegal |journal=[[International Journal of African Historical Studies]] |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=184–186}}</ref>

== Law and jurisprudence ==
{{Main|Sharia|Fiqh}}

{{See also|Logic in Islamic philosophy#Islamic law and theology}}
[[File:Madhhab Map3.png|thumb|Islamic [[madh'hab|schools of law]] in the [[Muslim world]]{{Citation needed|date=May 2025|reason=Our Fiqh map does need an update, for example Bahrain is mostly orange (representing Ja'fari) while its Monarchy is Maliki and a majority of its citizens Sunni. Would be very helpful to get an update to date SVG version of the map as there are some tiny island Indian Ocean countries who are not shown on the map}}]]
[[Shariah]] is the body of Islamic [[religious law]].<ref name="Lexico" />{{sfnp|Esposito|2002b|pp=17, 111–112, 118}} The desire to delineate and discover laws in a comprehensive and consistent method led to the development of the [[jurisprudence|theory of law]], called [[fiqh]].<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2010|p=96}}</ref><ref name="vikor">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Vikør |first=Knut S. |author-link=Knut S. Vikør |editor-last=Shahin |editor-first=Emad |editor-link=Emad El-Din Shahin |title=Sharīʿah |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0199739356 |url=http://bridgingcultures.neh.gov/muslimjourneys/items/show/226 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604214623/http://bridgingcultures.neh.gov/muslimjourneys/items/show/226 |archive-date=2014-06-04 |access-date=2020-05-25 |language=en}}</ref> Conversely, [[bid'ah]] is used to refer to unlawful innovations in matters of religion.<ref>{{cite book|last1 = A.C. Brown|first1 = Jonathan|author-link=Jonathan A.C. Brown|title = Hadith: Muhammad's Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World ''(Foundations of Islam)''|date = 2009|publisher = [[Oneworld Publications]]|isbn = 978-1851686636|page = 277}}</ref> Differing methodologies, called principles of fiqh or ''[[Usul al-fiqh]]'', have developed and a school of jurisprudence arising around a methodology is known as a ''madhhab'' ({{langx|ar|مذهب}}). The conformity in following of decisions by a religious expert or school is called ''[[taqlid]]''. The term ''[[Salafi movement#Views on Taqlid (adherence to legal precedent)|ghayr muqallid]]'' refers to those who do not use taqlid and, by extension, do not have a madhab.<ref>{{cite book| last = Bharathi| first = K. S.| title = Encyclopedia of Eminent Thinkers| location = New Delhi| publisher = Concept Publishing Company| year = 1998| language = en| isbn = 978-81-7022-684-0| ref = {{harvid|Bharathi|1998}}}}</ref> The practice of an individual interpreting law with independent reasoning is called ''[[ijtihad]]''.{{sfnp|Weiss|2002|pp=3, 161}}<ref name="ODI">{{cite web |editor-link=John Esposito|editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Islamic Law |work=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t125/e1107 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203033813/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t125/e1107 |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2017 |via=Oxford Islamic Studies Online}}</ref> Those who interpret shariah are known as [[mufti]]s and their legal opinions are called [[fatwa]]s.<ref name="ODI" /><ref name="vikor" />

The primary sources of Shariah are the Quran and Sunnah.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Esposito |first1=John L. |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=MOmaDq8HKCgC|page=2}} |title=Women in Muslim Family Law |last2=DeLong-Bas |first2=Natana J. |publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8156-2908-5 |pages=2– |author-link=John Esposito |author-link2=Natana J. DeLong-Bas|quote= "[...], by the ninth century, the classical theory of law fixed the sources of Islamic law at four: the ''Quran'', the ''Sunnah'' of the Prophet, ''qiyas'' (analogical reasoning), and ''ijma'' (consensus)."}}</ref> A common third source is [[qiyas]] (analogical reasoning) which is used for legal questions not dealt with literally in the Qur’ān or Sunnah. Parallels would be searched for to find the ''illah'', or effective cause, which is the reason behind the existing ruling.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095957640|publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=1 October 2024 |location=Oxford |title=illah}}</ref> For example, from the specific prohibition of wine is deduced a broad prohibition on alcohol as they share the operative cause identified as the mind-altering nature of all alcoholic drinks.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Fairak |first1= A. |title= Analogy (Islamic)|edition=2014|page=56|year=2014|publisher=Springer |location=Boston|isbn= 978-1-4614-6085-5|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last= Fairak |first= A. |year=2014 |title= Analogy (Islamic)|journal= Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion|volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=531–55 |doi=10.1086/353360 |s2cid=144315162 | issn=0021-1753}}</ref> The [[Zahiri school]] adheres to strict literalism and thus rejects qiyas. Consensus of opinion is [[ijma]], while [[ikhtilaf]] refers to scholarly disagreement. Rulings assign actions to one of five categories called [[ahkam]]: mandatory (''[[fard]]''), recommended (''[[mustahabb]]''), permitted (''[[mubah]]''), abhorred (''[[makruh]]''), and prohibited (''[[haram]]'').<ref name="ODI" /><ref name="vikor" />

In the modern era, sharia-based criminal laws were widely replaced by statutes inspired by European models.<ref name="vikor" /> The [[Ottoman Empire]]'s 19th century [[Tanzimat]] reforms led to the [[Mecelle]] civil code and represented the first attempt to [[Codification (law)|codify]] sharia.<ref name=Oxfordref/> While the constitutions of most Muslim-majority states contain references to sharia, its classical rules were largely retained only in [[Status (law)|personal status]] (family) laws.<ref name="vikor" /> Legislative bodies which codified these laws sought to modernize them without abandoning their foundations in traditional jurisprudence.<ref name="vikor" /><ref name="mayer">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Mayer |first=Ann Elizabeth |author-link=Ann Elizabeth Mayer |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |editor-link=John Esposito |title=Law: Modern Legal Reform |encyclopedia=[[The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World]] |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0195305135 |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0473 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121033722/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0473 |archive-date=2008-11-21 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Islamic revival]] of the late 20th century brought along calls by [[Islamist]] movements for complete implementation of sharia.<ref name="vikor" /><ref name="mayer" /> The role of sharia has become a contested topic around the world. There are ongoing debates as to whether sharia is compatible with secular forms of government, human rights, [[freedom of thought]], and [[women's rights]] due to concerns including on [[Religious censorship#In Islam|censorship]] and [[Islam and violence|violence]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=An-Na'im |first=Abdullahi A. |title=Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective: Religious Perspectives |year=1996 |isbn=978-90-411-0179-2 |editor-last=Witte |editor-first=John |pages=337–359 |chapter=Islamic Foundations of Religious Human Rights |publisher=BRILL |editor-last2=van der Vyver |editor-first2=Johan D. |chapter-url={{Google books|aqyWwF5YA1gC|page=337|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hajjar |first=Lisa |year=2004 |title=Religion, State Power, and Domestic Violence in Muslim Societies: A Framework for Comparative Analysis |journal=[[Law & Social Inquiry]] |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=1–38 |doi=10.1111/j.1747-4469.2004.tb00329.x |jstor=4092696 |s2cid=145681085}}</ref>

== Society ==
=== Religious personages ===
{{Main|Ulama}}

[[File:Карло Боссоли. Татарская школа для детей (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Crimean Tatars|Crimean Tatar]] Muslim students (1856)]]
Islam has no clergy in the [[sacerdotalism|sacerdotal]] sense, such as priests who mediate between God and people. ''[[Imam]]'' ({{langx|ar|إمام|label=none}}) is the religious title used to refer to an Islamic leadership position, often in the context of conducting an Islamic worship service.<ref>{{cite web |title=Imam|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/imam|access-date=15 January 2023|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Religious interpretation is presided over by the '''ulama'' (Arabic: علماء), a term used describe the body of Muslim scholars who have received training in [[Islamic studies]]. A scholar of the hadith is called a ''[[muhaddith]]'', a scholar of jurisprudence is called a ''[[faqih]]'' ({{langx|ar|فقيه|label=none}}), a jurist who is qualified to issue legal opinions or ''[[fatwas]]'' is called a [[mufti]], and a ''[[qadi]]'' is an Islamic judge. [[Honorific]] titles given to scholars include [[sheikh]], [[mullah]] and ''[[Mawlawi (Islamic title)|mawlawi]]''. Some Muslims also venerate [[Saints in Islam|saints]] associated with [[Islamic view of miracles|miracles]] ({{langx|ar|كرامات|translit=karāmāt|label=none}}).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Radtke |first1=B. |last2=Lory |first2=P. |last3=Zarcone |first3=Th. |last4=DeWeese |first4=D. |last5=Gaborieau |first5=M. |last6=Denny |first6=F. M. |last7=Aubin |first7=F. |last8=Hunwick |first8=J. O. |last9=Mchugh |first9=N. |title=Walī |orig-year=1993 |year=2012 |editor1-last=Bearman |editor1-first=P. J. |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-link=Thierry Bianquis |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-first=C. E. |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor4-first=E. J. |editor4-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-first=W. P. |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |edition=2nd |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1335 |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4}}</ref>

