Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Class struggle

2026-05-31T08:25:08Z

Chakravarthy: added info

{{Short description|Concept in political and social science}}
{{redirect-several|Class war|Class Struggle}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{original research|date=November 2024}}
{{Primary sources|date=June 2025}}
}}
[[File:Anti-capitalism color Restored.jpg|thumb|376x376px|The [[Pyramid of Capitalist System]], a well-known cartoon satirizing capitalist society.]]
{{Revolution sidebar}}

In [[political science]], the terms '''class struggle''', '''class conflict''', and '''class war''' refer to the economic antagonism and political tension that can exist between [[social class]]es because of clashing interests, competition for limited resources, and inequalities of power in a [[socioeconomic]] hierarchy.<ref name="Isaac Harrison Lipold">{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-820195-4.00248-X |chapter=Class Conflict in Capitalist Society |title=Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, & Conflict |date=2022 |last1=Isaac |first1=Larry W. |last2=Harrison |first2=Daniel M. |last3=Lipold |first3=Paul F. |pages=118–136 |isbn=978-0-12-820312-5 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Survey Finds Rising Perception of Class Tension |last=Tavernise |first=Sabrina |date=January 11, 2012 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/12/us/more-conflict-seen-between-rich-and-poor-survey-finds.html |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Commonly cited historical examples of class antagonists are slavemasters and slaves, feudal lords and serfs, landowners and tenants, and capitalists and workers.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hunt |first=Stephen |title=Class Conflict |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405165518.wbeosc049.pub2 |publisher=Wiley Online Library |date=22 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Erikson |first=Kai |title=The Sociologist's Eye: Reflections on Social Life |year=2017 |publisher=Yale University Press |page=97 |isbn=978-0300106671}}</ref>

The writings of several [[Left-wing politics|leftist]], [[Socialism|socialist]], and [[Marxism|communist]] theorists portray class struggle as a core tenet and a practical means for effecting radical sociopolitical transformations for the majority [[working class]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor1-last=Bullock |editor1-first=Allan |editor2-last=Trombley |editor2-first=Stephen |encyclopedia=The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought |title=class conflict |date=1999 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0-00-255871-6 |page=127}}</ref> It is also a central concept within [[conflict theories]] of [[sociology]] and [[political philosophy]].

Class struggle can reveal itself through:
* Direct violence, such as assassinations, [[Coup d'état|coups]], [[revolution|revolutions]], [[counter-revolutionary|counterrevolutions]], and civil wars for control of government, natural resources, and labor;
* Indirect violence, such as deaths from poverty, malnutrition, illness, and unsafe workplaces;
* Economic coercion, such as [[boycott|boycotts]] and [[strike action|strikes]], the threat of unemployment and [[capital flight]], the withdrawal of [[Investment|investment capital]];
* Political machinations through lobbying (legal and illegal), bribery of legislators, [[voter suppression]] and [[disenfranchisement]];
* Ideological struggle by way of [[propaganda]] and [[:Category:Political literature|political literature]].<ref name="Isaac Harrison Lipold"/>

In the economic sphere, class struggle is sometimes expressed overtly, such as owner [[Lockout (industry)|lockouts]] of employees in an effort to weaken the [[bargaining power]] of the employees' [[trade union|union]]; or covertly, such as a worker [[slowdown]] of production or the widespread, simultaneous use of sick leave (e.g., "[[blue flu]]") to protest [[unfair labor practices]], low wages, poor [[outline of working time and conditions|work conditions]], or a perceived injustice to a fellow worker.<ref name="Parenti_citation">{{cite book| last=Parenti |first=Michael |title=Land of Idols: Political Mythology in America |date=1993 |pages=66–67 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-312-09841-4 }}</ref>

== Usage ==
[[File:battle strike 1934.jpg|thumb|Truck drivers fight the police in the course of the [[Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934]].]]
[[File:Storming the bastille 4 - 2.jpg|thumb|Heads of aristocrats on pikes at the [[storming of the Bastille]]]]
[[File:Choubapi.jpg|thumb|Farmer confronting landlord during [[Land Reform Movement (China)|China's Land Reform Movement]]]]

When [[Marxists]] speak of class struggle, they define a class primarily in economic terms, i.e., by its relationship to the [[means of production]]. When [[anarchism|anarchists]] like [[Mikhail Bakunin|Bakunin]] speak of class struggle, they have a broader definition of "social class" which encompasses "notions of domination and privilege" in the political and cultural spheres as well as the economic.<ref name="Bakunin_book">{{cite book |title=Freedom or Death: The Theory and Practice of Mikhail Bakunin |last=Corrêa |first=Felipe |date=2024 |publisher=Black Rose Books |isbn=978-1-55164-812-5 }}{{pn|date=August 2024}}</ref> Bakunin believed the successful struggle of the dominated classes would achieve a revolution to depose the ruling elites and create a stateless or [[libertarian socialism]], and that a prerequisite for successful revolution is class [[solidarity]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bakunin/works/various/soc-anar.htm |last=Bakunin |first=Mikhail |title=Stateless Socialism: Anarchism |date=1873 |via=Mikhail Bakunin Reference Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bakunin/works/writings/ch04.htm |last=Bakunin |first=Mikhail |title=Solidarity in Liberty: The Workers' Path to Freedom |date=1867 |via=Mikhail Bakunin Reference Archive}}</ref>

[[Marx's theory of history]] asserts that in the history of economic systems such as [[capitalism]] and [[feudalism]], class struggle is "the central fact of social evolution."<ref>{{cite web |title=Class struggle |last1=McLellan |first1=David T. |last2=Chambre |first2=Henri |date=July 30, 2024 |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Marxism/Class-struggle |publisher=Britannica}}</ref> Indeed, the first sentence of Chapter 1 of the ''[[Communist Manifesto]]'' reads: "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch01.htm |last1=Marx |first1=Karl |last2=Engels |first2=Friedrich |title=Manifesto of the Communist Party |at=Chapter I. Bourgeois and Proletarians |date=1848 |via=Marx-Engels Archive}}</ref> Marxists view the struggle's resolution in favor of the working class to be inevitable under [[plutocratic]] capitalism.

==Oligarchs versus commoners in Ancient Greece==
Where societies are divided by wealth, status, or control of social production and distribution, class structures arise and are thus coeval with civilization itself. The rise of class structures eventually leads to class conflict. It is a pattern that has repeated since at least European [[classical antiquity]] as illustrated in the [[Conflict of the Orders]] and the slave revolt led by [[Spartacus]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=de Ste. Croix |first1=Geoffrey Ernest Maurice |title=The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World: From the Archaic Age to the Arab Conquests |date=1989 |publisher=Cornell University Press |pages=333–37, 409 |isbn=978-0-8014-9597-7}}</ref>

===Thucydides===
In his [[History of the Peloponnesian War|''History'']], [[Thucydides]] recounts a class-based civil war in the city of [[Korkyra (polis)|Corcyra]] between the pro-[[Athens]] party of the common people and their pro-[[Ancient Corinth|Corinth]] [[oligarchy|oligarchic]] opposition. Near the climax of the struggle, "the oligarchs in full rout, fearing that the victorious commons might assault and carry the arsenal and put them to the sword, fired the houses round the market-place and the lodging-houses, in order to bar their advance."<ref>Thucydides. [https://classics.mit.edu/Thucydides/pelopwar.3.third.html ''The History of the Peloponnesian War'']. Book Three, Chapter X, Translated by Richard Crawley. [https://classics.mit.edu/ The Internet Classics Archive].</ref> The historian [[Tacitus]] would later narrate a similar class conflict in the city of [[Seleucia]], in which disharmony between the oligarchs and the commoners resulted in each side calling on outside help to defeat the other.<ref>Cornelius Tacitus. [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Tacitus/Annals/6B*.html ''Annals''], Book VI, Section 42, Translated by John Jackson. [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/home.html LacusCurtius].</ref>

===Socrates===
[[Socrates]] was the first [[Ancient Greek philosophy|Greek philosopher]] to describe class conflict. In [[Plato]]'s ''[[Republic (Plato)|Republic]]'', Socrates is quoted as saying that "any city, however small, is in fact divided into two, one the city of the poor, the other [the city] of the rich; these [cities] are at war with one another."<ref>Plato. [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1497/1497-h/1497-h.htm ''The Republic''], Book IV. Translated by Benjamin Jowett. [[Project Gutenberg]].</ref> He disapproved of [[oligarchy|oligarchies]], in which wealthy property owners take positions of political power in order to dominate the large social class of impoverished commoners. Socrates used the analogy of a [[maritime pilot]] who, like the power-holder in a [[polis]], ought to be chosen for his skill, not for the amount of property he owns.<ref>Plato. [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1497/1497-h/1497-h.htm ''The Republic''], Book VIII.</ref>

===Aristotle===
In [[Politics (Aristotle)|''Politics'']], [[Aristotle]] analyzes the basic dimensions of class conflict: "[B]ecause the rich are generally few in number, while the poor are many, they appear to be antagonistic, and as the one or the other prevails they form the government.".<ref>Aristotle. [https://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/politics.2.two.html ''Politics''], Book Four, Part IV.</ref> To lessen class antagonism in Greece's slave society, Aristotle proposed a middle way between indulgence and cruelty in the treatment of [[slavery|slaves]] by their masters, averring that "if not kept in hand, [slaves] are insolent, and think that they are as good as their masters, and, if harshly treated, they hate and conspire against them."<ref>Aristotle. [https://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/politics.2.two.html ''Politics''], Book Two, Part IX.</ref> As [[Charles A. Beard]] wrote, much of ''Politics'' is concerned with achieving political stability by moderating extreme behaviors by different economic groups.<ref>{{cite book |last=Beard |first=Charles A. |author-link=Charles A. Beard |year=1922 |title=The Economic Basis of Politics |pages=20–21 |location=New York |publisher=A. A. Knopf |oclc=1437092}}</ref><ref>Aristotle. [https://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/politics.3.three.html ''Politics''], Book Three, Part X.</ref>

===Plutarch===
[[File:Amphora olive-gathering BM B226.jpg|thumb|upright|This 6th-century Athenian black-figure urn, in the [[British Museum]], depicts the olive harvest. Many farmers, enslaved for debt, would have worked on large estates for their creditors.]]

The historian [[Plutarch]] recounts how the Greek people engaged in a battle against the aristocratic class. Financially oppressed by their indebtedness to the aristocrats, the mass of Athenians chose [[Solon]] to be the lawgiver to lead them to freedom from their creditors.<ref>Plutarch. [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/674/674-h/674-h.htm ''Lives''], ''Solon''. Translated by John Dryden. [[Project Gutenberg]].</ref> The philosopher [[Hegel|Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]] said that Solon's constitution of the Athenian [[Ecclesia (ancient Greece)|popular assembly]] created a political sphere that balanced the competing interests of the factions in Athens.<ref>Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, [https://socialsciences.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/hegel/history.pdf ''The Philosophy of History''], Part II: "An antagonism had early arisen between ancient and wealthy families and such as were poorer.... The polity of the state was wavering between Aristocracy and Democracy. [[Solon]] effected, by his division into four property-classes, a medium between these opposites." [[McMaster University]].</ref>

Taking sides in Greece's class conflicts was sometimes dangerous. In ''[[Parallel Lives]]'', Plutarch wrote of two Spartan kings, [[Cleomenes III|Cleomenes]] and [[Agis IV|Agis]], who both met tragic ends after "being desirous to raise the people, and to restore the noble and just form of government ... [they] incurred the hatred of the rich and powerful, who could not endure to be deprived of the selfish enjoyment to which they were accustomed."<ref>Plutarch. [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/674/674-h/674-h.htm ''Lives''], ''Agis''.</ref>

==Patricians versus plebeians in Ancient Rome==
It was similarly difficult for the Romans to maintain peace between the upper-class [[Patrician (ancient Rome)|patricians]] and the lower-class [[plebs]]. French [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] philosopher [[Montesquieu]] stated that this conflict intensified after the [[overthrow of the Roman monarchy]].<ref>[[Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu]]. [https://oll-resources.s3.amazonaws.com/titles/837/Montesquieu_0171-01_EBk_v6.0.pdf ''The Spirit of Laws'', Volume 1], Book XI, Chapter 13. [[Liberty Fund]].</ref>
In ''[[The Spirit of Laws]]'' he lists the four main grievances of the plebs, which were rectified in the years following the deposition of [[Lucius Tarquinius Superbus|King Tarquin]]:
* The patricians had much too easy access to positions of public service.
* The [[Roman constitution|constitution]] granted the [[Roman consul|consuls]] far too much power.
* The plebs were constantly verbally slighted.
* The plebs had too little power in their assemblies.<ref>Montesquieu. [https://oll-resources.s3.amazonaws.com/titles/837/Montesquieu_0171-01_EBk_v6.0.pdf ''The Spirit of Laws'', Volume 1], Book XI, Chapter 14.</ref>

===Camillus===
The Senate had the ability to give a magistrate the power of [[Roman dictator|dictatorship]], meaning he could bypass public law in the pursuit of a prescribed mandate. Montesquieu explained that the purpose of this institution was to tilt the balance of power in favour of the patricians.<ref>Montesquieu. [https://oll-resources.s3.amazonaws.com/titles/837/Montesquieu_0171-01_EBk_v6.0.pdf ''The Spirit of Laws'', Volume 1], Book XI, Chapter 16.</ref> However, in an attempt to resolve a conflict between the patricians and the plebs, the dictator [[Marcus Furius Camillus|Camillus]] used his power of dictatorship to coerce the [[Roman Senate|Senate]] into giving the plebs the right to choose one of the two consuls.<ref>Plutarch. [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/674/674-h/674-h.htm ''Lives''], ''Camillus''.</ref>

===Marius===
Tacitus believed that the increase in Roman power spurred the patricians to expand their power over more and more cities. This process, he felt, exacerbated pre-existing class tensions with the plebs, and eventually culminated in a civil war between the patrician Sulla and the [[populist]] reformer [[Gaius Marius|Marius]].<ref>Cornelius Tacitus. [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Tacitus/Histories/2A*.html ''The Histories''], Book II, Section 38. Translated by C. H. Moore. [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/home.html LacusCurtius].</ref> Marius had taken the step of enlisting ''[[capite censi]]'', the very lowest class of citizens, into the army, for the first time allowing non-land owners into the [[Roman legion|legions]].

===Tiberius Gracchus===
[[File:Tiberius Gracchus.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Tiberius Gracchus]]

Of the notable figures discussed by Plutarch and Tacitus, [[agrarian reform]]er [[Tiberius Gracchus]] was an ardent champion of the lower classes. In a speech to common soldiers, he decried their conditions:{{blockquote|[T]he men who bear arms, and expose their lives for the safety of their country, enjoy in the meantime nothing more in it but the air and light; and having no houses or settlements of their own, are constrained to wander from place to place with their wives and children."<ref>Plutarch. [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/674/674-h/674-h.htm ''Lives''], ''Tiberius Gracchus''.</ref>}}
He added that soldiers "fought indeed and were slain, but it was to maintain the luxury and the wealth of other men."<ref>Plutarch. [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/674/674-h/674-h.htm ''Lives''], ''Tiberius Gracchus''.</ref> Tiberius diminished the power of the Senate by changing the law so that judges were chosen from the ranks of the [[Equites|knights]], instead of from their social superiors in the senatorial class.<ref>Montesquieu. [https://oll-resources.s3.amazonaws.com/titles/837/Montesquieu_0171-01_EBk_v6.0.pdf ''The Spirit of Laws'', Volume 1], Book XI, Chapter 18.</ref> [[Cicero]] believed that the reforming efforts of Tiberius saved Rome from tyranny.<ref>Montesquieu. [https://oll-resources.s3.amazonaws.com/titles/837/Montesquieu_0171-01_EBk_v6.0.pdf ''The Spirit of Laws'', Volume 1], Book XI, Chapter 15. "Tiberius Gracchus (says Cicero) caused the [[Freedman|free-men]] to be admitted into the [[Roman tribe|tribes]], not by the force of his eloquence, but by a word, by a gesture; which had he not effected, the republic, whose drooping head we are at present scarce able to uphold, would not even exist."</ref>

===Julius Caesar===
{{Undue|date=August 2025}}
In [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]'s tragedy ''[[Julius Caesar (play)|Julius Caesar]]'', the senatorial assassins of Caesar were portrayed as striking a blow against a would-be tyrant. Historian [[Michael Parenti]] argued instead that Caesar was a populist, not a tyrant, who was enacting policies to benefit the common people of Rome.<ref>{{cite book |last=Parenti |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Parenti |title=The Assassination of Julius Caesar: A People's History of Ancient Rome |year=2003 |location=New York |publisher=The New Press |pages=2–3 |isbn=978-1565847972}}</ref> In this interpretation, the assassination was an act of class warfare by wealthy Romans to preserve their grip on power.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Assassination of Julius Caesar: A People's History of Ancient Rome |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/michael-parenti/the-assassination-of-julius-caesar/ |work=[[Kirkus Reviews]] |access-date=12 November 2014 |date=1 June 2003 |quote=Populist historian Parenti [...] views ancient Rome's most famous assassination not as a tyrannicide but as a sanguinary scene in the never-ending drama of class warfare.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Assassination of Julius Caesar: A People's History of Ancient Rome |work=[[Publishers Weekly]] |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-56584-797-2 |access-date=12 November 2011 |date=26 May 2003 |quote=Parenti [...] narrates a provocative history of the late republic in Rome (100–33 BC) to demonstrate that Caesar's death was the culmination of growing class conflict, economic disparity and political corruption.}}</ref>

===Coriolanus===
[[File:Gavin Hamilton - Coriolanus Act V, Scene III edit2.jpg|thumb|''Coriolanus'', Act V, Scene III. Engraved by James Caldwell from a painting by [[Gavin Hamilton (artist)|Gavin Hamilton]]]]

The patrician [[Gaius Marcius Coriolanus|Coriolanus]], whose life Shakespeare depicted in the play ''[[Coriolanus]]'', fought for his class and against the plebs. The play includes the language of class conflict. In the opening scene, a mob of angry plebs gathers in Rome to denounce Coriolanus as the "chief enemy to the people", with the leader of the mob speaking out against Roman patricians:{{blockquote|They ne'er cared for us yet: suffer us to famish, and their store-houses crammed with grain; make edicts for usury, to support usurers; repeal daily any wholesome act established against the rich, and provide more piercing statutes daily, to chain up and restrain the poor. If the wars eat us not up, they will; and there's all the love they bear us.<ref>William Shakespeare. [https://shakespeare.mit.edu/coriolanus/full.html ''The Tragedy of Coriolanus''], Act I, Scene I. [https://shakespeare.mit.edu/ ''The Complete Works of William Shakespeare'']</ref>}}
Plutarch writes that when grain arrived to relieve a serious shortage in Rome, the plebs said it should be divided amongst them as a gift, but Coriolanus stood up in the Senate against this idea on the grounds that it would empower the plebs at the expense of the patricians.<ref>Plutarch. [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/674/674-h/674-h.htm ''Lives''], ''Coriolanus''.</ref> This decision would eventually contribute to Coriolanus's undoing when he was impeached following a trial by the [[tribunes of the plebs]]. Montesquieu recounts how Coriolanus castigated the tribunes for trying a patrician, when in his mind no one but a consul had that right, although a law had been passed stipulating that all appeals affecting the life of a citizen had to be brought before the plebs.<ref>Montesquieu. [https://oll-resources.s3.amazonaws.com/titles/837/Montesquieu_0171-01_EBk_v6.0.pdf ''The Spirit of Laws'', Volume 1], Book XI, Chapter 18.</ref>

===Landlessness and debt===
[[File:Secessio plebis.JPG|thumb|left|''The Secession of the People to the Mons Sacer''. Engraving by B. Barloccini, 1849]]

Historian [[Edward Gibbon]] also chronicled Roman class conflict. In the third volume of ''[[The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire]]'', he relates the origins of the conflict:{{blockquote|[T]he plebeians of Rome [...] had been oppressed from the earliest times by the weight of debt and usury; and the husbandman, during the term of his military service, was obliged to abandon the cultivation of his farm. The lands of Italy which had been originally divided among the families of free and indigent proprietors, were insensibly purchased or usurped by the avarice of the nobles; and in the age which preceded the fall of the republic, it was computed that only two thousand citizens were possessed of an independent substance.<ref name=Gibbon />}}
[[Hegel]] similarly states that the "severity of the patricians their creditors, the debts due to whom they had to discharge by slave-work, drove the plebs to revolts."<ref>[[Hegel]]. [https://socialsciences.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/hegel/history.pdf ''The Philosophy of History''], Part III. [[McMaster University]].</ref> Gibbon explains how [[Augustus]] sought to pacify the plebs with [[bread and circuses]].<ref name=Gibbon>{{cite book |last=Gibbon |first=Edward |title=History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'': Volume Three, Chapter XXXI, Part III'' |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/25717/25717-h/25717-h.htm |via=[[Project Gutenberg]]}}</ref>

The economist [[Adam Smith]] noted that the poor freeman's lack of land was a driving force for Roman [[colonia (Roman)|colonisation]], as a way to relieve class tensions at home between the rich and the landless poor.<ref>[[Adam Smith|Smith, Adam]]. [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3300/3300-h/3300-h.htm ''An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations''], Book IV, Chapter 7, Part 1. :The citizens, therefore, who had no land, had scarce any other means of subsistence but the bounties of the candidates at the annual elections. The tribunes, when they had a mind to animate the people against the rich and the great, put them in mind of the ancient divisions of lands, and represented that law which restricted this sort of private property as the fundamental law of the republic. The people became clamorous to get land, and the rich and the great, we may believe, were perfectly determined not to give them any part of theirs. To satisfy them in some measure, therefore, they frequently proposed to send out a new colony." – via [[Project Gutenberg]].</ref> [[Hegel]] described the same phenomenon as being the impetus to [[Greek colonisation]].<ref>[[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]]. [https://socialsciences.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/hegel/history.pdf ''The Philosophy of History''], Part II. "Nevertheless a part of the poorer classes would not submit to the degradations of poverty, for everyone felt himself a free citizen. The only expedient, therefore, that remained, was colonization. In another country, those who suffered distress in their own, might seek a free soil, and gain a living as free citizens by its cultivation." [[McMaster University]].</ref>

==Enlightenment era==
Writing in pre-capitalist Europe, the Swiss [[Philosophes|''philosophe'']] [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] and the [[Federalist Party|Federalist]] statesman [[James Madison]] across the Atlantic Ocean made significant remarks on the dynamics of class struggle. Later, [[German idealist]] [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]] would also contribute his perspective to the discussion around class conflict between employers and employees.

===Jean-Jacques Rousseau===
[[File:Jean-Jacques Rousseau (painted portrait).jpg|thumb|upright|Rousseau by [[Maurice Quentin de La Tour]], 1753]]

It was with bitter sarcasm that [[Rousseau]] outlined the class conflict prevailing in his day between masters and their workmen:{{blockquote|You have need of me, because I am rich and you are poor. We will therefore come to an agreement. I will permit you to have the honour of serving me, on condition that you bestow on me the little you have left, in return for the pains I shall take to command you.<ref>[[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]]. [https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/rousseau-the-social-contract-and-discourses#lf0132_head_069 ''The Social Contract and Discourses''], ''On Political Economy''.</ref>}}

Rousseau suggested that the most important function of any government is to fight on the side of workmen against their masters, who he said engage in exploitation under the pretence of serving society.<ref>[[Rousseau]]. [https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/rousseau-the-social-contract-and-discourses#lf0132_head_069 ''The Social Contract and Discourses''], ''On Political Economy''. "The law, which they thus abuse, serves the powerful at once as a weapon of offence, and as a shield against the weak; and the pretext of the public good is always the most dangerous scourge of the people. What is most necessary, and perhaps most difficult, in government, is rigid integrity in doing strict justice to all, and above all in protecting the poor against the tyranny of the rich.' [[Liberty Fund]].</ref> Specifically, he believed that governments should actively intervene in the economy to abolish poverty and prevent the accrual of too much wealth in the hands of too few men.<ref>[[Rousseau]]. [https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/rousseau-the-social-contract-and-discourses#lf0132_head_069 ''The Social Contract and Discourses''], ''On Political Economy''. "It is therefore one of the most important functions of government to prevent extreme inequality of fortunes; not by taking away wealth from its possessors, but by depriving all men of means to accumulate it; not by building hospitals for the poor, but by securing the citizens from becoming poor."</ref>

=== Thomas Jefferson ===
American [[Founding Fathers of the United States|founding father]] [[Thomas Jefferson]] worried that a sharp disparity between classes, which he had observed in Europe, would get replicated in the newly formed United States. He wrote in a 1787 letter to Edward Carrington that in Europe,{{blockquote|under pretence of governing they have divided their nations into two classes, wolves & sheep. I do not exaggerate. This is a true picture of Europe.... It seems to be the law of our general nature, in spite of individual exceptions; and experience declares that man is the only animal which devours his own kind, for I can apply no milder term to the governments of Europe, and to the general prey of the rich on the poor.<ref>{{cite web |title=Letter to Edward Carrington |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Letter_to_Edward_Carrington_-_January_16,_1787 |date= January 16, 1787 |last=Jefferson |first=Thomas}}</ref>}}
Jefferson advocated for a free press to mitigate this type of class divide.<ref>{{cite news |last=Miller |first=Floyd |date=May 6, 2022 |title=Why Thomas Jefferson and I applaud the ''West Texas Tribune'' |url=https://westtexastribune.org/2022/05/06/why-thomas-jefferson-and-i-applaud-the-west-texas-tribune/ |newspaper=West Texas Tribune }}</ref>

===James Madison===
In [[Federalist No. 10]], [[James Madison]] commented on the conflict between rich and poor, stating that "the most common and durable source of factions has been the various and unequal distribution of property. Those who hold and those who are without property have ever formed distinct interests in society. Those who are creditors, and those who are debtors, fall under a like discrimination."<ref>[[James Madison]]. [https://guides.loc.gov/federalist-papers/text-1-10#s-lg-box-wrapper-25493273 ''The Federalist Papers''], [[Federalist No. 10]]. [[Library of Congress]]. "The regulation of these various and interfering interests forms the principal task of modern legislation, and involves the spirit of party and faction in the necessary and ordinary operations of the government."</ref> He wrote that a vital role of government was to manage and regulate a society's class-based factions.

===Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel===
In his ''[[Philosophy of Right]]'', [[Hegel]] expressed concern that the standard of living of the poor might drop so far as to make it even easier for the rich to amass more wealth.<ref>[[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]]. [https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/works/pr/philosophy-of-right.pdf ''Elements of the Philosophy of Right''], Part III, Paragraph 244. "When a large number of people sink below the standard of living regarded as essential for the members of society, and lose that sense of right, rectitude, and honour which is derived from self-support, a pauper class arises, and wealth accumulates disproportionately in the hands of a few." – via [[Marxists Internet Archive]].</ref> He believed that, especially in a liberal country such as contemporary England, the poorest will politicise their situation, channelling their frustrations against the rich:{{blockquote|Against nature man can claim no right, but once society is established, poverty immediately takes the form of a wrong done to one class by another.<ref>Hegel. [https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/works/pr/philosophy-of-right.pdf ''The Philosophy of Right''], Addition 149.</ref>}}

== Capitalist societies ==
Class conflict is most commonly described as occurring within capitalist societies. The conflict manifests itself as clashes between the capitalist class and working class, and takes the form of disputes over hours of work, amount paid in wages, division of profits, culture in the workplace, cost of consumer goods, cost of rent, control over [[parliament]] or government [[bureaucracy]], and [[economic inequality]]. Even a seemingly benign humanitarian program such as government-provided disaster relief can exacerbate class conflict if the relief is seen as being unequally distributed depending on the recipient's class.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gregpalast.com/burn-baby-burnthe-california-celebrity-fires/ |last=Palast |first=Greg |title=Burn Baby Burn - The California Celebrity Fires |date=October 26, 2007 |access-date=August 1, 2024}}</ref>

=== Adam Smith ===
As a [[classical liberal|liberal]] political economist, [[Adam Smith]] believed that the amassing of property in the hands of a minority naturally resulted in a disharmonious state of affairs. He wrote that "avarice and ambition in the rich, in the poor the hatred of labour and the love of present ease and enjoyment, are the passions which prompt to invade property", requiring a government to protect property rights, which he elaborated on in ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'':{{blockquote|Wherever there is a great property, there is great inequality. For one very rich man, there must be at least five hundred poor, and the affluence of the few supposes the indigence of the many. The affluence of the rich excites the indignation of the poor, who are often both driven by want, and prompted by envy to invade his possessions. It is only under the shelter of the civil magistrate, that the owner of that valuable property, which is acquired by the labour of many years, or perhaps of many successive generations, can sleep a single night in security. He is at all times surrounded by unknown enemies, whom, though he never provoked, he can never appease, and from whose injustice he can be protected only by the powerful arm of the civil magistrate, continually held up to chastise it.<ref>[[Adam Smith|Smith, Adam]]. [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3300/3300-h/3300-h.htm ''An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations''], Book V, Chapter 1, Part 2. – via [[Project Gutenberg]].</ref>}}

Smith observed that, outside of colonies where land is cheap and labour expensive, both the masters who subsist by profit and the masters who subsist by rents will work in tandem to subjugate the class of workmen, who subsist by wages.<ref>Smith, Adam. [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3300/3300-h/3300-h.htm#chap32 ''An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations''], Book IV, Chapter 7, Part 2.</ref> He analyzed wage levels in terms of the conflicting interests of owners of capital and of labourers. Of the latter, he said they were often compelled to form [[trade unions]] for fear of suffering starvation wages:{{blockquote|What are the common wages of labour, depends everywhere upon the contract usually made between those two parties, whose interests are by no means the same. The workmen desire to get as much, the masters to give as little, as possible. The former are disposed to combine in order to raise, the latter in order to lower, the wages of labour.<ref name="gutenberg.org">Smith, Adam. [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3300/3300-h/3300-h.htm ''An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations''], Book I, Chapter 8.</ref>}}

=== Karl Marx ===
[[File:Karl Marx.jpg|thumb|upright|Karl Marx, 1875]]

In his writings, [[Karl Marx]] argued that [[Social class|classes]] had formed in history due to changes in the [[mode of production]]. Members of a class may become aware of their economic position in society, achieving what is known as [[class consciousness]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Sociological Theory in the Classical Era: Text and Readings |last1=Edles |first1=Laura Desfor |last2=Appelrouth |first2=Scott |location=[[Thousand Oaks, California|Thousand Oaks]] |publisher=Pine Forge Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-1506347820 |pages=24–25}}</ref> For workers, this happens when they become aware of their [[Exploitation of labour|exploitation]] at the hands of the capitalist class. According to Marx, workers then take action against capitalists, and vice versa.

In his analysis of 19th-century industrial society, he identified two main groups as the source of [[social stratification]],<ref name=Cox_essay>{{cite web |last=Cox |first=Kimberley |title=Marx and Stratification |website=[[EBSCO Information Services|EBSCO]] |series=Research Starters |date=2021 |url=https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/marx-and-stratification}}</ref> which in his view generated class conflict:
* ''Labour'' (the [[proletariat]] or workers) includes anyone who earns their livelihood by selling their [[labor power]] and being paid a wage or salary for their labor time. They have little choice but to work for capital, since they typically have no independent way to survive.
* ''Capital'' (the [[bourgeoisie]] or capitalists) includes anyone who gets their income not from labor as much as from the [[surplus value]] they appropriate from the workers who create wealth. The income of the capitalists, therefore, is based on their [[Exploitation (Marxism)|exploitation]] of the workers (proletariat).

In Marxist theory, class struggle becomes a more potent factor as it becomes more general, as industries are organized rather than crafts, as workers agitate for systemic change, and as their class consciousness rises. Marx referred to this as the progress of the proletariat from being a class "in itself", i.e., merely a position in the social structure, to being one "for itself", an active and conscious force that could change the world.<ref>{{cite web |first=André |last=Munro |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/class-consciousness |title=Class consciousness - Social Stratification, Marxism {{&}} Class Conflict |publisher=Britannica}}</ref>

While Marx elevated the importance of the class struggle, he did not claim to have discovered it. He acknowledged his debt to Adam Smith and other earlier economists and historians. In an 1852 letter to [[Joseph Weydemeyer]], Marx wrote: "And now as to myself, no credit is due to me for discovering the existence of classes in modern society nor yet the struggle between them. Long before me bourgeois historians had described the historical development of this class struggle and bourgeois economists the economic anatomy of the classes."<ref>{{cite book |title=Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Selected Correspondence, 1846–1895, with explanatory notes |editor-last=Torr |editor-first=Dona |year=1942 |location=New York |publisher=International Publishers |chapter=Engels to Marx: Paris, 23–24 November 1847 |page=57 |lccn=43011421 |series=Marxist Library, Volume XXIX}}</ref>

He believed the class struggle would result in the revolutionary overthrow of the bourgeoisie, and that private property would become communally owned.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Foster |first=John Bellamy |title=Marx and Communal Society |magazine=[[Monthly Review]] |volume=77 |number=3 |date=July–August 2025 |url=https://monthlyreview.org/articles/marx-and-communal-society/}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Understanding Marxism: Differences vs. Communism, Socialism, Capitalism |encyclopedia=[[Investopedia]] |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/marxism.asp |date=17 August 2025}}</ref> He predicted that after a revolution, as class boundaries broke down, the need for a state apparatus would diminish, which would lead to a [[Classless society|classless]], stateless [[communist society]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Communism: The Ideal Classless and Stateless Society |website=PolSci Institute |date=14 December 2025 |url=https://polsci.institute/understanding-political-theory/communism-ideal-classless-stateless-society/}}</ref>

===John Stuart Mill===
Like Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill was a liberal political economist concerned with class conflict. In his ''[[Considerations on Representative Government]]'', he notes the complete marginalisation of workmen's voices in [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]], rhetorically asking whether its members ever empathise with the position of workmen, instead of siding entirely with their masters, on issues such as the right to [[go on strike]].<ref>[[John Stuart Mill]]. [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/5669/5669-h/5669-h.htm ''Representative Government''], Chapter 3. "Yet does Parliament, or almost any of the members composing it, ever for an instant look at any question with the eyes of a working man? When a subject arises in which the laborers as such have an interest, is it regarded from any point of view but that of the employers of labor? I do not say that the working men's view of these questions is in general nearer to the truth than the other, but it is sometimes quite as near; and in any case it ought to be respectfully listened to, instead of being, as it is, not merely turned away from, but ignored." – via [[Project Gutenberg]].</ref> Later in the book, he argues that an important function of [[representative government]] is to provide a relatively equal balance of power between workmen and masters, in order to prevent threats to the good of the whole of society.<ref>Mill. [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/5669/5669-h/5669-h.htm ''Representative Government''], Chapter 6. "In a state of society thus composed, if the representative system could be made ideally perfect, and if it were possible to maintain it in that state, its organization must be such that these two classes, manual laborers and their affinities on one side, employers of labor and their affinities on the other, should be, in the arrangement of the representative system, equally balanced, each influencing about an equal number of votes in Parliament".</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mill |first=John Stuart |title=Utilitarianism |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/11224/11224-h/11224-h.htm |chapter=Chapter 5: On the Connexion Between Justice and Utility}} Mill cites [[progressive taxation]] as a source of class tension: "People feel obliged to argue that the State does more for the rich than for the poor, as a justification for its taking more [in taxation] from them: though this is in reality not true, for the rich would be far better able to protect themselves, in the absence of law or government, than the poor, and indeed would probably be successful in converting the poor into their slaves."</ref>

=== Max Weber ===
While [[Max Weber]] accepted the Marxian notion of classes in conflict due to stratification, he did not reduce it to a binary struggle between the bourgeoisie and proletariat. Instead, Weber claimed that society contained multiple strata, stemming from differences in property ownership, political power, and social standing.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Allen |first=Kieran |title=Max Weber Was a Class-Conscious Champion of the Bourgeoisie |url=https://jacobin.com/2023/05/max-weber-class-consciousness-bourgeoisie-social-theory-capitalism |date=17 May 2023 |magazine=[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]]}}</ref> His multiclass approach to social stratification went beyond economic factors to also include differences in status and prestige.<ref>{{cite web |title=Theories of Social Stratification: Insights from Marx and Weber |date=8 April 2025 |publisher=BNS Institute |department=Behavioural Sciences |url=https://bns.institute/behavioural-sciences/social-stratification-theories-marx-weber/}}</ref>

=== Charles Comte and Charles Dunoyer ===
[[Charles Comte]] and [[Charles Dunoyer]] believed that class struggle was engendered by [[Political faction|factions]] that managed to gain control of the [[State (polity)|state]] apparatus. The [[ruling classes]] are the groups that seize the power of the state to carry out their political agenda; the ''ruled'' are then taxed and regulated by the state for the benefit of the ruling classes. Through [[taxation]], [[subsidies]], [[tax code]]s, laws, and privileges, the state creates class conflict by giving preferential treatment to some at the expense of others. In the [[free market]], by contrast, exchanges are not carried out by force but by the [[non-aggression principle]] of cooperation in a [[Win-win game|win-win scenario]].<ref>{{cite web |date=28 March 2012 |title=James Mill and Libertarian Class Analysis |url=https://mises.org/library/james-mill-and-libertarian-class-analysis}}</ref>

=== Other perspectives ===
{{expand section|date=November 2010}}

One of the first writers to comment on class struggle in the modern sense of the term was the [[French Revolution|French revolution]]ary [[:fr:François Boissel|François Boissel]].<ref name="Guthrie1907">{{cite book |author=William Buck Guthrie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4DJJAAAAIAAJ |title=Socialism Before the French Revolution: A History |publisher=Macmillan |year=1907 |page=283}}</ref> Other class struggle commentators include [[Henri de Saint-Simon]],<ref name="Blake1939">{{cite book |author=William James Blake |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iPnTAAAAMAAJ |title=An American Looks at Karl Marx |publisher=Cordon Company |year=1939 |page=622}}</ref> [[Augustin Thierry]],<ref>Augustin Thierry: [https://web.archive.org/web/20180501215641/https://books.google.com/books?id=c5A1lIZb5H8C&dq=Histoire+du+Tiers+%C3%89tat&source=gbs_navlinks_s Recueil des monuments inédits de l'histoire du Tiers état]</ref> [[François Guizot]],<ref name="Blake1939" /> [[François-Auguste Mignet]] and [[Adolphe Thiers]]. The [[Physiocrat]]s, [[David Ricardo]], and after Marx, [[Henry George]] noted the inelastic supply of land and argued that this created certain privileges ([[economic rent]]) for landowners. According to the historian [[Arnold J. Toynbee]], stratification along lines of class appears only within civilizations, and furthermore only appears during the process of a civilization's decline while not characterizing the growth phase of a civilization.<ref>{{cite book |last=Toynbee |first=Arnold |title=[[A Study of History]]: Abridgment of Volumes I–VI |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1947 |oclc=891822269 |editor=Dorothea Grace Somervell |location=New York |page=365 |chapter=The Nature of Disintegration}}</ref>

[[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]], in ''[[What is Property?]]'' (1840) states that "certain classes do not relish investigation into the pretended titles to property, and its fabulous and perhaps scandalous history."<ref>Pierre Proudhon, ''What is Property?'', chapter 2, remark 2.</ref> While Proudhon saw the solution as the lower classes forming an alternative, solidarity economy centered on cooperatives and self-managed workplaces, which would slowly undermine and replace capitalist class society, the anarchist [[Mikhail Bakunin]] insisted that a massive class struggle by the working class, peasantry and poor was essential to the creation of libertarian socialism. This would require a final showdown in the form of a social revolution.

One of the earliest analyses of the development of class as the development of conflicts between emergent classes is available in [[Peter Kropotkin]]'s ''[[Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution|Mutual Aid]]''. In this work, Kropotkin analyzes the disposal of goods after death in pre-class or [[hunter-gatherer]] societies, and how inheritance produces early [[class division]]s and conflict.

[[Fascists]] have often opposed 'horizontal' class struggle in favour of vertical national struggle and instead have attempted to appeal to the working class while promising to preserve the existing social classes and have proposed an alternative concept known as [[class collaboration]].{{Dubious|date=June 2025}}

== Twentieth and twenty-first centuries ==
{{Expand section|date=September 2024}}
=== Soviet Union and similar societies ===
A variety of thinkers, mostly [[Trotskyist]] and [[anarchist]], argue that class conflict existed in [[Soviet-type economic planning|Soviet-style societies]]. Their arguments describe as a class the bureaucratic [[stratum]] formed by the ruling [[political party]] (known as the ''[[nomenklatura]]'' in the [[Soviet Union]]), sometimes termed a "[[new class]]",<ref>{{cite book |last=Đilas |first=Milovan |title=The New Class: An Analysis of the Communist System |publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-15-665489-0 |edition=paperback |location=San Diego |author-link=Milovan Đilas |orig-date=1957 |page=39}}</ref> that controls and guides the [[means of production]]. This ruling class is viewed to be in opposition to the remainder of society, generally considered the proletariat. This type of system has been referred to as [[state socialism]], [[state capitalism]], [[bureaucratic collectivism]] or [[new class]] societies. Marxism was already a powerful ideological power in Russia before the Soviet Union was created in 1917, since a Marxist group known as the [[Russian Social Democratic Labour Party]] existed. This party soon divided into two main factions; the [[Bolsheviks]], led by [[Vladimir Lenin]], and the [[Mensheviks]], led by [[Julius Martov]].

However, many Marxists contend that unlike in capitalism, the Soviet elites did not own the [[means of production]] nor did they accumulate [[surplus value]] for their personal wealth, as the generated profit from the economy was recycled into Soviet society.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harpal |first1=Brar |title=Trotskyism or Leninism? |year=1993 |isbn=978-1-874613-03-9 |location=London |publisher=H. Brar |pages=647}}</ref> Even some Trotskyists like [[Ernest Mandel]] criticized the concept of a new ruling class as an [[oxymoron]], saying: "The hypothesis of the bureaucracy's being a new ruling class leads to the conclusion that, for the first time in history, we are confronted with a 'ruling class' which does not exist as a class before it actually rules."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ernest |first1=Mandel |title=Why The Soviet Bureaucracy is not a New Ruling Class (1979) |url=https://www.ernestmandel.org/en/works/txt/1979/soviet_bureaucracy.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522081826/http://www.ernestmandel.org/en/works/txt/1979/soviet_bureaucracy.htm |archive-date=22 May 2017 |access-date=26 April 2017}}</ref>

=== United States ===
Class conflict was present in the earliest days of the U.S. with the struggles between slaveowners and slaves. Since slavery's abolition, class conflict is more often noted in labor-management disputes. In 1933, Edward Hamilton of the [[Air Line Pilots Association International|Airline Pilot's Association]] used the term "class warfare" to describe airline management's opposition at the [[National Labor Board]] hearings that year.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kaps |first=Robert W. |title=Air Transport Labor Relations (Southern Illinois University Press Series in Aviation Management) |year=1997 |publisher=Southern Illinois Press |location=Carbondale |isbn=978-0-8093-1776-9 |page=51}}</ref> Apart from daily forms of class conflict, there are also periods of crisis or revolution when the conflict takes on a violent nature and involves repression, assault, restriction of civil liberties, and assassinations or death squads.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zinn |first=Howard |title=A People's History of the United States: 1492–2001 |year=2003 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0-06-052842-3 |location=New York |oclc=50622172 }}{{pn|date=August 2024}}</ref>

American [[billionaire]] investor [[Warren Buffett]]<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The World's Billionaires |url=https://www.forbes.com/billionaires/list/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403013841/http://www.forbes.com/billionaires/list/ |archive-date=3 April 2013 |access-date=1 May 2018 |magazine=Forbes}}</ref> said on several occasions that his class, the "rich class", is waging class warfare on the rest of society. He told [[CNN]] in 2005: "It's class warfare, my class is winning, but they shouldn't be."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dobbs |first1=Lou |title=Buffett: 'There are lots of loose nukes around the world' |url=https://www.cnn.com/2005/US/05/10/buffett/index.html |work=CNN |date=19 June 2005 }}</ref> He echoed these remarks in a ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' interview: "There's class warfare all right, but it's my class, the rich class, that's making war, and we're winning."<ref>{{cite news |last=Buffett |first=Warren |date=26 November 2006 |title=In Class Warfare, Guess Which Class is Winning |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/26/business/yourmoney/26every.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103165340/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/26/business/yourmoney/26every.html |archive-date=3 January 2017 |url-status=live |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> Sociologist Thomas Volscho wrote in 2015 that the [[neoliberal]] revolution starting in the late 1970s resulted from a class conflict in which the [[Powell Memorandum|political mobilizations]] of an increasingly class-conscious capitalist elite "against the New Deal of the 1930s, War on Poverty programs from the 1960s, and the power of organized labor" dramatically increased both the political power of [[Wall Street]] and [[economic inequality]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Volscho |first1=Thomas |last2= |first2= |date=2015|title=The Revenge of the Capitalist Class: Crisis, the Legitimacy of Capitalism and the Restoration of Finance from the 1970s to Present |url= |journal=[[Critical Sociology (journal) |Critical Sociology]] |volume=43 |issue=2 |publisher= |pages= |doi= 10.1177/0896920515589003 |access-date=}}</ref>

[[File:Noam Chomsky, 2004.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Noam Chomsky]], 2004]]

The political activist [[Noam Chomsky]] also spoke out on the subject of class conflict in the U.S.:{{blockquote|Well, there's always a class war going on. The United States, to an unusual extent, is a business-run society, more so than others. The business classes are very class-conscious{{snd}}they're constantly fighting a bitter class war to improve their power and diminish opposition. Occasionally this is recognized... The enormous benefits given to the very wealthy, the privileges for the very wealthy here, are way beyond those of other comparable societies and are part of the ongoing class war. Take a look at CEO salaries...<ref>{{cite book |last=Chomsky |first=Noam |title=Occupy: Class War, Rebellion and Solidarity |year=2013 |access-date=14 October 2014 |url=http://www.alternet.org/economy/chomsky-business-elites-are-waging-brutal-class-war-america-0?paging=off&current_page=1#bookmark |editor-last=Ruggiero |editor-first=Greg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016043703/http://www.alternet.org/economy/chomsky-business-elites-are-waging-brutal-class-war-america-0?paging=off&current_page=1#bookmark |archive-date=16 October 2014 |url-status=dead |edition=2nd |isbn=978-1884519253 |location=[[Westfield, New Jersey]] |publisher=Zuccotti Park Press}}</ref>}}
The 2024 [[Killing of Brian Thompson|killing of United Healthcare CEO Brian Thompson]] was portrayed by some as an act of class warfare. [[Luigi Mangione]] was charged with the shooting, and a manifesto attributed to him harshly criticized the health insurance industry. According to [[NBC News|NBC]], there were social media posts celebrating Thompson's death, mentioning other powerful business figures as potential targets, and calling the shooting the opening blow of a class war.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-05 |title=Insurance executive's killing sparks online praise and hate |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/investigations/insurance-executives-murder-sparks-online-praise-hate-rcna183017 |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=12/5/24 - Praise for United Healthcare CEO Assassination Goes Viral |url=https://networkcontagion.us/reports/praise-for-united-healthcare-ceo-assassination-goes-viral/ |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=Network Contagion Research Institute |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Michael Parenti]] pointed out that not all instances of class struggle are radical, violent or aggressive, as in the case of strikes, lockouts, workplace sabotage, and assassination. He wrote that class antagonism can surface in minor acts of pilferage, low worker morale, and individual worker resistance to petty authority and hoarding of information. On the employers' side, lobbying for anti-union laws and against minimum wage increases, and hiring union-busting legal firms are expressions of class struggle.<ref name="Parenti_citation"/>

===Post-2008 financial crisis===
{{Main|2008 financial crisis|We are the 99%|Occupy movement}}
[[File:People's march (Columbus) IMG 7041 (54312985258).jpg|thumb|Protester at the [[People's March]] in [[Columbus, Ohio]], with sign reading, "It's a class war, not a culture war."]]
Class conflict intensified in the period after the [[2008 financial crisis]], which led to a global wave of [[Anti-austerity movement|anti-austerity protests]], including the [[Anti-austerity movement in Greece|Greek]] and [[Anti-austerity movement in Spain|Spanish Indignados]] movements and later the [[Occupy movement]], whose slogan was "[[We are the 99%]]", signalling a more expansive class antagonist against the financial elite than that of the classical Marxist proletariat.

In the speech "The Great American Class War" (2013), the journalist [[Bill Moyers]] asserted the existence of social-class conflict between democracy and [[plutocracy]] in the U.S.<ref>Moyers, Bill (12 December 2013). [http://www.brennancenter.org/analysis/great-american-class-war The Great American Class War] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222031232/http://www.brennancenter.org/analysis/great-american-class-war |date=22 December 2013 }}. [[Brennan Center for Justice]]. Retrieved 25 January 2014.</ref> [[Chris Hedges]] wrote a column for ''[[Truthdig]]'' called "Let's Get This Class War Started", which was a play on [[Pink (singer)|Pink's]] song "[[Get the Party Started|Let's Get This Party Started]]."<ref>[https://therealnews.com/chedges1112raipt2 The Pathology of the Rich – Chris Hedges on Reality Asserts Itself pt 1] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209060244/http://therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=74&jumival=11150 |date=9 December 2013 }} ''[[The Real News]].'' 5 December 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2014.</ref><ref>[[Chris Hedges|Hedges, Chris]] (20 October 2013). [https://www.truthdig.com/articles/lets-get-this-class-war-started/ Let's Get This Class War Started] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021143451/http://www.truthdig.com/report/item/lets_get_this_class_war_started_20131020 |date=21 October 2013 }}. ''[[Truthdig]].'' Retrieved 25 January 2014.</ref> In a 2022 piece "America's New Class War", Hedges argues that increased class struggle and [[Striketober|strikes]] by organized workers, often in defiance of union leadership, is the "one last hope for the United States."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hedges|first1=Chris|title=America's New Class War|url=https://scheerpost.com/2022/01/18/hedges-americas-new-class-war/|work=Scheerpost|date=January 18, 2022|access-date=January 21, 2022}}</ref>

Historian Steve Fraser, author of ''The Age of Acquiescence'', asserted in 2014 that class conflict is an inevitability if current political and economic conditions continue, noting that "people are increasingly fed up [...] their voices are not being heard. And I think that can only go on for so long without there being more and more outbreaks of what used to be called class struggle, class warfare."<ref>{{cite episode |series=[[Moyers & Company]] |title=The New Robber Barons|date=December 19, 2014 |url=https://billmoyers.com/episode/steve-fraser-new-robber-barons/}}</ref>

=== Arab Spring ===
Often seen as part of the same "movement of squares" as the Indignado and Occupy movements, the [[Arab Spring]] was a wave of social protests starting in 2011. Numerous factors have culminated in the Arab Spring, including rejection of dictatorship or [[absolute monarchy]], [[human rights]] violations, [[government corruption]] (demonstrated by [[United States diplomatic cables leak|Wikileaks diplomatic cables]]<ref name="Walker 2011">{{cite web | last=Walker | first=Peter | title=Amnesty International hails WikiLeaks and Guardian as Arab spring 'catalysts' |website=The Guardian | date=2011-05-12 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/13/amnesty-international-wikileaks-arab-spring | access-date=2021-10-11}}</ref>), economic decline, unemployment, extreme poverty, and a number of demographic structural factors,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Korotayev A, Zinkina J |author-link=Andrey Korotayev |url=https://www.academia.edu/29300010 |title=Egyptian Revolution: A Demographic Structural Analysis |journal=Entelequia. Revista Interdisciplinar |volume=13 |year=2011 |pages=139–165 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020144003/https://www.academia.edu/29300010/Egyptian_Revolution_A_Demographic_Structural_Analysis |archive-date=20 October 2016 }}</ref><ref name="Mason 2013">{{cite web | last=Mason | first=Paul | title=From Arab Spring to global revolution |website=The Guardian | date=2013-02-05 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/feb/05/arab-spring-global-revolution | access-date=2021-10-11}}</ref> such as a large percentage of educated but dissatisfied youth within the population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=arab+league+demographics|title=Demographics of the Arab League, computed by Wolfram Alpha|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302053128/http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=arab+league+demographics|archive-date=2 March 2011}}</ref> but class conflict is also a key factor. The catalysts for the revolts in all [[North Africa|Northern African]] and [[Persian Gulf countries]] have been the concentration of wealth in the hands of autocrats in power for decades, insufficient transparency of its redistribution, corruption, and especially the refusal of the youth to accept the status quo.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Breisinger |first1=Clemens |last2=Ecker |first2=Olivier |last3=Al-Riffai |first3=Perrihan |title=Economics of the Arab Awakening |url=http://www.ifpri.org/publication/economics-arab-awakening |publisher=International Food Policy Research Institute|access-date=25 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415185102/http://www.ifpri.org/publication/economics-arab-awakening|archive-date=15 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/08/opinion/sunday/friedman-the-other-arab-spring.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129012246/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/08/opinion/sunday/friedman-the-other-arab-spring.html|url-status=dead|title=Opinion | The Other Arab Spring|first=Thomas L.|last=Friedman|date=7 April 2012|archive-date=29 November 2016|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref>

== Relationship to race ==
{{main|Intersectionality}}
[[File:NORTH PHILADELPHIA JOBLESS BLACKS. MAN STANDING AT RIGHT IS GERALD "HEAT WAVE" JONES, WHO WORKS FOR "THE NETWORK", A... - NARA - 552754.jpg|thumb|left|Jobless black workers in the heat of the [[Philadelphia]] summer, 1973]]

Some historical tendencies of orthodox Marxism [[No War but the Class War|reject]] [[racism]], [[sexism]], etc. as struggles that essentially [[false consciousness|distract]] from class struggle, the real conflict.{{Citation needed|date=September 2018}} These divisions within the class prevent the purported antagonists from acting in their common class interest. However, many Marxist internationalists and anti-colonial revolutionaries believe that sex, race and class are bound up together. Within Marxist scholarship there is an ongoing debate about these topics.

According to [[Michel Foucault]], in the 19th century, the [[essentialist]] notion of the "[[Race (classification of human beings)|race]]" was incorporated by [[racism|racists]], [[biologist]]s, and [[Eugenics|eugenicists]], who gave it the modern sense of "biological race" which was then integrated into "[[state racism]]". On the other hand, Foucault claims that when [[Marxists]] developed their concept of "class struggle", they were partly inspired by the older, non-biological notions of the "race" and the "race struggle". Quoting a non-existent 1882 letter from Marx to Friedrich Engels during a lecture, Foucault erroneously claimed Marx wrote: "You know very well where we found our idea of class struggle; we found it in the work of the [[French historians]] who talked about the race struggle."<ref>Quoted in ''Society Must be Defended'' by Michel Foucault (trans. [[David Macey]]), London: Allen Lane, Penguin Press (1976, 2003), p. 79</ref>{{Citation needed|reason=original source not listed|date=October 2016}} For Foucault, the theme of social war provides the overriding principle that connects class and race struggle.<ref>Ann Laura Stoler, ''Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault's "History of Sexuality" and the Colonial Order of Things '', Duke University Press (1995), p.71-72</ref>

[[Moses Hess]], an important theoretician and [[Labor Zionism|labor Zionist]] of the early socialist movement, in his "Epilogue" to "[[Rome and Jerusalem]]" argued that "the race struggle is primary, the class struggle secondary. [...] With the cessation of race antagonism, the class struggle will also come to a standstill. The equalization of all classes of society will necessarily follow the [[emancipation]] of all the races, for it will ultimately become a scientific question of social economics."<ref>Quoted in ''Prophecy and Politics: Socialism, Nationalism, and the Russian Jews'' by [[Jonathan Frankel (historian)|Jonathan Frankel]], Cambridge University Press (1981), p. 22. {{ISBN|978-0521230285}}.</ref>

[[W. E. B. Du Bois]] theorized that the [[intersectional]] paradigms of race, class, and nation might explain certain aspects of black political economy. [[Patricia Hill Collins]] writes: "Du Bois saw race, class, and nation not primarily as personal identity categories but as social hierarchies that shaped African-American access to status, poverty, and power."<ref name="Collins 2000">{{Cite journal | last = Collins | first = Patricia Hill | author-link = Patricia Hill Collins | title = Gender, black feminism, and black political economy | journal = [[Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science]] | volume = 568 | issue = 1 | pages = 41–53 | doi = 10.1177/000271620056800105 | date = March 2000 | s2cid = 146255922 }}</ref>{{rp|44}}

In modern times, emerging schools of thought in the U.S. and other countries hold the opposite to be true.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Eastwood|first1=John H.|author-link1=John H. Eastwood|title=The Wonder of Grace|year=1995|publisher=Companion Press|location=Shippensburg, PA|isbn=978-1-56043-572-3|page=18|chapter=Ye Are the Salt of the Earth|quote=The system that was supposed to treat all men equally actually created a class society.}}</ref> They argue that the race struggle is less important, because the primary struggle is that of class since labor of all races face the same problems and injustices.

== Chronology ==
Nationalist movements are not included.

{{columns-list|colwidth=18em|
Classical antiquity:
* [[Gracchi|Gracchi Tribuneship]]
* [[Social War (91–88 BC)|Social War]], 91–88 BC
* [[Gallic Wars]] and the assassination of [[Julius Caesar]]
* [[Conflict of the Orders]]
* [[Roman Servile Wars]]
* [[Yellow Turban Rebellion]], 184–205 AD

Middle Ages:
* [[Popular revolt in late medieval Europe]]
* [[Ciompi]] in Florence, 1378
* [[Peasants' Revolt]] in England, 1381
* [[Jacquerie]] in 14th-century France
* [[Saint George's Night Uprising]]

Modern era:
* [[German Peasants' War]] since 1524
* [[Shimabara Rebellion]], 1637–1638
* [[English Civil War]], 1642–1651
* [[French Revolution]] since 1789<ref>see Daniel Guérin, ''Class Struggle in the First French Republic'', Pluto Press, 1977. {{ISBN|978-0904383447}}.</ref>
* [[Old Price Riots]], 1809
* [[July Revolution]], 1830
* [[Canut revolts]] in [[Lyon]] since 1831, often considered as the beginning of the modern [[labor movement]]
* [[June Rebellion]], 1832
* [[Galician slaughter]], 1846
* [[Revolutions of 1848]] in France and around Europe
* [[Newport Rising]], political revolt in 1839 led by Chartists
* [[American Civil War]], 1861–1865
* [[Taiping Rebellion]], 1850-1864
* [[Paris Commune]], 1871
* [[Pabna Peasant Uprisings]], 1873–1876
* [[Johnson County War]], 1889–1893
* [[Coal Wars]], 1890–1930
* [[Donghak Peasant Revolution]] in Korea, 1893–94
* [[1905 Russian Revolution]]
* [[1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt]]
* [[Mexican Revolution]], 1910-1920
* [[Revolutions of 1917–1923]], including the [[Russian Revolution|1917 Russian Revolution]] and the [[German Revolution of 1918–1919]]
* [[Limerick Soviet]] in Ireland, 1919
* [[Seattle General Strike of 1919]] in [[Seattle]]
* [[Anarchism in Spain#General Strike of 1919|General Strike of 1919]] in [[Spain]]
* [[Winnipeg General Strike]], 1919
* [[Ruhr Uprising]] in Germany, 1920
* [[Kronstadt rebellion]], 1921
* [[Battle of Blair Mountain]], 1921
* [[Hamburg Uprising]], 1923
* [[1926 United Kingdom general strike]]
* [[1934 West Coast waterfront strike]]
* [[Spanish Civil War]], 1936–1939
* [[Tebhaga movement]], 1946–1947
* [[Land Reform Movement (China)]], 1947–1950
* [[Communist insurgency in Myanmar]], 1948–1988
* [[Nachole Uprising]], 1949–1950
* [[Uprising of 1953 in East Germany]]
* [[Telangana Rebellion]]
* [[Cuban Revolution]], 1953–1959
* [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]]
* [[Poznań 1956 protests]]
* [[Naxalite-Maoist insurgency]], 1967–present
* [[Protests of 1968]], including [[May 68]] in France and the [[Prague Spring]]
* [[Hot Autumn]] in Italy, 1969–70
* [[Communist rebellion in the Philippines]], 1969–present
* [[1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency]]
* Several strikes by coal miners in the United Kingdom
** [[UK miners' strike (1969)|1969]]
** [[UK miners' strike (1972)|1972]]
** [[UK miners' strike (1974)|1974]]
** [[UK miners' strike (1984–1985)|1984–85]]
* [[Winter of Discontent]] 1978–79
* [[Nicaraguan Revolution]]
* [[Poll tax riots]] 1990
* [[1993 Russian constitutional crisis]]
* [[Maoist insurgency in Bangladesh]], 1993–present
* [[1999 Seattle WTO protests]]
* [[2006 Oaxaca protests]] in Mexico
* [[Bolivarian Revolution]]
* [[2008 Greek riots]]
* [[Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010]]
* [[Egyptian Revolution of 2011]]
* [[World Social Forum]]
* [[World Economic Forum]]
* [[Occupy Wall Street]], 2011, and the [[Occupy movement]]
* [[Jasic Incident]]
* [[Rojava Revolution]]
* [[Protests against Rodrigo Duterte]] in the Philippines, 2016-2022
* [[Protests against Bongbong Marcos]] in the Philippines, 2021-present
* [[Yellow vests movement]] in France, 2018–2020
* [[2019–2020 Chilean protests]]
* [[2026_Bolivian_protests|2026 Bolivian Protests]]
}}

== See also ==
* [[Class collaboration]]
* [[Class consciousness]]
* [[Classicide]]
* [[Classism]]
* [[Criticism of capitalism]]
* [[Critique of political economy]]
* [[Critique of work]]
* [[Economic stratification]]
* [[Social class]]
* [[Master–slave dialectic|Master-slave dialectic]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |editor-last= Abidor|editor-first=Mitchell|date=2016 |title=Death to Bourgeois Society: The Propagandists of the Deed|url=https://pmpress.org/index.php?l=product_detail&p=732|publisher=[[PM Press]] |isbn=978-1629631127}}
* {{cite book |last=Adamic |first=Louis |author-link=Louis Adamic |title=[[Dynamite: The Story of Class Violence in America]] |edition=Revised |year=1934}}
* {{cite book |first1=Gerson |last1=Antell |first2=Walter |last2=Harris |title=Economics For Everybody |publisher=Amsco School Publications |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-56765-640-4}}
* {{cite book |title=Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society |url=https://archive.org/details/classclassconfli0000dahr |url-access=registration |first=Ralf |last=Dahrendorf |publisher=Stanford University Press |date=1959 |oclc=263443}} (reprinted in 2013 in paperback as {{ISBN|1314811819|978-1314811810}}).
* {{cite book |title=The Global Class War: How America's Bipartisan Elite Lost Our Future and What It Will Take to Win It Back |first=Jeff |last=Faux |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |date=2006 |isbn=978-0471697619 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/globalclasswarho0000faux }}
* {{cite book |last1=Klein |first1=Matthew C.|last2= Pettis |first2=Michael |date=2020 |title=Trade Wars Are Class Wars: How Rising Inequality Distorts the Global Economy and Threatens International Peace |url=https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300244175/trade-wars-are-class-wars |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0300244175 }}
* {{cite book |author=Li Yi |date=2005 |title=The Structure and Evolution of Chinese Social Stratification |publisher=University Press of America |isbn=978-0-7618-3331-4 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Maavak |first=Mathew |url=https://jfsdigital.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/172-A02.pdf |title=Class Warfare, Anarchy and the Future Society |journal=Journal of Futures Studies |date=December 2012 |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=15–36 |ssrn=2226762 }}
* {{cite book |title=The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest: 1500 to the Present |editor-first=Immanuel |editor-last=Ness |location=Malden, MA |publisher=Wiley & Sons |year=2009}}
* {{cite book |last=Ness |first=Immanuel |date=2014 |title=New Forms of Worker Organization: The Syndicalist and Autonomist Restoration of Class-Struggle Unionism |url=https://secure.pmpress.org/index.php?l=product_detail&p=628 |publisher=PM Press |isbn=978-1604869569 |author-link=Immanuel Ness |access-date=2 August 2018 |archive-date=29 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329025349/https://secure.pmpress.org/index.php?l=product_detail&p=628 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book |last=Tranjan|first=Ricardo |author-link= |date=2023 |title=The Tenant Class|url= |location= |publisher=Between the Lines|page= |isbn=978-1771136228}}
* {{cite journal |last1= Vasudevan |first1=Ramaa |date=2019 |title=The Global Class War |url=https://catalyst-journal.com/2019/07/the-global-class-war/ |journal=Catalyst |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=110–139 }}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Zeilig |editor-first=Leo |title=Class Struggle and Resistance in Africa |publisher=New Clarion Press |year=2002}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://www.democracynow.org/2010/9/3/study_ceos_who_fired_most_workers 2008-2010 Study: CEOs Who Fired Most Workers Earned Highest Pay] – video report by ''[[Democracy Now!]]''
* [https://www.vice.com/en/article/how-a-real-class-war-like-with-guns-could-actually-happen/ How a Real Class War, Like with Guns, Could Actually Happen]. ''[[Vice Media|Vice]]'', 26 November 2018.

{{anarchism}}
{{Marxist and communist phraseology}}
{{communism}}
{{socialism}}
{{Social class}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Anti-capitalism]]
[[Category:Anti-fascism]]
[[Category:Conflict theory]]
[[Category:Political science]]
[[Category:Social classes]]
[[Category:Social conflict]]
[[Category:Socialism]]

List of Tamil films of 2025

2026-05-07T12:45:56Z

Chakravarthy:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}

{{Tamil films}}

This is a list of [[Tamil language]] films produced in the [[Tamil cinema]] in India that were released in 2025.

== Box office collection ==
The following is the [[list of highest-grossing Tamil films]] released in 2025. The rank of the films in the following table depends on the estimate of worldwide collections as reported by organizations classified as green by Wikipedia.The total collections of all movies is 1,519 crores {{efn|See [[WP:RSP]], [[WP:ICTFSOURCES]]}} There is no official tracking of [[List of highest-grossing films in India|domestic box office figures]] within India.