=== Governance ===

{{See also|Political aspects of Islam|Islamic economics|Islamic military jurisprudence|tasamuh|Jihad}}
In [[Islamic economic jurisprudence]], hoarding of wealth is reviled and thus [[monopoly|monopolistic]] behavior is frowned upon.<ref name="Iqbal2010">{{cite book | last1 = Iqbal | first1 = Zamir | last2 = Mirakhor | first2 = Abbas | last3 = Krichenne | first3 = Noureddine | last4 = Askari | first4 = Hossein | title = The Stability of Islamic Finance: Creating a Resilient Financial Environment | location = Singapore | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 2010 | language = en | isbn = 978-0-470-82518-1 | p = 75}}</ref> Attempts to comply with sharia has led to the development of [[Islamic banking]]. Islam prohibits ''[[riba]]'', usually translated as [[usury]], which refers to any unfair gain in trade and is most commonly used to mean [[interest]].<ref>{{harvc |c=Riba |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |year=n.d. |last1= Schacht|first1=Joseph}}</ref> Instead, Islamic banks go into partnership with the borrower, and both share from the profits and any losses from the venture. Another feature is the avoidance of uncertainty, which is seen as gambling<ref>{{Cite news |last=Foster|first=John |date=1 December 2009|title=How Islamic finance missed heavenly chance|work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8388644.stm|access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref> and Islamic banks traditionally avoid derivative instruments such as futures or options which has historically protected them from market downturns.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Domat|first=Chloe|date=20 October 2020|title=What Is Islamic Finance And How Does It Work?|work=Global Finance magazine|url=https://www.gfmag.com/topics/blogs/islamic-finance-faq-what-islamic-finance-and-how-does-it-work|access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref> The Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphate used to be involved in distribution of charity from the treasury, known as [[Bayt al-mal]], before it became a largely individual pursuit around the year 720. The first [[Caliph]], [[Abu Bakr]], distributed zakat as one of the first examples of a [[guaranteed minimum income]], with each citizen getting 10 to 20 [[dirhams]] annually.<ref>{{cite web |last=Merchant, Brian |date=14 November 2013 |title=Guaranteeing a Minimum Income Has Been a Utopian Dream for Centuries |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/guaranteeing-a-minimum-income-has-been-a-utopian-dream-for-centuries/ |access-date=3 June 2019 |website=[[Vice Media|VICE]]}}</ref> During the reign of the second Caliph Umar, [[child support]] was introduced and the old and disabled were entitled to stipends,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Al-Buraey |first=Muhammad |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=lT8OAAAAQAAJ|page=}} |title=Administrative Development: An Islamic Perspective |publisher=KPI |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-7103-0059-1 |pages=252–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Akgündüz |first1=Ahmed |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=EnT_zhqEe5cC|page=539}} |title=Ottoman History: Misperceptions and Truths |last2=Öztürk |first2=Said |publisher=IUR Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-90-90-26108-9 |pages=539– |access-date=7 October 2014}}</ref> while the Umayyad Caliph [[Umar II]] assigned a servant for each blind person and for every two chronically ill persons.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Al-Jawzi|first1=Ibn |url=|title=The Biography and Virtues of Omar Bin Abd al-Aziz – The Ascetic Caliph |publisher=IUR Press |year=2001 |isbn= |page=130 }}</ref>

[[Jihad]] means "to strive or struggle [in the way of God]" and, in its broadest sense, is "exerting one's utmost power, efforts, endeavors, or ability in contending with an object of [[wikt:disapprobation|disapprobation]]".{{sfnp|Firestone|1999|pp=17–18}} Shias in particular emphasize the "greater jihad" of striving to attain spiritual [[self-improvement|self-perfection]]<ref name="Afsaruddin">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Afsaruddin |first=Asma |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/jihad |title=Jihad |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Brockopp|2003|pp=99–100}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=93}}</ref> while the "lesser jihad" is defined as warfare.{{sfnp|Firestone|1999|p=17}}<ref name="EI2">{{harvc|last=Tyan, E. |year=2012 |c=D̲j̲ihād |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}}. {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0189}}</ref> When used without a qualifier, jihad is often understood in its military form.{{sfnp|Firestone|1999|pp=17–18}}<ref name="Afsaruddin" /> Jihad is the only form of warfare permissible in Islamic law and may be declared against illegal works, terrorists, criminal groups, rebels, [[Apostasy in Islam|apostates]], and leaders or states who oppress Muslims.{{sfnp|Firestone|1999|p=17}}<ref name="EI2" /> Most Muslims today interpret Jihad as only a defensive form of warfare.<ref name="Habeck2006">{{cite book | last = Habeck | first = Mary R. | title = Knowing the Enemy: Jihadist Ideology and the War on Terror | location = New Haven | publisher = Yale University Press | year = 2006 | language = en | isbn = 978-0-300-11306-8 | pp = 108–109, 118 }}</ref> Jihad only becomes an individual duty for those vested with authority. For the rest of the populace, this happens only in the case of a [[general mobilization]].<ref name="EI2" /> For most [[Twelver|Twelver Shias]], [[offensive jihad]] can only be declared by a [[Imamate in Twelver doctrine|divinely appointed leader]] of the Muslim community, and as such, is suspended since [[Muhammad al-Mahdi]]'s [[occultation (Islam)|occultation]] in 868 CE.{{sfnp|Sachedina|1998|pp=105–106}}{{sfnp|Nasr|2003|p=72}}

=== Daily and family life ===
{{See also|Adab (Islam)|Islamic dietary laws|Islam and children|Marriage in Islam|Women in Islam|Polygyny in Islam}}
[[File:Salat Eid al-Fitr, Tehran (113344343).jpg|thumb|A woman wearing an [[Hijab|Islamic veil]]]]
Many daily practices fall in the category of ''adab'', or etiquette. Specific prohibited foods include pork products, blood and [[carrion]]. Health is viewed as a trust from God and [[khamr|intoxicants]], such as [[alcoholic drink]]s, are prohibited.<ref>{{cite book|author=Fahd Salem Bahammam|title=Food and Dress in Islam: An explanation of matters relating to food and drink and dress in Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CRojJ7lnb18C&pg=PP1|publisher=Modern Guide|isbn=978-1-909322-99-8|page=1}}</ref> All meat must come from a [[herbivorous]] animal slaughtered in the name of God by a Muslim, Jew, or Christian, except for game that one has hunted or fished for oneself.<ref>{{harvp|Curtis|2005|p=164}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|p=111}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |c=Slaughter |first=Ersilia |last=Francesca |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref> Beards are often encouraged among men as something natural<ref>{{Cite news |last=De Sondy |first=Amanullah |date=28 January 2016|title=The relationship between Muslim men and their beards is a tangled one|work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jan/28/muslim-men-beards-facial-hair-islam |access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref> and body modifications, such as [[Religious perspectives on tattooing#Islam|permanent tattoos]], are usually forbidden as violating the creation.{{efn|Some Muslims in dynastic era China resisted [[footbinding]] of girls for the same reason.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/religionsofchina00legg|quote=mohammedan.|title=The religions of China: Confucianism and Tâoism described and compared with Christianity|first=James|last=Legge|year=1880|publisher=Hodder and Stoughton|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/religionsofchina00legg/page/111 111]|access-date=28 June 2010}}(Original from Harvard University)</ref> }}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/tattoos-in-islam-2004393|title=Are Muslims Allowed to Get Tattoos? |website=|access-date=7 March 2022 }}</ref> Silk and gold are prohibited for men in Islam to maintain a state of sobriety.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Glassé |first1=Cyril |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |page=158 |language=en|year=2001}}</ref> ''[[Haya (Islam)|Haya]]'', often translated as "shame" or "modesty", is sometimes described as the innate character of Islam<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zine |first1=Jasmin |last2=Babana-Hampton |first2=Safoi |last3=Mazid |first3=Nergis |last4=Bullock |first4=Katherine |last5=Chishti |first5=Maliha |title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 19:4 |publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) |page=59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JM4DwAAQBAJ&q=haya+islam&pg=PA59 |access-date=4 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> and informs much of Muslim daily life. For example, [[Islamic clothing|clothing in Islam]] emphasizes a standard of modesty, which has included the ''[[hijab]]'' for women. Similarly, [[Islamic hygienical jurisprudence|personal hygiene]] is encouraged with certain requirements.<ref>{{cite web |last=Esposito |first=John |title=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e4 |access-date=3 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114153249/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e4 |archive-date=14 November 2016}}</ref>