:{{legend|#b6fcb6|size=50%|''Background shading indicates that a film is currently showing in theatres worldwide.''}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#ccc;"|'''#'''
| Implies that the film is multilingual and the gross collection figure includes the worldwide collection of the other simultaneously filmed version.
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"
|+The highest worldwide gross of 2025
|-
! Rank
! Title
! Production company
! Worldwide gross
! class="unsortable"|{{Reference heading}}
|-
!1
|''[[Coolie (2025 film)|Coolie]]''
| [[Sun Pictures]]
| style="text-align:right| {{INR|514–675 crore}}
| style="text-align: center;" |{{efn|name="coolie"|''Coolie''{{'}}s reported worldwide grosses vary between ₹514 crore (''[[The Hans India]]'';<ref>{{cite web |last1=Keval |first1=Varun |title=Coolie OTT Release: Rajinikanth Action Thriller Now Streaming on Prime Video |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/coolie-ott-release-rajinikanth-action-thriller-now-streaming-on-prime-video-1005484 |website=[[The Hans India]] |access-date=13 September 2025 |language=en |date=11 September 2025}}</ref> ''[[Filmfare]]'';<ref>{{cite web |title=Here's Where You Can Watch Rajinikanth's Coolie Online {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/heres-where-you-can-watch-rajinikanths-coolie-online-77570.html |website=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=13 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Network18 Group]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Coolie releases on OTT: Watch Rajinikanth, Nagarjuna Akkineni and Shruti Haasan starrer now |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/coolie-releases-on-ott-watch-rajinikanth-nagarjuna-akkineni-and-shruti-haasan-starrer-now-article-13537878.html |website=[[Network18 Group]] |access-date=13 September 2025}}</ref>) –
₹515 crore (''[[OTTPlay]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Coolie on OTT: Lokesh Kanagaraj-Rajinikanth's actioner fails to get Tamil cinema's 1000-crore goal, finishes at halfway mark and yet holds records |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/coolie-on-ott-lokesh-kanagaraj-rajinikanths-actioner-fails-tamil-cinemas-1000-crore-aim-finishes-at-halfway-mark-and-yet-holds-records/4ed0576566878 |website=OTTPlay |access-date=13 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>) – ₹675 crore (''[[The Indian Express]]'';<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/total-box-office-collection-of-coolie-movie-across-the-world-10445715|title=அமெரிக்காவில் கமல்ஹாசனை முந்திய ரஜினி... கூலி மொத்த வசூல் எவ்வளவு தெரியுமா?|website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> ''[[Zee News]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/rajinikanth-coolie-movie-to-release-on-amazon-prime-video-ott-platform-at-12-midnight-today-609720|title=Coolie OTT: சரியாக 12 மணிக்கு வெளியாகும் கூலி.. எந்த ஓடிடி தளத்தில் பார்க்கலாம்?|date=10 September 2025|website=[[Zee News]]}}</ref>)}}
|-
!2
| ''[[Mahavatar Narsimha]]''{{efn-lg|name="multi"|The film has lip-sync in Tamil, Telugu, Hindi and Kannada languages, as stated by the makers, and the [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]] certificates also indicate that these are not dubbed versions.}}
| Kleem Productions
| style="text-align:right; background:#ccc;"| {{INR|300{{ndash}}325 crore}} '''#'''
| style="text-align: center;" |{{efn|name=|''retro''{{'}}s reported worldwide grosses vary between
₹250 crore (''[[Hindustan Times]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahavatar Narsimha OTT release date: When and where to watch mythological epic that became India's biggest animated hit |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mahavatar-narsimha-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-mythological-epic-that-became-india-s-biggest-animated-hit-101758202695503.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=29 September 2025 |language=en |date=18 September 2025}}</ref> ''[[Cinema Express]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahavatar Narsimha finally gets OTT release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Sep/18/mahavatar-narsimha-finally-gets-ott-release-date |website=Cinema Express |access-date=29 September 2025 |language=en |date=18 September 2025}}</ref> ''[[News18]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahavatar Narsimha OTT Release Date: When And Where To Watch Mythological Epic That Became A Box Office Blockbuster |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/web-series/mahavatar-narsimha-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-mythological-epic-box-office-blockbuster-ws-kl-9581810.html |website=News18 |access-date=29 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>) –
₹325 crore (''[[DNA India]]'',<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wadhwa |first1=Aman |title=Mahavatar Narsimha OTT release date: When, where to watch Ashwin Kumar's blockbuster animated film |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-mahavatar-narsimha-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-ashwin-kumar-blockbuster-animated-film-netflix-3180718 |website=DNA India |access-date=29 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Economic Times]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahavatar Narsimha OTT release date confirmed: When and where to watch Ashwin Kumar's mythological blockbuster online |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/mahavatar-narsimha-ott-release-date-confirmed-where-and-when-to-watch-ashwin-kumars-animated-blockbuster-online/articleshow/123980571.cms?from=mdr |website=The Economic Times |access-date=29 September 2025 |date=19 September 2025}}</ref>)}}
|-
!3
|''[[Good Bad Ugly]]''
|[[Mythri Movie Makers]]
| align="right" |{{INR|179–248.25 crore}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{efn|name="gbu"|''Good Bad Ugly''{{'s}} reported worldwide grosses vary between ₹179 crore (''[[Hindustan Times]]''<ref>{{cite web | title=Good Bad Ugly OTT release: When and where to watch Ajith Kumar's ₹179-crore-grossing comeback film | date=3 May 2025 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/good-bad-ugly-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-ajiths-massy-and-commercial-entertainer-netflix-101746256187873.html }}</ref>) – ₹200 crore (''[[Filmfare]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajith Kumar's Good Bad Ugly Sets OTT Date After Blockbuster Box Office Run |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/ajith-kumars-good-bad-ugly-sets-ott-date-after-blockbuster-box-office-runajith-kumars-good-bad-73532.html |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref>) – ₹240 crore (''[[Deccan Chronicle]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-03 |title=Netflix Announces Good Bad Ugly's Official OTT Release Date |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/netflix-announces-good-bad-uglys-official-ott-release-date-1876636 |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> – ₹248.25 crore (''[[The Economic Times]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Ajith Kumar tests the Mahindra Formula E Gen 2 car in Spain. Anand Mahindra has the sweetest reaction |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/ajith-kumar-tests-the-mahindra-formula-e-gen-2-car-in-spain-anand-mahindra-has-the-sweetest-reaction/articleshow/124356901.cms?from=mdr |website=The Economic Times |access-date=13 October 2025 |date=7 October 2025}}</ref>)}}
|-
!4
|''[[Dragon (2025 film)|Dragon]]''
|[[AGS Entertainment]]
| align="right" |{{INR|150 crore}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-04 |title=Sikandar worldwide box office collection day 5: Salman Khan film mints ₹169 crore, beats Tamil hit Dragon's final haul |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sikandar-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-5-salman-khan-film-mints-169-crore-beats-tamil-hit-dragons-final-haul-101743760964672.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404204005/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sikandar-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-5-salman-khan-film-mints-169-crore-beats-tamil-hit-dragons-final-haul-101743760964672.html |archive-date=2025-04-04 |access-date=2025-06-07 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Suriya's Retro slows after ₹19 crore on Day 1, Ajith's ₹242 crore reign unshaken - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/story/suriyas-retro-slows-after-rs19-crore-on-day-1-ajiths-rs242-crore-reign-unshaken-474627-2025-05-04 |website=Business Today |access-date=8 October 2025 |language=en |date=4 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
!5
|''[[Vidaamuyarchi]]''
|[[Lyca Productions]]
| align="right" |{{INR|135.65–138 crore}}
| style="text-align:center;" |{{efn|''Vidaamuyarchi''{{'}}s reported worldwide grosses vary between ₹135.65 crore (''[[The Economic Times]]''<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Ajith Kumar tests the Mahindra Formula E Gen 2 car in Spain. Anand Mahindra has the sweetest reaction |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/ajith-kumar-tests-the-mahindra-formula-e-gen-2-car-in-spain-anand-mahindra-has-the-sweetest-reaction/articleshow/124356901.cms?from=mdr |website=The Economic Times |access-date=13 October 2025 |date=7 October 2025}}</ref>) – 138 crore (''[[Hindustan Times]]'';<ref>{{cite web |title=Coolie worldwide box office collection day 2: Rajinikanth film crosses ₹250 crore, is 2025's highest-grossing Tamil film |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/coolie-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-2-rajinikanth-film-crosses-250-crore-is-2025-highest-grossing-tamil-film-101755324864865.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=13 October 2025 |language=en |date=16 August 2025}}</ref> ''[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Suriya's Retro slows after ₹19 crore on Day 1, Ajith's ₹242 crore reign unshaken - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/story/suriyas-retro-slows-after-rs19-crore-on-day-1-ajiths-rs242-crore-reign-unshaken-474627-2025-05-04 |website=Business Today |access-date=13 October 2025 |language=en |date=4 May 2025}}</ref>)}}
|-
!6
|''[[Kuberaa]]''{{efn-lg|The film was produced in both the Telugu and Tamil languages}}
|Sree Venkateswara Cinemas LLP [[Amigos Creations]]
| style="text-align:right; background:#ccc;" |{{INR|115–132 crore}} '''#'''
| style="text-align:center;" |{{efn|name="kubera"|''Kuberaa''{{'}}s reported worldwide grosses vary between ₹115 crore (''[[Hindustan Times]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2025 |title=Lokah Chapter 1 worldwide box office collection day 8: Kalyani film soars past ₹120 crore, beats Marco, Kuberaa lifetime |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/lokah-chapter-1-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-8-kalyani-priyadarshan-film-120-crore-beats-marco-kuberaa-lifetime-101757047123950.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>) – ₹132 crore (''[[The Hans India]]'';<ref>{{cite web |last1=Keval |first1=Varun |date=10 July 2025 |title=Kubera Movie to Stream on This OTT Platform from July 18 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/ott-web-series/kubera-movie-to-stream-on-amazon-prime-from-july-18-after-big-box-office-success-986955 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725051502/https://www.thehansindia.com/ott-web-series/kubera-movie-to-stream-on-amazon-prime-from-july-18-after-big-box-office-success-986955 |archive-date=25 July 2025 |access-date=21 July 2025 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[News18]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Dhanush-Nagarjuna's Kuberaa Locks OTT Release Date: When And Where To Watch |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/tamil-cinema/dhanush-nagarjunas-kuberaa-locks-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-ws-l-aa-9449157.html |access-date=13 September 2025 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>)}}
|-
!7
|''[[Dude (2025 film)|Dude]]''
|Mythri Movie Makers
| align="right" |{{INR|100–113.25 crore}}
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=Dude on OTT: When and where to watch Pradeep Ranganathan's romantic-comedy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/dude-on-ott-pradeep-ranganathan-mamitha-baiju-netflix-2816522-2025-11-10 |website=India Today |access-date=29 January 2026 |language=en |date=10 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dude gets streaming release date: When and where to watch Pradeep Ranganathan’s blockbuster |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/dude-gets-streaming-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-pradeep-ranganathans-blockbuster-10357059/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=29 January 2026 |language=en |date=10 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
!8
|''[[Madharaasi]]''
| Sri Lakshmi Movies
| align="right" |{{INR|100 crore}}
|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=Akshay |title=Sivakarthikeyan-Murugadoss' Madharaasi surpasses 100 crores worldwide |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Sep/18/sivakarthikeyan-murugadoss-madharaasi-surpasses-100-crores-worldwide |website=Cinema Express |access-date=8 October 2025 |language=en |date=18 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
!9
| ''[[Thug Life (2025 film)|Thug Life]]''
|[[Raaj Kamal Films International]] [[Madras Talkies]] [[Red Giant Movies]]
| align="right" |{{INR|97 crore}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wadhwa |first=Aman |title=Meet actor, who lives in Rs 130 crore bungalow, is worth Rs 600 crore, his last two films bombed at box office, he is... |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-meet-actor-kamal-haasan-lives-in-rs-130-crore-bungalow-is-worth-rs-600-crore-last-two-films-indian-2-thug-life-bombed-at-box-office-3163041 |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Thug Life OTT release: Kamal Haasan, Mani Ratnam's film skips 8-week window, streams online a month after theatrical run |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/thug-life-ott-release-kamal-haasan-mani-ratnams-film-skips-8-week-window-streams-online-a-month-after-theatrical-run-101751516355752.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=2 January 2026 |language=en |date=3 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
!10
| ''[[Tourist Family]]''
|Million Dollar Studios MRP Entertainment
| align="right" |{{INR|90 crore}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |date=17 July 2025 |title=India's most profitable film of 2025 earned 1200% profit: How a ₹7 crore film beat Chhaava, Sitaare Zameen Par, Sikandar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/indias-most-profitable-film-of-2025-tourist-family-budget-7-crore-box-office-1200-chhaava-sitaare-zameen-par-sikandar-101752735955141.html |access-date=20 August 2025 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== January–March ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" |Opening
! style="width:20%;" |Title
! Director
! Cast
! Production company
! class="unsortable" |{{Reference heading}}
|-
| rowspan="20" style="text-align:center;background:#ffa07a;textcolor:#000;" |'''J A N U A R Y'''
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;" |'''3'''
|''[[Bioscope (2025 film)|Bioscope]]''
|Sankagiri Rajkumar
|Sankagiri Rajkumar, Manickam, Vellayammal, Muththayi
|25 Dots Creations
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=2024-12-23 |title=Bioscope Teaser: When village rookies aim for the big screen |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Dec/23/bioscope-teaser-when-village-rookies-aim-for-the-big-screen |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Kalan''
|Veera Murugan
|[[Deepa Shankar]], [[Appukutty]], [[Sampath Ram]]
|Ramalakshmi Productions
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-31 |title=Kalan (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/chennai/movies/kalan/ET00424716 |access-date=2025-01-01}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Lara (2025 film)|Lara]]''
|Manimoorthi
|[[Ashok Kumar Balakrishnan]], Anushree, Venmathi, Varshini
|MK Film Media Works
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2024-12-30 |title=Pre-release glimpse of Manimoorthi's Lara out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Dec/30/pre-release-glimpse-of-manimoorthis-lara-out |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Seesaw (film)|Seesaw]]''
|Guna Subramaniam
|[[Natty Subramaniam]], Nishanth Russo, Padine Kumar, [[Nizhalgal Ravi]]
|[[20th Century Fox]], Vidiyal Studios
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-16 |title=மிரட்டும் நட்டி... கவனம் ஈர்க்கும் சீசா ட்ரெய்லர்! |url=https://tamil.timesnownews.com/entertainment/natty-natraj-starring-seesaw-movie-trailer-is-out-new-upcoming-movie-trailer-seesaw-release-date-video-116364699 |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=Times Now Tamil |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|''Sithariya Pakkangal''
|Bhoopendra Raja
|
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sithariya Pakkangal (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/chennai/movies/sithariya-pakkangal/ET00428052 |access-date=9 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
|[[Xtreme (2025 film)|''Xtreme'']]
|Rajavel Krishna
|[[Rachitha Mahalakshmi]], Abi Nakshathra, Amritha Halder, [[Ananth Nag (Tamil actor)|Ananth Nag]]
|Sieger Pictures
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2024-12-31 |title=Bigg Boss Rachitha 'xtreme' movie release date announced {{!}} பிக்பாஸ் ரச்சிதா நடித்துள்ள'எக்ஸ்ட்ரீம்' படத்தின் ரிலீஸ் தேதி அறிவிப்பு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/bigg-boss-rachitha-xtreme-movie-release-date-announced-1137381 |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;" |'''10'''
|''[[Madraskaaran]]''
|[[Vaali Mohan Das]]
|[[Shane Nigam]], [[Kalaiyarasan]], [[Niharika Konidela]], [[Aishwarya Dutta]]
|SR Productions
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madraskaaran release date: Shane Nigam's debut replaces Ajith Kumar's Vidaamuyarchi for Pongal 2025 |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/madraskaaran-release-date-shane-nigams-debut-replaces-ajith-kumars-vidaamuyarchi-for-pongal-2025/5f77b3169f124 |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Vanangaan]]''
|[[Bala (director)|Bala]]
|[[Arun Vijay]], [[Roshni Prakash]], [[Samuthirakani]], [[Mysskin]]
|[[B Studios]], [[Suresh Kamatchi|V House Productions]]
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2024-12-04 |title=Arun Vijay's Vanangaan gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Dec/04/arun-vijays-vanangaan-gets-a-release-date-2 |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;" | '''12'''
| ''[[Madha Gaja Raja]]''
| [[Sundar C.]]
| [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]], [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]], [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]], [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]]
| [[Gemini Film Circuit]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=3 January 2025 |title=Vishal-Sundar C's Madha Gaja Raja finally gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/03/vishal-sundar-cs-madha-gaja-raja-finally-gets-a-release-date |website=Cinema Express}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;" |'''14'''
|''[[Kadhalikka Neramillai (2025 film)|Kadhalikka Neramillai]]''
|[[Kiruthiga Udhayanidhi]]
|[[Ravi Mohan]], [[Nithya Menen]], [[Yogi Babu]], [[Vinay Rai]]
|[[Red Giant Movies]]
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-01-01 |title=Jayam Ravi's Kadhalikka Neramillai gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/01/jayam-ravis-kadhalikka-neramillai-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Nesippaya]]''
|[[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]]
|[[Akash Murali]], [[Aditi Shankar]], [[R. Sarathkumar]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]
|XB Film Creators
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=2025-01-02 |title=Vishnu Vardhan's Nesippaya gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/02/vishnu-vardhans-nesippaya-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Tharunam]]''
|Arvindh Srinivasan
|[[Kishen Das]], [[Smruthi Venkat]], Raj Ayyappa, [[Bala Saravanan]]
|Zhen Studios, Arka Entertainments
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-03 |title=Kishen Das' Tharunam gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/03/kishen-das-tharunam-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;" |'''24'''
|''[[Kudumbasthan]]''
|Rajeshwar Kalisamy
|[[K. Manikandan]], [[Saanve Megghana]], [[Guru Somasundaram]], [[R. Sundarrajan]]
|Cinemaakaran
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-01-10 |title=Manikandan's Kudumbasthan gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/10/manikandans-kudumbasthan-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kuzhanthaigal Munnetra Kazhagam]]''
|[[Shankar Dayal]]
|[[Yogi Babu]], [[Senthil]], [[Lizzie Antony]], [[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]]
|Meenakshi Amman Movies
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-11 |title=Kuzhanthaigal Munnetra Kazhagam gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/11/kuzhanthaigal-munnetra-kazhagam-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mr. Housekeeping]]''
|Arun Ravichandran
|Hari Bhaskar, [[Losliya Mariyanesan]], [[Shah Ra]], [[Ilavarasu]]
|[[Paramount Pictures]], [[Sri Thenandal Films]], Invate Media
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-16 |title=Mr House Keeping gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/16/mr-house-keeping-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Poorveegam''
|G Krishnan
|[[Bose Venkat]], [[Ilavarasu]], [[Sriranjani (Tamil actress)|Sriranjani]], [[Suzane George]]
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-22 |title=Poorveegam (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/chennai/movies/poorveegam/ET00430172 |access-date=2025-01-22}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Vallan (film)|Vallan]]''
|VR Mani Seiyon
|[[Sundar C]], [[Tanya Hope]], [[Hebah Patel]], [[Abhirami Venkatachalam]]
|VR Della Film Factory
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-16 |title=Sundar C's Vallan gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/16/sundar-cs-vallan-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;" |'''31'''
|''[[Rajabheema]]''
|Naresh Sampath
|[[Arav]], [[Ashima Narwal]], [[Oviya]], [[Yashika Aannand]]
|Surabi Films
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raja Bheema Movie Review : A well-meaning but generic tale about man and beast lumbers along |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/raja-bheema/movie-review/117674753.cms |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ring Ring (2025 film)|Ring Ring]]''
|Shakthivel
|Praveen Raj, [[Vivek Prasanna]], [[Sakshi Agarwal]], [[Daniel Annie Pope]]
|Diya Cine Creations, Rule Breakers Productions
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-26 |title=Vivek Prasanna's Ring Ring gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/26/vivek-prasannas-ring-ring-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Tharuthala''
|Ramasubbu
|Vaishali Pala
|Anga Productions
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2025 |title=Tharuthala (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/chennai/movies/tharuthala/ET00431587 |access-date=1 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="18" style="text-align:center; background:#7FFFD4; textcolor:#000;" | '''F E B R U A R Y'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#dbfff8;"|'''6'''
|''[[Vidaamuyarchi]]''
|[[Magizh Thirumeni]]
|[[Ajith Kumar]], [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], [[Trisha Krishnan]], [[Arav]]
|[[Lyca Productions]]
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vidaamuyarchi trailer and release date OUT: Ajith Kumar's road film packed with racy moments and action blocks |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/vidaamuyarchi-trailer-and-release-date-out-ajith-kumars-road-film-looks-packed-with-racy-moments-and-action-blocks/6f24f94dc944 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#dbfff8;" |'''14'''
|''[[2K Love Story]]''
|[[Suseenthiran]]
|Jagaveer, [[Meenakshi Govindarajan]], [[Bala Saravanan]], Antony Bhagyaraj
|City Light Pictures
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-01-08 |title=Suseenthiran's 2K Love Story to get a Valentine's Day release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/08/suseenthirans-2k-love-story-to-get-a-valentines-day-release |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''9AM To 9PM Valentines Day''
|M.Gowri Shankar
|[[Ramesh Khanna]], [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran]]
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2025 |title=9AM To 9PM Valentines Day (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/chennai/movies/9am-to-9pm-valentines-day/ET00433810 |access-date=14 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Athu Vaangina Ethu Elavasam''
|SK. Senthil Rajan
|Ramar, Pooja Sri, Kalaiyarasan Kannusamy, Supergood Subramani
|Sreeja Cinema
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2025 |title=Athu Vaangina Ethu Elavasam (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=http://in.bookmyshow.com/chennai/movies/athu-vaangina-ethu-elavasam/ET00431911 |access-date=14 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kaadhal Enbadhu Podhu Udamai]]''
|[[Jayaprakash Radhakrishnan]]
|[[Vineeth]], [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]], [[Lijomol Jose]], Anusha Prabhu
|Mankind Cinemas, Symmetry Cinemas, Nith's Productions
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kaadhal Enbadhu Podhu Udamai Movie Review : Real reactions make this basic family drama effective |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kaadhal-enbadhu-podhu-udamai/movie-review/118115203.cms |access-date=2025-02-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Baby and Baby]]''
|Prathap
|[[Jai (actor)|Jai]], [[Sathyaraj]], [[Yogi Babu]], [[Pragya Nagra]]
|Yuvaraj Films
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baby & Baby - Official Trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/tamil/baby-baby-official-trailer/videoshow/118216861.cms |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dinasari]]''
|G. Sankar
|[[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]], Cynthia Lourde, [[Radha Ravi]], [[Chaams]]
|Cynthia Production House
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2025 |title=Dinasari (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/chennai/movies/dinasari/ET00431544 |access-date=4 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
|[[Fire (2025 film)|''Fire'']]
|[[JSK.Satish Kumar]]
|Balaji Murugadoss, [[Chandini Tamilarasan]], [[Rachitha Mahalakshmi]], [[Sakshi Agarwal]]
|[[JSK Film Corporation]]
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2025 |title=Fire (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/chennai/movies/fire-2025/ET00430828 |access-date=3 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kanneera]]''
|Kathir Raven S
|Kathir Raven S, Chandhine Kaur, Maya Glammy, Nanthakumar NKR
|Uthraa Productions
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2025 |title=Kanneera (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/chennai/movies/kanneera/ET00431912 |access-date=14 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Otha Votu Muthaiya]]''
|Sai Rajagopal
|[[Goundamani]], [[Yogi Babu]], [[Ravi Mariya]], [[Rajendran]]
|Cine Craft Productions, Kutti Story Pictures
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2025 |title=Otha Votu Muthaiya (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/chennai/movies/otha-votu-muthaiya/ET00433174 |access-date=14 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#dbfff8;" |'''21'''
|''[[Dragon (2025 film)|Dragon]]''
|[[Ashwath Marimuthu]]
|[[Pradeep Ranganathan]], [[Anupama Parameswaran]], [[Kayadu Lohar]], [[Mysskin]]
|[[AGS Entertainment]]
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2025-01-19 |title=Release of Ashwath Marimuthu's 'Dragon' postponed to February 21 |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/release-of-ashwath-marimuthus-dragon-postponed-to-february-21-819800 |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Nilavuku En Mel Ennadi Kobam]]''
|[[Dhanush]]
|Pavish, [[Anikha Surendran]], [[Priya Prakash Varrier]], [[Mathew Thomas]]
|[[Wunderbar Films]], RK Productions
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-01-17 |title=Dhanush's NEEK gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/17/dhanushs-neek-gets-a-new-release-date |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Piranthanaal Vazhthukal]]''
|Raju Chandra
|[[Appukutty]], Aishwarya Anilkumar, [[Sreeja Ravi]], Roji Mathew
|Plan 3 Studios, Mathens Group
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-02-15 |title=Appukutty's Piranthanaal Vazhthukal gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/15/appukuttys-piranthanaal-vazhthukal-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#dbfff8;" |'''28'''
|''[[Aghathiyaa]]''
|[[Pa. Vijay]]
| [[Jiiva]], [[Arjun Sarja]], [[Raashii Khanna]], [[Edward Sonnenblick]]
|[[Ishari K. Ganesh|Vels Film International]], Wam India
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-01-30 |title=Aghathiyaa gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/30/aghathiyaa-gets-a-new-release-date |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Kadaisi Thotta ''
|Navinkumar
|[[Radha Ravi]], [[Shreekumar|Sreekumar Ganesh]], [[Vanitha Vijayakumar]], Yazar
|RVR Studios
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2025 |title=Kadaisi Thotta (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/chennai/movies/kadaisi-thotta/ET00434492 |access-date=26 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kooran (film)|Kooran]]''
|Nithin Vemupati
|[[S. A. Chandrasekhar|S.A. Chandrasekhar]], [[Y. G. Mahendran|Y.G. Mahendran]], [[Balaji Sakthivel]], [[Sathyan (Tamil actor)|Sathyan]]
|Kanaa Productions
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2025 |title=Kooran (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/chennai/movies/kooran/ET00435095 |access-date=26 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Pallavapuram Manai Enn 666''
|Rishi S
|[[Krishna (TV actor)|Krishna]], [[Eden Kuriakose]], Rekha Suresh, Sunil
|Ashtalakshmi Movie Makers
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2025 |title=Pallavapuram Manai Enn 666 (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/chennai/movies/pallavapuram-manai-enn-666/ET00434800 |access-date=26 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sabdham]]''
|[[Arivazhagan Venkatachalam|Arivazhagan]]
|[[Aadhi Pinisetty]], [[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]], [[Simran (actress)|Simran]], [[Laila (actress)|Laila]]
|7G Films, AAlpha Frames
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-25 |title=Aadhi's Sabdham gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Dec/25/aadhis-sabdham-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="22" style="text-align:center; background:#98fb98; textcolor:#000;" | '''M A R C H'''
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;" |'''7'''
|''[[Badava]]''
|KV Nandha
|[[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]], [[Soori (actor)|Soori]], Shrita Rao, [[Ramachandra Raju|KGF Ram]]
|J Studio International
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2025 |title=Badava (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/chennai/movies/badava/ET00432800 |access-date=5 March 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Gentlewoman (film)|Gentlewoman]]''
|Joshua Sethuraman
|[[Lijomol Jose]], [[Losliya Mariyanesan]], [[Hari Krishnan (Tamil actor)|Hari Krishnan]], Rajiv Gandhi
|Komala Hari Pictures, One Drop Ocean Pictures
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-02-06 |title=Lijomol Jose's Gentlewoman gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/06/lijomol-joses-gentlewoman-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kingston (film)|''Kingston'']]
|Kamal Prakash
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], [[Divyabharathi]], [[Chetan (actor)|Chetan]], [[Azhagam Perumal]]
|Parallel Universe Pictures, [[Zee Studios]]
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kingston teaser OUT: GV Prakash headlines a swashbuckling sea fantasy; release date revealed |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kingston-teaser-out-gv-prakash-headlines-a-swashbuckling-sea-fantasy-release-date-revealed/9ba08c3333821 |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Leg Piece''
|[[Srinath (Tamil actor)|Srinath]]
|[[Yogi Babu]], Shubhangi Jha, [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]], [[Ramesh Thilak]]
|Hero Cinemas
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2025 |title=Leg Piece (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/chennai/movies/leg-piece/ET00434942 |access-date=26 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Murmur (2025 film)|Murmur]]''
|Hemnath Narayanan
|Richie Kapoor, Devaraj Arumugam, Suganya Shanmugam, Yuvikha Rajendran
|SPK Pictures
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2025 |title=Murmur (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/chennai/movies/murmur/ET00434897 |access-date=26 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Niram Marum Ulagil]]''
|Britto JB
|[[Bharathiraja]], [[Natty Subramaniam]], [[Rio Raj]], Sandy
|Signature Productionz, GS Cinema International
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=2025-01-26 |title=Niram Marum Ulagil gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/26/niram-marum-ulagil-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Yamakaathaghi]]''
|Peppin George Jayaseelan
|[[Roopa Koduvayur]], Narendra Prasath, [[Geetha Kailasam]], Raju Rajappan
|Naisat Media Works, Arunasree Entertainments
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=2025-02-22 |title=Yamakaathaghi Trailer: Horrors are unleashed when a door is broken open in this supernatural thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/22/yamakaathaghi-trailer-horrors-are-unleashed-when-a-door-is-broken-open-in-this-supernatural-thriller |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;" |'''14'''
|''[[Dexter (film)|Dexter]]''
|Suryan G
|[[Rajeev Pillai|Rajeev Govinda Pillai]], Abishek Joseph George, Yukta Pervi, Sithara Vijayan
|Ram Entertainerss
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-11 |title=Dexter (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/chennai/movies/dexter/ET00429910 |access-date=2025-03-12}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Konjam Kadhal Konjam Modhal]]''
|[[K. Rangaraj]]
|[[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]], [[Pujita Ponnada]], [[Chaams]], [[Delhi Ganesh]]
|Sri Ganapathi Films
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-26 |title=Srikanth calls for unity in Kollywood; Says, 'Chennai must rise again as Tamil cinema's hub' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/srikanth-calls-for-unity-in-kollywood-says-chennai-must-rise-again-as-tamil-cinemas-hub/articleshow/118577532.cms |access-date=2025-02-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''Kuttram Kurai''
|Satheesh K Sekar, Vijaythirumoolam
|Sri Mathi
|Kalabhairava Movies, SKS Movies
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-11 |title=Kuttram Kurai (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/chennai/movies/kuttram-kurai/ET00436193 |access-date=2025-03-12}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Maadan Kodai Vizha]]''
|R. Thangapandi
|Gokul Gowtham, Sharumiishaa, Suria Narayanan, Supergood Subramani
|Deiva Productions
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2025-03-04 |title='மாடன் கொடை விழா'...ரிலீஸ் தேதி அறிவிப்பு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/maadan-kodai-vizha-releasing-in-cinemas-march-14th-1146613 |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Perusu]]''
|Ilango Ram
|[[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]], [[Sunil Reddy]], Niharika NM, [[Chandini Tamilarasan]]
|[[Stone Bench Creations|Stone Bench Films]], [[Baweja Studios]], Ember Light Studios
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-08 |title=வைபவ் நடிக்கும் பெருசு படத்தின் கலக்கல் டீசர்! |url=https://tamil.timesnownews.com/entertainment/actor-vaibhav-next-movie-perusu-trailer-is-out-niharika-leading-tamil-movie-perusu-release-date-video-151246977 |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=Times Now Tamil |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Robber (film)|Robber]]''
|SM Pandi
|Sathya, [[Daniel Annie Pope]], [[Deepa Shankar]], [[Sendrayan]]
|Impress Films Productions, Metro Productions
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manimegalai |first=A. |title=நகை கொள்ளையர்களின் உண்மை பின்னணியில் உருவான 'ராபர்' - ட்ரைலர் வெளியானது! |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/video/cinema/metro-sathya-starring-robber-movie-trailer-out-in-tamil-mma-srxk0a |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=Asianet News Tamil |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sweetheart!]]''
|Swineeth S Sukumar
|[[Rio Raj]], Gopika Ramesh, [[Renji Panicker]], [[Redin Kingsley]]
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja|YSR Films]]
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullappilly |first=Sreejith |date=2025-02-05 |title=Rio Raj starrer Sweetheart gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/05/rio-raj-starrer-sweetheart-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Varunan]]''
|Jaayavelmurugun
|Dushyanth Jayaprakash, [[Gabriella Charlton]], [[Radha Ravi]], [[Charan Raj]]
|Yakkai Films, Vaan Productions
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-10 |title=Jaayavelmurugun's Varunan gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/10/jaayavelmuruguns-varunan-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;" |'''21'''
|''[[Asthram (2025 film)|Asthram]]''
|Aravind Rajagopal
|[[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]], Niranjani, [[Nizhalgal Ravi]], Aroul D Shankar
|Best Movies
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-03-15 |title=Shaam's Asthram sets a new release target |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Mar/15/shaams-asthram-sets-a-new-release-target |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Enai Sudum Pani''
|Ram Sevaa
|Nataraj Sundarraj, [[Upasana RC]], [[K. Bhagyaraj]], [[Singampuli]]
|SNS Pictures
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-19 |title=Enai Sudum Pani (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/chennai/movies/enai-sudum-pani/ET00438277 |access-date=2025-03-19}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Pei Kottu]]''
|S. Lavanya
|S. Lavanya, [[Deepa Shankar]], [[Sreeja Ravi]], Shanthi Anandaraj
|Om Sai Productions
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-19 |title=Pei Kottu (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/chennai/movies/pei-kottu/ET00437670 |access-date=2025-03-19}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Trauma (2025 film)|Trauma]]''
|Thambithurai Mariyappan
|[[Vivek Prasanna]], Prathosh, [[Poornima Ravi]], [[Chandini Tamilarasan]]
|Turm Production House
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2025-03-07 |title=விவேக் பிரசன்னாவின் "ட்ராமா" டிரெய்லர் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/vivek-prasanna-starring-trauma-trailer-out-1146990 |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;" |'''27'''
|''[[Veera Dheera Sooran|Veera Dheera Sooran: Part 2]]''
|[[S. U. Arun Kumar]]
|[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Dushara Vijayan]], [[S. J. Suryah]], [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]]
|[[Thameens Films|HR Pictures]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullappilly |first=Sreejith |date=2025-01-22 |title=Vikram's Veera Dheera Sooran Part 2 gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/22/vikrams-veera-dheera-sooran-part-2-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;" |'''28'''
|''Aram Sei''
|Balu S Vaithiyanathan
|[[Anjena Kirti]], Balu S Vaithiyanathan
|Thaaragai Cinemas
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-26 |title=Aram Sei (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/chennai/movies/aram-sei/ET00439654 |access-date=2025-03-27}}</ref>
|-
|''[[The Door (2025 film)|The Door]]''
|Jaiiddev
|[[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]], [[Ganesh Venkatraman]], [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]], Shivaranjani
|June Dreams Studios
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullappilly |first=Sreejith |date=2025-03-24 |title=Bhavana starrer The Door gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Mar/24/bhavana-starrer-the-door-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== April–June ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! colspan="2" |Opening
! style="width:20%;" |Title
! Director
! Cast
! Production company
! class="unsortable" |{{Reference heading}}
|-
| rowspan="12" style="text-align:center; background:#93CCEA; textcolor:#000;" |'''A P R I L'''
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;" | '''4'''
|''EMI''
|Sadasivam Chinnaraj
|Sadasivam Chinnaraj, Sai Dhanya, [[Pandi (actor)|Black Pandi]], [[Aadhavan (anchor)|Aadhavan]]
|Sabari Productions
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2025 |title=EMI (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/chennai/movies/emi/ET00437235 |access-date=2 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Ka.Mu - Ka.Pi''
|Pushpanathan Arumugam
|Vignesh Ravi, TSK, Saranya Ravichandran, Priya Dharshini
|Flying Elephants Entertainment
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2025 |title=Ka.Mu - Ka.Pi (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/chennai/movies/kamu-kapi/ET00439992 |access-date=2 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''S/O Kaalingarayan''
|Baarathemogan
|[[Anand Babu]], Chandranswamy, Saran Shanmugam, Ramesh Kamal
|Sun Shine Studios
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2025 |title=S/O Kaalingarayan (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/chennai/movies/so-kaalingarayan/ET00440398 |access-date=2 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
|[[Test (2025 film)|''Test'']]
|[[S. Sashikanth]]
|[[R. Madhavan]], [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]], [[Nayanthara]], [[Meera Jasmine]]
|[[YNOT Studios]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=2025-03-06 |title=Madhavan, Siddharth, and Nayanthara's Test gets Netflix premiere date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Mar/06/madhavan-siddharth-and-nayantharas-test-gets-netflix-premiere-date |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Tharaipadai''
|Ram Prabha
|[[Prajin|Prajin Padmanabhan]], [[Lollu Sabha Jeeva]], [[Vijay Vishwa]], Aarthi Shalini
|Stonex
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2025 |title=Tharaipadai (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/chennai/movies/tharaipadai/ET00438331 |access-date=31 March 2025}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;" | '''10'''
|''[[Good Bad Ugly]]''
|[[Adhik Ravichandran]]
|[[Ajith Kumar]], [[Trisha Krishnan]], [[Arjun Das]], [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]
|[[Mythri Movie Makers]], [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-01-06 |title=Ajith-Adhik Ravichandran's Good Bad Ugly gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/06/ajith-adhik-ravichandrans-good-bad-ugly-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;" | '''18'''
|''[[Naangal (2025 film)|Naangal]]''
|Avinash Prakash
|Abdul Rafe, Mithun Vasudevan, Rithik Mohanraj, Nithin Dineshkumar
|Kala Bhavashri Creations
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2025 |title=Naangal (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/naangal/ET00442117 |access-date=16 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ten Hours]]''
|Ilayaraja Kaliyaperumal
|[[Sibi Sathyaraj]], [[Karthik Subbaraj|Gajaraj]], [[Dileepan]], [[Jeeva Ravi]]
|Duvin Studios
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=2025-03-31 |title=Sibi Sathyaraj's Ten Hours gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Mar/31/sibi-sathyarajs-ten-hours-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;" | '''24'''
|''[[Gangers (film)|Gangers]]''
|[[Sundar C]]
|[[Sundar C]], [[Vadivelu]], [[Catherine Tresa]], [[Bagavathi Perumal]]
|[[Avni Cinemax]], Benzz Media Pvt Ltd
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=2025-03-03 |title=Sundar C's Gangers gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Mar/03/sundar-cs-gangers-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;" | '''25'''
|''[[Sumo (film)|Sumo]]''
|[[S. P. Hosimin]]
|[[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]], [[Priya Anand]], [[Yoshinori Tashiro]], [[Yogi Babu]]
|[[Ishari K. Ganesh|Vels Film International]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-04-04 |title=Mirchi Shiva starrer Sumo gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Apr/04/mirchi-shiva-starrer-sumo-gets-a-new-release-date |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Vallamai]]''
|Karuppaiyaa Murugan
|[[Premgi Amaren]], Dhivadarshini, [[Deepa Shankar]], Valakku en Muthuraman
|Battlers Cinema
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-03-25 |title=Premgi starrer Vallamai gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Mar/25/premgi-starrer-vallamai-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Vanganna Vanakkanganna''
|Raj Kannayiram
|[[Senthil]], Sundar Mahasri, Abinaya Sri, Sandhiya Balasubramanian
|Rock and Role Production
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-24 |title=Vanganna Vanakkanganna (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/vanganna-vanakkanganna/ET00442735 |access-date=2025-04-24}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="26" style="text-align:center; background: #9ACD32; textcolor:#000;" |'''M A Y'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#C5E384;" |'''1'''
|[[Retro (film)|''Retro'']]
|[[Karthik Subbaraj]]
|[[Suriya]], [[Pooja Hegde]], [[Jayaram]], [[Joju George]]
|[[Stone Bench Creations|Stone Bench Films]], [[2D Entertainment]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-01-08 |title=Suriya-Karthik Subbaraj's Retro gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/08/suriya-karthik-subbarajs-retro-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Tourist Family]]''
|Abishan Jeevinth
|[[M. Sasikumar]], [[Simran (actress)|Simran]], [[Yogi Babu]], Mithun Jai Sankar
|Million Dollar Studios, MRP Entertainment
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=2025-03-25 |title=Sasikumar-Simran's Tourist Family to release in May |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Mar/25/sasikumar-simrans-tourist-family-to-release-in-may |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center; background:#C5E384;" |'''9'''
|''Ambi''
|Bosser J Elvin
|[[Robo Shankar]], Ashwini Chandrashekar, [[Ramesh Khanna]], [[Imman Annachi]]
|T2 Media
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Ambi (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/ambi/ET00438604 |access-date=7 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[En Kadhale]]''
|Jayalakshmi
|[[Lingesh]], Liya, Divya, Katpadi Rajan
|Sky Wanders Entertainment
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-05-02 |title=Lingesh-Liya's En Kadhale gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/02/lingesh-liyas-en-kadhale-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-05-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Gajaana]]''
|Prabadish Samz
|[[Vedhika]], [[Inigo Prabhakaran]], [[Yogi Babu]], [[Chandini Tamilarasan]]
|Four Square Studios
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-05 |title='Gajaana' director accuses Yogi Babu of skipping promotions for Rs 7 lakh fee |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gajaana-director-accuses-yogi-babu-of-skipping-promotions-for-rs-7-lakh-fee/articleshow/120890336.cms |access-date=2025-05-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kaliyugam (2025 film)|Kaliyugam]]{{efn-lg|name="tt"|The film was produced in both the Tamil and Telugu languages}}''
|Pramodh Sundar
|[[Shraddha Srinath]], [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]], Iniyan Subramani, Asmal
|RK International, Prime Cinemas
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Ashwin |date=2025-04-21 |title=Shraddha Srinath and Kishore-starrer Kaliyugam gets release date |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2025/Apr/21/shraddha-srinath-and-kishore-starrer-kaliyugam-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Keeno''
|R. K. Divakar
|Mahaathaaraa Bagavath, Renuka Sadesh, Rajesh Gopishetty, Siva Sukanth
|Ghantharvaa Celluloid Creators
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-08 |title=Keeno (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/keeno/ET00444791 |access-date=2025-05-08}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Nizharkudai]]''
|Shiva Arumugam
|[[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]], Vijjith, [[Kanmani Manoharan]], [[Raj Kapoor (Tamil director)|Raj Kapoor]]
|Dharshan Films
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=2025-04-30 |title=Nizhar Kudai Trailer: Devayani becomes entangled in a tale of love and longing |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Apr/30/nizhar-kudai-trailer-devayani-becomes-entangled-in-a-tale-of-love-and-longing |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Yaaman''
|K. S. Manikandan
|Gayatri Rema, Sakthi Sivan, Aadesh Bala
|K. S. M. Screenplay Films
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-08 |title=Yaaman (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/yaaman/ET00445110 |access-date=2025-05-08}}</ref>
|-
|''Yaman Kattalai''
|S. Rajasekar
|Anbu Mayilasamy, Chandrika Revathi, [[Charle]], [[R. Sundarrajan]]
|Shellammal Movie Makers
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-30 |title=Yaman Kattalai (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/yaman-kattalai/ET00443691 |access-date=2025-05-05}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#C5E384;" |'''16'''
|''[[Devil's Double Next Level]]''
|S. Prem Anand
|[[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]], [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]], [[Selvaraghavan]], Geethika Tiwary
|[[The Show People]], Niharika Entertainment
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=DD Next Level release date out: Santhanam's film to hit theatres for summer |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/dd-next-level-release-date-out-santhanams-film-to-hit-theatres-for-summer/6b81e88015632 |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jora Kaiya Thattunga]]''
|Vineesh Millennium
|[[Yogi Babu]], Shanthi Rao, [[Hareesh Peradi]], Kalki Raja
|Wama Entertainment
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-28 |title=Yogi Babu to play magician in his next titled Jora Kaiya Thattunga |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Apr/28/yogi-babu-to-play-magician-in-his-next-titled-jora-kaiya-thattunga |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Maaman]]''
|Prasanth Pandiyaraj
|[[Soori (actor)|Soori]], [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]], [[Rajkiran|Raj Kiran]], [[Swasika]]
|Lark Studios
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor Soori Announces Release Date of Upcoming Movie 'Maaman' |url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/actor-soori-announces-release-date-of-upcoming-movie-maaman-2886151.html |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Eleven (film)|Eleven]]{{efn-lg||name="tt"}}''
|Lokkesh Ajls
|[[Naveen Chandra]], Reyaa Hari, [[Dileepan]], [[Shashank (actor)|Shashank]]
|AR Entertainment
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-05 |title=Naveen Chandra's Eleven gets new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Apr/05/naveen-chandras-eleven-gets-new-release-date |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#C5E384;" |'''23'''
|''Aagakadavana''
|Adhithya Dharma
|Aathiran Suresh, Vincent S, CR Rahul, Micheal S
|Sarah Kalaikoodam
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-21 |title=Aagakadavana (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/aagakadavana/ET00446159 |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ace (film)|Ace]]''
|Aarumuga Kumar
|[[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[Rukmini Vasanth]], [[Yogi Babu]], P. S. Avinash
|7Cs Entertainment
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-04-19 |title=Vijay Sethupathi's Ace to release in May |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Apr/19/vijay-sethupathis-ace-to-release-in-may |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Akamozhi Vizhikal''
|Dasendra K Sankar
|Aadham Hasan, Neha Rathnakaran, Dharmajan Bolgatty, Pashanam Shaji
|Sachu's Creations
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-21 |title=Akamozhi Vizhikal (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/akamozhi-vizhikal/ET00447079 |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
|-
|''Myyal''
|APG. Elumalai
|Sethu Mynaa, Samriddhi Tara, [[P. L. Thenappan]], Supergood Subramani
|Icon Cine Creations
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-21 |title=Myyal (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/myyal/ET00446379 |access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref>
|-
|''[[School (2025 film)|School]]''
|RK Vidyadharan
|[[Yogi Babu]], [[K. S. Ravikumar]], [[Bhumika Chawla]], [[Nizhalgal Ravi]]
|Quantum Film Factory
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-05-07 |title=Yogi Babu starrer School to release on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/07/yogi-babu-starrer-school-to-release-on-this-date |access-date=2025-05-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Tiruppur Kuruvi''
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-22 |title=Tiruppur Kuruvi (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/tiruppur-kuruvi/ET00446786 |access-date=2025-05-23}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Vembu (film)|Vembu]]''
|V Justin Babu
|[[Hari Krishnan (Tamil actor)|Hari Krishnan]], [[Sheela Rajkumar]], Karnan Janaki
|Manjal Cinemas
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-05-02 |title=Harikrishnan-Sheela's Vembu gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/02/harikrishnan-sheelas-vembu-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-05-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#C5E384;" |'''30'''
|''Aandavan''
|V. Villithirukanna
|[[K. Bhagyaraj]], [[Ganja Karuppu]], Mahesh, Vaishnavi
|William Brothers Productions
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-28 |title=Aandavan (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/aandavan/ET00447824 |access-date=2025-05-29}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jinn - The Pet]]''
|T.R. Bala
|[[Mugen Rao]], [[Bhavya Trikha]], [[Bala Saravanan]], [[Imman Annachi]]
|Fairy Tale Pictures banner, AR Touring Talkies
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-05-02 |title=Mugen Rao's Jinn—The Pet gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/02/mugen-raos-jinnthe-pet-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-05-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Manidhargal]]''
|Raam Indra
|Kapil Velavan, Dasha, Arjun Dev Saravanan, Gunavanthan
|Studio Moving Turtle
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subramanian |first=Nandhakumar |date=3 May 2025 |title=ஒர் இரவில் நடக்கும் திரில்லர் டிராமா; 'மனிதர்கள்' பட ஃபர்ஸ்ட் லுக் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/cinema-news/manidhargal-movie-first-look-released |access-date=4 May 2025 |work=nakkheeran |language=en |ref=36}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Rajaputhiran]]''
|Mahaa Kandhan
|[[Vetri (actor)|Vetri]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], Krishna Priya, [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]]
|Crescent Cine Creations
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-05-08 |title=Prabhu-Vetri starrer Rajaputhiran gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/08/prabhu-vetri-starrer-rajaputhiran-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[The Verdict (2025 film)|The Verdict]]''
|Krishna Sankar
|[[Suhasini Maniratnam]], [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]], [[Sruthi Hariharan]], [[Vidyullekha Raman]]
|Agni Entertainment
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-30 |title=Suhasini Mani Ratnam-Varalaxmi Sarathkumar's The Verdict gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Apr/30/suhasini-mani-ratnam-varalaxmi-sarathkumars-the-verdict-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="14" style="text-align:center; background:#f5e216; textcolor:#000;" | '''J U N'''
'''E'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#faf884;" |'''5'''
|''[[Peranbum Perungobamum]]''
|Siva Prakash
|Vijith Bachan, Shali Nivekas, [[Mime Gopi]], Subatra Robert
|E5 Entertainment
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-05-22 |title=Director Siva Prakash's Peranbum Perungobamum gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/22/director-siva-prakashs-peranbum-perungobamum-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thug Life (2025 film)|Thug Life]]''
|[[Mani Ratnam]]
|[[Kamal Haasan]], [[Silambarasan]], [[Trisha Krishnan]], [[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]]
|[[Raaj Kamal Films International]], [[Madras Talkies]], [[Red Giant Movies]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-07 |title=Kamal Haasan's Thug Life to release in June 2025, makers share teaser on birthday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kamal-haasan-thug-life-release-june-2025-makers-share-teaser-on-birthday-2629547-2024-11-07#:~:text=Kamal%20Haasan%20and%20ace%20director,theatres%20on%20June%205,%202025. |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#faf884;" |'''6'''
|''[[Madras Matinee]]''
|Karthikeyan Mani
|[[Kaali Venkat]], [[Roshini Haripriyan]], [[Shelly Kishore]], Vishva
|Madras Motion Pictures
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-22 |title=Kaali Venkat's 'Madras Matinee' to hit screens on June 6 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaali-venkats-madras-matinee-to-hit-screens-on-june-6/articleshow/121344963.cms |access-date=2025-05-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Paramasivan Fathima]]''
|[[Esakki Karvannan]]
|[[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]], Chayadevi, [[M. S. Bhaskar]], Manoj Kumar
|Lakshmi Creations
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-05-13 |title=Vemal's Paramsivan Fathima gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/13/vemals-paramsivan-fathima-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#faf884;" |'''13'''
|''Guts''
|Rangaraj
|Rangaraj, [[Delhi Ganesh]], Shruthi Narayanan, [[Sai Dheena]]
|OPRP Productions
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2025 |title=Guts (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/guts/ET00441821 |access-date=10 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Holocaust''
|Vishnu Chandran
|Jayakrishnan N. , [[Charmila]], Nandhan Unni, Thanvi Vinod
|Shutter Frames Productions
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2025 |title=Holocaust (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/trivandrum/holocaust/ET00449390 |access-date=11 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Padai Thalaivan]]''
| U. Anbu
| [[Shanmuga Pandian]], [[Kasthuri Raja|Kashthuri Raja]], Yamini Chander
| VJ Combines
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-08 |title=Vijayakanth's son Shanmuga Pandian's 'Padai Thalaivan' to re .. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijayakanths-son-shanmuga-pandians-padai-thalaivan-to-release-on-this-date/articleshow/121704231.cms |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#faf884;" |'''20'''
|''[[Chennai City Gangsters]]''
|Vikram Rajeshwar, Arun Keshav
|[[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]], [[Athulya Ravi]], Manikandan Rajesh, [[Anandaraj]]
|BTG Universal
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-05-05 |title=Vaibhav-Athulya Ravi's Chennai City Gangsters gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/05/vaibhav-athulya-ravis-chennai-city-gangsters-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[DNA (2025 film)|DNA]]''
|[[Nelson Venkatesan]]
|[[Atharvaa]], [[Nimisha Sajayan]], [[Balaji Sakthivel]], [[Ramesh Thilak]]
|Olympia Movies
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Atharvaa-Nimisha Sajayan's DNA gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jun/05/atharvaa-nimisha-sajayans-dna-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kuberaa]]{{efn-lg||name="tt"}}''
|[[Sekhar Kammula]]
|[[Dhanush]], [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Rashmika Mandanna]], [[Jim Sarbh]]
|Sree Venkateswara Cinemas LLP, [[Amigos Creations]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-27 |title=Kubera release date: Nagarjuna, Dhanush and Rashmika Mandanna's crime drama to hit big screens on THIS day |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/kubera-release-date-nagarjuna-dhanush-and-rashmika-mandannas-crime-drama-to-hit-big-screens-on-this-day-1374751 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#faf884;" |'''27'''
|''[[Good Day (film)|Good Day]]''
|N. Aravindhan
|Prithiviraj Ramalingam, [[Myna Nandhini]], [[Kaali Venkat]], [[Bagavathi Perumal]]
|New Monk Pictures
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2025 |title=Good Day (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/good-day/ET00450926 |access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Love Marriage (2025 film)|Love Marriage]]''
|Shanmuga Priyan
|[[Vikram Prabhu]], Sushmitha Bhat, Meenakshi Dinesh, [[Aruldoss]]
|Assure Films, Rise East Entertainment
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-07 |title=Vikram Prabhu's Love Marriage locks release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jun/07/vikram-prabhus-love-marriage-locks-release-date |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Maargan]]''
|[[Leo John Paul]]
|[[Vijay Antony]], Ajay Dhishan, [[P. Samuthirakani]], [[Mahanadi Shankar]]
|Vijay Antony Film Corporation
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-05-14 |title=Vijay Antony's Maargan to release on June |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/14/vijay-antonys-maargan-to-release-on-june |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Thirukkural (film)|Thirukkural]]''
|A. J. Balakrishnan
|Kalai Cholan, Dhana Lakshmi, Guna Babu, Padine Kumar
|Ramana Communications
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2025 |title=Thirukkural Thiruvalluvarudan Thiraippayanam (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/thirukkural-thiruvalluvarudan-thiraippayanam/ET00450246 |access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

== July–September ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Opening
! style="width:20%;" |Title
! Director
! Cast
! Production company
! class="unsortable"|{{Reference heading}}
|-
| rowspan="23" style="text-align:center; background:plum; textcolor:#000;" |'''J U L Y'''
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''4'''
|''[[3BHK]]''
|[[Sri Ganesh]]
|[[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]], [[R. Sarathkumar]], [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]], Meetha Raghunath
|Shanthi Talkies
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-13 |title=Siddharth-Sri Ganesh's 3 BHK gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/13/siddharth-sri-ganeshs-3-bhk-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Akkenam]]''
|Uday K
|[[Keerthi Pandian]], [[Arun Pandian]], Adithya Shivpink, [[Ramesh Thilak]]
|A & P Groups
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-12 |title=Arun Pandian-Keerthi Pandian's Akkenam gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jun/12/arun-pandian-keerthi-pandians-akkenam-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Maheswaran Magimai''
|Sundar Krish
|S. Vijay Krishna, Murali Radhakrishnan, Shruthi Ramakrishnan, Deepa Umapathy
|Sakti Ciinee Productions
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2025 |title=Anugrahan (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/anugrahan/ET00449256 |access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kuyili (film)|Kuyili]]''
|P. Murugasamy
|[[Lizzie Antony]], Thashmiga Lakshman, Pudhupettai Suresh, Hello Kanthasamy
|Bm Film International
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2025 |title=Kuyili (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/kuyili/ET00450245 |access-date=1 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Paranthu Po]]''
|[[Ram (director)|Ram]]
|[[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]], [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]], Mithul Ryan, [[Grace Antony]]
|Seven Seas and Seven Hills Productions, [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Ashwin |date=2025-05-12 |title=Ram's Paranthu Po starring Shiva gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/12/rams-paranthu-po-starring-shiva-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-05-12 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Phoenix (2025 film)|Phoenix]]''
|[[Anal Arasu]]
|Surya Vijay Sethupathi, Abhinakshathra, Varsha, [[J. Vignesh]]
|AK Braveman Pictures
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-04-25 |title=Anl Arasu's Phoenix gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Apr/25/anl-arasus-phoenix-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''11'''
|''[[Desingu Raja 2]]''
|[[S. Ezhil]]
|[[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]], Jana Nathan, [[Pujita Ponnada]], Harshitha
|Infinity Creations
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Ashwin |date=2025-05-10 |title=Vemal-starrer Desingu Raja 2 gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/10/vemal-starrer-desingu-raja-2-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Maayakoothu]]''
|AR Raghavendra
|Nagarajan, [[Delhi Ganesh]], M Ramasamy, [[Sai Dheena]]
|Rahul Movie Makers, Abhimanyu Creations
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-27 |title=Maayakoothu Trailer: An artist's life gets entangled in a series of unprovoked events |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jun/27/maayakoothu-trailer-an-artists-life-gets-entangled-in-a-series-of-unprovoked-events |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mrs & Mr]]''
|[[Vanitha Vijayakumar]]
|[[Vanitha Vijayakumar]], [[Robert (choreographer)|Robert]], [[Shakeela]], [[Aarthi Ganeshkar]]
|Vanitha Film Productions
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2025 |title=The Music and Preview Launch of The Film Mrs & Mr. Directed and Starring Actress Vanitha Vijayakumar |url=https://moviegalleri.net/2025/05/the-music-and-preview-launch-of-the-film-mrs-mr-directed-and-starring-actress-vanitha-vijayakumar/ |access-date=28 May 2025 |website=moviegalleri.net}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Oho Enthan Baby]]''
|[[Five Star Krishna|Krishnakumar Ramakumar]]
|Rudra, [[Mithila Palkar]], [[Anju Kurian]], [[Mysskin]]
|Vishnu Vishal Studioz, Romeo Pictures, Good Show
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-06-02 |title=Vishnu Vishal-Rudra starrer Oho Enthan Baby gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jun/02/vishnu-vishal-rudra-starrer-oho-enthan-baby-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Thotram''
|A. Tamil Selvan
|Ela Bharath, R. Vasundhara, [[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]], [[Benjamin (actor)|Thirupachi Benjamin]]
|Elango Cini Creations
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2025 |title=Thotram (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/thotram/ET00452524 |access-date=10 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''18'''
|''Aakkiramippu''
|Vhanya
|Azhagu Prakash, Suganya, [[Deepa Shankar]]
|V1 Cinemaas
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2025 |title=Aakkiramippu (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/aakkiramippu/ET00454101 |access-date=17 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bun Butter Jam]]''
|Raghav Mirdath
|[[Raju Jeyamohan]], Aadhya Prasad, [[Bhavya Trikha]], [[Saranya Ponvannan]]
|Rain of Arrows Entertainment
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-10 |title=Raju Jeyamohan's Bun Butter Jam gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jun/10/raju-jeyamohans-bun-butter-jam-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Central''
|Bharathi Sivalingam
|[[J. Vignesh]], Soneshwari Sivasenthilnathan, [[Perarasu]], R. Dharshan
|Sri Ranganathar Movie Makers
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2025 |title=Central (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/central/ET00447306 |access-date=17 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Gevi]]''
|Tamil Dhayalan
|[[Sheela Rajkumar]], [[Jacquline Lydia]], Aadhavan, [[Charles Vinoth]]
|Artup Triangles Film Kampany
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2025 |title=Gevi (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/gevi/ET00452506 |access-date=15 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Iravu Paravai''
|Vethaji Pandian
|Nandhini Udayakumar, Jai, [[Nizhalgal Ravi]], Raghavi Rajkumar
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2025 |title=Iravu Paravai (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/iravu-paravai/ET00449932 |access-date=16 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jenma Natchathiram]]''
|B. Manivarman
|[[Taman Akshaan]], [[Malvi Malhotra]], Maithreya, Raksha Cherin
|Amoham Studios, Whitelamp Pictures
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-07-06 |title=Taman's Jenma Natchathiram gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/06/tamans-jenma-natchathiram-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Trending (film)|Trending]]''
|Sivaraj N
|[[Kalaiyarasan]], Priyalaya, [[Prem Kumar (Tamil actor)|Prem Kumar]], [[Besant Ravi]]
|Ram Film Factory
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-06-25 |title=Kalaiyarasan's Trending gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jun/25/kalaiyarasans-trending-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Yaadhum Ariyaan''
|M. Gopi
|[[Appukutty]], [[Thambi Ramaiah]], Dinesh, Brana Abdulsalam
|Breaking Point Pictures
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2025 |title=Yaadhum Ariyaan (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/yaadhum-ariyaan/ET00452503 |access-date=17 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''25'''
|''2K Heart''
|J. Santhosh Kumar
|[[Srinivasan (Tamil actor)|Srinivasan]], [[Chaplin Balu]], Lingesh Kumar, Karthick Raja
|Sri Sivakudumbam Films
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2025 |title=2K Heart (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/2k-heart/ET00455100 |access-date=26 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Maareesan]]''
|[[Sudheesh Sankar]]
|[[Vadivelu]], [[Fahadh Faasil]], [[Kovai Sarala]], [[Vivek Prasanna]]
|[[Super Good Films]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullappilly |first=Sreejith |date=2025-07-05 |title=Fahadh Faasil-Vadivelu starrer Maareesan gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/05/fahadh-faasil-vadivelu-starrer-maareesan-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mahavatar Narsimha]]''
| Ashwin Kumar
|{{hlist|Animated characters}}
|Kleem Productions [[Hombale Films]]
|style="text-align:center;|<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Mahavatar Narsimha Became A Viral Hit In Hindi With 1200% Increase In Box Office Collection In 10 Days |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/how-mahavatar-narsimha-became-a-viral-hit-in-hindi-with-1200-increase-in-box-office-collection-9015906 |website=NDTV}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Thalaivan Thalaivii]]''
|[[Pandiraj|Pandiraaj]]
|[[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[Nithya Menen]], [[Yogi Babu]], [[Chemban Vinod Jose]]
|[[Sathya Jyothi Films]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-29 |title=Vijay Sethupathi-Nithya Menen's Thalaivan Thalaivii gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jun/29/vijay-sethupathi-nithya-menens-thalaivan-thalaivii-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="25" style="text-align:center; background:#ff91af; textcolor:#000;" | '''A U G U S T'''
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;background:#f4c2c2;" |'''1'''
|''Accused''
|Prabhu Srinivas
|[[Udhaya (actor)|Udhaya]], [[Yogi Babu]], [[Ajmal Ameer]], Jhanvika Kalakeri
|Jaeshan Studios
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/accused/movieshow/122975275.cms |title=Accused Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |access-date=2025-07-30 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|''Bhoghee''
|Vijayasekaran S
|Nabi Nanthi, [[Swasika]], [[Poonam Kaur]], [[Rajendran]]
| Vi Cinema Global Networks, LIKE
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhoghee (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/bhoghee/ET00453811 |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=BookMyShow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[House Mates]]''
|T. Raja Vel
|[[Darshan (Tamil actor)|Darshan]], [[Aarsha Chandini Baiju]], [[Kaali Venkat]], [[Vinodhini Vaidyanathan|Vinodhini]]
|Playsmith Studios, South Studios, [[Sivakarthikeyan Productions|SK Productions]]
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-04 |title=Sivakarthikeyan Productions backed House Mates gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/04/sivakarthikeyan-productions-backed-house-mates-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mr Zoo Keeper]]''
|[[J. Suresh]]
|[[Pugazh (actor)|Pugazh]], [[Shirin Kanchwala]], [[Singampuli]], [[Imman Annachi]]
|J4 Studios
| style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mr. Zoo Keeper (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/mr-zoo-keeper/ET00455854 |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=BookMyShow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Muthal Pakkam]]''
|Anish Ashraf
|[[Vetri (actor)|Vetri]], [[Shilpa Manjunath]], [[Thambi Ramaiah]], [[Redin Kingsley]]
|Sinnathamby Production
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-07-10 |title=Vetri's Mudhal Pakkam to release in August |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/10/vetris-mudhal-pakkam-to-release-in-august |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Surrender (2025 film)|Surrender]]''
|Gowthaman Ganapathy
|Tharshan, [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Sujith Shankar]], [[Munishkanth]]
|Upbeat Pictures
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-10 |title=Tharshan's next, Surrender sets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/10/tharshans-next-surrender-sets-release-date |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Usurae]]''
|Naveen D Gopal
|[[Teejay Arunasalam]], Janany Kunaseelan, [[Raasi (actress)|Manthra]], [[Thangadurai (actor)|Thangadurai]]
|Shree Krishna Productions, Bakialakshmi Talkies
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Usurae (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/usurae/ET00454894 |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=BookMyShow |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center;background:#f4c2c2;" |'''8'''
|''Kathuvaakula Oru Kadhal''
|Maass Ravi
|Maass Ravi, Lakshmi Priya, Manjula Raj, [[Sai Dheena]]
|Chennai Productions
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2025 |title=Kathuvaakula Oru Kadhal (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/kathuvaakula-oru-kadhal/ET00457014 |access-date=6 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Maamaram''
|[[Jai Akash]]
|[[Jai Akash]], [[Nidhi Subbaiah]], [[Brahmanandam]], [[Rahul Dev]]
|[[Jai Akash|Jai Akash Films]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2025 |title=Maamaram (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/maamaram/ET00455766 |access-date=6 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Maheshwaran Magimai''
|Thavamani
|Sree Chezhian, [[Swaminathan]]
|Uvari Shri Brammasakthi Ammal Thiraipada Thayarippu Niruvanam
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2025 |title=Maheshwaran Magimai (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/maheshwaran-magimai/ET00456928 |access-date=6 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Naalai Namadhe''
|K. Venbha Kathiresan
|B. Madhumitha, N. Velmurugan, Raja Lingam, Parotta Murugesan
|Sree Durga Creations
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2025 |title=Naalai Namadhe (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/naalai-namadhe/ET00453512 |access-date=7 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Raagu Kethu]]''
|Durai Balasundaram
|[[P. Samuthirakani]], [[Kasthuri Shankar]], Archana Kanthan, Sandhya Sree
|Thamizharasan Theatres
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2025 |title=Raagu Kethu (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/raagu-kethu/ET00457202 |access-date=6 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Red Flower]]''
|Andrew Pandian
|[[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]], Manisha Jashnani, Andrei Ilapichev, [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
|Sri Kaligambal Pictures
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=2025-07-16 |title=Vishal requests theatre owners to prohibit public YouTube reviews for first three days after release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/16/vishal-requests-theatre-owners-to-prohibit-public-youtube-reviews-for-first-three-days-after-release |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Thangakottai''
|S. Sundharraj
|Jayam Kumar, [[Nellai Siva]], [[Kovai Senthil]]
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2025 |title=Thangakottai (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/thangakottai/ET00456980 |access-date=6 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Uzhavar Magan''
|P. Iyyappan
|Vijith Saravanan
|Subalakshmi Films
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2025 |title=Uzhavar Magan (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/uzhavar-magan/ET00456774 |access-date=6 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Vaanaran]]''
|Sriram Padmanabhan
|Bijesh Nagesh, Akshaya, [[Lollu Sabha Jeeva|Jeeva Thangavel]], [[Deepa Shankar]]
|Orange Pictures
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2025 |title=Vaanaran (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/vaanaran/ET00456873 |access-date=6 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#f4c2c2;" |'''14'''
|''[[Coolie (2025 film)|Coolie]]''
|[[Lokesh Kanagaraj]]
|[[Rajinikanth]], [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]], [[Soubin Shahir]]
|[[Sun Pictures]]
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-04-04 |title=Rajinikanth's Coolie to release this August |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Apr/04/rajinikanths-coolie-to-release-this-august |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#f4c2c2;" |'''22'''
|''[[Indra (2025 film)|Indra]]''
|Sabarish Nanda
|[[Vasanth Ravi]], [[Mehreen Pirzada]], [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]], [[Anikha Surendran]]
|JSM Productions, Emperor Entertainment
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-26 |title=Vasanth Ravi's Indra with Mehreen Pirzada gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/26/vasanth-ravis-indra-with-mehreen-pirzada-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;background:#f4c2c2;" |'''29'''
|''Gift''
|Pa Pandiyan
|[[Sonia Agarwal]], Birla Bose, Super Good Subramani, Crane Manohar
|PP Cinemas
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-08-15 |title=Sonia Agarwal's Gift gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/15/sonia-agarwals-gift-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Kadukka''
|S. S. Murugarasu
|Vijay Gowrish, Smeha Manimegalai, Adarsh Madhikanth, KVN Manimegalai
|Vijay Gowrish Productions, Niyanth Media and Technology, Malarr Maarii Movies
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2025 |title=Kadukka (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/kadukka/ET00447065 |access-date=26 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Kuttram Pudhithu''
|Noah Armstrong
|Tharun Vijay, Seshvitha Kanimozhi, [[Nizhalgal Ravi]], [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]]
|GKR Cine Arts
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2025 |title=Kuttram Pudhithu (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/kuttram-pudhithu/ET00456371 |access-date=26 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Naruvee]]''
|Subarak M
|Harish Alag, Vinsu Rachel Sam, Padine Kumar, VJ Pappu
|Harish Cinemas
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2025 |title=Naruvee (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/naruvee/ET00457762 |access-date=26 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Pei Kathai''
|Jean Moses
|P. Vinoth, Aarya Lakshmi, Gaana Apelow, Suganya Shanmugam
|Jerry's Journey International Production House
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2025 |title=Pei Kathai (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/pei-kathai/ET00459763 |access-date=26 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sotta Sotta Nanaiyuthu]]''
|Naveedh S Fareedh
|[[Nishanth Russo]], Raja Elangovan, Varshini Venkat, Shaalini
|Adler entertainment
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2025 |title=Sotta Sotta Nanaiyuthu (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/sotta-sotta-nanaiyuthu/ET00459240 |access-date=26 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Veeravanakkam''
|Anil V Nagendran
|[[P. Samuthirakani]], [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]], [[Ramesh Pisharody]], [[Surabhi Lakshmi]]
|Visarad Creations
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-08-15 |title=Samuthirakani-Bharath's Veeravanakkam gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/15/samuthirakani-bharaths-veeravanakkam-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="22" style="text-align:center; background:orange; textcolor:#000; " |'''S E P T E M B E R'''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#ffc04c;" |'''5'''
|''[[Bad Girl (2025 film)|Bad Girl]]''
|Varsha Bharath
|[[Anjali Sivaraman]], [[Shantipriya]], Saranya Ravichandran, [[Hridhu Haroon]]
|[[Grass Root Film Company]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-08 |title=Bad Girl to release in September |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/08/bad-girl-to-release-in-september |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Gandhi Kannadi]]''
| Sherief
|[[KPY Bala]], Namita Krishnamurthy, [[Balaji Sakthivel]], [[Archana (actress)|Archana]]
|Adhimulam Creations
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=2025-08-27 |title=Gandhi Kannadi Trailer: Bala and Balaji Sakthivel's lives cross path for an important lesson |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/27/gandhi-kannadi-trailer-bala-and-balaji-sakthivels-lives-cross-path-for-an-important-lesson |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Madharaasi]]''
|[[A. R. Murugadoss]]
|[[Sivakarthikeyan]], [[Biju Menon]], [[Vidyut Jammwal]], [[Rukmini Vasanth]]
|Sri Lakshmi Movies
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-14 |title=Madharasi Release Date: Sivakarthikeyan's movie with director AR Murugadoss set to hit big screens on... |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/madharasi-release-sivakarthikeyan-starrer-action-flick-with-director-ar-murugadoss-to-hit-big-screens-on-this-date-1382432 |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#ffc04c;" |'''12'''
|''[[Blackmail (2025 film)|Blackmail]]''
|Mu Maran
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], Teju Ashwini, [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]], [[Bindu Madhavi]]
|JDS Film Factory
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-28 |title=GV Prakash's Blackmail gets new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/28/gv-prakashs-blackmail-gets-new-release-date |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bomb (2025 film)|Bomb]]''
|Vishal Venkat
|[[Arjun Das]], [[Kaali Venkat]], [[Shivathmika Rajashekar]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
|Gembrio Pictures
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-29 |title=Arjun Das' Bomb gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/29/arjun-das-bomb-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kaayal (film)|Kaayal]]''
|Dhamayanthi
|[[Lingesh]], [[Gayathrie Shankar]], [[Anumol]], [[Ramesh Thilak]]
|J Studios
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2025 |title=Kaayal (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/kaayal/ET00460308 |access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kumaara Sambavam]]''
|[[Balaji Venugopal]]
|Kumaran Thangarajan, Payal Radhakrishna, [[Elango Kumaravel|Kumaravel]], [[Bala Saravanan]]
|Six Star Productions, Venus Infotainment
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-31 |title=Balaji Venugopal's Kumaara Sambavam gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/31/balaji-venugopals-kumaara-sambavam-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Madurai 16]]''
|S John Thomas
|Jerome Vijay, Madurai Prasanna, Nivedha Dinesh, Rishi Misty
|JS Films
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2025 |title=Madurai 16 (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/madurai-16/ET00457146 |access-date=11 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Thanal (2025 film)|Thanal]]''
|Ravindra Madhava
|[[Atharvaa]], [[Ashwin Kakumanu]], [[Lavanya Tripathi]], [[Shah Ra]]
|Annai Film Production
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-08-27 |title=Atharvaa's Thanal gets new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/27/atharvaas-thanal-gets-new-release-date |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Uruttu Uruttu''
|Baskar Sadhasivam
|Ghajesh, Rithvika Shreya, Rajendran, Ashmitha Singh
|Jai Studio Creations
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2025 |title=Uruttu Uruttu (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/uruttu-uruttu/ET00460007 |access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Yolo''
|S Sam
|Dev, Devika, [[Badava Gopi]], Praveen
|MR Motion Pictures
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-08-25 |title=Sam's Yolo gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/25/sams-yolo-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#ffc04c;" |'''19'''
|[[Kiss (2025 film)|''Kiss'']]
|[[Sathish Krishnan]]
|[[Kavin (actor)|Kavin]], [[Preethi Asrani]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[VTV Ganesh]]
|Romeo Pictures
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-08-20 |title=Kavin's Kiss gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/20/kavins-kiss-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Padaiyaanda Maaveeraa]]''
|[[V. Gowthaman]]
|[[V. Gowthaman]], [[Pujita Ponnada]], [[P. Samuthirakani]], [[Saranya Ponvannan]]
|V. K. Productions
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2025 |title=Padaiyaanda Maaveeraa (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/padaiyaanda-maaveeraa/ET00462890 |access-date=16 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Shakthi Thirumagan]]''
|[[Arun Prabu]]
|[[Vijay Antony]], [[Kannan (actor)|Sunil Kirpalani]], [[Vagai Chandrasekhar]], [[Cell Murugan]]
|Vijay Antony Film Corporation
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-12 |title=Shakthi Thirumagan gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/12/shakthi-thirumagan-gets-a-new-release-date |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Thandakaaranyam]]''
|Athiyan Athirai
|[[V R Dinesh]], [[Kalaiyarasan]], [[Riythvika]], [[Shabeer Kallarakkal]]
|[[Neelam Productions]], Learn and Teach Production Private Limited
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-18 |title=Kalaiyarasan and Dinesh's Thandakaaranyam gets September release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/18/kalaiyarasan-and-dineshs-thandakaaranyam-gets-september-release |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Thiral''
|Manoj Karthi
|[[Ravi Prakash]], Yuvan Mayilsamy, Meera Raj, Alfia
|S. M. Tamilini Productions, C. P. Films
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2025 |title=Thiral (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/thiral/ET00463387 |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000; background:#ffc04c;" |'''26'''
| ''Antha 7 Naatkal''
| M. Sundar
|G. Vineeth Teja, S.M.Shri Swetha, [[K. Bhagyaraj]], [[Namo Narayana]]
|Bestcast Studios
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2025 |title=Antha 7 Naatkal (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/andha-7-naatkal/ET00461146 |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Balti (film)|Balti]]{{efn-lg|name="tm"|The film was produced in both the Tamil and Malayalam languages}}''
|Unni Sivalingam
|[[Shane Nigam]], [[Preethi Asrani]], [[Alphonse Puthren]], [[Shanthanu Bhagyaraj]]
|STK Frames, Binu George Alexander Productions
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-18 |title=Shane Nigam's Balti gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Jul/18/shane-nigams-balti-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kutram Thavir]]''
|M. Gajendra
|[[Rishi Rithvik]], Aradya Krishna, Sai Saindhavi, [[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]]
|Sree Sai Saindhavi Creations
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2025 |title=Kutram Thavir (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/kutram-thavir/ET00462457 |access-date=24 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Panai''
|Aathi P. Arumugam
|M. Rajendran, [[Ganja Karuppu]], [[Imman Annachi]], [[Vadivukkarasi]]
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2025 |title=Panai (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/panai/ET00464393 |access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Right (film)|Right]]''
|Subramanian Rameshkumar
|[[Natty Subramaniam]], [[Arun Pandian]], Akshara Reddy, Roshan Subash
|RTS Film Factory
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-09-09 |title=Natty-Arun Pandian's Right gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Sep/09/natty-arun-pandians-right-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Sareeram''
|GV Perumal
|Tharsan Priyan, Charmy Vijayalakshmi, [[Shakeela]], [[Jangiri Madhumitha|Madhumitha]]
| GVP Pictures
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2025 |title=Sareeram (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/sareeram/ET00464044 |access-date=25 September 2025}}</ref>
|}

== October–December ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Opening
! style="width:20%;" |Title
! Director
! Cast
! Production company
! class="unsortable"|{{Reference heading}}
|-
| rowspan="24" style="text-align:center; background:#f40b0b; textcolor:#000;" |'''O C T O B E R'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f9827c;"|'''1'''
|''[[Idli Kadai]]''
|[[Dhanush]]
|[[Dhanush]], [[Nithya Menen]], [[Arun Vijay]], [[Shalini Pandey]]
|[[Wunderbar Films]], Dawn Pictures
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-04 |title=Dhanush's Idli Kadai release pushed to October |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Apr/04/dhanushs-idli-kadai-release-pushed-to-october |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f9827c;"|'''3'''
|''[[Maria (2025 film)|Maria]]''
|Hari K Sudhan
|Saishri Prabhakaran, [[Pavel Navageethan]], Sidhu Kumaresan, Vignesh Ravi
|Dark Artz Entertainment
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-22 |title=Maria: Pavel Navageethan and Saishri Prabhakaran's drama to hit theatres on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Sep/22/maria-pavel-navageethan-and-saishri-prabhakarans-drama-to-hit-theatres-on-this-date |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f9827c;"|'''9'''
|''Agni Paththu''
|Alexander Arumugam
|Alex, [[Kottachi]], Gandeeban, Sham
|Agni Universe
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2025|title=Agni Paththu (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/agni-paththu/ET00466091 |access-date=8 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#f9827c;" |'''10'''
|''Akandan''
|Santhosh Nambirajan
|Santhosh Nambirajan, Harini Prasanna
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2025|title=Akandan (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/akandan/ET00466288 |access-date=12 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Irudhi Muyarchi''
|Venkat Janaa
|[[Ranjith (actor)|Ranjith]], [[Meghali|Meghali Meenakshi]], Vittal
|Varam Cinemas
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2025|title=Irudhi Muyarchi (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/irudhi-muyarchi/ET00464469 |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kayilan]]''
|Arul Ajit
|[[Sshivada]], [[Ramya Pandian]], [[Prajin]], Abishek Joseph
|BTK Films
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2025|title=Kayilan (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/kayilan/ET00465925 |access-date=7 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Marutham (film)|Marutham]]''
|V. Gajendran
|[[Vidharth]], Rakshana, [[Aruldoss]], [[Saravana Subbiah]]
|Aruvar Private Limited
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-09-29 |title=Marutham trailer: Vidharth goes from pillar to post to save his agricultural land |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Sep/29/marutham-trailer-vidharth-goes-from-pillar-to-post-to-save-his-agricultural-land |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Rambo (2025 film)|Rambo]]''
|[[M. Muthaiah]]
|[[Arulnithi]], [[Tanya Ravichandran]], [[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]], [[VTV Ganesh]]
|[[Sun Pictures|Sun Entertainment]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-10-03 |title=Arulnithi's next titled Rambo |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/03/arulnithis-next-titled-rambo |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Will (2025 film)|Will]]''
|S. Sivaraman
|[[Vikranth]], [[Sonia Agarwal]], Alekhya, Padam Venu Kumar
|Foot Steps Production, Kothari Madras International
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2025|title=Will (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/will/ET00465910 |access-date=7 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#f9827c;" |'''17'''
|''[[Bison Kaalamaadan]]''
|[[Mari Selvaraj]]
|[[Dhruv Vikram]], [[Anupama Parameswaran]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Rajisha Vijayan]]
|[[Applause Entertainment]], [[Pa. Ranjith|Neelam Studios]]
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullappilly |first=Sreejith |date=2025-05-03 |title=Mari Selvaraj-Dhruv Vikram's Bison Kaalamaadan gets Diwali release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/03/mari-selvaraj-dhruv-vikrams-bison-kaalamaadan-gets-diwali-release |access-date=2025-05-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Boogambam]]''
|[[Ishaq Hussaini]]
|Ishaq Hussaini, Dilshana, Hema, Rishath
|I International
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2025|title=Boogambam (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/boogambam/ET00466770 |access-date=14 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Dear Jeeva''
|Prakash V Baskar
|TSK, Dheepshika
| Sell Widely
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JJvuWmy1VVQ|title=Dear Jeeva (2025)–Tamil Romantic Drama Full Movie | TSK, Dheepshika | Prakash V Baskar | MSK Movies|date=16 October 2025|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Diesel (2025 film)|Diesel]]''
|Shanmugam Muthusamy
|[[Harish Kalyan]], [[Athulya Ravi]], [[Vinay Rai]], [[P. Sai Kumar]]
|Third Eye Entertainment, SP Cinemas
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-27 |title='Diesel' TEASER out now: Harish Kalyan starrer promises action, romance, and twists, locks in Diwali release date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/diesel-teaser-out-now-harish-kalyan-starrer-promises-action-romance-and-twists-locks-in-diwali-release-date/articleshow/123545347.cms |access-date=2025-08-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dude (2025 film)|Dude]]''
|Keerthiswaran
|[[Pradeep Ranganathan]], [[Mamitha Baiju]], [[R. Sarathkumar]], [[Hridhu Haroon]]
|[[Mythri Movie Makers]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dude confirms Diwali clash with Love Insurance Kompany; First single Oorum Blood from Pradeep Ranganathan's film to be out soon |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/dude-confirms-diwali-clash-with-love-insurance-kompany-first-single-oorum-blood-from-pradeep-ranganathans-film-to-be-out-soon/f7e2da6a8539 |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kambi Katna Kathai]]''
|Rajanathan Periyasamy
|[[Natty Subramaniam]], [[Singampuli]], Mukesh Ravi, [[Sriranjani (Tamil actress)|Sriranjini]]
|Mangatha Movies
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-09-24 |title=Natty's comedy entertainer Kambi Kadna Kadhai locks Diwali release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Sep/24/nattys-comedy-entertainer-kambi-kadna-kadhai-locks-diwali-release-date |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#f9827c;"|'''24'''
|''IAS Kannamma''
|T. Rajachozhan
|T. Rajachozhan, Princy, Attukutty, Baby Nethra
|Thayappaswamy Films
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2025|title=IAS Kannamma (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/ias-kannamma/ET00465558 |access-date=23 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Thuchchaadhanan''
|Thalapathi Ramkumar
|Saloni Sayuri, [[Singampuli]], M. V. Tamilselvi
|VG Studios, VIVA films, Thai Thiraiyarangam
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2025|title=Thuchchaadhanan (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai |url=http://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/thuchchaadhanan/ET00467864 |access-date=23 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f9827c;" |'''30'''
|''Desiya Thalaivar''
|[[R. Aravindraj]]
|J.M. Bashir, [[Radha Ravi]], [[Bharathiraja]], [[Vagai Chandrasekhar]]
|SSR Sathya Pictures
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2025|title=Desiya Thalaivar (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/desiya-thalaivar/ET00468395 |access-date=28 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#f9827c;" |'''31'''
|''[[Aan Paavam Pollathathu]]''
|Kalaiarasan Thangavel
|[[Rio Raj]], Malavika Manoj, [[Sheela Rajkumar]], [[RJ Vigneshkanth]]
|Drumsticks Production
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-09-21 |title=Rio Raj's Aan Paavam Pollathathu gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Sep/21/rio-rajs-aan-paavam-pollathathu-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Aaryan (film)|Aaryan]]''
|Praveen K
|[[Vishnu Vishal]], [[Shraddha Srinath]], [[Vani Bhojan]], [[Selvaraghavan]]
|Vishnu Vishal Studioz
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-08-29 |title=Vishnu Vishal's Aaryan to hit screens in October |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Aug/29/vishnu-vishals-aaryan-to-hit-screens-in-october |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Messenger''
|Ramesh Elangamani
|Sriram Karthick, Manisha Jashnani, Fathima Nahum, [[J. Livingston|Livingston]]
|PVK Film Factory
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2025|title=Messenger (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/messenger/ET00468053 |access-date=28 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Meeladun Nabi]]''
| Millat Ahmad
| Millat Ahmad, Imam M. S. Abdul Qaiyoom Baqavi, Imam S. M. S. Umar Rilvanullah Jamali
| ZEE6 Movies
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maalaimalar |date=2025-11-13 |title=மீலாதுன் நபி திரைவிமர்சனம் {{!}} Meeladun Nabi Review in tamil |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/meeladun-nabi-164750 |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=Maalai Malar |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ram Abdullah Antony]]''
|Jayavel
|[[Poovaiyar]], Ajay Arnold, Arjun, [[Soundararaja]]
|Annai Vailankanni Studio
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2025-10-09 |title="Ram Abdullah Antony" film trailer Out {{!}} "ராம் அப்துல்லா ஆண்டனி" படத்தின் டிரெய்லர் வெளியானது |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/ram-abdullah-antony-film-trailer-out-1183939 |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=Daily Thanthi |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|''Thadai Athai Udai''
|Arivazhakan Murugesan
|[[Mahesh (Tamil actor)|Mahesh]], Guna Babu, Ganesh, Mahaadeer Mohammad
|Ganthimathi Pictures
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2025|title=Thadai Athai Udai (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/thadai-athai-udai/ET00467796 |access-date=28 October 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="30" style="text-align:center; background:#4683B7; textcolor:#000;" |'''N O V E M B E R'''
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center;background:#57A0D3;" |'''7'''
|''[[Aaromaley]]''
|Sarang Thiagu
|[[Kishen Das]], [[Shivathmika Rajashekar]], Harshath Khan, [[Megha Akash]]
|Mini Studio
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-09 |title=Aaromaley, starring Kishen Das and Shivathmika Rajashekar, gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/09/aaromaley-starring-kishen-das-and-shivathmika-rajashekar-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Anal Mazhai''
|Ayyanarappan
|Abdul Sherip, Pradap, Suba, Varish
|Sai Ponniyamman Movies
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2025|title=Anal Mazhai (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/anal-mazhai/ET00469830 |access-date=8 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Cristina Kathirvelan''
|SJN Alex Pandian
|Kaushik Ram, Pratibha, [[Singampuli]], [[Ganja Karuppu]]
|Sri Lakshmi Dream Factory
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2025-10-19 |title=Cristina Kathirvelan film Trailer out {{!}} "கிறிஸ்டினா கதிர்வேலன்" படத்தின் டிரெய்லர் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/cristina-kathirvelan-film-trailer-out-1185652 |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=Daily Thanthi |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|''Neyamuru''
|Sundara Vadivel
|Sundara Vadivel, Prasanth, Praveen, Aravind
|ASV Pictures
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2025|title=Neyamuru (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/neyamuru/ET00469614 |access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Others (film)|Others]]''
|Abin Hariharan
|Aditya Madhavan, [[Gouri G. Kishan]], [[Anju Kurian]], [[Munishkanth]]
|Grand Pictures
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-02 |title=Gouri Kishan-Aditya Madhavan's Others locks a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/02/gouri-kishan-aditya-madhavans-others-locks-a-release-date |access-date=2025-10-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Pagal Kanavu]]''
|Faisal Raj
|Faisal Raj, Krishnanthu, Athira Santhosh, [[Shakeela]]
|Jasmine Films International
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2025|title=Pagal Kanavu (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/thadai-athai-udai/ET00467796 |access-date=3 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Thanthra''
|Vedha Mani
|Anbu Mayilsamy, [[Swaminathan]], [[Manobala]], [[Nizhalgal Ravi]]
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2025|title=Thanthra (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/thanthra/ET00469497 |access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Vattakhanal]]''
|Pithak Pugazhenthi
|Duruvan Mano, [[Meenakshi Govindarajan]], [[R. K. Suresh]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
|MPR Films, Skyline Cinemas
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2025|title=Vattakhanal (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/vattakhanal/ET00464730 |access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Veerathamizhachi''
|Suresh Bharathi
|Swetha Dorathy, Sushmitha, Elayaa Sekar, [[Vela Ramamoorthy]]
|Magizhini Kalaikoodam
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2025|title=Veerathamizhachi (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/veerathamizhachi/ET00469783 |access-date=8 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;background:#57A0D3;" |'''14'''
|''Bhai: Sleeper Cell''
|Kamalanathan Bhuvan Kumar
|Adhavaa Ishvvaraa, Nikkesha, Dheeraj Kher, Seemon Abbas
|KRS Filmdom
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2025 |title=Bhai: Sleeper Cell (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/bhai-sleeper-cell/ET00456015 |access-date=12 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Dawood''
|Prashanth Raman
|Linga Dheenadayalan, [[Dileepan]], Saara Aachar, [[Radha Ravi]]
|Turm Production House, Generous Entertainments
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2025 |title=Dawood (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/dawood/ET00461334 |access-date=11 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kaantha]]''
|Selvamani Selvaraj
|[[Dulquer Salmaan]], [[P. Samuthirakani|Samuthirakani]], [[Bhagyashri Borse]], [[Rana Daggubati]]
|Spirit Media, Wayfarer Films
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-20 |title=Dulquer Salmaan's Kaantha gets new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/20/dulquer-salmaans-kaantha-gets-new-release-date |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Kinaru''
|Harikumaran
|Kanishkumar, [[Vivek Prasanna]], Manojkannan, Ashwin
|Madras Stories, Petra Studio
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2025 |title=Kinaru (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/kinaru/ET00470455 |access-date=12 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kumki 2]]''
|[[Prabhu Solomon]]
|Mathi, [[Arjun Das]], Shritha Rao, [[Hareesh Peradi]]
| [[Pen Studios]]
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-10-03 |title=Prabu Solomon's Kumki 2 gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/03/prabu-solomons-kumki-2-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Madharas Mafia Company]]''
|A. S. Mukundan
|[[Anandaraj]], Samyuktha Shanmuganathan, [[Munishkanth]], [[Deepa Shankar]]
|Anna Productions
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2025-11-08 |title=ஆனந்தராஜின் "மெட்ராஸ் மாபியா கம்பெனி" படத்தின் ரிலீஸ் தேதி அறிவிப்பு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/anandarajs-madras-mafia-company-release-date-announced-1189121 |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|''Soothattam''
|Sasi Sundharam
|
|MSM Films
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2025 |title=Soothattam (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/soothattam/ET00470418 |access-date=11 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;background:#57A0D3;" |'''21'''
|''Iravin Vizhigal''
|Sikkal Rajesh
|Mahendraa, Neema Ray, [[Nizhalgal Ravi]], [[Scissor Manohar]]
|Mahendra Film Factory
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date =2025-11-18 |title=Iravin Vizhigal (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/iravin-vizhigal/ET00469976 |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mask (2025 film)|Mask]]''
|Vikarnan Ashok
|[[Kavin (actor)|Kavin]], [[Andrea Jeremiah]], [[Ruhani Sharma]], [[Charle]]
|The Show Must Go On, Black Madras Films
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-10-24 |title=Kavin-Andrea Jeremiah's Mask to release on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/24/kavin-andrea-jeremiahs-mask-to-release-on-this-date |access-date=2025-10-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Middle Class (film)|Middle Class]]''
|Kishore Muthuramalingam
|[[Munishkanth]], [[Vijayalakshmi Feroz|Vijayalakshmi Ahathian]], [[Kaali Venkat]], [[Radha Ravi]]
|Good Show, Axess film factory
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2025-11-04 |title="மிடில் கிளாஸ்" படத்தின் டீசர் வெளியானது! |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/the-teaser-of-the-movie-middle-class-has-been-released-1188332 |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|''Poonga''
|KP Tanasekar
|Kaushik, Sasi Dhaya, [[Aara (actress)|Aara]], Brana Abdulsalam
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2025 |title=Poonga (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/poonga/ET00472021 |access-date=23 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Raja Veetu Kannukutty]]''
|A.P. Rajiv
|Adhith Silambarasan, [[Gayatri Rema]], KPY Sarath
|Sri RR Movies
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2025 |title=Raja Veetu Kannukutty (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/raja-veetu-kannukutty/ET00471448 |access-date=23 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Theeyavar Kulai Nadunga]]''
|Dinesh Lakshmanan
|[[Arjun Sarja]], [[Aishwarya Rajesh]], [[Abhirami Venkatachalam]], Praveen Raja
|GS Arts
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-05 |title=Arjun-Aishwarya Rajesh's Theeyavar Kulaigal Nadunga gets release case |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Nov/05/arjun-aishwarya-rajeshs-theeyavar-kulaigal-nadunga-gets-release-case |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Yellow (2025 film)|Yellow]]''
|Hari Mahadevan
|[[Poornima Ravi]], Vaibhav Murugesan, Namita Krishnamurthy
|Covai Film Factory
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-06 |title=Poornima Ravi's Yellow locks release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Nov/06/poornima-ravis-yellow-locks-release-date |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#57A0D3;" |'''27'''
|''[[Rajini Gaang]]''
|Ramesh Baarathi
|Rajini Kiishen, Dwiwika, [[Rajendran]], [[Munishkanth]]
|Mishri Enterprises
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-16 |title=Rajini Gaang gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Nov/16/rajini-gaang-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;background:#57A0D3;" |'''28'''
|''[[BP 180]]''
|JP
|[[Tanya Ravichandran]], [[Daniel Balaji]], [[K. Bhagyaraj]], [[Aruldoss]]
|Radiant International Films, Atul India Movies
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2025-11-21 |title=மறைந்த டேனியல் பாலாஜி நடித்த "பிபி 180" டிரெய்லர் வெளியானது |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/daniel-balajis-bb-180-film-trailer-out-1191500 |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|''Friday''
|Hari Venkatesh
|[[Dheena (actor)|Dheena]], Anish Masilamani, [[Mime Gopi]], [[Ramachandran Durairaj]]
|Dakdam Motion Pictures
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-11-20 |title=Dheena-Mime Gopi's Friday gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Nov/20/dheena-mime-gopis-friday-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Indian Penal Law]]''
|Karunanithi
|TTF Vasan, Kushitha Kallapu, [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]], [[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]]
|Radha Film International
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-11 |title=Indian Penal Law gets a release date |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2025/Nov/11/tamilnews2025nov10indian-penal-law-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ondimuniyum Nallapadanum]]''
|Sugavanam
|Parotta Murugesan, Karthikeyan, Murugan, Vijayan
|Thirumalai Production
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-16 |title=Ondimuniyum Nallapaadanum gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Nov/16/ondimuniyum-nallapaadanum-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Revolver Rita]]''
|JK. Chandru
|[[Keerthy Suresh]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar]], [[Redin Kingsley]], [[Mime Gopi]]
|Passion Studios, The Route
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-09 |title=கீர்த்தி சுரேஷின் 'ரிவால்வர் ரீட்டா' பட ரிலீஸ் தேதி அறிவிப்பு...! |url=https://news7tamil.live/keerthy-sureshs-revolver-rita-release-date-announced.html |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=News7 Tamil |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|''Vellakuthira''
|Saranraj Senthilkumar
|Harish Ori Arthanari, Abhirami Bose, Regin Rose, Melody Tarks
|Nijam Cinema
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2025 |title=Vellakuthira (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in chennai- BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/vellakuthira/ET00468314 |access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="21" style="text-align:center; background:#808080; textcolor:#000;" | '''D E C E M B E R'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000;background:#C0C0C0;" |'''2'''
|''Salliyargal''
|T. Kittu
|Thirumurugan, Sathya Devi, [[Karunas]]
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2025|title=Salliyargal (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/salliyargal/ET00479342 |access-date=31 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000;background:#C0C0C0;" |'''5'''
|''[[Angammal]]''
|Vipin Radhakrishnan
|[[Geetha Kailasam]], [[Saran Shakthi]], Mullaiyarasi, [[Bharani (actor)|Bharani]]
|Njoy Films, Firo Movie Station
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-19 |title=Angammal gets new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Nov/19/angammal-gets-new-release-date |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Game of Loans''
|Abhishek Leslie
|[[Abhinay Kinger]], Nivas Adithan, Ester Noronha, Athwik Jalandhar
|JRG Production
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2025|title=Game Of Loans (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/game-of-loans/ET00457973 |access-date=3 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kannagi Nagar]]''
|R. Dheena
|A. Gautham, Dheepa Umapathi, S. Muthu Raj
|Rajeev Menon Studios
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2025|title=Kannagi Nagar (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/kannagi-nagar/ET00471259 |access-date=3 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Konja Naal Poru Thalaiva''
|Vignesh Pandiyan
|Nishanth Russo, Gayathri Shan, [[Rajendran]], [[Singampuli]]
|Arudhran Pictures
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2025|title=Konja Naal Poru Thalaiva (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/konja-naal-poru-thalaiva/ET00472808 |access-date=3 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Nirvaagam Porupalla''
|S. Kaarthieswaran
|S. Kaarthieswaran, [[J. Livingston|Livingston]], [[Imman Annachi]], [[Aadhavan (anchor)|Aadhavan]]
|RK Dream Factory
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2025|title=Nirvaagam Porupalla (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/nirvaagam-porupalla/ET00473784 |access-date=3 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Saa Vee''
|Anton Ajith
|[[Udhaya Deep]], Aadesh Bala, Aashika, Ratchasan Yasar
|Anton Ajith Productions
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2025|title=Saa Vee (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/saa-vee/ET00473656 |access-date=3 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Saaraa''
|Chellakutty
|Chellakutty, [[Sakshi Agarwal]], [[Yogi Babu]], [[Thangadurai (actor)|Thangadurai]]
|Viswa Dream World
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2025|title=Saaraa (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/saaraa/ET00473461 |access-date=3 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Stephen (film)|Stephen]]''
|Mithun Balaji
|Gomathi Shankar, [[Michael Thangadurai]], [[Smruthi Venkat]], Kuberan
|JM Production House
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Galatta Family |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/galatta-family/ET00472628 |access-date=2025-12-05 |work=Book My Show}}</ref>
|-
|''Galatta Family''
|[[A. Sarkunam]]
|[[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]], Anicka Vikhraman, [[Thambi Ramaiah]], [[Anandaraj]], [[Vela Ramamoorthy]], [[Rajendran]], [[Delhi Ganesh]]
|Guruparan International
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=Galatta Family |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/vadodara/galatta-family/ET00472628 |access-date=2025-12-05 |work=Book My Show}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000;background:#C0C0C0;" |'''12'''
|''[[Mahasenha]]''
|Dhinesh Kalaiselvan
|[[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]], [[Yogi Babu]], [[Kabir Duhan Singh]], [[John Vijay]]
|Marudham Productions
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-11-21 |title=Vemal's Mahasenha Volume - 1 gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Nov/21/vemals-mahasenha-volume-1-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Yaaru Potta Kodu]]''
|Lenin Vadamalai
|S M Prabakaran, [[Meghali|Meghali Meenakshi]], Lenin Vadamalai, Tuhin Che Guevara
|Teacher's Stick Productions
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2025|title=Yaru Potta Kodu (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/yaru-potta-kodu/ET00474331 |access-date=9 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000;background:#C0C0C0;" |'''19'''
|''Aiymbulan''
|Muruga Palani
|Tamil Prakash, Mirdhula Nair, [[Besant Ravi]]
|Kowsika Creations
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2025|title=Aiymbulan (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/aiymbulan/ET00476261 |access-date=16 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Kanthanmalai''
|Veeramurugan
|[[H. Raja]]
|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=ஆவுடையப்பன் |first=பேச்சி |date=2025-12-20 |title=ஹீரோவாக கலக்கினாரா ஹெச்.ராஜா?.. கந்தன் மலை விமர்சனம் இதோ! |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/bjp-h-raja-starring-kanthan-malai-movie-review-in-tamil-243930 |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=ABP Nadu |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kombuseevi]]''
|[[Ponram]]
|[[R. Sarathkumar]], [[Shanmuga Pandian|Shanmuga Pandian Vijayakant]], Tharnika, [[Kaali Venkat]]
|Star Cinemas
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-11 |title=Kombuseevi trailer: Sarath Kumar and Shanmuga Pandian fight to secure their homes |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Dec/11/kombuseevi-trailer-sarath-kumar-and-shanmuga-pandian-fight-to-secure-their-homes |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Magabali''
|Ravipriyan
|Aijay, Sakshi Megna, [[Bonda Mani]]
|RDL Creations
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2025|title=Magabali (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/magabali/ET00476988 |access-date=20 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Saayavanam''
|Anil Kumar
|[[Soundararaja]], Devananda Shajilal, [[Appukutty]], Karnan Janaki
|Damor Cinema Private Limited
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2025|title=Saayavanam (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/saayavanam/ET00476713 |access-date=20 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center; textcolor:#000;background:#C0C0C0;" |'''25'''
|''Paruthi''
|A. Guru
|[[Sonia Agarwal]]
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2025 |title=Paruthi (2025) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release date in chennai |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/chennai/paruthi/ET00478438 |access-date=25 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Retta Thala]]''
|Kris Thirukumaran
|[[Arun Vijay]], [[Siddhi Idnani]], [[Tanya Ravichandran]], [[Yogesh (actor)|Yogesh Samy]]
|BTG Universal
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Retta Thala, starring Arun Vijay, gets new release date|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Nov/29/retta-thala-starring-arun-vijay-gets-new-release-date|website=Cinema Express|date=2025-11-29|access-date=2025-11-29|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sirai (2025 film)|Sirai]]''
|Suresh Rajakumari
|[[Vikram Prabhu]], LK Akshay Kumar, Anishma Anilkumar, Anantha
|[[Seven Screen Studio]]
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-10 |title=Vikram Prabhu-starrer Sirai gets December release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/10/vikram-prabhu-starrer-sirai-gets-december-release |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian films of 2025]]
* [[Lists of Tamil-language films]]
* [[List of Tamil films of 2024]]
* [[List of Tamil films of 2026]]
* [[List of highest-grossing Tamil films]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}{{notelist-lg}}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Tamil cinema}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{2025 films}}

[[Category:Lists of 2025 films by language|Tamil]]
[[Category:Lists of Tamil films by year|2025]]
[[Category:2025 in Indian cinema|Tamil]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films| ]]
[[Category:2020s Indian films|*]]

Lalamdesar Chhota

2026-05-01T21:27:40Z

Chakravarthy: New the entry initial version - done

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lalamdesar Chhota
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| pushpin_label_position = Right
| coordinates = {{coord|27.8589|N|73.7590|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bikaner District|Bikaner]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil|Sub-District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Jasrasar]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Assembly Constituency]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Dungargarh Assembly constituency|Dungargarh]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati Raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 21.21
| population_total = 2525
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products__rajasthan.html|title=Census of India : Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 : Rajasthan|last=ORGI}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official Language
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 334802
| registration_plate = RJ-50, RJ-07
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=12 January 2021|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
}}

'''Lalamdesar Chhota''' is a small village located in the [[Bikaner District]], [[Rajasthan]], India.

Inhabitants of this village majorly depend on [[agriculture]] which includes both irrigated and non-irrigated farming. Although, there're a number of population, who also involves in running other businesses.

==Demographics==

Total population of this village is 2525, out of which male population is 1325 and female population is 1190. Literacy rate of this village is 42.97%<ref>{{cite web |title= Population and Literacy rate of Utmamdesar : 2011 - Census |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/69588-lalam-desar-chhota-rajasthan.html |access-date=20 October 2024}}</ref>

Population of this village follows [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population by religious community - Bikaner District |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS}}</ref>

{{Bar box|float=right|title=Religion in Lalamdesar Chhota Village (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Rajasthan|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>|titlebar=#Fcd117|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|100}}|caption=Distribution of religions in Lalamdesar Chhota Village}}

People residing in this village mostly speaks [[Bagri language|Bagri]], a dialect of [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]]. [[Hindi Language|Hindi]] is the official language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Languages |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10234/download/13346/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0800.XLSX}}</ref>

{{Pie chart|thumb=left|value1=97|value2=2.5|value3=0.50|color1=cyan|color2=yellow|color3=blue|label1=[[Bagri language|Bagri]]|label2=[[Hindi]]|label3=[[English language|English]]}}

==Transportation==

Road transport facility in this village is at good condition. Village directly connected to Bikaner-Napasar-Ladnun Highway also known as [[State Highway 20B (Rajasthan)|SH-20(B)]].<ref>{{cite web |title= SH-20(B) Project, Bikaner-Napasar-Ladnun Highway |url=https://www.pioneerinfraindia.com/52-dpr-package-5/ |date=20 October 2024}}</ref>

As of now, railway facility is not available in this village, inhabitants need to travel to [[Nokha railway station|Nokha]](60 km), [[Bikaner railway station|Bikaner]](60 km), [[Napasar railway station|Napasar]](40 km) or [[Shri Dungargarh railway station|Dungargarh]](40 km).<ref>{{cite web |title=Overview Of Bikaner Division |url=https://nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1436959747628-An%20Overview%20of%20Bikaner%20Division%20update%20on%20June%202015.pdf |website=nwr.indianrailways.gov.in |access-date=15 November 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Bikaner district]]

{{Bikanerdivision-geo-stub}}

Taqi Abedi

2026-04-29T07:46:21Z

Chakravarthy: creating the pg w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian-Canadian physician (born 1952)}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Syed Taqi Abedi
| image =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Syed Taqi Hassan Abedi
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1952|03|01|df=yes}}<ref name="Rekhta 1952">{{cite web | title=Syed Taqi Abedi - Profile & Biography | website=Rekhta | date=1952-03-01 | url=https://www.rekhta.org/authors/syed-taqi-abedi/profile | access-date=2021-02-23}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| death_date =
| occupation = Author, [[Scholar|research scholar]], poet, orator, critic, and journalist
| nationality = Canadian
| genre = [[Marsiya]], [[Ruba'i|Rubai]] and [[Ghazal]]
| subject = [[Battle of Karbala]] by [[Mir Anis]]/[[Dabeer]], [[Allama Iqbal]]
[[Ghalib]], [[Faiz]] and [[Urdu Literature]] in North America
| relatives =
| signature =
| website = {{URL|drtaqiabedi.com/}}
}}

'''Syed Taqi Hassan Abedi''' ({{langx|ur|{{nq|سید تقی حسن عابدی}}}}; born 1 March 1952) is an Indian-Canadian physician who is also poet and scholar of the [[Urdu]] language.

== Compilation in Persian literature ==
Abedi compiled a two-volume book, ''Kuliyat-e-Ghalib Farsi'', collecting the poetry of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal-era]] Mirza Ghalib in Persian, which was published by the Ghalib Institute in [[Delhi]]. Abedi believes that, while Mirza Ghalib was well known for his poetry in Urdu, he was more inclined towards Persian and composed excellent poems in that language.<ref name="tribuneindia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100324/ttlife1.htm |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – The Tribune Lifestyle |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |date= |accessdate=31 July 2014}}</ref>

In collaboration with Iran's Ministry of Arts and Culture, Indian & Pakistani ambassadors jointly organised a ceremony at [[Tehran]] in September 2010 for release of Abedi's "Kulliyat-e-Ghalib" in Persian. Speaking on the occasion, he pointed out that publishing of Mirza Ghalib's Persian poetry book in Iran would provide a new path for closer relationships between Indo-Iranian literary circles. Referring to Persian poetry by Mirza Dabeer and Mir Anees, he also stated that the unknown feature of Ghalib's Persian poetry was his couplets which were far greater in number than his couplets in Urdu.<ref>{{cite web |author=The Milli Gazette |url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/8283-dr-taqi-aabdis-kulliyat-e-ghalib-faarsi-released-in-tehran |title=Dr Taqi Aabdi's Kulliyat-e-Ghalib Faarsi released in Tehran |publisher=Milligazette.com |date= |accessdate=31 July 2014 |archive-date=11 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911001642/http://www.milligazette.com/news/8283-dr-taqi-aabdis-kulliyat-e-ghalib-faarsi-released-in-tehran |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Work on Hindu religion Poets ==
Abedi has researched poetry in praise of Muhammad and Ahl al-Bayt by various Hindu poets, and compiled some booklets containing Naats, Marsias, Soaz and Salam, like Gopi Nath Aman, Kalidas Gupta Raza and Dalloo Ram Kausari. He especially selected the female Hindu poet "Roop Kunwar Kumari" and highlighted her devotion for Muhammad; his book on her, "Roop Kunwar Kumari," was published in Multan, Pakistan. It provides a detailed anthology of this female Urdu poet and her undiscovered poetic devotion to Ahl al-Bayt. Abedi also discusses her mode of expression with Hindised Bhakti terminology in a Persianised style for her poetry in Soaz, Salam and Marsia. This combination of expressive styles distinguished her among her contemporaries. A sample couplet: "Ali's feet shelter all! Ali's loved by the two souls / No one knows Ali's reality! But the Prophet and God Almighty.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/827152/column-lament-for-a-marsiya-writer|title=COLUMN: Lament for a marsiya writer|date=6 January 2009|publisher=Dawn.com|access-date=21 November 2014|archive-date=29 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129164610/http://www.dawn.com/news/827152/column-lament-for-a-marsiya-writer|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Work on Mir Anis and Mirza Dabeer ==
Abedi's book ''Kulliyat-e-Anees'' consists of 579 Rubais of Mir Anis with a 150-page preface discussing the different aspects of poetry of Anis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.siasat.com/english/news/dr-taqi-abedi%E2%80%99s-book-release-function-today |title=Dr. Taqi Abedi's book release function today |publisher=Siasat |date= |accessdate=31 July 2014 |archive-date=29 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129052732/http://www.siasat.com/english/news/dr-taqi-abedi%E2%80%99s-book-release-function-today |url-status=live }}</ref> Part of his research on Anis was the publication of "Tajzia-e-Yadgar Marsia".<ref>Book Review – Volume 3 No.6 New Hope Pages 90–91, Issue November–December, 2002</ref> The work of Abedi on Mir Anis was an attempt to trace out the hidden facets of his life, illness, death and behavior with discipline.

He also compiled a book "Rubayat-e-Dabeer" and presented selected collection of Salams and Rubais from the treasury of Mirza Dabeer's poetry. Speaking to a seminar at Karachi he discussed some features of his new compilations containing therein comparison between Anis and Dabeer and also stated that comparative analysis of both these contemporary poets was not new for Urdu literary circle and gave the reference of 100-year-old publication "Mawazna-i-Anees-o-Dabeer" written by Shibli Nomani. Abedi also provided amazing similarities between the two poets that both had total age of 72 years, born with gape of one year i.e. 1802 and 1803, and died in 1874 and 1875 respectively. Anis and Dabeer were masters of their similar field and they were never disrespectful to one another. However, it was the lifestyle of Lucknow in which we noticed about the people who began to admire Anis and Dabeer according to their own choices but both poets never encouraged the contemporary development and success of grouping.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1065655|title=DAWN - Features; 25 February 2004|date=25 February 2004|access-date=21 November 2014|archive-date=29 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129153034/http://www.dawn.com/news/1065655|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Work on Poet Faiz Ahmed Faiz ==

Although different scholars including Gopi Chand Narang, Shams ur Rahman Faruqi, Shan-ul-Haq Haqqee, Shamim Hanafi, Sajjad Zaheer, etc. have written various articles on different aspects of Faiz, in the compiled book "Faiz Fahmi" consisting of 162 articles in total, in this book 41 articles have been written by Taqi which discussed undisclosed aspect of Faiz. He also analysed unbiased characters of Faiz thoughts and message by dedicating a chapter "mistakes in Faiz poetry" and a comparison with [[Josh Malihabadi]].<ref>Pakistaniaat: ''A Journal of Pakistan Studies'' Vol. 5, No. 1 (2013) Book Review by Qaisar Abbas, University of North Texas, U.S.A.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://jang.com.pk/thenews/sep2011-weekly/nos-04-09-2011/lit.htm|title=Literate, NOS, The News International|publisher=Jang.com.pk|accessdate=21 November 2014|archive-date=29 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129071320/http://jang.com.pk/thenews/sep2011-weekly/nos-04-09-2011/lit.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Five articles written by Faiz i.e. (i) progressive literary ideology (ii)Josh as a revolutionary poet (iii)films and culture (iv) Beirut under the Israeli attack, and (v) Lenin Peace Award ceremony, have been incorporated in the Faiz Fahmi. This book is an encyclopedia to understand the theme and work of Faiz, it also contains some rare pictures which provide a background of the scene.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.thenews.com.pk/blogs/2012/04/faiz-fahmi/|title=The Newsblog|accessdate=21 November 2014|archive-date=29 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129131319/http://blogs.thenews.com.pk/blogs/2012/04/faiz-fahmi/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In his book ''Faiz fahmi'', Taqi Abedi presented him as a poet whose poetry had remained unstudied. While delivering a lecture on his book "Faiz Fahmi" organized in 2011 at Alhamra Arts Council by Lahore Arts Council, he revealed that 1,800 books have been written on Faiz but it was misfortune that we ourselves never studied and learnt about our Urdu writers and poets. On the other hand, if Faiz were a Persian at least 4000 books might have been written on his subjects and personality.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/10/05/city/lahore/syed-taqi-abidi%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98faiz-fehmi%E2%80%99-launched/ |title=Syed Taqi Abidi's 'Faiz Fehmi' launched |publisher=Pakistan Today |date= |accessdate=31 July 2014 |archive-date=28 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728011927/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/10/05/city/lahore/syed-taqi-abidi%e2%80%99s-%e2%80%98faiz-fehmi%e2%80%99-launched/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Recently new book "Faiz Shanasi – (knowing Faiz)" by Taqi has also been published.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pakbooks.com/5637/faiz-shanasi |title=Faiz Shanasi – Syed Taqi Aabidi |publisher=PakBooks |accessdate=31 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030155141/http://www.pakbooks.com/5637/faiz-shanasi |archivedate=30 October 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Syed Taqi Aabidi |isbn=978-969-35-2695-0 |title=Faiz Shanasi: Syed Taqi Aabidi: 9789693526950: Amazon.com: Books |publisher=Amazon.com |date=1 January 2014 }}</ref>

== Research on Allama Iqbal ==
[[File:Choon-Marg-Ayed.jpg|thumb|Title page of Urdu Language Book "Choon Marg Ayed" pertains to [[Muhammad Iqbal]] by [[Iqbal Academy Pakistan|Iqbal Academy]] ]]

While delivering lectures on Allama Iqbal Day at Azad National Urdu University, Hyderabad, India in October-2009, Taqi highlighted the "Iqbal Ka Falsafa-e-Ishq" that Iqbal was influenced with Room and followed his philosophy of "Ishq" in his prose and poetry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.manuu.ac.in/centerforurdu_events.php|title=:: Maulana Azad National Urdu University ::|publisher=Manuu.ac.in|accessdate=21 November 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129025730/http://www.manuu.ac.in/centerforurdu_events.php|archivedate=29 November 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Referring his two Urdu language compilations, ''Choon Marg Ayed'' and ''Iqbal Kay Irfani Zaweye'' as a keynote speaker on Allama Iqbal Annual Day organized in November 2010 at East-West University, Chicago, Taqi pointed out that "Javaid Nama" written by Allama Iqbal can be selected and discussed as one of the classic work in line with the importance of books "Gulistan and Diwan-e-Hafiz" by [[Saadi Shirazi|Saadi]] and "Shahnama" of [[Firdausi]]. He also referred the Maulana Room's Masnavi for the same comparison. During his speech he also brought forward that his book "Choon Marg Ayed" (diseases suffered by Allama Iqbal) was published by Iqbal Academy which was established by the Government of Pakistan. In this Book he has composed extracts from the various letters written by Allama Iqbal in order to provide a picture of disease and their impact on the life of Iqbal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pakistanlink.org/Community/2010/Dec10/17/06.HTM|title=Community|publisher=Pakistanlink.org|accessdate=21 November 2014|archive-date=18 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718063200/http://pakistanlink.org/Community/2010/Dec10/17/06.HTM|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iap.gov.pk/intro.html|title=::: IQBAL ACADEMY PAKISTAN :::|publisher=Iap.gov.pk|accessdate=21 November 2014|archive-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830021523/http://www.iap.gov.pk/intro.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sherosokhan.com/id382.html|title=Allama Iqbal key Amraz by Dr. Taqi Abedi|publisher=Sherosokhan.com|accessdate=21 November 2014|archive-date=29 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129085034/http://www.sherosokhan.com/id382.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Publications==
Taqi Abedi has published many works, including these:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width=26% | '''Title''' !!width=20%|Place of publication!!width=36%|Subject
|-
| ''Gulshane Roya'' || [[Karachi]], Pakistan ||
|-
| ''Joshe Maodat'' ||[[Hyderabad]], India||
|-
| ''Shaheed'' || [[Baluchistan]], Pakistan || [[Ayatullah Morteza Motahhari]]
|-
| ''Tajzeye Yadgare Anis'' || Delhi, India || [[Mir Anis]]
|-
| ''Ramooz-e-Sha'eri''<ref>[http://www.bazm.urduanjuman.com/index.phpPHPSESSID=jljvf9p1nu8sjdl20t04kvaja5&topic=1103.msg7082#msg7082] {{dead link|date=November 2014}}</ref>|| [[Lahore]], Pakistan||Knowledge can be confined into a book – that is an art(a book on poetry and its tools)
|-
| ''Izhar-e-Haq''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1065627|title=Bush vs JFK: bring it on|date=18 February 2004|publisher=Dawn.com|access-date=21 November 2014|archive-date=29 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129153043/http://www.dawn.com/news/1065627|url-status=live}}</ref> || [[Toronto]], Canada ||Poet Fareed Lucknowi–unrecognised flower of Mir Anis legacy
|-
| ''Inshaallha Khan Insha''<ref>http://www.ziyaraat.net/books/InshalUllahKhanInsha.pdf {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>|| Lahore || [[Insha Allah Khan 'Insha']]
|-
| ''Aaroos-e-Sukhan'' || Lahore||Compilation of Articles (his own), published in the Weekly Urdu Time New YorkWeekly Pakistan Link and Daily Siyasat, India
|-
| ''Iqbal Kay Irfani Zaweye'' || Lahore||[[Allama Iqbal]]
|-
| ''Mujtahid Nazm Mirza Dabeer'' || Lahore|| [[Mirza Dabeer]]
|-
| ''Musnuyate Dabeer'' || Delhi || [[Mirza Dabeer]]
|-
| ''Abwab-ul-Masa'ib''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ziyaraat.net/books/AbwabulMasaibMirzaDabeer.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=24 July 2014 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205353/http://www.ziyaraat.net/books/AbwabulMasaibMirzaDabeer.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ||Published in Delhi || [[Dabeer]]
|-
| ''Silke Salame Dabeer'' ||Lahore || Mirza Dabeer
|-
| ''Mushafe Farsi'' ||Delhi || Work of Dabeer in [[Persian Language]]
|-
| ''Taleh Mehar'' || Lahore|| [[Dabeer]]
|-
| ''Kayenate Najm'' ||Delhi || Mirza Tajamul Hussain (alias [[Najm Afandi]]) and his
|-
| ''Roop Kunwar Kumari''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://islamicblessings.com/books_author/Find_Books_view.asp?ID=4078|title=IslamicBlessings.com ::. Books, Movies, Audio-All Free|author=Mehzad Sahar|publisher=Islamicblessings.com|accessdate=21 November 2014|archive-date=29 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129060548/http://islamicblessings.com/books_author/Find_Books_view.asp?ID=4078|url-status=live}}</ref> ||Multan|| Female Urdu Poet of [[Hindu Religion]] & Devotee of Ahlul-Bayt
|-
| ''Adbi Mojeza'' ||Multan|| A classical researched collection of Sermon by [[Ali Ibn Abi Talib]] Without applying [[Arabic Alphabet]] "Alf" in [[Arabic Language]]
|-
| ''Sabd-e-Sukhan''|| Delhi||3rd Compilation and Publication of Articles published
|-
| ''Ghalib Diwan-e-Naat-o-Manqabat''<ref>{{cite web |author= |url=http://www.slideshare.net/azakhana/01-100-30696388 |title=Mirza Asadullah Khan Ghalib – Diwan Naat o Manqabat |publisher=Slideshare.net |date=1 February 2014 |accessdate=31 July 2014 |archive-date=15 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215031855/http://www.slideshare.net/azakhana/01-100-30696388 |url-status=live }}</ref> || Delhi || [[Mirza Ghalib]]
|-
| ''Mushaf-e-Taghazzul'' || Lahore || Mirza Tajamul Hussain (Najm Afendi)
|-
| ''Taseere Matam'' || Multan || Najm Afendi
|-
| ''Fikre Mutmayena'' || Multan || Allama Najm Afendi
|-
| ''Durbar-e-Risalat'' || Lahore || Poetry in praise of [[Muhammad]]
|-
| ''Najmi Maya''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tatheer.com/Books/upload/poetrylist.asp?PageNo=4|title=Poetry Collection|publisher=Tatheer.com|accessdate=21 November 2014|archive-date=2 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102051410/http://www.tatheer.com/Books/upload/poetrylist.asp?PageNo=4|url-status=live}}</ref> || Multan || Najm Afendi
|-
| ''Dure Daryae Najf'' || Multan ||Allama Najm Afendi
|-
| ''Zikrye Durbaran'' || Lahore || [[Insha Allah Khan 'Insha']]
|-
| ''Huwal Najm'' || Multan || Najm Afendi
|-
| ''Khosha-e-Anjum'' || Multan || Najm Afendi
|-
| ''Raveshe Inqalab'' || Multan || Najm Afendi
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abedi, Taqi}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Delhi]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian poets]]
[[Category:Canadian male poets]]
[[Category:Indian Shia Muslims]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian male writers]]

Narayana Ramachandran

2026-04-25T16:52:32Z

Chakravarthy:

{{Short description|Indian sport administrator (1948/1949–2026)}}
{{for|the Indian physicist|G. N. Ramachandran}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Narayana Ramachandran
| image = Narayana Ramachandran.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Ramachandran in 2012
| order =
| office = 8th [[World Squash Federation|President of World Squash Federation]]
| term_start = 2008
| term_end = 2016
| predecessor = [[Jahangir Khan]]
| successor = Jacques Fontaine
| office2 = 11th [[Indian Olympic Association|President of Indian Olympic Association]]
| term_start2 = 9 February 2014
| term_end2 = 14 December 2017
| predecessor2 = [[Abhay Singh Chautala]]
| successor2 = [[Narinder Dhruv Batra]]
| office3 = 1st [[Indian Triathlon Federation|President of Indian Triathlon Federation]]
| predecessor3 = Post Established
| succeeded3 = Dr. L. M. Sakthivel
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1948 or 1949
| birth_place = India
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2026|4|16|77|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India
| spouse = Dr. Surekha Ramachandran
| children = 2
| awards = [[Olympic Order]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-25 |title=IOA President N Ramachandran bestowed with Olympic Order award |url=https://currentaffairs.gktoday.in/ioa-president-ramachandran-bestowed-olympic-order-award-08201635254.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825060456/https://currentaffairs.gktoday.in/ioa-president-ramachandran-bestowed-olympic-order-award-08201635254.html |archive-date=2016-08-25 |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=currentaffairs.gktoday.in}}</ref>
}}

'''Narayana Ramachandran''' (1948 or 1949 – 16 April 2026) was an Indian [[Squash (sport)|squash]] administrator and Triathlon administrator who served as the President of [[World Squash Federation|WSF]] (World Squash Federation). He was elected in 2008, succeeding [[Jahangir Khan]] of [[Pakistan]].<ref name="worldsquash">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldsquash.org/ws/wsf-information/officers|title=Officers|publisher=World Squash|accessdate=2014-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918050825/http://www.worldsquash.org/ws/wsf-information/officers|archive-date=18 September 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> He also served as 12th president of [[Indian Olympic Association]] (IOA) from 9 February 2014 to 14 December 2017.<ref name="dnaindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-world-squash-federation-chief-n-ramachandran-elected-ioa-president-1960561|title=World Squash Federation chief N Ramachandran elected IOA president |date=9 February 2014|publisher=DNA India|accessdate=2014-03-15}}</ref> He was the brother of the former chairman of BCCI and ICC, [[N Srinivasan]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}} Ramachandran died on 16 April 2026, at the age of 77.<ref>[https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/n-ramachandran-passes-away-chennai-ioa-president-squash-news/article70870852.ece N. Ramachandran, former IOA chief, passes away aged 77]</ref>

==See also==
* [[World Squash Federation]]
* [[Indian Olympic Association]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180918050825/http://www.worldsquash.org/ws/wsf-information/officers Officers of the World Squash Federation] (archived 18 September 2018)
* [http://www.olympic.ind.in Indian Olympic Association website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060205062808/http://www.olympic.ind.in/ |date=5 February 2006 }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-civ}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Abhay Singh Chautala]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Indian_Olympic_Association#IOA_Presidents|President of Indian Olympic Association]]|years=2014–2017}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Narinder Dhruv Batra]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramachandran, Narayana}}
[[Category:1940s births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian sports executives and administrators]]
[[Category:People from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puruskar]]

Night Drive (film)

2026-04-25T14:28:23Z

Chakravarthy: Put up post

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Night Drive
| image = Night Drive (film).jpeg
| caption = Official theatre poster
| director = [[Vysakh]]
| producer = Neeta Pinto Priya Venu
| writer = Abhilash Pillai
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Indrajith Sukumaran]]
*[[Roshan Mathew]]
*[[Anna Ben]]
}}
| music = [[Ranjin Raj]]
| cinematography = [[Shaji Kumar]]
| editing = Sunil S. Pillai
| studio = [[Anto Joseph|Aan Mega Media]]
| distributor = Aan Mega Media
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|03|11}}
| country = India
| runtime = 118 minutes
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Night Drive''''' is a 2022 Indian Malayalam-language [[crime thriller]] film directed by [[Vysakh]] and written by Abhilash Pillai starring [[Indrajith Sukumaran]], [[Roshan Mathew]], [[Anna Ben]] and [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]. The movie tells the story of how a young couple lands in trouble after meeting an accident. The film was released on 11 March 2022.

==Plot==
The plot is about a young couple who are out on a drive and meet an accident. It leaves them in a triangle between a cop who investigates the accident and the corrupt political hegemony in their pursuit.

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
*[[Indrajith Sukumaran]] as [[Inspector of Police#India|CI]] Benny Moopan
*[[Roshan Mathew]] as Georgy
*[[Anna Ben]] as Riya Roy
*[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as [[Minister (government)|Minister]] Rajan Kurup
*[[Kalabhavan Shajon]] as [[Deputy Superintendent of Police#Kerala|DYSP]] Chacko Cherian
*[[Alexander Prasanth]] as Francis/Pranchi
*[[Sreevidya Mullachery]] as Ammini Ayyappan/Ayyappan
*[[Santhosh Keezhattoor]] as [[Police Constable#Kerala|CPO]] Pappan
*[[Kailash (actor)|Kailash]] as Balu Krishna (Rajan Kurup's P.A)
*[[Surabhi Santosh]] as Amina (Balu's wife)
*[[Srikant Murali]] as [[Doctor (title)|Dr.]] Firoz
*[[Sudheer Karamana]] as Jaleel (Rajan Kurup's P.A)
*[[Sohan Seenulal]] as Santhosh (Rajan Kurup's P.A)
*[[Muthumani]] as [[Commissioner of Police#India|City Police Commissioner]] Sharanya Varma [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
*[[Renji Panicker]] as Roy (Riya's Father) (Cameo appearance)
*[[Shaju Sreedhar]] as Anil Nair (Channel Head)
*Della George as Reporter
{{Colend}}

== Music ==
The music was composed by [[Ranjin Raj]] and features one song, titled "Paathi Paathi Parayathe", sung by [[Kapil Kapilan]] and Nithya Maammen. Murukan Kattakada is the lyricist of the song.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/vysakh-directed-new-film-night-drive-song-out-r4ijo4 |title=Night Drive Song : മുരുകൻ കാട്ടാക്കടയുടെ വരികള്‍ക്ക് രഞ്‍ജിൻ രാജിന്റെ സംഗീതം, 'നൈറ്റ് ഡ്രൈവി'ലെ ഗാനം |date=22 December 2021 |access-date=12 June 2021 | website=Asianet News}}</ref>

==Release==

===Theatrical===
The film was first scheduled to be released in March 2021 but was postponed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. It was theatrically released on 11 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2022 |title=Roshan Mathew-Anna Ben thriller Night Drive release date announced |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/feb/21/roshan-mathew-anna-ben-thriller-night-drive-release-date-announced-29874.html |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

===Home media===
The film was digitally streamed on Manoramax, Netflix & Amazon Prime. It is also available in [[Hindi]] & [[Marathi language]] dubbed versions currently streaming on [[Ultra Media & Entertainment|Ultra Play]] & [[Ultra Media & Entertainment|Ultra Jhakaas]] app respectively.

==Reception==

V Vinod Nair of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it a 3.5/5 rating and wrote that "If you are looking for a good thriller to kick off your weekend, ''Night Drive'' is the film for you".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/night-drive/movie-review/90157226.cms|title=Night Drive Movie Review: An engrossing, edge-of-seat thriller|work=The Times of India}}</ref> A critic from ''[[HT Media|OTT Play]]'' stated that "Though ''Night Drive'' starts off as an atypical Vysakh thriller and eventually veers towards the director's familiar territory, the refreshing casting choices do the film a world of good in making it entertaining".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/night-drive-movie-review-roshan-mathew-anna-ben-indrajiths-unpredictability-steer-this-slick-thriller/1d78407837644|title=''Night Drive'' movie review: Roshan Mathew, Anna Ben, Indrajith's unpredictability steer this slick thriller|website=OTTPlay}}</ref> Anushka Rao of Digital Mafia Talkies wrote that "It is a highly recommended watch that is well worth your time."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Anushka |date=23 April 2022 |title=Night Drive' Ending, Explained: Did Georgy And Riya Implicate The Minister Of State? |url=https://dmtalkies.com/night-drive-ending-explained-2022-malayalam-film-vysakh/ |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=Digital Mafia Talkies}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|15477096}}
* ''[https://www.ultraplay.in/movie/night-drive/xmsavitmgepl Night Drive (Hindi)]'' at [[Ultra_Media_%26_Entertainment |Ultra Play]]
* ''[https://www.ultrajhakaas.com/movie/ti-akalpit-ratra-night-drive/fs3dw7raovue Night Drive (Marathi)]'' at [[Ultra_Media_%26_Entertainment |Ultra Jhakaas]]

{{Vysakh}}
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2022 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ranjin Raj]]

Kali Charan Munda

2026-04-25T03:34:03Z

Chakravarthy: Created A Bio W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Kali Charan Munda
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|11|10|df=y}}
|office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
|term_start = 4 June 2024
|predecessor = [[Arjun Munda]]
|constituency = [[Khunti Lok Sabha constituency|Khunti]]
|party = [[Indian National Congress]]
|source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5810?from=members
}}
'''Kali Charan Munda''' ({{IPA|hi|kaːliː t͡ʃəɾəɳ mʊɳɖaː}}) is an Indian [[politician]] and currently serving as [[Member of Parliament]] of [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Khunti Lok Sabha constituency|Khunti]].<ref name="eci">{{Cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2711.htm |title=Election Commission of India |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=results.eci.gov.in |access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/khunti-st-election-results-2024-jharkhand-khunti-st-lok-sabha-elections-poll-result-updates-arjun-munda-bjp-kali-charan-munda-cong/articleshow/110674391.cms |title=Khunti (ST) election results 2024 live updates: CONG's Kali Charan Munda wins against BJP's Arjun Munda with a margin of 149675 votes |publisher=[[Times of India]] |access-date=5 June 2024 |author=TOI News Desk |date=5 June 2024}}</ref> He belongs to the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="eci"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jharkand-lok-sabha-election-2024-results-live-updates-jharkand-result-bjp-arjun-munda-inc-kalicharan-munda-jmm-soren-101717467653700.html |title=BJP's Arjun Munda loses from Jharkhand's Khunti by 1,49,675 votes against Congress' Kalicharan Munda in Lok Sabha polls |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=4 June 2024 |access-date=5 June 2024 }}</ref><ref name="Bullish Wins & Bearish Losses: Here are the key contests and results of 2024 Lok Sabha polls">{{cite news|last1=The Economic Times|title=Bullish Wins & Bearish Losses: Here are the key contests and results of 2024 Lok Sabha polls|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bullish-wins-bearish-losses-here-are-the-key-contests-of-2024-lok-sabha-results/articleshow/110713130.cms?from=mdr|accessdate=27 July 2024|date=6 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727153249/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bullish-wins-bearish-losses-here-are-the-key-contests-of-2024-lok-sabha-results/articleshow/110713130.cms?from=mdr|archivedate=27 July 2024}}</ref>
Kali Charan Munda has been serving as a member of the Committee on Labour, Textiles and Skill Development since 26 September 2024.<ref>[https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/4705?from=members Kali Charan Munda – Official Biography]</ref>

==See also==

*[[18th Lok Sabha]]
*[[Indian National Congress]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]
[[Category:1961 births]]

{{Jharkhand-INC-politician-stub}}

Suresh Kumar Kait

2026-04-23T05:03:15Z

Chakravarthy: creating a bio added tags

{{short description|Chief Justice of the Madhya Pradesh High Court}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Suresh Kumar Kait
| office = 28th [[Chief Justice]] of [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]]
| term_start = 25 September 2024
| term_end = 23 May 2025
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| nominator = [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud]]
| office1 = [[Judge]] of [[Delhi High Court]]
| term_start1 = 12 October 2018
| term_end1 = 24 September 2024
| appointer1 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| nominator1 = [[Dipak Misra]]
| appointer2 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| office3 = [[Judge]] of [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]]
| term_start2 = 5 September 2008
| term_end2 = 11 April 2016
| term_start3 = 12 April 2016
| term_end3 = 11 October 2018
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1963|5|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kaithal]], [[Haryana]]
| alma_mater = [[Kurukshetra University]], [[Delhi University]]
| appointer3 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| nominator3 = [[T. S. Thakur]]
| successor2 =
| nominator2 = [[K. G. Balakrishnan]]
| predecessor = {{ubl|[[Ravi Malimath]]|[[Sheel Nagu]] {{small|(acting)}}|[[Sanjeev Sachdeva]] {{small|(acting)}}}}
| successor = [[Sanjeev Sachdeva]]
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Chief Justice (Retd.)
}}

'''Suresh Kumar Kait''' (born 24 May 1963) is a retired Indian judge. He is a former [[Chief Justice]] of the [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Centre notifies appointment of Chief Justices for eight high courts |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/centre-notifies-appointment-of-chief-justices-for-eight-high-courts/ |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=ddnews.gov.in}}</ref> and former judge of the [[Delhi High Court|Delhi]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-09-25 |title=Madhya Pradesh High Court's new Chief Justice Suresh Kumar Kait takes oath |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/madhya-pradesh/madhya-pradesh-high-courts-new-chief-justice-suresh-kumar-kait-takes-oath/article68680762.ece |access-date=2024-10-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and [[Andhra Pradesh High Court|Andhra Pradesh]] [[High courts of India|high courts]].

== Controversies ==
=== False temple demolition allegations ===
In December 2024, Justice Kait was accused of alleged removal of a Hanuman temple from his official residence by a Madhya Pradesh High Court Bar Association member Sanjay Tripathi. Bar president Dhanya Kumar Jain forwarded the complaint to the CJI, the PM, the President and other high ranking officials. Justice Kait, the MP high court administration and the State Government's Public Works Department (PWD) clarified that no such temple had ever existed at the Chief Justice's residence. Following this, Bar Association President Dhanya Jain wrote an apology letter to Justice Kait withdrawing his complaint, mentioning that he had created confusion, for which he was "extremely sad", expressing regret for his actions and reaffirming his respect for the Chief Justice.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bar objects to MP High Court Chief Justice SK Kait removing temple from official residence |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/bar-objects-mp-high-court-chief-justice-sk-kait-removing-temple-official-residence |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=Bar and Bench}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MP HC Bar President Expresses Regret Over Letter To CJI Seeking Probe Into Alleged Demolition Of A Temple At Chief Justice's Residence |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/madhya-pradesh-high-court-chief-justice-suresh-kumar-kait-residence-bar-association-president-regret-demolition-temple-282046 |publisher=LiveLaw}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kait, Suresh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Madhya Pradesh High Court]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Naoboicha Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:49:06Z

Chakravarthy: New new data basic info - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Naoboicha
| constituency_no = 75
| type = SLA
| map_image = Naoboicha Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
| state = [[Assam]]
| latest_election_year =
| loksabha_cons = [[Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency|Lakhimpur]]
| district = [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| electors =
}}
'''Naoboicha Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam]] a north east state of [[India]]. Naoboicha is also part of [[Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency]].