[[File:Muslim Couple (cropped).jpg|thumb|A Muslim couple]]
In [[Marriage in Islam|Islamic marriage]], the groom is required to pay a bridal gift (''[[mahr]]'').<ref>{{harvp|Waines|2003|pp=93–96}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=339}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|1998|p=79}}</ref> Most families in the Islamic world are monogamous.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Newby |first=Gordon D. |url=https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00newb |title=A concise encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=[[Oneworld Publications|Oneworld]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-85168-295-9 |location=Oxford |page=[https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00newb/page/141 141]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed Hossein |url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionhis00nasr_0/page/68 |title=Islam : religion, history, and civilization |publisher=[[HarperOne]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-06-050714-5 |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamreligionhis00nasr_0/page/68 68]}}</ref> Muslim men are allowed to practice [[polygyny]] and can have up to four wives simultaneously. Islamic teachings strongly advise that if a man cannot ensure equal financial and emotional support for each of his wives, it is recommended that he marry just one woman. One reason cited for polygyny is that it allows a man to give financial protection to multiple women, who might otherwise not have any support (e.g. widows). However, the first wife can set a condition in the marriage contract that the husband cannot marry another woman during their marriage.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ratno Lukito|title=Legal Pluralism in Indonesia: Bridging the Unbridgeable|page=81|publisher=[[Routledge]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.islamweb.net/ver2/fatwa/ShowFatwa.php?lang=A&Id=18444&Option=FatwaId |title=IslamWeb |publisher=IslamWeb |date=7 February 2002 |access-date=13 September 2011}}</ref> There are also cultural variations in weddings.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Gai |url=https://archive.org/details/rememberinggodre0000eato |title=Remembering God: Reflections on Islam |publisher=The [[Islamic Texts Society]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-946621-84-2 |location=Cambridge |pages=[https://archive.org/details/rememberinggodre0000eato/page/92 92–93]}}</ref> [[Polyandry]], a practice wherein a woman takes on two or more husbands, is prohibited in Islam.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Can't a Woman have 2 Husbands? |url=http://www.14publications.com/question-and-answer/why-cant-a-woman-have-2-husbands/ |access-date=27 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223012707/http://www.14publications.com/question-and-answer/why-cant-a-woman-have-2-husbands/ |archive-date=23 December 2015 |website=14 Publications}}</ref>

[[File:عکس های مراسم ترتیل خوانی یا جزء خوانی یا قرائت قرآن در ایام ماه رمضان در حرم فاطمه معصومه در شهر قم 20.jpg|thumb|[[Muslim]] girls studying the [[Quran]] placed atop folding [[lectern]]s ([[Rehal (book rest)|''rehal'']]) during [[Ramadan]] in [[Qom]], [[Iran]]]]
After the birth of a child, the ''[[adhan]]'' is pronounced in the right ear.{{sfnp|Campo|2009|p=106}} On the seventh day, the ''[[aqiqah]]'' ceremony is performed, in which an animal is sacrificed and its meat is distributed among the poor.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=my7hnALd_NkC|page=120}} 120]}} The child's head is shaved, and an amount of money equaling the weight of its hair is donated to the poor.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=my7hnALd_NkC|page=120}} 120]}} Male [[circumcision]], called ''[[Khitan (circumcision)|khitan]]'',<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2014 |title=Khitān |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/khitan-Islam |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127165754/https://www.britannica.com/topic/khitan-Islam |archive-date=27 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> is often practised in the Muslim world.<ref>{{cite journal |date=January 2017 |title=Reported Male Circumcision Practices in a Muslim-Majority Setting |journal=[[BioMed Research International]] |publisher=[[Hindawi Publishing Corporation]] |volume=2017 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1155/2017/4957348 |pmc=5282422 |pmid=28194416 |doi-access=free |author1-last=Anwer |author1-first=Abdul Wahid |author2-last=Samad |author2-first=Lubna |author3-last=Baig-Ansari |author3-first=Naila |author4-last=Iftikhar |author4-first=Sundus}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 August 2009 |title=Islam: Circumcision of boys |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112170938/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |archive-date=12 November 2012 |access-date=27 May 2020 |work=Religion & ethics—Islam |publisher=[[Bbc.co.uk]]}}</ref> Respecting and obeying one's parents, and taking care of them especially in their old age is a religious obligation.{{sfnp|Campo|2009|p=136}}

A [[Islamic view of death|dying Muslim]] is encouraged to pronounce the ''Shahada'' as their last words.<ref>{{Cite book| isbn = 9783643900678| title =Changing European Death Ways| location = Austria| year = 2013| last1=Mathijssen| first1=Brenda|last2=Venhorst|first2=Claudia|last3=Venbrux|first3=Eric|last4=Quartier|first4=Thomas| url =| page = 265 |publisher=Lit }}</ref> Paying respects to the dead and attending funerals in the community are considered among the virtuous acts. In [[Islamic funeral|Islamic burial rituals]], burial is encouraged as soon as possible, usually within 24 hours. The body is washed, except for martyrs, by members of the same gender and enshrouded in a garment that must not be elaborate called ''kafan''.{{sfnp|Stefon|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/83 83]}} A "funeral prayer" called ''[[Salat al-Janazah]]'' is performed. Wailing, or loud, mournful outcrying, is discouraged. Coffins are often not preferred and graves are often unmarked, even for kings.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rahman|first=Rema |date=25 October 2011|title=Who, What, Why: What are the burial customs in Islam?|work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-15444275|access-date=28 January 2022}}</ref>

=== Arts and culture ===
{{Main|Islamic culture}}

{{See also|Islamic art|Islamic architecture|Islamic literature|Islam in association football|Cultural Muslims}}

The term "[[Islamic culture]]" can be used to mean aspects of culture that pertain to the religion, such as [[festivals]] and [[Islamic clothing|dress code]]. It is also controversially used to denote the cultural aspects of traditionally Muslim people.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Melikian |first=Souren |author-link=Souren Melikian |date=4 November 2011 |title='Islamic' Culture: A Groundless Myth |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/05/arts/05iht-rartmelikian05.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=25 November 2013}}</ref> Finally, "Islamic civilization" may also refer to the aspects of the synthesized culture of the early Caliphates, including that of non-Muslims,{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=56}} sometimes referred to as "[[wikt:Islamicate|Islamicate]]".<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Wiley| isbn = 9781405155144| title =Islamicate Cosmopolitan Spirit | location = United Kingdom| year = 2021| last=Lawrence| first=Bruce| url =| page = xii| quote = }}</ref>

[[Islamic art]] encompasses the [[visual arts]] including fields as varied as [[Islamic architecture|architecture]], [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphy]], painting, and [[Islamic ceramics|ceramics]], among others.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ettinghausen |first1=Richard |first2=Oleg |last2=Grabar |first3=Marilyn |last3=Jenkins-Madina |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300088670/page/3 |title=Islamic Art and Architecture 650-1250 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=0-300-08869-8 |edition=2nd |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300088670/page/3 3]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Suarez|first=Michael F.|title=The Oxford companion to the book|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780198606536|location=Oxford and New York|pages=331ff|chapter=38 The History of the Book in the Muslim World|oclc=50238944}}</ref> While the making of images of animate beings has often been frowned upon in connection with [[Aniconism in Islam|laws against idolatry]], this rule has been interpreted in different ways by different scholars and in different historical periods. This stricture has been used to explain the prevalence of calligraphy, [[tessellation]], and pattern as key aspects of Islamic artistic culture.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Salim Ayduz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=or-6BwAAQBAJ&q=islamic+art+idolatry+geometry&pg=PA263 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam |last2=Ibrahim Kalin |last3=Caner Dagli |date=2014 |page=263|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-981257-8 |quote=Figural representation is virtually unused in Islamic art because of Islam's strong antagonism of idolatry. It was important for Muslim scholars and artists to find a style of art that represented the Islamic ideals of unity (''tawhid'') and order without figural representation. Geometric patterns perfectly suited this goal.}}</ref> Additionally, the [[Depictions of Muhammad|depiction of Muhammad]] is a contentious issue among Muslims.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=860736| title = An Indian Picture of Muhammad and His Companions
| author = T. W. Arnold| journal = The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs
| author-link = T. W. Arnold| date = June 1919| volume = 34| issue = 195
| publisher = The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, Vol. 34, No. 195.
| pages = 249–252}}</ref> In Islamic architecture, varying cultures show influence such as North African and Spanish Islamic architecture such as the [[Great Mosque of Kairouan]] containing [[marble]] and [[Porphyry (geology)|porphyry]] columns from Roman and Byzantine buildings,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Isichei |first=Elizabeth Allo |url={{Google books|LgnhYDozENgC|page=PA175|keywords=mosque%20kairouan%20roman columns|text=mosque+kairouan+roman+columns|plainurl=yes}} |title=A history of African societies to 1870 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-521-45599-2 |location=Cambridge |pages=175 |access-date=6 August 2010}}</ref> while [[mosques in Indonesia]] often have multi-tiered roofs from local [[Java]]nese styles.<ref>{{cite book |first=Gunawan |last=Tjahjono |title=Indonesian Heritage-Architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/architecture00indo/page/88 |year=1998 |publisher=Archipelago Press |location=Singapore |isbn=981-3018-30-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/architecture00indo/page/88 88–89] }}</ref>