This constituency is reserved for the [[Scheduled Caste]] candidates since 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Election
!Member
!Party affiliation
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
![[Bhupen Hazarika]]
![[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
!Lila Kanta Das
![[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Afazuddin Ahmed]]
![[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
![[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
!Jagot Hazarika
![[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Moni Kumar Subba]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}" |
|1998^
!Moniram Pathori
![[Asom Gana Parishad]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
![[Sultan Sadik]]
![[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Sanjay Raj Subba]]
![[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
![[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|All India United Democratic Front}}" |
|[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
![[Mamun Imdadul Haque Chawdhury]]
![[All India United Democratic Front]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
![[Bharat Narah]]
![[Indian National Congress]]
|}
^ Indicates Bye-Elections

==Election results==
=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Naoboicha}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Basanta Das|party=Asom Gana Parishad|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Harikanta Das |party= Raijor Dal |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Joy Prakash Das |party= Indian National Congress |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= |party=All India United Democratic Front|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Achyut Das |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Naoboicha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Bharat Narah
|votes = 52,905
|percentage = 27.34
|change = +6.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Azizur Rahman
|votes = 49,292
|percentage = 25.47
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Rao Gajendra Singh
|votes = 40,710
|percentage = 21.04
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Jayanta Khaund
|votes = 35,279
|percentage = 18.23
|change = +13.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = National People's Party (India)
|candidate = Biri Joy
|votes = 3,779
|percentage = 1.95
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = BGP
|candidate = Bikash Debnath
|votes = 3,071
|percentage = 1.59
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Assam Jatiya Parishad
|candidate = Putali Kayasta
|votes = 1934
|percentage = 1.00
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Abdul Goffur
|votes = 1300
|percentage = 0.67
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Saheba Ahmed
|votes = 1032
|percentage = 0.53
|change = +0.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Anupam Chutia
|votes = 781
|percentage = 0.4
|change = -0.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Ulama Council
|candidate = Ubaidur Rahman
|votes = 735
|percentage = 0.38
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Dipak Saikia
|votes = 581
|percentage = 0.3
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,102
|percentage = 1.09
|change = +0.37
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,613
|percentage = 1.87
|change = +1.11
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,93,501
|percentage = 85.19
|change = -2.94
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,27,134
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = All India United Democratic Front
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Naoboicha}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Mamun Imdadul Haque Chawdhury
|votes = 56,003
|percentage = 34.51
|change = +12.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rao Gajendra Singh
|votes = 54,770
|percentage = 33.75
|change = +15.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sanjay Raj Subba
|votes = 33,862
|percentage = 20.87
|change = -6.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Jayanta Khaund
|votes = 8,070
|percentage = 4.97
|change = -4.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Simanta Boruah
|votes = 2,787
|percentage = 1.71
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Pawan Majhi Sautal
|votes = 2,481
|percentage = 1.52
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Saheba Ahmed
|votes = 827
|percentage = 0.50
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Anupam Chutia
|votes = 737
|percentage = 0.45
|change = -0.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Dr. Debabrat Gogoi
|votes = 640
|percentage = 0.39
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sofiqul Islam
|votes = 512
|percentage = 0.31
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Dilwar Hussain
|votes = 371
|percentage = 0.22
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,176
|percentage = 0.72
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,233
|percentage = 0.76
|change = -4.54
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,62,236
|percentage = 88.13
|change = +5.72
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,84,078
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = All India United Democratic Front
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +9.65
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Naoboicha}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sanjay Raj Subba
|votes = 33,946
|percentage = 27.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Mamun Imdadul Haque Chowdhury
|votes = 27,288
|percentage = 21.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rao Gajendra Singh
|votes = 22,328
|percentage = 17.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sultan Medhi
|votes = 16,855
|percentage = 13.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Phanidhar Baruah
|votes = 11,721
|percentage = 9.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ganesh Pradhan
|votes = 4,207
|percentage = 3.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Dr. Pradip Patra
|votes = 2,938
|percentage = 2.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Jayanta Khound
|votes = 1,995
|percentage = 1.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Vinod Pasi
|votes = 1,671
|percentage = 1.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Eunus Ali
|votes = 942
|percentage = 0.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Sushil Bora
|votes = 673
|percentage = 0.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Md. Khalilur Rahman
|votes = 463
|percentage = 0.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Shyamal Hazarika
|votes = 398
|percentage = 0.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,658
|percentage = 5.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,25,425
|percentage = 80.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,56,449
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Naoboicha}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sanjay Raj Subba
|votes = 44,869
|percentage = 37.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sultan Sadik
|votes = 41,027
|percentage = 34.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janta Party
|candidate = Rao Gajendra Singh
|votes = 12,351
|percentage = 10.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Minakhi Gohain Baruah
|votes = 10,288
|percentage = 8.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = Lusian Kawria
|votes = 3,570
|percentage = 3.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Md. Hassan Ali
|votes = 3,376
|percentage = 2.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Md. Nazrul Islam
|votes = 999
|percentage = 0.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Ratul Borah
|votes = 915
|percentage = 0.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Md. Ruful Amin
|votes = 852
|percentage = 0.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad (Pragatishel)
|candidate = Md. Abdul Zalil
|votes = 746
|percentage = 0.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,842
|percentage = 3.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,19,082
|percentage = 81.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,46,266
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent (politician)
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Naoboicha}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sultan Sadik
|votes = 29,813
|percentage = 31.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Moniram Pathari
|votes = 22,105
|percentage = 23.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sanjay Raj Subba
|votes = 18,975
|percentage = 19.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janta Party
|candidate = Prodeep Sarmah
|votes = 11,820
|percentage = 12.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mridul Saikia
|votes = 5,695
|percentage = 5.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Bane Bhagat Orang
|votes = 4,794
|percentage = 3.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Lalchand Kardong
|votes = 1,057
|percentage = 1.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Abdul Quadir
|votes = 797
|percentage = 0.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Lakhi Phukan
|votes = 393
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,708
|percentage = 7.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 97,418
|percentage = 81.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 119,724
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Independent (politician)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Naoboicha}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mani Kr. Subba
|votes = 23,800
|percentage = 33.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Nurul Haque Chowdhury
|votes = 16,649
|percentage = 23.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Haren Baruah
|votes = 15,166
|percentage = 21.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Simon Tirkey
|votes = 8,591
|percentage = 12.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Lakhi Phukan
|votes = 3,209
|percentage = 4.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Lekhan Narah
|votes = 2,210
|percentage = 3.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Bipul Goswami
|votes = 622
|percentage = 0.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal
|candidate = Sunaram Bhuyan
|votes = 435
|percentage = 0.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Jiba Rajkhowa
|votes = 334
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)
|candidate = Kanak Gogoi
|votes = 199
|percentage = 0.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,151
|percentage = 9.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 75,573
|percentage = 80.9%
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 93,399
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Naoboicha}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mani Kr. Subba
|votes = 34,130
|percentage = 48.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Sarbeswar Borah
|votes = 9,868
|percentage = 14.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Rafiuddin Ahmed
|votes = 6,858
|percentage = 9.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Natun Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Prabin Saikia
|votes = 3,913
|percentage = 5.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Plain Tribals Council of Assam
|candidate = Birachon Doley
|votes = 3,443
|percentage = 4.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Horen Boruah
|votes = 2,679
|percentage = 3.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Jitendra Bhuyan
|votes = 2,489
|percentage = 3.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Tarun Doley
|votes = 1,818
|percentage = 2.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Kaji Afajuddin Ahmed
|votes = 1,293
|percentage = 1.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal
|candidate = Deben Baruah
|votes = 1,220
|percentage = 1.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Gobin Neog
|votes = 678
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 24,262
|percentage = 31.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 76,404
|percentage = 77.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 98,638
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1985===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Naoboicha}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Jagot Hazarika
|votes = 22,334
|percentage = 38.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Afazuddin Ahmed
|votes = 18,256
|percentage = 31.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Motiur Rahman
|votes = 7,326
|percentage = 12.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Stephan Pandu
|votes = 2,307
|percentage = 3.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Nobin Chandra Pegu
|votes = 1,565
|percentage = 2.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Makbul Hussain
|votes = 1,362
|percentage = 2.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Torun Doley
|votes = 979
|percentage = 1.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Surpa Kurmi
|votes = 945
|percentage = 1.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Rajendra Nath Borpatra
|votes = 719
|percentage = 1.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Samsul Haque
|votes = 573
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Prafulla Ch. Dekaboruah
|votes = 519
|percentage = 0.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal
|candidate = Bogiram Zora
|votes = 473
|percentage = 0.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Umed Ali
|votes = 412
|percentage = 0.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Plain Tribals Council of Assam
|candidate = Birason Doley
|votes = 407
|percentage = 0.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Megha Ghatowal
|votes = 361
|percentage = 0.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Md. Taher Ali
|votes = 89
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,078
|percentage = 6.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 64,012
|percentage = 82.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 77,385
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent (politician)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Lakhimpur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Assam]]

Methodius Dkhar

2026-04-11T18:25:18Z

Chakravarthy:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}

'''Methodius Dkhar''' (born 1976)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Methodius Dkhar(Hill State People's Democratic Party):Constituency- MAWSHYNRUT (ST)(WEST KHASI HILLS) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Meghalaya2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=6972 |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Meghalaya]]. He is a member of the [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]] from Mawshynrut Assembly constituency, which is reserved for Scheduled Tribe community, in [[West Khasi Hills district]]. He won the [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Hill State People's Democratic Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Meghalaya Assembly elections results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/meghalaya/meghalaya-assembly-elections-results-2023-winners-list-https-indianexpress-com-article-opinion-columns-supreme-court-censure-on-renaming-games-8473818/ |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Dkhar is from Tynrong Mawsaw village, Riangdo post, West Khasi Hills district, Meghalaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members {{!}} Meghalaya Government Portal |url=https://meghalaya.gov.in/meghalaya-legislative-assembly/44279 |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=meghalaya.gov.in}}</ref> He is the son of Phinian Thongni. He completed his MA in economics in 2002 at [[North-Eastern Hill University|North Eastern Hill University]], Shillong.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Dkhar won from [[Mawshynrut Assembly constituency]] representing the Hill State People's Democratic Party in the 2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election. He polled 19,368 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Gigur Myrthong of the [[National People's Party (India)|Nationalist People's Party]], by a margin of 5.187 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Methodius Dkhar in Meghalaya Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/meghalaya/methodius-dkhar-mawshynrut-candidate-s15a034c001/ |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Meghalaya Election Results 2023: Check full list of constituency-wise winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/meghalaya-election-results-2023-check-full-list-of-constituency-wise-winners-npp-bjp-congress-tmc-udp-2341598-2023-03-02 |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Meghalaya Elections Result 2023 Winners List Live: Check The Full List Of Winners |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/meghalaya-election-results-2023-winners-live-updates-meghalaya-results-complete-winners-name-list-bjp-congress-ndp-npp-pdf-1585550 |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> In September 2024, his MLA office in Laitumkhrah area was set on fire, allegedly by his own party members, as Dkhar, along with the other HSPDP member, supported the NPP [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] alliance.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2023-03-04 |title=Meghalaya {{!}} HSPDP MLA's office set on fire for supporting NPP-BJP alliance |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/meghalaya-assembly/meghalaya-hspdp-mlas-office-set-on-fire-for-supporting-npp-bjp-alliance/article66580219.ece |access-date=2024-12-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dkhar, Methodius}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hill State People's Democratic Party politicians]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from West Khasi Hills district]]

The Gambia–India relations

2026-04-01T20:47:32Z

Chakravarthy: creating basic article v1

{{Infobox bilateral relations|The Gambia–India|The Gambia|India|map=Gambia_India_locator.png}}

'''The''' '''Gambia–India relations''' refers to the [[international relations]] that exist between [[The Gambia]] and [[India]]. The Gambia maintains a High Commission in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Gambia High Commission in New Delhi, India|url=http://www.accessgambia.com/information/gambia-consulate-india.html|website=accessgambia.com|access-date=14 April 2017}}</ref> The Embassy of India in [[Dakar]], Senegal is concurrently accredited to The Gambia, the only [[Anglophone countries|Anglophone country]] accredited to that mission. India also maintains an Honorary [[Consul (representative)|Consulate]] General in [[Banjul]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Missions Abroad|url=http://mea.gov.in/indian-mission.htm?83/Gambia|website=Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=14 April 2017|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:The Gambia High Commission in New Delhi.jpg|thumb|High Commission of The Gambia in New Delhi]]
Relations between The Gambia and India were very limited until 1985, consisting only of a confirmation of their common [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-aligned]] principles, and common position on [[decolonisation]] and [[North–South divide in the World|North-South issues]]. Prior to 1985, The Gambia maintained limited diplomatic ties with [[Asia|Asian countries]], primarily focusing on countries such as Taiwan, China, South Korea and North Korea, from which it sought aid in exchange for political support.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Touray|first1=Omar A.|title=The Gambia and the World: A History of the Foreign Policy of Africa's Smallest State, 1965–1995|date=2000|publisher=GIGA-Hamburg|isbn=9783928049665|page=72|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spDE4xto-JQC|access-date=14 April 2017|language=en}}</ref>

The Gambia co-sponsored a resolution moved by India at the [[UN General Assembly]] in January 2015, to declare 21 June as [[International Yoga Day]].<ref>{{cite web|title=State House Correspondences|url=http://qanet.gm/statehouse/messages/appreciation-india-govt-gambia-co-sponsor-resolution-un-gen-assembly_29012015.htm|website=qanet.gm|access-date=14 April 2017|archive-date=15 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415200611/http://qanet.gm/statehouse/messages/appreciation-india-govt-gambia-co-sponsor-resolution-un-gen-assembly_29012015.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs and Planning|Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs]] [[Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi]] visited The Gambia in September 2015 as the Prime Minister's [[Special Envoy]] and officially invited the country to participate in the [[third India Africa Forum Summit]] (IAFS). Gambian Vice President [[Isatou Njie-Saidy]] led the country's delegation to participate in the IAFS in New Delhi on 26–29 October 2015.<ref name="MEA2016" /> Addressing the IAFS delegates, Njie-Saidy described India as a "genuine friend" and "brotherly country", and described its contribution to [[sustainable development]] in Gambia and Africa as "remarkable". She praised the bilateral co-operation between the two countries calling it "a flourishing partnership that remained a strong strategic mutual benefit to both sides". Njie-Saidy stated, "The Gambia and India have common interest in international affairs and sometimes share common points of view on international issues. The level of cooperation between Gambia and India at the international scene is very much encouraging especially at the level of the United Nations." She added that The Gambia continues to "enjoy immense support and assistance" from the Indian government, and that India's intervention in Africa had led to national development and improvements in the lives of the African people.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201511022766.html|title=Gambia, India Share Common Interest in International Affairs|last=Jallow|first=Amadou|date=2015-11-02|work=The Daily Observer (Banjul)|access-date=2017-04-14}}</ref> Njie-Saidy also held closed door bilateral talks with Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] at [[Hyderabad House]] on 30 October.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Delhi|first1=Amadou Jallow New|title=Gambia: VP Holds Talks With Indian PM to Strengthen Banjul, New Delhi Ties|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201511031658.html|website=The Daily Observer (Banjul)|access-date=14 April 2017|date=3 November 2015}}</ref>

Gambian Health and Social Welfare minister [[Omar Sey]] visited India in November 2015 and participated in the 2015 India-Africa Business forum. Addressing the forum, Sey stated that Indian "multinational pharmaceuticals and biotechnological companies have for decades revolutionized healthcare accessibility and affordability in Africa".<ref>{{cite web|title=India Has Revolutionised Healthcare in Africa Health Minister Tells India-Africa Business Forum|url=http://universalhealth2030.org/2015/11/04/india-has-revolutionised-healthcare-in-africa-health-minister-tells-india-africa-business-forum/|website=Universal Health 2030|access-date=14 April 2017|date=4 November 2015|archive-date=4 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904185108/http://universalhealth2030.org/2015/11/04/india-has-revolutionised-healthcare-in-africa-health-minister-tells-india-africa-business-forum/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Trade ==

India is The Gambia's third largest trading partner, after China and Senegal. India is the second largest destination for The Gambia's [[export]]s, and fourth largest source of its [[import]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=OEC – Gambia (GMB) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners|url=http://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/gmb/|website=atlas.media.mit.edu|access-date=14 April 2017|language=en}}</ref> Bilateral trade between The Gambia and India totaled US$90.90 million in 2015–16, declining by 17.08% from the previous fiscal year. India exported $59.54 million worth of goods to The Gambia, and imported $31.35 million. The main [[Commodity|commodities]] exported by India to The Gambia are cotton yarn, fabrics and made-ups, cosmetics, toiletries, drugs and pharmaceuticals, and semi-finished iron and steel products. The major commodities imported by India from The Gambia are raw cashew and cotton.<ref name = "MEA2016"/>

Gambian Minister of Trade and Industry Addoulie Jobe led a 3-member delegation to participate in 4th India-Africa Trade Ministers’ Meeting in New Delhi on 23 October 2015.<ref name = "MEA2016"/> The Embassy of India in Dakar, in partnership with The Gambia Chamber of Commerce and Industry (GCCI), organized an India-Gambia Business Forum themed “Doing Business with India” in [[Banjul]] on 14 October 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gambia, India discuss more business opportunities – The Point Newspaper, Banjul, The Gambia|url=http://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/gambia-india-discuss-more-business-opportunities|website=thepoint.gm|access-date=14 April 2017|language=en}}</ref>

India provides The Gambia with unilateral duty-free tariff preferential (DFTP) market access for export of select goods.<ref name = "MEA2016"/>

== Foreign aid ==

The [[Pan-African e-Network project]] was implemented in The Gambia by [[Telecommunications Consultants India Limited]] (TCIL). An Indian [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]] completed a solar electrification project in the Gambian villages of Kankurang and Kafenkeng in September 2007.<ref name="MEA2016" />

India provided The Gambia with two concessionary lines of credit worth $6.7 million for a tractor assembly plant project and $10 million for the construction of the [[National Assembly of the Gambia|National Assembly]] Building complex. India approved a total amount of $16.88 million as credit for completion of National Assembly.<ref name="MEA2016" /> The new National Assembly was officially inaugurated by Gambian President [[Yahya Jammeh]], who also announced that he would seek funding from India to expand the Banjul port.<ref name="BS1">{{cite web|last1=Paladhi|first1=Arijit|title=India plans to extend credit to develop Gambia's Banjul port|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/india-plans-to-extend-credit-to-develop-gambia-s-banjul-port-114103100009_1.html|website=Business Standard India|access-date=14 April 2017|date=31 October 2014}}</ref> Two lines of credit of $22.5 million each were extended in July 2014 for two projects in the Greater Banjul Area – an electricity project, and the replacement of asbestos water pipes with UPVC pipes.<ref name="MEA2016" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://standard.gm/site/2014/11/27/india-opens-new-us45-million-credit-line-to-gambia/|title=India opens new US$45 million credit line to Gambia – The Standard Newspaper|date=2014-11-27|work=The Standard Newspaper|access-date=2017-04-14|language=en-US}}</ref>

India provided a line of credit worth $92 million in April 2015 for the expansion of Banjul port,<ref name="MEA2016" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Exim India::The first & the only national daily on Export, Import, Shipping.|url=http://eximin.net/NewsDetails.aspx?name=27386|website=eximin.net|access-date=14 April 2017|archive-date=28 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028145031/http://eximin.net/NewsDetails.aspx?name=27386|url-status=dead}}</ref> and $10 million to the Gambia Rural Electrification Extension Project.<ref name="MEA2016" /> The Banjul port increased its berth space for ships, added a [[container terminal]], acquired cargo handling equipment and completed [[Automation|computerization]].<ref name="BS1"/> Two Indian surgeons from BLK Hospital visited Banjul in September 2016 to assist in the development of healthcare delivery. Indian firm Shapoorji Pallonji Mideast was awarded a contract in October 2016 to construct the [[University of the Gambia]] (UTG) Faraba campus in Banjul at a cost of $53.46 million. India provided a grant of $500,000 to The Gambia to procure medical and educational equipment.<ref name="MEA2016" />

The [[National Small Industries Corporation]] (NSIC) of India agreed to establish a Vocational Training Centre in The Gambia to provide skill training in fields such as plumbing, welding, electrical work, the construction industry, carpentry, draftsman-ship, survey, plastic technology, [[Information and communication technologies|ICT]], agro and food processing, and gemstones cutting and polishing.<ref name="MEA2016" />

Citizens of The Gambia are eligible for scholarships under the [[Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme]] and the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iccr.gov.in/content/africa-scholarships|title=Africa Scholarships|website=Indian Council for Cultural Relations|language=en|access-date=15 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512210421/http://iccr.gov.in/content/africa-scholarships|archive-date=12 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Gambians often visit India to seek medical treatment. Fourteen-year old Gambian youth [[association football|footballer]] Bubacarr Chatty received treatment for [[tuberculosis]] at the Pericardiatecony Hospital in Delhi in July 2011. Upon his return to The Gambia, he was welcomed by Vice President and Minister of Women Affairs Isatou Njie-Saidy, who praised the generosity of the Indian people. [[Gambia Football Association]] Secretary General Jammeh E.K. Bojang stated, "We can’t give words to express our happiness to the Gambian government and the Indian people for saving the life of a footballer who has the talent to be like [[Samuel Eto'o]] and [[Didier Drogba]] in the near future."<ref>{{cite web|title=VP receives Gambian footballer, following successful surgery of his career-threatening ailment – The Point Newspaper, Banjul, The Gambia|url=http://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/vp-receives-gambian-footballer-following-successful-surgery-of-his-career-threatening-ailment|website=thepoint.gm|access-date=14 April 2017|language=en}}</ref>

Recently the Vice President of Gambia [[Muhammad B. S. Jallow|Muhammad Jallow]] addressed the India African Conclave in Delhi renewing and reaffirming cooperation & also appreciating India's dedication to advancing innovation and entrepreneurship in Gambia calling it inspiring.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Moment calls for solidarity," says Zimbabwe's Vice President as African nations call for collaboration at CII Africa-India conclave |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/moment-calls-for-solidarity-says-zimbabwes-vice-president-as-african-nations-call-for-collaboration-at-cii-africa-india-conclave20240821124500/ |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

== Indians in The Gambia ==

As of 2023, around 3000 Indian citizens reside in The Gambia. They are primarily involved in trading and private businesses including the construction sector.<ref name = "MEA2016">{{cite web|title=India- The Gambia Relations|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Gambia_DEC2016.pdf|website=Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=15 April 2017|date=December 2016}}</ref>

== Gambians in India ==
There are more than 700 Gambian students studying in India across various Universities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-20 |title=Attack on foreign students: Gambia diplomats visit ICCR office, GU |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/attack-on-foreign-students-gambia-diplomats-visit-iccr-office-gu-9223575/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Recently, His Excellency, Mustapha Jawara, [[High commissioner (Commonwealth)|High Commissioner]] of The Gambia to India signed an MoU with [[Yenepoya University]] in [[Mangalore]] where 28 Gambian nationals will be studying.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pinto |first=Arun |date=2024-05-28 |title=Yenepoya (University) and Gambia sign MoU for Education and Empowerment |url=https://newskarnataka.com/education/yenepoya-university-and-gambia-sign-mou-for-education-and-empowerment/28052024/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=News Karnataka |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mangaluru: Yenepoya (Deemed to be university) & High Commission of the Republic of Gambia sign MOU |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1195247 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Foreign relations of the Gambia]]
* [[Foreign relations of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Foreign relations of the Gambia}}
{{Foreign relations of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gambia-India relations}}
[[Category:The Gambia–India relations| ]]
[[Category:The Gambia and the Commonwealth of Nations]]
[[Category:India and the Commonwealth of Nations]]

Kuki–Paite Conflict

2026-04-01T07:37:17Z

Chakravarthy: Created First Data W/ Refs

{{Short description|Ethnic conflict in Manipur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{morefootnotes|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = Kuki–Zomi Conflict
| subtitle = Kuki–Zomi Conflict
| partof =
| image =
| caption =
| date = {{start date|1997|07|24}} – {{end date|1998|09|29}}
| place = [[Churachandpur district]], [[Manipur]], [[India]]
| coordinates =
| causes = Tribal divisions
| goals =
| methods = {{hlist|Assaults|[[arson]]|[[destruction of property]]|[[forced displacement]]|[[ambush]]es|attacks on means of transport}}
| status =
| result =
| side1 = [[Thadou-Kuki people]] * [[Kuki National Front]]
| side2 = [[Paite people]] * [[Zomi Revolutionary Army]]
| side3 = [[Government of India]] * [[Indian Army]]
| leadfigures1 =
| leadfigures2 =
| leadfigures3 =
| howmany1 =
| howmany2 =
| howmany3 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| fatalities = 352
| injuries = 136
| arrests =
| damage =
| buildings = 4,670 houses
| detentions =
| charged =
| fined =
| effect =
| effect_label =
| casualties_label =
| notes =
| sidebox =
}}

The '''Kuki–Paite Conflict''',{{sfnp|Haokip, The Kuki-Paite Conflict|2007}} also called '''Kuki–Zomi Conflict''',{{sfnp|Ngaihte, Kuki-Zomi Conflict|2010}} was an ethnic conflict during 1997–1998 between tribal communities in [[Churachandpur district]] in [[Manipur]], [[India]]. The cause of the conflict may be regarded as the desire for leadership within the tribes, pitting one group that subscribed to the [[Kuki people|Kuki]] label against another group that subscribed to the [[Zo people|Zomi]] label, the latter being led by the [[Paite people|Paites]]. The conflict started in June 1997 and lasted for over year, during which 352 people died, thousands of homes were destroyed and over 13,000 people were displaced.<ref name=Choudhury/> The [[Government of India]] sent in the [[Indian Army]] to attempt to stop the violence, but peace was restored in September–October 1998 only with the initiative of the Church.<ref>{{citation |title=Women and Conflict in India |first=Sanghamitra |last=Choudhury |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=9781317553625 |pages=38–39 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=72yFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 |quote=The Indian Army was moved to Churachandrapur to restore peace, but the peace was really restored only at the initiative of the Church in October 1998.}}
</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Rodger |first=Alison J |author2=Mike Toole |author3=Baby Lalnuntluangi |author4=V. Muana |author5=Peter Deutschmann |year=2002 |title=DOTS-based tuberculosis treatment and control during civil conflict and an HIV epidemic, Churachandpur District, India |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=80 |issue=6 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2567536/pdf/12132001.pdf |quote=Several hundred Indian Army soldiers were moved into Churachandpur early in 1998 with the purpose of restoring order. This was not successful, however, and outbreaks of violence continued until the church brokered a ceasefire in October 1998.}}</ref>{{sfnp|Haokip, The Kuki-Paite Conflict|2007|p=197}}

== Background ==
In 1948, 21 tribes of Manipur that shared the "Kuki" label per the British nomenclature formed a joint organisation called Kuki Company based at Kuki Inn in Imphal. After the formation, however, frictions began to develop due to the predominance of the [[Thadou language]] in the grouping. As a result, some 14 tribes left the group and formed a separate Khul Union.{{sfnp|Haokip, The Kuki-Paite Conflict|2007|pp=189–190}}
After the rise of the United Naga Council and [[NSCN-IM]] in the 1980s, some of the tribes that had been called 'Old Kuki' in the British nomenclature quit the Kuki umbrella and joined the Naga grouping.{{sfnp|Haokip, The Kuki-Paite Conflict|2007|loc=p. 190: "Originally, the Moyon, the Monsang, the Lamkang, the Maring, the Anal, the Purum, the Kom, the Chothe, the Koirao, the Koireng, belonged to the old Kuki tribes. But they have changed their affiliation and are now included in the Naga sub-nation."}}{{sfnp|Kipgen, Ethnic Conflict in India|2011|loc=p. 1050: "In the process of constructing the Naga political identity, some of the old Kuki tribes have been assimilated into the Naga fold. These tribes include Anal, Moyon, Monsang, Maring, and more tribes may be in the process of assimilation." }}

Seven 'New Kuki' tribes other than Thadou,{{efn|Thadous make up the largest of the 'New Kuki' tribes, forming 9.16% of Manipur's population by the 2011 census. The Paites are the second largest tribe with 1.92% of the population.}} stood on their own for some time, but eventually adopted the [[Zo people|Zomi]] label. These seven tribes, including [[Hmar people|Hmar]], [[Zou people|Zou]], [[Vaiphei people|Vaiphei]], [[Gangte people|Gangte]], [[Simte people|Simte]], [[Paite people|Paite]] and a collection of smaller tribes that simply called themselves "Zomi", formed the [[Zomi Re-unification Organisation]] (ZRO) in 1995.{{sfnp|Haokip, The Kuki-Paite Conflict|2007|p=191}}{{efn|The name resembles an earlier organisation "Zo-Reunification Organisation" (ZORO) formed in 1988,{{sfnp|Haokip, Ethnicity and Insurgency in Myanmar/Burma|2018|p=192}} but has quite different motivations.}} For political security for the unified tribes, an armed wing called [[Zomi Revolutionary Army]] (ZRA) was also formed by the seven tribes, which caused unease among the Kuki group.{{sfnp|Haokip, The Kuki-Paite Conflict|2007|p=191}} The Kuki group, which had its own armed group [[Kuki National Front]] (KNF) and used social taxes to fund it, started to levy more taxes and also demanding them from the tribes belonging to the 'Zomi' group. Thus the tribes calling themselves "Kuki" and those calling themselves "Zomi" came to loggerheads.{{sfnp|Haokip, The Kuki-Paite Conflict|2007|pp=191–192}}

== Start of hostilities ==
On 24 June 1997, KNF militants lined up 20 villagers in [[Saikul]] and shot them, killing nine and wounding four.<ref name="Restoration">
{{cite web |last=Hangmi |first=Peter Zamhen |title=The Paite Kuki Clashes and restoration of Normalcy |publisher=khawvaiphei.com |date=6 October 2010 |url=http://www.khawvaiphei.com/articles/general-articles/1514-the-paite-kuki-clashes-and-restoration-of-normalcy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202123638/http://www.khawvaiphei.com/articles/general-articles/1514-the-paite-kuki-clashes-and-restoration-of-normalcy.html |archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref>

These killings started a series of communal violence that also drew in smaller ethnic groups. Several hundred Indian soldiers were moved into Churachandpur to restore order. A peace agreement was negotiated after a few days by dignitaries from Mizoram Peace Mission, namely, Pu C. Chawngkunga, Pu H. Zathuam and Pu F. Lawmkima. It was signed by the KNF(P) and the ZRO, at Mata Dam in [[Churachandpur]] on 8 July 1997.{{cn|date=August 2023}}

Two days later, KNF(P) militants invaded Mata village, breaking the agreement.{{cn|date=August 2023}}

The warring parties were brought together again on 18 July 1997 to reaffirm the agreement. However, the KNF (P) then attacked Leijangphai, Tallian and Savaipaih, burning thirteen houses.{{cn|date=August 2023}}

== Final peace ==
On 29 September 1998, to make amends for the [[Saikul]] massacre and to end the conflict, the [[Kuki Inpi Manipur]] invited the Zomi Council to a feast.

The next day, the Zomi Council reciprocated by inviting the Kukis to a feast. Hence, the conflict ended.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuki-Zomi Final Peace Accord: 01 Oct 1998 |url=https://www.khalvontawi.in/2015/04/kuki-zomi-final-peace-accord-01-oct-1998.html |access-date=2025-08-27}}</ref>

== Conflict toll ==
Over 50 villages were destroyed and some 13 000 people were displaced.{{cn|date=December 2020}} According to official records kept by the [[Government of Manipur]], the communal violence killed 352 persons, injured 136 and destroyed 4,670 houses.<ref name=Choudhury>
{{citation |title=Women and Conflict in India |first=Sanghamitra |last=Choudhury |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=9781317553625 |pages=38–39 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=72yFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA38}}
</ref><ref name="Rodger">
{{cite journal |last=Rodger |first=Alison J |author2=Mike Toole |author3=Baby Lalnuntluangi |author4=V. Muana |author5=Peter Deutschmann |year=2002 |title=DOTS-based tuberculosis treatment and control during civil conflict and an HIV epidemic, Churachandpur District, India |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=80 |issue=6}}
</ref> The majority moved to areas surrounding the district capital of Churachandpur and [[Mizoram]], where they were housed in makeshift refugee centres in schools, hospitals and various other buildings.{{cn|date=August 2023}}

== Peace agreement ==
The terms of the peace agreement were as follows:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuki-Zomi Final Peace Accord: 01 Oct 1998 |url=https://www.khalvontawi.in/2015/04/kuki-zomi-final-peace-accord-01-oct-1998.html |access-date=2025-08-27}}</ref>
#That the nomenclatures Kuki and Zomi shall be mutually respected by all Zomis and Kukis. Every individual or group of persons shall be at liberty to call himself or themselves by any name, and the nomenclature KUKI and ZOMI shall not in any way be imposed upon any person or group against his/their will at any point of time.
#That, any person who has occupied or has physical possession of any land/private building/houses and quarters wrongfully and illegally during the period of clashes shall return and restore to the rightful owners, such lands and buildings.
#That, no Kuki or Zomi militant shall indulge themselves in any forcible collection of funds, taxes etc., against their counterpart nomenclature be it from the Government Officials, individuals, contractors, and business establishments.
#That, all points of MoUs between the Kuki Inpi and the Zomi Council shall be operative and binding to all concerned persons and parties including the government.

== See also ==
* [[Kuki-Naga conflict in Manipur]]
* [[2023 Manipur violence]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |first=Rebecca C. |last=Haokip |chapter=The Kuki-Paite Conflict in the Churachandpur District of Manipur |editor=Lazar Jeyaseelan |title=Conflict mapping and peace processes in North East India |publisher=North Eastern Social Research Centre |url=http://www.nesrc.org/Monographs/PeaceBook.pdf |year=2007 |pages=185–207 |ref={{sfnref|Haokip, The Kuki-Paite Conflict|2007}} |archive-date=18 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218054719/https://www.nesrc.org/Monographs/PeaceBook.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{citation |last=Haokip |first=T. S. Letkhosei |title=Ethnicity and Insurgency in Myanmar/Burma: A Comparative Study of the Kuki-Chin and Karen Insurgencies |publisher=Educreation Publishing |year=2018 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGpoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA182 |ref={{sfnref|Haokip, Ethnicity and Insurgency in Myanmar/Burma|2018}}}}
* {{citation |first=Nehginpao |last=Kipgen |title=Ethnic Conflict in India: A Case Study of the Kukis and the Nagas in Manipur |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |date=October–December 2011 |volume=72 |number=4 |pages=1043–1060 |jstor=41856539 |ref={{sfnref|Kipgen, Ethnic Conflict in India|2011}}}}
* {{citation |first=S. Thianlalmuan |last=Ngaihte |chapter=Kuki-Zomi Conflict |title=Role of Paite Elites in the Construction of Paite and Zomi Identities in Manipur |pages=179–182|publisher=North-Eastern Hill University |location=Shillong |year=2010 |ssrn=2160232 |chapter-url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2160232 |ref={{sfnref|Ngaihte, Kuki-Zomi Conflict|2010}}}}

==External links==
*[http://www.neportal.org/northeastfiles/Manipur/Political/GovernorAddress/1999.asp Manipur Governor's Address to the Assembly on 9-03-1999]
*[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/19970728-manipur-once-again-on-the-brink-as-smaller-tribes-are-drawn-into-the-kuki-naga-conflict-830419-1997-07-27 Blood brothers: Manipur once again on the brink as smaller tribes are drawn into the Kuki-Naga conflict]
*[https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/manipur/terrorist_outfits/ZRA.htm ZRO/ZRA]

[[Category:Ethnic conflicts in Manipur]]
[[Category:Violence in India]]
[[Category:1990s in Manipur]]
[[Category:1997 in India]]
[[Category:1998 in India]]
[[Category:Kuki people]]

Alappuzha

2026-03-20T14:10:54Z

Chakravarthy: reworked layout also

{{Short description|City in Kerala, India}}
{{About|the metropolis in Kerala, India|its namesake district|Alappuzha district}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Alappuzha
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = ml
| other_name = Alleppey
| settlement_type = [[Suburb]] and [[Municipalities of Kerala|Municipality]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/system/files/2017-10/localbodies.pdf|title=Grama Panchayaths|website=lsgkerala.gov.in}}</ref>
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/2
| image1 = Alappuzha Boat Beauty W.jpg{{!}}Kettuvallam
| image2 = AC Road SH-11.JPG{{!}}AC Road SH-11
| image3 = Alleppey beach.jpg{{!}}Alappuzha beach
| image4 = Mullakkal Devi.jpg{{!}}Mullakkal Devi
| image5 = Alappuzha loves Wikimedia IMG 7655.JPG{{!}}Boating centre
| image6 = Jain-temple-alleppey.jpg{{!}}Jain Temple in Alappuzha
| image7 = Our Lady of Mount Carmel Cathedral.jpg{{!}}Our Lady of Mount Carmel Cathedral
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = '''Clockwise from top left''': [[Kettuvallam|Alappuzha houseboat]], [[Alappuzha Beach]], [[Vembanad Lake]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Alleppey|Mount Carmel Cathedral]], [[Jain temple, Alappuzha|Jain temple]], [[Mullakkal Temple]], [[State Highway 11 (Kerala)]]
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 12
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|9.49|N|76.33|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|..Kerala Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Alappuzha district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = {{start date and age|17|08|1957}}
| founder =
| named_for =
| governing_body = Alappuzha Town
| leader_title = Municipal Chairperson
| leader_name = Jayamma ([[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPIM]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 65.57
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 240,991
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 6th
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |title=Table - 3 : Population, population in the age group 0-6 and literates by sex - Cities/Towns (in alphabetic order): 2001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040225054758/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |archive-date=2004-02-25 |access-date=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/kerala/3211__alappuzha/ |title=Cities and Towns in Alappuzha (Kerala, India) - Population Statistics, Charts |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=7 April 2024}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf|title=The Kerala Official Language (Legislation) Act, 1969|access-date=3 July 2022|archive-date=20 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420030352/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 688001
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0477
| registration_plate = *[[List of RTO districts in India#KL-Kerala|KL]]-04 Alappuzha,
*KL-29 Kayamkulam
*KL-30 Chengannur
*KL-31 Mavelikkara
*KL-32 Cherthala
*KL-66 Kuttanad
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1079 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website = {{URL|alappuzha.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| nickname = '''"[[Venice]] of the East"'''
}}
[[File:Sun rise view Alleppey backwaters , Kerala 06.jpg|thumb|Sun rise view Alleppey backwaters, Kerala]]
'''Alappuzha''' ({{IPA|ml|aːlɐpːuɻɐ|lang|Alappuzha.ogg}}) or '''Alleppey''' is a municipality and town on the [[Laccadive Sea]] in the southern [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Kerala]]. It is the district headquarters of the [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha District]], and is located about {{convert|130|km|1|abbr=on}} north of the state capital [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. As per the [[2011 Indian census]], Alappuzha has a population of 240,991 people, and a population density of {{convert|3675|/sqkm|abbr=on}}.

Alappuzha dates back to the [[Sangam literature|Sangam era]], and was mentioned by [[Pliny the Elder]] as far back as the 1st century AD as ''Baraces''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} District Alappuzha, Government of Kerala {{!}} India |url=https://alappuzha.nic.in/en/history/#:~:text=History%20says%20Alappuzha%20had%20trade,per%20GO(P)%20No |access-date=2024-08-16 |language=en-US}}</ref> Later in the 16th and 17th centuries, the town flourished as an important hub for trading spices with various European powers including the [[Dutch Malabar|Dutch]] and the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]]. Under the rule of [[Raja Kesavadas]], a port was constructed and canals for transport were laid throughout the city, and the town experienced rapid development. However, by the late 18th century, the region had come under [[British Raj|British rule]] and experienced a decline in its status as a centre for commerce and culture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Alappuzha |url=https://www.alappuzhaonline.in/city-guide/history-of-alappuzha |website=www.alappuzhaonline.in}}</ref>

Today, Alappuzha is a prominent tourist destination in Kerala. The town is famous for its [[Kerala Backwaters|waterways and backwaters]]. It's known as the Tarshish land of Kerala<ref>{{cite web|title=History {{!}} District Alappuzha, Government of Kerala {{!}} India|url=https://alappuzha.nic.in/history/|access-date=2020-09-08|language=en-US}}</ref> It plays a role as one of the primary access points for the annual [[Nehru Trophy Boat Race]] during the festival of [[Onam]].<ref>"Nehru Trophy Boat Race.{{cite web|url=http://nehrutrophy.nic.in/new/home.html |title=The History of NTBR |access-date=2011-06-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718024917/http://nehrutrophy.nic.in/new/home.html |archive-date=18 July 2011 |df=dmy }}"</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/tourist-centers.htm|title=Tourist Places in India, Best Places to Visit in India|website=Maps of India}}</ref> Alappuzha is also a hub for [[coir]] manufacturing, and has a thriving coir industry.<ref>"coir industry {{cite web|url=http://coirboard.gov.in/aboutcoir.htm |title= About Coir |access-date=2011-06-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813201137/http://coirboard.gov.in/aboutcoir.htm |archive-date=13 August 2011 |df=dmy }}"</ref>

== Etymology ==
Carved out of the erstwhile [[Kottayam]] and [[Quilon|Kollam]] districts, Alappuzha district was formed on 17 August 1957 and consisted initially of seven [[taluk]]s, namely [[Cherthala]], [[Ambalappuzha]], [[Kuttanad]],[[Thiruvalla]], [[Chengannur]], [[Karthikappally]] and [[Mavelikkara]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alleppeyonline.com/|title=taluks in Alappuzha 1957|publisher=Alleppeyonline.com|access-date=2021-02-14|archive-date=18 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118145124/http://www.alleppeyonline.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The district is bounded on the north by [[Kochi]] and Kanayannur taluks of [[Ernakulam]] district, on the east by [[Vaikom]], Kottayam and [[Changanassery]] taluks of Kottayam district and Thiruvalla, [[Kozhencherry]] and [[Adoor]] taluks of [[Pathanamthitta]] district, on the south by [[Kunnathur (Kerala)|Kunnathur]] and [[Karunagappally]] taluks of [[Kollam district]] and on the west by Laccadive Sea.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alleppeyonline.com/|title=boundaries|publisher=Alleppeyonline.com|access-date=2021-02-14|archive-date=18 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118145124/http://www.alleppeyonline.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Alappuzha district comprises six taluks, namely Cherthala, Ambalappuzha, Kuttanad, Karthikappally, Chengannur and Mavelikkara.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alleppeyonline.com/|title=taluks in Alappuzha|publisher=Alleppeyonline.com|access-date=2021-02-14|archive-date=18 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118145124/http://www.alleppeyonline.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The area of the district is {{cvt|1414|km2}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alappuzha district profile |url=https://alappuzha.nic.in/en/district-profile/}}</ref>

== History ==
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2023}}
[[File:Stone bridge, Alleppey 1900.jpg|thumb|left|Stone Bridge in 1900.]]
[[File:Alleppey canal.jpg|200px|thumb|Walkway in Commercial Canal]]

[[Kuttanad]], the [[breadbasket|rice bowl]] of Kerala, with its [[paddy field]]s, small streams and canals with lush green coconut palms, was well known even from the early periods of the [[Sangam age]].<ref name="alappuzha">{{cite web|url=https://www.alappuzha.com/pages/kuttanad|title=Kuttanad|website=www.alappuzha.com}}</ref>

Literary works such as ''[[Unnuneeli Sandesam]]'' give some insight into the ancient period of this district. Archaeological antiquities, such as the stone inscriptions, historical monuments found in the temples, churches, and rock-cut caves, also emphasise the historic importance of [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha District]].

Christianity had a foothold in this district, even from the 1st century AD. The church located at [[Kokkamangalam]] was one of the seven churches founded by [[Thomas the Apostle|St Thomas]],<ref name="Goswami">{{Cite news |last=Goswami |first=Arunansh B. |title=Saint Thomas the Apostle to Us Indians |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/weltanschauung/saint-thomas-the-apostle-to-us-indians/ |access-date=2025-02-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} one of the twelve disciples of [[Jesus Christ]]. It is generally believed that he landed at [[Maliankara]] in [[Muziris]] Port, presently known as [[Cranganore]] or [[Kodungallur]], in 52 AD and preached Christianity in [[South India]].<ref name="Goswami"/>

The district flourished in religion and culture under the second Chera Empire, during 9th to 12th centuries AD. The literary work `Ascharya Choodamani`, a Sanskrit drama written by [[Sakthibhadran]], a scholar of [[Chengannur]], enables us to know many pertinent facts. Further, the temple on Lord [[Ayyappan]], in Mukkal vattam near Muhamma in Alappuzha District, is called [[Cheerappanchira]], for the Kalari from which Lord Ayyappa learnt his martial arts. A recent album by [[P. Unni Krishnan]] on Lord Ayyappa, titled 'Sabarimalai Va Charanam Solli Va', has songs illustrating the history of this temple and Lord Ayyappa's stay here before he went to conquer the Mahishi Demon.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/%E2%80%98Swamiyae%E2%80%A6-Saranam-Aiyappa%E2%80%99/article15616424.ece|title='Swamiyae… Saranam Aiyappa'|first=S.|last=Shivpprasadh|newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 November 2012|via=thehindu.com}}</ref>

Since landing in [[Kozhikode]] in 1498, the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] started playing an influential role in Alappuzha. They began by spreading Catholicism and converting already existing [[Saint Thomas Christians|Christians]] into Catholics. [[Arthunkal#St. Andrew's Basilica, Arthunkal|St Andrew's Basilica]] was built during this period.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://arthunkal.bizhat.com/arthunkal_church_history.html | publisher=Arthunkal Church | title=Arthunkal Church history}}</ref>

In the 17th century, as the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] power declined, the [[Dutch people|Dutch]] gained a predominant position in the principalities of this district. They built many factories and warehouses for storing [[Black pepper|pepper]] and [[ginger]], relying on several treaties signed between the Dutch and the [[Rajas]] of [[Purakkad]], [[Kayamkulam]] and Karappuram. In course of time they also delved into the political and cultural affairs of the district. At that time Maharaja [[Marthanda Varma]] (1706–1758), who was the 'Maker of modern [[Travancore]]', intervened in the political affairs of those princedoms.

Travancore [[Dewan]] [[Ramayyan Dalawa]] (d. 1756) resided in [[Mavelikkara]] where he had a palace built by Marthanda Varma. After the death of his wife, Ramayyan consorted with a Nair lady from [[Mavelikkara]] of the Edassery family (PGN Unnithan, a member of this family, later became the last Dewan of Travancore in 1947). After his death Ramayyan's descendants left Travancore to settle in [[Pudukkottai]] in Tamil Nadu. His Nair consort was given gifts and presents and special allowances from the Travancore government in recognition of his services to the state while his own descendants were bestowed with the honorific title of Dalawa.

In the 19th century the district saw progress in many spheres. One of the five subordinate courts opened in the state in connection with the reorganization of the judicial system by Colonel [[George Monro (British Army officer)|George Monro]] was located at [[Mavelikkara]]. The first post office and first telegraph office in the former Travancore state were established in this district. The first manufacturing factory for the [[coir]] mats was established in 1859. In 1894 the city Improvement Committee was set up.

The district played a role in the freedom struggle of the country. The struggles of [[Punnapra-Vayalar uprising|Punnapra and Vayalar]] in 1946 arrayed the people against Sir [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer]], who was Dewan of Travancore. This led to Ramaswami Iyer's exit from the political scene of Travancore. A popular Ministry was formed in Travancore on 24 March 1948 after India's independence. Travancore and [[Cochin]] states were integrated on 1 July 1949.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-06-30 |title=Princely states of Travancore and Cochin join the union post independence |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/Joining-hands/article14410304.ece |access-date=2025-02-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> This arrangement continued until the formation of Kerala State on 1 November 1956, under the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|States Reorganisation Act 1956]]. The district came into existence as a separate administrative unit on 1 August 1957.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alappuzha District formation |url=https://alappuzha.nic.in/en/history/}}</ref>

=== Raja Kesavadas and Alappuzha ===
[[Raja Kesavadas]], the [[Dewan]] of [[Travancore]] during the reign of [[Dharma Raja|Dharma Raja Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma]] in 18th century was well known for his planning skills and administrative acumen. He was the master mind in developing the Alappuzha town.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alappuzha: A detailed Study for PSC {{!}} PSC Arivukal|url=https://www.pscarivukal.com/2020/02/alappuzha.html|access-date=2021-07-20|website=www.pscarivukal.com}}</ref>

He found Alappuzha as an ideal location and began constructing a well planned port city in [[Travancore]]. Alappuzha was most suitable, because of the geographical and oceanic reasons. He constructed two parallel canals for bringing goods to port from backwaters and offered infrastructural facilities to merchants and traders from Surat, Mumbai and Kutch to start industrial enterprises, trading, and cargo centres. Alappuzha attained progress and became the financial nerve centre of Travancore during his time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&q=isbn:8170990262|title=isbn:8170990262 - Google Search|website=www.google.com}}</ref> The port was opened in 1762, mainly for the export of coir-matting and coir-yarn. Kesavadas built three ships for trade with Calcutta and Bombay, and alleppey afforded a convenient depot for the storage and disposal of goods produce in the east.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://prd.kerala.gov.in/d_alappuzha.htm|title=Alappuzha - A brief history|access-date=23 April 2020|archive-date=30 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930221743/http://prd.kerala.gov.in/d_alappuzha.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{wide image|File:VembanadAlleppey.jpg|800px|[[Vembanad Lake]]}}
Alappuzha is located at {{Coord|9.54|N|76.40|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/13/Alappuzha.html |title=Maps, Weather, Videos, and Airports for Alappuzha, India |publisher=Fallingrain.com |access-date=2013-09-25}}</ref> The average elevation is {{convert|1|m|ft}}.<ref>[http://population.mongabay.com/population/india/1278985/alleppey elevation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116031902/http://population.mongabay.com/population/india/1278985/alleppey |date=16 November 2011 }}</ref> Alappuzha covers an area of {{convert|1414|km2}} and is flanked by {{convert|2195|km2}} of [[Vembanad Lake]], where six major rivers spread out before joining the 80 km coast line of the district. The city of Alappuzha is crisscrossed by a system of [[canal]]s, which is a part of the [[National Waterway 3 (India)|National Waterway 3]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehouseboatkerala.com/the-best-time-to-visit-alleppey.html|title=Alleppey|website=thehouseboatkerala.com}}</ref>

The district is a sandy strip of land intercepted by lagoons, rivers and canals. There are no mountains or hills in the district except some scattered hillocks lying between [[Bharanikkavu]] and [[Chengannur]] blocks in the eastern portion of the district. There are no forest area in this district.

Alappuzha is bounded by the Laccadive Sea on its west. The town has a network of lakes, lagoons and [[fresh water]] rivers. The richness of the coastal Alappuzha waters is expressed annually in the blooming and consequent deposit of a huge quantity of fishes and [[prawns]] on the Alappuzha coast called ‘[Chakara]’. This annual shifting of sandbank appears during the post-monsoon period and contributes to the local economy and is a festive season for the people of Kerala. The annual floods rejuvenate and cleanse the soil and water due to which there is abundance of marine life like prawns, [[lobster]]s, fishes, turtles and other [[flora]] in the sea.

The [[Kerala Backwaters|backwaters]] and [[wetlands]] host thousands of migrant [[common teal]], [[duck]]s and [[cormorant]]s every year who reach here from long distances. A major feature of the area is the region called Kuttanad, the 'granary of Kerala'. [[Kuttanad]] is also known as the rice bowl of Kerala and is one of the few places in the world where farming is done below sea level.<ref name="keralatourism.org">{{Cite web |title=Kuttanad - the Rice Bowl of Kerala in Alappuzha |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/kuttanad-alappuzha/59/ |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=www.keralatourism.org |language=en}}</ref> The paddy fields lie about 0.6 to 2 m below mean sea level.<ref name="alappuzha"/>

=== Climate ===
Owing to its proximity to the sea, the climate of Alappuzha is humid and hot during the [[summer]], although it remains fairly cool and pleasant during the months of October and November. The average monthly temperature is 27 degrees Celsius. The district gets the benefit of two seasonal [[monsoon]]s, as in other parts of the state. Alappuzha town experiences a long monsoon season with heavy showers as both the [[Southwest monsoon|Southwest]] and [[Northeast monsoon]] influences the weather of Alappuzha. The South-west monsoon affects the climate in the months from June to September. On the other hand, the North-east monsoon brings rain from October to November. The average rainfall received by the region is 2763 mm.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/annualrainfall.htm|title=Annual Rainfall Map of India, Rainfall in India|website=Maps of India}}</ref>

{{Weather box
| location = Alappuzha (1991–2020, extremes 1944–2012)
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| Jan record high C = 36.7
| Feb record high C = 37.4
| Mar record high C = 37.9
| Apr record high C = 38.2
| May record high C = 36.7
| Jun record high C = 37.2
| Jul record high C = 34.0
| Aug record high C = 34.2
| Sep record high C = 34.8
| Oct record high C = 35.6
| Nov record high C = 35.4
| Dec record high C = 36.6
| year record high C = 38.2
| Jan record low C = 17.3
| Feb record low C = 18.7
| Mar record low C = 18.8
| Apr record low C = 19.2
| May record low C = 20.0
| Jun record low C = 19.5
| Jul record low C = 19.9
| Aug record low C = 19.4
| Sep record low C = 20.4
| Oct record low C = 19.3
| Nov record low C = 20.0
| Dec record low C = 17.8
| year record low C = 17.3
|Jan high C = 32.7
|Feb high C = 33.0
|Mar high C = 33.6
|Apr high C = 33.7
|May high C = 32.8
|Jun high C = 30.4
|Jul high C = 29.4
|Aug high C = 29.6
|Sep high C = 30.5
|Oct high C = 31.3
|Nov high C = 32.0
|Dec high C = 32.5
| year high C = 31.8
|Jan low C = 22.5
|Feb low C = 23.6
|Mar low C = 25.0
|Apr low C = 25.4
|May low C = 25.3
|Jun low C = 23.9
|Jul low C = 23.2
|Aug low C = 23.5
|Sep low C = 23.8
|Oct low C = 23.8
|Nov low C = 23.8
|Dec low C = 22.9
| year low C = 23.9
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 16.3
| Feb rain mm = 42.1
| Mar rain mm = 62.7
| Apr rain mm = 131.7
| May rain mm = 274.1
| Jun rain mm = 592.0
| Jul rain mm = 485.9
| Aug rain mm = 349.8
| Sep rain mm = 296.5
| Oct rain mm = 357.4
| Nov rain mm = 175.8
| Dec rain mm = 48.2
| year rain mm = 2832.4
| Jan rain days = 1.0
| Feb rain days = 1.9
| Mar rain days = 3.3
| Apr rain days = 6.7
| May rain days = 11.6
| Jun rain days = 21.3
| Jul rain days = 21.4
| Aug rain days = 16.6
| Sep rain days = 13.8
| Oct rain days = 15.0
| Nov rain days = 8.5
| Dec rain days = 2.9
| year rain days = 123.9
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 68
| Feb humidity = 70
| Mar humidity = 73
| Apr humidity = 74
| May humidity = 78
| Jun humidity = 86
| Jul humidity = 88
| Aug humidity = 87
| Sep humidity = 84
| Oct humidity = 81
| Nov humidity = 78
| Dec humidity = 71
|year humidity = 86
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240408025145/https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| archive-date = 8 April 2024
| url = https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Station: Alappuzha Climatological Table 1991–2020
| work = Climatological Normals 1991–2020
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 7 July 2024}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M105
| access-date = 19 February 2020}}</ref>
}}

== Demographics ==
{{bar box
|width=250px
|barwidth=100px
| title = Religion in Alappuzha City (2011)
| left1 =
| right1 = Percent
| float = right
| bars =
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|49.85}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|blue|26.23}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|23.62}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|0.30}}
}}
[[File:JainTempleAlappuzhaFrontPrd.jpg|thumb|250px|Jain Temple, Alappuzha]]

{{Historical populations
|state=collapsed
|align=right
|1991 | 174,666
|2001 | 239,384
|2011 | 240,991
|footnote = Sources:
* 1991-2011<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/kerala/3211__alappuzha/|title=Cities and towns in Alappuzha district|website=citypopulation.de}}</ref>
}}

According to the 2011 census, Alappuzha Municipality+Outgrowths had a population of 240,991 with 116,439 men and 124,552 women. The City spreads over Alappuzha municipality and the outgrowths of [[Punnapra]] and [[Kalarcode]] villages with an area of {{cvt|65.57|km2}} and population density of 3,675 persons per square kilometre. There were 22,361 persons under six years of age. The [[literacy rate]] of Alappuzha city stands at 95.81% with 209,201 literates where 101,927 are males (97.3%) and 107,274 are females (94.43%). Alappuzha had a sex ratio of 1070.<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11379/download/14492/DDW32C-01%20MDDS.XLS Census India 2011]</ref>

The population is predominantly [[Hindus]], and there are sizeable numbers of [[Christians]] and [[Muslims]]. The most widely spoken language is [[Malayalam]], although many people speak [[Konkani language|Konkani]].

Malankara Orthodox Christians in the town of Alappuzha are covered by the [[Malankara Orthodox Diocese of Niranam|Diocese of Niranam]] of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church. The largest Orthodox Church in the town currently is Saint Thomas Orthodox Church, Alappuzha which also runs Mar Gregorios Karunya Theeram Guidance Centre in Alappuzha.<ref>{{cite web |title=St. Thomas Church, Parish |url=https://alappuzhaorthodoxchurch.org/parish.html |website=Alappuzha Orthodox Church |access-date=31 January 2025}}</ref>

The standard dialect of Malayalam spoken is Central Travancore dialect.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jaimalayalam.com/maladialect.htm |title=dialect |publisher=Jaimalayalam.com |date= |access-date=2021-02-14}}</ref> Konkani is a language that is spoken in the [[Konkan]] region. During the Portuguese and Dutch invasions of the 16th and 18th centuries, many [[Konkanis]] migrated southwards to [[Thuravoor, Cherthala|Thuravoor]], [[Cherthala]] and Alappuzha in the state of [[Travancore]] as well as other places in Kerala like [[Cochin]], [[Kodungalloor]], and [[Kollam]]. A majority of these people got settled in Alappuzha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gosripuram.org.in/Community4.htm |title=migration of konkanis |publisher=Gosripuram.org.in |access-date=2013-09-25 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927053619/http://www.gosripuram.org.in/Community4.htm |archive-date=27 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gsbkonkani.net/OurHistory.htm |title=migration of konkanis |publisher=Gsbkonkani.net |access-date=2013-09-25 |archive-date=19 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919072443/http://www.gsbkonkani.net/OurHistory.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[[Goud Saraswat Brahmin|"migration of konkanis]]</ref>

== Economy ==
[[File:Alleppey Boat houses.jpg|thumb|[[Houseboat]]s in Alleppey]]
The economy of the district is based on agriculture and marine products. The agricultural activities predominantly revolve around the [[Kuttanad]] region, the rice bowl of Kerala. Though the district is industrially backward, some traditional industries based on [[coir]] and coir products, marine products, handlooms, different types of [[handicraft]]s, [[toddy tapping]] have been active from the very early times. The district is known as the traditional home of coir industry in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/56052689/Final-Body|title=Final Body|website=Scribd}}</ref>
[[File:Coco Boat Allapphy Kerala.JPG|thumb|Alappuzha has extensive backwaters used for transportation and tourism purposes too.]]
The availability of raw materials and the existence of backwaters and canals suitable for the getting of green husk and accessibility of transportation are the main factors of the development of this industry. [[Arabs]] had carried on trade in coir products from very ancient period. The manufacture of mats and mattings were first introduced in 1859 by James Durragh.<ref>"mats {{cite web|url=http://www.deputycollector.in/uploads/sub_sub_cont/1103151300189140KERALA%20ECONOMY.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-06-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409171842/http://www.deputycollector.in/uploads/sub_sub_cont/1103151300189140KERALA%20ECONOMY.pdf |archive-date=9 April 2011 |df=dmy }}"</ref>

The Coir Board was established by the Central Government under the provisions of the Coir Industry Act in 1955.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/40081419/Coir-Board-today|title=coir board|access-date=8 September 2017|archive-date=19 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119115131/http://www.scribd.com/doc/40081419/Coir-Board-today|url-status=dead}}</ref> A coir research institute functions at [[Kalavoor]].<ref>"coir research {{cite web|url=http://www.ccriindia.org/Portal/web%20home%20page/CCRI%20frond%20icon%20file.htm |title=Central Coir Research Institute |access-date=2011-06-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912002921/http://www.ccriindia.org/Portal/web%20home%20page/CCRI%20frond%20icon%20file.htm |archive-date=12 September 2011 |df=dmy }}"</ref> The National Coir Training and Designing Centre was established at Alappuzha in 1965.

[[Coir]] is the most important commodity manufactured in Alappuzha, [[Kayamkulam]], [[Kokkothamangalam]], [[Komalapuram]], [[Mannancherry]], [[Muhamma]] and [[Vayalar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/56052689/8/INDUSTRY-PROFILE |title=coir |publisher=Scribd.com |access-date=2013-09-25}}</ref> Coir products are available in [[Cherthala]] and [[Mannancherry]], lime shell in [[Arookutty]] and [[Kodamthuruth]], [[plywood]] in [[Chengannur]], Keltron controls in [[Aroor]],<ref>"Keltron Controls {{cite web|url=http://www.veethi.com/Alappuzha-Computers-and-Electronics--yellowpages_list_details-list_id-156071.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=7 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727000954/http://www.veethi.com/Alappuzha-Computers-and-Electronics--yellowpages_list_details-list_id-156071.htm |archive-date=27 July 2011 |df=dmy }}"</ref> [[potassium chloride]] in [[Mavelikkara]], and coconuts and coconut oil in [[Thanneermukkom]]. Other important commodities manufactured in these towns are [[copra]], glass, mats and [[match]]es.<ref>"coir mat {{cite web|url=http://coirboard.gov.in/dir_manufacturers_mats.htm |title=Resources|access-date=7 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813201755/http://coirboard.gov.in/dir_manufacturers_mats.htm |archive-date=13 August 2011 |df=dmy }}"</ref>

In recent times, tourism has become a major source of revenue. This is mainly due to the presence of [[houseboat]]s that provide the tourists with a view of the scenic backwaters of the town. Another reason is the proximity to other tourist spots like [[Munnar]], [[Varkala]] and [[Wayanad]]. Furthermore, as per the Tourist Statistics by Kerala Tourism, there is a 74.55% increase in tourists arriving in Alleppey between 2021 and 2020 while the average for the entire state stands at 51.09%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tourism |first=Kerala |title=Kerala Statistics – 2021 - Highlights |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/tourismstatistics/tourist_statistics_202120220530122636.pdf |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=Kerala Tourism: Official Website |language=English}}</ref>

== Backwater paddy cultivation ==
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2023}}
[[Image:Kerala Kuttanad2.jpg|thumb|Paddy fields in Kuttanad]]
The major occupation in Alappuzha is farming. The Rice Bowl of Kerala, Kuttanadu is located in Alappuzha.<ref name="keralatourism.org"/>

There were three stages in the reclamation of lands from the Vembanad Lake. In the first stage it was carried out by private entrepreneurs without any financial support from the part of the government. The ''Pattom Proclamation'', made by the Travancore Kingdom in the year 1865, gave a great boost to the reclamation activities between 1865 and 1890. During this period de-watering of the polders were done manually, using waterwheels, restricting large-scale reclamations. Only about 250 hectares of land were reclaimed during this period. Venadu Lake and Madathil Lake that were reclaimed during this period are considered as the first ''Kayal Nilam'' (lake-reclaimed land) which were reclaimed from Vembanad Lake.<ref>{{cite news
|author=M.S. Swaminathan, FRS
|title=The Kuttanadu Below Sea Level Farming System, India
|newspaper=FAO Website
|date=May 2013
|page=8
|url=http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/giahs_assets/Information_Resources_Annexes/Japan_Forum/Kuttanad_Below_Sea_Level_Farming_System.pdf
|access-date=8 October 2013
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611175117/http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/giahs_assets/Information_Resources_Annexes/Japan_Forum/Kuttanad_Below_Sea_Level_Farming_System.pdf
|archive-date=11 June 2015 }}</ref> The pioneering reclamation activity of lake-reclamation and cultivation was made by [[Pallithanam Luca Matthai]].<ref>{{cite news
|author=G S Unnikrishanan Nair
|title=Kuttanad; Our Heritage Our wealth
|newspaper=KERALA CALLING
|date=September 2013
|pages=16–20
|url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/docs/publication/2013/kc/september_13/16.pdf
|access-date=26 Sep 2013
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927092458/http://www.kerala.gov.in/docs/publication/2013/kc/september_13/16.pdf
|archive-date=27 September 2013 }}</ref>

The second phase was from (1890 to 1903).{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}

Due to the steep decline in the price of rice during 1920 to 1940, the reclamation activities became sluggish, then gained momentum again in the early 1940s. During this period, in order to increase the agricultural output, government initiated a ''Grow More Food'' campaign and provided incentives to encourage new reclamations. The advent of electric motors made the reclamation easier, cheaper and less risky as compared to the earlier periods. The last tract of the reclamations namely Q, S and T block were made during this period.<ref>{{cite web|last=Studies Society|first=Thiruvananthapuram Economic|date=August 2017|title=Agricultural Development of Kerala From 1800 AD to 1980 AD: A Survey of Studies|url=http://keralaeconomy.com/admin/pdfs/A%20Survey%20of%20Studies.pdf|website=keralaeconomy.com}}</ref>

=== Reconstruction of Muppalam Bridge ===
The iconic Muppalam,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Viswam |first=Vishak |date=March 13, 2025 |title=Can Nalpalam fill the big shoes of Alappuzha's iconic Muppalam? |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Mar/13/can-nalpalam-fill-the-big-shoes-of-alappuzhas-iconic-muppalam |work=The New Indian Express |pages=1}}</ref> or Triple bridge, in the heart of Alappuzha town was once a major attraction for tourists and filmmakers.

Reconstruction began to build a new four-lane bridge, popularly referred to as Nalpalam. The bridge connects two major canals, Vada Canal and Commercial Canal and has been an integral part of Alappuzha’s road network and identity.

The bridge has featured in over 100 films across various Indian languages Malayalam, Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, and Kannada, highlighting its cinematic appeal.

The Muppalam was dismantled to make way for a more modern, four-lane replacement known locally as Nalpalam. The project led by the Kerala Public Works Department (PWD), while preserving the cultural and visual significance of the location.

== Transport ==

{{wide image|Pallathuruthi bridge pano small.jpg|1200px|align-cap=center| [[Pallathuruthy]] bridge}}

=== Road ===
==== National highways ====
[[National Highway 66 (India)|Nation Highway 66]], connecting [[Panvel]] to [[Kanyakumari]] runs through the Alappuzha [[city centre]]. The [[Alappuzha Bypass]] was built to route the national highway around city centers between Kommady and [[Kalarkode]]. National Highway 66 connects Alappuzha city to other major cities like Mumbai, [[Udupi]], [[Mangalore]], [[Kannur]], [[Kozhikode]], Ernakulam, Kollam and Thiruvananthapuram. There is a plan to upgrade [[State Highway 11 (Kerala)|State Highway 11]] to a national highway in order to help connect Alappuzha to [[Kodaikanal]] as part of promoting the coastal-hill tourism project.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150809/nation-current-affairs/article/jawahar-thayankari-lifts-nehru-trophy|title=Jawahar Thayankari lifts Nehru trophy|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=9 August 2015}}</ref>

==== State highways ====
[[File:KSRTC Bus stand Alappuzha.jpg|thumb|250px|Alappuzha KSRTC bus station]]
[[File:AC Road SH-11.JPG|250px|thumb|State Highway 11]]

There are eight state highways in Alappuzha district, of which three of them originates from Alappuzha town. State Highway 11 starts from [[Kalarcode]] and ends at [[Perunna]]. This highway is locally known as AC road (Alappuzha-[[Changanassery]] road) and it covers a distance of 24.2 km. It is an important road which connects Alappuzha town with [[Kottayam district]]. [[State Highway 40 (Kerala)|Stateway High 40]] is an interstate highway in Alappuzha district which connects Alappuzha town with [[Madurai]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is the only interstate highway in Alappuzha district. [[State Highway 66 (Kerala)|State Highway 66]] originates from Alappuzha town and terminates at [[Thoppumpady]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralapwd.gov.in/getPage.php?page=maps&pageId=248|title=PWD Public Site|access-date=7 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201055331/http://www.keralapwd.gov.in/getPage.php?page=maps&pageId=248|archive-date=1 December 2010|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Alappuzha has two main bus terminals. The [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] bus station (situated near state water transport corporation headquarters, boat jetty road) serves government-run buses and the V K soman memorial municipal bus stand (situated near Vazhicherry) is used by private buses and contract carriage services operating to other states.

KSRTC buses connect Alappuzha with, among other places, [[Bangalore|Banglore]], [[Mysore]], [[Kollur, Udupi district|Kollur]], [[Mangalore]], [[Chennai]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], and [[Thiruvalla]]. Additionally [[State Express Transport Corporation|SETC]] and [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation|TNSTC]] operate several daily services to and from the town. [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]] reportedly run two daily services originating from Alappuzha.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

A new [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] depot and bus station are under construction in Valavanadu along National Highway 66. This development aims to enhance connectivity and improve transportation infrastructure in the region

=== Water ===
The presence of a lot of backwaters and canals makes water transport a popular means of transport. [[Inland waterways of India|National Waterway-3]] passes through Alappuzha. There is a [[Kerala State Water Transport Department|SWTD]] boat jetty in the city that lies opposite to the [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] bus stand. It is served by boat services to Kottayam city and besides other small towns and jetties. Availing an [[Kerala State Water Transport Department|SWTD]] boat is a cheaper alternative to houseboats for visiting tourists.
[[File:The Public Transport Through Waters in Kerala.jpg|thumb|Public water transport organised by Kerala State Transport Agency for long-distance transport within the back waters of Kerala]]

=== Railway ===
[[Alappuzha railway station|Alappuzha]] is linked by [[Ernakulam–Kayamkulam coastal railway line]] and connects to cities like Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Kochi, [[Coimbatore]], [[Chennai]], [[Delhi]], [[Bokaro Steel City|Bokaro]] and [[Mumbai]]. The [[Alappuzha railway station|railway station]] is about {{convert|4|km|mi}} from the heart of the city.<ref>Trains from Alappuzha {{cite web|url=http://www.indiantrains.org/station-details/?code%3DALLP%26name%3DALLEPPEY |title=Indian Trains: Alleppey (ALLP) Railway Station Details |access-date=2011-06-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906084048/http://www.indiantrains.org/station-details/?code=ALLP&name=ALLEPPEY |archive-date=6 September 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref> A total of four trains originate from Alappuzha to cities like [[Kannur]], [[Chennai]], [[Dhanbad]] and [[Tatanagar]]. There are a lot of local trains running throughout the day, which connect Alappuzha to other towns near by. Since Alappuzha is a prime destination, trains from important cities like [[Delhi]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Bangalore]], [[Mangalore]], [[Kozhikode]] and [[Amritsar]] pass through this station.<ref>[https://www.atdcalleppey.com/ ATDC – Alleppey Tourism Development Co-operative Society Ltd.], is the premier body in the district of Alleppey, Kerala for the promotion of tourism.</ref>

===Airport===

[[Cochin International Airport]], which is {{convert|78|km|mi}} to the North, is the closest airport. [[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport]], {{convert|159|km|mi}} to the South, is the other airport that links the district with other countries. International tourists use these airports to reach Alappuzha. The other nearest airports are [[Calicut]] ({{convert|236|km|mi}}) and [[Coimbatore]] ({{convert|254|km|mi}}) airports. A helipad in the town is reserved for government uses.

== Administration and politics ==

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin: 0 1em 0 0;"
|-
!colspan="2"| Alappuzha city officials
|-
| [[District Collector]]
| Alex Varghese IAS
|-
| Municipal chairperson
| Molly Jacob
|-
| [[Superintendent of Police (India)|SP & District Police Chief]]
|MP Mohanachandran IPS<ref>{{cite web|url=http://alappuzha.nic.in/ele2009_phone.htm |title=Election 2009 - Alappuzha District, Kerala State, India - Observers |access-date=2012-04-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807061530/http://alappuzha.nic.in/ele2009_phone.htm |archive-date=7 August 2011}}</ref>
|}

[[File:Alappuzha loves Wikimedia IMG 7599.JPG|thumb|250px|Alleppey Bar Association]]
The two administrative systems prevailing in the district are [[revenue]] and [[local self-government in India|local self-government]]. Under the revenue system, the district is divided into two revenue divisions, six [[taluks]] and 91 villages. The two revenue divisions are Alappuzha division comprising [[Cherthala]], [[Ambalappuzha]] and [[Kuttanad]] taluks consisting of 47 villages and [[Chengannur]] division comprising [[Karthikapally]], [[Chengannur]] and [[Mavelikkara]] taluks consisting of 44 villages. For census purposes, [[Aroor]], [[Arookutty]], [[Kodamthuruth]], [[Thanneermukkom]] Vadakku, Thaneermukkam Thekku, [[Vayalar]] East and [[Kokkothamangalam]] village, except the portions included in [[Cherthala]] municipality are treated in the 1981 census as census towns based on the threefold criteria adopted for treating a place as census town.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

Under the local self-government system, the district is divided into five statutory towns and development blocks consisting of 71 [[panchayats]]. The jurisdiction of a Development Block includes the areas falling in census towns also.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alappuzha.nic.in/admin.htm |title=Official Web Site of Alappuzha, Kerala, India |access-date=2011-06-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162712/http://www.alappuzha.nic.in/admin.htm |archive-date=21 July 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref>

There were nine [[Legislature of Kerala|legislative assembly]] segments in Alappuzha district for the [[2011 Kerala State legislative assembly election|2011 Assembly elections]]. They are [[Aroor]], [[Cherthala]], Alappuzha, [[Kuttanad]], [[Haripad]], [[Kayamkulam]], [[Mavelikkara]] and [[Chengannur]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Kerala Legislature |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members.htm |title=Niyamsabha official site |publisher=Niyamasabha.org |date= |access-date=14 February 2021}}</ref>

Alappuzha assembly constituency is part of Alappuzha (Lok Sabha constituency). The other [[Lok Sabha]] constituency of the district is [[Mavelikkara]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf |title=constituency |access-date=9 June 2011 |archive-date=18 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718054105/http://eci.nic.in/archive/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{| border="2"
|-
! colspan="2" | '''Parliament representatives'''
|-
! Name
! Lok-Sabha constituency
! Year
! Political party
|-
| P. K. Vasudevan Nair
| Alappuzha
| 1962–1977
| Communist Party of India (as Ambalappuzha seat)
|-
| R.Achuthan
| Mavelikara
| 1962–1967
| Indian National Congress
|-
| G.P. Mangalathumadom
| Mavelikara
| 1967–1971
| Samyukta Socialist Party
|-
| [[R. Balakrishna Pillai]]
| Mavelikara
| 1971–1977
| Kerala Congress
|-
| B.K. Nair
| Mavelikara
| 1977–1980
| Indian National Congress
|-
| Suseela Gopalan
| Alappuzha
| 1980–1984
| Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|-
| [[P. J. Kurien|Prof. P.J. Kurien]]
| Mavelikara
| 1980–1984,1989-1998
| Indian National Congress
|-
| Vakkom Purushotham
| Alappuzha
| 1984–1991
| Indian National Congress
|-
| [[Thampan Thomas]]
| Mavelikara
| 1984–1989
| Janata Party
|-
| T. J. Anjalose
| Alappuzha
| 1991–1996
| Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|-
| [[Ramesh Chennithala]]
| Mavelikara
| 1999–2004
| Indian National Congress
|-
| [[C. S. Sujatha|C.S. Sujatha]]
| Mavelikara
| 2004–2009
| Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|-
| [[V. M. Sudheeran|V.M Sudheeran]]
| Alappuzha
| 1977–1980, 1996–2004
| Indian National Congress
|-
| [[K. S. Manoj|Dr. K.S Manoj]]
| Alappuzha
| 2004–2009
| Communist Party Of India (Marxist)
|-
| [[K. C. Venugopal|K.C Venugopal MP]]
| Alappuzha
| 2009- 2014
| Indian National Congress
|-
| [[Kodikunnil Suresh]] MP
| Mavelikara
| 2009–2014
| Indian National Congress
|-
| [[K. C. Venugopal|K.C Venugopal MP]]
| Alappuzha
| 2009- 2014
| Indian National Congress
|-
| [[Kodikunnil Suresh]] MP
| Mavelikara
| 2009–2014
| Indian National Congress
|-
| [[K. C. Venugopal|K.C Venugopal MP]]
| Alappuzha
| 2014- 2019
| Indian National Congress
|-
| [[Kodikunnil Suresh]] MP
| Mavelikara
| 2014–2019
| Indian National Congress
|-
| [[A. M. Ariff]]
| Alappuzha
| 2019–2024
| Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|-
| [[Kodikunnil Suresh]] MP
| Mavelikara
| 2019–2024
| Indian National Congress
|-
| [[K. C. Venugopal|K.C Venugopal MP]]
| Alappuzha
| 2024-
| Indian National Congress
|-
| [[Kodikunnil Suresh]] MP
| Mavelikara
| 2024-
| Indian National Congress
|}

== Education ==
[[File:St. Joseph's College for Women Alappuzha.jpg|thumb|[[St. Joseph's College for Women, Alappuzha]]]]
[[File:Alappuzha Medical College.jpg|thumb|[[Government T. D. Medical College, Alappuzha]]]]
[[File:Leo XIII HSS, Alappuzha.jpg|thumb|Leo XIII HSS, Alappuzha]]
There are schools, computer institutes and colleges all over the district, with nine training schools, 405 lower primary schools, 105 high schools and 87 higher secondary schools.<ref>"education in Alappuzha {{cite web |title=Official WEBSITE of Alappuzha, Kerala, India - Education Department |url=http://alappuzha.nic.in/dept.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807061328/http://alappuzha.nic.in/dept.htm |archive-date=7 August 2011 |access-date=2011-06-10 |df=dmy}}"</ref>

The first school in Alappuzha, the [[Church Missionary Society]] (CMS) School, was established in 1816. The school was established by the Rev. Thomas Norton, the first CMS missionary to India. The school is run by the [[Church of South India|CSI]] Christ Church, Alappuzha. The first higher secondary school in Alappuzha was the Leo XIIIth Higher Secondary School, which was opened on 1 June 1889 by Portuguese Bishop [[John Gomes Pereira]] of [[Cochin]]. The first polytechnic college in Alappuzha was the Carmel Polytechnic College, established by Fr. Gilbert Palaekunnel, and it is managed by the CMI Congregation. Carmel is still the academically top-ranked polytechnic in the state.<ref>"Leo 13 school {{cite web|url=http://alleppeydiocesanschools.org/php/schoolsDetails.php?sId%3D1%26linkid%3D21%26type%3DH |title=Higher Secondary Schools |access-date=2011-06-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426064244/http://alleppeydiocesanschools.org/php/schoolsDetails.php?sId=1&linkid=21&type=H |archive-date=26 April 2012 |df=dmy }}"</ref>
[[File:Cemp2.jpg|thumb|[[College of Engineering and Management, Punnapra]]]]
Colleges in Alappuzha offer both [[Graduate school|graduate]] and [[postgraduate]] courses for their students.<ref>"colleges in Alappuzha {{cite web |title=Official WEBSITE of Alappuzha, Kerala, India - Colleges of Alappuzha |url=http://alappuzha.nic.in/college.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807061232/http://alappuzha.nic.in/college.htm |archive-date=7 August 2011 |access-date=2011-06-10 |df=dmy}}"</ref>

===Major college institutes===
* [[College of Engineering, Cherthala]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cectl.ac.in/ |title=College of Engineering, Cherthala |publisher=Cectl.ac.in |access-date=25 September 2013}}</ref>
* [[Sanatana Dharma College]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sdcollege.in|title=Welcome - Sanatana Dharma College|accessdate=26 February 2023}}</ref>
* [[S. D. V. College of Arts and Applied Science]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sdvcollege.in|title=Welcome: S. D. V. College of Arts and Applied Science|accessdate=26 February 2023}}</ref>
* [[Sree Narayana College, Cherthala|Sree Narayana College Cherthala-SN College Kanjikkuzhy]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sncollegecherthala.in/|title=SN COLLEGE CHERTHALA|accessdate=26 February 2023|archive-date=22 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222082800/http://www.sncollegecherthala.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[N.S.S. College, Cherthala]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grotal.com/e/NSS-College-Alappuzha-C4791 |title=NSS Alappuzha |publisher=Grotal.com |access-date=25 September 2013}}</ref>
* Government College, Ambalappuzha<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ambalapuzhagc.org|title=Government College, Ambalapuzha|accessdate=26 February 2023}}</ref>
* [[College of Engineering and Management, Punnapra]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cempunnapra.org|title=CEM Punnapra|accessdate=26 February 2023}}</ref>
* [[Mar Gregorios College Punnapra]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://margregoriospunnapra.org|title=Mar Gregorios College|access-date=7 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019133501/http://margregoriospunnapra.org/|archive-date=19 October 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[College of Engineering Chengannur]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceconline.edu |title=College of Engineering (Chengannur) |publisher=Ceconline.edu |access-date=25 September 2013}}</ref>
* College of Applied Sciences, Mavelikkara<ref>{{cite web|url=http://casmvk.kerala.gov.in|title=Profile of the College - College of Applied Sciences, Mavelikkara|accessdate=26 February 2023}}</ref>
* [[Carmel College of Engineering and Technology Alappuzha]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.carmelcet.in/|title=Carmel College of Engineering and Technology|website=www.carmelcet.in}}</ref>
* [[Government T D Medical College, Alappuzha]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tdmcalappuzha.org/|title=TD Medical College – Alappuzha}}</ref>
* [[St. Joseph's College for Women, Alappuzha|St Joseph's College for Women, Alappuzha]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.stjosephcollegeforwomen.com/ |title=SJCW |access-date=10 June 2011 |archive-date=9 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109222048/http://stjosephcollegeforwomen.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[St. Michael's College, Cherthala|St Michael's College, Cherthala]]<ref>SMC {{cite web|url=http://www.keralauniversity.edu/stmicheals.htm |title=St. Michael's College, Cherthala |access-date=18 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527094214/http://www.keralauniversity.edu/stmicheals.htm |archive-date=27 May 2010 }}</ref>
* [[T. K. Madhava Memorial College]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralauniversity.edu/tkmadava.htm |title=T.K. Madhava Memorial College, Nangiarkulangara |access-date=18 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926212337/http://www.keralauniversity.edu/tkmadava.htm |archive-date=26 September 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref>
* St. Aloysius College Edathua<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aloysiuscollege.org/ |title=St Aloysius |publisher=Aloysiuscollege.org |access-date=25 September 2013 |archive-date=29 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829023214/http://www.aloysiuscollege.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Bishop Moore College]] Mavelikkara
* Milad-E-Sherief Memorial College, Kayamkulam (MSM)
* [[Christian College, Chengannur]]

== Religious buildings and shrines ==

===Hindu temples in Alappuzha===

* [[Ambalappuzha Sree Krishna Swamy Temple]]
* [[Anandeshwaram Mahadeva Temple]]
* [[Chakkulathukavu Temple]] (Bhagavathy Temple)
* [[Chettikulangara Devi Temple]]
* [[Chengannur Mahadeva Temple]]
* [[Haripad Sree Subrahmanya Swamy Temple]]
* [[Karthyayani Devi Temple, Cherthala|Kanichukulangara Devi Temple]]
* [[Kandiyoor Sree Mahadeva Temple]], Mavelikkara
* [[Mannarasala Temple]]
* [[Mullakkal Temple|Mullakkal Rajarajeswari Temple]]
* [[Padanilam Parabrahma Temple]], Nooranad
* [[Puliyur Mahavishnu Temple|Thripuliyoor Mahavishnu Temple]]
* [[Thrichittatt Maha Vishnu Temple]]
* [[Valiyakulangara Devi Temple]], Karthikappally
* Varanad Devi Temple

===Christian churches in Alappuzha===
* [[St. Andrew's Basilica, Arthunkal|St Andrew's Basilica, Arthunkal]]
* [[St. George Forane Church, Edathua|St. George/Paul Forane Church]]
* [[Basilica of St. Mary, Champakulam|Basilica of St Mary, Champakulam]] (Chambakulam kalloorkadu Basilica)
* [[St. Thomas Church, Thumpoly|St Thomas Church, Thumpoly]] (Thumpoly pally)
* [[St. Mary's Forane Church, Pulinkunnoo]]

===Muslim mosques in Alappuzha===
*[[Maqam Masjid]], civil station ward, Alappuzha.<ref name="sunni">{{Cite web |last=SUNNIVOICE |date=2021-12-31 |title=ആലപ്പുഴ: കനാൽ കരകളിലെ പൈതൃകക്കാഴ്ചകൾ |url=https://sunnivoice.net/%e0%b4%86%e0%b4%b2%e0%b4%aa%e0%b5%8d%e0%b4%aa%e0%b5%81%e0%b4%b4-%e0%b4%95%e0%b4%a8%e0%b4%be%e0%b5%bd-%e0%b4%95%e0%b4%b0%e0%b4%95%e0%b4%b3%e0%b4%bf%e0%b4%b2%e0%b5%86-%e0%b4%aa%e0%b5%88%e0%b4%a4/ |access-date=2024-06-27 |language=ml}}</ref>
* [[Saukar Masjid]], a mosque built in 1850.<ref name="News18">{{cite news |title=ആലപ്പുഴ പൈതൃകപദ്ധതിയിൽ മുഖംമിനുക്കി ' സൗക്കാർ മസ്ജിദ് ' |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/alappuzha/sawker-masjid-timeless-beacon-of-spiritual-heritage-in-alappuzha-local18-649587.html |work=News18 മലയാളം |date=14 January 2024 |language=ml}}</ref>

== Sports ==
[[File:Nehru Trophy Boat Race 2012 7791.JPG|250px|thumb|The [[Nehru Trophy Boat Race]] is a popular sport held in the Punnamada Lake near Alappuzha]]

Alappuzha hosts the Nehru Trophy Boat Race held in the [[Punnamada Lake]] near Alappuzha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nehru Trophy Boat Race |url=https://utsav.gov.in/view-event/nehru-trophy-boat-race#:~:text=The%20Nehru%20Trophy%20Boat%20Race%20is%20one,there%20is%20an%20interesting%20story%20behind%20it.}}</ref> In 1952, when [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the first prime minister of India, visited Kerala, the people of Alleppey decided to give a special entertainment for their prestigious guest and conducted a snake boat race. Nehru got so excited by this event and he jumped into 'Nadubhagam Chundan' (a snake boat), ignoring the security officials. By this excitement of sailing in a snake boat he donated a rolling trophy to be awarded to the winner of the race. Other than this snake boat race [[cricket]], [[association football|football]], [[basketball]] and [[rowing]] are among the most popular sports in town. In 2015, the [[Kerala Cricket Association]] inaugurated the [[KCA Cricket Stadium Alappuzha]], which is an A-class cricket stadium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralacricketassociation.com/Alappuzha-cg|title=SD College- KCA Cricket Ground- Alapuzha}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
{{main list|List of people from Alappuzha}}
{{alumni|residents|date=February 2021}}


* [[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]] - Novelist and short story writer, recipient of India's highest literary award, the Jnanpith.
* [[Vayalar Ramavarma]] - Malayalam poet and film lyricist
* [[Arattupuzha Velayudha Panicker]] - Social reformer in [[Kerala]]
* [[M. K. Sanu]] – writer, critic and social activist, a permanent member of the International body for Human rights
* [[Irayimman Thampi]] - Carnatic musician as well as a music composer from Kerala
* [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]] - director, poet
* [[S. D. Shibulal]] - chief executive officer and managing director of [[Infosys]]
* [[Karunakara Guru|Navajyothi Sree Karunakara Guru]] - Founder of [[Santhigiri Ashram]]
* [[Ganesh Puthur]] - Writer, Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award Winner
* [[P. S. Karthikeyan]] - Former Secretary, S. N. Trust, former Director of [[SNDP]] Yogam, former Member of the Legislative Assembly (Aroor), Chief Editor of Dinamani daily
* [[P. Narayana Kurup]] - Malayalam Poet
* [[Joy J. Kaimaparamban]] - English and Malayalam author
* [[Itty Achudan]] - the major contributor of ethno-medical information for the compilation of [[Hortus Malabaricus]]
* [[Eleanour Sinclair Rohde]] - British gardener and writer on horticulture
* [[V. P. Sivakumar]] - short story writer
* [[C. T. Ravikumar|Justice C.T.Ravikumar]] - Supreme Court Judge.
* [[M. G. Sreekumar]] - Musician, singer and music director
* [[Vayalar Sarath Chandra Varma]] - Poet and lyricist
* [[Kavalam Sreekumar]] - Classical musician, playback singer, composer
* [[Rajeev Alunkal]] - lyricist, poet and orator

=== Religion ===
* [[Karunakara Guru]] - founder of Santhigiri Ashramam
* [[Palackal Thoma Malpan]] - founder of the [[Carmelites of Mary Immaculate]]
* [[Mgr. Joseph C. Panjikaran]] - founder of the Medical Sisters of St. Joseph
* [[Antony Theodore]] - Christian educator, poet, social worker
* Saint [[Kuriakose Elias Chavara]] - Christian saint

=== Politics ===
* [[A. K. Antony]] - three times Chief Minister of Kerala in [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] Ministry, former Indian Defence Minister
* [[V. S. Achuthanandan]] - former chief minister of Kerala and one of the most senior communist politicians of India
* [[Ramesh Chennithala]] - former Home Minister and Former Leader of the opposition of Kerala, current legislative assembly member of Haripad constituency.
* [[Susheela Gopalan|Suseela Gopalan]]- Former Kerala Industries Minister and Communist Leader
* [[K. R. Gowri]] - Revenue Minister in first Kerala [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] ministry, initiated the [[land reforms]] in Kerala, Agriculture minister in Kerala UDF Ministry
* [[Vayalar Ravi]] - former Home minister of Kerala in UDF Ministry, former Union Cabinet Minister of Overseas Indian Affairs and Minister for Parliamentary Affairs
* [[C. K. Chandrappan]] - communist leader and former Member of Parliament
* [[S. Ramachandran Pillai]] - Politburo member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and General Secretary of All India Kisan Sabha (Peasants Union)
* [[G. Sudhakaran]] - member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] and former PWD minister of Kerala
* [[P. Parameswaran]] - Director of Bharatheeya Vichara Kendram; philosopher

=== Cinema ===
* [[Sreekumaran Thampi]] - lyricist, director, producer and screenwriter in Malayalam cinema
* [[Jomon T. John]] - Indian cinematographer
* [[Ratheesh]] - Malayalam film actor
* [[Kunchacko]] - Indian film producer and director
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] - Malayalam film actor.
* [[Fazil (director)|Fazil]] - Malayalam film director
* [[Kunchacko Boban]] - Malayalam film actor
* [[Riaz M T]] - Malayalam film actor
* [[Fahadh Faasil]] - Malayalam film actor
* [[Jagannatha Varma]] - Kathakali artist, actor in Malayalam film and serial
* [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]] - Malayalam film actor
* [[Rajan P. Dev]] – Malayalam film actor and drama/theatre person
* [[S. L. Puram Sadanandan]] - Malayalam playwright and film scriptwriter
* [[Chelangatt Gopalakrishnan]] - writer and film critic
* [[Radhika (Malayalam actress)]] - Malayalam film actress
* [[Navodaya Appachan]] - Malayalam movie producer and businessman
* [[Jijo Punnoose]] - film director
* [[Padmarajan]] - film director
* [[Narendra Prasad]] - film actor, writer and critic
* [[KPAC Lalitha]] - Malayalam film actress
* [[Beeyar Prasad]] - Indian Malayalam lyricist and poet
* [[Madhu Muttom]] - Screenwriter of [[Manichitrathazhu]], [[Kakkothikkavile Appooppan Thaadikal]]
* [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]]- Actress
* [[Navya Nair]] - Actress
* [[M. G. Sreekumar|MG Sreekumar]] - Playback Singer
* [[Shahi Kabir]] - Malayalam film director and writer

=== Sport ===
* [[Prasanth Parameswaran]] - Kerala first class cricketer ([[Indian Premier League]] and [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] player)
* [[Saji Thomas]] - sportsman and Arjuna awardee
* [[K. Udayakumar]] - [[India men's national volleyball team|India men's national volleyball]] Player, [[Arjuna Award]]ee

== See also ==
* [[Alappuzha East]]
* [[Alappuzha West]]
* [[Alappuzha Lighthouse]]
* [[Alappuzha Beach]]
* [[Ernakulam-Kayamkulam coastal railway line]]
* [[KCA Cricket Stadium, Alappuzha]]
* [[List of people from Alappuzha]]
* [[Technical Higher Secondary School, Cherthala]], Pallippuram
* [[Travancore Labour Association]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Alappuzha}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100217035703/http://www.swtd.gov.in/ Kerala State Water Transport Department official website]
* [http://alappuzha.nic.in/ Official website of Alappuzha District]
*
* [https://alteredgoal.com/https-alteredgoal-com-backwaters-of-alappuzha/ Backwaters of Alappuzha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219075158/https://alteredgoal.com/https-alteredgoal-com-backwaters-of-alappuzha/ |date=19 December 2019 }}
* [https://www.keralatourism.org/article-venice-of-the-east.html Venice of the East, Alleppey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025135417/https://www.keralatourism.org/article-venice-of-the-east.html |date=25 October 2021 }}

{{Authority control}}

{{Alappuzha district}}
{{Central Travancore}}
{{Kerala|h}}
{{Kerala topics}}
{{Municipalities of Kerala}}

[[Category:Alappuzha| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in India]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in India]]

Bucket List (2018 film)

2026-03-04T09:41:48Z

Chakravarthy: further adjust lead based on references and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bucket List
| image = Bucket List - Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Tejas Prabha Vijay Deoskar]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Jamashp Bapuna
* Amit Pankaj Parikh
* Arun Rangachari
* Vivek rangachari
* Aarti subhedar
* Ashok subhedar
}}
| screenplay = {{Plainlist|
* Tejas Prabha Vijay Deoskar
* Devashree Shivadekar
}}
| story = Tejas Prabha Vijay Deoskar
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Madhuri Dixit]]
* [[Sumedh Mudgalkar]]
* [[Sumeet Raghavan]]
* [[Vandana Gupte]]
* [[Renuka Shahane]]
* [[Ritika Shrotri]]
}}
| music = [[Rohan-Rohan]]
| cinematography = Arjun Sorte
| editing = Abhijeet Balaji Deshpande
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* [[Dharma Productions]]
* Dark Horse Cinemas
* [[DAR Motion Pictures]]
* Blue Mustang Creations
}}
| distributor = {{Plainlist|
* [[Dharma Productions]]
* [[AA Films]]
}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|05|25}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| budget =
| gross = {{Estimation}}{{INR|6-12 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flashback 2018: Aapla Manus to Mauli, 10 Marathi movies that were released in 2018 and have earned in millions |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/people/photo-gallery/aapla-manus-to-mauli-10-marathi-movies-that-were-released-in-2018-and-have-earned-in-millions/333115 |access-date=2024-12-20 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/regional/madhuri-dixits-bucket-list-earns-over-rs-6-cr-at-box-office-2113930.html|title=Madhuri Dixit's 'Bucket List' earns over Rs 6 cr at Box Office|date=5 June 2018|publisher=}}</ref>
}}

'''''Bucket List''''' is a 2018 Indian [[Marathi-language]] [[comedy drama]] film directed by [[Tejas Prabha Vijay Deoskar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rlmxohf1i_8 |title=Bucket List - Official Trailer |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Jointly produced by [[DAR Motion Pictures]], Dark Horse Cinemas and Blue Mustang Creations, the film stars [[Madhuri Dixit]] in her Marathi debut, along with [[Renuka Shahane]] and [[Sumeet Raghavan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/madhuri-dixit-nene-gears-up-for-her-marathi-film-debut-bucket-list-movie-scheduled-for-summer-release/articleshow/63463300.cms|title=Madhuri Dixit-Nene gears up for her Marathi film debut 'Bucket List', movie scheduled for summer release|work=The Economic Times|date=26 March 2018|accessdate=12 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410140313/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/madhuri-dixit-nene-gears-up-for-her-marathi-film-debut-bucket-list-movie-scheduled-for-summer-release/articleshow/63463300.cms|archive-date=2018-04-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was released on 25 May 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/madhuri-dixit-makes-marathi-film-debut-with-bucket-list-118040300518_1.html|title=Madhuri Dixit makes Marathi film debut with 'Bucket List'|work=Business Standard|date=3 April 2018|accessdate=12 April 2018}}</ref>

On 29 November 2018, Dixit announced the streaming of the film on [[Netflix]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BquyXyJn7wO/ | title=Madhuri Dixit on Instagram: "As an artist, you pour your heart and soul into each and every performance with the intent to entertain the audience! So happy that #BucketList, my first Marathi film, is now available on @netflix_in. Hope you all enjoy 😇♥️✨" }}</ref> through her [[Instagram]] Account.

== Plot ==
The film begins with dedicated housewife Madhura ([[Madhuri Dixit]]) cooking a custom-made meal for each of her family members (husband Mohan ([[Sumeet Raghavan]]), daughter, son, in-laws, and grandmother-in-law). She is clearly shown to have dedicated her entire existence to keeping her family happy, from sunrise to sunset. It is revealed that Madhura received a heart transplant a few months ago, and she traces the donor to a 20-year-old girl called Sai. Madhura feels obliged to show her gratitude and visits Sai's parents (played by [[Renuka Shahane]] and [[Milind Phatak]]) and her twin brother, Salil ([[Sumedh Mudgalkar]]) at their home.

Sai's family is caught off guard, but receives her amicably, except for Salil. She discovers that Sai had voluntarily signed up to be an organ donor, and encouraged her friends to do so too (Sai's cause of death is shown as a truck accident in the newspaper). Madhura is touched and inspired by the young girl's profound thoughts. She decides to attend Sai's college reunion, which Sai had planned to go to, and learns more about Sai from her friends there. She discovers that Sai had a 'bucket list' - a list of things she intended to complete before her 21st birthday, but died before being able to do so. Madhura immediately decides to fulfill Sai's wishes by completing the list itself. What begins as a heart-warming journey of Harley motorbike races and disco nights evolves into a whole new voyage of self-rediscovery for Madhura.

==Cast==

{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Madhuri Dixit]] as Madhura Sane
* [[Sumeet Raghavan]] as Mohan Sane
* [[Vandana Gupte]] as Aai (Madhura's mother-in-law)
* [[Pradeep Velankar]] as Baba (Madhura's father-in-law)
* [[Shubha Khote]] as Panji
* [[Dilip Prabhavalkar]] as Madhura's father
* [[Ila Bhate]] as Madhura's mother
* [[Renuka Shahane]] as Mrs. Deshpande (Sai's mother)
* [[Milind Phatak]] as Mr. Deshpande (Sai's father)
* [[Sumedh Mudgalkar]] as Salil Deshpande (Sai's twin brother)
* [[Krutika Deo]] as Riya
* [[Resham Tipnis]] as Lavina Mavera<ref name="Cast">{{cite web|url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/pune/madhuri-dixit-shoots-for-bucket-list/Krutika-Deo-and-Shalv-Kinjawadeka/articleshow/62768215.cms |title=Krutika Deo and Shalv Kinjawadeka during the shooting of Marathi movie 'Bucket List' in Pune |publisher=[[Indiatimes]]}}</ref>
* Shalv Kinjawadekar as Adi
* [[Ritika Shrotri]] as Radhika Sane
* [[Atharva Bedekar]] as Neil Sane
* [[Ranbir Kapoor]] (Cameo Appearance)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/madhuri-dixits-bucket-list-trailer-surprise-named-ranbir-kapoor-only-adds-to-the-fun-1847330 |title=Madhuri Dixit's Bucket List Trailer: Surprise Named Ranbir Kapoor Only Adds To The Fun |publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>
*[[Shishir Sharma]] as surgeon in hospital (special appearance)
{{div col end}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Bucket List
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Rohan-Rohan
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2018|05|17}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/bucket-list-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-single/1385996886 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519123127/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/bucket-list-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-single/1385996886 |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 May 2018 |title=Bucket List (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |date=17 May 2018 |publisher=[[iTunes]]}}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=14|s=59}}
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer =
| chronology = Rohan-Rohan
| prev_title = [[Ventilator (2016 film)|Ventilator]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Sanju]]
| next_year = 2018
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|iBV_FokFfNc|Audio Jukebox}}}}
{{Singles
| name = Bucket List
| type = Soundtrack
| single1 = Houn Jau Dya<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.saavn.com/s/song/marathi/Bucket-List/Houn-Jau-Dya/JB88aQ5ze1g |title=Houn Jau Dya - Bucket List |date=17 May 2018 |publisher=[[Saavn]]}}</ref>
| single1date = 8 May 2018
| single2 = Tu Pari<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/tu-pari-from-bucket-list-single/1384817174 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515192302/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/tu-pari-from-bucket-list-single/1384817174 |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 May 2018 |title=Tu Pari (From "Bucket List") |publisher=[[iTunes]]}}</ref>
| single2date = 15 May 2018
}}
}}

The soundtrack of ''Bucket List'' consists of three songs composed by ''Rohan-Rohan'', the lyrics of which have been written by Mandar Cholkar and Tejas Prabha Vijay Deoskar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.saavn.com/s/album/marathi/Bucket-List-2018/WWs5Ez9mkNE_ |title=Bucket List by Rohan-Rohan |date=17 May 2018 |publisher=[[Saavn]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline= Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length ={{Duration|m=14|s=59}}

| title1 = Houn Jau Dya
| extra1 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Sadhana Sargam]] & [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
| lyrics1 = Mandar Cholkar
| length1 = 03:54

| title2 = Tu Pari
| extra2 = Shreya Ghoshal & Rohan Pradhan
| lyrics2 = Mandar Cholkar
| length2 = 05:59

| title3 = Majhya Mana
| extra3 = Rohan Pradhan
| lyrics3 = ''[[Tejas Prabha Vijay Deoskar]]''
| length3 = 05:06
}}

==Reception==

===Box office===
Bucket List was released in 409 screens in India and opened to pretty decent collections at the box office. It collected {{INRConvert|0.96|c}} on the opening day and {{INRConvert|3.66|c}} in its opening weekend.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bucket List Day 3 Box Office collections: Madhuri Dixits act rakes in over Rs 3 cr |url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/bucket-list-day-3-box-office-collections-madhuri-dixits-act-rakes-in-over-rs-3-cr-2111811.html |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhuri Dixit's Bucket List stands strong at box office. Is Marathi cinema on revival mode? |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/madhuri-dixits-bucket-list-stands-strong-at-box-office-is-marathi-cinema-on-revival-mode-2577419.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20180528201840/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/madhuri-dixits-bucket-list-stands-strong-at-box-office-is-marathi-cinema-on-revival-mode-2577419.html |archive-date=2018-05-28 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Critical response===

Mihir Bhanage of [[The Times of India]] said that the film doesn't have anything more to offer than what the trailer had already revealed but praised the performance of [[Madhuri Dixit]] saying that, "Madhuri owns the film and sails through it with flying colours." and gave the film a rating of 3 out of 5.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/bucket-list/movie-review/64318151.cms |title=Bucket List Movie Review |work=[[The Times of India]]}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref> Kunal Guha of [[Mumbai Mirror]] gave the film a rating of 2.5 out of 5 saying that, "Madhuri Dixit long-overdue debut in Marathi cinema is a comfort watch even if a tad predictable and sappy."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-review/bucket-list-movie-review-madhuri-dixits-long-overdue-debut-in-marathi-cinema-is-a-comfort-watch/articleshow/64306888.cms |title=Bucket List movie review |publisher=[[Mumbai Mirror]]}}{{Rating|2.5|5}}</ref> Kennith Rosario of [[The Hindu]] reviewed the film saying that, "Though a well-intentioned film, Bucket List is repetitive and often hammers its message to a point of sheer boredom."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bucket-list-review-madhuris-happy-marathi-debut/article23993390.ece |title='Bucket List' review: Madhuri's happy Marathi debut |work=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 May 2018 |last1=Rosario |first1=Kennith }}</ref> Johnson Thomas of ''Free Press Journal'' gave the film a rating of 3 out of 5 and said that, "The narrative is more interested in presenting the diva in sparkling form than in telling a plausible story. So it’s entirely Madhuri’s show, so-to-speak!".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bucket-list-movie-review-cast-director/1284068 |title=Bucket List movie review |publisher=Free Press Journal}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref> Snehil Sharma of Humaribaat online portal gave 4 out of 5, he further explains "Overall film is joyful and entertaining in all respect".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://humaribaat.com/bucket-list-a-marathi-film-made-with-distinction/|title=Bucket List - A Marathi Film made with Distinction - Humari Baat - India's First Public Opinion Display Network|date=2018-05-25|work=Humari Baat - India's First Public Opinion Display Network|access-date=2018-06-28|language=en-US}}</ref>

Prasanna D Zore of [[Rediff]] said that, "Madhuri's Bucket List isn't as endearing as her" and gave the film a rating of 2.5 out of 5.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-madhuris-bucket-list-isnt-as-endearing-as-her/20180525.htm |title=Review: Madhuri's Bucket List isn't as endearing as her |publisher=[[Rediff]]}}{{Rating|2.5|5}}</ref> Devansh Sharma of First Post gave the film a rating of 3 out of 5 and praised [[Madhuri Dixit]]'s performance but found the screenplay of the film to be weak specially in the second half of the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bucket-list-movie-review-madhuri-dixit-lets-her-hair-down-in-a-sweet-film-that-could-have-been-much-more-4482609.html |title=Bucket List movie review: Madhuri Dixit lets her hair down in a sweet film that could have been much more |date=25 May 2018 |publisher=First Post}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref> Suhani Singh of [[India Today]] praised the funny moments of the film and the acting performances of [[Madhuri Dixit]] and [[Shubha Khote]] but criticized the "holier-than-thou image" of Madhura [the character played by Madhuri Dixit] as it wasn't quite believable. Suhani gave the film a rating of 2 out of 5.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/bucket-list-review-madhuri-dixit-s-journey-of-self-discovery-is-hardly-compelling-1241535-2018-05-25 |title=Bucket List review: Madhuri Dixit's journey of self-discovery is hardly compelling |publisher=[[India Today]]}}{{Rating|2|5}}</ref> Abhay Salvi of ''Marathi Stars'' gave the film a rating of 2.5 out of 5 saying that, "Bucket List’s biggest problem is the directorial decision making, from the tone of the film to the overall flow of the screenplay, the inclusion of irrelevant drama & the absurd climax."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://marathistars.com/reviews/bucket-list-marathi-movie-review/ |title=Bucket List Movie Review: Moderately Amusing But Logically Handicapped |date=25 May 2018 |publisher=Marathi Stars]}}{{Rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[The Bucket List]], a 2007 American comedy drama film

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt7886846}}
{{Dharma Productions}}

[[Category:2018 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:2018 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:Films set in hospitals]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films about organ transplantation]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rohan-Rohan]]
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]
[[Category:DAR Motion Pictures films]]

Mere Humsafar

2026-03-03T23:34:41Z

Chakravarthy: further expanded section and cleaned formatting based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mere Humsafar
| image = Mere Humsafar.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Dulal Guha]]
| producer = Yusuf Teendarwajawala
| writer = B. R. Ishara {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = Dulal Guha
| screenplay = Dulal Guha
| starring = [[Jeetendra]] [[Sharmila Tagore]]
| music = [[Kalyanji Anandji]]
| cinematography = M. Rajaram
| editing = R. Tipnis
| studio = Labela Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1970|11|13}}
| runtime = 153 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Mere Humsafar''''' ({{Translation|My Soulmate}}) is a 1970 [[Hindi]]-language [[romance film]], produced by Yusuf Teendarwajawala under the Labela Films banner and directed by [[Dulal Guha]]. It stars [[Jeetendra]] and [[Sharmila Tagore]], with music composed by [[Kalyanji Anandji]].

==Plot==
The film begins in a village where Raju is a naughty slacker titled ''Junglee''. After his father's death, he is pestered by a loan shark for his debt. Hence, Raju determines to purchase bullocks for cultivation by procuring the amount. So, he hitches to Bombay by stowing in a truck where he is acquainted with a runaway gypsy, Tarna. During the travel, they crush words to aid each other. Destiny makes them detach and quest. Tarna is aided by film director Ashok, who sculpts her as a top star—a ruffian shelters Raju, Raigiya Dada, and his sister, Kusum, who seeks to pull him. After a while, Raju spots Tarna as Meenakshi when Ashok falsely calls her his wife. Knowing Raju's arrival, Tarna rushes, but Ashok stalls her due to her status quo. Then, forlorn Raju decides to quit, when Raigiya Dada faces an accident and is amputated. So, Raju's words to Kusum are gratitude, but she is molested by a goon who commits suicide, Chanchal. Whereat, Raju flares, caught by police when Ashok acquits and reveals the actuality. Meanwhile, Tarna renounces her profession, surrenders the wealth to producers, and joins Raju. At last, Ashok comforts them with bullocks. Finally, the movie ends happily, with the two proceeding toward the village.

==Cast==
*[[Jeetendra]] as Raju "Junglee"
*[[Sharmila Tagore]] as Tarna / Meenakshi
*[[Balraj Sahni]] as Ashok
*[[Laxmi Chhaya]] as Kusum
*[[Suresh (Hindi actor)|Suresh]] as Raigiya Dada
*[[Jagdeep]] as a Truck cleaner
*[[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]] as Mittal
*[[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]] as Shambu Dada
*[[Ramayan Tiwari]] as Ustad Anwar
*[[Keshto Mukherjee]] as Abdul Narayan D'Souza
*[[Shammi (actress)|Shammi]] as Suzie
*[[Mohan Sherry]]
*Gopal Sehgal as a film director

==Soundtrack==

All the songs<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindigeetmala.net/movie/mere_humsafar.htm|title = Mere Humsafar : Lyrics and video of Songs from the Movie Mere Humsafar (1970)}}</ref> were penned by [[Anand Bakshi]], songs were composed by [[Kalyanji Anandji]] and [[Kamal Rajasthani]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)!! Composer !! Duration
|-
|1
|"Kisi Raah Me, Kisi Mod Par"
|[[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|[[Kalyanji Anandji]]
|05:20
|-
|2
|"Mausam Hai Baharon Ka"
| S.Balbir, [[Mahendra Kapoor]]
|[[Kamal Rajasthani]]
|05:13
|-
|3
|"Mera Pardesi Na Aaya"
|Lata Mangeshkar
|Kalyanji Anandji
|05:11
|-
|4
|"Tum Humse Milo"
|Lata Mangeshkar
|Kalyanji Anandji
|04:21
|-
|5
|"Haye Mar Gayi"
|[[Asha Bhosle]]
|Kalyanji Anandji
|03:45
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0215988}}

[[Category:1970 films]]
[[Category:1970 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1970 Indian films]]
[[Category:1970 romance films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Kalyanji Anandji]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dulal Guha]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romance films]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub|mere humsafar=Mere Humsafar ( transl. My Soulmate) is a 1970 Hindi-language romance film, produced by Yusuf Teendarwajawala under the Labela Films banner and directed by Dulal Guha. It stars Jeetendra and Sharmila Tagore, with music composed by Kalyanji Anandji.}}
{{1970s-romance-film-stub}}

The Sound Story

2026-03-03T20:30:45Z

Chakravarthy: creating new data v1

{{For|stories called "The Sound" or similar|Sound (disambiguation){{!}}Sound|The Sound (disambiguation){{!}}The Sound}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Sound Story
| image = Oru-Kadhai-Sollatuma.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| director = Prasad Prabhakar
| producer = Rajeev Panakkal
| screenplay = Prasad Prabhakar
| story =
| starring = [[Resul Pookutty]]
| narrator =
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Rahul Raj]] '''Score:''' [[Sharreth]]
| cinematography = Neil D'Cunha
| editing = Unni Malayil Antony
| studio = Palmstone Multimedia Prasad Prabhakar Productions
| distributor = [[Culver Max Entertainment|Sony Pictures Entertainment Films India]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|4|5}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''The Sound Story''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film written and directed by Prasad Prabhakar, starring sound designer [[Resul Pookutty]] in the lead role, marking his acting debut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/2018/09/07/the-sound-hunter.html|title = The sound hunter| website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] }}</ref> The films narrates the story of a sound designer who strives hard to realize his dream of recording all the sounds of the [[Thrissur Pooram]]. The film was released on 5 April 2019.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/oscar-winning-sound-designer-resul-pookutty-makes-acting-debut-4922193/|title=Oscar-winning sound designer Resul Pookutty makes acting debut|date=4 November 2017|publisher=}}</ref> The film also contains Tamil, English and Urdu dialogues/lyrics.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/english/2019/apr/06/the-sound-story-review-resul-pookutty-prasad-prabhakar-10907.html | title=The Sound Story Review: A documentary-type film that is let down by its over-the-top backstory | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=6 April 2019 }}</ref> The film was dubbed and released in Hindi under the same title and in Tamil as ''Oru Kadhai Sollattuma''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.indialivetoday.com/2017/11/02/oru-kadhai-sollattuma-oscar-winner-resul-pookutty-make-acting-debut/|title=Oru Kadhai Sollattuma: Oscar winner Resul Pookutty to make acting debut — India Live Today Movies|date=2 November 2017|publisher=}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Resul Pookutty]] as a fictional version of himself
*[[Joy Mathew]] as George

==Production==
The project was initially planned as a documentary about the temple festival [[Thrissur Pooram]], it later evolved into a feature film about a sound engineer's endeavor to record the sounds of the event for the visually impaired people.<ref name="TNIE">{{cite news|last=Shrijith|first=Sajin|title=We shot 'The Sound Story' without a script: Resul Pookuttyl|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/mar/28/we-shot-the-sound-story-without-a-script-resul-pookuttyl-1956861.html|access-date=17 April 2019|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=28 March 2019}}</ref> After a four-month long pre-production, over 80 technicians from Hollywood and India worked on capturing the sounds of the Pooram festival featuring 300 artists and crowd, live.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/oscar-award-winning-resul-pookutty-to-turn-actor-in-oru-kadhai-sollattuma--tamil-news-199681|title=Oscar award winning Resul Pookutty to turn actor in Oru kadhai Sollattuma — Tamil Movie News — IndiaGlitz|date=31 October 2017|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/news/oscar-winning-sound-designer-rasul-pookutty-s-new-film-4-languages-049583.html|title=ஆஸ்கர் நாயகன் ரசூல் பூக்குட்டி நாயகனாக நடிக்கும் படம் - 4 மொழிகளில் ரிலீஸ்|date=2 November 2017|publisher=}}</ref> Filming was completed in 17 days.<ref name="TNIE"/>

==Soundtrack==
The original songs of the movie are composed by [[Rahul Raj]]. The audio rights have been acquired by [[Sony Music India]].<ref name="indianexpress.com"/>

[[A. R. Rahman]] launched the audio along with director [[S. Shankar]] on 12 November 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/ar-rahman-and-shankar-to-attend-oru-kadhai-sollattumaa-audio-launch.html|title=AR Rahman and Shankar to attend Oru Kadhai Sollattumaa audio launch|date=8 November 2017|publisher=}}</ref> Rahul Raj had to be in Berklee, [[Spain]] in October 2018. Realizing he would not have the time to complete the background score, he opted out. Composer [[Sharreth]] was thus brought in to do the background score.
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Beetein Na Yeh Pal
| lyrics1 = Fouzia Abubacker (Urdu), [[Sunitha Sarathy]] (English)
| extra1 = [[Rahul Raj]], Sunitha Sarathy
| length1 =
| title2 = Pooram
| extra2= Ranjini Hannah Saban, Manjari Jayendran, Shyam Mohan, Prasad McCoy, Ajay Sathyan
| title3 = Panja Vadyam
| extra3 = Kongadu Madhu
| title4 = Panjari Velam
| extra4 = Peruvanam Satheeshan Marar
| title5 = Ilanjithara Melam Live (Pandimelam)
| extra5 = Peruvanam Kuttan Marar
}}

==Release==
The film was released on 5 April 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mera Naam Shaji, The Sound Story release today (April 5)|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mera-naam-shaji-the-sound-story-release-today-april-5-news-malayalam-tefk70jeiijfc.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406044212/http://www.sify.com/movies/mera-naam-shaji-the-sound-story-release-today-april-5-news-malayalam-tefk70jeiijfc.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 April 2019|website=[[Sify]]|accessdate=17 April 2019|date=5 April 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|8176142}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sound Story}}
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Sony Pictures films]]
[[Category:Columbia Pictures films]]
[[Category:Sony Pictures Networks India films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rahul Raj]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]

December Pookkal

2026-03-03T05:08:25Z

Chakravarthy: starting initial post v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = December Pookkal
| image = December Pookkal.jpg
| caption = Title card
| director = R. Bhoopathy
| writer = R. Bhoopathy
| producer = K. Nagarajan
| starring = {{ubl|[[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]]|[[Revathi]]|[[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]|[[Nizhalgal Ravi]]}}
| cinematography = Raja Rajan
| editing = N. R. Kittu (Supervisor) Ramesh–Mohan
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Shri N. R. K. Cine Arts
| released = {{film date|1986|1|14|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''December Pookkal''''' ({{translation|December flowers}}) is a 1986 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[slasher film]] written and directed by R. Bhoopathy. The film stars [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]], [[Revathi]], [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]] and [[Nizhalgal Ravi]], with [[Goundamani]] and [[Senthil]] in comical roles. It was released on 14 January 1986.<ref>{{Cite web |title=December Pookal (1986) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/december-pookal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231109065501/https://screen4screen.com/movies/december-pookal |archive-date=9 November 2023 |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=March 2022}}
Chandru loses his wife in an accident, then goes on a killing spree, murdering all those women who refused to donate blood to his wife when she was hospitalised. Poornima, Chandru's new girlfriend, confronts him about his state of mind, but instead of getting him help, she tells him that she feels privileged to be killed by him. The police arrive on time to shoot Chandru in the back.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] as Chandru<ref name="serial killer">{{Cite web |last=Nathan |first=Archana |date=15 July 2018 |title=From 'Athey Kangal' to 'Imaikkaa Nodigal', Tamil cinema has always loved its serial killers |url=https://scroll.in/reel/885451/from-athey-kangal-to-imaikkaa-nodigal-tamil-cinema-has-always-loved-its-serial-killers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608154336/https://scroll.in/reel/885451/from-athey-kangal-to-imaikkaa-nodigal-tamil-cinema-has-always-loved-its-serial-killers |archive-date=8 June 2019 |access-date=1 October 2020 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref>
* [[Revathi]] as Annam Poornima<ref name="serial killer" />
* [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]] as Uma
* [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Inspector Vinoth
* [[Goundamani]] as Mestri Mayilsamy
* [[Senthil]] as Senthil Kumaran
* [[Sivachandran]]
* Ilavarasan
* V. Gopalakrishnan as Gopinath Poornima's father
* [[Delhi Ganesh]] as JR.Seshadri
* [[Chinni Jayanth]] as Chandru's Assistant
* [[Y. Vijaya]] as Manonmani
* [[Kuyili (actress)|Kuyili]] as Sarasu
* [[Kumarimuthu]] as Police constable
*[[Omakuchi Narasimhan]]
*[[Master Haja Sheriff]]
*MLA Thangaraj
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=December Pookkal (1986) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0002665 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226233145/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0002665 |archive-date=26 December 2013 |access-date=25 December 2013 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=December Pookkal Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/december-pookkal-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317112944/https://mossymart.com/product/december-pookkal-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=17 March 2022 |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> The song "Azhagaka Sirithathu" attained popularity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=துரைக்கண்ணு |first=குமார் |date=21 December 2022 |title=இளையராஜாவுடன் இசையிரவு 21 {{!}} 'அழகாக சிரித்தது அந்த நிலவு...' - நதியே நீராடியது அவள் அழகில்! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/917679-ilayarajavudan-isai-iravu-azhagaha-sirithahthu-andha-nilavu-song.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230628082033/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/917679-ilayarajavudan-isai-iravu-azhagaha-sirithahthu-andha-nilavu-song.html |archive-date=28 June 2023 |access-date=28 June 2023 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Azhagaka Sirithathu" || [[P. Jayachandran]], [[S. Janaki]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 04:44
|-
| "Intha Vennila" || [[K. S. Chithra]] || [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]] || 04:31
|-
| "Maalaigal Idam" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], K. S. Chithra || [[Gangai Amaran]] || 04:41
|-
| "Nooraandu Kaalam" || K. S. Chithra || Vaali || 02:39
|-
| "Sambonu" || S. Janaki || Gangai Amaran || 04:34
|}

== Reception ==
''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' said the cinematography by Raja Rajan was the film's only high point.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=9 February 1986 |title=டிசம்பர் பூக்கள் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1986/feb/09-02-1986/p10.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220729120220/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1986/feb/09-02-1986/p10.jpg |archive-date=29 July 2022 |access-date=17 March 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=10 |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1986 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980s slasher films]]
[[Category:1986 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1986 films]]
[[Category:Films about violence against women]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian serial killer films]]
[[Category:Indian slasher films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-03-02T05:25:02Z

Chakravarthy: starting new post and citations

{{Short description|Protected area in Himachal Pradesh, India}}
{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| image = Dhauladhar 24.jpg
| image_caption = Scenic view within the sanctuary
| map = India Himachal Pradesh#India
| map_caption = Location within Himachal Pradesh, India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| coordinates = {{coord|32|15|N|76|19|E}}
| mapframe-zoom = 9
| location = Kangra district, Himachal Pradesh, India
| nearest_city = Dharamshala / McLeod Ganj
| area = 944 km²
| established = 1994
| governing_body =
}}

'''Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a protected area located in the [[Kangra district]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]], India. Established in 1994, it spans approximately 944 km² and lies at elevations ranging from 1,600 to 4,400 m above sea level.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary- Preserving Kangra's Biodiversity |url=https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/himachal-pradesh/kangra/dhauladhar-wildlife-sanctuary |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=Incredible India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Resort |first=Rakkh |date=2022-08-26 |title=Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://rakkh.com/patrika/2022/08/26/the-pabbar-valley-of-himachal-pradesh/ |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=Rakkh Patrika |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>See [https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-of-the-Dhauladhar-Wildlife-Sanctuary-Himachal-Pradesh-showing-location-of_fig1_232696604 Fig. 1] in {{cite journal |last1=Uniyal |first1=Anjali |last2=Uniyal |first2=Sanjay Kr. |last3=Rawat |first3=Gopal S. |title=Commercial Extraction of Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth. In the Western Himalaya |journal=Mountain Research and Development |date=2011 |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=201–208 |doi=10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-10-00125.1|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tarun |first=Goel |date=2012-12-04 |title=Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary, Kangra {{!}} The OK Travel |url=https://theoktravel.com/wildlife-sanctuaries-in-himachal-dhauladhar-wildlife-sanctuary-kangra/ |access-date=2025-08-31 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Geography and environment ==
The sanctuary is located between the snowclad mountain peaks of the [[Dhauladhar]] range, forming a high-altitude forested landscape. The lower forests are dominated by [[Cedrus deodara|Deodar]], [[pine]], [[spruce]], [[oak]], [[rhododendron]], and mixed conifers. Above the treeline, alpine meadows and rocky terrain prevail, often covered in snow for much of the year.

== Flora ==
Forests in the sanctuary consists of [[Cedrus deodara|deodar]], [[rhododendron]], [[oak]], [[pine]], [[spruce]], and other coniferous species. The diverse altitudinal range fosters a rich assemblage of plant life.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DHAULADHAR WILDLIFE SANCTUARY- Himachal Pradesh |url=https://arked.in/dhauladhar-wildlife-sanctuary-himachal-pradesh.html |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=arked.in}}</ref>

== Fauna ==
=== Mammals ===
The sanctuary harbors a wide array of mammals, including [[Indian leopard]] (''Panthera pardus fusca''), [[Snow leopard]] (''Uncia uncia''), [[Himalayan black bear]] (''Ursus thibetanus laniger''), [[Himalayan brown bear]] (''Ursus arctos isabellinus''), [[Himalayan goral]](''Nemorhaedus goral''), [[Himalayan tahr]] (''Hemitragus jemlahicus''), [[Himalayan ibex]] (''Capra ibex''), [[Alpine musk deer]] (''Moschus chrysogaster''), Smaller carnivores such as [[leopard cat]] (''Prionailurus bengalensis'') and [[red fox]] (''Vulpes vulpes'').

Other species including [[Yellow-throated marten|Himalayan yellow-throated marten]], [[Royle's pika|Himalayan mouse-hare]], [[Indian hare|black-naped hare]], [[Indian crested porcupine|Indian porcupine]], [[Ray (flying squirrel)|red flying squirrel]], [[common langur]], [[jackal]], [[serow]], [[Bharal|blue sheep]], and [[snow leopard]] have also been documented.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://www.learnupsc.com/2023/08/dhauladhar-wildlife-sanctuary.html |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=Learn UPSC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |url=https://digitalrepository.wii.gov.in/handle/123456789/582 |title=Assessment of mammalian diversity in Dhauladhar Wildlife Sanctuary, Himachal Pradesh |last1=Lyngdoh |first1=Salvador |last2=Parab |first2=Tushar |date=2022 |publisher=Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun |language=en}}</ref>

=== Birds ===
The sanctuary is recognized as an Important Bird Area (IBA) and supports a rich array of avian species. Breeding and resident species include [[Himalayan monal]], [[koklass pheasant]], [[kalij pheasant]], [[hill partridge]], [[Cheer pheasant]], [[chukar partridge]], [[snow partridge]], and [[Himalayan snowcock]]. [[Bird of prey|Raptors]] are also abundant, including [[booted eagle]], [[golden eagle]], [[Bearded vulture|lammergeier]], [[crested serpent eagle]], [[long-legged buzzard]], [[white-eyed buzzard]], and [[Eurasian hobby]]. Observations of globally threatened species such as [[imperial eagle]], [[greater spotted eagle]], [[lesser spotted eagle]], [[white-rumped vulture]], [[red-headed vulture]], and [[cinereous vulture]] are observed in the sanctuary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhauludhar Wildlife Sanctuary and McLeod Gunj - keybiodiversityareas.org |url=https://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/site/factsheet/18149 |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=www.keybiodiversityareas.org}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

N. K. Seshan

2026-02-27T02:47:02Z

Chakravarthy: brief correct content after review additionally and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Refimprove|date=July 2012}}
'''N.K. Seshan''' (April 1927 – 6 January 1986)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stateofkerala.in/niyamasabha/n%20k%20seshan.php|title=N.K. SESHAN|publisher=stateofkerala.in|accessdate=29 July 2012}}</ref> was the former leader of [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]] and former [[Finance Minister]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article2438354.ece|title=‘John Palocaren was a visionary educationist'|date=9 September 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=29 July 2012}}</ref> of [[Kerala]].

He started his career as a lecturer in English and later became the Head of the Department and Dean of Faculty of Language and Literature in [[Calicut University]].{{when|date=July 2012}} In 1948, he started his political career through the Socialist Party. He was actively involved in the library movement and in the co-operative sector also, and was the Secretary of Kerala Kalaparishad.{{when|date=July 2012}}

In 1967, he was elected to the 3rd KLA from [[Wadakkancherry]] as an SSP candidate. From 1969 to 1970, Seshan served as the Minister of Finance under Chief Minister [[C. Achutha Menon]]. [[Kerala State Financial Enterprises]] was founded during Seshan's tenure as Minister.{{when|date=July 2012}}

From 1967 to 1968, he was the Chairman of Library Advisory Committee.

He published a biography, ''Voice of India'' and a second book that consisted of poetry.{{when|date=July 2012}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seshan, N.K.}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:1986 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian socialists]]
[[Category:Indian government officials]]
[[Category:Politicians from Thrissur district]]
[[Category:University of Calicut alumni]]
[[Category:Finance ministers of Kerala]]

{{Kerala-politician-stub}}

Nasir Uddin Chowdhury (politician)

2026-02-26T11:54:25Z

Chakravarthy: General cleanup and content improvements

{{short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Distinguish|Nasiruddin Chowdhury}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nasir Uddin Chowdhury
| image =
| caption =
| width =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Sunamganj District|Sunamganj]], Bangladesh
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Sunamganj-2]] [[Jatiya Sangsad]]
| termstart2 = June 1996
| termend2 = 2001
| president2 =
| term = 17 February 2026
| spouse = Rabeya Chowdhury
| children =
| party = [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiya Party]]
[[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
| predecessor1 = [[Mifta Uddin Chowdhury Rumi]]
| successor1 = [[Suranjit Sengupta]]
| native_name = নাসির উদ্দিন চৌধুরী
| native_name_lang = bn
}}
'''Nasir Uddin Chowdhury''' is a politician in [[Sunamganj District]] of [[Sylhet Division]] of [[Bangladesh]] and incumbent member of Parliament from [[Sunamganj-2|Sunamganj - 2]]. He was elected Member of Parliament from the [[Sunamganj-2]] ([[Derai Upazila|Derai]]-Shala) seat for the [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiya Party]] in the [[June 1996 Bangladeshi general election|June 1996 7th parliamentary elections]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp-bangla/7th%20Parliament%20.pdf|title=List of 7th Parliament Members|website=Bangladesh Parliament|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924064449/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp-bangla/7th%20Parliament%20.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=25 August 2019}}</ref>

== Birth and early life ==
Nasir Uddin Chowdhury 2026-12-17 was born in Sunamganj district of Sylhet division.

== Political life ==
Nasir Uddin Chowdhury is a central member of the [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]. He was elected Member of Parliament from the [[Sunamganj-2]] ([[Derai Upazila|Derai]]-Shala) seat for the [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiya Party]] in the [[June 1996 Bangladeshi general election|June 1996 7th parliamentary elections]].<ref name=":0" /> He was defeated by participating in the elections for the BNP in the [[Jatiya Sangsad]] elections of [[2001 Bangladeshi general election|2001]], [[2008 Bangladeshi general election|2008]] and [[2018 Bangladeshi general election|2018]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.jugantor.com/todays-paper/eleventh-parliament-election/118357/সুনামগঞ্জ-২-প্রয়াত-মন্ত্রী-সুরঞ্জিতপত্নী-জয়া-ও-নাসিরের-যত-সম্পদ|script-title=bn:সুনামগঞ্জ-২: প্রয়াত মন্ত্রী সুরঞ্জিতপত্নী জয়া ও নাসিরের যত সম্পদ|work=Jugantor |language=bn |access-date=25 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dbcnews.tv/index.php/paper/15b8e1b0a1271a|script-title=bn:জাতীয় নির্বাচনের প্রস্তুতিতে সুনামগঞ্জ-২ আসনের সম্ভাব্য প্রার্থীরা|work=DBC News |language=bn |access-date=25 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825115852/https://www.dbcnews.tv/index.php/paper/15b8e1b0a1271a|archive-date=25 August 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dhakatimes24.com/2017/10/09/52062/সুনামগঞ্জ-২-সুরঞ্জিতের-অনুপস্থিতিতে-মাঠ-গোছাচ্ছে-বিএনপি|script-title=bn:সুনামগঞ্জ-২: সুরঞ্জিতের অনুপস্থিতিতে মাঠ গোছাচ্ছে বিএনপি|work=Dhaka Times 24 |language=bn |access-date=25 August 2019}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[June 1996 Bangladeshi general election]]
* [[Sunamganj-2]]
* [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.parliament.gov.bd/index.php/bn/mps-bangla/members-of-parliament-bangla/former-mp-s/2014-03-23-11-59-58 List of 7th Parliament Members] – [[Bangladesh parliament]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chowdhury, Nasir Uddin}}
[[Category:People from Sunamganj District]]
[[Category:Politicians from Sylhet Division]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:7th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:13th Jatiya Sangsad members]]

Patiala Lok Sabha constituency

2026-02-22T03:42:54Z

Chakravarthy:

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Punjab}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Patiala {{Small|PB-13}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Punjab/Patiala.map}}
| map_caption =
| established = 1952
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| mp = [[Dharamvir Gandhi]]
| preceded_by = [[Preneet Kaur]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| assembly_cons = [[Nabha Assembly Constituency|Nabha]] [[Patiala Rural Assembly Constituency|Patiala Rural]] [[Rajpura Assembly Constituency|Rajpura]] [[Dera Bassi Assembly Constituency|Dera Bassi]] [[Ghanaur Assembly Constituency|Ghanaur]] [[Sanour Assembly Constituency|Sanour]] [[Patiala Urban Assembly constituency|Patiala]] [[Samana Assembly Constituency|Samana]] [[Shutrana Assembly Constituency|Shutrana]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Dharamvir Gandhi.png
}}

'''Patiala Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 13 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] state in northern [[India]].

==Assembly segments==
This constituency comprises nine [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceopunjab.nic.in/English/ElectoralRolls/ACPCROERO/PCACLIST.html|title=List of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Punjab website}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!width="50px" style="font-size:75%"|Constituency number
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
!colspan=2|Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|109
|[[Nabha Assembly Constituency|Nabha]] (SC)
| rowspan="3" |[[Patiala district|Patiala]]
|[[Gurdev Singh Dev Maan]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=9}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|110
|[[Patiala Rural Assembly Constituency|Patiala Rural]]
||[[Dr. Balbir Singh|Balbir Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
| 111
|[[Rajpura Assembly Constituency|Rajpura]]
|[[Neena Mittal]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|112
|[[Dera Bassi Assembly Constituency|Dera Bassi]]
|[[Mohali district|S.A.S. Nagar]]
||[[Kuljit Singh Randhawa]]
|-
|113
|[[Ghanaur Assembly Constituency|Ghanaur]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Patiala district|Patiala]]
|[[Gurlal Ghanaur]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|114
|[[Sanour Assembly Constituency|Sanour]]
|[[Harmit Singh Pathanmajra]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|115
|[[Patiala Assembly constituency|Patiala]]
|[[Ajit Pal Singh Kohli]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|116
|[[Samana Assembly Constituency|Samana]]
|[[Chetan Singh Jaura Majra]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|117
|[[Shutrana Assembly Constituency|Shutrana]] (SC)
|[[Kulwant Singh Bazigar]]
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{{Pie chart|value1=61.111|value2=22.222|value3=5.555|label1=[[Indian National Congress|'''INC''' (11 Times)]]|label2=[[Shiromani Akali Dal|'''SAD '''(4 Times)]]|label3=[[Indian National Congress (I)|'''INC (I)''' (1 Time)]]|color1={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|color2={{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}|color3={{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|caption=Most Successful parties from Patiala Lok Sabha|label4=[[Aam Aadmi Party|'''AAP''' (1 Time)]]|label5=[[Independent Candidate|'''IND''' (1 Time)]]|color4={{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}|color5={{party color|Independent Candidate}}|value4=5.555|value5=5.555}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election!!Member
!colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
| [[Ram Pratap Garg]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| [[Lala Achint Ram]]
|-
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| [[Sardar Hukam Singh]]
|-
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| [[Rajmata Mohinder Kaur of Patiala|Maharani Mohinder Kaur]]
|-
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
| [[Sat Pal Kapur]]
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| [[Gurcharan Singh Tohra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| [[Amarinder Singh|Captain Amarinder Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress }}
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| [[Charanjit Singh Walia]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| [[Atinder Pal Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| [[Sant Ram Singla]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Prem Singh Chandumajra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Preneet Kaur]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| [[Dharamvir Gandhi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| [[Preneet Kaur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Dharamvir Gandhi]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2024===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Patiala]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Dharamvir Gandhi]]|votes= 305,616|percentage= 26.54|change= {{decrease}}18.63}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Balbir Singh (Punjab politician)|Balbir Singh]]|votes= 290,785|percentage= 25.25|change= {{increase}}20.42}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Preneet Kaur]]|votes=288,998|percentage= 25.09|change= {{New}}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiromani Akali Dal|candidate=[[Narinder Kumar Sharma]]|votes= 153,978|percentage= 13.37|change= {{decrease}}17.98}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)|candidate=Mohinder Pal Singh|votes= 47,274|percentage= 4.10|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes= 6,681|percentage= 0.58|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes= 14,831|percentage=1.29|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes= 1,151,743|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,806,424 |ref = }}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Patiala]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Preneet Kaur]]|votes={{formatnum:532027}}|percentage=45.17|change={{increase}}14.42}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiromani Akali Dal|candidate=[[Surjit Singh Rakhra]]|votes={{formatnum:369309}}|percentage=31.35|change={{increase}}1.01}}
{{Election box candidate||candidate=[[Dharamvir Gandhi]]|party=[[Nawan Punjab Party|NPP]]|votes={{formatnum:161645}}|percentage=13.72|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Neena Mittal]]
|votes = {{formatnum:56610}}
|percentage = 4.83
|change = {{decrease}}27.79
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes={{formatnum:11110}}|percentage=0.94|change={{increase}}0.67}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:162718}}|percentage=13.82|change={{increase}}11.96}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:1178847}}|percentage=67.77|change={{decrease}}3.17}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Aam Aadmi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections - 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Patiala]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Dharamvir Gandhi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:365671}}
|percentage = 32.62
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Preneet Kaur]]
|votes = {{formatnum:344729}}
|percentage = 30.75
|change = {{decrease}}19.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Deepinder Singh Dhillon
|votes = {{formatnum:340109}}
|percentage = 30.34
|change = {{decrease}}9.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bibi Kamaldeep Kaur Rajoana
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = {{formatnum:15313}}
|percentage = 1.37
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ram Singh Dhiman
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:13014}}
|percentage = 1.16
|change = {{decrease}}5.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:3008}}
|percentage = 0.27
|change = New
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:20942}}
|percentage = 1.86
|change = {{decrease}}8.54
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:1120990}}
|percentage = 70.94
|change = {{increase}}1.34
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Aam Aadmi Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Patiala]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Preneet Kaur]]
|votes = 4,74,188
|percentage = 50.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Prem Singh Chandumajra]]
|votes = 3,76,799
|percentage = 40.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Deepak Joshi
|votes = 57,839
|percentage = 6.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bant Singh
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 6,819
|percentage = 0.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Karamjit Singh
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 4,591
|percentage = 0.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 97,389
|percentage = 10.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,36,005
|percentage = 69.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Patiala district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/punjab/patiala/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Patiala lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Punjab}}

{{coord|30.3|76.4|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Patiala district]]

Peepli, Laxmangarh

2026-02-21T06:26:40Z

Chakravarthy: Put up a details.

{{short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Peepli
| native_name =
| settlement_type = village
| government_type = [[Sarpanch]]
| governing_body = [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_water_percent =

| area_total_ha = 527.89
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1,229
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = UTC+5.30
| utc_offset1 =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 332311<ref>{{cite web |title=Pin Code 332311 and Post Offices under 332311 Postal Code |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/pincode/332311/ |website=www.mapsofindia.com |access-date=2021-05-24}}</ref>
| area_code_type = Village Code
| area_code = 081354
| website = {{URL|sikar.rajasthan.gov.in}}
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sikar district|Sikar]]
| coordinates = {{coord|27.62|N|75.15|E|display=inline,title}}
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Sex Ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1000/1011 [[Male|♂]]/[[Woman|♀]]
}}

'''Peepli''' (पीपली) is a village in the [[Laxmangarh]] [[tehsil|administrative region]] of [[Sikar district]] of [[India]]n state [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhārata Kī Janagaṇanā, 1981, Rājasthāna. Śr̥ṅkhalā 18 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Bh%C4%81rata_K%C4%AB_Janaga%E1%B9%87an%C4%81_1981/dEocFO7jMscC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Singodari&dq=Singodari&printsec=frontcover |accessdate=18 May 2017}}</ref>

==About Peepli==
It is situated 10km away from sub-district headquarter Lachhmangarh (tehsildar office) and 38km away from district headquarter Sikar. As per 2009 stats, Singodara is the gram panchayat of Peepli village. According to Census 2011, the location code or village code of Peepli is 081354. The village spans a total geographical area of 527.89 hectares, and the pincode of the locality is 332401. Lachhmangarh is nearest town to Peepli village for all major economic activities, which is approximately 10km away.