The [[Islamic calendar]] is a [[lunar calendar]] that begins with the [[Hegira|Hijra]] of 622 CE, a date that was reportedly chosen by Caliph Umar as it was an important turning point in Muhammad's fortunes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Muslim-calendar|title=Islamic calendar|website=www.britannica.com|date=|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref> Islamic [[Muslim holidays|holy days]] fall on fixed dates of the lunar calendar, meaning they occur in [[seasons|different seasons]] in different years in the [[Gregorian calendar]]. The most important Islamic festivals are ''[[Eid al-Fitr]]'' ({{langx|ar|عيد الفطر}}) on the 1st of ''[[Shawwal]]'', marking the end of the fasting month ''Ramadan'', and ''[[Eid al-Adha]]'' ({{lang|ar|عيد الأضحى}}) on the 10th of ''Dhu al-Hijjah'', coinciding with the end of the [[Hajj]] (pilgrimage).<ref>{{Cite book| publisher =Oxford University Press| isbn =9780195165203| title =The Islamic World: Past and Present| year = 2004| last=Esposito| first=John| pages = 75–76 |ref=none}}</ref><ref name="www.britannica.com-2023" />

[[Cultural Muslims]] are religiously non-practicing individuals who still identify with Islam due to family backgrounds, personal experiences, or the social and cultural environment in which they grew up.<ref>{{cite book|first1= Cara|last1= Aitchison|author1-link= Cara Aitchison|first2= Peter E.|last2= Hopkins|author3-link= Mei-Po Kwan|author3= Mei-Po Kwan|title= Geographies of Muslim Identities: Diaspora, Gender and Belonging|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DRnthQxB8lYC&pg=PA147|access-date= 30 June 2013|year= 2007|publisher= Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn= 978-1-4094-8747-0|pages=147}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Islamic Counselling: An Introduction to theory and practice|first=G. Hussein|last= Rassool|year= 2015| isbn=9781317441250| page =10|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_QsCgAAQBAJ&dq=Muslims+who+are+religiously+unobservant,+secular+or+irreligious+individuals+who+still+identify+with+the+Muslim&pg=PA10|quote=The label 'Cultural Muslim' is used in the literature to describe those Muslims who are religiously unobservant, secular or irreligious individuals who still identify with the Muslim culture due to family background, personal experiences, or the social and cultural environment in which they grew up... For Cultural Muslim the declaration of faith is superficial and has no effect of their religious practices.}}</ref>

<gallery class="left">
File:Sixty Dome Mosque,Bagerhat.jpg|14th century [[Sixty Dome Mosque]], in [[Khalifatabad]], [[Bangladesh]]
File:Djenne great mud mosque.jpg|[[Great Mosque of Djenné]], in the [[west Africa]]n country of [[Mali]]
File:Closeup of Mir-i-Arab Madrasa.jpg|Dome in [[Po-i-Kalyan]], [[Bukhara]], [[Uzbekistan]]
File:1 great mosque xian 2011.JPG|14th century [[Great Mosque of Xi'an]] in China
File:Masjid Menara Kudus.jpg|16th century [[Menara Kudus Mosque]] in Indonesia showing Indian influence
File:Basmalah-1wm.svg|The phrase ''[[Basmala|Bismillah]]'' in an 18th-century Islamic calligraphy from the [[Ottoman empire|Ottoman]] region
File:Roof hafez tomb.jpg|Geometric arabesque tiling on the underside of the dome of Hafiz Shirazi's tomb in [[Shiraz]], [[Iran]]
</gallery>

== Islamist movements ==
{{Main|Islamism}}

{{See also|Islamism by country}}

[[Islamism]] is a range of [[Religion|religious]] and [[Politics|political]] [[Ideology|ideological]] movements that believe that Islam should influence political systems; among the most prominent are the [[Khilafat Movement]], [[Islamic revival]], [[Islamic democracy]], the [[Deobandi movement]], the [[Salafi movement]], among others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Islamism |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/islamism |website=Cambridge dictionary}}</ref> Its proponents believe Islam is innately political, and that Islam as a political system is superior to [[communism]], [[liberal democracy]], [[capitalism]], and other alternatives in achieving a just, successful society.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cox |first=Caroline |date=June 2003 |title=The 'West', Islam and Islamism |url=https://civitas.org.uk/pdf/cs29.pdf |access-date=28 November 2024 |website=Civitas: Institute for the Study of Civil Society}}</ref> The advocates of Islamism, also known as "al-Islamiyyun", are usually affiliated with Islamic institutions or social mobilization movements,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Islamism |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012444 |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=Oxford Reference|archive-date=25 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825061146/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012444 |url-status=live }}</ref> emphasizing the implementation of ''[[sharia]]'',<ref name="eikmeier-2007">{{cite journal |last1=Eikmeier |first1=Dale |title=Qutbism: An Ideology of Islamic-Fascism |journal=The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters |date=2007 |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=85–97 |doi=10.55540/0031-1723.2340|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[pan-Islamic]] political unity,<ref name="eikmeier-2007" /> and the creation of [[Islamic state]]s.<ref>Soage, Ana Belén. "Introduction to Political Islam." Religion Compass 3.5 (2009): 887–96.</ref>

== Influences on other religions ==
Whether movements such as the [[Druze]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=De McLaurin |first=Ronald |url=https://archive.org/details/politicalroleofm0000unse |title=The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East |publisher=Michigan University Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-03-052596-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/politicalroleofm0000unse/page/114 114] |quote=Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles, the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hunter |first=Shireen |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofislami0000unse |title=The Politics of Islamic Revivalism: Diversity and Unity: Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.), Georgetown University. Center for Strategic and International Studies |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-253-34549-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/politicsofislami0000unse/page/33 33] |quote=Druze – An offshoot of Shi'ism; its members are not considered Muslims by orthodox Muslims.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=R. Williams |first=Victoria |title=Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 volumes] |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-4408-6118-5 |page=318 |quote=As Druze is a nonritualistic religion without requirements to pray, fast, make pilgrimages, or observe days of rest, the Druze are not considered an Islamic people by Sunni Muslims.}}</ref> [[Berghouata]] and [[Ha-Mim]], either emerged from Islam or came to share certain beliefs with Islam, and whether each is a separate religion or a sect of Islam are controversial viewpoints.<ref>{{Cite book |last=D. Grafton |first=David |title=Piety, Politics, and Power: Lutherans Encountering Islam in the Middle East |publisher=[[Wipf and Stock Publishers]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-63087-718-7 |page=14 |quote=In addition, there are several quasi-Muslim sects, in that, although they follow many of the beliefs and practices of orthodox Islam, the majority of Sunnis consider them heretical. These would be the Ahmadiyya, Druze, Ibadi, and the Yazidis.}}</ref> The Druze faith further split from [[Isma'ilism]] as it developed its own unique doctrines, and finally separated from both Ismāʿīlīsm and Islam altogether; these include the belief that the Imam [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah|Al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh]] was [[Incarnation|God incarnate]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Poonawala |first=Ismail K. |date=July–September 1999 |title=Review: ''The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning'' by Heinz Halm |journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]] |publisher=[[American Oriental Society]] |volume=119 |issue=3 |page=542 |doi=10.2307/605981 |issn=0003-0279 |jstor=605981 |lccn=12032032 |oclc=47785421}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Bryer | first = David R. W. | title = The Origins of the Druze Religion (Fortsetzung) | journal = [[Der Islam]] | year = 1975 | volume = 52 | issue = 2 | pages = 239–262 | doi = 10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 | s2cid = 162363556 | url = https://doi.org/10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 | issn = 1613-0928 | ref = {{harvid|Bryer|1975b}} | url-access = subscription }}</ref> [[Yazdânism]] is seen as a blend of local Kurdish beliefs and Islamic Sufi doctrine introduced to [[Kurdistan]] by [[Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir]] in the 12th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Foltz |first=Richard |title=Religions of Iran: From Prehistory to the Present |date=7 November 2013 |isbn=978-1-78074-307-3 |page=219 |chapter=Two Kurdish Sects: The Yezidis and the Yaresan |publisher=Oneworld Publications |chapter-url= |chapter-url-access=}}</ref> [[Bábism]] stems from Twelver Shia passed through [[Siyyid 'Ali Muhammad i-Shirazi al-Bab]] while one of his followers Mirza Husayn 'Ali Nuri [[Baha'u'llah]] founded the [[Baháʼí Faith]].<ref>{{cite web |last=House of Justice |first=Universal |title=One Common Faith |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/bic/OCF/ocf-8.html |access-date=1 April 2017 |website=reference.bahai.org}}</ref> [[Yarsanism]],<ref name="Z. Mir-Hosseini 1994, p.267">{{cite journal |last=Mir-Hosseini |first=Z. |date=1994 |title=Inner Truth and Outer History: The Two Worlds of the Ahl-e Haqq of Kurdistan |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=26 |pages=267–268}}</ref> [[Din-i Ilahi]],{{sfnp|Roychoudhury|1941|page=306}} and [[Ali-Illahism]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Layard |first=Austen Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SQe_sNtIaMC&q=ali%2520illahism&pg=PA216 |title=Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon: With Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan and the Desert: Being the Result of a Second Expedition Undertaken for the Trustees of the British Museum |date=2010-08-31 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108016773 |page=216 |language=en}}</ref> are considered separations from Islam. [[Sikhism]], founded by [[Guru Nanak]] in late 15th century [[Punjab]], primarily incorporates aspects of Islam and [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Elsberg |first=Constance |date=2003 |title=Graceful Women |publisher=University of Tennessee Press |isbn=978-1-57233-214-0 |pages=27–28}}</ref>

== Criticism ==
{{Main|Criticism of Islam}}

{{see also|Criticism of Muhammad|Criticism of the Quran}}
[[File:John Damascus (arabic icon).gif|right|thumb|[[John of Damascus]], under the [[Umayyad Caliphate]], viewed Islamic doctrines as a hodgepodge from the [[Bible]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/general/stjohn_islam.aspx |title=Writings by St John of Damascus |publisher=Catholic University of America Press |year=1958 |series=The Fathers of the Church |volume=37 |location=Washington, DC |pages=153–160 |chapter=St. John of Damascus's Critique of Islam |access-date=8 July 2019}}</ref>]]

Criticism of Islam has existed since its formative stages. Early criticism came from Jewish authors, such as [[Ibn Kammuna]], and Christian authors, many of whom viewed Islam as a [[Medieval Christian views on Muhammad|Christian heresy]] or a form of [[idolatry]], often explaining it in [[Apocalypticism|apocalyptic]] terms.{{sfnp|Fahlbusch et al|2001|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=yaecVMhMWaEC|page=759}} 759]}}

Christian writers criticized Islam's sensual descriptions of paradise. 9th century Muslim scholar [[Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari]] defended the Quranic description of paradise by asserting that the Bible also implies such ideas, such as drinking wine in heaven in the [[Gospel of Matthew]]. Christian 4th century theologian [[Augustine of Hippo]]'s doctrines led to the broad repudiation of bodily pleasure in both life and the afterlife.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Christian Lange |title=Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-521-50637-3 |pages=18–20}}</ref>

A study{{what|date=April 2026}} found higher Islamic religiosity correlated with higher [[Islamic extremism]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kamenowski |first1=Maria |last2=Manzoni |first2=Patrik |last3=Haymoz |first3=Sandrine |last4=Isenhardt |first4=Anna |last5=Jacot |first5=Cédric |last6=Baier |first6=Dirk |date=2021-06-17 |title=Religion as an influencing factor of right-wing, left-wing and Islamist extremism. Findings of a Swiss youth study |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=6 |article-number=e0252851 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0252851 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8211158 |pmid=34138885 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1652851K }}</ref>

Defamatory images of [[medieval Christian views on Muhammad|Muhammad]], derived from early 7th-century depictions of the [[Eastern Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire|Byzantine Church]],<ref>[[Minou Reeves|Reeves, Minou]], and P. J. Stewart. 2003. ''Muhammad in Europe: A Thousand Years of Western Myth-Making''. [[New York University Press|NYU Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-8147-7564-6}}. p. 93–96.</ref> appear in the 14th-century epic poem ''[[Divine Comedy]]'' by [[Dante Alighieri]].<ref name="Stone">Stone, G. 2006. ''Dante's Pluralism and the Islamic Philosophy of Religion''. [[Springer Publishing]]. {{ISBN|978-1-4039-8309-1}}. p. 53–54.</ref> Here, Muhammad is depicted in the eighth circle of hell, along with Ali. Dante does not blame Islam as a whole but accuses Muhammad of [[schism]], by establishing another religion after Christianity.<ref name="Stone" />

Other criticisms centre on the [[Human rights in Muslim-majority countries|treatment of individuals within modern Muslim-majority countries]], including issues related to human rights, particularly in relation to the application of Islamic law.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Yohanan|last1=Friedmann|year=2003|title=Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/tolerancecoercio00frie|url-access=limited|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/tolerancecoercio00frie/page/n31 18], 35|isbn=978-0-521-02699-4}}</ref> Furthermore, in the wake of the recent [[multiculturalism]] trend, Islam's influence on the ability of [[Muslim diaspora|Muslim immigrants]] in the West to assimilate has been [[criticism of multiculturalism|criticized]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Modood |first=Tariq |url=https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo |title=Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A European Approach |date=6 April 2006 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-35515-5 |edition=1st |page=[https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo/page/n43 29] |url-access=registration}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Islam|Religion
}}
* [[Glossary of Islam]]
* [[Index of Islam-related articles]]
* [[Islamic mythology]]
* [[Islamic studies]]
* [[List of scientists in medieval Islamic world]]
* [[Major religious groups]]
* [[Outline of Islam]]
* [[Quranism]]
* [[Ban on Hadith]]

==References==
===Footnotes===
{{notelist}}
<references group="A"/>

===Quran and hadith===
{{Reflist|group=lower-roman}}

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
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{{Refend}}

=== Encyclopedias and dictionaries ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{harvc |last1=Gardet|first1=L.|last2=Jomier|first2=J.|year=2012|c=Islām |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0387}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]]}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |ref={{harvid|Fahlbusch et al|2001}} |editor-last=Fahlbusch |editor-first=Erwin |display-editors=etal |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=yaecVMhMWaEC}} |title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-90-04-11695-5 |volume=2}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |year=1913–1936 |title=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |editor1-last=Houtsma |editor1-first=M.T. |editor1-link=Martijn Theodoor Houtsma |editor2-first=T.W. |editor2-last=Arnold |editor2-link=Thomas Walker Arnold |editor3-first=R. |editor3-last=Basset |editor4-first=R. |editor4-last=Hartmann |edition=1st |place=Leiden |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn=978-90-04-08265-6 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam (1st ed.)|1913–1936}}}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |year=2012 |title=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P.J. |issn=1573-3912 |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |edition=2nd |place=Leiden |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)|2012}}}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |publisher=[[Brill Academic Publishers]] |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P.J. |issn=1573-3912 |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|n.d.}} |date=n.d. |url=https://brill.com/view/package/eio?language=en |url-access=subscription}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World |series=[[Macmillan Reference Books]] |publisher=[[Thomson-Gale]] |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0001unse |editor-last=Martin |editor-first=Richard C. |isbn=978-0-02-865603-8}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |title=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online]] |publisher=[[Brill Academic Publishers]] |date=n.d. |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |editor-link=Jane Dammen McAuliffe}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān]] |volume=2 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=[[Brill Academic Publishers]] |year=2002}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān]] |volume=3 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=[[Brill Academic Publishers]] |year=2003}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals |publisher=[[Routledge]] |editor-last=Salamone |editor-first=Frank |edition=1st |isbn=978-0-415-94180-8 |series=Routledge Encyclopedias of Religion and Society |volume=6 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre00sala |jstor=j.ctt1jd94wq |year=2004 }}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2003 |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=[[AltaMira Press]] |url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas |editor-last=Glassé |editor-first=Cyril |series=Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam |isbn=978-0-7591-0190-6 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-512558-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada |url-access=registration}} {{doi|10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001}} – via Oxford Reference.
* {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |place=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-975726-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title=The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Routledge]] |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=isDgI0-0Ip4C|page=}} |editor-last=Leaman |editor-first=Oliver |isbn=978-0-415-32639-1}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin}}
* Abdul-Haqq, Abdiyah Akbar (1980). ''Sharing Your Faith with a Muslim''. Minneapolis: [[Bethany House Publishers]]. ''N.B''. Presents the genuine doctrines and concepts of Islam and of the Holy Qur'an, and this religion's affinities with Christianity and its Sacred Scriptures, in order to "dialogue" on the basis of what both faiths really teach. {{ISBN|0-87123-553-6}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE]]; [[Cato Institute]] |location=Thousand Oaks, CA |last=Ahmad |first=Imad-ad-Dean |title=Islam |author-link=Imad-ad-Dean Ahmad |editor-last=Hamowy |editor-first=Ronald |editor-link=Ronald Hamowy |pages=256–258 |doi=10.4135/9781412965811.n155 |isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4 |lccn=2008009151 |oclc=750831024 |url={{Google books|yxNgXs3TkJYC|plainurl=yes}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Akyol |first=Mustafa |url=https://archive.org/details/islamwithoutextr0000akyo |title=Islam Without Extremes |publisher=[[W.W. Norton & Company]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-393-07086-6 |edition=1st |author-link=Mustafa Akyol}}
* {{Cite book |last=Arberry |first=A.J. |url=https://archive.org/details/koraninterpreted00ajar |title=The Koran Interpreted: A Translation |publisher=Touchstone |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-684-82507-6 |edition=1st |author-link=A. J. Arberry}}
* Cragg, Kenneth (1975). ''The House of Islam'', in ''The Religious Life of Man Series''. Second ed. Belmont, CA: [[Wadsworth Publishing Company]] 1975. xiii, 145 p. {{ISBN|0-8221-0139-4}}.
* {{Cite book |last=Hafez |first=Sherine |title=An Islam of Her Own: Reconsidering Religion and Secularism in Women's Islamic Movements |year=2011 |publisher=[[New York University Press]] |isbn=9780814773055 |url=https://opensquare.nyupress.org/books/9780814790724/}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Muhammad Muhsin |title=Noble Quran |last2=Al-Hilali Khan |last3=Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din |publisher=[[Dar-us-Salam Publications]] |year=1999 |isbn=978-9960-740-79-9 |edition=1st |author-link=Muhammad Muhsin Khan}}
* Khanbaghi, A, (2006). ''The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran''. [[I. B. Tauris]].
* Khavari, Farid A. (1990). ''Oil and Islam: the Ticking Bomb''. First ed. Malibu, Calif.: Roundtable Publications. viii, 277 p., ill. with maps and charts. {{ISBN|0-915677-55-5}}.
* {{Cite book |title=The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis |publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]] |year=1999 |isbn=978-965-224-040-8 |editor-last=Kramer |editor-first=Martin |editor-link=Martin Kramer}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kuban |first=Dogan |title=Muslim Religious Architecture |publisher=[[Brill Academic Publishers]] |year=1974 |isbn=978-90-04-03813-4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/islamwest00lewi_0 |title=Islam and the West |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-19-509061-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/culturesinconfli0000lewi |title=Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-510283-3 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mubarkpuri |first=Saifur-Rahman |title=The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Prophet |publisher=[[Dar-us-Salam Publications]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-59144-071-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Najeebabadi |first=Akbar Shah |title=History of Islam |publisher=[[Dar-us-Salam Publications]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-59144-034-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sayilgan |first=Salih |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/god-evil-and-suffering-in-islam/C4C89591ADAAF25F104D517C4F4634B3 |title=God, Evil, and Suffering in Islam |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2023 |isbn=9781009377294}}
* {{Cite book |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |url=https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam |title=Deciphering the Signs of God: A Phenomenological Approach to Islam |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-7914-1982-3 |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |access-date=31 January 2019 |archive-date=22 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422154518/https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam |url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite book |last=Schuon |first=Frithjof |title=Understanding Islam |publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]] |year=1963 |isbn=978-0941532242 |edition=3rd |author-link=Frithjof Schuon}}
* {{Cite book |last=Stoddard |first=Lothrop |title=The New World of Islam |publisher=[[Chapman & Hall]] |year=1922 |url=https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/24107}}
* {{Cite book |last=Walker |first=Benjamin |title=Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith |publisher=[[Peter Owen Publishers]] |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7206-1038-3 |author-link=Benjamin Walker (author)}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Library resources box}}
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam "Islam"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/index.shtml Religion & Ethics – Islam] A number of introductory articles on Christianity from the BBC