==Population==
1,229<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title= Peepli village Population, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/api/tables/data/2011/PC11_PCA-TV/255?_source=dt&labels=indicator&state=8&district=111&subdistrict=552&town_village=81354&geo_level=4&format=csv |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260205144809/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/api/tables/data/2011/PC11_PCA-TV/255?_source=dt&labels=indicator&state=8&district=111&subdistrict=552&town_village=81354&geo_level=4&format=csv |archive-date=5 February 2026}}</ref> (Males: 611, Females: 618) (As per Census-2011)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/81354-peepli-rajasthan.html|title=Census 2011 data|website=Census of India|access-date=24 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524114817/http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/81354-peepli-rajasthan.html|archive-date=24 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=10em}}
* [[Alakhpura Bogan]]
* [[Balaran, Sikar|Balaran]]
* [[Bau Dham]]
* [[Bhoodha Ka Bas]]
* [[Bhuma]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.google.com/maps/place/Peepli,+Rajasthan+332311/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x39135334934410c1:0x7e9af12001a7b59e?sa=X&ved=1t:242&ictx=111 Google map view of Peepli]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130613000740/http://www.rajsec.rajasthan.gov.in/Sarpanch.pdf Details of sarpanch in Sikar district]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121005161012/http://sikar.nic.in/ Official web page of Sikar district]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121104173701/http://www.rajpanchayat.gov.in/common/sidelinks/panchayat.htm List of all villages of Rajasthan with their panchayat samiti]

[[Category:Villages in Sikar district]]

Anwar Zahid

2026-02-20T22:16:55Z

Chakravarthy: minor edit

{{short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Anwar Zahid
| office = Minister of Information, Relief and Labor and Manpower
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_date = 12 June 1938
| birth_place =
| death_date = 31 August 2008
| death_place =
| party = [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiya Party]]
| office1 =
| termstart = 1986
| termend = 1988
| termstart1 = 1986
| termend1 = 1988
| termstart2 =
| termend2 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 = [[Ashraful Abedin]]
| constituency_MP1 = [[Jhenaidah-2]]
}}
'''Anwar Zahid''' (12 June 1938 – 31 August 2008) was a politician from [[Jhenaidah District|Jhenaidah district]] in Bangladesh, journalist, writer, member of parliament for Jhenaidah-2 constituency and minister of information, relief and labor and manpower.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |script-title=bn:রাজনীতিক-সাংবাদিক আনোয়ার জাহিদের মৃত্যুবার্ষিকী আজ {{!}} কালের কণ্ঠ |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/news/2014/08/13/116535 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711234121/https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/news/2014/08/13/116535 |archive-date=2020-07-11 |access-date=2020-07-12 |work=[[Kaler Kantho]] |language=bn}}</ref>

== Birth and early life ==
Zahid was born on 12 June 1938 in the village of Narikel Baria in Ghorashal Union of Jhenaidah. His father AM Delwar Hossain and mother Razia Begum. He passed the entrance examination from Jhenaidah Model High School in 1956. He studied at Khulna BL College, Rajshahi Government College and Dhaka University. In 1961, he married Kamrunnahar Laili, a lawyer in prison. They have one son and one daughter.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Anwar Zahid Jessore, Jhenaidah, Magura, Narail |url=http://www.jessore.info/index.php?option=content&value=268 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200711234537/http://www.jessore.info/index.php?option=content&value=268 |archive-date=2020-07-11 |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=jessore.info}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Journalism ===
Anwar Zahid was elected general secretary of Sahitya Majlis in 1955. In 1956, he was the assistant editor of the daily ''Ittehad''. Assistant editor of the Half Weekly Comet in 1958, assistant editor of the ''Daily News'' in 1959, assistant editor of ''Daily Ittefaq'' in 1960, editor of the weekly ''Janata'' in 1963, deputy editor of the English weekly ''Holiday'' in 1966, In 1970, he was the executive editor of the weekly ''Ganobangla''. In 1972, he was the news editor of the English daily ''Daily People's'' and the executive editor of the ''Bangladesh Times''. He was the general secretary of [[Dhaka Union of Journalists]] (DUJ) in 1962, 1963, 1964, vice president in 1965 and 1966, He served as president in 1978 and 1983.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Politics ===
1956 He was elected general secretary of Jhenaidah subdivision of Chhatra League. He played an important role in the language movement of 1952 in Jhenaidah. He joined the student union in 1954. In 1956, he was elected GS of Rajshahi Government College. In 1957 he was elected secretary of the East Pakistan Juba League. He was arrested and imprisoned in 1961. He was released in 1962. In 1965, he was elected a member of the Central Committee of the All-Pakistan NAP. He played a role in the mass uprising of 1969. When the NAP split in 1976, he served as joint editor of the Maulana Bhasani-led NAP. When NAP was reorganized in 1977, he became a central member.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

In 1978, under the leadership of former President Ziaur Rahman, he played a role in forming the Nationalist Front and making a manifesto. At the same time he was the general secretary of NAP. Later he played an important role in the formation of the Democratic Party.<ref name=":1" />

He was elected to parliament from Jhenaidah-2 as a Jatiya Party candidate in 1986.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of 3rd Parliament Members |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/3rd.pdf |website=Bangladesh Parliament |language=bn |accessdate=9 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918080059/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/3rd.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2018}}</ref> He then served as minister of information, relief and labor and manpower. He resigned from the cabinet in January 1988.<ref name=":1" />

He and Salauddin Quader Chowdhury formed the NDP in 1989 and the BNDP in 1991 and served as party chairman. In 1992, the 10-party NDA was elected secretary general. He joined the BNP in 1996 and was the BNP chairperson's information adviser until 2001.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

== Death ==
Anwar Zahid ied on 31 August 2008.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=রিপোর্টার |first=স্টাফ |script-title=bn:আনোয়ার জাহিদ ছিলেন ঐক্যের রাজনীতির পথ প্রদর্শক |url=https://m.dailyinqilab.com/article/147558/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%90%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A5-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200711231837/https://m.dailyinqilab.com/article/147558/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%90%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A5-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95 |archive-date=2020-07-11 |access-date=2020-07-12 |work=The Daily Inqilab |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:আনোয়ার জাহিদ জাতীয়তাবাদী রাজনীতির ধ্রুবতারা |url=http://dailysangram.com/?post=341907-আনোয়ার-জাহিদ-জাতীয়তাবাদী-রাজনীতির-ধ্রুবতারা |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711231734/https://www.dailysangram.com/post/341907-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE |archive-date=2020-07-11 |access-date=2020-07-11 |work=The Daily Sangram |language=bn}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zahid, Anwar}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Jhenaidah District]]
[[Category:Politicians from Khulna Division]]
[[Category:Rajshahi College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Dhaka alumni]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians]]
[[Category:Jatiya Party (Ershad) politicians]]
[[Category:3rd Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Ministers of information of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Bangladeshi journalists]]
[[Category:Brajalal College alumni]]
[[Category:Politicians from Khulna]]
[[Category:Writers from Khulna]]
[[Category:Jhenaidah Government High School alumni]]

Tanvi Azmi

2026-02-12T03:11:56Z

Chakravarthy: formatting fix

{{Short description|Indian television actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tanvi Azmi
| image =Tanvi Azmi still18.jpg
| caption = Azmi at the 2011 Maee Film Bash
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1985–present
| spouse = [[Baba Azmi]]
| mother = [[Usha Kiran]]
| relatives = [[Saiyami Kher]] (niece)
}}

'''Tanvi Azmi''' is an Indian film and [[television]] actress.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Tanvi-Azmi-Im-blessed-to-be-liberated/articleshow/39825912.cms |title=Tanvi Azmi: I'm blessed to be liberated - Times of India |website=The Times of India|date=7 August 2014 }}</ref> She is known for her roles in ''[[Akele Hum Akele Tum]]'' (1995), ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]'' (2015), ''[[Thappad]]'' (2020) and [[Tribhanga (film)|''Tribhanga'']] (2021).

==Early life and career==
She was born to Marathi-Hindi actress [[Usha Kiran]] and Manohar Kher.<ref name=New>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19870215-raghuvir-yadav-and-tanvi-azmi-new-comers-on-the-firmament-of-indian-stars-798521-1987-02-14 |title=Festive rise - Raghuvir Yadav and Tanvi Azmi: New-comers on the firmament of Indian stars |magazine=[[India Today]] |date=15 February 1987 |access-date=24 January 2014}}</ref>

Azmi portrayed a troubled doctor in the tele-series, ''Jeevanrekha'' and as a young widow in telefilm ''Rao Saheb'' (1986) directed by [[Vijaya Mehta]].<ref name=New/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020623/spectrum/main3.htm |title=ON THE SANDS OF TIME — 1986 The year of thought-provoking films |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=23 June 2002 |access-date=24 January 2014 |author=M. L. Dhawan}}</ref> She also acted in the [[Malayalam language]] film ''[[Vidheyan]]'' (1993), directed by [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/prs/iffi2007/birth.pdf |title=Vidheyan |publisher=Press Information Bureau |access-date=24 January 2014}}.</ref>

She received her first nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]] for her performance in the drama ''[[Pyari Behna]]'' (1985).

Her supporting role in the romantic drama ''[[Akele Hum Akele Tum]]'' (1995), starring [[Aamir Khan]] and [[Manisha Koirala]], received critical acclaim and earned her a second nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress.<ref name="Baba" />

The psychological thriller [[Dushman (1998 film)|''Dushman'']] (1998) starring [[Kajol]] and [[Sanjay Dutt]], saw her play Dr. Poornima Sehgal, a psychologist, earned her a third nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress.

In 2015, she appeared alongside [[Ranveer Singh]], [[Deepika Padukone]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]] in [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]'s historical romantic drama ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''. She portrayed Radhabai, the mother of [[Bajirao I]]. played by Singh. She had to go bald for her role in the film.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tanvi Azmi goes bald for Bajirao Mastani |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/tanvi-azmi-goes-bald-for-bajirao-mastani/ |access-date=2 July 2016 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The film and her performance received widespread critical acclaim, and earned her the [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]], in addition to her fourth nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress and her first nomination for the [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress]].

In 2017, she acted in [[And TV]]’s ''[[Vani Rani (TV series)|Vani Rani]]''.''<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vani-rani-a-tale-of-estranged-twins/articleshow/59941553.cms |title=Vani Rani-a tale of estranged twins|newspaper=The Times of India |date=7 August 2017 }}</ref>''

Her performance in the domestic drama ''[[Thappad]]'' (2020) received high critical acclaim and earned her a fifth nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress.

Azmi next starred in [[Tribhanga (film)|''Tribhanga'']] (2021), a [[Netflix]] original film directed by [[Renuka Shahane]]. Co-starring [[Kajol]] and [[Mithila Palkar]], the film received critical acclaim for the performance of the lead trio, earning Azmi a nomination for the [[Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Award]] for Best Supporting Actress (Web Original Film).<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2021 |title=Kajol, Tanvi Azmi, Mithila Palkar celebrate women and their beautiful imperfections in 'Tribhanga' trailer |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-kajol-tanvi-azmi-mithila-palkar-tribhanga-tedhi-medhi-crazy-trailer-netflix-original-renuka-shahane-director-2865860 |access-date=4 January 2021 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Azmi is married to [[Baba Azmi]], cinematographer and brother of [[Shabana Azmi]], thus connected with the [[List of Hindi film clans#The Akhtar-Azmi family|Akhtar-Azmi film family]].<ref name=Baba>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/BabaTanvi-Azmi-to-adopt-caretakers-kids/etarticleshow/11988536.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105110550/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-22/news-interviews/31086367_1_meghna-tanvi-viraj |url-status=live |archive-date=5 November 2013 |title=Baba,Tanvi Azmi to adopt caretaker's kids |date=22 February 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=24 January 2014}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ Film performances
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|rowspan="2"|1985
|''[[Pyari Behna]]''
|Seeta
|
|-
|''[[Rao Saheb (film)|Rao Saheb]]''
|Radhika
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|1993
|''[[Vidheyan]]''
|Sarojakka
|Malayalam film
|-
|''[[Darr]]''
|Poonam Awasthi
|
|-
|1994
|''[[English, August (film)|English, August]]''
|Malti Srivastava
|English language film<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://variety.com/1994/film/reviews/english-august-1200439066/ |title=English, August |first1=David |last1=Stratton |date=10 October 1994}}</ref>
|-
|1995
|''[[Akele Hum Akele Tum]]''
|Farida
|
|-
|1998
|''[[Dushman (1998 film)|Dushman]]''
|Poornima Sehgal
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2000
|''[[Mela (2000 film)|Mela]]''
|Gopal's mother
|
|-
|''[[Dhai Akshar Prem Ke]]''
|Simran Grewal
|
|-
|''[[Raja Ko Rani Se Pyar Ho Gaya]]''
|Meera Kumar
|
|-
|2001
|''[[Aks (2001 film)|Aks]]''
|Madhu Pradhan
|
|-
|2002
|''[[11'09"01 September 11]]''
|Talat Hamdani
|segment "India"
|-
|rowspan="2"|2009
|''[[Delhi-6]]''
|Fatima
|
|-
|''[[Pal Pal Dil Ke Ssaat]]''
|Makhan Singh
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Anjaana Anjaani]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/i-anjaana-anjaani-i-review-priyanka-ranbir-sparkle-in-this-modern-day-romance-review--pclxGUdifecji.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827051434/https://www.sify.com/movies/i-anjaana-anjaani-i-review-priyanka-ranbir-sparkle-in-this-modern-day-romance-review--pclxGUdifecji.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 August 2019 |title=Review : Anjaana Anjaani (2010) |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|Doctor
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2011
|''[[Aarakshan]]''
|Mrs. Anand
|
|-
|''[[Mod (film)|Mod]]''
|Gayatri Garg
|
|-
|''[[Bubble Gum (film)|Bubble Gum]]''
|Sudha Rawat
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2013
|''[[Aurangzeb (film)|Aurangzeb]]''
|Veera Singh
|
|-
|''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]''
|Bunny's step-mother
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2014
|''[[Dekh Tamasha Dekh]]''
|Fatima
|
|-
|''[[Bobby Jasoos]]''<ref name="auto"/>
|Kausar Khaala
|
|-
|''[[Lai Bhaari]]''<ref name="auto"/>
|Sumitra Devi
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''
|Radhabai
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Guest iin London]]''
|Sazia Ghan
|
|-
|2019
|''377 AbNormal''
|Chitra Palgaokar
|[[Zee5]] film<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/377-ab-normal-review-shashank-arora-shines-in-the-faruk-kabir-film-5634003/ |title=377 Ab Normal review: Shashank Arora shines in the Faruk Kabir film |date=22 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[Thappad]]''
|Sulekha Sabharwal||
|-
|2021
|''[[Tribhanga (film)|Tribhanga]]''
|Nayantara Apte
|[[Netflix]] film
|-
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2024 || ''[[Ole Aale]]'' || Dr. Pallavi || [[Marathi film]]
|-
|''[[Do Patti]]'' || || [[Netflix]] film
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ Television performances
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Mirza Ghalib (TV series)|Mirza Ghalib]]'' || Umrao Begum ||
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Kahkashan]]'' || ||
|-
| 1998-1999 || ''[[Family No.1 (TV series)|Family No.1]]'' || Shalini Potia ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98oct18/sunday/filmtv.htm |title=Tribuneindia... Film and tv |website=The Tribune}}</ref>
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Sinndoor Tere Naam Ka]]'' || Kavita Raizada ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-we-worked-in-soaps-that-were-aesthetic-and-progressive-8212 |title=We worked in soaps that were aesthetic and progressive |first=Sudipto |last=Chattopadhyay |date=3 November 2005 |website=DNA India}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Vani Rani (TV series)|Vani Rani]]'' || Vani/Raani || Double role<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/iqbal-azad-and-sanjay-gandhi-cast-opposite-tanvi-azmi-in-vani-rani/articleshow/59634522.cms |title=Iqbal Azad and Sanjay Gandhi cast opposite Tanvi Azmi in Vani Rani - Times of India |website=The Times of India|date=17 July 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Jugaadistan]]'' || Kamala Reddy ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2024 || ''[[Maamla Legal Hai]]'' || Judge Bainsla ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nidhi Bisht on Netflix's 'Maamla Legal Hai', practising law: 'A full circle...' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/nidhi-bisht-on-netflixs-maamla-legal-hai-practising-law-working-with-ravi-kishan-2506269-2024-02-27 |access-date=15 March 2024 |website=India Today |date=27 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dil Dosti Dilemma]]'' || Naani ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-25 |title='Dil Dosti Dilemma' Review: Anushka Sen's teen drama is cliched and less fun |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reviews/story/dil-dosti-dilemma-review-anushka-sens-teen-drama-is-less-fun-more-cliche-prime-video-series-debbie-rao-2531362-2024-04-25 |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=December 2022}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
|-
!colspan="5"|Major awards
|-
![[33rd Filmfare Awards|1986]]
|rowspan="5"|[[Filmfare Awards]]
|rowspan="5"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|''[[Pyari Behna]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
![[41st Filmfare Awards|1996]]
|''[[Akele Hum Akele Tum]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
![[44th Filmfare Awards|1999]]
|''[[Dushman (1998 film)|Dushman]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
![[61st Filmfare Awards|2016]]
|''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
![[66th Filmfare Awards|2021]]
|''[[Thappad]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
![[2021 Filmfare OTT Awards|2021]]
|[[Filmfare OTT Awards]]
|Best Supporting Actress (Web Original Film)
|''[[Tribhanga (film)|Tribhanga]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
![[17th IIFA Awards|2016]]
|[[IIFA Awards]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=9 May 2016 |title=Tanvi Azmi brings in a record-shattering 18th National Award into the Azmi-Akhtar Family : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/tanvi-azmi-brings-in-a-record-shattering-18th-national-award-into-the-azmi-akhtar-family/ |access-date=21 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|{{nom}}
|-
![[63rd National Film Awards|2016]]
|[[National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|{{won}}
|-
!colspan="5"|Other awards
|-
!rowspan="7"|2016
|FOI Online Awards
|Best Supporting Actress
|rowspan="7"|''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]
|[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role|Best Actor in a Negative Role]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Screen Awards]]
|[[Screen Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role|Best Actor in a Negative Role]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Times of India Film Awards]]
|Best Supporting Actress
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Zee Cine Awards]]
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female|Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|0044343}}

{{NationalFilmAwardBestSupportingActress}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Azmi, Tanvi}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Best Supporting Actress National Film Award winners]]

Bihar Day

2026-02-07T16:22:48Z

Chakravarthy:

{{Short description|Day of the formation of the state of Bihar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Bihar Day
| image =
| caption = Nitish Kumar admiring artists on Bihar Diwas
| type = state
| nickname = Bihar Diwas, Bihar Sthapana Diwas
| observedby = [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| significance = Marks the separation of Bihar from the [[Bengal Presidency]] on 22 March 1912
| firsttime = 22 March 2010
| scheduling = same day each year
| date = 22 March
| duration = 1 day
| frequency =
| alt =
}}

'''Bihar Day''' ('''Bihar Diwas''') is observed every year on 22 March,<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2025 |title=बिहार दिवस विशेष: ऐसे अस्तित्व में आया अपना बिहार, ...जानें |url=https://www.wirekhabar.com/jara-hat-ke/bihar-do-you-know-first-name-of-the-state.html |access-date=16 August 2025 |website=Wire Khabar |language=hindi}}</ref> marking the formation of the state of [[Bihar]]. On 22 March 1912, the Bihar and Orissa divisions of the [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]] were separated to form the [[Province of Bihar and Orissa]] in [[British India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/stage-set-for-105th-bihar-diwas/articleshow/57759419.cms|title=Stage set for 105th Bihar Diwas|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 March 2017|url-status=live|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324163202/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/stage-set-for-105th-bihar-diwas/articleshow/57759419.cms|archive-date=24 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-diwas-sunidhi-chauhan-to-perform-at-gandhi-maidan-on-mar-22/articleshow/57597436.cms|title=Bihar Diwas: Sunidhi Chauhan to perform at Gandhi Maidan on Mar 22|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 March 2017|url-status=live|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315162614/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-diwas-sunidhi-chauhan-to-perform-at-gandhi-maidan-on-mar-22/articleshow/57597436.cms|archive-date=15 March 2017}}</ref> The day is a public holiday in Bihar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bihar Diwas marks public Holiday in Bihar|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2012/03/bihar-diwas-marks-public-holiday-in-bihar/|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|accessdate=22 March 2014}}</ref>

Bihar Day was started and celebrated on large scale by Bihar Government in the tenure of [[Nitish Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 March 2022|title=Bihar Diwas celebrated withpride across country, abroad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-diwas-celebrated-withpride-across-country-abroad/articleshow/90385302.cms |access-date=27 November 2024|work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Apart from India, it is celebrated in countries including the [[United States]], [[Germany]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livebiharnews.in/news/bihar-diwas-to-be-celebrated-in-germany.html|title=26 मई को जर्मनी में मनेगा बिहार दिवस, ...जानिए|date=30 March 2018|website=Live Bihar News {{!}} लाइव बिहार न्यूज़|language=hi-IN|access-date=22 September 2019|archive-date=22 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922040210/https://www.livebiharnews.in/news/bihar-diwas-to-be-celebrated-in-germany.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[United Kingdom|Britain]] ([[Scotland]]),<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livebiharnews.in/news/bihar-diwas-celebrated-in-patna-of-scotland.html|title=सात समंदर पार स्कॉटलैंड के पटना में कुछ इस तरह मनाया गया बिहार दिवस|date=21 March 2018|work=Live Bihar News {{!}} लाइव बिहार न्यूज़|access-date=21 March 2018|language=hi-IN|archive-date=21 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321193053/https://www.livebiharnews.in/news/bihar-diwas-celebrated-in-patna-of-scotland.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[Bahrain]], [[Qatar]], [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Italy]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]] and [[Mauritius]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bihar Day to be celebrated in seven countries|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2011/03/bihar-day-to-be-celebrated-in-seven-countries/|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|accessdate=22 March 2014}}</ref>

==Observance==
Every year the Government of [[Bihar]] issues a notification declaring the 22 March to be a public holiday to be celebrated as Bihar Day. This holiday applies to all the offices and companies under the jurisdiction of the State and central Government as well as Schools celebrate this day by organising various programmes participated by students.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 March 2010|title=Bihar Diwas functions from today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-diwas-functions-from-today/articleshow/5709670.cms |access-date=27 November 2024|work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Jharkhand Day]]
* [[Odisha Day]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Day]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Indian state foundation days}}
[[Category:Festivals in Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian state foundation days]]

{{India-festival-stub}}

Lonar Assembly constituency

2026-02-03T09:44:24Z

Chakravarthy: New the entry added tags - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Lonar
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1964 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Delimitation Commission (1964) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| abolished = 1976 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - DPACO 1976 |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 96,034
| mla = Jagarao Raoji Chavan
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}
Lonar Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || K. T. Sangle || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Jagarao Raoji Chavan
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Lonar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Jagarao Raoji Chavan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,452 |percentage=46.03% |change={{decrease}}4.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sahebrao Bhaurao Mapari |party=Independent politician |votes=20,406 |percentage=36.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gopalrao Sakharam Jadhao |party=Republican Party of India |votes=5,880 |percentage=10.63% |change={{decrease}}13.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pratap Govinda Narwade |party=Independent politician |votes=1,359 |percentage=2.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,046 |percentage=9.12% |change= {{decrease}}16.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=55,300 |percentage=55.29% |change= {{decrease}}14.57 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,034 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.35 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}4.04 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Lonar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=K. T. Sangle |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,874 |percentage=50.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sahebrao Bhaurao Mapari |party=Republican Party of India |votes=15,089 |percentage=24.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=A. N. Deshmukh |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=9,992 |percentage=16.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=B. D. Borde |party=Independent politician |votes=998 |percentage=1.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,785 |percentage=25.60% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=61,672 |percentage=66.63% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,478 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Puneet Sharma

2026-01-29T18:13:08Z

Chakravarthy: Put up bio.

{{Short description|Indian computer scientist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Promotion|date=December 2018}}

'''Puneet Sharma''' is the director of the Networking & Distributed Systems lab at [[Hewlett Packard Labs]], where he is also an HPE Fellow and vice-president. He started his career as a research scientist at [[HP Labs]] in September 1998.

==Early life and education==

Sharma was born in [[Ghaziabad]], [[India]]. He holds a B.Tech. in [[computer science and engineering]] from the [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi|Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]] and a [[PhD]] in [[computer science]] from the [[University of Southern California]]. During his doctoral studies, he contributed to the standardisation of [[Protocol Independent Multicast]].<ref>{{cite web | last = Thaler | first = Dave | title = Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode (PIM-SM): Protocol Specification | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/2431106 | via= [[ResearchGate]] | access-date = 13 June 2025}}</ref>

His Ph.D. dissertation titled ''Scaling control traffic in network protocols''<ref>{{Cite thesis|last=Sharma|first=Puneet|title=Scaling Control Traffic in Network Protocols|date=1999|publisher=University of Southern California|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=929123|place=Los Angeles, CA, USA}}</ref> argued that the unregulated growth of network ''control'' traffic can jeopardise the primary function of networks, which is to carry data traffic. The dissertation presented designs for regulating network control traffic along three scaling dimensions: (1) frequency, (2) distribution scope, and (3) information aggregation. Several network protocols use the soft state paradigm for state management. These protocols use periodic refresh messages to keep the network state alive while adapting to changing network conditions. However, the scalability of protocols that use the soft-state approach is a concern. He co-invented the ''scalable timers''<ref>{{cite book|doi=10.1109/INFCOM.1997.635133|isbn=978-0-8186-7780-9|citeseerx=10.1.1.45.7042|chapter=Scalable timers for soft state protocols|title=Proceedings of INFOCOM '97|volume=1|pages=222–229|year=1997|author1=Sharma, P.|author2=Estrin, D.|author3=Floyd, S.|author4=Jacobson, V.|s2cid=3029102}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| last1 = Sharma | first1 = P.
| last2 = Estrin | first2 = D.
| last3 = Floyd | first3 = S.
| last4 = Jacobson | first4 = V.
| title = Proceedings of INFOCOM '97
| chapter = Scalable timers for soft state protocols
| date = 1997
| volume = 1
| pages = 222–229
| doi = 10.1109/INFCOM.1997.635133
| isbn = 0-8186-7780-5
}}</ref> approach for soft state protocols, where timer values are adapted dynamically, based on the volume of control traffic and the available bandwidth on the network link.

==Career==
In 2014, Sharma was named a [[Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE) for “contributions to the design of scalable networking, software defined networks and energy efficiency in data centers”.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.comsoc.org/membership/ieee-fellow/2010-2019|title=IEEE Fellows 2014|website=IEEE Fellows Directory|access-date=2 December 2019}}</ref> In 2011, he was recognized as an [[List of distinguished members of the Association for Computing Machinery|ACM Distinguished Member]] for contributions to computing research.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://awards.acm.org/award_winners/sharma_8207029|title=Puneet Sharma|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery|access-date=2 December 2019}}</ref>
His work on mobile collaborative communities was featured in ''[[New Scientist]]'' in 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18124343-200-spontaneous-networks-will-speed-net-access/|title=Spontaneous networks will speed net access|date=14 February 2004|author=Ananthaswamy, Anil|work=New Scientist|access-date=2 December 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{GoogleScholar|gzzsQxAAAAAJ}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Puneet}}
[[Category:1970s births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian computer scientists]]
[[Category:Indian electrical engineers]]
[[Category:Fellows of the IEEE]]
[[Category:IIT Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Hewlett-Packard people]]
[[Category:21st-century American engineers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:American electrical engineers]]

{{US-electrical-engineer-stub}}

Ashish Suri

2026-01-29T01:02:00Z

Chakravarthy: brief added layout based on references and fixed typos for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian neurosurgeon and medical academic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Ashish Suri
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1970|4|8}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Neurosurgery]] | [[Neurooncology]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi]] | [[Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Delhi Public School, R. K. Puram]] | [[University College of Medical Sciences]] | [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on skull-base surgeries and neurooncology
| awards = {{ublist| 2014 [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development|N-BIOS Prize]] | [[The Spine Journal]]| Outstanding Paper Award | [[Neurological Society of India|NSI]] Best Poster Award | ISPN Best Paper Award }}
}}
'''Ashish Suri''' (born 8 April 1970) is an Indian neurosurgeon, medical academic and a professor at the Department of Neurosurgery of the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi]]. He was one of the group of surgeons who performed the first 3D brain surgery and the first surgery to implant a spinal cord stimulator in India. Known for his work in [[Endoscopic endonasal surgery]] and neurooncology and is a member of the executive committee of the Indian Society of Neuro-Oncology. The [[Department of Biotechnology]] of the Government of India awarded him the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]], one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to biosciences, in 2014.<ref name="Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development">{{Cite web |url=http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |title=Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development |date=2016 |publisher=Department of Biotechnology |access-date=2017-11-20 |archive-date=2018-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304191331/http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:AIIMS central lawn.jpg|thumb|left|AIIMS Delhi]]
Born on 8 April 1970, in [[New Delhi]], Ashis Suri did his early education at [[Delhi Public School, R. K. Puram]] and graduated in medicine from the [[University College of Medical Sciences]], Delhi.<ref name="Doctor profile">{{Cite journal |url=https://www.aiims.edu/en/2014-12-19-04-37-04/neurology_surgery_faculty.html?id=1409 |title=Doctor profile |date=2018-05-13 |language=en-gb |access-date=2018-05-13 |journal=Aiims New}}</ref> Subsequently, he did his MCh at the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi]] (AIIMS Delhi) and obtained the [[Diplomate of National Board]] certification. His career started as a junior resident at AIIMS Delhi in 1994 and became an assistant professor of neurosurgery in 2000. After holding the positions of an associate professor and an additional professor, he was made a full professor in 2012 and holds the position to date.<ref name="Neurosurgery Education And Training School">{{Cite web |url=http://www.aiimsnets.org/contactus.asp |title=Neurosurgery Education And Training School |date=2018-05-13 |website=www.aiimsnets.org |access-date=2018-05-13}}</ref> In between, he had various stints abroad for advanced training on disciplines such as Cavernous sinus and skull-base surgery, Endoscopic neurosurgery, [[Vascular surgery|Vascular neurosurgery]], Image guided and endoscopic spinal surgery and [[Endoscopic endonasal surgery]].<ref name="Doctor profile" /> He is also in charge of the Neurosurgery Education And Training School of AIIMS Delhi.<ref name="Neurosurgery Education And Training School" />

== Professional profile ==
[[File:Acromegaly pituitary macroadenoma.JPEG|thumb|[[Acromegaly]] [[pituitary macroadenoma]]]]
In 2008, Suri was among the group of surgeons who performed a spinal cord stimulator implant on a [[quadriplegic]], the first time such surgery was performed in India.<ref name="Surgery gives quadriplegic breathing space ">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/Surgery-gives-quadriplegic-breathing-space/articleshow/3316807.cms |title=Surgery gives quadriplegic breathing space |date=2 August 2008 |work=The Times of India |access-date=2018-05-13}}</ref> In 2014, he was in the news for leading a surgical team in 2014 who removed a [[pituitary adenoma]] from Siddiqa Parveen, a 7'8" tall [[acromegaly]] patient noted by the [[Guinness Book of World Records]] the world's tallest woman in 2013,<ref name="Delhi: World's tallest woman finds new lease of life at AIIMS">{{Cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/delhi-worlds-tallest-woman-finds-new-lease-of-life-at-aiims-549103 |title=Delhi: World's tallest woman finds new lease of life at AIIMS |date=28 January 2014 |work=NDTV.com |access-date=2018-05-13}}</ref><ref name="World’s tallest woman hails from West Bengal">{{Cite news |url=https://gulfnews.com/culture/people/world-s-tallest-woman-hails-from-west-bengal-1.1231818 |title=World's tallest woman hails from West Bengal |author=Archisman Dinda |date=2013-09-16 |work=GulfNews |access-date=2018-05-13}}</ref> which posed difficulties due to the giant size of the patient.<ref name="AIIMS surgeons ‘innovate’, remove tumour in world’s tallest woman">{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/aiims-surgeons-innovate-remove-tumour-in-worlds-tallest-woman/ |title=AIIMS surgeons 'innovate', remove tumour in world's tallest woman |date=2014-01-28 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=2018-05-13 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="World's tallest woman recovering after operation to remove tumour and prevent her back breaking">{{Cite news |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/siddiqa-parveen-worlds-tallest-woman-3069717 |title=World's tallest woman recovering after operation to remove tumour and prevent her back breaking |last=Mackay |first=Don |date=2014-01-28 |work=mirror |access-date=2018-05-13}}</ref> In 2018, when the first 3D brain surgery in India was performed at AIIMS Delhi, he was among the team of surgeons who performed it.<ref name="AIIMS Becomes India's First Hospital To Carry Out No-Incision 3D Surgery!">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/137289/aiims-becomes-indias-first-hospital-3d-surgery/ |title=AIIMS Becomes India's First Hospital To Carry Out No-Incision 3D Surgery! |date=2018-04-10 |work=The Better India |access-date=2018-05-13 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Advanced 3D technology comes to aid of AIIMS doctors to remove brain tumours">{{Cite news |url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/delhi/advanced-3d-technology-comes-to-aid-of-aiims-doctors-to-remove-brain-tumours-293405 |title=Advanced 3D technology comes to aid of AIIMS doctors to remove brain tumours |date=8 April 2018 |work=Millennium Post |access-date=2018-05-13}}</ref>

Suri has been involved in several clinical trials as the principal investigator.<ref name="Antisense Pharma GmbH">{{Cite web |url=http://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pdf_generate.php?trialid=429&EncHid=&modid=&compid=%27%27,%27%27429det%27%27 |title=Antisense Pharma GmbH |date=2018-05-13 |website=Clinical Trials Registry - India (CTRI) |access-date=2018-05-13}}</ref> His studies have been documented by way of a number of articles<ref name="On Google Scholar">{{Cite web |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=aaCPSXUAAAAJ&hl=en |title=On Google Scholar |date=2018-05-13 |website=Google Scholar |access-date=2018-05-13}}</ref> and [[ResearchGate]], an online repository of scientific articles has listed 249 of them.<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ashish_Suri |title=On ResearchGate |date=2018-05-13 |access-date=2018-05-13}}</ref> Besides he has contributed chapters to books published by others. He sits in the executive committee of the Indian Society of Neuro-Oncology<ref name="ISNO: Indian Society of Neuro-Oncology">{{Cite web |url=http://isno.in/executive_committee.html |title=ISNO: Indian Society of Neuro-Oncology |date=2018-05-13 |website=isno.in |language=en-US |access-date=2018-05-13}}</ref> and serves as an adjunct professor at ANSK School of Information Technology of the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]]. He is involved in imparting advanced neurosurgical training and conducts classes under programs such as ''DST/DBT/DHR Neurosurgery Skills Training Facility'' (NSTF), ''Neurosurgery Education and Training School'' (NETS) and ''Neurosurgery 3D Animation Graphics Video Editing Lab'' (NAGVEL)<ref name="NSI profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.neurosocietyindia.com/NewLaunch/Download/cv/Ashish%20Suri.pdf |title=NSI profile |date=2018-05-13 |website=Neuro Society of India |access-date=2018-05-13}}</ref> and was the organizing secretary of ISNOCON 2018, an international medical conference organized by the Indian Society of Neuro-Oncology in April 2018 at New Delhi.<ref name="ISNOCON 2018">{{Cite web |url=http://neuropathsociety.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/ISNOCON-2018-Brochure-1.pdf |title=ISNOCON 2018 |date=2018-05-13 |website=Indian Society of Neuro-Oncology |access-date=2018-05-13}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
Suri who passed the MBBS examination with a Gold Medal, has received the Outstanding Paper Award of [[The Spine Journal]] of the [[North American Spine Society]], the Best Poster Award of the [[Neurological Society of India]] and the Best Paper Award of the Indian Society of Pediatric Neurosurgery.<ref name="Doctor profile" /> The [[Department of Biotechnology]] (DBT) of the Government of India awarded him the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 2014.<ref name="Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development"/>

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |last1=Mishra |first1=Shashwat |last2=Soubam |first2=Parkinson |last3=Suri |first3=Ashish |last4=Dhingra |first4=Renu |last5=Mochan |first5=Sankat |last6=Lalwani |first6=Sanjeev |last7=Roy |first7=TS |last8=Mahapatra |first8=AshokK |date=2018 |title=Standardization of the technique of silicon injection of human cadaveric heads for opacification of cerebral vasculature in Indian conditions |journal=Neurology India |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=439–443 |doi=10.4103/0028-3886.227303 |pmid=29547168 |s2cid=3907078 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Pasricha |first1=Ribhav |last2=Siddiqui |first2=Saquib Azad |last3=Suri |first3=Ashish |last4=Borkar |first4=Sachin |last5=Mahapatra |first5=Ashok K |date=2018 |title=Disconnection vs excision? A ten year review of hypothalamic hamartomas |journal=Neuro-Oncology |volume=20 |issue=suppl_1 |pages=i7 |doi=10.1093/neuonc/nox237.030 |issn=1522-8517 |pmc=5791596}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Borkar |first1=SachinAnil |last2=Singh |first2=Manmohanjit |last3=Kale |first3=ShashankSharad |last4=Suri |first4=Ashish |last5=Chandra |first5=PoodipediSarat |last6=Kumar |first6=Rajender |last7=Sharma |first7=BhawaniShankar |last8=Gaikwad |first8=Shailesh |last9=Mahapatra |first9=AshokKumar |date=2018 |title=Spinal cerebrospinal fluid drainage for prevention of vasospasm in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A prospective, randomized controlled study |journal=Asian Journal of Neurosurgery |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=238–246 |doi=10.4103/1793-5482.228512 |pmc= 5898086 |pmid=29682015 |doi-access=free }}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Hamartoma]]
* [[Aneurysm]]
{{Div col end}}
{{portal|India|Medicine}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.aiims.edu/en/news/awards-honours/79-about-aiims/224-neuro-surgery.html |title=Neuro-Surgery at AIIMS Delhi |date=2018-05-13 |website=AIIMS NEW DELHI |language=en-gb |access-date=2018-05-13}}

{{N-BIOS Laureates 2010–2019}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suri, Ashish}}
[[Category:N-BIOS Prize recipients]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Delhi]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Indian neurosurgeons]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Delhi Public School alumni]]
[[Category:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian medical educators]]

Kalpavriksha

2026-01-27T19:21:49Z

Chakravarthy:

{{Short description|Legendary Tree in Hinduism}}
{{other uses}}
{{good article}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
[[File:Kalpataru, Kinnara-Kinnari, Apsara-Devata, Pawon Temple.jpg|thumb|alt=The divine Kalpavriksha tree in mythology, a stone carving of a tree with mythical characters surrounding it.|Kalpataru, the divine tree of life being guarded by mythical creatures at the 8th century [[Pawon|Pawon temple]], a [[Buddhist temple]] in [[Java]], Indonesia.|222x222px]]

'''Kalpavriksha'''{{Efn|Also known as kalpataru, kalpadruma, kalpa vruksham, kalpapādapa, and karpaga vriksham.|group=note|name=a}} ({{Langx|sa|कल्पवृक्ष|lit=Aeon tree}}, Kalpavṛkṣa) is a [[wish tree|wish-fulfilling]] [[sacred tree|divine tree]] in religions like [[Hinduism]], [[Jainism]], and [[Buddhism]]. In Buddhism, another term, ''ratnavṛkṣa'' (jeweled tree)'','' is also common''.'' Its earliest descriptions are mentioned in [[Sanskrit]] literature. It is also a popular theme in [[Jain cosmology]] and [[Buddhism]].

The Kalpavriksha originated during the [[Samudra manthan|Samudra Manthana]] or the "churning of the [[ocean of milk|ocean]]" along with [[Kamadhenu]], the divine cow, providing for all needs. The king of the gods, [[Indra]], returned with this tree to his paradise. Kalpavriksha is also identified with many trees such as parijata (''[[Nyctanthes arbor-tristis]]''), ''[[Ficus benghalensis]]'', ''[[Acacia]]'', ''[[Madhuca longifolia]]'', ''[[Prosopis cineraria]]'', ''[[Diploknema butyracea]]'', and [[mulberry tree]] (''Morus nigra'' tree). The tree is also extolled in iconography and literature.

== History ==
Kalpavriksha is common to the Hindu [[Bhagavatas]], the Jains, and the [[Buddhists]].{{Sfn|Agrawala|2003|p=87}}

=== Hinduism ===
[[File:Sagar mathan (corrected version).jpg|thumb|222x222px|Depiction of a tree– beside the God of Water (bottom centre)– possibly kalpavriksha, that emerged during the Samudra Manthana. Also depicted is Parijata, beside Lakshmi.]]
Kalpavriksha, the tree of life, also meaning "World Tree", finds mention in the [[Vedic scriptures]]. In the earliest account of the [[Samudra manthan|Samudra Manthana]], or the "churning of the ocean of milk". Kalpavriksha emerged from the primal waters during the ocean churning process along with Kamadhenu, the divine cow that bestows all needs. The tree is also said to be the [[Milky Way]] or the birthplace of the stars [[Sirius]]. The king of the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]], Indra, returned with this Kalpavriksha to his abode in paradise and planted it there. The tree also finds mention in the Sanskrit text Mānāsara, part of ''[[Shilpa Shastras]]''.{{Sfn|Toole|2015|p=73}}{{Sfn|Beer|2003|p=19}}

Another story says that Kalpavriksha was located on earth and was transported to Indra's abode after people started misusing it by wishing evil things.{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=620}} In Indra's "Devaloka" it is said that there are five Kalpavrikshas, which are called Mandana, [[Parijata]], Santana, Kalpavriksha, and Harichandana, all of which fulfill various wishes.{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=620}} Kalpavriksha, in particular, is said to be planted at [[Mt. Meru]] peak in the middle of Indra's five paradise gardens. It is on account of these wish-granting trees that the [[asuras]] waged a perpetual war with the devas as the heavenly gods who exclusively benefited freely from the "divine flowers and fruits" from the Kalpavriksha, whereas the asuras lived comparatively in penury at the lower part of its "trunk and roots". The Parijata is often identified with its terrestrial counterpart, the [[Indian coral tree]] (''Eyrthrina indica''), but is most often depicted like a [[magnolia]] or [[frangipani]] ([[Sanskrit]]: [[Magnolia champaca|champaka]]) tree. It is described as having roots made of gold, a silver [[Trunk (botany)|midriff]], [[lapis lazuli]] boughs, [[coral]] leaves, [[pearl]] flower, [[gemstone]] buds, and [[diamond]] fruit.{{Sfn|Beer|2003|p=19}} It is also said that Ashokasundari was created from a Kalpavriksha tree to provide relief to Parvati from her loneliness.<ref name="Sacred" />

In some versions of [[Hindu mythology]], Shiva and Parvati, after many painful discussions while parting with their daughter [[Aranyani]], gave her away to the divine Kalpavriksha for safekeeping when the demon [[Andhakasura]] waged war. Parvati requested Kalpavriksha to bring up her daughter with "safety, wisdom, health and happiness," and to make her Vana Devi, the protector of forests.{{Sfn|Sivkishen|2015|p=578}}
=== Jainism ===
{{Main article|Jain Cosmology}}

[[File:Kalpavruksha-Wall-Painting-In-Jain-Basadi-Moodbidri.JPG|thumb|alt=Artistic representation of the Kalpavriksha in Jainism. A wall painting of a tree on red backdrop.|Wall painting of Kalpavruksha in [[Saavira Kambada Basadi]], Moodbidri, Karnataka|200x200px]]

[[File:Jain statues in Anwa, Rajasthan 24.jpg|thumb|Idol of 10th Jain [[Tirthankar|Tirthankara]] [[Shitalanatha]] with his symbol of Kalpavriksha below|left|200x200px]]In Jain Cosmology Kalpavrikshas are wish-granting trees which fulfill the desires of people in the initial stages of a world cycle. In initial times children are born in pairs (boy and girl) and don't do any [[Karma in Jainism|karma]].<ref name="Edu">{{cite web|title=Kalchakra |work=Jainism simplified|url=http://www.umich.edu/~umjains/jainismsimplified/chapter06.html|publisher=University of Michigan}}</ref> There are 10 Kalpavrikshas which grant 10 distinct wishes such as an abode to reside, garments, utensils, nourishment including fruits and sweets, pleasant music, ornaments, fragrant flowers, shining lamps and a radiant light at night.<ref name="Edu" />

According to Jain cosmology, in the three ''Aras'' (unequal periods) of the descending arc ([[Avasarpini]]), Kalpavrikshas provided all that was needed, but towards the end of the third ''ara'', the yield from them diminished. Eight types of these trees are described in some texts, each of which provided different objects. Thus from the "Madyanga tree" delicious and nutritious drinks could be obtained; from the "Bhojananga", delicious food; from "yotiranga", light more radiant than the sun and the moon; while from "Dopanga" came indoor light. Other trees provided homes, musical devices, table ware, fine garments, wreaths and scents.{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=620}}

The ''[[Tiloya Panatti]]'' give the following list: ''Pananga'', ''Turiyanga'', ''Bhusananga'', ''Vatthanga'', ''Bhoyanga'', ''Alayanga'', ''Diviyanga'', ''Bhayananga'', ''Malanga'', ''Tejanga'' with excellent drinks, music, ornaments, garments, edibles and ready-made dishes, mansions to live in, lamps, utensils and garlands of flowers respectively while the last type, namely ''Tejanga'', seems to be self-luminous, serving the purpose of heavenly luminaries.{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=71}}

=== Buddhism ===
[[File:Besnagar Kalpadruma 2nd century BCE.jpg|thumb|183x183px|Besnagar Kalpadruma]]
In Buddhism a small wish granting tree is depicted decorating the upper part of the "long-life vase" held by "longevity deities" like [[Amitayus]] and [[Ushnishavijaya]]. The goddess [[Śramaṇa|Shramana]] devi holds jeweled branch of Kalpavriksha in her left hand.{{Sfn|Beer|2003|p=19}}

Worship of the ''[[Ficus benghalensis|Nyagrodha tree]]'' as a form of non-human worship is depicted in a Buddhist sculpture at [[Besnagar]].{{Sfn|Gupta|1991|p=48}} This sculpture in Besnagar, also known as Vidisa (Bhilsa), is dated to third century BC and is exhibited in the [[Indian Museum|Calcutta Museum]].{{Sfn|Randhawa|1964|p=10}}

In [[Myanmar]], where [[Theravada Buddhism]] is practiced, the significance of the Kalpavriksha is in the form of an annual ritual known as [[Kathina]] (presenting a robe) in which the [[laity]] present gifts to the monks in the form of money trees.{{Sfn|Padma|2013|p=83}} At the kingdom of [[Ketumati]]'s front gates, it is thought four Kalpavrikshas will spring up from the Earth and provide enough valuables to satisfy all of [[Jambudvīpa]] for years.<ref>{{cite book |last=Maddegama |first=Udaya |title=Sermon of the Chronicle-to-be |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Eua4CFFGBoC |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |year=1993 |pages=32}}</ref>

== Identification with trees ==
[[File:Kalpvriksh Bilara Jodhpur Rajasthan.jpg|thumb|Kalpavriksha Tree at Bilara, Rajasthan]]In different states of India some trees are specifically referred to as the Kalpavriksha. These are stated below.

Mahura tree (''[[Madhuca longifolia]]'') in Maharashtra, India holds an important place in the day-to-day life of the tribal people. It is like the Kalpavriksha wish tree called madhu (''[[Madhuca indica]]'').{{Sfn|Rastogī|2008|p=46}}

The banyan tree (''[[Ficus benghalensis]]''), also called ''Nyagrodha'' tree, which grows throughout the country is referred to as Kalpavriksha or Kalpataru because of its ability to amply provide for human needs.{{Sfn|Jha|2013|p=83}}{{Sfn|Gupta|1991|p=48}}

The coconut tree (''[[Cocos nucifera]]'') found in most regions of the country is called "Kalpavriksha", as every part of it is useful in one way or the other. The coconut water inside the nut is a delicious drink. In dried form it is called [[copra]] and is used to manufacture oil. The coconut husk, called coir, is used to make rope. Leaves are used to make huts, fans, mats. [[Palm sugar]] is made from budding flower. The dried midrib is used to make boats.<ref>{{cite book|title=Allied S Environmental Education For Class 6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oNuop3Y2GIUC&pg=PT18|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-8424-065-8|page=18}}</ref>

[[Ashwatha]] tree (sacred fig tree) is also known as Kalapvriksha where the deities and Brahma are stated to reside, and it is where sage Narada taught the [[rishis]] on the procedure for worshipping the tree and its usefulness.{{Sfn|Samarth|Kendra|2008|p=173}}

Shami tree (''[[Prosopis cineraria]]''), found in desert areas of the country, called in local dialect as ''Ajmer'' or ''jaant'' is called Kalpavriksha. In [[Rajasthan]] desert area its roots go deep to a depth of {{Convert|17|–|25| m}}. This checks the erosion of the sandy soil of the desert. For this reason the tree stays green even during drought conditions. People of Rajasthan hence regard this tree as Kalpavriksha, because in times of drought when no grass or fodder can be found the animals are sustained by eating its green leaves.{{Sfn|Rastogī|2008|p=53}}

''Chyur tree'' grows in the high altitudes of the [[Himalayas]] at an altitude between 500 and 1000 m. Known as the Indian butter tree (''[[Diploknema butyracea]]''), it is called a Kalpavriskha, or tree of paradise by the people of the mountainous region as it yields [[honey]], [[jaggery]], and [[ghee]]. Its canopy grows in the shape of an umbrella.{{Sfn|Rastogī|2008|p=25}}

In [[Joshimath]] in [[Uttarakhand]] a [[Morus (plant)|mulberry tree]], which is said to be 2400 years old, is renowned and revered as the Kalpavriksha as it was the location where, in the 8th century, [[Adi Sankaracharya]] did penance under the tree as he considered it an incarnation of Lord [[Shiva]].<ref name="Limaye">{{cite web|last= Limaye |first= Anita |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2006-06-01/news/27446002_1_temple-kalpavriksh-uttaranchal|title=Visit the 2,400 year old Kalpavriksh|date= 1 June 2006|publisher=The Economic Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003050654/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2006-06-01/news/27446002_1_temple-kalpavriksh-uttaranchal |archive-date=3 October 2015}}</ref> It is also believed that sage [[Durvasa]] meditated under this tree,<ref name="Sacred" /> in Urgam.{{Sfn|Nair|2007|p=65}} The mountain slopes of [[Kailasa]] are stated to have a profusion of Kalpavrikshas.{{Sfn|Nair|2007|p=65}}[[File:Kalpvriksha.jpg|thumb|alt=Kalpavriksha in Rajasthan. Two large trees trunks with sacred threads tied to it.|Kalpavriksha in Mangaliyawas (near [[Ajmer]], Rajasthan in India)]]

At Mangaliyawas near [[Ajmer]], Rajasthan, there are two revered trees (Male and Female) which are more than 800 years old, known as Kalpavrikshas. They are worshipped on an [[Amavasya]] day in the Hindu month of [[Shraavana]].<ref name="Sacred">{{cite web|url=http://www.rajforest.nic.in/writereaddata/chapter1-6.pdf|title=Background Context and Observation Recording|work=Sacred Plants|publisher=National Informatics Center Rajasthan Forest Department|pages=23–24|access-date=1 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305231757/http://www.rajforest.nic.in/writereaddata/chapter1-6.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]], there are three Kalpavrikshas. They are at a locality called Hinoo. [[File:Kalpavriksha with Flowers in Ranchi, Jharkhand.jpg|thumb|Kalpavriksha with Flowers in Ranchi, Jharkhand|left]]In Tamil Nadu's culture, ''tala'' (''[[Borassus flabellifer]]'') a variety of Palmyra palm (''[[Borassus]]''), also known as toddy, is referred to as Kalpataru as all its parts have a use. This tree is also native to [[Asia]] and [[South East Asia]], has normally a life span of 100 years, grows up to {{Convert|20|m}} height; its leaves in the shape of a fan are rough texture. The leaves were used for writing in the ancient times.{{Sfn|Jha|2013|p=111}}[[File:Parijat-tree-at-Kintoor-Barabanki-003.jpg|right|thumb|alt=Parijata tree considered a Kalpavruksha, a branch and trunk of the tree is seen.|[[Parijata]] tree at Kintoor, [[Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh|Barabanki]].]]In the [[Harivansh Puraan]], the Parijata, baobab tree, is called a Kalpavriksha, or wish bearing tree, which apart from the village of [[Kintoor]], near [[Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh|Barabanki]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], is believed to be only found in heaven. The tree has mythological link with prince [[Arjuna]] of the [[Pandava|Pandava clan]] who is said to have brought it from heaven. His mother [[Kunti]] after whom the village Kintoor is named used to offer flowers from this tree to worship Lord Shiva. It is also said that Lord [[Krishna]] brought this tree from heaven to please his wife [[Satyabhama]].{{Sfn|Wickens|2008|p=61}}

Kalpalatha is another wish fulfilling tree, a creeper, which was extolled during the later part of the Aryan period. It is said that a person standing below this tree would be blessed with beautiful ornaments, dresses and even unmarried girls.{{Sfn|Randhawa|Mukhopadhyay|1986|p=2}}

In [[Thailand]], pink shower tree (''[[Cassia bakeriana]]'') is also called the Kalpavriksha or Kanlapaphruek in local dialect. It is believed to be the tree of success.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kaset.today/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%89/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%8C/|work=Kasettoday|language=thai|title=กัลปพฤกษ์ ไม้มงคลแห่งความสำเร็จ}}</ref>

== Iconography ==
[[File:Cinatamani Lokesvara with a kaprabrikshya (wish-fulfilling tree), view 1, Nepal, 19th century, gilt bronze, semiprecious stones - Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive - DSC04009.JPG|thumb|upright|Cinatamani [[Lokesvara]] with a kaprabrikshya, 19th century, gilt bronze, semiprecious stones]]
In [[iconography]], Kalpavriksha, the wish-fulfilling tree, is painted within a picture of a landscape, decorated with flowers, silks, and suspended with jewellery.{{Sfn|Beer|2003|p=19}} It is a pattern which has a prominent symbolic meaning.{{Sfn|Agrawala|2003|p=87}} Ornamental Kalpavriksha design was a feature that was adopted on the reverse of the coins and sculptures in the [[Gupta period]].{{Sfn|Bajpai|2004|p=152}}

Kalpavriksha is also dated to the [[Dharmachakra]] period of Buddhism. The paintings of this period depicting the tree with various branches and leaves have a female figure painted on its top part. The female figure is painted from mast upwards holding a bowl in her hand. Similar depiction of female figure with tree representing it as presiding deity was a notable feature during the [[Sunga period]] as seen in the image of "Salabhanvka" in the railing pillars.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Journal of the Bihar Purāvid Parishad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wlluAAAAMAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Bihar Puravid Parishad.|page=302}}</ref>

In most paintings of Kalpavriksha Shiva and Parvati are a common feature. It forms a canopy over Shiva. In one painting Paravati is paying obeisance to Lord Shiva with her hands held up in adoration when she is blessed with a stream of water from the Kalpavriksha.{{Sfn|Dehejia|1999|p=96}}

== Literature ==
A Kalpavriksha is mentioned in the Sanskrit work [[Shilpa Shastras|Mānāsara]] as a royal insignia. In [[Hemādri]]'s work ''Caturvargacīntama'', the Kalpavriksha is said to be a tree of gold and gem stones.<ref name="BlenchSpriggs2003">{{cite book|author1=Roger Blench|author2=Matthew Spriggs|title=Archaeology and Language IV: Language Change and Cultural Transformation|url={{google books|plainurl=y |id=NUvnqjutFmoC}}|date=2 September 2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-81623-1}}</ref>

In poetry Kalpavriksha is compared to [[Lakshmi]] as its sister emerging from the sea. It is born to the Naga King Kumuda, the fifth descendant of [[Takshaka]], along with his sister Kumudavati. It emerged from below the bed of the [[Sarayu River (Ayodhya)|Sarayu river]] challenging Kusa considered an incarnation of [[Vishnu]] just in the disguise as a son.{{Sfn|Sivaramamurti|1980|p=74}}

[[Kalidasa]], in his poetry ''[[Meghadūta]]'' epitomizing wish-fulfilling trees found in the capital of the Yaksha king extols the virtues of Kalpavriksha as "the dainties and fineries for the fair women of Alaka, coloured clothes for the body, intoxicating drinks for exciting glances of the eyes, and flowers for decorating the hair and ornaments of various designs".{{Sfn|Cunningham|1962|p=viii}}

== See also ==
* Hindu- Buddhism related
** [[Kalpataru Day]]
** [[Cassia fistula]], the Golden Shower Tree which is special in Thai culture.
** ''[[Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend]]''
* Sacred related
***[[Akshayavata]]
** [[Sacred trees]]
*** [[Bodhi Tree]]
*** [[List of Banyan trees in India|Largest Banyan trees]]
*** [[Sacred groves]]
*** [[Sacred groves of India]]
*** [[Trees in mythology]]
*** [[Tree worship]]
** [[Sacred mountains]]
** [[Sacred natural site]]
** [[River#Sacred|Sacred rivers]]
** [[Sacred site]]
* General
** [[Tree of life]]

== References ==
{{commons}}
=== Notes ===
{{reflist|group=note}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
*{{cite book|last= Agrawala |first=Vasudeva Sharana |title=Studies in Indian Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QCblAAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Vishwavidyalaya Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7124-335-8}}
*{{cite book|last= Bajpai |first=K. D. |title=Indian Numismatic Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chGrJUMarHoC&pg=PA152|date=1 October 2004|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-035-8}}
*{{cite book|last= Beer |first=Robert |title=The Handbook of Tibetan Buddhist Symbols|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3804Ud9-4IC&pg=PA193|year=2003|publisher=Serindia Publications, Inc.|isbn=978-1-932476-03-3}}
*{{cite book|last= Cunningham |first=Sir Alexander |title=The Stūpa of Bharhut: A Buddhist Monument Ornamented with Numerous Sculptures Illustrated [sic] of Buddhist Legend and History in the Third Century B.C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eABuAAAAMAAJ|year=1962|publisher=Indological Book House}}
*{{cite book|last= Dalal |first=Roshen |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT120|date=18 April 2014|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-277-9}}
*{{cite book|last= Dehejia |first=Harsha V. |title=Parvati: Goddess of Love|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Njk0OSw_VYQC&pg=PA96|date=1 January 1999|publisher=Mapin Publishing Pvt Ltd|isbn=81-85822-59-X}}
*{{cite book|last= Gupta |first=Shakti M. |title=Plant Myths and Traditions in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dA2BAAAAMAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers}}
*{{cite book|last= Jha |first=Ashok Kumar |title=Meghadutam: Translated Into English in Vers Libre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VvINc-YUOckC|date=July 2013|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1-4669-9158-3}}
*{{cite book|last= Nair |first=Shantha N. |title=The Holy Himalayas: An Abode of Hindu Gods : a Journey Through the Mighty Himalayas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gx7Q9HULxUwC&pg=PA65|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Pustak Mahal|isbn=978-81-223-0967-6}}
*{{cite book|last= Padma |first=Sree |title=Vicissitudes of the Goddess: Reconstructions of the Gramadevata in India's Religious Traditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CIhoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83|date=17 September 2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-932504-7}}
*{{cite book|last= Randhawa |first=Mohinder Singh |title=The cult of trees and tree-worship in Buddhist-Hindu sculpture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2BE3AQAAIAAJ|year=1964|publisher=All India Fine Arts & Crafts Society}}
*{{cite book | editor-first = Gurcharan Singh |editor-last=Randhawa |editor-first2= Amitabha |editor-last2=Mukhopadhyay | title=Floriculture in India | year = 1986 | publisher=Allied Publishers | isbn=978-81-7023-057-1 }}
*{{cite book|last= Rastogī |first=Rekhā |title=Let Us Identify The Useful Trees(New)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eL8RlQBNRjoC&pg=PA53|year=2008|publisher=Children's Book Trust|isbn=978-81-7011-919-7}}
*{{cite book|last1= Samarth |first1=Shree Swami |last2= Kendra |first2=Vishwa Kalyan |title=Guru Charitra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVIowvxU6g4C&pg=PA173|date=1 August 2008|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-81-207-3348-0}}
* {{citation |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath |author-link=Vilas Adinath Sangave |title=Jain Community: A Social Survey |url={{Google books|FWdWrRGV_t8C|plainurl=yes}} |date=1980 |publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]] |location=Bombay |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-317-12346-3 }}
*{{cite book|last= Sivaramamurti |first=C. |title=Approach to Nature in Indian Art and Thought|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLGfAAAAMAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Kanak Publications}}
*{{cite book|last=Sivkishen|title=Kingdom of Shiva|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kmVZBgAAQBAJ|date=23 January 2015|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-81-288-3028-0}}
*{{cite book|last= Toole |first=S. J. |title=Origin Myth of Me: Reflections of Our Origins Creation of the Lulu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9KI5CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT73|date=23 June 2015|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-1-329-22607-4}}
*{{cite book|last= Wickens |first=G.E. |title=The Baobabs: Pachycauls of Africa, Madagascar and Australia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vu9ZX3NWPYIC|date=2 March 2008|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4020-6431-9}}
* {{citation |last=Shah |first=Umakant P. |title=Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_y_P4duSXsC |date=1987 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=81-7017-208-X |ref={{sfnref|Umakant P. Shah|1987}} }}

{{HinduMythology}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sacred trees in Hinduism]]

St. Mary's Cathedral, Jammu

2026-01-22T18:25:24Z

Chakravarthy: creating a pg more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox church
| denomination = [[Roman Catholic]]
| fullname = St. Mary's Cathedral
| other name = Garrison Church
| native_name = سینٹ میری کا کیتھیڈرل
| image =
| imagesize =
| imagealt =
| caption =
| pushpin map =
| pushpin label position =
| pushpin map alt =
| country = [[India]]
| location = [[Jammu Cantonment]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]
| previous denomination =
| churchmanship =
| membership =
| attendance =
| website = 
| former name =
| bull date = 1986
| founded date = {{start date and age|df=yes|1989|11|25}}
| founder = [[Hippolytus Anthony Kunnunkal]]
| dedication = [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary]]
| dedicated date =
| consecrated date =
| past bishop = [[Peter Celestine Elampassery]]
| functional status = Active
| bells hung = 1
| parish = St. Mary's Parish
| archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Delhi]]
| diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jammu–Srinagar]]
| archbishop = [[Anil Joseph Thomas Couto]]
| bishop = [[Ivan Pereira]]
| vicar = Fr. Jose Vadakkel
| chancellor = Fr. Joshy Mathew
}}
The '''St. Mary's Cathedral,''' also called '''Garrison Church''', is a [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] cathedral church located in [[Jammu city|Jammu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]. The cathedral is the [[Mother_church#Cathedral|mother church]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jammu–Srinagar|Diocese of Jammu-Srinagar]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNQlAQAAIAAJ |title=The Catholic Directory of India |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=St. Paul Publications. |language=en}}</ref>

It was founded in 1986 by Bishop [[Hippolytus Anthony Kunnunkal]], following with the diocese's elevation by [[Pope John Paul II]]'s [[apostolic constitution]] ''Qui Sanctissimi Numinis''.

==History==

Pope John Paul II 1986 apostolic constitution, ''Qui Sanctissimi Numinis'', established the Diocese of Jammu-Srinigar from the [[Apostolic Prefecture of Kafiristan and Kashmir]] in response to the church's noticeable expansion and growth in the region.<ref>{{Citation | author = John Paul II | date = March 10, 1986 | title = Qui Sanctissimi Numinis | type = Apostolic constitution | language = Latin | url = https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/la/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19860310_iammuensis-srinagarensis.html}}</ref> The seat of this new diocese was transferred to St. Mary's Cathedral from the seat of the Prefecture, [[Holy Family Catholic Church (Srinagar)|Holy Family Catholic Church]], in the same year under the guidance of the first diocese's first bishop, Hippolytus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diocese of Jammu Srinagar {{!}} History |url = https://jammusrinagardiocese.org/pages/history |website = jammusrinagardiocese.org |access-date = 2022-11-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=D'Souza |first=Daniel Anthony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mgTZAAAAMAAJ |title=Implanting of the Capuchin Order in North India, 1965-1980: Agra, Lucknow, Ranchi Mission (Capuchin-north-east Mission) |date=1996-01-01 |publisher=Holy Family Friary |language=en}}</ref>

The cathedral parish also includes three sites beyond St. Mary's Cathedral: St. Thomas Church, St. Joseph's Church, and St. John Mary Vianney.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diocese of Jammu Srinagar {{!}} St. Mary's Cathedral |url = https://jammusrinagardiocese.org/Parish/43 |website = jammusrinagardiocese.org |access-date = 2022-11-02}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Roman Catholicism in India]]
*[[List of cathedrals in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:St. Mary's Cathedral, Church}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic cathedrals in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Jammu (city)]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Jammu and Kashmir]]

{{India-RC-cathedral-stub}}

Araria (community development block)

2026-01-21T13:06:53Z

Chakravarthy: Made new data needs work.

{{Short description|Community development block in Araria district, Bihar, India}}
{{for|other places with same/similar name|Araria (disambiguation)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Araria
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Community development block in India|CD Block]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Araria]] (town)
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = Bihar
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Araria district|Araria]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Subdivisions of Bihar|Subdivision]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Araria subdivision|Araria]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Community development block|Community development]]
| governing_body = Araria Block
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Main
| demographics1_info1 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 =
}}
'''Araria''' is a [[Community development block]] and a town in district of [[Araria district|Araria]], in [[Bihar]] state of India. It is one out of 6 blocks of [[Araria subdivision]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Subdivision & Blocks :: Araria District |url=https://araria.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/ |access-date=22 August 2021}}</ref> The headquarter of the block is at [[Araria]] town.

The block is divided into many [[Gram Panchayat|Village Council]]s and villages.

==Etymology==
During the [[British Raj]] the area was under the administration of a British district collector and municipal commissioner, Alexander John Forbes (1807-1890) of [[East India Company]]. Forbes had a bungalow at the same location. Consequently, the area was known as 'residential area' also abbreviated as 'R-area'. Over time the name transformed to 'Araria' and the neighbouring subdivision came to be known as '[[Forbesganj subdivision|Forbesganj]]'.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prasad |first1=Bhuvaneshwar |last2=Agrawal |first2=Rajendra |title=Telecom racket busted in sleepy Araria district of Bihar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Telecom-racket-busted-in-sleepy-Araria-district-of-Bihar/articleshow/19232676.cms |access-date=23 August 2021 |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN |date=27 March 2013 |language=en}}</ref>

==Gram Panchayats==
Gram panchayats of Araria block in [[Araria subdivision]], [[Araria district]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://araria.nic.in/village-panchayats/ |title= Village & Panchayats |date= |website= www.araria.nic.in |publisher= }}</ref>

==Politics==
[[Araria (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] is the [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency representing Araria (community development block). The same constituency also includes [[Araria]] nagar parishad.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref> [[Avidur Rahman]] from [[Indian National Congress]] is the MLA elected in the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]].

Araria (Vidhan Sabha constituency) is part of No 9 [[Araria (Lok Sabha constituency)]] (SC).<ref name=commission/> [[Pradeep Kumar Singh]], BJP is the MP elected in the [[2019 Indian general election]].

==See also==
*[[Administration in Bihar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Blocks of Araria district}}
{{Purnia Division topics}}

{{coord missing|Bihar}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Araria district]]

{{Araria-geo-stub}}

Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (India)

2026-01-18T09:02:04Z

Chakravarthy: fix content for accuracy and improved wording per sources

{{Short description|Indian military office}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Vice Chief
| body = the Naval Staff
| native_name =
| insignia =
| insigniasize =
| insigniacaption =
| flag = Vice Admiral ensign of Indian Navy.svg
| flagsize = 150
| flagborder = yes
| flagcaption = Flag of the Vice Admiral
| image = File:Vice_Admiral_Sanjay_Vatsayan.jpg
| imagesize = 230px
| alt =
| incumbent = [[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Sanjay Vatsayan]]
| acting =
| incumbentsince = 1 August 2025
| department = {{Navy|India}}
| style =
| type = Principal Staff Officer
| status = Vice Chief
| abbreviation = VCNS
| member_of =
| reports_to = [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]]
| residence =
| seat = Naval Headquarters, [[New Delhi]]
| nominator =
| appointer =
| appointer_qualified =
| termlength =
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument =
| precursor =
| formation = 11 May 1967
| first = [[Sourendra Nath Kohli]]
| last =
| abolished =
| succession =
| unofficial_names =
| deputy =
| salary =
| website =
}}
The '''Vice Chief of the Naval Staff''' (VCNS) is a statutory position in the [[Indian Armed Forces]], that is usually held by a three star [[vice admiral]]. The Vice Chief is the deputy of the Chief of the Naval Staff and is usually the second highest ranking officer of the [[Indian Navy]]. The current VCNS is [[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Sanjay Vatsayan]] who took over from [[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Krishna Swaminathan]] on 1 August 2025.