{{Islam topics}}
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|q = Islam
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{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Islam| ]]
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Brittial Bania

2026-10-09T14:05:40Z

Channel500k:

The '''Brittial Bania/Bania''' is an ethnic community in [[Assam|Assam, India]]. The group traces its roots to a non-aryan community who reached Assam (Ancient Kamarupa or Pragjyotishpur) in ancient times. Some historians claim that after the Austric group migrated to ancient Assam, the next group of people who arrived was the Dravidian group, who are represented by the Bania and Kaibbartas today.<ref>Cambridge History of India ( Page, 49-50)</ref><ref>Chandra Bhusan's : Assam, Its Heritage and Culture</ref><ref>Early History of Kamrupa----Rai KL Barua Bahadur(1933)(page-16,17,18,19)</ref> Unlike the mainland Baniya community, this community of Assam is recognized as [[Schedule Caste]] by the government of India.<ref>http://socialjustice.nic.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/Scan-0002.jpg</ref><ref>https://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_sc_assam.pdf</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Goswami|first=Momita|title=OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE OF SCHEDULED CASTES POPULATION IN THE BRAHMAPUTRA VALLEY, ASSAM: A GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS |publisher=Global Institute For Research & Education,G.J.B.A.H.S.,Vol.3(1):78-85 |issn= 2319-5584 |url=https://www.longdom.org/articles/occupational-structure-of-scheduled-castes-population-in-the-brahmaputra-valley-assam-a-geographical-analysis.pdf |language=en}}</ref>

==Origin==
[[Chand Sadagar]], (Assamese:চান্দ সদাগৰ) who was a Merchant ("Bania" in Assamese) is believed to be the ancient descendant of the ethnic Bania community of Assam. He was a rich and powerful river and sea merchant of Champak Nagar, [[Kamarupa]] who lived between 200-300 AD. Narayan Dev gave an account in his ''Manasamangal'' about the merchant ship of the trader Chand Saudagar proceeding to the sea from ancient Champaknagar of Assam passing through [[Saptagram]] and [[Tribeni, Hooghly|Tribeni]], the tri-junction of the [[Hooghly River|Ganges]], [[Saraswati River (Bengal)|Saraswati]] and [[Jamuna River (West Bengal)|Jamuna River]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Miller|first1=Frederic P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D4lfXwAACAAJ|title=Chand Sadagar|last2=Vandome|first2=Agnes F.|last3=John|first3=McBrewster|date=2010-11-01|publisher=VDM Publishing|isbn=978-613-2-81452-4|language=en}}</ref>

In the Padmapuran (Hindu Scriptures), account of Chand Bania (Sadagar) is specifically mentioned. Narayan Dev also have mentioned in Padmapuran about the father of Behula who was called as Sahe Bania. Sahe Bania established his kingdom at Udalguri/Tangla area of the old Kamarupa.Further, it has been established in the history book "Mangaldai Buranji" by the historian Dineswar Sarma that Chand Sadagar belonged to ancient Bania community whose predecessors are represented by the Assamese Bania community today. These people later got scattered all over Brahmaputra valley. However, people with direct lineage of Chand Sadagar are still there in Udalguri and Tangla district of Assam.

The ruins and statue of Chand Sadagar are found in Chhaygaon Area of Assam.It is proved genuine by the Archaeological Department of India. Moreover, Champak Nagar is still found in Chaigaon of Kamarupa.

== Medieval history ==

During the Medieval Period, most of the people from Bania community accepted [[Vaishnavism]] under the patronage of [[Srimanta Sankardeva]]. Hari Das Baniya, a prominent Vaishnav Saint during the 14th century, was a devotee and a very close disciple of Srimanta Sankardeva. Hari Das Bania Ata later took Patronage at the Barpeta Satra although he originally belong to Nagaon. He played a significant role in the Vaishnav Moment led by Srimanta Samkardeva. The famous historian of the Ahom King Purandar Singha, Swarnakar Dutiram Hazarika was from this community. One of his well known history books is ''Kali Bharat Buranji''. It is the one and only history book written in the form of poetry in Assam.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bhuyan|first=Dr. Surya Kr.|title=Asomor Podyo Buranji or A Metrical Chronicle Of Assam |publisher= Dept. of Historical and Antiquarian Studies, Assam|pages= 3–13 |issn= 2319-5584 |url=https://book.assamarchive.com/Asamar-Padya-Buranji.pdf |language=en}}</ref>

He also wrote several other important books in the 18th century like ''Rasik Puran'' (about the evil effect of opium in Assamese society) and ''Baniya Xokol Axomoloi Oha Vrittanto'' (an account of the Advent of Baniyas to Assam). The Baniyas of Assam were offered good ranks in the Ahom Administration/Army: Pani Phukan, Hazarika, Boruah, Borah, Mudoi etc.
The Bania people like the Kaibbartas were considered as lower class by the Kayastha & Brahmin community of Assam in the older times. Even, this system is still in practice in some of the places in Assam. Like, the Kaibbarta community, the Baniya community of upper Assam also joined the [[Moamoria rebellion|Moamoria Rebellion]] (1769–1805) as they were followers of Aniruddha Deva. They took patronage under the Satras that followed the Kala Sanghati (Mayamara Cult which allowed people from all castes and tribes equal status and opportunities in preaching and practicing the Vaishnav Dharma) like Dihing Satra, Mayamara Satra etc.

== Post-Colonisation era ==

During the late 1980s Sjt. Sonadhar Senapati who was a well educated Assamese man and was working in a good position at the Assam Secretariat at Shillong represented the problems of the oppressed castes and tribes of Assam in front of the British. During the meeting he met Mr. Mahi Miri who represented the Mising Tribe in the meeting. Sonadhar Senapati was impressed with the Charming personality of Mr. Mahi Miri. Sonadhar Senapati breaking all the stereotypes of the society during that time, arranged his daughter's (Indira Senapati's) marriage with Mr. Mahi Miri who later became the Chief Conservator of [[Kaziranga National Park]].

It was under the leadership of Sonadhar Senapati, that these indigenous community from the Brahmaputra Valley was inserted in the [[Schedule Caste]] category by the Govt. of India. Indira Senapati alias Indira Miri is also one of the famous personality of the Assamese Bania community. [[Indira Miri]] who did her masters at University of Edinburgh, UK during that time was appointed as the Chief Education Officer of NEFA with her base at Sadiya, a small Assamese town and worked among the tribals for ten years. During the earthquake of 1950, Miri and her fellow teachers were known to have worked for bringing relief to the people of the region. She resigned from NEFA service in 1957 to join the Jorhat BT College as it principal and worked there till her retirement in 1969. She also served the Guwahati University as a member of its executive council., the renowned Indian educationist, awardee of Padmashree award.<ref>http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Place=Assam</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Government Of Assam Department Of Historical And Antiquarian Studies |publisher=Dept. of Historical and Antiquarian Studies, Assam|page= 56 |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.280118/2015.280118.Government-Of_djvu.txt |language=en}}</ref><ref>https://northeastreview.wordpress.com/2013/01/01/mereng/comment-page-1/</ref>

People from this community are found in various districts of Brahmaputra Valley, Kamrup, Udalguri, Darrang, Lakhimpur, Nagaon, [[Majuli]], Jorhat, Sivasagar, Dibrugarh etc. Notable persons of the Assamese Bania community of the 20th/ 21st century are [[Indra Bania]] (Actor), Kumar Sanjay Krishna (IAS officer) etc.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Assam]]

Draft:Deeplina Deka

2026-10-09T13:57:54Z

Channel500k: Submitting draft for review

{{AfC submission||ts=20261009135753|u=Channel500k|ns=118}} 
{{Infobox person
| name = Deeplina Deka
| native_name = দীপলিনা ডেকা
[[File:Deeplina Deka.jpg|thumb|Deeplina Deka]]
| native_name_lang = as
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1992|2|7}}
| birth_place = Guwahati, Assam, India
| nationality = Indian
| education = B.Tech in Electrical Engineering
| alma_mater = Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Management and Technology
| occupation = Singer, actress, classical dancer, model
| years_active = 2015–present
| known_for = Playback singing, ''Mission China'', ''Sui Diyana''
}}

'''Deeplina Deka''' (born 7 February 1992) is an Indian singer, actress, classical dancer, and former electrical engineer primarily active in the Assamese entertainment industry.<ref name="pratidin">{{cite news |last=Khan |first=Hasid |title=Deeplina Deka Net Worth, Family, Education, Biography and More |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/lifestyle/deeplina-deka-net-worth-family-education-biography-and-more |work=Pratidin Time |date=26 September 2024}}</ref> She made her feature film acting debut in Zubeen Garg's 2017 blockbuster film ''Mission China'' and gained widespread popularity for hit singles such as "Sui Diyana".<ref name="imdb">{{cite web |title=Deeplina Deka biography |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm9267156/ |website=IMDb}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Deeplina Deka was born in Guwahati, Assam, to Babul Kumar Deka and Padumi Deka.<ref name="amazing">{{cite web |last=Das |first=Bhaskar Jyoti |title=Deeplina Deka Biography, Wiki, Age, Phone Number, Songs, Photos |url=https://www.amazing-assam.com/2021/02/deeplina-deka.html |website=Amazing Assam |date=19 April 2024}}</ref> Due to her father's employment at the Jagiroad Paper Mill, her family briefly relocated to Jagiroad before returning to Guwahati.<ref name="amazing" />

She completed her early schooling at Kendriya Vidyalaya, Jagiroad, and finished her higher secondary education at Maharishi Vidya Mandir, Guwahati.<ref name="publicbio">{{cite web |title=Deeplina Deka Biography, Age, Height, Boyfriend, Income & More |url=https://publicbiography.com/post/deeplina-deka-biography-age-height-boyfriend-income-more/10921 |website=Public Biography |date=5 February 2025}}</ref> Deka earned a Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) degree in Electrical Engineering from the Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Management and Technology (GIMT), Guwahati, in 2015.<ref name="pratidin" />

Trained in classical music, Deka holds a ''Visharad'' degree in Indian classical music and completed formal training as a Kathak dancer.<ref name="amazing" /> In addition to the performing arts, she represented her school at national-level badminton competitions.<ref name="amazing" />

== Career ==
After graduating, Deka worked in corporate telecom roles at Bharti Airtel and Reliance Jio Infocomm Ltd.<ref name="pratidin" /> However, she transitioned to full-time performing arts after making her music video debut in 2015 with the song "Nuwari Nuwari".<ref name="amazing" />

She made her feature film acting debut in 2017 with the Assamese action drama ''Mission China'', directed by Zubeen Garg.<ref name="pratidin" /> The film achieved major commercial success across Northeast India and established her as a prominent regional screen personality.<ref name="amazing" /> In 2022, she made a brief appearance in the Hindi feature film ''Anek''.<ref name="imdb" />

As a musical artist, Deka released several independent singles and playback tracks, notably "Sui Diyana", which became a major regional hit.<ref name="amazing" /> She has also worked as an anchor for Doordarshan Kendra Guwahati and performs extensively in live concerts across Assam.<ref name="amazing" />

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2017 || ''Mission China'' || Pinky || Assamese || Acting debut<ref name="pratidin" />
|-
| 2022 || ''Anek'' || Special appearance || Hindi || Guest appearance<ref name="imdb" />
|}

=== Selected music videos ===
* "Nuwari Nuwari" (2015)<ref name="amazing" />
* "Sui Diyana" (2018)<ref name="amazing" />
* "Rongapula"
* "Kuwalaye"

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

Draft:Deeplina Deka

2026-10-09T13:57:29Z

Channel500k:

{{Infobox person
| name = Deeplina Deka
| native_name = দীপলিনা ডেকা
[[File:Deeplina Deka.jpg|thumb|Deeplina Deka]]
| native_name_lang = as
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1992|2|7}}
| birth_place = Guwahati, Assam, India
| nationality = Indian
| education = B.Tech in Electrical Engineering
| alma_mater = Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Management and Technology
| occupation = Singer, actress, classical dancer, model
| years_active = 2015–present
| known_for = Playback singing, ''Mission China'', ''Sui Diyana''
}}

'''Deeplina Deka''' (born 7 February 1992) is an Indian singer, actress, classical dancer, and former electrical engineer primarily active in the Assamese entertainment industry.<ref name="pratidin">{{cite news |last=Khan |first=Hasid |title=Deeplina Deka Net Worth, Family, Education, Biography and More |url=https://www.pratidintime.com/lifestyle/deeplina-deka-net-worth-family-education-biography-and-more |work=Pratidin Time |date=26 September 2024}}</ref> She made her feature film acting debut in Zubeen Garg's 2017 blockbuster film ''Mission China'' and gained widespread popularity for hit singles such as "Sui Diyana".<ref name="imdb">{{cite web |title=Deeplina Deka biography |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm9267156/ |website=IMDb}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Deeplina Deka was born in Guwahati, Assam, to Babul Kumar Deka and Padumi Deka.<ref name="amazing">{{cite web |last=Das |first=Bhaskar Jyoti |title=Deeplina Deka Biography, Wiki, Age, Phone Number, Songs, Photos |url=https://www.amazing-assam.com/2021/02/deeplina-deka.html |website=Amazing Assam |date=19 April 2024}}</ref> Due to her father's employment at the Jagiroad Paper Mill, her family briefly relocated to Jagiroad before returning to Guwahati.<ref name="amazing" />

She completed her early schooling at Kendriya Vidyalaya, Jagiroad, and finished her higher secondary education at Maharishi Vidya Mandir, Guwahati.<ref name="publicbio">{{cite web |title=Deeplina Deka Biography, Age, Height, Boyfriend, Income & More |url=https://publicbiography.com/post/deeplina-deka-biography-age-height-boyfriend-income-more/10921 |website=Public Biography |date=5 February 2025}}</ref> Deka earned a Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) degree in Electrical Engineering from the Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Management and Technology (GIMT), Guwahati, in 2015.<ref name="pratidin" />

Trained in classical music, Deka holds a ''Visharad'' degree in Indian classical music and completed formal training as a Kathak dancer.<ref name="amazing" /> In addition to the performing arts, she represented her school at national-level badminton competitions.<ref name="amazing" />

== Career ==
After graduating, Deka worked in corporate telecom roles at Bharti Airtel and Reliance Jio Infocomm Ltd.<ref name="pratidin" /> However, she transitioned to full-time performing arts after making her music video debut in 2015 with the song "Nuwari Nuwari".<ref name="amazing" />

She made her feature film acting debut in 2017 with the Assamese action drama ''Mission China'', directed by Zubeen Garg.<ref name="pratidin" /> The film achieved major commercial success across Northeast India and established her as a prominent regional screen personality.<ref name="amazing" /> In 2022, she made a brief appearance in the Hindi feature film ''Anek''.<ref name="imdb" />

As a musical artist, Deka released several independent singles and playback tracks, notably "Sui Diyana", which became a major regional hit.<ref name="amazing" /> She has also worked as an anchor for Doordarshan Kendra Guwahati and performs extensively in live concerts across Assam.<ref name="amazing" />

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2017 || ''Mission China'' || Pinky || Assamese || Acting debut<ref name="pratidin" />
|-
| 2022 || ''Anek'' || Special appearance || Hindi || Guest appearance<ref name="imdb" />
|}

=== Selected music videos ===
* "Nuwari Nuwari" (2015)<ref name="amazing" />
* "Sui Diyana" (2018)<ref name="amazing" />
* "Rongapula"
* "Kuwalaye"

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

File:Deeplina Deka.jpg

2026-10-09T13:56:31Z

Channel500k:

Deeplina Deka Instagram Photos

Draft:Deeplina Deka

2026-10-09T13:51:07Z

Channel500k: Article created via ArticleWizard

{{Infobox artist
| name = Deeplina Deka
}}

'''Deeplina Deka'''.