==History==
At the time of [[independence of India]] on 15 August 1947, the Chief of Staff to the [[Chief_of_the_Naval_Staff_(India)#Commander-in-Chief,_Royal_Indian_Navy_(1947–1948)|Commander-in-Chief]], [[Royal Indian Navy]] was the de facto [[Second-in-command]]. The appointment was held by an officer of the rank of [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]]. In 1949, the Chief of Staff was also made Deputy Commander-in-Chief RIN.<ref>{{cite web |title=NHQ REORGANISATION |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1949-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1949-02-03_040.pdf |website=pibarchive.nic.in |date=3 February 1949}}</ref> In 1955, the post was re-designated [[Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nanda |first1=S M |title=The man who bombed Karachi : a memoir |date=October 2015 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India |isbn=978-8172235628 |page=113}}</ref> In 1959, the post was upgraded to [[Two-star rank]].<ref name="radm">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Navy Branch) |page=124 |date=23 May 1959 |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1959/O-1985-1959-0021-89539.pdf|publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>

On 11 May 1967, the office was re-designated to '''Vice Chief of the Naval Staff''', in line with the [[Indian Army]] and [[Indian Air Force]]. It was first held by [[Sourendra Nath Kohli]]. The appointment was then in the two-star rank of rear admiral.<ref name="Kohli_first">{{cite web|title=Admiral Kohli First Naval Vice-Chief|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1967-JAN-JUNE-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1967-05-11_158.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=11 May 1967|access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> On 12 December 1967, [[Nilakanta Krishnan]] succeeded Kohli as VCNS, with the office being raised to the three-star rank of Vice-Admiral in March 1969.<ref name="VADM">{{cite web|title=Rear Admiral Krishnan Promoted Vice-Admiral|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1969-JAN-JUNE-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-VOLK-I/PDF/DEF-1969-03-27_138.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=27 March 1969|access-date=2 February 2020}}</ref>

==Organisation==
The VCNS heads the Staff Branch-I at the Naval Headquarters. The following Directors General/Controllers/Assistant Principal Staff Officers report into the VCNS.<ref>{{cite web |title=Staff Branch-I {{!}} Indian Navy |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/staff-branch-i |website=www.indiannavy.nic.in}}</ref>
* [[Chief Hydrographer]]
* [[Inspector General Nuclear Safety]] (IGNS)
* Controller Warship Production & Acquisition (CWP&A)
* [[Director General Project Seabird]]
* [[Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff]] (Policy & Plans)
* [[Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff]] (Staff Requirements)
* Principal Director Naval Plans (PDNP)
* Integrated Financial Advisor (Navy)
* Director General of Naval Armament (DGONA)
* Director General Naval Armament Inspectorate (DGNAI)
* Scientific Adviser to the Chief of the Naval Staff (SA to CNS)

==Order of precedence==
The VCNS ranks at No. 23 on the [[Indian order of precedence]], along with the Vice Chiefs of Staff of the [[Indian Army]] and [[Indian Air Force]] and the Army Commanders (GOC-in-C), Naval Commanders (FOC-in-C) and Air Commanders (AOC-in-C).<ref name="rajyasabha">{{cite web |work=Office of the President of India |publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]] |access-date=2010-08-05 |date=1979-08-26 |url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/guidline_govt_mp/chap11.pdf |title=President's Secretariat}}</ref> The VCNS is at the Apex Pay grade (Grade 17), with a monthly pay of ₹225,000 (US$3,200).<ref>{{cite web |title=Report of the 7th Central Pay committee |url=http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf |date=20 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120092637/http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf |archive-date=20 November 2015 }}</ref>

== Appointees ==
The following table chronicles the appointees to the office of the Vice Chief of the Naval Staff.
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width: 20px;" |S.No.
! scope="col" style="width: 180px;"| Photo
! scope="col" style="width: 500px;" | Name
! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | Assumed office
! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | Left office
! scope="col" style="width: 600px;" | Notes
|-
|1
|[[File:Adm_SN_Kohli.jpg|frameless|160x160px]]
|[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Sourendra Nath Kohli]]
|11 May 1967
|11 December 1967
|Later [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref name="Kohli_first"/>
|-
|2
|
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Nilakanta Krishnan]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}, {{small|{{postnominals|country=GBR|sep=,|DSC}}}}
|12 December 1967 {{refn|Appointed as rear admiral, appointment raised to the rank of vice-admiral 26 March 1969.<ref name="VADM"/>|group= n}}
|20 February 1970
|Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief [[Eastern Naval Command]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]].<ref>{{cite web|title=New Naval Appointments|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1970-JAN-MAY-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1970-02-20_073.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=20 February 1970|access-date=9 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Navy Branch) |page=440 |date=3 May 1969 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|3
|
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Jal Cursetji]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}
|20 February 1970
|26 February 1973
|Later [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Admiral Cursetji to Head Western Naval Command|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1973-JAN-MAY-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1973-02-14_083.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=14 February 1973|access-date=9 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|4
|[[File:VAdm_V_A_Kamath.jpg|frameless|160x160px]]
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[V. A. Kamath]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM}}}}
|31 March 1973
|31 March 1977
|Later [[Director General of the Indian Coast Guard]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Admiral Kamath to be Naval Vice Chief|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1973-JAN-MAY-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1973-03-21_118.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=21 March 1973|access-date=9 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|5
|[[File:Ronald-lynsdale-pereira.jpg|frameless|160x160px]]
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Ronald Lynsdale Pereira]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM}}}}
|5 April 1977
|28 February 1979
||Later [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Admiral Pereira Takes Over as Vice Chief of Naval Staff|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1977-JAN-JULY-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-PART-I/PDF/DEF-1977-04-05_070.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=5 April 1977|access-date=9 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|6
|[[File:VAdm_Swaraj_Parkash.jpg|frameless|160x160px]]
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Swaraj Parkash]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|MVC|AVSM}}}}
|1 March 1979
|31 March 1980
|Later [[Director General of the Indian Coast Guard]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Vice Admiral Swaraj Parkash To Take Over as Vice Chief of the Naval Staff|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1979-JAN-MAY-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-PART-I/PDF/DEF-1979-02-22_092.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=22 February 1979|access-date=9 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|7
|[[File:VAdm_M_R_Schunker.jpg|frameless|160x160px]]
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[M. R. Schunker]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|1 April 1980
|1 March 1982
|Later [[Director General of the Indian Coast Guard]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Vice Admiral Schunker Takes Over as Vice Chief of the Naval Staff|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1980-JAN-JUNE-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1980-04-01_126.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=1 April 1980|access-date=9 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|8
|
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] Sardari Lal Sethi {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|NM}}}}
|1 March 1982
|30 May 1983
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Admiral Sethi Appointed Vice Chief of Naval Staff|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1982-JAN-JUNE-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1982-02-25_107.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=25 February 1982|access-date=9 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Senior Naval Appointments From March 1, 1982|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1982-JAN-JUNE-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1982-02-04_071.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=4 February 1982|access-date=9 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|9
|
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] Subimal Mookerjee {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM}}}}
|31 May 1983
|29 April 1984
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Admiral Mookerjee Appointed Vice Chief of Naval Staff|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1983-JAN-JUNE-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1983-05-30_195.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=30 May 1983|access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|10
|[[File:Admiral_Radhakrishna_Hariram_Tahiliani.jpg|frameless|160x160px]]
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Radhakrishna Hariram Tahiliani]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|2 May 1984
|27 November 1984
|Later [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Vice Admiral Tahiliani New Vice Chief of Naval Staff|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1984-JAN-JUNE-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1984-05-01_161.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=1 May 1984|access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|11
|
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] K. K. Nayyar {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|28 November 1984
|28 February 1986
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Vice Admiral Nayyar New Vice Chief of Naval Staff|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1984-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1984-11-27_176.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=27 November 1984|access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|12
|[[File:Jayant_Nadkarni.jpg|frameless|160x160px]]
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Jayant Ganpat Nadkarni]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|NM|VSM}}}}
|28 February 1986
|30 November 1987
|Later [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Vice Admiral Nadkarni New Vice Chief of Navy|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1986-JAN-JULY-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1986-02-27_123.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=27 February 1986|access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Admiral Nadkarni to Take Over as New Naval Chief|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1987-JULY-DEC-DEFENCE-/PDF/DEF-1987-11-29_154.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=29 November 1987|access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|13
|
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Gulab Mohanlal Hiranandani]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|NM}}}}
|8 December 1987
|28 February 1989
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Vice Chief of Navy Takes Over|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1987-JULY-DEC-DEFENCE-/PDF/DEF-1987-12-08_164.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=8 December 1987|access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|14
|
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] S. C. Chopra {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|NM}}}}
|28 February 1989
|30 June 1990
|Later Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief [[Eastern Naval Command]].<ref>{{cite web|title=New Vice Chief Takes Over|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1989-JAN-JUNE-DEFENCE-I/PDF/DEF-1989-02-28_078.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=28 February 1989|access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|15
|
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] H. Johnson {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|VSM}}}}
|30 June 1990
|31 December 1990
|<ref>{{cite web|title=New Vice Chief For Navy|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1990-JAN-JUNE-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-VOL-I/PDF/DEF-1990-06-13_158.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=13 June 1990|access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=New Vice Chief, Flag Officer Commanders-in-Chief and Deputy Chief For Indian Navy|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1990-JULY-DEC-DEFENCE-II/PDF/DEF-1990-12-28_181.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=28 December 1990|access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|16
|
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] Suren P. Govil {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|31 December 1990
|31 October 1992
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Vice Admiral Govil Retires|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1992-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1992-10-30_256.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=30 October 1992|access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|17
|[[File:Admiral_Vijai_Singh_Shekhawat.png|frameless|160x160px]]
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Vijai Singh Shekhawat]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VrC}}}}
|31 October 1992
|30 September 1993
|Later [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Change of Guard at Naval Headquarters|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1992-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1992-10-31_251.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=31 October 1992|access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|18
|
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] S. K. Chand {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|15 October 1993
|30 November 1995
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Vice Admiral SK Chand PVSM AVSM ADC - Vice Chief of the Naval Staff Retires Today|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1995-DEFENCE%20(2)/PDF/DEF-1995-11-30_167.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=30 November 1995|access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|19
|
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] Kailash K. Kohli {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM}}}}
|30 November 1995
|19 October 1996
|Later [[Director General of the Indian Coast Guard]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Admiral Kohli Appointed As New Vice Chief of Indian Navy|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1995-DEFENCE%20(2)/PDF/DEF-1995-11-23_162.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=23 November 1995|access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|20
|[[File:Admiral_Sushil_Kumar.jpg|frameless|160x160px]]
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Sushil Kumar (admiral)|Sushil Kumar]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|UYSM|AVSM|NM}}}}
|19 October 1996
|31 March 1998
|Later [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Navy Vice Chief Appointed|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1996-JULY-DEC-DEFENCE-III/PDF/DEF-1996-10-19_131.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=19 October 1996|access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|21
|
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] P. J. Jacob {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|31 March 1998
|28 February 2001
||<ref name="shake_up">{{cite news |author= |title=Major shake up in naval command structure |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2001/mar/01navy.htm |work=Rediff.com |date=1 March 2001 |access-date=8 February 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|22
|[[File:Admiral_Madhvendra_Singh.jpg|frameless|160x160px]]
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Madhvendra Singh]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|1 March 2001
|1 January 2002
|Later [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref name="shake_up"/>
|-
|23
|[[File:VAdm_JC_De_Silva.jpg|frameless|160x160px]]
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[John Colin De Silva]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|1 January 2002
|30 September 2003
||<ref>{{cite web |title=VICE ADMIRAL JOHN C DESILVA, PVSM, AVSM, ADC VICE CHIEF OF THE NAVAL STAFF RETIRES |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/newsite/archivepage.aspx |website=pibarchive.nic.in}}</ref>
|-
|24
|[[File:Arun_Prakash.jpg|frameless|160x160px]]
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Arun Prakash]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VrC|VSM}}}}
|17 October 2003
|30 July 2004
|Later [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=1868|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=2017-10-30}}</ref>
|-
|25
|
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] Yashwant Prasad {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|30 July 2004
|31 October 2005
|<ref>{{cite book |date=2004 |title=Competition Science Vision |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zegDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA854 |location=Agra |publisher=Pratiyogita Darpan |page=854 }}</ref>
|-
|26
|
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] Venkat Bharathan {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|31 October 2005
|30 November 2006
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Senior Naval Appointments Announced|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=11492|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=23 August 2005|access-date=7 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|27
|[[File:Admiral_Verma.jpg|frameless|160x160px]]
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Nirmal Kumar Verma]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|30 November 2006
|1 April 2008
|Later [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=49086|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=2017-10-30}}</ref>
|-
|28
|
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] R. P. Suthan
|30 April 2008
|30 July 2009
|Later Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief [[Eastern Naval Command]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.timescontent.com/tss/showcase/preview-buy/75740/News/Vice-Admiral-R-P-Suthan.html|title=New Vice Admiral R P Suthan}}</ref>
|-
|29
|
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] D. K. Dewan
|1 September 2009
|30 August 2011
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://brahmand.com/news/Vice-Admiral-Dewan-takes-over-a-Vice-Chief-of-Naval-Staff/1921/1/12.html|title=Vice Admiral Dewan takes over a Vice Chief of Naval Staff {{!}} Brahmand News|website=brahmand.com|access-date=2017-10-30}}</ref>
|-
|30
|[[File:CNS_Adm._Robin_K._Dhowan.jpg|frameless|160x160px]]
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Robin K. Dhowan]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|YSM}}}}
|31 August 2011
|16 April 2014
|Later [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140425/nation-current-affairs/article/vice-admiral-sunil-lamba-may-be-next-navy-vice-chief|title=Vice Admiral Sunil Lamba may be the next navy Vice-chief|date=2014-04-25|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=2017-10-30|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/vice-admiral-dhowan-to-take-over-as-vice-chief-of-navy-10331.html|title=Vice Admiral Dhowan To Take Over As Vice Chief Of Navy|access-date=2017-10-30|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|31
|[[File:Admiral_Sunil_Lanba,_PVSM,_AVSM,_ADC,_Chairman_COSC_and_Chief_of_the_Naval_Staff,_Indian_Navy.jpg|frameless|160x160px]]
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Sunil Lanba]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|2 June 2014
|30 March 2015
|Later [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/vice-admiral-sunil-lanba-appointed-new-vice-chief-of-naval-staff-1551347.html|title=Vice Admiral Sunil Lanba appointed new Vice Chief of Naval Staff|date=2014-05-31|work=Firstpost|access-date=2017-10-30|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/vice-admiral-sunil-lanba-takes-over-vcns|title=Vice Admiral Sunil Lanba takes over as VCNS {{!}} Indian Navy|website=www.indiannavy.nic.in|language=en|access-date=2017-10-30}}</ref>
|-
|32
|[[File:Vice_Admiral_P._Murugesan,_AVSM,_VSM.jpg|frameless|160x160px]]
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Parasurama Naidu Murugesan]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|31 March 2015
|30 May 2016
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-indian-navy-aspires-to-achieve-90-self-reliance-in-production-of-warships-says-vice-admiral-murugesan-2188158|title=Indian Navy aspires to achieve 90% self-reliance in production of warships, says Vice Admiral Murugesan {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|website=dna|language=en-US|access-date=2016-04-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=117850|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=2017-10-30}}</ref>
|-
|33
|
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Karambir Singh]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}}}
|31 May 2016
|30 October 2017
|Later [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/vice-admiral-karambir-singh-avsm-assumes-charge-vice-chief-naval-staff|title=Vice Admiral Karambir Singh, AVSM assumes charge as Vice Chief of Naval Staff {{!}} Indian Navy|website=www.indiannavy.nic.in|language=en|access-date=2017-10-30}}</ref>
|-
|34
|[[File:Ajit_Kumar_P.png|frameless|160x160px]]
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Ajit Kumar P]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|30 October 2017
|30 January 2019
|Later Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief [[Western Naval Command]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx|title=Press Information Bureau|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2017-10-30}}</ref>
|-
|35
|[[File:Vice_Admiral_G_Ashok_Kumar,_AVSM,_VSM_assumes_charge_as_Vice_Chief_of_the_Naval_Staff,_Indian_Navy.jpg|frameless|160x160px]]
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[G. Ashok Kumar]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|30 January 2019
|31 July 2021
|<ref name="Vice Admiral G Ashok Kumar assumes charge as Vice Chief of the Naval Staff">{{cite web |title=Vice Admiral G Ashok Kumar assumes charge as Vice Chief of the Naval Staff |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/vice-admiral-g-ashok-kumar-assumes-charge-as-vice-chief-of-the-naval-staff-2175393.html |website=Zee News |access-date=30 January 2019 |date=30 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
|36
|[[File:Vice_Chief_of_Naval_Staff_(VCNS)_Vice_Admiral_SN_Ghormade,_AVSM,_NM.jpg|frameless|160x160px]]
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Satish Namdeo Ghormade]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|NM |ADC}}}}
|31 July 2021
|31 March 2023
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.seaandcoast.in/News/30719/superannuation-of-vice-admiral-sn-ghormade-vice-chief-of-naval-staff|title=SUPERANNUATION OF VICE ADMIRAL SN GHORMADE, VICE CHIEF OF NAVAL STAFF|publisher=Sea and Coast|date=2023-03-31}}</ref>
|-
|37
|[[File:Vice_Admiral_Sanjay_Jasjit_Singh_FOCinC_WNC.jpg|frameless|160x160px]]
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Sanjay Jasjit Singh]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|NM}}}}
|1 April 2023
|31 December 2023
|Later Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief [[Western Naval Command]]<ref>{{cite web |title=VICE ADMIRAL SANJAY J SINGH TAKES OVER AS FLAG OFFICER COMMANDING-IN-CHIEF, WESTERN NAVAL COMMAND |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1992829 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=4 January 2024|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|38
|[[File:Vice_Admiral_Dinesh_K_Tripathi,_AVSM,_NM,_VNCS.jpg|frameless|160x160px]]
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Dinesh K Tripathi]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|NM}}}}
|4 January 2024
|30 April 2024
|Present [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]].<ref name="HT-051223">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/highlyrated-vice-admiral-dinesh-tripathi-to-become-indias-new-vice-chief-of-navy-staff-101701746008487.html|title=Vice Admiral Dinesh Tripathi to become India's new Vice Chief of Navy Staff|first=Kunal|last=Gaurav|date=2023-12-05}}</ref>
|-
|39
|[[File:Vice_Admiral_Krishna_Swaminathan_VCNS.jpg|frameless|160x160px]]
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Krishna Swaminathan]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|VSM}}}}
|1 May 2024
|31 July 2025
|Current Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief [[Western Naval Command]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=VICE ADMIRAL KRISHNA SWAMINATHAN, AVSM, VSM ASSUMED CHARGE AS VICE CHIEF OF THE NAVAL STAFF |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=2019267 |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=pib.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|40
|[[File:Vice_Admiral_Sanjay_Vatsayan.jpg|frameless|160x160px]]
|[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Sanjay Vatsayan]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|NM}}}}
|1 August 2025
|Present
|<ref>{{cite web |title=HQ IDS |url=https://x.com/HQ_IDS_India/status/1950889214549086696 |website=x.com |access-date=31 July 2025}}</ref>
|-->
|}

==See also==
* [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]]
* [[Vice Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Air Staff]]
* [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]]
* [[Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|50em|group=n}}

<nowiki>**</nowiki> Went on to become [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Navy}}

{{Commons category|Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (India)}}

[[Category:Vice chiefs of Naval Staff (India)]]
[[Category:Vice chiefs of staff]]
[[Category:Indian military appointments]]
[[Category:Indian Navy appointments]]

Roop – Mard Ka Naya Swaroop

2025-12-30T00:17:43Z

Chakravarthy: Put up data.

{{short description|Indian television drama }}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Roop Mard Ka Naya Swaroop.png
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator = Rashmi Sharma
| based_on =
| writer = {{ubl|Rashmi Sharma | Shanti Bhushan | Jyoti (Tandon) Sekhri}}
| director =
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Shashank Vyas]]|[[Donal Bisht]]}}
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 253
| producer = Rashmi Sharma
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20 minutes
| company = Rashmi Sharma Telefilms Limited
| channel = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2018|5|28}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2019|5|17}}
}}

'''''Roop – Mard Ka Naya Swaroop''''' ({{Translation|''Roop – New Form of Man''}}) is an Indian television series that aired on [[Colors TV]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/entertainment/colors-tv-launches-new-show-roop-with-rashmi-sharma-productions-23679|title=Colors launches new show Roop – Mard ka Naya Swaroop|work=Mumbai Live|date=18 May 2018 }}</ref> from 28 May 2018 to 17 May 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tv-show-roop-mard-ka-naya-swaroop-to-end-next-month/articleshow/68906816.cms|title=TV show 'Roop — Mard Ka Naya Swaroop' to end next month - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-05-05|last1=Maheshwri |first1=Neha }}</ref> The series challenges stereotypes and aims to redefine the new age man, who doesn't consider being sensitive a sign of femininity.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/roop-mard-ka-naya-swaroop-set-to-redefine-the-new-age-man/articleshow/64342531.cms|title='Roop – Mard Ka Naya Swaroop' set to redefine the new age man|work=The Times of India}}</ref> It stars [[Shashank Vyas]] and [[Donal Bisht]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/donal-bisht-to-play-the-lead-in-roop/articleshow/64840300.cms|title=Donal Bisht to play the lead in 'Roop'|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Plot==
Roopendra "Roop" Singh Vaghela is an eight-year-old boy who deals with patriarchal norms of society. He likes cooking, washing and sewing the clothes which are considered female jobs by the orthodox society. Shamsher doesn't want Roop to stay with the women of the house so he decides to send Roop away to a military boarding school.

===15 years later===
Roop returns home and decides to oppose Shamsher's misogynistic views. Roop meets Ishika Patel and falls in love with her. Ranveer, on the other hand, gets attracted to Ishika's beauty and wants to possess her. Roop ends up marrying Ishika while trying to save her from Ranveer. Ishika doesn't trust Roop at first, but later falls for him. Ranveer seeks revenge and kidnaps Ishika. Shamsher kills Ranveer while protecting Roop and Ishika.

Then Ranveer's brother comes to take revenge. Fai baa and Ranveer's brother Shambhu take revenge from shamsher.
Shambhu is taken to jail and Shamsher is taken out from jail. Shamsher starts drinking a lot of alcohol and tries to succeed but Roopendra saves him.
Roop's behaviour helps him to quit drinking.

==Cast and characters==
===Main===
* [[Shashank Vyas]] as Roopendra "Roop" Singh Vaghela — Shamsher and Kamlesh's son; Mahesh and Kaushalya's nephew; Ranveer and Samru's cousin; Ishika's husband (2018–2019)
** [[Affan Khan]] as young Roopendra (2018)
* [[Donal Bisht]] as Ishika Patel Singh Vaghela — Rupesh and Kanchan's daughter; Haren's niece; Dhaval, Praful and Purvi's cousin; Roopendra's wife (2018–2019)

===Recurring===
* [[Yash Tonk]] as Shamsher Singh Vaghela — Mahesh and Kaushalya's brother; Kamlesh's husband; Himani, Jigna, Kinjal and Roopendra's father (2018–2019)
* [[Mitali Nag]] as Kamlesh "Kamla" Kaushik Singh Vaghela — Manav's daughter; Shamsher's wife; Himani, Jigna, Kinjal and Roopendra's mother (2018–2019)
* [[Aanchal Khurana]] as Himani Singh Vaghela Suryavanshi — Shamher and Kamlesh's daughter; Jigna, Kinjal and Roopendra's sister; Mahesh and Kaushalya's niece; Ranveer and Samru's cousin; Himanshu's wife(2018–2019)
** Nikki Sharma as young Himani (2018)
* Gaurav Sharma as Himanshu Suryavanshi — Himani's husband (2018–2019)
* Shubhanshi Singh Raghuvanshi as Jigna Singh Vaghela — Shamsher and Kamlesh's daughter; Himani, Kinjal and Roopendra's sister; Mahesh and Kaushalya's niece; Ranveer and Samru's cousin (2018–2019)
** [[Ananya Agarwal]] as young Jigna (2018)
* Kritika Sharma as Kinjal Singh Vaghela — Shamsher and Kamlesh's daughter; Himani, Jigna and Roopendra's sister; Mahesh and Kaushalya's niece; Ranveer and Samru's cousin (2018–2019)
** Tansheen Shah as young Kinjal (2018)
* [[Neil Bhatt]] as Ranveer Singh Vaghela — Mahesh's son; Samru's brother; Shamsher and Kaushalya's nephew; Himani, Jigna, Kinjal and Roopendra's cousin (2018–2019)
** Ishant Bhanushali as young Ranveer (2018)
* [[Mohammad Nazim]] as Samru Singh Vaghela — Mahesh's son; Ranveer's brother; Shamsher and Kaushalya's nephew; Himani, Jigna, Kinjal and Roopendra's cousin (2019)
* [[Dharti Bhatt]] as Sewa – Roop's suitor (2019)
* [[Chandni Bhagwanani]] as Palak Goradia – Jeetu's daughter; Roop's childhood friend (2018–2019)
** Pakhi Mendola as Young Palak (2018)
* Nikhil Sahni as Hardik (2018)
* [[Vaishali Thakkar]] as Kaushalya "Baisa" Singh Vaghela: Shamsher and Mahesh's sister (2018–2019)
* Swati Shah as Kanchan Patel – Rupesh's wife; Ishika's mother (2018–2019)
* [[Jagat Rawat]] as Rupesh Patel – Haren's brother; Kanchan's husband; Ishika's father (2018–2019)
* Sumati Singh as Purvi Patel – Haren and Sumitra's daughter; Dhaval and Praful's sister; Ishika's cousin (2018–19)
* Rahulram Manchanda as Dhaval Patel – Haren and Sumitra's son; Praful and Purvi's brother; Ishika's cousin; Romila's husband (2018–2019)
* Shraddha Jaiswal as Romila Patel – Dhaval's wife (2018–2019)
* Neha Narang as Vaishnavi Patel – Praful's wife (2018–2019)
* Mandar Jadhav as Praful Patel – Haren and Sumitra's son; Dhaval and Purvi's brother; Ishika's cousin; Vaishnavi's husband (2018–2019)
* [[Rasik Dave]]/[[Shakti Singh (actor)|Shakti Singh]] as Haren Patel – Rupesh's brother; Sumitra's husband; Dhaval, Praful and Purvi's father (2018–2019)
* Alpana Buch as Sumitra Patel – Haren's wife; Dhaval, Praful and Purvi's mother (2018–2019)
* [[Aashish Kaul]] as Jeetu Goradia – Shamsher's friend; Palak's father (2018)
* [[Falaq Naaz]] as Minal – Roop and Palak's school teacher (2018)
* [[Anil Dhawan]] as Manav Kaushik – Kamla's father; Roop, Himani, Jigna and Kinjal's grandfather (2018)
* Iti Kaurav as Vandana – Ishika's friend (2018)

===Special appearances===
*[[Hina Khan]]<ref>{{cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/hina-khan-is-back-on-tv-to-make-guest-appearance-in-roop-mard-ka-naya-swaroop-and-bepannaah/articleshow/65981065.cms|title= Hina Khan is back on TV, to make guest appearance in Roop Mard Ka Naya Swaroop and Bepannaah|work= [[Times of India]]|access-date=28 August 2021}}</ref> as Herself
*[[Sanjeeda Sheikh]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/roop-and-ishika-go-missing-sanjeeda-sheikh-performs-an-item-song-in-colors-show-roop-1279339/|title= Sanjeeda Sheikh performs an item song in Colors' show Roop|work= Bollywoodlife|date= 24 September 2018|access-date=28 August 2021}}</ref> as Herself

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://m.imdb.com/title/tt8569202/ Mard Ka Naya Swaroop] on [[IMDb]]

{{Colors Programmes}}

[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2019 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]

List of Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for Maithili

2025-12-16T18:21:31Z

Chakravarthy: New the entry w/ sources - done

{{Short description|Winners of a literary honour in India}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Awards}}
'''Bal Sahitya Puraskar''' is given each year to writers for their outstanding works in the 24 languages, since 2010.

== Recipients ==
Following is the list of recipients of [[Bal Sahitya Puraskar]] for their works written in [[Maithili language|Maithili]]. The award comprises a cash prize of [[Indian rupee|Rs]]. 50,000 and an engraved copper plaque.<ref name="the quint">{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal, Yuva Puraskar for 2018 |url=https://www.thequint.com/hotwire-text/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-yuva-puraskar-for-2018 |website=www.thequint.com |date=2018-06-22 |access-date=1 December 2022}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Author
! Work
! Genre
! class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2010 || Tara Nand Viyogee || ''Ee Bhetal Tan Ki Bhetal'' || Short Stories ||
|-
| 2011 || Mayanath Jha || ''Jakar Nari Chatur Hoi'' || Short Stories ||
|-
| 2012 || Muralidhar Jha || ''Pilpilha Gachha'' || Short Stories ||
|-
| 2013 || Dhirendra Kumar Jha || ''Hamra Beech Vigyan'' || Essays || <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/e-newsletter/October-December_2013_Newsletter.pdf |title=Fourth Sahitya Akademi Bal Sahitya Puraskar for 2013 were presented to twenty four writers in Indian languages recognised by the Akademi in a grand function held on 15 November 2013 at Goa State Museum Auditorium, Panaji, Goa |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2014 || Jeevakant || ''Hamar Athanni Khaslai Van Me'' || Poetry || <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/e-newsletter/Nov-Dec_2014_NewsLetter.pdf |title=Bal Sahitya Puraskar November 2014, Awards Presentation Ceremony |access-date=6 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714091455/http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/e-newsletter/Nov-Dec_2014_NewsLetter.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || Ramdeo Jha || ''Hansani Pan A Bajanta Supari'' || Novel || <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/e-newsletter/sep-dec_2015_NewsLetter.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Newsletter|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=|archive-date=|page=4-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announced Bal Sahitya Puraskar for the year 2015 |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/sahitya-akademi-announced-bal-sahitya-puraskar-for-the-year-2015-1435216949-1 |website=www.jagranjosh.com |date=25 June 2015 |access-date=13 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || Prem Mohan Mishra || ''Bharat Bhagya Vidhata (Part-I)'' || Biography ||
|-
| 2017 || Amlendu Sekhar Pathak || ''Lalgachhi'' || Novel ||
|-
| 2018 || Vaidya Nath Jha || ''Khissa Sunu Bau'' || Short Stories || <ref name="the quint"/>
|-
| 2019 || Rishi Bashistha || ''Ee Phoolak Guldasta'' || Stories ||
|-
| 2020 || Siya Ram Jha 'Saras' || ''Sonahula Ijotwala Khidki'' || Poetry ||
|-
| 2021 || Anmol Jha || ''Lagi Jo Phool Akash'' || Poetry ||
|-
| 2022 || Virendra Jha || ''Uran Chhoo'' || Short Stories || <ref>{{cite news |title=मराठी भाषेसाठी बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार |url=https://www.adda247.com/mr/jobs/bal-sahitya-puraskar-2022/ |access-date=13 December 2022 |work=www.adda247.com |date=3 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || Akshay Anand 'Sunny' || ''Ol Katra, Jhol Katra'' || Poetry || <ref>{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2023 |url=https://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_BSP-2023.pdf |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || Narayanjee || ''Anar'' || Short Stories ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/article68293703.ece |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=www.thehindu.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/articleshow/111018778.cms |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://theprint.in/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/2132795/ |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=theprint.in |date=15 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || Munni Kamat || ''Oudika'' || Short Stories || <ref>{{cite web |title=Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2025 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2138824 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=28 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi 2025: Yuva, Bal Sahitya Puraskar Winners Announced |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-yuva-puraskar-for-2025-3591773 |access-date=28 October 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Arora |first1=Sumit |title=Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2025 Winners Announced |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/bal-sahitya-puraskar-2025-winners-announced-complete-list-of-24-award-recipients/ |access-date=28 October 2025 |agency=Adda 24x7 Current Affairs |date=19 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Maithili]]

== References ==
{{Portal|India|Literature}}

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp Bal Sahitya Puraskar-Sahitya Akademi India - Official Website]
[[Category:Indian literary awards]]
[[Category:Literary awards by language]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian award winners]]
[[Category:Bal Sahitya Puraskar by language]]

Argo (1806 Chittagong ship)

2025-12-11T18:42:23Z

Chakravarthy: Made initial info w/ refs.

{{Short description|Sailing ship wrecked near Tasmania}}
{{other ships|Argo (ship)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2017}}
{{coord|-42.8805|147.3251|display=title}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image =
| image_caption =
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header =
|country=United Kingdom
|flag={{shipboxflag|UKGBI|civil}}
| name =
| owner = Registered in [[Calcutta]] to Payne & Tyrce
| ordered =
| builder = Built at [[Chittagong]],{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=189}} [[India]]
| original_cost =
| laid_down =
| launched = 1806{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=176}}
| acquired =
| commissioned =
| decommissioned =
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| renamed =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| honours =
| captured =
| fate = Disappeared in 1814 off the coast of [[Tasmania]]
| notes =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class =
| tons_burthen = 137,{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=176}} or 150 ([[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]])
| length =
| beam =
| draught =
| draft =
| hold_depth =
| propulsion =
| sail_plan = [[Ship-rigged]]
| complement = Crew of 32
| armament = 4 guns
| notes =
}}
}}
'''''Argo''''' was a merchant ship built in 1806 at [[Chittagong]], present-day [[Bangladesh]]. She was registered in [[Calcutta]] to Payne & Tyrce. She disappeared in 1814 off the coast of [[Tasmania]] after having been "run away with" by [[convicts]].

==Disappearance==
''Argo'', Dixon, master, arrived at [[Port Jackson]] on 22 December 1813 with merchandise from [[Mauritius|Île de France]]. She departed, ostensibly for Île de France, on 14 April 1814.<ref name=ATCJ>{{cite web |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article71247621 |title=Arrival of Vessels at Port Jackson, and their Departure |work=Australian Town and Country Journal, Saturday 3 January 1891, p.16 |date=3 January 1891 |access-date=21 August 2012}}</ref>

In 1814 ''Argo'' illegally departed [[Hobart]] with thirteen or fourteen convicts on board. It was postulated that this was done with the agreement of the master of the ship, John Poor Dixon. At a special commission held on 3 May 1820, the harbour master of Hobart, [[James Kelly (Australian explorer)|Captain James Kelly]], testified that ''Argo'' was never heard of again. It was presumed that she foundered at sea with the loss of all aboard.{{sfnp|Bateson|1972|p=49}}

==Citations==
{{reflist|30em}}
==References==
* {{cite book |first=Charles |last=Bateson |author-link=Charles Bateson |date=1972 |title=Australian Shipwrecks: including vessels wrecked en route to or from Australia, and some strandings |volume=One: 1622–1850 |location=Sydney |publisher=AH and AW Reed |isbn=0-589-07112-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Phipps|first=John |year=1840|title=A Collection of Papers Relative to Ship Building in India ...: Also a Register Comprehending All the Ships ... Built in India to the Present Time ...|publisher=Scott}}
{{1814 shipwrecks}}

[[Category:Shipwrecks of Tasmania]]
[[Category:Sailing ships]]
[[Category:Individual sailing vessels]]
[[Category:Merchant ships of India]]
[[Category:Age of Sail merchant ships of England]]
[[Category:British ships built in India]]
[[Category:Missing ships]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1814]]
[[Category:Ships lost with all hands]]
[[Category:Convictism in Tasmania]]
[[Category:Convict escapees in Australia]]
[[Category:1806 ships]]

{{India-transport-stub}}
{{Merchantship-stub}}

The Third Floor, Inc.

2025-12-09T03:29:10Z

Chakravarthy: further adjusted intro for clarity and corrected details

{{short description|American multimedia company}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = The Third Floor, Inc.
| logo =
| image =
| image_caption =
| type = [[Private company]]
| traded_as =
| ISIN =
| founded = {{Start date and age|2004}}
| founders = {{plainlist|
* Chris Edwards
* Barry Howell
* Eric Carney
* Hiroshi Mori
* Joshua Wassung
* Nick Markel
}}
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people =
| industry = {{unbulleted list|[[Visual effects]]|[[Virtual reality]]}}
| products =
| services =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| num_employees =
| subsid =
| location_city = [[Los Angeles]]
| location_country =
| locations =
| homepage = {{URL|http://thethirdfloorinc.com}}
}}

'''The Third Floor, Inc.''' is an American multimedia company based in [[Los Angeles]]. It was founded by a group of artists that collaborated on ''[[Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith]]'' at [[Lucasfilm]], and named the company after the location where they worked.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.behance.net/gallery/180859/The-Third-Floor-Rebrand|title=The Third Floor rebrand|work=Behance|first=Michelle|last=Hoffmann|date=10 February 2009|accessdate=8 May 2017}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=May 2017}} The company has primarily focused on the previsualization aspect of film, television, game, and themed attraction production; however, as of the mid-2010s, it has been developing and applying expertise in virtual production to support visualization, motion capture, camera layout, and on-set shooting.

== Film and television ==
* ''[[RRR (film)|RRR]]''
* ''[[Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings]]''
* ''[[Godzilla vs. Kong]]''
* ''[[Terminator: Dark Fate]]''
* ''[[Chaos Walking (film)|Chaos Walking]]''
* ''[[Wonder Woman 1984]]''
* ''[[Infinite (film)|Infinite]]''
* ''[[The Tomorrow War]]''
* ''[[Dolittle (film)|Dolittle]]''
* ''[[Black Widow (2021 film)|Black Widow]]''
* ''[[Jungle Cruise (film)|Jungle Cruise]]''
* ''[[Men in Black: International]]''
* ''[[Red Notice (film)|Red Notice]]''
* ''[[Captain Marvel (film)|Captain Marvel]]''
* ''[[Gemini Man (film)|Gemini Man]]''
* ''[[Godzilla: King of the Monsters (2019 film)|Godzilla: King of the Monsters]]''
* ''[[Detective Pikachu (film)|Detective Pikachu]]''
* ''[[Bumblebee (film)|Bumblebee]]''
* ''[[Venom (2018 film)|Venom]]''
* ''[[Avengers: Infinity War]]''
* ''[[Star Wars: The Last Jedi]]''<ref>{{cite web|author=Ian Failes |url=http://vfxvoice.com/the-last-jedi-previs-postvis-and-techvis-explained/ |title=THE LAST JEDI: Previs, Postvis and Techvis Explained |publisher=VFXVoice.com |date=2018-03-22 |accessdate=2018-03-23}}</ref>
* ''[[Thor: Ragnarok]]''
* ''[[Game of Thrones]]''
* ''[[Spider-Man: Homecoming]]''
* ''[[Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)|Beauty and The Beast]]''
* ''[[Wonder Woman (2017 film)|Wonder Woman]]''
* ''[[Black Sails (TV series)|Black Sails]]''
* ''[[Rogue One: A Star Wars Story]]''<ref>{{cite web|author=Vincent Frei |url=http://www.artofvfx.com/rogue-one-a-star-wars-story-margaux-durand-rival-previs-postvis-supervisor-the-third-floor/ |title=ROGUE ONE - A STAR WARS STORY: Margaux Durand-Rival - Previs / Postvis Supervisor - The Third Floor - The Art of VFX |publisher=Artofvfx.com |date=2017-01-18 |accessdate=2017-05-08}}</ref>
* ''[[The Jungle Book (2016 film)|The Jungle Book]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thethirdfloorinc.com/209/before-and-after-the-jungle-book/ |title=The Third Floor » Before and After: The Jungle Book |publisher=The Third Floor |date=2016-08-23 |accessdate=2017-05-08}}</ref>
* ''[[Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (film)|Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thethirdfloorinc.com/1757/fantastic-beasts-and-where-to-find-them/ |title=The Third Floor » Fantastic Beasts and Where To Find Them |publisher=The Third Floor |date=2016-12-01 |accessdate=2017-05-08}}</ref>
* ''[[Kong: Skull Island]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thethirdfloorinc.com/2007/kong-skull-island/ |title=The Third Floor » Kong: Skull Island |publisher=The Third Floor |date=2017-03-09 |accessdate=2017-05-08}}</ref>
* ''[[Mad Max: Fury Road]]''
* ''[[Into the Storm (2014 film)|Into the Storm]]''
* ''[[Gravity (2013 film)|Gravity]]''
* ''[[2.0 (film)|2.0]]''
* ''[[Daredevil: Born Again]]''
* ''[[Predator: Killer of Killers]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Milligan |first=Mercedes |date=April 8, 2025 |title=20th Century Reveals 'Predator: Killer of Killers' Animated Original for Hulu |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2025/04/20th-century-reveals-predator-killer-of-killers-animated-original-for-hulu/ |access-date=April 8, 2025 |website=[[Animation Magazine]]}}</ref>

== Games ==
* ''[[Destiny 2]]''
* ''[[Gears of War 4]]''
* ''[[Doom (2016 video game)|Doom]]''
* ''[[Lords of the Fallen]]''
* ''[[Resident Evil 5]]''
* ''[[Resident Evil 6]]''
* ''[[Fortnite]]''

== Theme Attractions ==
* ''[[Race Through New York Starring Jimmy Fallon]]''
* ''[[Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts]]''
* ''[[Skull Island: Reign of Kong]]''
* ''[[Fast & Furious: Supercharged]]''
* ''[[Despicable Me Minion Mayhem]]''

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Artist(s)
! Subject
! Reference(s)
|-
|2018
|[[Visual Effects Society]] Award
|Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in a Photoreal Project
|Jim Baker & Steven Lo
|[[Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2]]: "Groot Dance/Opening Fight"
|
|-
| 2015-2016
| [[Emmy Award]]
| Outstanding Special Visual Effects
| Eric Carney & Michelle Blok
| "[[Battle of the Bastards]]" episode of ''[[Game of Thrones]]''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awn.com/news/third-floor-wins-third-emmy-award-vfx-team-hbo-s-game-thrones|title=The Third Floor Wins Third Emmy Award with VFX Team for HBO's 'Game of Thrones'|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/2016/outstanding-special-visual-effects|title=Nominees/Winners|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.postmagazine.com/Press-Center/Daily-News/2016/The-Third-Floor-wins-big-with-Game-of-Thrones.aspx|title=Post Magazine - The Third Floor wins big with Game of Thrones|website=www.postmagazine.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2014-2015
| Emmy Award
| Outstanding Photoreal Episode
| Eric Carney
| "[[The Dance of Dragons]]" episode of ''Game of Thrones''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/2015/outstanding-special-visual-effects|title=Nominees/Winners|publisher=}}</ref>
|-
| 2013-2014
| Emmy Award
| Outstanding Special And Visual Effects
| Eric Carney
| "[[The Children (Game of Thrones)]]"
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/2014/outstanding-special-visual-effects|title=Nominees/Winners|publisher=}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
| [[Visual Effects Society]] Award
| Virtual Cinematography in a Live Action/Photoreal Motion Media Project
| Austin Bonang & Casey Schatz
| [[X-Men: Days of Future Past]]: "Kitchen Scene"
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.visualeffectssociety.com/ayear/13th-annual-ves-awards|title=13th Annual VES Awards|last=admin|date=9 March 2015|website=www.visualeffectssociety.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| VES Award
| Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode
| Eric Carney
| "The Dance of Dragons" episode of ''Game of Thrones''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.visualeffectssociety.com/ayear/14th-annual-ves-awards|title=14th Annual VES Awards|last=admin|date=8 March 2016|website=www.visualeffectssociety.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| [[Themed Entertainment Association]] Award
| Outstanding Achievement, Attraction
| Barry Howell
| [[Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.teaconnect.org/Thea-Awards/Past-Awards/index.cfm?id=5722|title = Thea Awards Recipients}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| [[Hollywood Post Alliance]] Award
| Outstanding Visual Effects - Television
| Eric Carney
| "The Dance of Dragons" episode of ''Game of Thrones''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodprofessionalassociation.com/?page_id=150887|title=2015 HPA AWARDS WINNERS PAGE 2, Community, Knowledge Exchange, and Recognition|last=lidplussdesign|website=www.hollywoodprofessionalassociation.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| Hollywood Post Alliance Award
| Outstanding Visual Effects - Television
| Eric Carney
| "Battle of the Bastards" episode of ''Game of Thrones''
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodprofessionalassociation.com/?page_id=152899|title=2016 HPA AWARDS WINNERS PAGE 2, Community, Knowledge Exchange, and Recognition|last=lidplussdesign|website=www.hollywoodprofessionalassociation.com}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/company/co0191253/ IMDB page]
* [http://thethirdfloorinc.com/ The Third Floor, Inc.]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Third Floor}}
[[Category:Computer animation]]
[[Category:Visual effects companies]]
[[Category:Entertainment companies established in 2004]]
[[Category:Film production companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Film production companies of the United Kingdom]]

{{film-company-stub}}

Annamalai University

2025-12-03T12:14:39Z

Chakravarthy:

{{Short description|Public university in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Annamalai University
| caption = The Official [[Coat of Arms]]
| other_name = {{langx|ta|Aṇṇāmalai palkalaikkazhagam}}
| logo =
| native_name = {{native name|Ta|Aṇṇāmalai Palkalaikkazhagam|italics=on}}
| native_name_lang = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| image = Annamalai University logo.png
| image_size = 160px
| former_name = Sri Meenakshi College
| motto = "With Courage And Faith"
| established = {{start date and age|1929}}
| founder = [[Raja of Chettinad]] [[S. Rm. M. Annamalai Chettiar]] (His Highness the King of Chettinad)
| accreditation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]] • [[Ministry of Education (India)|MOE]] • [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| type = [[State university (India)|State University (Government)]]
| endowment =
| administrative_staff =
| faculty =
| president =
| principal =
| rector =
| chancellor = [[Governor of Tamil Nadu]]
| vice_chancellor = ''Vacant''
| academic_staff = 2,281<ref name="OU"/>
| students = 32,480<ref name="OU">{{cite web |title=University Student Enrollment Details |url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/stateuniversitylist.aspx?id=31&Unitype=2 |website=www.ugc.ac.in |access-date=10 February 2020}}</ref>
| undergrad = 23,256<ref name="OU"/>
| postgrad = 8,067<ref name="OU"/>
| doctoral = 998<ref name="OU"/>
| city = [[Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|11.3908|79.7148|display=inline,title}}
| campus = [[Suburban]]
| campus_size = {{cvt|1500|acre}}
| language = {{hlist|[[English language|English]]|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]}}
| free_label =
| free =
| colours = {{scarf|{{cells|2|#000000}}{{cells|1|#FF0000}}{{cells|1|#006400}}{{cells|3|#0000FF}}{{cells|1|#EDC001}}{{cells|1|#b33b72}}{{cells|2|#000000}}}}
| mascot =
| sports_nickname = {{hlist|AU|}} {{hlist|ANNAMALAIANS|}}
| academic_affiliations = {{hlist|[[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]|[[Association of Commonwealth Universities|ACU]]|[[National Board of Accreditation|NBA]]|[[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]]|[[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]|[[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]]|[[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|ICAR]]|[[National Council for Teacher Education|NCTE]]|[[Pharmacy Council of India|PCI]]|[[National Medical Commission|NMC]]|[[Dental Council of India|DCI]]|[[Ministry of Education (India)|MOE]]|[[World Education Services|WES]]|[[Indian Nursing Council|INC]]|[[Distance Education Bureau|DEB]]}}
| logo_size = 185px
| website = {{URL|https://annamalaiuniversity.ac.in/}}
}}

The '''Annamalai University''' ('''AU''') is a [[Public university|public]] [[State university (India)|state university]]<ref name=State>{{cite web|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/State%20University/State%20University%20as%20on%2029-06-2017.pdf|title=List of State Universities as on 29.06.2017|date=29 June 2017|access-date=1 July 2017|publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]}}</ref> in [[Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu]], India. The {{convert|1500|acre|km2|adj=on}} sprawling campus offers courses of higher education in arts, science, engineering, management, humanities, agriculture, and physical education. With over 32,480 students residing on campus, it is one of the largest teaching, and residential universities in Asia,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://annamalaicanada.ca/about-us/ |title=About us: Annamalai University |access-date=11 December 2021 |archive-date=16 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216011833/http://annamalaicanada.ca/about-us/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and is among the most reputed{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}} and ranked universities in India including the rankings from [[National Institutional Ranking Framework|NIRF]], [[QS World University Rankings]], [[Times Higher Education World University Rankings|Times University Rankings]], [[CWTS Leiden Ranking]], [[India Today|India Today Magazine]], India Today MDRA, AISHE, ARIIA, [[SCImago Institutions Rankings]].

The [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] has conferred accreditation to the university in the fourth cycle, and subsequently with its highest A+ grade in 2022.<ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite news |date=2022-06-22 |title=NAAC gives Annamalai University an A+ grade |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/naac-gives-annamalai-university-an-a-grade/article65553756.ece |access-date=2022-08-12 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Annamalai University is also recognized among the top 18 universities in India having the 'Centre with Potential for Excellence in Particular Area (CPEPA)' with a focus on [[drug development]] and [[climate change]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=University Grants commission ::Centre with Potential for Excellence in Particular Area |url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/page/Centres-(CPEPA).aspx |website=www.ugc.ac.in}}</ref>[[File:The Administrative Building, Annamalai University 01.JPG|thumb|Administrative building of the Annamalai University|190x190px]]Established in 1929, it is one of the oldest and among the most prestigious universities in India. The university was also ranked as 18th most influential institution in India<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 17, 2018 |title=Annamalai University basks in academic glory institutes globally |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/puducherry/annamalai-university-basks-in-academic-glory-institutes-globally/articleshow/64195945.cms |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> and, It is also among the topmost google searched universities in India as well as in the World.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 25, 2014 |title=5 Indian universities in Google top 20 most searched for |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education/story/5-indian-universities-google-top-20-most-searched-for-300830-2014-09-25 |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-24 |title=The 20 most searched universities in the world on Google |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/the-20-most-searched-universities-in-the-world-on-google/2015972.article |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-27 |title=5 Indian universities in Google top 20 most searched for; Google search |url=https://mbcet.wordpress.com/2014/09/27/5-indian-universities-in-google-top-20-most-searched-for-google-search/ |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=Engineering, Science & Technology Resources Portal |language=en}}</ref>

Annamalai University is a member of the [[Association of Indian Universities]] (AIU) and [[Association of Commonwealth Universities|The Association of Commonwealth Universities]] (ACU). All the degrees awarded by Annamalai University senate are mutually recognized by all Indian Universities and Foreign Universities under the commonwealth fold.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ACU members |url=https://www.acu.ac.uk/our-members/ |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=www.acu.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MEMBERS {{!}} AIU |url=https://www.aiu.ac.in/member.php |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=www.aiu.ac.in}}</ref> The Division of Continuing Education or Directorate of Distance Education of the university is also a permanent member of AMDISA (Association of Management Development Institutions in South Asia) that provides the SAQS Accreditation (South Asian Quality System) to the Institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AMDISA Institutional Members - India |url=https://www.amdisa.org/institutional-members-india/index.html |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=www.amdisa.org}}</ref>

==Foundation and history==

[[File:Raja sir Annamalai Chettiar.jpg|thumb|Raja Sir Annamalai Chettiar in London]]

The university was founded in 1929 by the entrepreneur [[S. Rm. M. Annamalai Chettiar|Rajah Sir S. Rm. M. Annamalai Chettiar]] in the aftermath of the [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms]]. In the early 1920s, to serve the downtrodden and to promote Tamil literature, Rajah Sir S. R. M. Annamalai Chettiar founded Sri Minakshi College, Sri Minakshi Tamil College and Sri Minakshi Sanskrit College in a rural setup at Chidambaram. In 1928, Rajah Sir S. R. M. Annamalai Chettiar agreed with the local government to hand over the above said institution for establishing a university. Thus, on 1 January 1929 Annamalai University was established as per Annamalai University Act 1928 (Tamil Nadu Act 1 of 1929).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/tamil_nadu/1929/1929TN1.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820021451/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/tamil_nadu/1929/1929TN1.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=20 August 2014|title=1929TN1.pdf|date=21 October 2019|access-date=21 October 2019|publisher=[[laws of India]]}}</ref> The most significant development is the enactment of the Annamalai University Act, 2013 (Tamil Nadu Act 20 of 2013), which came into force from 25 September 2013, after obtaining the assent of the President of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://annamalaiuniversity.ac.in/download/univact/auact2013.pdf|title=auact2013.pdf|date=21 October 2019|access-date=21 October 2019|publisher=Annamalai University}}</ref>
[[File:AU Chronicles.jpg|thumb|253x253px]]

== Faculties ==
The university has ten faculties, namely [[agriculture]], [[arts]] (including management studies), [[education]], [[engineering]] and [[technology]], [[fine arts]], [[Languages of India|Indian languages]], [[marine sciences]], and science.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.annamalaiuniversity.ac.in/|title=Annamalai University Home Page}} under Faculties.</ref>

== Organization and administration ==
[[File:AU Senate.webp|thumb|AU Senate|center|500x500px]]

===Governance===

The organizational structure of Annamalai University consists of the Senate, the Syndicate, the Academic Council, the faculties, the Finance Committee, and the Boards of studies. The [[governor of Tamil Nadu]] is the chancellor of the university. The vice-chancellor is the executive head of the university. The registrar of the university, who is the secretary of the Syndicate, is the custodian of all the records and chief administrator of the university. The examinations of the university is managed by Office of the Controller of Examinations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annamalai University |url=https://annamalaiuniversity.ac.in/about_university.php |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=annamalaiuniversity.ac.in}}</ref>

===Schools and departments===

Annamalai University is one of the largest unitary, teaching, and residential Universities in Southern Asia consisting of 10 faculties and 49 departments of study. This university has played a pivotal role in providing access to higher education to thousands of youths cutting across the social spectrum, especially from economically and socially disadvantaged classes. In this respect, this university's service to the Nation is tremendous. Annamalai University is organized into ten main schools, each of which comprises multiple departments and centres as below.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}
[[File:Annamalai University gate , chidambaram.jpg|thumb|The Main Entrance Arch of the university|189x189px]]

=== Faculty of Arts ===

English, History, Political Science and Public Administration, Economics, Commerce, Sociology and Social Work, Population Studies, Business Administration, Library and Information Science, Centre for Rural Development, Philosophy.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

===Faculty of Science===

Department of Mathematics, Department of Statistics, Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, Department of Botany, Department of Zoology, Department of Earth Sciences, Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology, Department of Computer and Information Science.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

===Faculty of Marine Sciences===

Centre of Advanced Study (CAS)

===Faculty of Indian Languages===

Department of Tamil Studies Research, Hindi, Sanskrit, Center of Advanced Studies in Linguistics.

===Faculty of Engineering & Technology===

Computer Science and Engineering (Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning), Computer Science and Engineering (Data Science), Chemical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Civil and Structural Engineering, Computer Science and Engineering, Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering (Manufacturing).{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

===Faculty of Education===

===Faculty of Fine Arts===
Nagaswaram, Thavil, Miruthangam, Flute, Bharathanaatiyam, Nattuvangam, Vocal, Thevaram

===Faculty of Agriculture===

Agronomy, Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Genetics and Plant Breeding, Microbiology, Plant Pathology, Entomology, Agricultural Economics, Horticulture, Animal Husbandry, Agricultural Extension.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

===Faculty of Medicine===

[[Rajah Muthiah Medical College]]

Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, Pathology, Microbiology, Forensic Medicine, Community Medicine, Medicine, Surgery, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Pediatrics, TB & Chest Disease, Dermatology Venereology and Leprosy, Orthopaedics, Otorhinolaryngology, Psychiatry, Radiology, Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Anaesthesiology, Neuro Surgery, Urology, Plastic Surgery, Nursing, Emergency Medicine.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

===Faculty of Dentistry===

Periodontology, Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Oral Medicine & Radiology, Public Health Dentistry, Prosthodontics and Crown & Bridge, Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Microbiology, Anatomy, Pharmacology, Physiology, Biochemistry, Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

== Affiliated Colleges ==
In July 2021 Higher Education Minister of Tamil Nadu [[K. Ponmudy]] announced to change the status of Annamalai University from unitary to affiliating university. The university have colleges affiliated to it from four districts, namely [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]], [[Kallakurichi district|Kallakurichi]] [[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]] and [[Villupuram]].<ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2021-07-20 |title=Annamalai University to become an affiliating university |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/annamalai-university-to-become-an-affiliating-university/article35435499.ece |access-date=2022-04-17 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In his recent announcement 14 more colleges of [[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]] district merged with Annamalai University which was earlier affiliated with [[Bharathidasan University]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnamoorthy |first=R. |date=2022-04-12 |title=BDU's territorial jurisdiction shrinks after ceding 14 colleges in Mayiladuthurai to Annamalai University |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/bdus-territorial-jurisdiction-shrinks-after-ceding-14-colleges-in-mayiladuthurai-to-annamalai-university/article65315298.ece |access-date=2022-04-17 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
In March 2022, the UGC warned students against enrolling for any online and distance learning courses offered by the university as it did not have the requisite recognition to do so from the UGC.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/education/ugc-warns-students-against-taking-admission-in-odl-programmes-offered-by-annamalai-university/article65286578.ece/|title= Annamalai University ODL courses "invalid"|date= 3 April 2022}}.</ref>

According to University Vice-Chancellor Mr. RM Kathiresan the degrees were offered as per the [[Madras High Court]] direction as the university is having a stay order to the UGC's direction imposing jurisdictional restriction is still valid. And all the hearings and proceedings were in the favour of our varsity. So Unless the UGC's gets that stay vacated the degree distance programmes are valid. He further added that a [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] review team visited the campus between March 16 and 18. As the results are expected anytime, we will go for distance education board approval and get it done. The problem will be sorted out soon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-10 |title=TN varsity challenges UGC order saying no to admission |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/news/tn-varsity-challenges-ugc-order-saying-no-to-admission-101652190313828.html |access-date=2023-01-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Mr. R Singaravel, director of distance education at the university, said the students degree will not become invalid with the UGC notice. As we are the oldest and most prestigious university under [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] and offering our programmes before the existence of UGC and IGNOU.<ref>{{Cite news |date=Mar 30, 2022 |agency=TNN|title=ugc: Annamalai University distance degree after 2014-15 is invalid, says UGC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/annamalai-university-distance-degree-from-2014-15-invalid-says-ugc/articleshow/90529266.cms |access-date=2022-04-23 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

UGC's circular that distance education courses at Annamalai University are not valid is incorrect. Contempt of court. The High Court issued a restraining order in our favor in 2018 in favor of the UGC Circular on the grounds that it was in our favor in relation to our university jurisdiction. The UGC reissued a similar circular while the injunction was in force. Subject to contempt of court. Students studying at our university actually have no legal issues. Their courses are legally valid.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

University officials also stated that Annamalai University Act 1929 was signed and approved by both the then governor general of the British government and the governor general of the central government. The Annamalai University Act 2013 was approved by both the governor and the president of the state. Therefore, the jurisdiction of the Annamalai University. The same applies to the whole of India as it does to the central universities. Other state university laws are not like that. One approved by the governors of the State, & Annamalai University remote drive is something that appeared long before the emergence of Delhi IGNOU University. Distance Education as DEC. Something that appeared even before the Council appeared and announced the protocols.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

In January 2023 [[Madras High Court]] protected and validated all the degrees and courses offered by the Annamalai University under Distance or Executive mode. The court in its order said that the operation of the notice was stayed earlier in 2016 and students were admitted legally and those students who have admitted and who have completed courses will not be affected by our order dismissing the writ petitions. As regards challenge to the circular restricting the education of students was stayed by the [[Madras High Court]] and those students who have completed their course will be entitled to their respective degrees by the Senate of Annamalai University. The court clearly stated that the students who have been enrolled in programmes under the protection of Interim orders of this court will stand protected and their degrees will be valid.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sajeev |first=Upasana |date=2023-01-26 |title=Madras High Court Upholds UGC's Power To Impose Territorial Restrictions On Distance Education Courses |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/madras-high-court-upholds-ugc-power-to-impose-regulation-limiting-educational-institutions-to-provide-distance-education-within-the-state-219972 |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=Live Law |language=en}}</ref>

==Academics==
===Accreditation===
The [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] accredited Annamalai University with a grade of "A+" in 2022.<ref name="The Hindu"/> The Faculty of Agriculture of Annamalai University is accredited with ICAR (NAEAB).{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

===Rankings===
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type = University and college
|NIRF_U_2023=101-150|NIRF_E_2023=151-200|QS_A_2023=301-350|THES_A_2022=501-600|NIRF_O_2024=151-200|NIRF_P_2024=27}}

On 6 August 2022 Annamalai University was ranked 15th in India overall among government universities by [[India Today|the magazine ''India Today'']].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://annamalaiuniversity.ac.in/download/indiatodayrating2022.pdf|title=India today ranking}}</ref>

The university was ranked 27th in India by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework|NIRF]] (National Institutional Ranking Framework) in the pharmacy and Agriculture ranking of 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF Ranking 2024 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref>

=== Division of Continuing Education ===
The Annamalai University Directorate of Distance Education or Division of Continuing Education was established in 1979 and offers more than 500 courses, including MBAs. All study programmes offered by the Senate of the university are approved by the [[Distant Education Bureau|Distance Education Council (UGC-DEB)]] & [[All India Council for Technical Education|All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE)]]. The B.Ed. programme is approved by the [[National Council for Teacher Education]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Directorate of Distance Education|url=http://www.annamalaiuniversity.ac.in/dde/index.php|website=www.annamalaiuniversity.ac.in|publisher=Annamalai University|language=en|access-date=1 November 2017|archive-date=3 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303130607/https://annamalaiuniversity.ac.in/dde/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Annamalai University opened its first international office in [[Toronto]], Canada, in 2006, named Annamalai Canada. As it does not have [[Higher education in Ontario|degree-granting authority]] in the province of [[Ontario]], it acts as a recruitment office for international students for programs and courses in Tamil language, literature, arts, yoga and dance. It offers bachelor's, master's and Ph.D. degrees awarded by Annamalai University's main campus.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

Annamalai University is India's first and oldest university to offer Distance Education Programmes after receiving the assent from the central government.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

===Scholarships and awards===
[[File:Annamalai University - CSE Department.JPG|thumb|Annamalai University - CSE Department]]
A total of 356 scholarships and awards<ref>{{cite web|url=http://annamalaiuniversity.ac.in/scholorship.htm |title=Scholarships |publisher=Annamalai University |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080721014126/http://annamalaiuniversity.ac.in/scholorship.htm |archive-date=2008-07-21 }}</ref> are given to eligible candidates every year.

==Notable alumni==

* [[P. C. Alexander]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]], Ex [[Governor of Tamil Nadu]] and [[Governor of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Alphabetical List Of Former Members Of Rajya Sabha Since 1952|url=http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx|website=[[Rajya Sabha]] website|access-date=23 October 2017}} Click his name "Alexander, Dr. P. C." and then "Biodata".</ref>
*[[K. Anbazhagan]], Ex [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]].
* [[Subbiah Arunachalam]]
* [[Sridevi Ashok]], TV actress
* [[C. Sylendra Babu]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] [[Tamil Nadu]]
* [[K. Balachander]], Indian director, producer, writer, actor, playwright, stage conductor, and comedian who worked mainly in the Tamil film industry; graduated in Zoology
* [[Bala V. Balachandran]], founder and Dean, [[Great Lakes Institute of Management]], [[Chennai]], India
* [[K. Balakrishnan (CPI-M)]]
* [[R. K. Baliga]], father of the [[Electronic City]] in [[Bangalore]], India
* [[T. K. Doraiswamy]], poet and novelist
* [[Ere. Elamvazhuthi]], Ex [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] MLA
* [[Kulandei Francis]], activist, social worker, recipient of the [[Magsaysay Award]] in 2012<ref>{{cite news|last1=Akbar|first1=Irena|title='Poverty is a crime; it needs to be eliminated' - Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/poverty-is-a-crime--it-needs-to-be-eliminated/986145/0|access-date=23 October 2017|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=23 August 2012|language=en-gb}}</ref>
* [[R Gandhi]], Rtd Deputy Governor RBI
* [[A. S. Gnanasambandan]], Tamil writer, scholar and literary critic from Tamil Nadu, India
* [[Kovai Gnani]], writer and Marxist thinker<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-07-22|title=Marxist thinker and Tamil writer Kovai Gnani no more|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/marxist-thinker-and-tamil-writer-kovai-gnani-no-more/article32165218.ece|access-date=2022-02-06|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* [[Ravi Gomatam]], quantum physicist, director of Bhaktivedanta Institute and Institute for Semantic Information Sciences and Technology, Berkeley, and Mumbai
*Justice [[V. R. Krishna Iyer]], Presidential Candidate, Ex Minister Kerala
* [[Narayanaswamy Jayaraman]], organic chemist and [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate<ref name="Faculty profile-Narayanaswamy Jayaraman">{{Cite web |url=http://orgchem.iisc.ernet.in/faculty/nj/ |title=Faculty profile-Narayanaswamy Jayaraman |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science |access-date=2017-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220050852/http://orgchem.iisc.ernet.in/faculty/nj/ |archive-date=2016-12-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[D. R. Karthikeyan]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[G. Nammalvar]], agriculturist, scientist<ref name=obi>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Organic-farming-veteran-Nammalvar-dead/articleshow/28152899.cms |title=Organic farming veteran Nammalvar dead |work=The Times of India|date=30 December 2013 |access-date=31 December 2013}}</ref>
* [[V. Narayanasamy]], Ex CM [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]<ref name="firstpost">{{cite news|last1=Kishore|first1=Kavita|title=In Puducherry, V Narayanasamy is a chief minister whom almost no one wants|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/in-puducherry-v-narayanasamy-is-a-chief-minister-who-almost-no-one-wants-2818242.html|access-date=23 October 2017|date=6 June 2016|publisher=[[First Post]]}}</ref>
* [[K. A. Mathiazhagan]], senate member of this university, Ex Minister & Speaker Tamil Nadu.
* [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]], Tamil comedy actor
* [[N. S. Satya Murthy]] [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate<ref name="Deceased fellow-N. S. Satya Murthy">{{Cite web|url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N81-0713 |title=Deceased fellow-N. S. Satya Murthy |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425205030/http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N81-0713 |archive-date=25 April 2017 }}</ref>
* [[G. Balakrish Nair]], Indian [[microbiologist]]
* [[K. S. Narayanaswamy]], Carnatic veena exponent of the Thanjavur style
* [[Nedumaran]], Politician
* [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]], Ex [[chief minister|CM]] Tamil Nadu
* [[K. Ponmudy]], Minister Tamil Nadu
* [[Vijaya T. Rajendar]], Tamil actor, singer, director and politician
* [[Panruti S. Ramachandran]]
* [[Sujatha Ramdorai|Prof. Sujatha Ramdorai]] [[University of British Columbia]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Home page of Sujatha Ramdorai|url=http://www.math.tifr.res.in/~sujatha/cv.html|website=www.math.tifr.res.in|access-date=23 October 2017}}</ref>
* [[Savitha Reddy]], dubbing artist in the southern India film industry
* [[V. Sethuraman]], De
* [[V. T. Sambanthan|V. T. Sambanathan]], fiEx Psident of [[Malaysian Indian Congress|laysian Indian Congress]] a.
* [[E. V. Sampathkumaran]] [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate<ref>{{cite web|title=INSA :: Indian Fellow Detail - Professor EV Sampathkumaran|url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/P02-1322|website=insaindia.res.in|access-date=21 October 2017|archive-date=19 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019004028/http://insaindia.res.in/detail/P02-1322|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Narayanasami Sathyamurthy]], [[scientist]]
* [[Pakkiriswamy Chandra Sekharan]], Forensic Expert & [[Padma Bhushan]] recipient
* [[S. S. Sivasankar]], Minister Tamil Nadu
* [[S. D. Somasundaram]], Ex Minister
* [[S. Srinivasan]], Aerospace Scientist.
* [[Vijayalakshmy Subramaniam]], [[Carnatic music]] [[vocalist]]
* [[M. Swaraj]] MLA Kerala.
* [[Ramanuja Vijayaraghavan]] [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate, UGC Raman Award.