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

Draft:Chhaygaon

2026-10-09T13:42:27Z

Channel500k: Submitting draft for review

{{AfC submission||ts=20261009134227|u=Channel500k|ns=118}} 
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chhaygaon
| native_name = ছয়গাঁও
| native_name_lang = as
| settlement_type = Town
| pushpin_map = India Assam
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Chhaygaon in Assam, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kamrup district]]
| timezone1 = Indian Standard Time
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 781124
| registration_plate = AS
}}

'''Chhaygaon''' (also written as '''Chaygaon''') is a town in [[Kamrup district]] in the Indian state of [[Assam]]. Located in the western part of the state, it serves the surrounding communities as a centre for local commerce, education and road transport.

== Geography ==
Chhaygaon lies in western Kamrup district, around 38 kilometres west of [[Guwahati]]. The landscape around the town consists of villages, cultivated areas and other rural settlements.

The town is connected to Guwahati and neighbouring parts of western Assam by National Highway 17. Its location along this road supports movement between the locality and other settlements in the region.

== Name ==
The name ''Chhaygaon'' is traditionally interpreted as a combination of two Kamrupi Assamese words: ''chhay'' (ছয়), meaning six, and ''gaon'' (গাঁও), meaning village. Under this interpretation, the name refers to six villages. A reliable historical or linguistic source would be needed to establish the origin of the name conclusively.

== History ==
Chhaygaon is situated within the wider historical region of Kamrup, which has played an important role in the development of Assam's cultural and social traditions.

Local traditions and folklore form part of the area's cultural heritage. However, a detailed account of Chhaygaon's early settlement, historical development and administrative changes requires support from documented historical research and archival records.

== Culture ==
The cultural life of Chhaygaon reflects traditions associated with western Assam and the Kamrup region. Kamrupi Assamese is spoken in the surrounding area, while Assamese is the principal official language of the state.

The locality is associated with religious traditions connected with the Chandika temple. Regional folklore also links the area with Chand Sadagar, Behula and Lakhindar, figures found in the broader Manasa narrative tradition. Specific details about these associations should be supported by dependable local or historical sources.

== Education ==
Educational facilities in Chhaygaon and nearby villages serve the needs of the surrounding population.

'''Chhaygaon College''', established in 1974 according to the available account, provides higher education in the area and is associated with Gauhati University. The locality also has schools, including Jatiya Vidyalaya Chhaygaon, along with educational institutions serving neighbouring communities.

== Transport ==
Road transport is an important means of travel to and from Chhaygaon. National Highway 17 connects the town with Guwahati and other settlements in western Assam. Buses and other road vehicles provide links to nearby towns and villages.

The nearest major airport is [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport]], located near Guwahati. Railway access is available in the wider region; the nearest station and available services should be verified using current railway information.

== See also ==
* [[Kamrup district]]
* [[Assam]]
* [[Guwahati]]

== References ==


== External links ==
* [https://kamrup.assam.gov.in/ Official website of Kamrup district]

Draft:Chhaygaon

2026-10-09T13:42:10Z

Channel500k:

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chhaygaon
| native_name = ছয়গাঁও
| native_name_lang = as
| settlement_type = Town
| pushpin_map = India Assam
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Chhaygaon in Assam, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kamrup district]]
| timezone1 = Indian Standard Time
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 781124
| registration_plate = AS
}}

'''Chhaygaon''' (also written as '''Chaygaon''') is a town in [[Kamrup district]] in the Indian state of [[Assam]]. Located in the western part of the state, it serves the surrounding communities as a centre for local commerce, education and road transport.

== Geography ==
Chhaygaon lies in western Kamrup district, around 38 kilometres west of [[Guwahati]]. The landscape around the town consists of villages, cultivated areas and other rural settlements.

The town is connected to Guwahati and neighbouring parts of western Assam by National Highway 17. Its location along this road supports movement between the locality and other settlements in the region.

== Name ==
The name ''Chhaygaon'' is traditionally interpreted as a combination of two Kamrupi Assamese words: ''chhay'' (ছয়), meaning six, and ''gaon'' (গাঁও), meaning village. Under this interpretation, the name refers to six villages. A reliable historical or linguistic source would be needed to establish the origin of the name conclusively.

== History ==
Chhaygaon is situated within the wider historical region of Kamrup, which has played an important role in the development of Assam's cultural and social traditions.

Local traditions and folklore form part of the area's cultural heritage. However, a detailed account of Chhaygaon's early settlement, historical development and administrative changes requires support from documented historical research and archival records.

== Culture ==
The cultural life of Chhaygaon reflects traditions associated with western Assam and the Kamrup region. Kamrupi Assamese is spoken in the surrounding area, while Assamese is the principal official language of the state.

The locality is associated with religious traditions connected with the Chandika temple. Regional folklore also links the area with Chand Sadagar, Behula and Lakhindar, figures found in the broader Manasa narrative tradition. Specific details about these associations should be supported by dependable local or historical sources.

== Education ==
Educational facilities in Chhaygaon and nearby villages serve the needs of the surrounding population.

'''Chhaygaon College''', established in 1974 according to the available account, provides higher education in the area and is associated with Gauhati University. The locality also has schools, including Jatiya Vidyalaya Chhaygaon, along with educational institutions serving neighbouring communities.

== Transport ==
Road transport is an important means of travel to and from Chhaygaon. National Highway 17 connects the town with Guwahati and other settlements in western Assam. Buses and other road vehicles provide links to nearby towns and villages.

The nearest major airport is [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport]], located near Guwahati. Railway access is available in the wider region; the nearest station and available services should be verified using current railway information.

== See also ==
* [[Kamrup district]]
* [[Assam]]
* [[Guwahati]]

== References ==


== External links ==
* [https://kamrup.assam.gov.in/ Official website of Kamrup district]

Draft:Chhaygaon

2026-10-09T13:36:30Z

Channel500k:

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chhaygaon
| native_name = ছয়গাঁও
| native_name_lang = as
| settlement_type = Town
| pushpin_map = India Assam
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Assam, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kamrup district]]
| timezone1 = IST
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 781124
| registration_plate = AS
}}

'''Chhaygaon''' (also spelled '''Chaygaon''') is a town in the [[Kamrup district]] of [[Assam]], India. It is situated in western Assam and serves as a local centre for trade, education and transportation. The town is associated with the cultural traditions of the Kamrup region.

== Geography ==
Chhaygaon is located in the western part of the Kamrup district, approximately 38 kilometres west of [[Guwahati]]. The surrounding area includes rural settlements and agricultural land. National Highway 17 connects the locality with Guwahati and other towns in western Assam.

== Etymology ==
The name Chhaygaon is commonly explained as deriving from the Kamrupi Assamese words ''chhay'' (ছয়), meaning "six", and ''gaon'' (গাঁও), meaning "village". According to this interpretation, the name refers to six villages.

== History ==
The Chhaygaon region forms part of the historically significant Kamrup area of Assam. The wider region has a long history of settlement and cultural development.

The locality is associated with historical traditions and folklore connected with the Kamrup region. Detailed historical accounts of the settlement would require additional citations from published historical and archival sources.

== Culture ==
Chhaygaon forms part of the cultural region of western Assam, where Kamrupi Assamese traditions have an important place in local life. Assamese is the principal official language of the state, while Kamrupi Assamese is spoken in the surrounding region.

Local religious traditions include worship associated with the Chandika temple. The area is also linked in local folklore with Chand Sadagar, Behula and Lakhindar, characters associated with the wider Manasa-related narrative tradition.

== Education ==
Chhaygaon and its surrounding area are served by schools and higher-education institutions.

'''Chhaygaon College''' was established in 1974 and provides higher education in the region. It offers undergraduate education and is associated with Gauhati University.

Other educational institutions in the locality include Jatiya Vidyalaya Chhaygaon and schools serving nearby villages.

== Transport ==
National Highway 17 provides road connectivity between Chhaygaon, Guwahati and other settlements in western Assam. Buses and other road transport services connect the locality with nearby towns and villages.

The nearest major airport is [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport]], near Guwahati. Railway services are available in the wider surrounding region.

== See also ==
* [[Kamrup district]]
* [[Assam]]
* [[Guwahati]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://kamrup.assam.gov.in/ Official website of Kamrup district]

File:Chhaygaon-college-ratanpur-kamrup-mechanical-engineering-colleges-6TmWccc9XP.jpg

2026-10-09T13:34:34Z

Channel500k:

Chhaygaon College

Draft:Chhaygaon

2026-10-09T13:23:23Z

Channel500k: Article created via ArticleWizard

{{Infobox City
| name = Chhaygaon
}}

'''Chhaygaon''' is a locality.

== References ==

{{Reflist}}