== See also ==
*[[List of educational institutions in Tamil Nadu]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Annamalai University}}
*{{Official website}}
{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Annamalai University| ]]
[[Category:Universities in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Education in Cuddalore district]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1929]]
[[Category:1929 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Agricultural universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Tamil Nadu]]

List of parishes of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman

2025-11-29T08:29:02Z

Chakravarthy: New the details initial version - done

{{short description|None}}

{{one source|date=October 2020}}

The [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman]] comprises nineteen [[Deanery|Deaneries]] consisting of 162 member [[parish]]es spread across the state of [[Goa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vcdcgoa.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Parishes_List_2014.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjQn5CMoo7sAhU5wTgGHWtDBAEQFjABegQIBBAB&usg=AOvVaw36R4uoKaECsXtF-5OXt2S-|title=Parishes of Goa|date= September 2014|website=vcdcgoa.org}}</ref>
{{TOC right}}

==[[Aldona]] Deanery==
* [[Aldona]] - [[Aldona#St. Thomas Church|St Thomas, the Apostle]]
* [[Calvim]] - [[Calvim#Church|St Sebastian]]
* [[Moira, Goa|Moira]] - Immaculate Conception
* [[Nachinola]] - [[Nachinola#Church|Bom Jesus]]
* [[Olaulim]] - St Anne
* [[Penha de França, Goa|Penha de Franca]] - Our Lady of Penha de Franca
* [[Pomburpa]] - Mother of God
* [[Salvador do Mundo]] - [[Salvador do Mundo#Religion|Saviour of the World]]

==[[Bicholim]] Deanery==
* [[Assonora]] - [[St Clara's Church (Assonora)|St Clara]]
* [[Bicholim]] - Our Lady of Grace
* [[Bodiem]] - St Anne
* [[Sanquelim]] - St John of the Cross
* [[Sirsaim]] - Our Lady of the Miracles
* [[Tivim]] - [[Tivim#History|St Christopher]]
* [[Valpoi]] - Our Lady of Lourdes

==[[Calangute]] Deanery==
* [[Calangute]] - St Alex
* [[Candolim]] - Our Lady of Hope
* Nagoa - Holy Trinity
* Nerul - Our Lady of Remedios
* [[Pilerne]] - St John Baptist
* [[Reis Magos]] - Holy Magi
* [[Saligao]] - [[Saligao#Places of interest|Our Lady the Mother of God]]
* [[Sinquerim]] - St Lawrence

==[[Mapusa]] Deanery==
* [[Bastora]] - [[Bastora#Bastora parish|St Cajetan]]
* [[Colvale]] - St Francis of Assisi
* [[Cunchelim]] - [[Cunchelim#History|Our Lady of Flight]]
* Duler - St Francis Xavier
* [[Guirim]] - St Diogo
* [[Mapusa]] - [[St. Jerome Church (Mapusa)|St Jerome]]
* [[Porvorim]] - Holy Family
* [[Parra, Goa|Parra]] - [[Parra, Goa#Village church|St Anne]]
* Pirna - St Francis Xavier
* [[Revora]] - [[Revora#Revora Church|Our Lady of Victory]]
* [[Socorro, Goa|Socorro]] - [[Socorro, Goa#Church of Nossa Senhora do Socorro|Our Lady of Succour]]
* [[Ucassaim]] - [[Ucassaim#St Elizabeth Church|St Elizabeth]]

==[[Pernem]] Deanery==
* [[Arambol]] - Our Lady of Mount Carmel
* Maina (Corgao) - St Francis Xavier
* [[Mandrem]] - Our Lady of Rosary
* [[Morjim]] - Our Lady of Miracles
* [[Pernem]] - [[Pernem#Igreja de São José|St Joseph]]
* [[Querim]] - St Francis Xavier
* [[Tiracol]] - St Anthony
* Tormas - St Sebastian
* [[Tuem]] - St Francis Xavier
* [[Vaidongor]] - Our Lady of Rosary

==[[Siolim]] Deanery==
* [[Anjuna]] - [[St. Michael's Church, Anjuna|St Michael]]
* [[Assagao]] - [[St. Cajetan Church, Assagao|St Cajetan]]
* Badem - Our Lady of Miracles
* Camurlim - St Rita of Cassia
* [[Oxel]] - Our Lady of the Sea
* [[Siolim]] - [[Siolim#Churches|St Anthony]]
* Tropa - Our Lady of Consolation of the Persecuted
* [[Vagator]] - St Anthony

==[[Goa Velha]] Deanery==
*[[Agaçaim]] - St Lawrence
*[[Azossim]] - St Matthew
*[[Batim]] - [[Batim#Apparition of Our Lady at Batim|Our Lady of Guadalupe]]
*[[Curca]] - Our Lady of Rosary
*[[Goa Velha]] - St Andrew
*Mandur - Our Lady of Amparo
*Neura - St John Evangelist
*[[Siridao]] - Our Lady of Rosary
*[[Talaulim]] - [[Church of St. Anne, Talaulim|St Anne]]

==[[Old Goa]] Deanery==
*[[Carambolim]] - St John Baptist
*[[Corlim]] - St John Facundo
*[[Mashel|Marcel]] - Holy Family
*[[Naroa, Ilhas, Goa|Naroa]] - [[Naroa, Ilhas, Goa#Fortress Chapel|Holy Spirit]]
*[[Old Goa]] - [[Se Cathedral|St Catherine]]
*[[Piedade, Goa|Piedade]] - [[Piedade, Goa#Nossa Senhora da Piedade Igreja|Our Lady of Piety]]
*[[São Brãs]] - St Blaise
*[[St Estevam|Santo Estêvão]] - [[St Estevam#St. Estevam Church|St Stephen]]
*[[São Matias, Goa|São Matias]] - [[São Matias, Goa#São Matias Igreja|St Mathias]]
*São Pedro - St Peter
*[[Vanxim]] - [[Vanxim#Church of Santo Cristo|Christ]]

==[[Panjim]] Deanery==
*[[Bambolim]] - Our Lady of Bethlehem
*[[Chorão, Goa|Chorão]] - [[Our Lady of Grace Church (Chorão Island)|Our Lady of Grace]]
*[[Merces, Goa|Merces]] - Our Lady of Merces
*[[Panjim]] - [[Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception Church, Goa|Immaculate Conception]]
*[[Ribandar]] - [[Ribandar#Landmarks|Our Lady of Help]]
*[[Chorão (island)|Chorão]] - [[St Bartholomew's Church (Chorão Island)|St Bartholomew]]
*[[Santa Cruz, Goa|Santa Cruz]] - [[Santa Cruz, Goa#Religious institutions|Holy Cross]]
*[[Sant Inez]] - St Agnes
*[[Taleigao]] - [[Taleigão#Church of São Miguel Arcanjo|St Michael]]
*[[Caranzalem]] - Our Lady of Rosary

==[[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]] Deanery==
*[[Borim]] - St Francis Xavier
*[[Mardol, Goa|Mardol]] - Our Lady of Piety
*[[Panchwadi]] - St Anthony
*[[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]] - St Anne
*[[Shiroda, Goa|Shiroda]] - [[Shiroda, Goa#Attractions|St Joseph]]
*[[Usgao]] - St Joseph

==[[Benaulim]] Deanery==
*[[Benaulim]] - St John the Baptist
*[[Benaulim]] - Holy Trinity
*[[Betalbatim]] - Our Lady of Remedios
*[[Carmona, Goa|Carmona]] - Our Lady of Succour
*[[Cavelossim]] - Holy Cross
*[[Colva]] - [[Colva#Religion|Our Lady of Mercês]]
*[[Orlim]] - St Michael
*[[Seraulim]] - Our Lady of the Pilar
*[[Varca]] - Our Lady of Gloria

==[[Canacona]] Deanery==
*[[Agonda]] - St Anne
*[[Anjediva]] - [[Church of Our Lady of Springs]]
*[[Batpale]] - St Francis Xavier
*[[Canacona]] - St Theresa of Jesus
*[[Chiplem]] - Our Lady Help of Christians
*[[Galgibaga]] - St Anthony
*[[Loliem]] - St Sebastian
*[[Sadolxem]] - Our Lady of Rosary

==[[Chinchinim]] Deanery==
*[[Assolna]] - [[Assolna#Village church|Our Lady Queen of Martyrs]]
*[[Betul, Goa|Betul]] - Immaculate Conception
*[[Cabo de Rama]] - [[Cabo de Rama#Attractions|St Anthony]]
*[[Canaguinim]] - St Sebastian
*[[Fatorpa|Cotto de Fatorpa]] - Our Lady of Fatima
*[[Cuncolim]] - Our Lady of Health
*[[Dramapur]] - St Joseph
*[[Sarzora]] - Our Lady of the Assumption
*[[Tollecanto, Goa|Tollecanto]] - St Rock
*[[Velim, Goa|Velim]] - St Francis Xavier
*[[Veroda]] - St Anthony
*[[Chinchinim]] - [[Chinchinim#History|Our Lady of Hope]]

==[[Quepem]] Deanery==
*[[Ambaulim]] - Our Lady of Lourdes
*[[Chandor]] - Our Lady of Bethlehem
*[[Macasana]] - St Francis Xavier
*[[Paroda]] - Immaculate Conception
*[[Quepem]] - [[Quepem#History|Holy Cross]]
*[[Sao Jose de Areal]] - St Joseph
*[[Tilamola]] - Our Lady Mother of the Poor

==[[Sanguem]] Deanery==
*[[Collem]] - Our Lady of Piety
*[[Dabal, India|Dabal]] - Immaculate Conception
*[[Rivona]] - Our Lady of Rosary
*[[Sanguem]] - Our Lady of Miracles
*[[Sanvordem]] - Guardian Angel
*[[Vaddem]] - Sacred Heart of Jesus

==[[Margao]] Deanery==
*[[Aquem]] - St Sebastian
*[[Dicarpale]] - Our Lady of Fatima
*[[Fatorda]] - Our Lady of Rosary
*[[Margao]] - [[Margao#The Holy Spirit Church|Holy Spirit Church]]
*[[Margao]] - Our Lady of Grace
*[[Navelim]] - [[Navelim#Navelim feast|Our Lady of Rosary]]
*[[Davorlim]] - Our Lady of Rosary

==[[Mormugao]] Deanery==
*Baina - Our Lady of Candelaria
*[[Bogmalo]] - Sts Cosmas and Damian
*[[Chicalim]] - St Francis Xavier
*[[Cortalim]] - [[Cortalim#Attractions|Sts Phillip and James]]
*Desterro - Our Lady of Desterro
*[[Mormugao]] - St Francis Xavier
*[[Sancoale]] - [[Sancoale#Churches|Our Lady of Health]]
*[[São Jacinto]] - St Hyacinth
*[[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco da Gama]] - St Andrew

==[[Verna, Goa|Verna]] Deanery==
*[[Cansaulim]] - St Thomas
*[[Consua]] - Our Lady of Livra Febres
*[[Majorda]] - Mother of God
*[[Nagoa]] - Our Lady of Good Success
*[[Nuvem]] - [[Nuvem#Culture|Mother of the Poor]]
*[[Quelossim]] - Our Lady of the Sick
*[[Utorda]] - Our Lady of Lourdes
*[[Velsao]] - Our Lady of Assumption
*[[Verna, Goa|Verna]] - Holy Cross

==[[Raia, Goa|Raia]] Deanery==
*Arlem - Our Lady of Livramento
*[[Camurlim]] - Our Lady of Candelaria
*[[Curtorim]] - [[Curtorim#Religion|St Alex]]
*[[Loutolim]] - [[Loutolim#Religion|Saviour of the World]]
*Maina - St Rita of Cassia
*[[Rachol]] - [[Igreja de Nossa Senhora das Neves|Our Lady of Snows]]
*[[Raia, Goa|Raia]] - Our Lady of Snows

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Christianity in Goa]]
[[Category:Catholic Church in India]]
[[Category:India religion-related lists]]
[[Category:Goa-related lists]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Goa]]
[[Category:Churches in Goa]]

Dear Ishq

2025-11-11T10:28:29Z

Chakravarthy: starting some post added tags

{{Short description|Indian soap opera}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Dear Ishq.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| creator = [[Yash A Patnaik]]
| based_on = [[Ravinder Singh (author)|Write Me A Love Story]] (2021)
| writer = Mamta Yash Patnaik
| screenplay = Manoj Tripathi
| story = {{ubl|Niranjan Iyengar|Jessica Khurana}}
| director = Atif Khan
| creative_director = Muskan Baraja
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sehban Azim]]|[[Niyati Fatnani]]}}
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| theme_music_composer = Reenam Jain
| composer = [[Anish John]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 60 
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = {{ubl|Gaurav Banerjee|Dimpi Dey|Nilamber Majumdar|Namrata Roy|Nimai Bali|Amit Chandra}}
| producer = {{ubl|Yash A Patnaik|Mamta Patnaik}}
| cinematography = Nidhin Valanday
| editor = {{ubl|Rakesh Lal Das|Santosh Patel}}
| runtime = 20-31 minutes
| company = Beyond Dreams Entertainment [[Inspire Films]]
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|01|26}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2023|04|04}}
}}
'''''Dear Ishq''''' ({{Translation|Dear Love}}) is an Indian Hindi-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television [[Soap opera|serial]] that premiered on 26 January 2023 on the [[Disney+ Hotstar]] streaming service.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/hindi/dear-ishq-trailer-video-sehban-azim-and-niyati-fatnani-starrer-dear-ishq-official-trailer-video/videoshow/97253186.cms | title='Dear Ishq' Trailer: Sehban Azim and Niyati Fatnani starrer 'Dear Ishq' Official Trailer | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> Produced by [[Yash A Patnaik]] and Mamta Patnaik under the banner Beyond Dreams Entertainment and [[Inspire Films]], it stars [[Sehban Azim]] and [[Niyati Fatnani]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/dear-ishq-trailer-promises-dramatic-romance-between-an-author-and-an-editor/articleshow/97060548.cms | title='Dear Ishq' trailer promises dramatic romance between an author and an editor - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=17 January 2023 }}</ref>

==Premise==
Abhimanyu is a noted romantic fiction writer with a huge female fan following. He is moody, arrogant and rude with his remarks. He gets into an argument with Asmita Roy who is a literary editor, sharing different ideologies about love and fiction. How these two loggerheads fall into love forms the rest of the story!

The season one end with Abhimanyu getting falsely accused for a murder and feels betrayed by his girlfriend Asmita due to a misunderstanding. He's shown starting to write a new story titled "Killer Ishq" in vengeance.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Niyati Fatnani]] as Asmita Roy : Abhimanyu's love interest
* [[Sehban Azim]] as Abhimanyu Razdan : Asmita's love interest

===Recurring===
* [[Kishwer Merchant]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/kishwer-merchantt-who-is-part-of-dear-ishq-on-disney-hotstar-talks-about-the-show-ott-more-473919 | title=Kishwer Merchantt, who is part of Dear Ishq on Disney+ Hotstar, talks about the show, OTT & more }}</ref> as Maya Costa
* Puneet Tejwani as Peter Costa
* [[Kunal Verma]] as Rizwan Khan
* Buneet Kapoor as Shauvik Sen
* Tanya Nisha Sharma as Shalini Vats
* [[Sanjeev Seth]] as Raman Razdan
* Roma Bali as Nita Razdan
* Jyoti B Mukherji as Sharmila Roy
* [[Beena Banerjee]] as Charulata Roy
* Sugandh Dhindaw as Bani Kapoor
* Shamikh Abbas as Bijoy Roy
* Kaveri Ghosh as Bindoo Sen
* Preetesh Manas as Anirban Das
* Sandeep Soni as Nannu, Abhimanyu's servant
* Viyanna Dadwani as Pia Costa
* Simran Rawal as Arya
* Gagan Deep as Dev
* Priya Shukla as Receptionist
* Shiv Pathak as Peon
* Kalpesh Rajgor as Cafe Owner
* Brijesh Mourya as Waiter

==Production==
The series was announced on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] by Beyond Dreams Entertainment.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/new-show-dear-ishq-announced-by-disney-hotstar/articleshow/97199298.cms | title=New show 'Dear Ishq' announced by Disney + Hotstar. All details here | newspaper=The Economic Times }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/disney-hotstar-announces-new-show-dear-ishq-11674284394049.html | title=Disney+ Hotstar announces new show 'Dear Ishq' | work=mint | date=21 January 2023 | last1=Jha | first1=Lata }}</ref> It is based on [[Ravinder Singh (author)|Ravinder Singh]]'s ''Write Me A Love Story'' (2021).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/from-reading-book-to-watching-k-dramas-sehban-azim-did-it-all-for-dear-ishq--news-256657 | title=From Reading Book To Watching K-Dramas, Sehban Azim Did It All For 'Dear Ishq' | date=25 January 2023 }}</ref> [[Sehban Azim]] and [[Niyati Fatnani]] were signed as the lead.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sehban-azim-niyati-fitnani-come-together-new-show-titled-dear-ishq/ | title=Sehban Azim and Niyati Fitnani come together for a new show titled Dear Ishq : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | date=25 January 2023 }}</ref> The [[principal photography]] of the series commenced began in January 2023 and wrapped up in April 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/actor-sehban-azim-opens-up-on-the-challenges-of-doing-intimate-scenes-in-dear-ishq-7143091.html | title=Sehban Azim Shares How He Was Convinced to Shoot an Intimate Scene in Dear Ishq | date=22 February 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2023/apr/01/ott-show-dear-ishq-wraps-up-its-shoot-leaves-cast-emotional-41814.html | title=OTT show 'Dear Ishq' wraps up its shoot, leaves cast emotional | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=April 2023 }}</ref> It was mainly shot at the [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]], [[Mumbai]]. The promo featuring the leads was released on 17 January 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/disney-hotstar-drops-the-trailer-of-dear-ishq-471736|title=Disney+ Hotstar drops the trailer of Dear Ishq|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/a-note-to-love-disney-hotstar-drops-trailer-of-romantic-drama-dear-ishq-553806 | title=A note to love: Disney+ Hotstar drops trailer of romantic drama, Dear Ishq! | date=18 January 2023 }}</ref>

==Reception==
[[OTT Play]] reviewed the first episodes, where it sharply criticized the show for being cliched, having lack of focus, and questionable camera shots. They felt it was more in line with a typical Hindi television show than a web series.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/dear-ishq-episode-1-review-bade-acche-lagte-hai-deja-vu-and-worse/58ccfe7381928 | title=Dear Ishq episode 1 review: Bade Acche [sic] Lagte Hai deja vu and worse }}</ref>

Dhaval Roy of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the series 3/5 stars.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/dear-ishq/season-1/seasonreview/97254637.cms | title=Dear Ishq Season 1 Review: Performances and gloss save this predictable love/Hate story | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/dear-ishq/1260129582 ''Dear Ishq''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126000755/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/dear-ishq/1260129582 |date=26 January 2023 }} on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Disney+ Hotstar|state=autocollapse}}
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dear Ishq}}
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows based on Indian novels]]

Priyadharshan Kannappan

2025-10-25T20:42:24Z

Chakravarthy: Put up stub.

{{Short description|Indian chess grandmaster (born 1993)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Priyadharshan|Kannappan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox chess player
| country = [[India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1993|12|1}}
| birth_place = [[Madurai]], India
| title = [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (2016)<ref name="FIDEGM">{{cite web|url=https://ratings.fide.com/crt/main223308.pdf|title=FIDE Title Application (GM)}}</ref>
| peakrating = 2554 (August 2018)
| FideID = 5018293
}}

'''Priyadharshan Kannappan''' (born 1 December 1993) is an Indian [[chess]] grandmaster, FIDE Trainer,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Discover Chess Gaja: Premier Online Chess Classes for all ages |url=https://chessgaja.com/aboutusnew/ |website=Chess Gaja Academy Website |date=7 March 2022 }}</ref> Author,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kannappan |first=Priyadharshan |title=The Modernized Berlin Wall Defense |date=30 January 2020 |publisher=Thinkers Publishing |isbn=978-9492510662 |location=Belgium |publication-date=30 January 2020 |language=English}}</ref> and entrepreneur. He is the founder and CEO of Chess Gaja Private Limited,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chess Coaching for All Levels - Learn Online with Chess Gaja |url=https://chessgaja.com/ |website=Chess Gaja Academy}}</ref> a global online chess academy that trains hundreds of students across multiple countries. Known for his academic rigor, competitive accomplishments, and innovative contributions to online chess education, Kannappan has been a consistent force in the chess world both on and off the board.

== Early Life and Education Chess Career ==
Priyadharshan was born in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India. He learned chess at the age of 6 and quickly became one of India’s most promising junior players. He moved to the United States in 2012 to pursue higher education from Lindenwood University and further his chess knowledge. That same year, he was named as the U.S. Chess League's MVP.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lindenwoodlions.com/news/2012/11/12/Chess_1112122438_14424.aspx|title=Lindenwood Chess Team Surprises Yale with 5.5 to 4.5 Win|date=12 November 2012}}</ref>

He completed his undergraduate degree in marketing from Lindenwood University, where he was also part of their collegiate chess team. He then earned a master’s degree in management, leadership, and business analytics from Webster University, one of the strongest collegiate chess programs in the U.S. At Webster, he trained under GM Susan Polgar and contributed to the team's national championship wins.<ref>{{cite web |title=Webster Alumnus Opens Successful Online Chess Academy in India |url=https://news.webster.edu/2022/chess_gaja.php |website=news.webster.edu |publisher=[[Webster University]] |language=en |date=6 April 2022}}</ref>

In 2016, he achieved his final GM norm by defeating Vera Gonzalez in the Philadelphia International.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/gm-priyadharshan-2/|title=GM K.Priyadharshan on pursuing chess and education in USA (2/2)|first=Sagar|last=Shah|date=8 April 2017}}</ref>

In July 2022, Priyadharshan coached the Brazilian team for the [[44th Chess Olympiad]] on the recommendation of his fellow [[Webster University]] graduate and grandmaster [[André Diamant]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chess-olympiad-tamil-nadu-grandmaster-priyadharshan-kannappan-in-charge-of-brazil/articleshow/92735338.cms|title=
Chess Olympiad: Tamil Nadu Grandmaster Priyadharshan Kannappan in charge of Brazil|work=
The Times of India|date=8 July 2022}}</ref>

=== Notable Students and Programs ===

* Multiple students trained under Chess Gaja have achieved top-100 rankings in their USCF age categories.<ref>{{Cite web |title=9 Chess Gaja Students Achieve USCF TOP 100 Rank on April 2025 |url=https://chessgaja.com/2025/04/9-chess-gaja-students-ranked-in-the-uscf-top-100-for-april-2025/ |website=Chess Gaja Academy |date=22 April 2025 }}</ref>
* Priyadharshan also designs programs for adult improvers,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Corporate Chess Solutions: Elevate your Business Strategy |url=https://chessgaja.com/corporate/ |website=Chess Gaja Corporate Page |date=30 November 2022 }}</ref> particularly working professionals seeking mental fitness through chess.

==Personal life==
Priyadharshan got his undergraduate degree in marketing from [[Lindenwood University]] and his master's degree in management, leadership, and business analytics from Webster University.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/a-grandmaster-opening-idea-in-the-pirc-modern|title=A grandmaster opening idea in the Pirc / Modern|date=10 February 2018}}</ref> During his time at Webster, he had also managed the university's chess team.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/chess/a-grandmaster-in-chess-and-academins-in-conversation-with-priyadharshan-kannappan|title=A Grandmaster in Chess and Academics: In Conversation with Priyadharshan Kannappan|date=20 December 2018|first=Devanshi|last=Rathi}}</ref>

In June 2021, he started an online chess academy called [https://chessgaja.com Chess Gaja].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.webster.edu/2022/chess_gaja.php|title=Webster Alumnus Opens Successful Online Chess Academy in India|date=6 April 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Indian grandmasters}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kannappan, Priyadharshan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Chess Grandmasters]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Madurai]]
[[Category:Webster University alumni]]
[[Category:Lindenwood University alumni]]
[[Category:Chess coaches]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]

Bhowanipore

2025-10-22T15:24:45Z

Chakravarthy: update citations for accuracy and cleaned formatting

{{Other places|Bhawanipur (disambiguation){{!}}Bhawanipur}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2006}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement



|name = Bhowanipore
|official_name =
|other_name =
|native_name = 
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Neighbourhood in Kolkata (Calcutta) 
|total_type = 
|motto =

|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|image_shield =
|shield_size =
|image_blank_emblem =
|blank_emblem_type =
|blank_emblem_size =
|image_map =
|mapsize =
|map_caption =
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 =
|image_dot_map =
|dot_mapsize =
|dot_map_caption =
|dot_x = |dot_y =
|pushpin_map = India Kolkata
|pushpin_label_position = 
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata
|pushpin_mapsize =

|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{IND}}
|subdivision_type1 = State
|subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
|subdivision_type2 = City
|subdivision_name2 = [[Kolkata]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]
|subdivision_type4 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]
|subdivision_name4 = [[Rabindra Sadan metro station|Rabindra Sadan]], [[Netaji Bhavan metro station|Netaji Bhavan]] and [[Jatin Das Park metro station|Jatin Das Park]]
|subdivision_type5 =
|subdivision_name5 =

|seat_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
|seat = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
|parts_type = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|KMC]] wards
|parts_style = 
|parts = [[Ward No. 70, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|70]], [[Ward No. 71, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|71]], [[Ward No. 72, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|72]], [[Ward No. 73, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|73]]
|p1 =
|p2 = 

|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|leader_title1 = 
|leader_name1 =
|established_title = 
|established_date =

|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref =Imperial
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 
|area_land_km2 = 
|area_water_km2 =
|area_total_sq_mi =
|area_land_sq_mi =
|area_water_sq_mi =
|area_water_percent =

|elevation_footnotes = 
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft =36
|elevation_max_m =
|elevation_max_ft =
|elevation_min_m =
|elevation_min_ft =

|population_as_of =
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total = For population see linked KMC ward pages
|population_density_km2 = 
|population_density_sq_mi =

|timezone = IST
|utc_offset = +5:30
|timezone_DST =
|utc_offset_DST =
|coor_type = 
|coordinates = {{coord|22.534|N|88.346|E|region:IN-WB|display=inline,title}}
|postal_code_type = PIN
|postal_code = 700 020
|area_code = +91 33
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kolkata Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Dakshin]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]]
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Bhowanipore''' (also '''Bhowanipur'''; {{langx|bn|ভবানীপুর}}) is a neighbourhood of [[South Kolkata]] in [[Kolkata district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==History==
In 1717, the [[East India Company]] obtained the right to rent from 38 villages surrounding their settlement from the [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]] [[Farrukhsiyar]]. Of these, 5 lay across the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]] in what is now Howrah district. The remaining 33 villages were on the Calcutta side. After the fall of [[Siraj-ud-daulah]], the last independent [[Nawab of Bengal]], it purchased these villages in 1758 from [[Mir Jafar]], and reorganised them. These villages were known en-bloc as ''[[Dihi Panchannagram]]'' and Bhowanipore was one of them. It was considered to be a suburb beyond the limits of the [[Maratha Ditch]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1916_PART_A_DCHB_KOLKATA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Kolkata, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Pages 6-10: The History | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 20 February 2018}}</ref><ref>Cotton, H.E.A., ''Calcutta Old and New'', first published 1909/reprint 1980, pages 103-4 and 221, General Printers and Publishers Pvt. Ltd.</ref><ref>Nair, P.Thankappan, ''The Growth and Development of Old Calcutta'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, pp. 14-15, Edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Oxford University Press, 1995 edition.</ref>

Bhowanipore existed as a ''dihi'' in 1765 and also absorbed a part of Dihi Chakraberia. The construction of Harish Mukherjee Road and Lansdowne Road (now Sarat Bose Road) and the extension of Hazra Road to Kalighat, opened up the area at the beginning of the 20th century.<ref name="thana">Nair, P.Thankappan, ''The Growth and Development of Old Calcutta'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, pp. 15,18-19, Edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Oxford University Press, 1995 edition.</ref> Artisans played a role in developing the neighbourhood and making it a populous native place. The ''kansaris'' (braziers), the ''shankharis'' (conch workers) and the ''telis'' (oil pressers); all had their ''paras''. The goods were sold in ''pattis''. Along with these artisans, Indian lawyers flocked to Bhowanipore, as the [[Sadr Diwani Adalat]], the highest appellate court in those days, had shifted to the old Military Hospital Building here, and the District Judge's court was in [[Alipore]].<ref name="thana"/><ref>Cotton, H.E.A., ''Calcutta Old and New'', first published 1909/reprint 1980, page 223, General Printers and Publishers Pvt. Ltd.</ref>

In 1888, one of the 25 newly organized police section houses was located in Bhowanipore.<ref name="thana"/>

When the [[Bengali Renaissance|Bengal Renaissance]] started taking roots in 19th century Calcutta, it was initially limited to the predominantly Hindu 'Indian town' stretching north and north-east from the fringes of [[Burrabazar]], with a somewhat later extension to south and south-east of the 'European town' to Bhowanipore, and some decades later to [[Ballygunge]], which was then developing as a suburb.<ref>Sarkar, Sumit, "Calcutta and the 'Bengal Renaissance", in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, p. 100, Edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Oxford University Press, 1995 edition.</ref>

In the first half of the 20th century, “in the milieu of relative urban prosperity... Calcutta’s rich citizens – those connected with jute, coal, tea, other industries, trade, money-lending and rentier income from urban property – did fabulously well for themselves.” Many of the mansions in [[Ballygunge]], Bhowanipore and [[Alipore]] were built by the city's Bengali and the new Marwari elite who wanted to move from the “dirtier sections of north Calcutta to the more fashionable areas in the south”.<ref>Goswami, Omkar, “Calcutta’s Economy 1918-1970 The Fall from Grace”, “Calcutta, The Living City” Vol II, Edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Page 93, First published 1990, 2005 edition, {{ISBN|0-19-563697-X}}</ref>

Again, it was in the first half of the 20th century that with the implementation of the Area Improvement Programme of Calcutta Improvement Trust Bhowanipore, an old residential suburb was upgraded to modern standards of town planning.<ref>Chatterjee, Monideep, "Town Planning in Calcutta: Past, Present and Future", "Calcutta, The Living City" Vol II, Edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Page 141, First published 1990, 2005 edition, {{ISBN|0-19-563697-X}}</ref>

==Notable residents==

[[File: Subhas Chandra Bose.jpg|thumb|upright|Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose was from Bhowanipore]]

*[[Mamta Banerjee]] - CM of West Bengal
*[[Bijon Bhattacharya]], eminent theatre artist, director and famous Bengali play writer, also the husband of eminent international award-winning social worker and writer Smt.[[Mahasweta Devi]].
*[[Subhas Chandra Bose]], one of the frontline Freedom Fighters of British India, founder of the Forward Bloc and the Indian National Army
*[[Peary Mohan Chatterjee]], educationist, lawyer and social reformer
*[[Chittaranjan Das|Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das]], renowned barrister and president of Swaraj Party
*[[Brajendranath De]], early Indian member of the Indian Civil Service
*[[Tarun Kumar]], actor
*[[Guru Dutt]], renowned Indian film director, producer, actor, choreographer, and writer
*[[Anil Kumar Gain]], statistician, Fellow of the [[Royal Statistical Society]]
*[[Alphonse François Lacroix]], missionary and translator
*[[Ranjit Mallick]], Bengali film actor
*[[Munna Mitra]], first-class cricketer and Anglican clergyman
*[[Premendra Mitra]], Author and Poet
*[[Ashutosh Mukherjee]], vice-chancellor of the [[University of Calcutta]]
*[[Hemant Kumar]] Mukherjee, famous singer, composer, director and producer, lived near Kansari Para in his youth and attended Mitra Institution school of Bhowanipore area.
*[[Shyama Prasad Mukherjee]], founder of [[Jan Sangh]] and first union industry minister of India
*[[Hana Catherine Mullens]] (1826–1861), European missionary, educator, translator and writer, notable for [[zenana mission]]s
*[[Jaimin Rajani]], singer-songwriter
*[[Satyajit Ray]], world-renowned film-maker, composer and author
*[[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]], former Chief Minister of West Bengal, Barrister
*[[Uttam Kumar]], actor, composer and director


==Geography==
===Location===
It is located south of the [[Lower Circular Road]] (now [[Jagadish Chandra Bose|A.J.C. Bose]] Road). It is bounded by Lansdown Road (presently [[Sarat Bose Road]]) to the east, Hazra Road to the south and Tolly Nullah to the west. It consists of well-known and posh localities like Elgin Road, Gokhale Road, Woodburn Park, Bakulbagan Road, Harish Mukherjee Road, Townshend Road and parts of Chakraberia and Lansdowne.

===Police district===
Bhowanipur police station is part of the [[Divisions of Kolkata Police|South division]] of [[Kolkata Police]].<ref name="police">{{cite web| url = http://kolkatapolice.gov.in/division.asp?ID=5&Division=S |title = Kolkata Police |work = South Division – Bhawanipur police station | publisher= KP| access-date = 5 March 2018}}</ref>

[[Tollygunge#Police district|Tollygunge Women's police station]] has jurisdiction over all the police districts in the South Division, i.e. Park Street, Shakespeare Sarani, Alipore, Hastings, Maidan, Bhowanipore, Kalighat, Tollygunge, Charu Market, New Alipur and Chetla.<ref name="police"/>

===Places of interest===
* Netaji Bhawan
* Bhowanipore Cemetery
* Nandan, West Bengal Film Centre
* Academy of Fine Arts
* Jain Temple
* Shree Swaminarayan Mandir
* Shree Laxminarayan Mandir
* Forum Courtyard Mall
* Sikh Gurudwara
* Nehru Museum

==Demographics==
Business opportunities brought many Gujaratis to Calcutta about a century back and they opted to stay in the Lansdowne-Chakraberia-Puddapukur belt of Bhowanipore. The railways, the jute mills and the shipping industry brought in many Punjabis to Calcutta. The Harish Mukherjee Road area of Bhowanipore and Dunlop (in north Kolkata) were the biggest pockets of Punjabi settlement. With declining economic opportunities many of both the communities are leaving Kolkata.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/1080316/jsp/calcutta/story_9025674.jsp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080513154622/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080316/jsp/calcutta/story_9025674.jsp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 May 2008 |title = People in Pockets |work = Gujarat Capital and Flavours of Punjab | publisher= The Telegraph, 16 March 2008| access-date = 5 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/1030430/asp/calcutta/story_1882783.asp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20030625050000/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030430/asp/calcutta/story_1882783.asp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 25 June 2003 |title = Gujaratis tread the exit route | publisher= The Telegraph, 30 April 2003| access-date = 5 March 2018}}</ref> Writing about the [[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]], from where the West Bengal chief minister, [[Mamata Banerjee]], contests, Hindustan Times said, "The constituency has a sizable population of Sikhs and Gujaratis. However, it is dominated by middle-class Bengalis."<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.hindustantimes.com/assembly-elections/bhawanipore-mamata-banerjee-s-constituency-is-trinamool-s-citadel/story-Id6F7WVzlwCEls48CNkEdL.html|title = Bhowanipore: Mamata Banerjee's constituency is Trinamool's citadel |date = 20 April 2016 | publisher= Hindustan Times, 20 April 2016 | access-date = 5 March 2018}}</ref>

For language and religion census data, available at the district level, see [[Kolkata district#Languages spoken across Kolkata district|Kolkata district]].

==Culture==
Bhowanipore was also known as the Cinema Para, or the locality of the city which boasted of a string of cinema halls. The stretch started with Purna near Jadu Babu's Bazaar and was followed up by Bharati, Indira, Bijoli, [[Basusree Cinema, Kolkata|Basusree]], Kalika, and Ujjwala, right up to the recesses of the Kalighat Temple. They were primarily famous for their screenings of Bengali, English and Hindi movies. However, due to the lack of patronage and drying up of the Bengali film box office in the mid-90s, and the first decade of the 2000s, most of these halls have been closed down. Basusree, Indira and Bijoli are still operational, though the condition is not that well of, Bharati, Kalika, and Ujjwala have been demolished to make way for multi-storied buildings that host malls, educational institutes, and marriage halls. Purna has been closed down for more than a decade now, and there is little hope that it will be opened again.

The area also has the 23 Palli Durga Mandir, a small Temple which houses an Ashta Dhaatu Murti of Durga, and near the well known Kalighat Kali Temple, and the Nakuleshwar Bhairav Temple, considered one of the holiest of the holies in Hindu religion.

==Healthcare==
[[File: IPGMER SSKM Woodburn.jpg|thumb|SSKM Hospital]]
* [[Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute]]
* [[SSKM Hospital]]
* Sambhunath Pandit Hospital
* Health Point Hospital
* Ramrikdas Haralalka Hospital
* Anandalok Hospital
* Fortis Medical Centre, Kolkata
* Bangur Institute of Neurosciences

==Education==
* [[Asutosh College]], S. P. Mukherjee Road
* [[Mitra Institution]], Bhowanipore Branch
* South Suburban School (Main)
* Sir Ramesh Mitra Girls High School
* Chakraberia High School
* Adarsh Hindi High School
* [[Ballygunge Government High School]]
* Baba Saheb Ambedkar Education University (BSAEU)
* [[Gokhale Memorial Girls' College]]
* St.Helen School
* Bhawanipore Girls High School
* Vidyanjali International School
* Khalsa High School
* [[Hartley High School]], Sarat Bose Road
* [[Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose College]], Elgin Road
* [[Bhawanipur Education Society College]], Elgin Road
* [[Bhawanipur Gujarati Balmandir]]
* [[J. J. Ajmera High School]], Heysham Road
* [[Julien Day School]], Elgin Road and Ramesh Mitra Road.
* [[St. John's Diocesan Girls' Higher Secondary School]]
* [[Cathedral Mission High School]], Elgin Road
* [[South Calcutta Girls' College]]
* [[IPGME&R and SSKM Hospital]], [[Jagadish Chandra Bose|Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose]] Road
* United Missionary Girls' High School

==Sports==
A club named [[Bhawanipore FC]], founded by Nani Mitra in 1910, stands at the entrance of the Maidan near the Rani Rashmani Statue and presently managed by the ''[[Sangbad Pratidin]]'' group, represents Bhawanipore in both the domestic and regional tournaments.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bhawanipore FC Started Pre-Season Training|url=http://thif-live.com/bhawanipore-fc-started-pre-season-training/|website=THIF-Live|access-date=13 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402170903/http://thif-live.com/bhawanipore-fc-started-pre-season-training/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The club is two time runners-up in the [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]] in [[2014 I-League 2nd Division final round|2014–15]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://i-league.org/?p=12667|title=ROYAL WAHINGDOH ARE SECOND DIVISION CHAMPIONS|date=11 April 2014|work=[[I-League]]|access-date=2014-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413123202/http://i-league.org/?p=12667|archive-date=2014-04-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[2019–20 2nd Division League|2019–20]].<ref>[https://i-league.org/points-table/hil-qualifiers/ I-League 2nd Division 2020 Final Round League Table] ''i-league.org''. Retrieved 1 March 2021</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage-inline|Kolkata/South}}

{{Neighbourhoods in South Kolkata}}
{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}

[[Category: Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]

Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (West Bengal)

2025-10-10T19:31:45Z

Chakravarthy: basic cleaned up structure also and corrected details

{{short description|Govt. Department of West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Department of Parliamentary Affairs
| type = Department
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal =
| seal_width = 70px
| seal_caption = Seal of West Bengal
| picture =
| picture_width =
| picture_caption =
| formed = 
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 = 
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of West Bengal]]
| headquarters = Camac Street, [[Kolkata]]
| coordinates =
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[Sovandeb Chattopadhyay]]
| minister1_pfo =
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo = 
| deputyminister1_name = Vacant
| deputyminister1_pfo =
| deputyminister2_name =
| deputyminister2_pfo = 
| chief1_name =
| chief1_position =
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position = 
| agency_type =
| parent_department =
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency = 
| keydocument1 = 
| website =
| footnotes =
| map =
| map_width =
| map_caption =
}}

The Department '''of Parliamentary Affairs of West Bengal''' is a [[Government of West Bengal|Bengal government]] [[Ministry (government department)|ministry]].<ref name="WBGOV.com">[http://www.banglarmukh.com/portal/banglarMukh/Government/Departments/DepartmentListPortletWindow?action=e&windowstate=normal&mode=view Official Departmental Website of the Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407213738/http://www.banglarmukh.com/portal/banglarMukh/Government/Departments/DepartmentListPortletWindow?action=e&windowstate=normal&mode=view |date=7 April 2014 }} [[Government of West Bengal]] (2011-05-25)</ref> It is a ministry mainly responsible for the smooth functioning and proper programme of business of the Assembly, regulation of relations between the Executive & the Legislature and summoning and prorogation of West Bengal Legislative Assembly, notification of Governor's/President's assent to the Bills, monitoring implementation of various recommendations of the subject committees of West Bengal Legislative Assembly, implementation of the Youth Parliament Competition Schemes (Unit Level & State Level) in schools and Degree Colleges in the State, organising Seminars/Orientations on Parliamentary Practices & Procedures for officers of different Departments of the Government and to render official assistance to the M.L.As of West Bengal Legislative Assembly in case of any eventuality, particularly for the medical treatment of the MLAs in the hospital/nursing homes whenever necessary.<ref name="WBGOV.com"/>

== Ministerial Team ==
The ministerial team is headed by the Cabinet Minister for Parliamentary Affairs, who may or may not be supported by Ministers of State. Civil servants are assigned to them to manage the ministers' office and ministry.<ref name="WBGOV.com"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Government of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Government departments of West Bengal]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

Sihal

2025-09-09T00:06:41Z

Chakravarthy: creating basic details first draft

{{Short description|Village in West Bengal}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=April 2024}}
{{Orphan|date=April 2024}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Sihal
| settlement_type = Village
| population_total = 1,001
| area_total_ha =
| name =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|25|28|51.28|N|88|27|4.96|E|scale:1563}}
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 733121
| population_as_of = 2011
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dakshin Dinajpur district|Dakshin Dinajpur]]
| other_name =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Balurghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balurghat]]
| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics_type1 = Muslims = 60% {{increase}} Hindus = 40% Others (Christian, Sikh, Buddhists) = 0%
| demographics1_title1 =
| website = {{URL|ddinajpur.nic.in/}}
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| area_total_km2 = 0.8176
| area_land_ha =
| population_blank1_title = [[Male]]
| population_blank1 = 507
| population_blank2_title = [[Female]]
| population_blank2 = 494
| blank1_name_sec2 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Buniadpur]]
| registration_plate = WB
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Climatic regions of India|Moderate, Comfortable]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| area_code = 03524
| area_code_type = Telephone Code
| demographics2_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
}}

'''Sihal''' is a [[village]] located in [[Bansihari (community development block)|Bansihari]] subdivision of [[Dakshin Dinajpur district]] in [[West Bengal]], India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dakshin Dinajpur 2011 Census .XLXS file |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-1905-F-Census.xlsx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211020851/https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-1905-F-Census.xlsx |archive-date=11 February 2020 |access-date=28 April 2022 |website=CensusIndia.gov.in |quote=No: 1450 on the XL Sheet}}</ref>

== Location ==
It is situated {{convert|13.1|km|mi|abbr=on}} from sub-district headquarters [[Buniadpur]].<ref>According to [[Google Maps]].</ref> [[Balurghat]] is the district headquarters of this village. Ellahabad gram panchayat is the [[gram panchayat]] of this village. The total geographical area of the village is {{convert|81.76|hectare|acre km2}}. The village code of this village is 311756.

== Population ==
With about 247 houses, this village has a total population of 1,001 people amongst them are 507 male and 494 female and a total geographical area of {{convert|81.76|hectare|acre}} or 0.8176 km2. The literacy rate of the total population of this village is 67.53% among 70.22% males and 64.78% females are literate.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==

* [[Mirzadpur]] village in [[Dakshin Dinajpur district|Dakshin Dinajpur]].
* [[Bejebikair]] village in [[Dakshin Dinajpur district|Dakshin Dinajpur]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Dakshin Dinajpur district]]

{{DakshinDinajpur-geo-stub}}

Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology

2025-07-31T12:23:45Z

Chakravarthy: New first stub w/ infobox

{{Short description|Technological institute}}

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology
| image =
| established = 1997
| affiliation = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.mgit.ac.in}}
| motto = [[Knowledge is Power]]
| city = [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
| state = [[Telangana]]
| campus = Urban, {{convert|30|acre|m2}} of land
| type = Higher education and research institution
| chairman = Sri Praveen D Reddy
| principal = Dr. G ChandraMohan Reddy
| nickname = MGITian
}}
[[File:Mgit-aerial-view.png|thumb|265x265px|MGIT Campus Aerial view]]

'''Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology (MGIT)''' is a technological institution (Autonomous) located in Gandipet, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It was started in 1997 by the Chaitanya Bharathi Educational Society (CBES), Hyderabad, registered under the Societies Registration Act. The annual intake is 900 students at the undergraduate level and 108 students at the postgraduate level. The institute is affiliated with [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad]] (JNTUH), The institute has Autonomous Status till 2021-2031 A.Y. granted by [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] and offers a four-year Bachelor of Technology, in eleven disciplines and two-year Master of Technology, in six disciplines prescribed by JNTU. The college is accredited by the National Board of Accreditation and is ISO 9001:2000 certified

== Rankings ==
* MGIT ranks #6 among all colleges in Telangana by EDU ZO3 College ranking 2020(https://edu.zo3.in/ts-college-list/ecet)
* Ranks #49 among the "Top Engineering Colleges of Excellence in India" according to ''[[Competition Success Review]]''{{'s}} CSR-GHRDC Engineering Colleges Survey 2012 (http://ghrdc.org/pdfs/3%20EnggOverall_Result2012.pdf).
* MGIT ranks #95 among the "Top Engineering Colleges in India" according to ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)]]''
* MGIT ranks #32 among the "Top Engineering Colleges in South India" according to [[Deccan Chronicle]]
* Also has excellent ratings in surveys conducted by Careers 360, Sakshi, etc.

== Executive leadership ==
* Chairman - Sri Praveen D Reddy
* Board Secretary - Sri J. Pratap Reddy
* Principal - Dr. G ChandraMohan Reddy

== Courses ==
The institute offers a four-year Bachelor's degree '''[[Bachelor of Technology]] [BTECH]''', in eleven disciplines:
* Computer Science Engineering (CSE)
*Computer Science Engineering - Data Science (CSD)
*Computer Science Engineering - Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (CSM)
*Computer Science and Business Systems (CSB)
* Information Technology (INF)
* Electrical and Electronics Engineering (EEE)
* Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE)
* Mechanical Engineering ([[Mechatronics]]) (MCT)
* Metallurgy and Materials Engineering (MME)
* Civil Engineering (CIV)
* Mechanical Engineering (MEC)

The institute offers a two-year master's degree '''[[Master of Technology]] [MTECH]''', in four departments:
* Mechatronics (MCT)
* Computer Networks & Information Security (CSE)
* Digital Electronics & Communication Engineering(ECE)(From academic year 2012–2013)
* Power Electronics & Electrical Drives(EEE)(From academic year 2012–2013)
* Computer Aided Structural Engineering
* Software Engineering

Every semester has a minimum of eight courses, which includes a minimum of two laboratory courses. Students are required to attain a total of 216 of the possible 224 credits and attend the institute for the duration of not less than four years and not more than eight years to be considered for the award of the degree. The institute follows JNTU's attendance regulation, which requires students to put in a minimum class attendance of 65% to progress to the next semester. External (university) exams are held every semester on the campus and consolidated results in all these exams count towards the final aggregate grading.
[[File:Mgit Auditorium.jpg|thumb|Auditorium]][[File:Mgit_Inside_Campus.jpg|thumb|222x222px|Inside MGIT]]

== Admissions ==
The minimum criterion for admission is 60% marks in the Intermediate/10+2 Examination. Students are admitted primarily based on their ranks in the Engineering Agricultural and Medical Common Entrance Test [[EAMCET]], held by the [[JNTUH]] every year. It also takes lateral entry admissions based on [[TS ECET]] ranks.

== Departments ==
The institute has ten departments:
[[File:A Block.jpg|thumb|Administration Block]]
* Department of Mechanical Engineering (Mechatronics)
[[File:Mgit Mechanical Block.jpg|thumb|Mechanical Block]]
* Department of Metallurgy and Materials Technology
* Department of Information Technology
* Department of Computer Science and Engineering [[File:D-block,Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology.jpg|thumb|CSE block]]
* Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering [[File:Mgit E Block.jpg|thumb|EEE and Civil block]]
* Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering [[File: ECE block.jpg|thumb|ECE block]]
* Department of Mathematics and Humanities
* Department of Physics and Chemistry
* Department of Physical Education
* Department of Civil Engineering (started in 2010)
* Mechanical Engineering(MECH) (from the academic year 2012–2013)

== Department Heads and Faculty ==
* Department of Civil : [http://www.mgit.ac.in/faculty/civDrKVRamanReddy03092018.pdf Dr. K.V. Ramana Reddy] (Head of the Department) and [http://www.mgit.ac.in/civ_staff.html 18 Assistant Professors]
* Department of Computer Science and Engineering : [http://www.mgit.ac.in/faculty/cseDrCRK28082018.pdf C. Ramesh Kumar Reddy] (Head of the Department), 2 Professors,3 Sr Assistant Professors and [http://www.mgit.ac.in/cse_staff.html 30 Assistant Professors]
[[File:Techastra-2018-CSE.jpg|thumb|Techastra Event]]

== Annual Fests ==
'''Nirvana''' is organized by MGIT in March every year. It started in 2004. Musicians and DJs are invited to perform at the show.
* 2005 - [[Zero (Indian band)]] and Pin Drop Violence{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}
* 2006 - [[Strings (band)]]
* 2007 - Prayag – Rock Band
* 2008 - [[Pritam]]
* 2009 - [[Motherjane]] and Junkyard Groove
* 2010 - [[Krishnakumar Kunnath]]
* 2011 - Ryan Beck (DJ)
* 2014 - [[Mika Singh]] official website [http://nirvana14.mgit.ac.in/ nirvana 2014]
* 2015 - [[Sravana Bhargavi]]
* 2016 - [[Sundeep Kishan]]
* 2017 - [http://sianacatherine.com/ Saina Catherine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725083018/https://sianacatherine.com/ |date=25 July 2024 }}
* 2018 - [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandra Bose]](Writer)
* 2020 - [[Ramajogayya Sastry]], [https://www.answermusic.in/ Answer Music(DJ)]

== Department Events ==

* '''[http://magistech.mgit.ac.in/ MAGISTECH]''' is an event organized by ISTE Students’ Chapter-MGIT which is held annually on 15 and 16 September. The event provides a platform for engineering students to interact and share their ideas with other students across the country. The themes of the paper presentation competition cover the entire spectrum of engineering and technology. Other major events include the Robotics competition and Tantra (a design competition in which a problem statement is given). This event is conducted as part of the celebrations of Engineers’ Day, the birthday of "Bharath Ratna Sir Mokshgundam Visvesvaraya".
* '''[http://qubit2019.mgit.ac.in/ QUBIT]''' is the annual technical fest of the Department of Computer Science. It is a prestigious technological event in the state with papers presented from all over the country. It has risen beyond its technical reach and incorporated cultural aspects with the introduction of LAN-Gaming, Treasure Hunts, Fun Stalls, etc. giving it an all-round reach. It is organized during the month of March right from the year of its inception without fail. It is a technical symposium for young minds and a meeting ground for tech-enthusiasts from around the country.
* ''' [http://www.mgit.ac.in/ece_eve.html MICROCOSM]''' is the annual technical fest of the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering.
* '''[http://potenzia.mgit.ac.in/ POTENZIA]''' is the annual technical fest of Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering'''.'''
* '''[http://www.mgit.ac.in/mct_eve.html TECHNOVATION]''' is the annual technical fest of the Department of Mechanical Engineering (Mechatronics).
* '''[http://yukti.mgit.ac.in/ YUKTI]''' is the annual technical fest of the Department of Information Technology.
* '''[http://metallon2k19.mgit.ac.in/ METALLON]''' is the annual technical fest of the Department of Metallurgy and Materials Technology.
* '''[http://cinfra.mgit.ac.in/ CINFRA]''' is the annual technical fest of the Department of Civil Engineering.

== External links ==
* [https://telanganatoday.com/mgit-gets-autonomous-status MGIT Autonomous Status] news article in [[Telangana Today]]
* [http://www.mgit.ac.in/ Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091125041229/http://www.jntu.ac.in/ Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University]
* [https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140328/entertainment-bollywood/article/%E2%80%98i-am-love-hyderabad%E2%80%99 Mika Singh in MGIT Nirvana 2014]

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1997]]
[[Category:1997 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Zee Nung

2025-06-08T16:19:20Z

Chakravarthy: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Zee TV#International versions]]
[[Category:Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to section}}
}}

Queer Chennai Chronicles

2025-05-12T20:32:12Z

Chakravarthy: revise

{{short description|Indian LGBT literary organization}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Queer Chennai Chronicles
| native_name = குயர் சென்னை க்ரோனிக்கிள்ஸ்
| native_name_lang = ta
| nickname = QCC
| image = Queerchennaichronicles.png
| image_size =
| caption =
| abbreviation =
| established = {{start date and age|2017}}
| type = LGBT literary organization
| location = [[Chennai]], [[India]]
| services = {{plainlist|
*[[Queer LitFest, Chennai]]
*LGBTQIA+ Resources
*Writer's and Translator's workshop for aspiring LGBTQIA+ writers and translators
}}
| leader_title = Founders
| leader_name = Moulee, LJ Violet
| website = {{url|queerchennaichronicles.com}}
}}

'''Queer Chennai Chronicles''', also known as '''QCC''' ({{Indic|lang=ta|indic=குயர் சென்னை க்ரோனிக்கிள்ஸ்|trans=Queer Chennai Chronicles}}) is an Indian [[LGBT literature|LGBT literary]] organization that aims to promote lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer literature through programs that encourage development of aspiring writers and through annual [[Queer LitFest, Chennai]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Arora|first=Parthshri|date=2018-06-19|title=How to Start a Queer Collective in India|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/how-to-start-a-queer-collective-in-india/|access-date=2020-06-03|website=Vice|language=en}}</ref>

==Background==
Queer Chennai Chronicles was founded in 2017<ref name=":2" /> by gay activist Moulee and writer LJ Violet.<ref>{{cite news|date=8 July 2018|title=Chennai: Queer lit fest opens with focus on regional works|work=The New Indian Express|publisher=The New Indian Express|agency=The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/jul/08/chennai-queer-lit-fest-opens-with-focus-on-regional-works-1840002.html|access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref> The forum promotes LGBTQIA+ literature through the annual [[Queer LitFest, Chennai]],<ref>{{cite news|date=3 September 2019|title=Inclusive kids' literature to open mic: 2nd Chennai Queer LitFest has a lot in store|work=The News Minute|publisher=The News Minute|agency=The News Minute|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/inclusive-kids-literature-open-mic-2nd-chennai-queer-litfest-has-lot-store-108303|access-date=3 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Joseph |first1=Raveena |title=Between the lines at the Queer Chennai Chronicles |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/between-the-lines-at-the-queer-chennai-chronicles/article24291471.ece |access-date=3 June 2020 |agency=The Hindu |work=The Hindu |date=29 June 2018}}</ref> through books by LGBTQIA+ identified authors,<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last1=Muralidharan |first1=Kavitha |title=On Vidupattavai and the space that queer voices are claiming for themselves in Tamil literature |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/on-vidupattavai-and-the-space-that-queer-voices-are-claiming-for-themselves-in-tamil-literature-4444391.html |access-date=3 June 2020 |agency=FirstPost |date=26 April 2018}}</ref> literary events and workshops, and by periodical resource development and publications.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

== Queer LitFest, Chennai ==

The Annual [[Queer LitFest, Chennai]] takes place in the Indian city [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. The first edition of the Chennai Queer LitFest was organised in July 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/between-the-lines-at-the-queer-chennai-chronicles/article24291471.ece|title=Between the lines at the Queer Chennai Chronicles|last=Joseph|first=Raveena|date=2018-06-29|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-12-29|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The festival began as the brain child of Chennai-based queer activist Moulee, who thought there was a need for a wider discussion on queer literature in India that would bring queer writers, translators and allies together.<ref>{{Citation|title=Queer LitFest (2018) {{!}} Moulee, Gireesh LS speech|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8vxU56FYt-8|language=en|access-date=2019-12-29}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=[Intro] {{!}} வரவேற்புரை, மௌலி & கிரீஷ் - சென்னை குயர் இலக்கிய விழா 2019 {{!}} QLF 2019|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ukQQ-DjaKwM|language=en|access-date=2019-12-29}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2019/09/11022020/1176475/Chennai-Queer-LitFest-to-spur-conversations-on-inclusive-.vpf|title=Chennai Queer LitFest to spur conversations on inclusive literature|date=2019-09-11|website=dtNext.in|language=en|access-date=2019-12-29|archive-date=28 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228224151/https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2019/09/11022020/1176475/Chennai-Queer-LitFest-to-spur-conversations-on-inclusive-.vpf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Moulee is also the director and curator of the festival. The 2018 QLF was co-curated by writer and translator LJ Violet along with Moulee.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennais-1st-queer-lit-fest-to-focus-on-tamil-writing/articleshow/64772635.cms|title=Chennai's 1st queer lit fest to focus on Tamil writing |date=June 28, 2018|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-29}}</ref>

==Publications==
In 2018 Queer Chennai Chronicles published its first novella by activist and poet Gireesh<ref>{{Cite web|title=ஒழுக்கங்களுக்கு இடையில்...|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/literature/119442-.html|access-date=2020-06-03|website=Hindu Tamil Thisai|language=en}}</ref> in partnership with Karuppu Prathikal. The book was released in the 41st Chennai Book Fair.<ref name=":0" />

== Social Justice Pride Flag ==
[[File:Social Justice Pride Flag.svg|upright=0.6|thumb|Social Justice Pride Flag.|alt=]]

In July 2018 the Social Justice Pride Flag was released in Chennai, India in the [[Queer LitFest, Chennai|Chennai Queer LitFest]] inspired by the other variations of the Pride flag around the world.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/lgbtq-meets-caste-religion-politics-social-justice-pride-flag-chennai-queer-litfest-84364|title=LGBTQ meets caste, politics: Social justice pride flag at Chennai Queer LitFest|publisher=The News Minute}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/social-justice-pride-flag-at-chennai-queer-lit-fest|title=#GoodNews: Where LGBTQ Meets Caste – A Pride Flag Inclusive of All|publisher=The Quint}}</ref> The flag was designed by Chennai-based gay activist Moulee. The design incorporated elements representing [[Self-Respect Movement]], anti-caste movement and leftist ideology in its design. While retaining the original six stripes of the rainbow flag, the Social Justice Pride Flag incorporates black representing the self-respect movement, blue representing Ambedkarite movement and red representing left values.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://medium.com/qcc-blog/the-social-justice-pride-flag-635e51b80494|title=The Social Justice Pride Flag|publisher=QCC Press Statement}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|www.queerchennaichronicles.com}}

[[Category:Indian poetry]]
[[Category:LGBTQ literature in India]]
[[Category:LGBTQ culture in India]]
[[Category:LGBTQ history in Chennai]]
[[Category:LGBTQ culture in Chennai]]
[[Category:LGBTQ literary festivals]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2017]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

{{LGBT-event-stub}}

Sarbeswar Mohanty (cricketer)

2025-04-04T00:45:27Z

Chakravarthy: creating initial entry added tags

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1995)}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Sarbeswar Mohanty
| image =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|5|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Balasore]], [[Odisha]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nickname =
| batting =
| bowling =
| role =

| club1 =
| year1 =
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 =
| year2 =
| clubnumber2 =

| date = 21 February 2019
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1175446.html Cricinfo
}}
'''Sarbeswar Mohanty''' (born 23 May 1995) is an Indian [[cricket]]er.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1175446.html |title=Sarbeswar Mohanty |accessdate=21 February 2019 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[Twenty20]] debut for [[Odisha cricket team|Odisha]] in the [[2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]] on 21 February 2019.<ref name="T20">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1157101.html |title=Group D, Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy at Cuttack, Feb 21 2019 |accessdate=21 February 2019 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=1175446}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohanty, Sarbeswar}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Odisha cricketers]]
[[Category:People from Balasore]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Odisha]]
{{India-cricket-bio-1995-stub}}

Shaphee lanphee

2024-12-23T16:44:07Z

Chakravarthy: creating basic article w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Shaphee Lanphee
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| alternative names =
| description = Textile fabric
| area = Manipur
| country = India
| registered = 19 December 2011
| material = Cotton or silk
| official website =
}}
'''Shaphee Lanphee''' is a traditional textile fabric woven and embroidered, usually as a shawl, with embroidered motifs with cotton threads generally by [[Meitei people|Meitei]] women of [[Manipur]]. The fabric was, in the past, presented as a gift of honour (''Mana Phee'') to the soldiers for their bravery in a successful war, and to the praise-worthy chiefs of the [[Naga people|Nagas]] of Manipur by the king of Manipur. It is a product which is protected under the [[List of Geographical Indications in India|GI registration]] and is now made throughout the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Manipur]].<ref name= Ngangbam>{{Cite news|last= Ngangbam|first=mukhomba|url=http://www.manipurtimes.com/the-artisan-embracing-family-legacy-in-shaphee-lanphee-maisanam-nalini/|title=The artisan embracing family legacy in Shaphee Lanphee – Maisanam Nalini|date= 9 July 2014|accessdate=8 May 2016|newspaper=Manipur Times}}</ref><ref name=Cloth>{{Cite web|url=http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/journal/Journal_55.pdf|title=Geographical Indications Journal No. 55|date=29 November 2013|accessdate=8 May 2016|publisher=Government of India|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802121108/http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/journal/Journal_55.pdf|archivedate=2 August 2014}}</ref>

==Geographical indication==
The fabric has been registered for protection under the Geographical indication of the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement. It was registered as "Shaphee Lanphee" under the [[Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999|Geographical Indications Act 1999]] of the Government of India, with registration confirmed by the Controller General of Patents Designs and Trademarks under Class – 25 – Clothing vide application number 371 dated 19 December 2011,<ref name= Ngangbam/><ref name=Cloth/> and also for [[Wangkhei Phee]] (GI no.372) and [[Moirang Phee]] (GI no.373). The [[Government of Manipur]] was expected to register 1,000 weavers in respect of manufacturing Shaphee Lanphee within six months from the date of registration as per decision of the Consultative Committee meeting.<ref name= Ngangbam/><ref name=Manipur>{{Cite web|url=http://www.manipurtimes.com/gi-registration-for-shaphee-lanphee-moirang-phee-wangkhei-phee-officially-handed-over-to-the-state|title=GI registration for Shaphee Lanphee, Moirang phee, Wangkhei Phee officially handed over to the state|date=30 May 2014|accessdate=8 May 2016|work=Manipur Times}}</ref>

==History==
The literal meaning of the fabric 'Shaphee' is "the fabric of animal and war".<ref name=Cloth/> It is exclusivity a product of Khoisnam lineage. It is said that the king saw a man of Khoisnam clan wearing this Shaphee Lanphee and riding a horse. The king then adopted it as a form of honouring brave Naga Chiefs of Manipur. According to manuscript titled ''Loiyumba Silyen'', King Loiyumba (1074–1122 AD) authorised this product to be woven by the Khoisnam family.<ref name=Cloth/> The product was revived in the 20th century with the efforts of Maisnam Lalini Devi, a weaver from Wangkhei Yonglan, her sister Maisnam Anita and their mother Keinahanbi who had both won the state award in 1992 for promoting this product. Nalini also won the Master Crafts Person award in 2009 for promoting this craft.<ref name= Ngangbam/>

==Details of product==
Shaphee Lamphee embroidery is done over a black coloured cloth with red border. The motifs embroidered on the fabric consists of several designs, and some of the common designs adopted are: of animals such as "''shamu''" (elephant), "''shagol''" (horse), "''iroichi''" (buffalo horn), "''wahong''" (peacock), and "''Nga''" (fish); planets such as "''numit''" (sun), ''tha'' (moon); ''Thawanmichak'' (star) ; and also ''phantup'' (magical seat, ''ta'' (spear) – these designs are done in a set pattern and sequence of operation. The embroidery is done by hand using needle and yarns of cotton. It has a width of 110–132 cm and length of 225–230 cm and generally weighs 1854 grams. The yarn used are 2/20S cotton and 2/34S acrylic with wrap made with 2/20S cotton and weft woven from 2/20S cotton. The yarn used in embroidery is 2/20S cotton, mercerized and 2/40S.<ref name=Cloth/>

The fabric is revered for its religious significance in view of the motifs crafted on them.<ref name=Cloth/> The core part of the fabric has red colour representing sun, the white strips at both borders denoting the cosmos of sky and the stars, and symbols of moon and sun assigned to mother and father. Some of these motifs are indicative of relationship between the celestial bodies and the Meitei King; particularly the magical seat and the elephant linked to the royalty and the spear heads and the fishes indicative of the mythology of king Naothingkhong (663–763 AD).<ref name=Cloth/>

The yarn used to make the fabric is a derivative of "Lashing" (Cotton ball) and "Kabrang" (Mulberry cocoon). These are also extracted from the bark of the tree species locally known as "Santhak" (''[[Urtica pilulifera|Urtica sp.]]''). The local fibre is then made into threads by spinning and then dyed using plants and bark. The dyed yarn is subject to sizing by applying starch made of rice, and then stretched across using a bamboo rod which is followed by winding into [[bobbin]].<ref name=Cloth/>

Weaving of the fabric is done on a "Loin and Frame Loom" and motifs are made with needle work without frame using Manipuri cotton or occasionally silk threads.<ref name=Cloth/>

In order to exercise quality control of the product made by weavers, following the GI registration of the fabric, an inspection agency has been instituted with nine members drawn from the government departments, societies and master craftsmen.<ref name=Cloth/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Economy of Manipur]]
[[Category:Indian handicrafts]]
[[Category:Textile arts of India]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Manipur]]
[[Category:Embroidery in India]]

Rajasthan State Mines and Minerals

2024-09-13T16:48:14Z

Chakravarthy: rd

#REDIRECT [[Rajasthan State Mines and Minerals Limited]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Kavita Shah (scientist)

2024-08-28T21:50:17Z

Chakravarthy: Created The Details Needs Work

'''Kavita Shah''' is (born 6 November 1968) an Indian environmental biotechnologist and [[professor]] at the Institute of Environmental and Sustainable Development, [[Banaras Hindu University]] [[Sabbatical|''on lien'']].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/79131/meet-the-only-woman-to-ever-hold-the-position-of-a-director-at-bhu/|title=The Environmental Biotechnologist Who Is the Only Woman Director at BHU|last=Dogra|first=Aashima|website=thewire.in|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-03-04}}</ref> She currently serves as [[vice-chancellor]] of [[Siddharth University]] from July 2024 for a term of three years and becomes the first woman to hold the post.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Siddharthnagar News: सिद्धार्थ विवि की कुलपति बनीं प्रो. कविता शाह |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/siddharthnagar/prof-became-the-vice-chancellor-of-siddharth-university-kavita-shah-siddharthnagar-news-c-227-1-sdn1003-120222-2024-07-05 |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> She is one of the six directors and the only woman director of [[Banaras Hindu University]] (BHU). She is known for her role in the area of Environmental Biotechnology, Health and water Resource Management.<ref name=":0" />

She has completed her MSc, B.Ed., Ph.D. and some post-docs and then she taught at NEHU and completed three more post-docs there. She started as a Zoology student in the women's college at BHU named Mahila Mahavidyalaya (MMV).<ref name=":0" /> Following stints in Japan, Geneva and [[North Eastern Hill University]] in Shillong, she found herself coming back as a teacher at BHU.<ref name=":0" />

A major area of work also include the development of biosensors using immobilized plant enzymes ([[Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering|Biotechnology and Bio process Engineering]], 13, 632–638, 2008) and studies pertaining to inhibitors of HIV protease (In Silico Biology, 8–033, 2008), HIV integrase (Archives of Virology 2014) and N. meningitides vaccine constructs ([[Indian Journal of Biotechnology]], 2010) in silico using bioinformatics tools.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bhu.ac.in/iesd/Final_CVs/Professors/Kavita_Shah_CV.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304193646/http://www.bhu.ac.in/iesd/Final_CVs/Professors/Kavita_Shah_CV.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 4, 2017|title=Kavita Shah}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* Biotechnology Career Advancement [http://www.dbtindia.nic.in/schemes-2/women-scientist-scheme-2/ link] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221222339/http://www.dbtindia.nic.in/schemes-2/women-scientist-scheme-2 |date=2020-02-21 }}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Kavita}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian environmental scientists]]
[[Category:Indian biotechnologists]]